Datasets:

arminmrm93
/

wiki_with_embedding1

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 64.6k rows

id stringlengths 6 8	url stringlengths 31 167	title stringlengths 1 98	text stringlengths 26 185k	embedding list
210530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20civil%20wars	List of civil wars	The following is a list of civil wars, fought between organized groups within the same state or country. The terms "intrastate war", "internecine war" and "domestic war" are often used interchangeably with "civil war", but "internecine war" can be used in a wider meaning, referring to any conflict within a single state, regardless of the participation of civil forces. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a civil war. In modern geopolitics since 1945, "civil war" is also used in a loose sense to refer to any large scale military conflict within a single country (i.e. used as a strict synonym of the generic term "internecine war"), creating terminological overlap with insurgencies or coups d'état. Terminology The Latin term bellum civile was used to describe wars within a single community beginning around 60 A.D. The term is an alternative title for the work sometimes called Pharsalia by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) about the Roman civil wars that began in the last third of the second century BC. The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of 'Roman citizen'. Since the 17th century, the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country's civil society (rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power). Past civil wars Ancient and early medieval (before 1000) This is a list of intrastate armed conflicts that fulfil the definition set by this article: civil. Note that some conflicts lack both an article or citation. Without citation, they have not been guaranteed to have happened. First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Second Intermediate Period of Egypt and Third Intermediate Period of Egypt are periods of political disunity in Ancient Egypt's history and series of civil wars between the governors of the nomes broke throughout the country. Roman civil wars (a list of numerous civil wars in the late Roman Republic and in the Roman Empire, between 100 BC and AD 400) First Fitna, 656–661, the first Islamic "civil war" between Ali and the Umayyads Second Fitna, c. 680/683 – c. 685/692, the second Islamic "civil war" between the Umayyads and Ibn al-Zubayr Twenty Years' Anarchy, 695–717, prolonged period of internal instability in the Byzantine Empire Civil War between Artabasdos and Constantine V, 741–743 Third Fitna, 744–752, including the Umayyad civil wars of 744–748 and the Abbasid Revolution An Lushan Rebellion, December 16, 755 – February 17, 763 Fourth Fitna, 809–827, including the Abbasid civil wars and other regional conflicts Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, 944–968 Medieval (1000–1600) Fitna of al-Andalus, 1009–1031 Civil war era in Norway, 1130–1240 Danish Civil War, 1131–1157 The Anarchy, 1135–1153 Revolt of 1173–74, Civil war in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between King Baldwin III and dowager Queen Melisende (1152–1153) First Barons' War, 1215–1217 Age of the Sturlungs, 1220 – 1262/64 Second Barons' War, 1264–1267 Hungarian Civil War, 1264–1265 Civil War of Livonia between Livonian Order and the city of Riga and the Archbishopric of Riga, 1297–1330. Despenser War, 1321–1322 Invasion of England, 1326. Continuation of the Despenser War. Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 Castilian Civil War, 1366–1369 Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 Glyndŵr Rising, 1400–1415 Ottoman Interregnum, 1402–1413 Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, 1407–1435 Hussite Wars, 1420–1434 Great Feudal War in Russia, 1425–1453 Wars of the Roses, 1455–1485 Ōnin War, 1467–1477 Sengoku period, 1467–1615 War of the Castilian Succession, 1475–1479 Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe German Peasants' War, 1524–1525 Civil War in Kazakh Khanate, 1522–1538 War of the Two Brothers, 1529–1532 Count's Feud, 1534–1536 French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 Marian civil war, 1568–1573 War against Sigismund, 1598–1599 French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 Marian civil war, 1568–1573 War against Sigismund, 1598–1599 Early modern (1600–1800) Civil War Era in Vietnam, 1533–1789 Lê–Mạc Dynasties War, 1533–1677 Trịnh–Nguyễn Lords War, 1627–1772; 1774–1775 Tây Sơn wars, 1771–1802 Zebrzydowski Rebellion, 1606–1609 Shimabara Rebellion, 1637–1638 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639–1651 involved a number of civil wars: Irish Confederate Wars, some parts of which were a civil war. Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, to some extent a civil war, 1644–1652 English Civil War, 1642–1651 First English Civil War, 1642–1646 Second English Civil War, 1648–1649 Third English Civil War, 1650–1651 Acadian Civil War, 1640–1645 The Fronde, 1648–1653 The Ruin, 1659–1686 Lubomirski's Rebellion, 1665–1666 Monmouth Rebellion, May–July 1685 Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689 War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714 Choctaw Civil War, 1747–1750 Pugachev's Rebellion, 1773–1775 War in the Vendée, 1793–1804; between Royalist and Republican forces, part of the French Revolutionary Wars Afghan Civil War, 1793–1809 Brunei Civil War, 1660s—1673 Modern (1800–1945) Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition, 1812–1813 Argentine Civil Wars, 1814–1880 Ndwandwe–Zulu War, 1817–1819 Long Expedition, 1819, 1821 Greek Civil Wars, 1823–1825 Fredonian Rebellion, 1826–1827 Liberal Wars, 1828–1834 Chilean Civil War, 1829–1830 Revolutions of 1830; numerous European countries, 1830 Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) Carlist Wars, 1833–1839, 1846–1849, and 1872–1876 Texas Revolution 1835–1836 Ragamuffin War, 1835–1845 Chimayó Rebellion, 1837 Córdova Rebellion, 1838 Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851 Rio Grande Rebellion, 1840 Yucatán Rebellion, 1841–1848 Bear Flag Revolt, 1846 Sonderbund War, November 1847 Revolutions of 1848; numerous European countries, 1848–1849 Revolution of 1851 Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1863 Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1858 Utah War, 1857–1858 War of Reform, 1857–1861 Federal War, 1859–1863 American Civil War, 1861–1865 Afghan Civil War, 1863–1869 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Klang War; also known as Selangor Civil War, 1867–1874 Boshin War, 1868–1869 Satsuma Rebellion, 1877 Jementah Civil War, 1878 Afghan Civil War, 1880–1881 The North-West Rebellion, 1885 Revolution of the Park, 1890 Chilean Civil War, 1891 Argentine Revolution of 1893, 1893 War of Canudos, 1896–1897 Banana Wars, 1898–1934 Federal Revolution, 1899 Thousand Days' War, 1899–1902 Revolución Libertadora, 1901–1903 Argentine Revolution of 1905, 1905 Persian Constitutional Revolution, 1905–1911, Civil War considered to begin after 1908 Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920 Warlord Era; period of civil wars between regional, provincial, and private armies in China, 1912–1928 Russian Civil War, 1917–1923 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, 1918–2003 Finnish Civil War, 1918 Ukrainian Civil War, 1917–1921 German Revolution, 1918–1919 Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence, includes conflict between the Imperial Ottoman Government and the Turkish National Movement, 1919–1922 Irish Civil War, 1922–1923 Paraguayan Civil War, 1922–1923 Nicaraguan Civil War, 1926–1927 Cristero War, 1926–1929 Chinese Civil War, 1927–1937, 1945–1949, de facto ceasefire since 1949 Afghan Civil War, 1928–1929 Brazilian Civil War, 1932 Austrian Civil War, February 1934 Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 Ukrainian Insurgent Army insurgency, 1943–1956 Italian Civil War during WWII 1943–1945 Since 1945 Iran crisis of 1946, 1945–1946 Greek Civil War, 1946–1949 Paraguayan Civil War, 1947 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, 1947–1948 Costa Rican Civil War, 1948 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1948 Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion, 1948 Jeju uprising, 1948 La Violencia, 1948–1958 Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960 Internal conflict in Myanmar, ongoing since 1948 Revolución Libertadora, 1955 Cuban Revolution, 1953–1959 Laotian Civil War, 1953–1975 First Sudanese Civil War, 1955–1972 Congo Crisis, 1960–1966 Guatemalan Civil War, 1960–1996 North Yemen Civil War 1962–1970 Communist insurgency in Sarawak, 1962–1990 Nicaraguan Civil War, 1962–1990 Dominican Civil War, 1965 Rhodesian Bush War, 1965–1980 Communist insurgency in Thailand, 1965–1983 Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975 Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970 Communist insurgency in Malaysia, 1968–1989 Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 Ethiopian Civil War, 1974–1991 Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990 Mozambican Civil War, 1975–1992 Angolan Civil War, 1975–2002 Insurgency in Aceh, 1976–2005 Soviet–Afghan War, part of / also called War in Afghanistan (1978–present) December 24, 1979 – February 15, 1989 (Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years from 1979–1989 and was part of the Cold War but it was inevitable that the regime was to collapse within three to six months after the Soviet withdrawal) Salvadoran Civil War, 1979–1992 Peru's War on Terror 1980–1993 Second Sudanese Civil War, 1983–2005 Sri Lankan Civil War, 1983–2009 South Yemen Civil War, 1986 Afghan Civil War (1989–1992), February 15, 1989 – April 30, 1992 The continuing part of the civil war where the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving the Afghan communist government to fend for itself against the Mujahideen months later part of / also called War in Afghanistan (1978–present) First Liberian Civil War, 1989–1996 Rwandan Civil War, 1990–1994 Casamance conflict, 1990–2006 Georgian Civil War, 1991–1993 Iraqi uprisings, 1991 Sierra Leone Civil War, 1991–2002 Algerian Civil War, 1991–2002 Tajikistani Civil War, 1992–1997 Afghan Civil War (1992–1996), April 30, 1992 – September 27, 1996 When the Afghan communist government falls to the Mujahideen there was a rise in different kinds of ideology, power-sharing, Belligerents and violent fighting continue to escalate part of / also called War in Afghanistan (1978–present) Burundi Civil War, 1993–2005 First Yemeni Civil War, 1994 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War, 1994–1997 Afghan Civil War (1996–2001), September 27, 1996 – October 7, 2001 In 1996 the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan part of / also called War in Afghanistan (1978–present) First Congo War, 1996–1997 Clashes in Cambodia, 1997 Nepalese Civil War, 1996–2006 Albanian Civil War, 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, 1997–1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War, 1998–1999 Second Congo War, 1998–2003 Kosovo War (1998–1999) Second Liberian Civil War, 1999–2003 First Ivorian Civil War, 2002–2007 Iraqi Civil War, 2006–2008 First Libyan Civil War, 2011 Second Ivorian Civil War, 2011 Second Libyan Civil War, 2014–2020 Tigray War, 2020–present Ongoing civil wars The following civil wars are ongoing as of February 2021. Only ongoing conflicts meeting the definition of a civil war are listed. See list of ongoing military conflicts and lists of active separatist movements for lists with a wider scope. , Internal conflict in Myanmar, since 2 April 1948 , Papua conflict, since 1963 , Cabinda War, since 1975 , Somali Civil War, since 1989 , Ituri conflict, since 1999 , War in Darfur, since 26 February 2003 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, since 5 June 2011 , Syrian Civil War, since 15 March 2011, also see List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War , Mali War, since 16 January 2012 , Central African Republic conflict, since 10 December 2012 , War in Donbas, since 6 April 2014 , Second Yemeni Civil War, since 19 March 2015 , Islamist insurgency, since August 23, 2015 , Anglophone Crisis, since 2017 , Insurgency in Cabo Delgado, since 2017 , ISIL insurgency, since 9 December 2017 , Tigray War, since 2020 , Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria, since 2021 See also List of coups d'état and coup attempts List of revolutions and rebellions List of wars of independence (national liberation) List of Roman civil wars List of English civil wars Ongoing wars Exclusive mandate References Civil wars	[ 0.18687917292118073, 0.3882931172847748, -0.7711406946182251, -0.05094543471932411, -0.3945787250995636, 0.7324737906455994, 0.991174578666687, 0.6378960609436035, -0.8112441897392273, -0.057475700974464417, -0.19398266077041626, 0.29166293144226074, -0.5921301245689392, 0.6374725103378296, -0.2417813539505005, 0.5049734711647034, -0.09508923441171646, 0.4633055031299591, 0.3871334493160248, -0.19116270542144775, -0.2082272469997406, 0.07272035628557205, 0.2841716706752777, -0.060279760509729385, 0.15618479251861572, 0.031174849718809128, 0.5690293908119202, -0.13537724316120148, -0.09422457963228226, -0.24336564540863037, -0.15564702451229095, 0.6941574215888977, 0.01364220678806305, 0.03141479939222336, -0.5633388161659241, -0.20260857045650482, -0.0506773516535759, -0.26787057518959045, 0.03283466398715973, -0.46982303261756897, -0.057399213314056396, -0.32849782705307007, 0.1803661286830902, 0.649089515209198, 0.339169979095459, 0.11393056809902191, -1.2398160696029663, 0.05257198214530945, -0.6802456378936768, -0.16909964382648468, -0.3542466163635254, -0.011554061435163021, 0.41748157143592834, 0.2584373354911804, 0.09100677818059921, 0.42301666736602783, -0.4361225962638855, -0.11314335465431213, 0.2684544026851654, -0.4770733714103699, 0.6360874772071838, 0.5435884594917297, 0.13019271194934845, -0.24729236960411072, 0.0588456466794014, -0.2581384479999542, 0.22502970695495605, 0.9127516746520996, -0.36614274978637695, -0.3192542493343353, -0.15973475575447083, -0.04622022062540054, 0.1150556281208992, -0.012453179806470871, -0.2999284565448761, -0.21887844800949097, 0.05969458818435669, -0.063693106174469, -0.21257345378398895, -0.4638613760471344, 0.005611476954072714, -0.5198451280593872, 0.5161760449409485, -0.4734635055065155, -0.04790688678622246, 0.04529508203268051, -0.1558670699596405, -0.34153929352760315, -0.5028273463249207, 0.27468591928482056, 0.3912747800350189, 0.12776128947734833, 0.3959466516971588, 0.014986991882324219, 0.0015191099373623729, -0.04702719300985336, -0.025410695001482964, -0.09035364538431168, 0.1106639876961708, 0.16511397063732147, -0.2211788445711136, 0.4741254150867462, 0.29883450269699097, -0.048859644681215286, -0.4349253475666046, -0.5151739120483398, 0.2474883645772934, 0.10404399037361145, 0.1512782722711563, -0.7703134417533875, -0.07940960675477982, 0.2969973385334015, 0.035779356956481934, -0.06659691035747528, -0.5794293880462646, 0.2538253664970398, 0.06117834150791168, 0.1691628247499466, 0.09512016922235489, 0.01680138148367405, -0.4098804295063019, 0.5602737069129944, -0.34896400570869446, 0.0861409455537796, -0.13006694614887238, 0.36125779151916504, 0.9394141435623169, -0.2923271358013153, -0.4701624810695648, 0.34410005807876587, 0.34555521607398987, 1.0324572324752808, -0.4135657548904419, 0.2730983793735504, 0.5790154337882996, -0.8105133175849915, 0.38913387060165405, 0.6805130243301392, 0.23188292980194092, 0.012499967589974403, -0.7970296144485474, -0.387760728597641, -0.896845817565918, 0.2821584641933441, 0.08624807000160217, -0.5653252601623535, 0.0194089338183403, -0.4295228123664856, 0.061344485729932785, -0.3291308879852295, -0.1932828426361084, 0.08277422934770584, -0.3838964104652405, 0.6760116219520569, -0.08159151673316956, 0.37209588289260864, 0.4495016634464264, -0.7109475135803223, 0.3120974004268646, 0.19149385392665863, 0.28127217292785645, 0.5737616419792175, 0.12759876251220703, 0.08829100430011749, 0.03744145482778549, -0.05120690166950226, 0.2652747929096222, 0.474627822637558, -0.14826186001300812, -0.33847352862358093, -0.6839736700057983, 0.28364813327789307, -0.07000575959682465, -0.43329066038131714, -0.017152776941657066, 0.31384530663490295, 1.0141814947128296, 0.09014175832271576, 0.6452048420906067, 0.4443337023258209, -0.38961172103881836, -0.1424936205148697, 0.06053835526108742, 0.08422570675611496, 0.531968891620636, 0.39376553893089294, 0.1967204213142395, -0.1866656243801117, 0.11823752522468567, 0.06998118758201599, -0.3253723680973053, 0.1546950787305832, 0.07400710880756378, -0.20890390872955322, 0.8611876964569092, 0.18483328819274902, -0.5525273680686951, 0.24042494595050812, -0.03051251545548439, 0.5411194562911987, 0.07511124759912491, -0.4046091139316559, 0.32195526361465454, 0.5017614960670471, -0.39247724413871765, 0.6789186000823975, -0.16239650547504425, 0.5844131112098694, 0.3265243172645569, 0.36465638875961304, 0.8599488139152527, 0.1994931399822235, -0.1878470629453659, -0.09584008157253265, 0.29385465383529663, 0.3483894467353821, -0.6364486217498779, 0.20124657452106476, 0.2815314829349518, -0.3637956976890564, 0.6506738662719727, -0.7701770067214966, 0.3152894079685211, 0.4653967618942261, -0.2514095604419708, 0.11250763386487961, -0.3320971131324768, 0.1702740639448166, 0.23804448544979095, -1.2585116624832153, 0.2951675355434418, 0.483683317899704, 0.3304053843021393, -0.7092142105102539, -0.22946450114250183, 0.17378096282482147, 0.10965650528669357, -0.08976959437131882, -0.3147391080856323, -0.1755426973104477, 0.09166938066482544, 0.2241867482662201, 0.12418079376220703, 0.3019029498100281, -0.33798083662986755, -0.1587975025177002, -0.2760362923145294, -0.17295141518115997, -0.11538271605968475, -0.06281962990760803, 0.28846415877342224, 0.0910734236240387, 0.4125748872756958, -0.4942992925643921, 0.061050236225128174, -0.5016210675239563, 0.10580064356327057, -0.11577785015106201, -0.4012146592140198, -0.25421807169914246, -0.3176717162132263, 0.09352083504199982, -0.15397045016288757, 0.3742012083530426, 0.28381118178367615, -0.5460577011108398, -0.8689857721328735, -0.21333225071430206, -0.07983149588108063, 0.3691745102405548, 0.13105091452598572, -0.017701201140880585, 0.22420744597911835, -1.2601311206817627, 0.25627458095550537, 0.10265851765871048, 0.030721094459295273, 0.316898375749588, -0.6222134828567505, -0.4614146649837494, 0.21364782750606537, 0.20200631022453308, 0.2841876447200775, -0.9866108298301697, -0.6579388380050659, -0.3804340958595276, 0.5468733310699463, -0.5840664505958557, 0.10333091765642166, 0.4605458974838257, -0.009446416981518269, 0.2671879231929779, 0.2501124143600464, -0.027120767161250114, 0.38561534881591797, 0.14565691351890564, -0.30832916498184204, 0.2911641001701355, -0.006981121841818094, -0.7557631731033325, -0.8773871064186096, 0.5359683632850647, -0.47252970933914185, -0.15289470553398132, 0.0137496842071414, 0.03412366285920143, -0.5694140791893005, 0.1264272779226303, -5.85528039932251, -0.23967260122299194, -0.18203851580619812, -0.6028175354003906, -0.4907495379447937, 0.20149001479148865, 0.45099401473999023, -0.2139749526977539, 0.21864283084869385, -0.20509719848632812, 0.36106523871421814, 0.1842755228281021, -0.019247975200414658, 0.2029733955860138, 0.3490333557128906, 0.08091160655021667, 0.46465057134628296, 0.3095884323120117, -0.01525563932955265, 0.26170188188552856, -0.037040334194898605, 0.2803514897823334, 0.11371687054634094, 0.3015342652797699, 0.19644834101200104, 0.5200134515762329, -0.006645978894084692, -0.12927696108818054, -0.36419498920440674, 0.5443861484527588, -0.06428854912519455, 0.10088198632001877, 0.05928867682814598, -0.13463358581066132, -0.3851410448551178, -0.34634265303611755, 0.3210335671901703, 0.6551309823989868, -0.3283197581768036, -0.1969093531370163, -0.5273454189300537, 0.014506500214338303, -0.38945040106773376, 0.2615305781364441, 0.08960266411304474, -0.21984490752220154, -0.2573590576648712, 0.030548248440027237, -0.42702150344848633, 0.5680474638938904, -0.16895976662635803, -0.23198595643043518, 0.4593477249145508, -0.03814753517508507, 0.041667308658361435, 0.028076769784092903, 0.5188955664634705, -0.27907779812812805, -0.3838239908218384, 0.2937571108341217, 0.23904405534267426, -0.31280261278152466, -0.06348028033971786, -0.28291627764701843, 0.34673282504081726, -0.40935298800468445, -0.760799765586853, -0.560262143611908, 0.13068455457687378, 0.2318841516971588, 0.22598488628864288, 0.1884821057319641, -0.20320846140384674, -0.7482230067253113, 0.23211617767810822, -0.3313305974006653, -0.24571846425533295, 0.029178526252508163, 0.5477859377861023, -0.15824201703071594, -0.3743745982646942, -0.177682027220726, 0.06199883669614792, -0.44148746132850647, 0.027894601225852966, 0.1539815217256546, 0.015811333432793617, -0.26623862981796265, -0.1403333842754364, 0.09685426205396652, 0.6526844501495361, -0.3623213469982147, 0.5457914471626282, 0.1845283955335617, 0.6694770455360413, 0.8888379335403442, 0.08703010529279709, -0.1804724931716919, 0.9576703906059265, -0.4057278633117676, 0.06822706758975983, -0.6504953503608704, 0.3372729420661926, -0.3481532633304596, 0.1345691978931427, 0.27157002687454224, -0.04702925682067871, 1.0027351379394531, 0.5376994013786316, -0.3073726296424866, 0.2944681942462921, -0.19197474420070648, -0.1276756376028061, -0.3403887152671814, 0.3651563823223114, -0.10786033421754837, 0.23737022280693054, 0.6986568570137024, 0.6224895119667053, 0.058967046439647675, 0.2070971578359604, 0.366630882024765, 0.3403056859970093, -0.09916619956493378, 0.3207002878189087, 0.12367766350507736, -0.3525020182132721, 0.0706695020198822, -0.014654578641057014, 0.01949881576001644, 0.4418236017227173, 0.337698370218277, -0.03502794727683067, 0.1027996763586998, 0.10418549180030823, -0.2478262186050415, 0.058174967765808105, -0.16834159195423126, 0.0972185954451561, -0.4335828721523285, 0.27837035059928894, -0.4458617568016052, -0.5385105609893799, 0.2566235065460205, 0.15965834259986877, 0.2571890950202942, -0.37065789103507996, 0.07412867248058319, 0.22247716784477234, 0.812174379825592, -0.4367644786834717, -0.41225147247314453, 0.3146528899669647, -0.13145481050014496, -0.4835418164730072, -0.13192212581634521, 0.2900068759918213, 0.3931094706058502, -0.7649694085121155, -0.5808593034744263, -0.21609072387218475, -0.45779576897621155, -0.8572623133659363, 0.041085269302129745, 0.15499015152454376, -0.6055681109428406, -0.10546091943979263, 0.09912757575511932, -0.1743338257074356, 0.7843863368034363, 0.4454696476459503, -0.0874328538775444, -0.18514612317085266, -0.03823041915893555, 0.2515093982219696, -0.5359110236167908, -0.06181645765900612, 0.3886827528476715, 0.0067197661846876144, -0.10544504225254059, -0.503035843372345, -0.07818357646465302, -0.03340163826942444, 0.3044945001602173, -0.29591789841651917, 0.19651804864406586, 0.05399494990706444, 0.18598641455173492, -0.4780851900577545, 0.03777925297617912, 0.30558836460113525, 0.28707799315452576, -0.3073278069496155, -0.4249713122844696, -0.31677573919296265, -0.6046461462974548, -0.40678533911705017, -0.2325163334608078, 0.2028205841779709, -0.44321584701538086, 0.48191988468170166, 0.4144933521747589, -0.5953269600868225, -0.06883184611797333, -0.37158674001693726, -0.44970786571502686, 0.7597944736480713, -0.1864406317472458, -0.4281266927719116, -0.011968784965574741, -0.2698763608932495, -0.46658986806869507, -0.7047742009162903, 0.881578266620636, -0.4260011613368988, -0.2355593591928482, -0.08365702629089355, -0.054775480180978775, -0.17580237984657288, -0.1917058676481247, 0.4976169168949127, -0.47175559401512146, 0.038579024374485016, 0.15643438696861267, -0.24902722239494324, 0.7952250242233276, -0.09733400493860245, -1.1740635633468628, 0.6800163388252258, 0.2354443520307541, -0.2368522733449936, 0.14463134109973907, 0.23117102682590485, 0.05506746098399162, -0.2437039017677307, -0.35362786054611206, -0.022493939846754074, -0.2820363938808441, -0.5343840718269348, 0.29617345333099365, 0.22412461042404175, 0.5974392294883728, 0.4896361529827118, -0.49888110160827637, -0.14532910287380219, -0.039389148354530334, 0.12042940407991409, -0.5853604078292847, -0.0007842135382816195, -0.3821312487125397, -0.4160667657852173, -0.10603664815425873, -0.6939675211906433, -0.3788236677646637, 0.7168532609939575, 0.14672954380512238, -0.35569971799850464, 0.07168027013540268, 0.051788460463285446, 0.38106971979141235, 0.13236691057682037, -0.26683998107910156, -0.03288516029715538, -0.22221744060516357, 0.43011459708213806, -0.4781065583229065, -0.21612173318862915, -0.11007541418075562, -0.029881373047828674, -0.207895889878273, -0.3327447474002838, 0.0683276578783989, 0.5790932774543762, 0.2847694158554077, 0.4779030978679657, 0.08543146401643753, -0.008799904957413673, 0.3265732228755951, 0.4065721035003662, 0.5064625144004822, -0.20842888951301575, -0.4723989963531494, -0.06912664324045181, -0.49951237440109253, 0.7621034979820251, -0.5399203896522522, -0.023303207010030746, 0.079184390604496, 0.09403920918703079, -0.42818737030029297, -0.15820752084255219, -0.1362958401441574, -0.26655638217926025, 0.4926230311393738, 0.33959636092185974, 0.40138670802116394, -0.2478753924369812, 0.32304784655570984, -0.23829272389411926, 0.03499753400683403, -0.45915669202804565, 0.539993405342102, -0.37071120738983154, -0.5206286311149597, 0.6058744788169861, -0.3997916877269745, 0.35009777545928955, -0.007324857171624899, -0.3911307156085968, 0.2219933718442917, 0.1353285163640976, -0.09969167411327362, 0.28069087862968445, 0.31789857149124146, 0.30182579159736633, 0.132129967212677, 0.24640941619873047, -0.7482263445854187, 0.21728570759296417, -0.09182457625865936, 0.23770402371883392, -0.16190068423748016, 0.22636397182941437, 0.17457439005374908, 0.3504353165626526, 0.5268544554710388, -0.3170190453529358, -0.3514183759689331, 0.3292321264743805, 0.09910876303911209, 0.45541122555732727, 0.28135108947753906, -0.541528582572937, -0.18485213816165924, -0.2614055871963501, -0.375300794839859, 0.24354077875614166, -0.5090503096580505, -0.33426597714424133, 0.9099690318107605, 0.2701433300971985, 0.2111762911081314, 0.11751653254032135, 0.10307825356721878, -0.3257780373096466, 0.1563912183046341, -0.45072174072265625, 0.04708053544163704, -0.009878626093268394, 0.02055264264345169, 0.3048091232776642, 0.14984920620918274, 0.07810349017381668, 0.170639768242836, 0.28234514594078064, -0.5778958201408386, 0.49892231822013855, 0.25981026887893677, 0.27243390679359436, -1.199473261833191, 0.269255131483078, 0.12161733210086823, 0.013432690873742104, 0.24023953080177307, 0.6451017260551453, 0.4606075882911682, -0.07647725939750671, 0.22608673572540283, -0.44032183289527893, 0.09266602993011475, 0.17795124650001526, -0.18740347027778625, 0.19769059121608734, 0.3709430992603302, 0.011458833701908588, -0.33346638083457947, 0.4352254867553711, 0.24482937157154083, 0.2801946997642517, -0.8017137050628662, -0.23159345984458923, 0.16756729781627655, 0.3248479962348938, -0.7932935357093811, 0.09056570380926132, -0.23203907907009125, -0.022695420309901237, 0.31576886773109436, 0.28404584527015686, -0.1980883926153183, -0.07631251215934753, -0.3324182629585266, -0.23869489133358002, 0.19080588221549988, -0.31903472542762756, -0.3525366485118866, -0.07389453798532486, 1.1454592943191528, 0.30617302656173706, -0.6781607866287231, 0.26488161087036133, -0.04857252910733223, -0.14325235784053802, 0.06647372990846634, -0.29791924357414246, 0.1120753064751625, -0.514960765838623, -0.02772039733827114, -0.2526886463165283, 0.2783973217010498, 0.04366288334131241, -0.34506598114967346, 0.16167445480823517, 0.07800903916358948, -0.6257029175758362, -0.17486467957496643, 0.38642022013664246, -0.6767241954803467, 0.38478201627731323, -0.8321323990821838, 0.3946731686592102, -0.4101928770542145, 0.2092144787311554, 0.3215453624725342, 0.041201893240213394, -0.7165464758872986, 0.16724422574043274, 0.38854464888572693, 0.00740535743534565, 1.0514204502105713, -0.055409204214811325, -0.22408325970172882, -0.18186059594154358, -0.4245743453502655, -0.29017892479896545, -0.05972481518983841, 0.8594062924385071, 0.10909174382686615, 0.21653956174850464, -0.36060217022895813, -0.38995620608329773, -0.4378029406070709, 0.05912309139966965, 0.16172465682029724, -1.5532962083816528, -0.17346172034740448, -0.04459356889128685, 0.20454300940036774, -0.010633614845573902, 0.5368382334709167, 0.3864251971244812, 0.7407025098800659, 0.35350358486175537, 0.09135131537914276, -0.057290636003017426, -0.2386242002248764, 0.07724464684724808, -0.5890352725982666, -0.060946110635995865, 0.31074944138526917 ]
210533	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph%20%28biology%29	Nymph (biology)	In biology, a nymph is the immature form of some invertebrates, particularly insects, which undergoes gradual metamorphosis (hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult stage. Unlike a typical larva, a nymph's overall form already resembles that of the adult, except for a lack of wings (in winged species). In addition, while a nymph moults, it never enters a pupal stage. Instead, the final moult results in an adult insect. Nymphs undergo multiple stages of development called instars. This is the case, for example, in Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers and locusts), Hemiptera (cicadas, shield bugs, whiteflies, aphids, jassids, etc.), mayflies, termites, cockroaches, mantises, stoneflies and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). Nymphs of aquatic insects, as in the Odonata, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, are also called naiads, an Ancient Greek name for mythological water nymphs. Usage of the term 'naiad' is no longer popular among entomologists, who have come to see the distinction between nymph and larva as more of evolutionary grade than a clearly distinct life stage. In older literature, these were sometimes referred to as the heterometabolous insects, as their adult and immature stages live in different environments (terrestrial vs. aquatic). Relationship with humans In fly fishing with artificial flies, this stage of aquatic insects is the basis for an entire series of representative patterns for trout. They account for over half of the over all patterns regularly fished in the United States. See also Naiads in Greek mythology References Insect developmental biology	[ 0.30124616622924805, 0.1645595282316208, -0.5395246744155884, -0.02150299772620201, -0.10781221091747284, 0.20582282543182373, 0.4095202386379242, 0.4844231605529785, -0.6386196613311768, -0.18526887893676758, -0.3736342787742615, -0.28103166818618774, -0.33639538288116455, 0.23667223751544952, -0.03298250213265419, 0.43746188282966614, 0.4090370237827301, 0.5803059339523315, -0.04920139163732529, -0.49495670199394226, -0.40109431743621826, 0.05695080757141113, 0.19885222613811493, -0.5106968879699707, 0.63064044713974, -0.46296820044517517, 0.08687713742256165, 0.7143548130989075, 0.43691644072532654, -0.4544069170951843, -0.6483618021011353, 0.2868312895298004, 0.14373742043972015, 0.33906328678131104, 0.11776450276374817, -0.1024579256772995, -0.23550449311733246, -0.9358657598495483, -0.2230394333600998, -1.2878546714782715, 0.024926695972681046, 0.17149274051189423, 0.17267894744873047, 0.06876435875892639, -0.8348593711853027, -0.2896892726421356, -1.3197604417800903, 0.5011797547340393, -0.5158995389938354, 0.2886258363723755, 0.0748661607503891, 0.02354973368346691, 0.6084370017051697, 0.630916178226471, -0.19318059086799622, 0.24209997057914734, -0.9260812401771545, 0.1728554666042328, 0.06413299590349197, -0.38370147347450256, 0.4399368166923523, 0.334565669298172, 0.01613776572048664, 0.21764488518238068, 0.7074503302574158, 0.4119725227355957, 0.4987752437591553, 0.21300043165683746, -0.25982552766799927, -0.2511804401874542, -0.24853186309337616, -0.904373049736023, 0.22261932492256165, 1.1102885007858276, -1.3183270692825317, -0.4724024534225464, 0.37408894300460815, -0.12045898288488388, 0.8362082839012146, -0.19109953939914703, 0.004072076641023159, 1.6342881917953491, 0.8668690919876099, 0.23917430639266968, 0.36298149824142456, -0.08675912022590637, -1.2236993312835693, 0.08990948647260666, -0.5715228319168091, 0.0032075245399028063, -0.20707407593727112, -0.40494072437286377, 0.440563440322876, 0.49703899025917053, -0.17274415493011475, 0.08848363161087036, -0.03868069499731064, 0.12778176367282867, 0.3651394844055176, -0.14221516251564026, -0.1938457190990448, 0.3541221022605896, 0.12911029160022736, -0.2641180753707886, -0.12036910653114319, -0.21937468647956848, -0.4765078127384186, -0.4389645457267761, 0.08318951725959778, 0.1407185047864914, -0.5289844274520874, -0.5585237145423889, -0.21535156667232513, 0.1804284304380417, 0.09051617234945297, 0.6970354914665222, 0.09558671712875366, 0.19768697023391724, -0.3261259198188782, -0.5026471018791199, -0.10759886354207993, 0.08370987325906754, 0.1954360157251358, -0.05205070599913597, -0.45435449481010437, 0.5851783156394958, 0.4522339999675751, 0.40482211112976074, -0.37772127985954285, 0.48587915301322937, 0.5229216814041138, 1.0937117338180542, -0.4339217245578766, -0.3584885895252228, 0.5387967228889465, -0.21062543988227844, -0.32794031500816345, 0.4670211970806122, 0.8570083379745483, 0.28555795550346375, -0.5086139440536499, -0.6115427017211914, -0.32421669363975525, 0.06231445074081421, 0.431228905916214, -0.2036135345697403, 0.03591933473944664, -0.2588656544685364, -0.5020089149475098, -0.00009712071914691478, 0.04524802044034004, -0.01836572401225567, -0.3250221610069275, -0.35228797793388367, -0.5606886148452759, 0.039754725992679596, 0.6859860420227051, -0.44366416335105896, 0.5065290331840515, 0.5584239363670349, -0.29289430379867554, 0.14607656002044678, -0.5551636219024658, -0.3832138478755951, -0.09660172462463379, -0.274991512298584, 0.3299289345741272, 0.014341657049953938, -0.2102079838514328, 0.3518778681755066, -0.29409366846084595, -0.0038133959751576185, 0.04893279820680618, 0.11291278898715973, 0.19208121299743652, -0.29036062955856323, 0.09277158975601196, -0.2906399071216583, 0.31970757246017456, -0.2717956006526947, -0.5987979769706726, 0.3397599458694458, 0.19537855684757233, -0.4079577922821045, -0.024592211470007896, -0.4956305921077728, -0.11652184277772903, 0.40084776282310486, 0.010817673988640308, -0.531994104385376, -0.15044520795345306, -0.06852751970291138, 0.1123724952340126, -0.20448611676692963, 1.062770128250122, -0.2605750560760498, 0.03620873764157295, 0.09054750204086304, 0.1196833997964859, -0.3612217903137207, -0.09812598675489426, 0.23558111488819122, 0.03680691495537758, -0.29260218143463135, -0.7930812239646912, 0.3425419330596924, 0.4000590741634369, 0.19088119268417358, 0.16725033521652222, 0.020329872146248817, -0.08809880912303925, -0.517179548740387, 0.48073840141296387, -0.29109030961990356, 0.39076119661331177, -0.49970123171806335, -0.5842595100402832, 0.6403154134750366, 0.24846558272838593, -0.5460330247879028, 0.6517592668533325, -0.15341952443122864, -0.3860698342323303, -0.2775086760520935, 0.11547007411718369, 0.7864071726799011, 0.6652471423149109, -0.5066094994544983, 0.375818133354187, -0.5562450885772705, 0.3213462829589844, 0.09365631639957428, -0.340942919254303, 0.06360992789268494, -1.0168144702911377, -0.1791936159133911, -0.34646618366241455, -0.6816496253013611, 0.2871544659137726, -0.45024585723876953, 0.2763524651527405, -0.16622665524482727, -0.4839552938938141, -0.009327617473900318, 0.26049885153770447, -0.24619868397712708, -0.029143964871764183, -0.1481810361146927, -0.5354334115982056, 0.06670919805765152, 0.03194958344101906, 1.0120652914047241, 0.4384733736515045, -1.1746844053268433, 0.11515255272388458, -0.37906569242477417, -0.45553308725357056, 0.4607444107532501, 0.7225350737571716, -0.16791385412216187, -0.5520472526550293, -0.2861068546772003, 0.09321638196706772, 0.2461901754140854, -0.5146109461784363, -0.534653902053833, 0.052739787846803665, -0.5458874702453613, 0.5081819295883179, 0.5341261625289917, 0.8786023855209351, 0.15108856558799744, -0.6113731861114502, 0.2200847715139389, -0.3982778787612915, -0.4115965962409973, 0.77365642786026, -0.46731460094451904, -0.4212321639060974, -0.41773122549057007, 0.09670870006084442, 0.8881440758705139, 0.17486007511615753, -0.4248427748680115, -0.1426343470811844, 0.15074561536312103, 0.9207105040550232, 0.31730368733406067, 0.15252135694026947, -0.573093056678772, -0.27632972598075867, 0.05076932534575462, -0.3777056336402893, 0.7272709012031555, -0.17591454088687897, 0.18080857396125793, -0.3173917531967163, 0.6619298458099365, 0.025090711191296577, -0.4125334322452545, -0.4577358365058899, -0.09109289944171906, -0.09955009073019028, -0.04504748061299324, 0.15983104705810547, 0.0886622741818428, 0.45882248878479004, 0.4201217293739319, -5.362373352050781, 0.029956329613924026, -0.12393465638160706, -0.0807872861623764, 0.08935770392417908, 0.3566868305206299, 0.1567474603652954, -0.040764544159173965, -0.39335694909095764, 0.6652819514274597, -0.06086611747741699, -0.03299430385231972, -0.08744950592517853, 0.7226234078407288, 0.40415966510772705, 0.06837823241949081, -0.29732492566108704, -0.12201295793056488, -0.34905239939689636, -0.18854478001594543, -0.28945863246917725, 0.28862881660461426, -0.1826687455177307, 0.8984314203262329, -0.39876100420951843, -0.6555105447769165, -0.26455312967300415, -0.27447637915611267, -0.4467453956604004, -0.25920596718788147, -0.15098397433757782, -0.6807620525360107, 0.1637398600578308, 0.049244292080402374, -0.10769937187433243, 0.33432072401046753, 0.3601139783859253, 0.0473051592707634, -0.40759485960006714, -0.20347562432289124, -0.49642685055732727, -0.08627694100141525, 0.11993534862995148, 0.2661956250667572, 0.7961258888244629, -0.38270312547683716, -0.30070367455482483, -0.09929432719945908, -0.032701585441827774, 0.6198459267616272, 0.053377166390419006, 0.18062368035316467, 0.14132535457611084, 0.45554593205451965, 0.321754515171051, 0.03220781311392784, 0.3490872383117676, 0.07493022084236145, 0.051400624215602875, -0.1947186440229416, 0.839436411857605, 0.16663075983524323, -0.07721918076276779, -0.11667848378419876, -0.06017274037003517, -0.06800534576177597, -0.584960401058197, 0.11535581946372986, 0.5040422081947327, 0.06635808199644089, -0.3400781750679016, 0.12337588518857956, -0.1604333221912384, -0.9280470609664917, 0.5533460974693298, -0.7897781133651733, -0.14190909266471863, 0.11267261207103729, -0.18973501026630402, 0.072174072265625, 0.422961950302124, -0.4691604673862457, -0.4484024941921234, 0.27708935737609863, 0.1753491759300232, -0.8928991556167603, -0.4276566803455353, 0.16980832815170288, -0.5174069404602051, 0.019141370430588722, 0.8950356245040894, 0.3701149821281433, -0.0652155876159668, 0.43322670459747314, 0.6233172416687012, 0.8069785833358765, 0.17122043669223785, 0.07022792100906372, 0.7809240221977234, -0.021196382120251656, 0.8227495551109314, 0.1453535109758377, -0.4408872127532959, 0.1777220070362091, -0.08593147993087769, -0.869694709777832, -0.06748346239328384, -0.08333810418844223, 0.528963565826416, -0.11367358267307281, 0.3913574814796448, -0.3850066363811493, 0.11209292709827423, -0.22940412163734436, 0.13109707832336426, 0.06992149353027344, 0.05291663855314255, 0.783920407295227, 0.5217388272285461, 0.028590254485607147, -0.5118638873100281, 0.030573619529604912, -0.4481094181537628, -0.14995531737804413, -0.48927921056747437, -0.15752044320106506, 0.1573731154203415, 0.620191752910614, -0.5891308188438416, -0.9035338163375854, 0.4993431866168976, 0.4514580965042114, -0.13352662324905396, -0.8138821125030518, -0.00397277157753706, -0.2874046862125397, 0.10834424197673798, 0.3144987225532532, 0.3390379250049591, -0.48110753297805786, -0.19250734150409698, 0.10578674077987671, -0.11673105508089066, -0.16094179451465607, 0.44717544317245483, 0.16683441400527954, 0.03219769150018692, -0.46674540638923645, -0.4033973813056946, 0.5102565884590149, -0.06631863862276077, -0.6182570457458496, 0.7207527160644531, -0.35115715861320496, -0.47470274567604065, -0.9216486215591431, 0.7744637727737427, 0.02591548301279545, -0.016548430547118187, -0.3152698874473572, -0.4489668607711792, -0.5117239356040955, -0.5881062150001526, -0.062154270708560944, 0.021642083302140236, 0.11462237685918808, -0.4908919334411621, -0.6511331796646118, 0.05150531977415085, 0.12331511825323105, -0.004789117258042097, -0.37794819474220276, -0.7046248912811279, 0.18179158866405487, 0.32324299216270447, -0.49474218487739563, -0.06439581513404846, 0.05799185484647751, -0.404151976108551, -0.5443168878555298, -0.4496767818927765, -0.5687380433082581, -0.010408096946775913, -0.3736151158809662, 0.9141187071800232, 0.0007496478501707315, 0.4965280592441559, -0.22484079003334045, -0.6150827407836914, -0.45985621213912964, -0.34021294116973877, 0.5290424823760986, 0.39883098006248474, 0.3121287524700165, -0.14042595028877258, 0.26139137148857117, -0.04925099387764931, 0.43492406606674194, -0.16153563559055328, -0.8994600176811218, 0.4086199104785919, -0.25382888317108154, -0.42737171053886414, 0.2887782156467438, 0.5674446821212769, -0.6640603542327881, 0.16587960720062256, -0.1563136726617813, -0.1174420565366745, 0.01189347542822361, -0.219150111079216, 0.05918003246188164, -0.09217821806669235, 0.4494287967681885, -0.23589633405208588, 0.32581812143325806, 0.06159650906920433, -0.49235668778419495, -0.5226524472236633, 0.11307898908853531, 0.2269156128168106, 0.15935085713863373, -0.0548119954764843, -0.44063204526901245, -0.5245175957679749, 0.017637381330132484, 0.27540236711502075, -0.4799068868160248, 0.8504217863082886, -0.6781713962554932, 0.12069164216518402, 0.01995810680091381, -0.37461769580841064, -0.6971277594566345, -0.05711846426129341, -0.31353747844696045, -0.004028156865388155, -0.13578496873378754, 0.3403851389884949, 0.6015462279319763, 0.3225557506084442, 1.1392614841461182, -0.10467777401208878, 0.2565898299217224, -0.11901199072599411, 0.3042501211166382, 0.13638447225093842, -0.881727933883667, -1.328171730041504, -0.30781176686286926, 0.6597382426261902, -0.6405015587806702, 0.05495966598391533, 0.27519869804382324, 0.6103478074073792, -0.1506255716085434, -0.3151630163192749, -0.29490870237350464, -0.03815789148211479, 0.384475439786911, 0.033308323472738266, -0.19521039724349976, -0.676162600517273, 0.1362105906009674, 0.28025394678115845, -0.09140969067811966, -0.6135643720626831, 0.5734121203422546, 0.24743199348449707, -0.7036969065666199, 0.7996625304222107, 0.7389190196990967, 0.34483036398887634, -0.16823674738407135, 0.6895298361778259, 0.458677738904953, 0.10659882426261902, -0.6622429490089417, 0.4426068663597107, -0.451875776052475, 0.1278468519449234, 0.54308021068573, 0.4253140687942505, -0.3383796811103821, 0.2669815421104431, -0.4991544485092163, 0.08590720593929291, -0.4758557379245758, -0.4421469271183014, 0.15654011070728302, 0.13757853209972382, 0.2451653927564621, 0.1495443880558014, 0.41671496629714966, 0.5121510028839111, 0.742443323135376, 0.21443451941013336, 0.07648689299821854, 0.6810766458511353, 0.3291269540786743, -1.1025654077529907, 0.5678279995918274, 0.09413415938615799, -0.6584897637367249, 0.22501952946186066, 0.011736845597624779, -0.33857378363609314, -0.054619692265987396, -0.7394711971282959, 0.03749218210577965, 0.4628262519836426, 0.10332394391298294, -0.10293067991733551, 0.5027009844779968, -0.26460564136505127, 0.5246822834014893, -0.06940603256225586, -0.5673249959945679, 0.4701234698295593, 0.42829105257987976, 0.3301750123500824, 0.22634117305278778, 0.3230690658092499, 0.02411733940243721, -0.10645277798175812, -0.2614647448062897, -0.3725531995296478, 0.5905669927597046, 0.06024450436234474, 0.07289894670248032, 0.8824667930603027, -0.04868420958518982, -0.4746723473072052, 0.9977394938468933, -0.03810406103730202, -0.35118556022644043, 0.3904866874217987, -0.7378935217857361, -0.6473364233970642, 0.7284390926361084, 1.4180817604064941, 0.30006760358810425, -0.32125258445739746, -0.09278908371925354, -0.4350813925266266, 0.6137664318084717, 0.21441935002803802, -0.07980041950941086, -0.17553867399692535, 0.4293634295463562, -0.07028775662183762, 0.3360961973667145, 0.29183754324913025, -0.4892003834247589, 0.6142371296882629, -0.4015410542488098, 0.13199691474437714, -0.17209260165691376, -0.09909695386886597, -0.2294827699661255, -0.20679259300231934, 0.6678460240364075, 0.20386162400245667, 0.47082027792930603, -0.6846164464950562, -0.2817559540271759, -0.26493334770202637, 0.2615877687931061, -0.1196470633149147, -0.3734085261821747, 0.6651779413223267, 0.5563888549804688, -0.35926276445388794, -0.25470736622810364, 0.394342839717865, 0.04404298588633537, 0.5052992701530457, 0.33689022064208984, 0.15685121715068817, -0.7821741104125977, -0.6999325156211853, -0.29218238592147827, 0.2295314520597458, -0.5080472230911255, 0.46082812547683716, -0.4831920266151428, 0.33800870180130005, 0.12436269968748093, 0.14052355289459229, 0.3273048996925354, 0.24585048854351044, -0.17987167835235596, 0.6726621389389038, 0.5197871327400208, 0.0824272632598877, -0.014452348463237286, 0.17026109993457794, 0.7540223598480225, -0.3035810589790344, -0.2876817286014557, 0.14082638919353485, 0.5159471035003662, -0.7635630369186401, 0.07265633344650269, 0.041914355009794235, 0.58211350440979, -0.4593627154827118, -0.19814200699329376, -0.7273216247558594, 0.5809072852134705, 0.9264153838157654, 0.10921481251716614, 0.016949938610196114, 0.4913029074668884, 1.0103751420974731, 0.41961586475372314, 0.19113941490650177, -0.028629746288061142, -0.3159380853176117, -0.1362791508436203, -0.09113024920225143, -0.13701698184013367, 0.5337492227554321, 0.4442850649356842, -0.3314610421657562, 0.35296565294265747, 0.19234606623649597, -0.4803764522075653, -0.363163560628891, 0.20170322060585022, -0.6010406613349915, 0.628038227558136, -0.406146764755249, 0.23186449706554413, -0.08803611993789673, -0.37986862659454346, 0.30383533239364624, 0.5266036987304688, 0.5119653344154358, -0.059299368411302567, 0.15109921991825104, 0.037071119993925095, 0.7333364486694336, -0.19443672895431519, -0.225386843085289, 0.08783743530511856, -0.038878779858350754, -0.7482398748397827, -0.6672124862670898, -0.315298467874527, 0.18479691445827484, -0.5391209721565247, -0.25071024894714355, -0.2740199565887451, -0.9886958599090576, 0.20141683518886566, 0.09460856020450592, -0.2447454184293747, -0.32882750034332275, 0.46834737062454224 ]
210534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal%20Party%20%28Hong%20Kong%29	Liberal Party (Hong Kong)	The Liberal Party (LP) is a pro-Beijing, pro-business and conservative political party in Hong Kong. Led by Felix Chung and chaired by Tommy Cheung, it is currently the third largest party in the Legislative Council, holding four seats, and holds five seats in the District Councils. Founded in 1993 on the basis of the Co-operative Resources Centre, the Liberal Party was founded by a group of conservative politicians, businessmen and professionals who were either appointed by the colonial governor or indirectly elected through the trade-based functional constituencies, to counter the liberal United Democrats of Hong Kong who emerged from the first Legislative Council direct election in 1991. Led by Allen Lee, the party adopted a friendly approach with the Beijing authorities to oppose last governor Chris Patten's constitutional reform proposal in the final colonial years. Enjoyed by the advantage in the narrowly-franchised functional constituencies, the Liberals remained a major party and a governing ally of the SAR administration in the early post-handover era, despite its chairman Allen Lee's failed attempt in the direct election. The Liberal popularity rose to its peak in 2003 when party chairman James Tien broke away from the government to voice against the Basic Law Article 23 which eventually brought down the proposed bill. The Liberal Party enjoyed an electoral success in the 2004 Legislative Council election where James Tien and vice chairwoman Selina Chow both won a seat in the direct election, bringing the party 10 seats in the legislature. The party lost both of its directly elected seats in the 2008 Legislative Council election and led to the split within the party where four of its seven legislators left the party. In the 2012 Chief Executive election, the Liberals openly opposed Leung Chun-ying who became the eventual winner with Beijing's blessing. The party was then increasingly sidelined by the administration. In 2014, party leader James Tien was unseated from CPPCC for asking Leung to step down. The Liberals lost their only directly elected seat when Tien retired in 2016, dwindling to four seats in the legislature. The party was divided in the 2017 Chief Executive election when the wing led by former party leader James Tien supported Financial Secretary John Tsang while the wing led by party chairman and Executive Councillor Tommy Cheung voted for Chief Secretary Carrie Lam who was Beijing's favourite. Party beliefs Formed by businessmen and tycoons from various business sectors in Hong Kong, the Liberal Party is considered conservative and pro-business. In reference to the Liberal Party name, founding chairman Allen Lee said that "liberalism" would be the party's cherished ideal, with its values being free enterprise, equal opportunity, and individual freedom, but it expounds liberal conservative economic policies such as opposition to a minimum wage, collective bargaining and antitrust legislation. The Liberals also support limited government, low taxes, a high degree of economic freedom and uphold the interests of small and medium enterprises. The party does not advocate welfare entitlements. Many of its members are from professionals, the merchant and business sectors and see preserving the current state of economic freedom as most advantageous for Hong Kong as a whole. The party adheres to social conservatism and opposes same-sex marriage. The party supported the functional constituency which represented the business interest that they should stay in the Legislative Council. Despite being part of the pro-government camp, the Liberal Party and Hong Kong SAR government is not extremely friendly. Its chairman James Tien's resignation from the Executive Council in 2003 forced the government to back down from legislation of Article 23 of the Basic Law, which ultimately accelerated the downfall of the Tung Chee-hwa administration. It has remained critical of the government of Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying who won in the 2012 chief executive election, which the Liberal Party supported Leung's rival Henry Tang and cast blank votes instead of voting for Leung. Due to its history of rebelling against the government, it is also seen as maverick in the pro-Beijing camp. History Background The Liberal Party was founded on the basis of a loose political grouping Co-operative Resources Centre (CRC) in 1993. The Co-operative Resources Centre was formed by the conservative faction in the Legislative Council (LegCo) as a counter-force to the new emerged pro-democratic United Democrats of Hong Kong who won a landslide victory in the first Legislative Council direct elections in 1991. Led by the Senior Unofficial Member Allen Lee and his fellow LegCo colleagues, Steven Poon, Selina Chow and Stephen Cheong, 12 legislators appointed by the British colonial government and 8 legislators indirectly elected by the functional constituencies aligned themselves and formed the CRC as a think tank, research unit and brain trust for a future political group. Four of the legislative council members, Allen Lee, Selina Chow, Rita Fan and Edward Ho had also been appointed members of the Executive Council (ExCo). This group of conservative elites shared a dislike for the United Democrats but lacked a common philosophy and ambition. Sir Sze Yuen Chung, the former senior unofficial member of the executive and legislative councils, suggested Lee and Poon to abandon any pretense of being above politics and form a proper political party with its belief, vision, discipline and platform. Founding and Allen Lee chairmanship (1993–98) The Liberal Party was officially launched on 6 June 1993 with Allen Lee and Ronald Arculli as the first chairman and vice-chairman. Wishing to see a smooth transition of sovereignty of Hong Kong, the party strongly opposed Governor Chris Patten's democratic reform, as it was seen as a violation Sino-British Joint Declaration by the PRC government. The Liberal Party's amendment to the reform package, which was supported by Beijing, was however defeated in the legislative council. The Liberal Party fielded candidates for the first time in the 1994 District Board elections, reaping 18 seats. In the 1995 Legislative Council election, Chairman Allen Lee successfully gained the party's first seat in the New Territories North-east direct election with nine other seats gained in the indirect functional constituency elections, focused on business interests. The party has maintained its unbalanced advantages in the business sector's indirect elections in functional constituencies while having few success in the popular direct elections in geographical constituencies. During the last years of British rule and early years of the SAR administration, the party remained one of the three largest in Legco, behind the pro-democratic Democratic Party and ahead of the Beijing-loyalist Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB). In January 1996, Allen Lee, Lau Wong-fat, Howard Young and Ngai Shiu-kit were invited by the Beijing government to the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong SAR. Fourteen Liberal Party members including Allen Lee, Ronald Arculli and James Tien subsequently became members of the 400-member Selection Committee which was responsible for electing the first chief executive of Hong Kong and the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) in November. 10 members were elected to the Provisional Legislative Council and member Henry Tang was also appointed to the Provisional Executive Council by Chief Executive-elect Tung Chee-hwa in December 1996. In May 1998, the Liberal Party participated in the first Legislative Council election after the handover, although the party won all of its 10 seats in the functional constituency and Election Committee indirect elections, Chairman Allen Lee lost in the New Territories East direct election. Lee decided not to run in 2000 and resigned as chairman in December. James Tien succeeded Lee as the new chairman and Arculli and Selina Chow were elected vice-chairmen. James Tien chairmanship and 2003 crisis (1998–2003) In the 1999 District Council elections, the Liberal Party won 16 elected seats, with James Tien and Howard Young elected in the Peak and Bays Area. The party also had 9 appointed seats and 2 ex officio seats, including chairman of the Tuen Mun Rural Committee Lau Wong-fat as the ex officio member of the Tuen Mun District Council. In the 2000 Legislative Council elections, 7 Liberal Party legislators were elected, with Tommy Cheung winning in the new Catering functional constituency. In September 2000, Miriam Lau became party's vice-chairwoman after Ronald Arcullli announced that he would not run in the next legislative council elections and resigned as vice-chairman. The Liberal Party had been the ally of the Tung Chee-hwa's administration. In March 2000, Vice-Chairwoman Selina Chow was appointed chair of the Hong Kong Tourist Association, which was later transformed into the Hong Kong Tourism Board. The Tourist Board was regarded as the fiefdom of the Liberals. After Selina Chow stepped down in 2007, James Tien was appointed by Donald Tsang to succeed her as the chair of the board. In July 2002 when chief executive Tung Chee-hwa carried out the Principal Officials Accountability System (POAS) in the beginning of his second term. Party chairman James Tien was appointed to the executive council alongside the DAB chairman Tsang Yok-sing as the coalition of the Tung administration. The former Liberal Party's ExCo member Henry Tang was appointed Secretary for Commerce, Industry and Technology. However the governing coalition between Tung Chee-hwa the Beijing-loyalist DAB and the pro-business Liberal Party suffered from growing disunity as the popularity of Tung administration dropped. The Liberal Party was increasingly frustrated by unequal political exchange with the government and the skimpy political rewards meted out by Tung. James Tien even openly aired his displeasure and advocated power sharing with the government. In September 2002, the SAR government issued the consultation document for the national security legislation to implement the Article 23 of the Basic Law, which outlaws treason, sedition, subversion and secession against the central government. The Liberal Party agreed the principle of safeguarding the national security but suggested amendments to the bill. After a record-breaking number of people demonstrated on 1 July 2003 against the Article 23, James Tien resigned from the executive council on 6 July 2003 to force the government to delay the legislation. Without Liberal Party's support, the government was forced to shelve the second reading because of short of votes in the legislative council. This exception to the party's usual pro-government policy was popular and temporarily calmed friction between pro-government and the pro-democracy forces. Some pro-Beijing leftists, however, felt that this demonstrated the opportunistic nature of the party. In September 2003, Tung Chee-hwa appointed Selina Chow to Executive Council to replace Tien's vacancy. Liberal surge and Donald Tsang administration (2003–08) In Liberal Party's visit to Beijing in September 2003, the party expressed its opinion on Article 23 and its support to the SAR government. It subsequently changed its party logo and slogan, adding the red colour to express its patriotic sentiment. At almost the same time, the Liberal Party shifted its stance on political development from "all Legislative Council members should be directly elected in 2007" to "Hong Kong should become more democratic." The founder and ex-chair of Liberal Party, Allen Lee, decided to leave the party since he believed the change was against public sentiment. The party's stance on universal suffrage then became similar to that of the DAB, namely, that universal suffrage should be implemented in or after 2012 rather than in 2007/2008. The party won 14 elected seats in the District Council elections in November 2003. The Liberal Party saw its greatest success in the 2004 Legislative Council election. With its success in gaining two seats from the geographical constituencies through direct elections, which chairman James Tien in New Territories East and Vice-Chairwoman Selina Chow in New Territories West, while retaining those seats in the functional constituencies, the party increased its seats from 8 to 10, overtaking the Democratic Party for the first time since 1995 to become the second-largest political party in the legislature. When Donald Tsang took over in November 2005, the party continued its generally pro-government stance and its warm relationship with Tsang administration. However the support for the chief executive could not be taken for granted. On 13 January 2006, the Liberal Party opposed Donald Tsang's plan to implement a five-day working week for most civil servants, due to concerns that this would put too much pressure on small to medium-sized enterprises to follow suit. The change went ahead and was widely adopted in the private sector. There is no planned legislation to force private employers to commit to a five-day working week. The Liberal Party supported Donald Tsang in his 2007 chief executive re-election. In exchange, Tsang quickly appointed James Tien as the head of the Hong Kong Tourism Board after he was elected. 2008 split and Miriam Lau chairwomanship (2008–12) The fate of the party hung in the balance after its poor showing in the 2008 Legislative Council election. The party won seven seats, all in the functional constituencies, eliminating its limited public mandate; James Tien and Selina Chow both lost their geographical constituency seats, and both resigned their party functions. There were recriminations when Chow blamed the loss of her seat on Heung Yee Kuk chairman and Liberal Party member Lau Wong-fat for canvassing for the DAB during the elections. Former chairman Allen Lee said that the party was now "doomed" following their poll defeat because of a succession crisis and lack of funding. Miriam Lau succeeded Tien as the chairwoman of the party, while Tommy Cheung and Vincent Fang became vice-chairmen. On 9 October 2008, three Legislative Councillors, Jeffrey Lam, Sophie Leung, and Andrew Leung, resigned from the party, citing internal party disagreements. Lam had been angling for the party leadership since Tien's resignation and his candidacy was endorsed by all six Legislative Councillors until Miriam Lau stepped in the leadership election. These resignations, along with the resignation of Lau Wong-fat, reduced the Liberal Party from seven Legislative Councillors to three. The resigned four later formed Economic Synergy, which merged into the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong today. The debate over the minimum wage legislation in 2010 further caused intra-party conflicts. Vice-Chairman Tommy Cheung who represented the catering employers' interests in the Catering functional constituency was under fire when he suggested that the first statutory minimum rate should just be HK$20 (US$2.5). To project its "conscionable employer" image, the party suggested that the statutory minimum wage should be HK$24 an hour and made a clean break with Cheung. On other hand, James Tien's brother, Michael, split from the party after his position of backing a campaign to boycott Cafe de Coral over its plans to offer workers a pay rise if they gave up their right to a paid lunch break shocked the party ranks and was fiercely attacked by Tommy Cheung. As a result, Michael Tien split from the party in November and subsequently joined Regina Ip's newly formed New People's Party and Tommy Cheung also resigned as party's vice-chairman. After Cheung's resignation, James Tien and Selina Chow officially returned to the party leadership when Tien was appointed the honorary chairman in December 2010 and Chow succeeded Cheung as the vice-chairwoman for the second time in January 2011. In the 2012 Chief Executive election, the Liberal Party was the high-profile supporter of Henry Tang, its former party member. After Henry Tang suffered from the illegal basement scandal, the party unanimously decided its Election Committee members could either vote for Henry Tang or cast blank votes, but not to vote for Leung Chun-ying. The party remained critical of Leung administration. In August 2013, James Tien described Leung as "the worst chief executive so far" on a talk show. In October 2013, the Liberal Party even joined the pan-democrats in signing a petition to urge the Leung administration to re-consider its decision to not give a free-to-air TV license to Hong Kong Television Network. Liberals under Leung Chun-ying administration (2012–2017) The party rebounded its seats in the legislative council from 3 to 5 in the 2012 Hong Kong Legislative Council election with James Tien regained his direct elected seat in the New Territories East geographical constituency. However, Miriam Lau, who lost in her attempt in Hong Kong Island direct election, resigned as chairwoman. Following a three-month period with Vincent Fang as acting chairman, on 15 December 2012, Selina Chow was elected chairperson, unopposed. James Tien and Miriam Lau continued to serve as Honorary Chairpersons, while Fang and Felix Chung became vice-chairmen. It was also stated that a new party leader post would be created, along with three vice-chairmen to groom successors. A new post "party leader" was created in May 2013. James Tien was elected as the first party leader. During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, James Tien called on Chief Executive CY Leung to resign, leading to the hearing of a call to eject him as a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Tien was formally stripped of his post at the meeting on 29 October, making him the first person in history to have received this sanction. Tien stepped down from his position as the leader of the Liberal Party after the removal. Tien and Selina Chow joined Miriam Lau to become the honorary chairmen in the following leadership election on 1 December while Vincent Fang and Felix Chung became the new Leader and chairman respectively and Eastern District Councillor Peter Shiu became the party's vice-chairman. Although not holding any executive position in the party, Tien has remained the spokesman and de facto leader of the Liberal Party. In the 2016 Legislative Council election, party honorary chairman James Tien stood as a second candidate behind his young party member Dominic Lee. Both of them failed to retain the Liberals' only seat in the geographical constituencies. Although failing in ousting BPA's Jeffrey Lam in Commercial (First), the Liberals retained other four trade-based functional constituencies with vice-chairman Peter Shiu succeeded the retiring party leader Vincent Fang's Wholesale and Retail seat. The party's New Territories West candidate Ken Chow Wing-kan announced he would withdraw from the race before the election due to an "external force" threatened him and his family. The Liberal Party elected Felix Chung and Tommy Cheung as the new leader and chairman after the election in October, with CPPCC member Alan Hoo and Eastern District Councillor Lee Chun-keung elected as vice-chairmen along with Peter Shiu. The new leadership was seen as more moderate with less vocal anti-Leung Chun-ying stance. Cheung was subsequently appointed by Leung to the executive council. Although claiming he has gotten the endorsement from the party, Cheung's move was criticised by Tien. Liberals and Carrie Lam administration (2017–present) In the 2017 Chief Executive election, the Liberals were split between former Chief Secretary Carrie Lam and former Financial Secretary John Tsang. The party honorary chairman James Tien was first of the few pro-Beijing electors to publicly endorse Tsang. Honorary chairwoman Selina Chow and leader Felix Chung also endorsed Tsang, making Liberal Party the only pro-Beijing party to nominate Tsang, although the other Liberal electors including chairman Tommy Cheung nominated Lam. The Carrie Lam administration reached out to the Liberals when she appointed two Liberal members, Joseph Chan and Mark Fu into the government as Political Assistants. The Liberal Party lost its own seat in the National People's Congress after incumbent Miriam Lau retired from the national legislature and its candidate Nicholas Chan Hiu-fung failed to gain a seat in the 2017 election. As supplementary member, Chan became the delegate after Peter Wong Man-kong died in March 2019. The Liberal leadership was in deep division in the extradition bill controversy in 2019. After the June 9 protest which drew over a million people marching in the streets as the organisers claimed, the Carrie Lam administration issued a statement it was determined to resume the debate on the bill in the legislative council. The Liberal Party quickly followed and issued its own statement in support of the government. However, former party chairman and leader James Tien had been outspoken for his opposition to the bill. On 8 July when the government finally backed down as Carrie Lam declared the bill was dead, James Tien and three other honorary chairmen of the party, Selina Chow, Miriam Lau and Vincent Fang called on Tommy Cheung who was an executive councillor at Lam's cabinet to resign as he failed to relay public opposition to the bill, but was refused by Cheung. James Tien publicly called for the resignation of Carrie Lam as chief executive. Election performance Legislative Council elections Municipal elections District Council elections Leadership Leaders Chairpersons Honorary chairpersons James Tien, 2010–2012, 2014–present Miriam Lau, 2012–present Selina Chow, 2014–present Vincent Fang, 2016–present Vice-chairpersons Ronald Arculli, 1993–2000 Steven Poon, 1996–1998 Selina Chow, 1998–2008, 2011–2012 Miriam Lau, 2000–2008 Tommy Cheung, 2008–2010 Vincent Fang, 2008–2014 Felix Chung, 2012–2014 Peter Shiu, 2014–present Alan Hoo, 2016–present Lee Chun-keung, 2016–present Representatives Executive Council Tommy Cheung Legislative Council District Councils The Liberal Party has won five seats in five district councils (2020–2023): See also United Front Work Department United Front (China) Co-operative Resources Centre Conservatism in Hong Kong Economic Synergy References External links Liberal Party official site (Click 'English' in the top right-hand corner for the English version) 1993 establishments in Hong Kong Classical liberal parties Conservative parties in Hong Kong Political parties established in 1993 Political parties in Hong Kong Conservative parties in China Social conservative parties	[ 0.3275541067123413, -0.05126310512423515, 0.21834562718868256, -0.06703930348157883, -0.5956026911735535, -0.1039203330874443, -0.9826587438583374, 0.33056914806365967, -0.6478196978569031, -0.051575686782598495, -0.15548022091388702, -0.1317213624715805, -0.24721162021160126, -0.189732164144516, 0.20596250891685486, 0.6089720129966736, 0.41728201508522034, 0.4638173580169678, -0.595500111579895, -0.20744061470031738, 0.2981232702732086, -0.1331442892551422, 0.43528494238853455, 0.07693996280431747, -0.4073227345943451, -0.08369553089141846, 0.40227267146110535, 0.5918477773666382, -0.08043351769447327, -0.5156177878379822, -0.16898180544376373, 0.4142224192619324, 0.12904642522335052, 0.2355360984802246, -0.035530492663383484, -0.3171232342720032, 0.017926665022969246, 0.061608877032995224, -0.18402501940727234, 0.06085930019617081, 0.03193672001361847, -0.20090089738368988, 0.3206605017185211, 0.9380927681922913, 0.4915025532245636, -0.7689085602760315, -1.590363621711731, -0.34587785601615906, -0.9599730372428894, -0.04190564528107643, 0.1528938263654709, 0.22795914113521576, 0.15063440799713135, 0.32805317640304565, 0.17995551228523254, 0.8581997752189636, -0.9735879898071289, -0.33172011375427246, -0.44694557785987854, -0.2926819324493408, -0.31073278188705444, 0.023858968168497086, 0.3278184235095978, -0.34845197200775146, 0.7505804300308228, 0.2533242702484131, 0.016626475378870964, 0.05276455730199814, -0.63303542137146, -0.05605124309659004, -0.09518241882324219, -0.10023164004087448, -0.22852148115634918, 0.4571639597415924, -0.21825523674488068, -0.2865411639213562, -0.2823607921600342, 0.09855102747678757, 0.035026468336582184, 0.10897345095872879, 0.2752731144428253, -0.02965434640645981, 0.4279768168926239, 0.45528319478034973, 0.3016432225704193, 0.3507537841796875, 0.0019471326377242804, -0.16889171302318573, 0.18668143451213837, 0.9352228045463562, -0.06608696281909943, -0.1173311322927475, 0.42744165658950806, 0.3791262209415436, -0.6693918704986572, -0.5778551697731018, 0.3978753983974457, 0.25530946254730225, -0.140962153673172, -0.13555669784545898, 0.17211751639842987, 0.2394397258758545, 0.40761250257492065, -0.32505732774734497, -0.8986243009567261, -0.2585677206516266, -0.4116375148296356, 0.14444904029369354, -0.3789120018482208, -0.04773300886154175, -1.0515904426574707, 0.43831971287727356, -0.11841293424367905, 0.03644445165991783, 0.3165604770183563, -0.12505115568637848, -0.011985908262431622, -1.013614296913147, 0.1214415431022644, -0.21237649023532867, -0.19775156676769257, 1.067920446395874, -0.6092340350151062, 0.8402683734893799, 0.5093840956687927, 0.7179984450340271, 0.3088925778865814, 0.5579422116279602, -0.07765105366706848, 0.23455052077770233, 0.7693385481834412, 0.2016991376876831, -0.37549251317977905, -0.2847592830657959, -0.06736411154270172, -0.1908964067697525, 0.7744895815849304, 0.30329629778862, 0.23886840045452118, -0.10020685940980911, -0.831043004989624, -0.7631992101669312, 0.21315748989582062, -0.48060116171836853, 0.2917053699493408, 0.16511595249176025, -0.5755485892295837, -0.6626039147377014, -0.6767477989196777, -0.7996366024017334, 0.30995431542396545, -0.1116800308227539, -0.3339189291000366, 0.042015332728624344, -0.28901979327201843, 0.5299220085144043, 1.2292776107788086, -0.3740091323852539, 0.20617875456809998, 0.9542858600616455, 0.04600001499056816, -0.6517795324325562, -0.1393478810787201, -0.3938484191894531, 0.745738685131073, -0.3277081847190857, 0.1813405603170395, 0.23711510002613068, 0.3631330728530884, 0.3919292986392975, -0.7753968834877014, 0.08170861005783081, -0.11693830788135529, -0.4040718972682953, 0.24137789011001587, -0.4005265235900879, 0.009176031686365604, 0.25106191635131836, 0.14174267649650574, 0.13655920326709747, -0.92446368932724, 0.9562649726867676, 0.11776009947061539, 0.012326864525675774, 0.04332464560866356, 0.6084335446357727, -0.16921503841876984, 0.16081497073173523, 0.4046569764614105, 0.354239284992218, 0.16049598157405853, -0.15555554628372192, 0.1713736355304718, 0.04378238320350647, 0.4145069420337677, -0.0146032040938735, 0.16717326641082764, 0.7302096486091614, -0.0928267389535904, 0.5803586840629578, -0.005008608102798462, 0.035429634153842926, -0.2944268584251404, -0.12987959384918213, -1.1748138666152954, 0.31428810954093933, 0.08823402225971222, 0.6360726952552795, -0.355364054441452, 0.5841192007064819, 0.1264364868402481, -0.2828499972820282, 0.049518883228302, 0.6387467980384827, 0.15054133534431458, -0.6128212213516235, -0.3393433392047882, -0.1452009677886963, -0.08463598042726517, 0.1837579905986786, 1.050360083580017, 0.026870647445321083, -0.023839453235268593, 0.771672248840332, -0.12198422104120255, 0.6192724704742432, -0.026635820046067238, 0.17780041694641113, 0.14361253380775452, 0.3696445822715759, 1.1746548414230347, 0.25736501812934875, 0.23178450763225555, -0.08376280963420868, -0.17353790998458862, 0.14032304286956787, -0.4683226943016052, -0.5891837477684021, 0.7340392470359802, -0.3302842676639557, 0.5443814396858215, -0.21214236319065094, -0.46273595094680786, 0.3112236559391022, -0.5471240282058716, 0.20985564589500427, -0.8471024036407471, 0.4896102845668793, 0.32288986444473267, -0.004205089993774891, 0.5723757743835449, 0.14181916415691376, -0.0697731226682663, 0.09171159565448761, 0.47266092896461487, -0.4746556282043457, -0.5184724926948547, -0.6681897044181824, 0.2810402512550354, 0.032899804413318634, 0.03479258716106415, 0.062306709587574005, 0.4125710129737854, -0.32666826248168945, -0.229348286986351, -0.4352085292339325, -0.3965163230895996, -0.3945745527744293, -0.648740828037262, 0.14000935852527618, 0.3621385991573334, 0.3157469630241394, -1.1011406183242798, -0.11457806080579758, -0.0150377806276083, -0.5026474595069885, -0.48546552658081055, 0.563141405582428, -0.6995594501495361, -1.0119664669036865, -0.02182123437523842, 0.270251601934433, 0.31550878286361694, -0.49377191066741943, -0.5541311502456665, 0.1773262768983841, -0.10288810729980469, -0.053335413336753845, -0.11626195162534714, -0.5193354487419128, 0.007142213638871908, -0.3585517704486847, -0.26987677812576294, -0.2757320702075958, 0.033754777163267136, 0.5876045823097229, 0.3699609637260437, 0.11582452803850174, 0.3847367763519287, -0.8294030427932739, 0.31803786754608154, 0.130281001329422, -0.10703461617231369, -0.47482916712760925, 0.18803025782108307, -0.32993003726005554, -0.5470098257064819, -0.2575136423110962, -5.462797164916992, -0.3093012869358063, -0.009742208756506443, 0.555264413356781, -0.25498610734939575, -0.30304306745529175, 0.2990485429763794, -0.7487912178039551, 0.2850261330604553, -0.25698304176330566, -0.22160248458385468, -0.05677204951643944, 0.2841563820838928, -0.13453127443790436, 0.38485851883888245, 0.8564698696136475, 0.1634666919708252, 0.2117214947938919, 0.5942814350128174, -0.4303814768791199, -0.3956661820411682, -0.037611037492752075, -0.4804787337779999, 0.48743829131126404, 0.9596770405769348, 0.7367822527885437, 0.18712051212787628, 0.01967574842274189, -0.6742192506790161, -0.24432484805583954, 0.01702217198908329, 0.35501721501350403, 0.42431575059890747, -0.16086140275001526, 0.1657225489616394, -0.3268209993839264, 0.9840044975280762, 0.11062454432249069, 0.03635546937584877, -0.17259560525417328, -0.33806273341178894, 0.1305968463420868, -0.23210175335407257, -0.39626649022102356, 0.0429316945374012, -0.016366226598620415, -0.29434022307395935, -0.09630695730447769, -0.9005548357963562, 0.27564284205436707, 0.04139520227909088, 0.46029260754585266, 0.4534950852394104, -0.122568778693676, 0.07675442844629288, 0.7065574526786804, 0.21107295155525208, 0.042159684002399445, -0.2597223222255707, -0.042451079934835434, 0.4194698631763458, -0.11278645694255829, -0.15245191752910614, 0.22499892115592957, -0.11397421360015869, 0.6510636210441589, 0.10505902767181396, -0.22372812032699585, 0.660129189491272, 0.04348587244749069, -0.5720021724700928, 0.024369055405259132, 0.34988126158714294, -0.7166524529457092, 0.02560640498995781, -0.5004119277000427, -0.2737281620502472, 0.10449154675006866, 0.04947812855243683, 0.05877845734357834, 0.0765746682882309, -0.21896205842494965, 0.0870385393500328, 0.8073602914810181, -0.14951738715171814, -0.5595784783363342, 0.37712618708610535, 0.4655679762363434, -0.6826193332672119, -0.170147106051445, -0.4367517828941345, -0.45018190145492554, 0.6093840003013611, 0.29460814595222473, -0.15680360794067383, 0.41367053985595703, 0.6383551955223083, -0.0023956794757395983, -0.25024622678756714, -0.6883729100227356, 0.8929036259651184, -0.038405053317546844, -1.0296299457550049, -0.40810689330101013, -0.24048587679862976, -0.4243108332157135, 0.3485502302646637, 0.2992064356803894, 0.16813887655735016, -0.5121989846229553, 0.23298628628253937, -0.25733721256256104, -0.39778032898902893, 0.13402116298675537, 0.9190106391906738, -0.057604022324085236, -0.6408125162124634, 0.12448427826166153, 0.010680880397558212, 0.23209477961063385, 0.5155208110809326, 0.46918153762817383, -0.37251517176628113, -0.10298644751310349, -0.5872299671173096, 0.0956844910979271, 0.06488107144832611, 0.34365037083625793, -0.28660380840301514, 0.40280649065971375, 0.32728251814842224, -0.03537832573056221, 0.17249484360218048, -0.27588894963264465, -0.1289675533771515, 0.02161586284637451, -0.38059714436531067, 0.14163923263549805, -0.10655350238084793, 0.40957504510879517, -0.04079682379961014, 0.21030646562576294, 0.11347230523824692, 0.4071597456932068, 0.453374445438385, 0.3233253061771393, 0.05847352370619774, -0.030376629903912544, -0.4752352237701416, 0.6691121459007263, 0.06922398507595062, -0.37222087383270264, 0.962373673915863, -0.045134253799915314, 0.04284018650650978, -0.628882884979248, -0.17104662954807281, 0.02272205613553524, 0.16732892394065857, -1.0502421855926514, 0.5127042531967163, -0.40107977390289307, -0.5718556046485901, 0.07491090148687363, 0.06785428524017334, -0.3455721139907837, -0.17443132400512695, -0.3728073835372925, -0.27205196022987366, 0.6179817318916321, 0.35821694135665894, 0.21878598630428314, -0.38554689288139343, -0.10526353120803833, 0.2536405920982361, -0.7011189460754395, -0.13879947364330292, -0.25694286823272705, -0.3626081645488739, -0.2861453890800476, -0.15826433897018433, -0.1367521733045578, -0.2908104956150055, 0.19120006263256073, 0.7483924031257629, -0.6974458694458008, -0.44064879417419434, -0.5571660995483398, -0.12340820580720901, 0.5862106084823608, 0.6546939611434937, 0.5458012223243713, 0.7459200620651245, 0.44281697273254395, -0.12074979394674301, -0.17366661131381989, -0.2991863489151001, -0.11183436959981918, -0.49971404671669006, -0.6701547503471375, -0.038525715470314026, 0.742691695690155, 0.17838995158672333, -0.2403102070093155, 0.27454859018325806, -0.31216976046562195, 0.2693987786769867, -0.2399509847164154, -0.49121835827827454, 0.41597574949264526, -0.23046386241912842, -0.6610478162765503, -0.3284120261669159, -0.3212747573852539, -0.4132925570011139, 0.3403775095939636, 0.5651599168777466, -0.4874592423439026, 0.054304338991642, -0.25703486800193787, -0.16948948800563812, -0.1487412005662918, -0.7372549176216125, -0.239592045545578, -0.10125386714935303, 0.8265801072120667, 0.14568297564983368, -0.3261354863643646, -0.2579909563064575, -0.1874617338180542, -0.4281262159347534, -0.6233615279197693, 0.3289886713027954, 0.234599307179451, -0.34908708930015564, 0.8469212055206299, -0.12875467538833618, 0.30981096625328064, 0.06708749383687973, 0.11632613837718964, -0.3413735628128052, 0.7918896675109863, -0.02193582057952881, -1.1956100463867188, 0.19383825361728668, 0.6428043246269226, 0.7958405613899231, -0.3355005383491516, -1.311976671218872, 0.22559519112110138, 0.6572844982147217, -0.4693983197212219, -0.6433600783348083, -0.25310778617858887, 0.194525346159935, -1.245629906654358, -0.17341116070747375, 0.05826564505696297, -0.023487674072384834, -0.36815333366394043, -0.27322226762771606, -0.271784245967865, -0.439480721950531, -0.12543317675590515, 0.24184460937976837, 0.6210373044013977, -0.34684327244758606, -0.7145107388496399, -0.5284295082092285, -0.33938631415367126, 0.1261553317308426, -0.13408821821212769, 0.4979211986064911, -0.08346781879663467, 0.28608453273773193, -0.2092827707529068, -0.16011114418506622, -0.4914996027946472, -0.07101283967494965, -0.34671130776405334, -0.3291226327419281, 0.03503260388970375, 0.5091311931610107, -0.42868366837501526, 0.08496304601430893, -0.6958500146865845, -0.3093028962612152, 0.41831883788108826, -0.8061161637306213, -0.4870476722717285, -0.04816817864775658, -0.4365340769290924, -0.33788058161735535, -0.24624250829219818, 0.4391420781612396, 0.33227530121803284, -0.04092077910900116, -0.476940780878067, -0.16553260385990143, -0.28395140171051025, -0.554450273513794, 0.802109956741333, -0.22762787342071533, 0.4930497407913208, 0.27520430088043213, -0.240963876247406, 0.23831327259540558, -0.5646928548812866, 0.05286754295229912, 0.391917884349823, 0.8394410014152527, 0.06060274690389633, -0.1680046170949936, 0.6712944507598877, -0.6232132911682129, 0.3687283396720886, 0.8319710493087769, -0.6551633477210999, 0.2149665504693985, 0.6715114116668701, 0.09093231707811356, 0.4186161756515503, 0.4367409348487854, 0.3966927230358124, -0.004156515467911959, -0.04856795072555542, -0.7165565490722656, 0.24740161001682281, 0.8666278719902039, 0.29520905017852783, 0.0753180980682373, 0.11492785811424255, -0.32890790700912476, 0.6044452786445618, -0.40684837102890015, -0.5530456900596619, -0.14381755888462067, -0.6934531331062317, -0.020045893266797066, 0.4994603097438812, 0.520123302936554, 0.43284204602241516, -0.3739131987094879, -0.2854366898536682, 0.4758787751197815, 0.36654695868492126, -0.35837236046791077, -0.05624248459935188, 0.28190305829048157, 0.4530911445617676, 0.7595210075378418, -0.4214407205581665, -0.24483650922775269, -0.5729045271873474, 0.3661949634552002, -0.06852634996175766, 0.015759048983454704, -0.17704804241657257, 0.22131308913230896, -0.21953386068344116, 0.06977572292089462, 0.25814706087112427, 0.06371351331472397, 0.1921488642692566, -0.23080286383628845, 0.018030786886811256, 0.4342721402645111, -0.16326291859149933, -0.735759437084198, 0.6339842677116394, 0.06437289714813232, -0.45503056049346924, 0.2074529379606247, 0.20440474152565002, -0.05255770683288574, 0.03795139119029045, 0.8022195100784302, 0.17884305119514465, -0.22019389271736145, 0.7098388075828552, 0.009702514857053757, 0.22423528134822845, -0.3169020414352417, -0.2779277563095093, 0.5980309844017029, -0.07136809825897217, -0.46357446908950806, 0.5209051966667175, -0.15325917303562164, 0.031121674925088882, -0.1907312572002411, -0.468058705329895, 0.3967669606208801, 0.12940064072608948, 0.3247006833553314, -0.14807960391044617, -0.4841925799846649, 0.4503258466720581, 0.7612535357475281, 0.06162472069263458, -0.5761325359344482, 0.5672988891601562, 0.24451693892478943, 0.7599468231201172, 0.1509050577878952, 0.12120464444160461, -1.2016981840133667, 0.3192528486251831, -0.518187940120697, 0.18362462520599365, -0.15961623191833496, 0.4831816554069519, -0.07858248054981232, 0.7583190202713013, -0.2978686988353729, 0.28817394375801086, 0.8513596653938293, -0.46852365136146545, -0.6169947981834412, 0.20390014350414276, -0.4630327522754669, -0.31235048174858093, 0.750809907913208, -0.029754893854260445, 0.3963329493999481, -0.32036006450653076, 0.13764822483062744, -0.010680641047656536, -0.4530491232872009, 0.16440452635288239, -0.13606013357639313, -0.1444651186466217, -0.21684794127941132, -0.28490734100341797, -0.4112628698348999, 0.555831789970398, 0.24237588047981262, 0.46662601828575134, -0.06974367797374725, -0.03440489247441292, 0.06996186822652817, -0.22872281074523926, -0.14009447395801544, -0.12144652754068375, 0.41599878668785095, 0.1296519637107849, 0.45743581652641296, 0.2943111062049866, -0.5675333738327026, 0.35950279235839844, 0.37821173667907715, -0.18507881462574005, 0.4783214330673218, -0.2306210696697235, -0.03300299867987633, -0.20687012374401093, 0.2590128481388092, 0.09199774265289307, -0.08147014677524567, -0.030718177556991577 ]
210536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Dixie%20%281893%29	USS Dixie (1893)	The first USS Dixie (later AD-1) was a United States Navy auxiliary cruiser and later a destroyer tender. The Dixie was the first ship of the United States Navy to have this name. She was built as the steam brig El Rio in 1893 by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia for the Southern Pacific Railroad's Morgan Line. El Rio was purchased by the Navy 15 April 1898, converted to an auxiliary cruiser by her builder, and commissioned 19 April 1898, Commander Charles Henry Davis, Jr. in command. Service history Spanish–American War, 1898–99 Dixie stood out of Hampton Roads, 11 June 1898, and arrived at Santiago de Cuba on 19 June. Attached to Eastern Squadron, North Atlantic Fleet, she cruised in the West Indies during the Spanish–American War on blockade duty and convoying Army transports. During 27 and 28 July, she participated in the capture of Ponce, Puerto Rico, landing an armed force which received the surrender of the towns of Ponce and La Playa. She sailed from Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, 24 August and arrived at Philadelphia 22 September, where she was placed out of commission 7 March 1899. Between 15 March and 15 July she was on loan to the War Department for use as a transport. Training ship, 1899–1902 Recommissioned 15 November 1899, Dixie began service as a training ship for recruits. From 17 December 1899 to 8 August 1900, she sailed to the West Indies, the Mediterranean, through the Suez Canal to the Philippines, where she transferred men to the base at Cavite, returning to the United States by the same route. Another training cruise was made from 29 September 1900 to 28 February 1901, during which she visited the Azores, Madeira, Gibraltar, and Mediterranean ports returning by way of the West Indies and La Guaira, Venezuela, to Norfolk. She transferred men and stores to the South Atlantic Station between 7 May and 3 July 1901, then made another training cruise to northern European waters and the Mediterranean between 24 July 1901 and 7 May 1902. From 14 May to 6 June 1902 she was on special duty, transporting provisions and supplies for the relief of victims of the volcanic eruptions of Soufrière, Martinique and Mount Pelée, St. Vincent in the West Indies. She went out of commission at New York Navy Yard on 21 July 1902. Caribbean Squadron, 1903–1907 Dixie was recommissioned 1 October 1903 and joined the Caribbean Squadron, North Atlantic Fleet. She served principally as a transport on the east coast, in the Caribbean, and the Panama Canal Zone, carrying Marines, recruits for training, and drafts of men for other vessels as well as engaging in target practice for her crew and Reserves. Assigned to the Special Service Squadron she steamed from Philadelphia 26 June 1905 to carry a party of scientists to the Mediterranean to observe the solar eclipse of 30 August. She arrived at Bone, Algeria, 21 July, and established Eclipse Station No. 2 for these observations. Returning to Philadelphia 13 October, she was returned to a noncommissioned status 10 days later. In commission again from 2 June 1906 to 1 November 1907, she transported Marines and stores to the Caribbean and cruised in that area to protect American interests. Destroyer Tender, 1909–1922 She remained out of commission until 2 February 1909 when she was assigned as tender to Atlantic Torpedo Flotilla and Destroyer Squadron, Atlantic Fleet. She cruised on the east coast, in the Caribbean, and in the Gulf of Mexico in this service. In addition to her tender duty, she towed submarines; transported Marines and crews for other ships; carried the Nicaraguan expeditionary force to Colón, C.Z., and took part in the operations off Mexico during April and May 1914, transporting supplies and refugees from 1914 to 1915. She returned to Philadelphia 16 December 1915. From 18 June 1916 to 6 May 1917, Dixie served as tender for Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet; engaged in gunnery exercises with destroyers and maneuvers with the fleet; delivered stores and mail; transported refugees from Mexico to Galveston, Texas, and served as tender to Squadron 4, Patrol Force, at Key West. With American entry into World War I, Dixie departed Philadelphia 31 May 1917 to join U.S. naval forces operating in European waters. Arriving at Queenstown, Ireland, 12 June, she served as tender for American destroyers based at that port until 15 December 1918, except for a period of similar duty at Berehaven (21 June – 27 August 1917). Returning to Philadelphia 22 February 1919, Dixie served as tender to destroyer flotillas operating on the east coast, and in the Caribbean. On 24 February 1919, Dixie ran aground shortly after putting out of Kingston, Jamaica. She was pulled free by , and was able to continue on with the destroyer force to Guantánamo Bay. Classified AD-1 on 17 July 1920 she arrived at Philadelphia 16 July to tend the destroyers in reserve at Philadelphia Navy Yard. From 6 April 1921 to 17 May 1922 she was again tender to Destroyer Squadrons Atlantic Fleet, cruising along the east coast from New York to Charleston, South Carolina. Dixie was decommissioned 30 June 1922 and sold 25 September of the same year. References External links Navy photographs of Dixie navsource.org: USS Dixie Auxiliary ships of the United States Navy Spanish–American War auxiliary ships of the United States World War I auxiliary ships of the United States 1893 ships Ships built in Newport News, Virginia Tenders of the United States Navy Destroyer tenders of the United States	[ -0.20663905143737793, 0.45908236503601074, -0.5748375058174133, 0.24825547635555267, -0.06128600612282753, 0.1683373898267746, 0.22944268584251404, -0.7973535060882568, -0.01591068133711815, -0.002811747370287776, 0.36583206057548523, 0.2238350212574005, -0.41225966811180115, 0.3984031677246094, -0.16329888999462128, 0.0845639631152153, 0.009556513279676437, 0.3652923107147217, 0.2672802805900574, -0.5203731060028076, -0.2791174352169037, -0.4426315426826477, 0.23575304448604584, -0.013163304887712002, 0.3801022171974182, 0.46144193410873413, 0.5293920636177063, -0.020995160564780235, 0.412472665309906, 0.3701897859573364, 0.041364651173353195, 0.36630478501319885, 0.23772858083248138, 0.20840121805667877, -0.8338986039161682, -0.029409395530819893, -0.0019750522915273905, -0.2838106155395508, 0.1286209523677826, -0.5857941508293152, -0.744558572769165, -0.20940686762332916, 0.511422872543335, 0.09206195175647736, -0.2252708524465561, 0.22945061326026917, -1.9697916507720947, 0.06300542503595352, 0.0021969955414533615, -0.15978337824344635, -0.31580373644828796, -0.0884414091706276, 0.5204178094863892, 0.1968924105167389, 0.13040296733379364, 0.3815861940383911, -0.9641172289848328, 0.020668284967541695, -0.500108540058136, -0.7318020462989807, 0.26734548807144165, 1.1710147857666016, 1.1717499494552612, 0.20073819160461426, 0.33252495527267456, 0.14439739286899567, -0.7346085906028748, 0.22740525007247925, -0.45158350467681885, -0.3729143738746643, 0.8471876978874207, -0.3994359076023102, 0.0571172758936882, 0.03609984368085861, -0.0641489028930664, 0.02343379333615303, -0.13873766362667084, -0.28547030687332153, 0.04928689822554588, 0.7906450033187866, -0.021738704293966293, 0.16082754731178284, 0.920795738697052, 0.1759043037891388, 0.00622025178745389, -0.13424061238765717, -0.8018109798431396, 0.061532411724328995, -0.6911129355430603, 0.3641640841960907, -0.4527287781238556, -0.27751269936561584, 0.05631377920508385, 0.45058873295783997, 0.0655999481678009, -0.19085249304771423, -0.13936270773410797, 0.3312622010707855, 0.20627038180828094, -0.11765340715646744, -0.2829618453979492, -0.016981348395347595, 0.46137019991874695, 0.06410995125770569, 0.03698370233178139, 0.41992825269699097, 0.019826078787446022, -0.3894520699977875, -0.8888167142868042, -0.06710828095674515, -0.14821912348270416, -0.05623216554522514, -0.15345393121242523, 0.05061760172247887, 0.12287921458482742, -0.07138477265834808, 0.3602978587150574, -0.08836989104747772, -0.1338091492652893, -0.559150218963623, 0.30759450793266296, 0.4378311038017273, -0.6624147295951843, -0.4679281413555145, 0.08536501228809357, 0.7571191787719727, 0.2923416495323181, 0.8579999208450317, -0.6805967688560486, 0.26444923877716064, 0.5123946666717529, 0.847618818283081, -0.22498975694179535, 0.31405529379844666, -0.5126258730888367, -0.3932497501373291, -0.08319094777107239, -0.14253462851047516, 0.44379714131355286, 0.46871185302734375, -0.7211080193519592, 0.041576843708753586, -0.21096575260162354, -0.24851585924625397, 0.2701646387577057, -0.3020961880683899, 0.6243695020675659, 0.1659376323223114, -1.2618916034698486, -0.3557590842247009, 0.514165997505188, -0.03779224678874016, 0.18008045852184296, 0.8118297457695007, -0.2674998939037323, -0.02222897857427597, 0.3500259518623352, -0.26956817507743835, 0.11420685797929764, 0.6248032450675964, -0.8535534739494324, 0.42494112253189087, -0.3060474991798401, 0.28989988565444946, 0.14806921780109406, 0.05346659943461418, 0.262586385011673, -0.41601744294166565, -0.06274375319480896, -0.1619582176208496, -0.15605072677135468, -0.07176784425973892, 0.5182201266288757, 0.47484302520751953, 0.03948117047548294, 0.3660760521888733, 0.4172118902206421, -0.22913041710853577, 0.026743585243821144, -0.597835898399353, -0.5653861165046692, -0.14141610264778137, 0.5199989676475525, -0.07150685042142868, 0.6374905705451965, 0.15722768008708954, 0.17494763433933258, 0.1507718712091446, 0.0002419029624434188, -0.3062599301338196, 0.11559206247329712, -0.5739845633506775, -0.4212988317012787, -0.14716097712516785, 1.2297916412353516, 0.14584797620773315, -0.8469374775886536, -0.41627055406570435, 0.21645647287368774, 0.5458585619926453, 0.6872491240501404, -0.05502305179834366, 0.3802924156188965, -0.15653596818447113, -0.2627665400505066, -0.014220337383449078, 0.1960117518901825, 0.7162803411483765, 0.03132358193397522, 0.7082302570343018, 0.18069607019424438, -0.42361071705818176, 0.03772217407822609, 0.687771737575531, -0.06572721898555756, -0.39495912194252014, -0.08765752613544464, -0.4166157841682434, 0.18337251245975494, -0.02768118679523468, 0.46407222747802734, 0.010195652022957802, -0.5124566555023193, 0.00025176542112603784, -0.02898065187036991, 0.012578893452882767, -0.2363612949848175, 0.3597103953361511, -0.3607254922389984, 0.16921301186084747, 0.2472643107175827, 0.31777000427246094, -0.23428525030612946, -0.9490443468093872, 0.8665396571159363, 0.24031761288642883, 0.3455173671245575, 0.022884206846356392, 0.4322255849838257, -0.32664626836776733, 0.13133452832698822, 0.39741426706314087, -0.2959913909435272, 0.18515929579734802, 0.15363545715808868, -0.5013537406921387, 0.48950284719467163, -0.2502330243587494, -0.12686817348003387, -0.7489743232727051, 0.1832474321126938, 0.14916275441646576, 0.42043229937553406, -0.4390401840209961, -0.4278457760810852, -0.023079976439476013, -0.38270530104637146, -0.18588519096374512, 0.5492852330207825, -0.10860224813222885, -0.1233474612236023, 0.6197256445884705, -0.12635932862758636, 0.028903275728225708, 0.8407925963401794, -0.12994682788848877, -0.5987200140953064, 0.06714791804552078, 0.740131676197052, 0.2905929684638977, 0.09623654186725616, -0.025678105652332306, 0.1100708469748497, -0.24967879056930542, -0.1703972965478897, -0.028270788490772247, -0.22024419903755188, 0.5061119198799133, -0.7157929539680481, -0.8991004228591919, 0.5082482099533081, 0.9072237610816956, -0.04437180235981941, -0.7190046310424805, -0.14149004220962524, -0.38836613297462463, 0.4316820502281189, -0.677124559879303, -0.4102705717086792, -0.24779069423675537, -0.11585716903209686, 0.02202850952744484, -0.34718310832977295, 0.1612205058336258, 0.1360219120979309, 0.4502800405025482, -0.09754261374473572, 0.08628575503826141, 0.222215473651886, 0.01507320161908865, -0.5620203018188477, 0.11976026743650436, -0.08556061238050461, -0.1604394018650055, 0.848201334476471, -0.23182569444179535, -0.0866447165608406, 0.1376579850912094, -5.526299476623535, -0.1574038714170456, -0.2880246043205261, -0.33235982060432434, 0.028159892186522484, 0.07411293685436249, -0.02472688816487789, -0.24709540605545044, -0.03958088904619217, -1.033941626548767, 0.12963031232357025, 0.4474625587463379, -0.04199981689453125, -0.35944247245788574, 0.6085425019264221, 0.09240401536226273, 1.1099411249160767, -0.47935184836387634, 0.31483253836631775, -0.28171828389167786, 0.15307042002677917, -0.11943989247083664, 0.48258259892463684, 0.49311789870262146, 0.29602470993995667, -0.33495834469795227, -0.2752409279346466, 0.03680318593978882, -0.20357689261436462, -0.6487246155738831, 0.32726332545280457, 0.2511744201183319, 0.010669057257473469, 0.01735396310687065, 0.2856866717338562, 0.03085612691938877, 0.36422625184059143, -0.010171969421207905, -0.15307791531085968, -0.6344451308250427, -0.19694684445858002, -0.21370461583137512, -0.09165512025356293, -0.034914277493953705, 0.39467447996139526, -0.6702678799629211, -0.013597236014902592, 0.22930145263671875, -0.0864587053656578, 0.7471919655799866, 0.5358063578605652, 0.13662317395210266, 0.2260003238916397, 0.31488004326820374, 0.34176400303840637, -0.18704795837402344, -0.6131705641746521, -0.27217113971710205, -0.768195390701294, 0.044092174619436264, 0.4332332909107208, -0.15767009556293488, -0.24451158940792084, -0.4426817297935486, -0.2545166015625, -0.4266619384288788, -0.32994118332862854, 0.5412145853042603, 0.09828266501426697, 0.024076374247670174, -0.20181293785572052, 1.6751970052719116, 0.14641492068767548, -0.9938940405845642, 0.45380499958992004, -0.09849508851766586, -0.076966293156147, -0.2389184534549713, -0.734472393989563, 0.45933908224105835, 0.0037438590079545975, -0.03909638151526451, 0.30296701192855835, 0.8384440541267395, 0.2924257516860962, -0.41240131855010986, -0.4228494167327881, 0.5273351669311523, -0.5038388967514038, -0.2608109712600708, 0.2731407582759857, -0.35231393575668335, 0.4705856442451477, 0.334057480096817, 0.7907617092132568, -0.550387442111969, -0.05036912113428116, 0.5168681144714355, 0.6669808030128479, -0.3070402145385742, 0.2593230903148651, 0.04319475591182709, 0.14846448600292206, -0.06286299228668213, 0.09973633289337158, -0.3154528737068176, -0.4792884886264801, -0.06594853848218918, 0.7604383826255798, 0.024046508595347404, -0.40967831015586853, -0.6099036931991577, -0.29638922214508057, -0.3616475462913513, 0.9744885563850403, 0.39599040150642395, 0.2853298485279083, -0.07971083372831345, 0.5446476936340332, 0.28131669759750366, 0.018841205164790154, 0.4169093072414398, -0.14178353548049927, 0.019548216834664345, -0.18005774915218353, -0.4746428430080414, 0.826443612575531, -0.0284663587808609, -0.8593266010284424, 0.3673292100429535, 0.4892538785934448, 0.23834598064422607, -0.41039422154426575, 0.18911157548427582, 0.013901911675930023, -0.1476084440946579, -0.31340059638023376, 0.17939040064811707, 0.4317578971385956, -0.47950178384780884, -0.7036973237991333, -0.2853654623031616, -0.5416357517242432, -0.16179172694683075, 1.249347448348999, 0.016015522181987762, 0.38327649235725403, 0.1669921576976776, 0.03807520121335983, -0.16904433071613312, -1.0458812713623047, -0.8515380024909973, 0.25951236486434937, -0.8870851993560791, -0.15882724523544312, 0.13449522852897644, 0.5948224663734436, -0.06541614234447479, -0.3345523476600647, 0.10591776669025421, -0.407650887966156, -0.3674774169921875, -0.032392531633377075, -0.7142501473426819, 0.033197298645973206, 0.16468296945095062, -0.332419216632843, -0.4387853145599365, 0.21549375355243683, -0.05741545557975769, 0.31578364968299866, -0.4754449129104614, -0.4260960817337036, -0.1314283013343811, 0.275825172662735, 0.6143452525138855, -0.6197123527526855, -0.4039418697357178, -0.08191715180873871, -0.7429841160774231, -0.4905391037464142, -0.08667651563882828, -0.1610254943370819, 0.25553786754608154, 0.4135937988758087, 0.0516875796020031, -0.9452606439590454, 0.2179679423570633, -0.4268377125263214, 0.2907668352127075, -0.37332579493522644, -0.4196537733078003, 0.5410130620002747, 0.7294255495071411, -1.070999264717102, 0.29973891377449036, 0.061331842094659805, 0.20116306841373444, 0.48142120242118835, -0.7233403325080872, -0.2448868304491043, 0.006750213913619518, -0.621613085269928, -0.08665817975997925, -0.41818955540657043, -0.6415777206420898, 0.4844784736633301, -0.30518701672554016, -0.08155381679534912, 0.31343916058540344, 0.5801084637641907, -1.0874460935592651, -0.13573411107063293, 0.16766482591629028, -0.030753839761018753, 0.049886416643857956, -0.10749129205942154, 0.529777467250824, -0.401964008808136, -0.8576438426971436, -0.2813134789466858, -0.46464431285858154, -0.20522676408290863, -0.2585548460483551, -0.6276898980140686, 0.3539799153804779, -0.39631006121635437, -0.6146070957183838, 0.16497404873371124, 0.03540122136473656, -0.34585267305374146, 0.25584283471107483, -0.2305789589881897, -0.17213529348373413, 0.48317092657089233, -0.7477246522903442, -0.016382839530706406, 0.3476412892341614, -0.27059289813041687, 0.43833303451538086, 0.5958354473114014, 0.9517818689346313, 0.1303676962852478, -0.29761025309562683, 0.050072845071554184, -0.08461902290582657, 0.2845572829246521, -0.2572932243347168, -0.5487921833992004, 0.30134040117263794, 0.4831019639968872, -0.34383001923561096, -0.7733393907546997, 0.046337950974702835, 0.5964683890342712, -0.22296775877475739, -0.33089932799339294, -0.06212541460990906, -0.25964316725730896, 0.42032212018966675, -0.014990383759140968, 0.9023376703262329, -0.8849774599075317, 0.19994595646858215, 0.23460912704467773, 0.22363746166229248, -0.1339007019996643, -0.19858747720718384, 0.614721417427063, -0.3106296956539154, -0.4404451251029968, 0.7007742524147034, 0.35009464621543884, 0.30371522903442383, -0.2569584250450134, 0.4925549626350403, 0.02233380824327469, -0.2706536650657654, 0.5758320093154907, 0.41605234146118164, -0.5942094922065735, 0.006055041681975126, -0.014977122657001019, -0.520351767539978, -0.778605580329895, -0.5984430313110352, -0.4360472559928894, -0.705349326133728, -0.043489810079336166, 0.19050277769565582, 0.8104817867279053, -0.004359865095466375, -0.4059516191482544, -0.15004906058311462, -0.33673617243766785, 0.6949537992477417, -0.1267714947462082, 0.3786797821521759, -0.09245754033327103, 0.8065789341926575, -0.34834980964660645, 0.6176823973655701, -0.15103007853031158, -0.006704650353640318, -0.20689471065998077, -0.10398349910974503, 0.1323462575674057, 0.009987139143049717, -0.5924380421638489, -0.052096638828516006, -0.027503671124577522, -0.6824795603752136, 0.44030484557151794, 0.42520129680633545, -0.6808841228485107, 0.13130122423171997, 0.6123403310775757, 0.006349589675664902, -0.48844608664512634, 0.03363100811839104, -0.2668810188770294, 0.3972003161907196, 0.0595787912607193, 0.44987359642982483, 0.04893956333398819, 0.2489027976989746, -0.47922906279563904, 0.08985908329486847, -0.20534159243106842, 0.7465175986289978, 0.16500191390514374, -0.718389630317688, 0.27553507685661316, 0.651265025138855, -0.047583695501089096, 0.3134705126285553, 0.021410927176475525, -0.5437970161437988, -0.5194857716560364, 0.29722556471824646, -0.453165739774704, 0.16859658062458038, -0.042204324156045914, -0.21747273206710815, 0.17146354913711548, 0.36786672472953796, -0.2704162895679474, 0.27856117486953735, 0.18868236243724823, 0.39990419149398804, 0.2553836405277252, 0.7308679819107056, 0.015834728255867958, 0.2645207941532135, -0.3415910303592682, 0.20065924525260925, 0.37158823013305664, -0.26719892024993896, -0.15870673954486847, -0.2660664916038513, -0.3061883747577667, 0.3239980638027191, 0.4625205099582672, -0.1772942841053009, -0.48658910393714905, 0.4501284658908844, 0.11936452984809875, -0.14492636919021606, 0.16128189861774445, 0.061088595539331436, 0.5290234088897705, 0.04875656217336655, -0.22897231578826904, 0.2846806049346924, -0.02126769907772541, 0.2827940583229065, 0.7229833006858826, -0.4712923467159271, 0.05078470706939697, 0.016003791242837906, -0.6598848104476929, 0.4790119230747223, -0.20702457427978516, -1.08035409450531, -0.027807440608739853, -0.1110958456993103, -0.19023104012012482, 0.19441626965999603, 0.3610366880893707, -0.3125147521495819, 0.6073961853981018, -0.5947930216789246, -0.13915598392486572, -0.27950093150138855, 0.12688703835010529, -0.12396010011434555, 0.32239463925361633, 0.09870491921901703, 0.6824197173118591, 0.1730899065732956, -0.3522471785545349, 0.10744813084602356, 0.18231943249702454, -0.41669827699661255, 0.06826982647180557, 0.48105180263519287, -0.45723429322242737, 0.026069961488246918, 0.26875922083854675, 0.32616016268730164, 0.12505048513412476, 0.04091573879122734, -0.38295260071754456, 0.36369529366493225, 0.004088532645255327, -0.130023792386055, 0.8483483195304871, -0.5505362153053284, -0.8160123825073242, 0.12991385161876678, 0.3079964220523834, 0.1759459376335144, -0.34489548206329346, 0.12106157839298248, -0.0618574284017086, -0.1669185608625412, -0.038191936910152435, -0.6356997489929199, -0.09697091579437256, 0.46386468410491943, 0.7224562764167786, -0.5249513387680054, -0.4495483636856079, 0.619903028011322, -0.47921931743621826, 0.06138838455080986, -0.424915611743927, 0.14646582305431366, 0.35955044627189636, 0.14116023480892181, 0.08001315593719482, -0.21468956768512726, 0.21724718809127808, -0.2493458390235901, 0.38933584094047546, 0.4891017973423004, -0.08782942593097687, -0.46026259660720825, -0.03897824510931969, 0.6532454490661621, -0.006230949889868498, -0.230337455868721, -0.04350990056991577, -0.20706959068775177, 0.303708016872406, -0.32594043016433716, 0.5051202178001404, -0.14360544085502625, 0.17260076105594635, 0.15682290494441986 ]
210537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20resource	Renewable resource	A renewable resource, also known as a flow resource, is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale. When the recovery rate of resources is unlikely to ever exceed a human time scale, these are called perpetual resources. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life-cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability. Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in agricultural products and to an extent water resources. In 1962, Paul Alfred Weiss defined renewable resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with life, fibres, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorized as renewable resources. Fresh water is an example of renewable resources. Air, food and water Water resources Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage and temperature, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, as groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, it is a considered non-renewable resource. Removal of water from the pore spaces in aquifers may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air. Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water in chemical processes) and manufacturing plants (which use water as a solvent),it is also used for dumping garbage. Desalination of seawater is considered a renewable source of water, although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed for it to be fully renewable. Non agricultural food Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. Most food has its origin in renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals. Hunting may not be the first source of meat in the modernised world, but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores. Sustainable agriculture The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont. It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term". Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion. Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields. Monoculture can also cause the build-up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species. The Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) is a well-known example of the dangers of monoculture. Crop rotation and long-term crop rotations confer the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients. Agricultural practices are one of the single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates. It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates." The Dust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops, soil terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion. The tillage of agricultural lands is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion. The phenomenon called peak soil describes how large-scale factory farming techniques are affecting humanity's ability to grow food in the future. Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of arable soil may become increasingly problematic. Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming, using a keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost. Fertilizers and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030. Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture's sustainability. The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation, as well as the energy cost for materials, labour, and transport. Food sold at a local location, such a farmers' market, have reduced energy overheads. Air Air is a renewable resource. All living organisms need oxygen, nitrogen (directly or indirectly), carbon (directly or indirectly) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival. Non-food resources An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry, which has been used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times. Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is between energy crops and non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical based products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling. With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Before GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources. Feathers, an important byproduct of poultry farming for food, is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general. Same applies for the chitin produced in farming Crustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan. The most important part of the human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations, which is being traded worldwide. Historical role Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex, guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as indigo, and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era. Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation, overgrazing or overfishing. In addition to fresh meat and milk, which as food items are not the topic of this section, livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons, horn, bones, bladders. Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel. Conflicts between food needs and usage, as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well. However, a significant percentage of (middle European) farmers yields went into livestock, which provides as well organic fertiliser. Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes, drove engines as e.g. in treadmills. Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing, urban and garden agriculture. Further conflicts as between forestry and herding, or (sheep) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions. Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds. The British Agricultural Revolution was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation, the four-field rotation. British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK, George Washington Carver in the USA. The system used wheat, turnips and barley and introduced as well clover. Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture. Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively. Besides the still central role of wood, there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels, local shortages due to boycotts, war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables. Challenges The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species. Just the black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Renewables used for self sufficiency The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals. However the former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach. After the loss of the German colonial empire, important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economic autarky. Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about a third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort. A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time. There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species, but some success in the case of hemp, flax, rapeseed, which are still of current importance. During World War 2, German scientists tried to use Russian Taraxacum (dandelion) species to manufacture natural rubber. Rubber dandelions are still of interest, as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber. Legal situation and subsidies Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance the market share of renewables. The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection of orders requiring the electricity distribution network operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation). In the US, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), use a similar approach. German Energiewende is using feed-in tariffs. An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power stations) and cement works, making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe's renewable-energy consumption. Examples of industrial use Biorenewable chemicals Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals created by biological organisms that provide feedstocks for the chemical industry. Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar-energy-powered substitutes for the petroleum-based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry. The tremendous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms, and the potential for synthetic biology to alter these enzymes to create yet new chemical functionalities, can drive the chemical industry. A major platform for creation of new chemicals is the polyketide biosynthetic pathway, which generates chemicals containing repeated alkyl chain units with potential for a wide variety of functional groups at the different carbon atoms. Polyurethane research is ongoing that specifically uses renewable resources. Bioplastics Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, lignin, corn starch, pea starch or microbiota. The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch. Other forms include Cellulose bioplastics, biopolyester, Polylactic acid, and bio-derived polyethylene. The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic); however, manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source. Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes. In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes. Bioasphalt Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004. Renewable energy Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes e.g. sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services. Manufacturing of renewable energy devices uses non-renewable resources such as mined metals and land surface. Biomass Biomass is referring to biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials. Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation. Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today. However, low tech use of biomass, which still amounts for more than 10% of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000. The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region. Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States. Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks). Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the UK. The biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply. Biofuel A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane or switchgrass. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes., etc. is also a renewable source of energy. Biogas Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. It is primarily methane () and carbon dioxide () and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (), moisture and siloxanes. Natural fibre Natural fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres. Threats to renewable resources Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth. They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them. A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment. Overfishing National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as "simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves." Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like the bluefin tuna. The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65. Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe, the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia. The decline of penguin population is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources Deforestation Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen. The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect. Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue. Rain forests house many species and organisms providing people with food and other commodities. In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation. Endangered species Some renewable resources, species and organisms are facing a very high risk of extinction caused by growing human population and over-consumption. It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct. Many nations have laws to protect hunted species and to restrict the practice of hunting. Other conservation methods include restricting land development or creating preserves. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species. See also Exploitation of natural resources Habitat conservation List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom Natural capital Natural resource Non-renewable resource Recycling Resource Seed tree Stewardship Sustainable development Scarcity Notes References Further reading Krzeminska, Joanna, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125 Masters, G. M. (2004). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons. Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011, April). Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513–1524. Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston & Company, Incorporated, 2003.	[ 0.26735353469848633, -0.30628785490989685, -0.011353702284395695, 0.46890968084335327, 0.3569168746471405, 0.2207466959953308, -0.08096236735582352, 0.3550538718700409, -0.26119866967201233, -0.5955442786216736, -0.5884718894958496, 0.7747812271118164, -0.16054479777812958, 0.5780512094497681, -0.09870597720146179, 0.5336995720863342, 0.23220784962177277, 0.41955000162124634, 0.42160800099372864, 0.036255914717912674, -0.7962318062782288, 0.3226836621761322, 0.3422718942165375, 0.07583627104759216, 0.6357077956199646, -0.4590081572532654, 0.12083664536476135, 0.23014268279075623, -0.20227336883544922, 0.07425028085708618, -0.068075992166996, 0.16206473112106323, -0.5392318367958069, -0.15758363902568817, 0.27212294936180115, -0.11320815235376358, -0.5630049705505371, -0.2391670197248459, -0.6063053011894226, -0.6736646890640259, 0.02310967445373535, 0.19693432748317719, -0.07754727452993393, 0.4800097346305847, -0.5643423795700073, 0.22089196741580963, -1.040438175201416, -0.017186136916279793, -0.4076390266418457, -0.20124411582946777, -0.6700907945632935, -0.22205179929733276, 0.024161184206604958, -0.014791528694331646, -0.3954404890537262, 0.6327462196350098, -0.2189367264509201, 0.08993454277515411, -0.16545160114765167, -0.5997333526611328, -0.11973791569471359, -0.39752650260925293, -0.49737292528152466, 0.4677908420562744, 0.19343391060829163, -0.29206863045692444, 0.29912811517715454, -0.2807462811470032, 0.3198244869709015, -0.45876970887184143, -0.04666866362094879, -0.13989390432834625, -0.30188435316085815, 0.548495888710022, -0.8324949741363525, -0.13544566929340363, 0.06053167209029198, -0.29655784368515015, -0.43079206347465515, 0.22091297805309296, -0.08774034678936005, 0.9518443942070007, 0.04084835574030876, -0.7199593782424927, 0.18868476152420044, -0.21536554396152496, 0.26113054156303406, 0.7041229605674744, -0.6966320276260376, 0.5898415446281433, 0.28820276260375977, -0.017896974459290504, 0.5060520768165588, 0.00960797630250454, 0.31196311116218567, 0.09168965369462967, 0.5592755675315857, -0.3695608377456665, -0.0007617634255439043, 0.4076160192489624, -0.07112547010183334, 0.019335005432367325, -0.025832928717136383, -0.5100970268249512, -0.24635212123394012, 0.1297331005334854, -0.21025140583515167, -0.6112572550773621, 0.3658064305782318, 0.03591860085725784, 0.49227088689804077, 0.654300332069397, -0.18235453963279724, 0.01743449829518795, -0.22904729843139648, 0.40987277030944824, 0.050368692725896835, 0.035597603768110275, -0.22725652158260345, 0.15114125609397888, 0.6004472374916077, 0.5263174176216125, -0.14334002137184143, 0.07011362165212631, -0.3656545877456665, -0.09576428681612015, 0.44517630338668823, -0.19094248116016388, -0.7161104083061218, -0.4488880932331085, 0.6767709255218506, 0.5421816110610962, -0.5381758213043213, -0.07810305804014206, 0.03816189244389534, -0.004046991001814604, 0.4960898160934448, -0.042496830224990845, 0.7212521433830261, 0.20800267159938812, -0.5493677258491516, -0.5837036967277527, 0.14772367477416992, -0.20820535719394684, 0.37372830510139465, -0.18437190353870392, 0.4439190924167633, -0.7692096829414368, 0.12991087138652802, 0.2008121758699417, 0.15147145092487335, 0.4237941801548004, -0.23051239550113678, 0.3327321410179138, -0.8763281106948853, 0.1575945019721985, -0.03743184730410576, -0.21101585030555725, -0.17618516087532043, 0.32508397102355957, 0.1571648269891739, 0.47234734892845154, -0.009687426500022411, -0.41826364398002625, -0.21288470923900604, -0.6580269932746887, 0.06089577451348305, 0.418120414018631, -0.0917133018374443, -0.347012460231781, -0.29620471596717834, 0.1981259286403656, 0.2500491738319397, 0.05184970051050186, 0.21438495814800262, 0.1532420516014099, 0.19830356538295746, 0.5224015712738037, 0.3028479516506195, -0.13974246382713318, -0.5973693132400513, 0.4759175181388855, 0.44957202672958374, -0.335498571395874, 0.07226798683404922, -0.4969092607498169, 0.36326301097869873, 0.1002298891544342, 0.657005250453949, 0.2164943516254425, -0.8171861171722412, -0.05125702545046806, -0.1693558394908905, -1.1153348684310913, 0.6087533235549927, -0.27528536319732666, -0.16171127557754517, 0.7356963753700256, -0.6095485091209412, -0.20855751633644104, 0.02641763724386692, -0.14255467057228088, -0.0654163733124733, -0.7210164666175842, -0.5055908560752869, -0.37083765864372253, 0.4914577305316925, -0.000623949570581317, 0.33360597491264343, 0.09079278260469437, 0.39075741171836853, 0.23915350437164307, 0.3441099226474762, -0.6318088173866272, 0.3265324831008911, 0.20430828630924225, -0.4871303141117096, 0.29046472907066345, -0.019238198176026344, 0.2722117602825165, 1.366705060005188, 0.1340412199497223, 0.1455063670873642, 0.5833553671836853, -0.34164145588874817, 0.3913780748844147, 0.695691704750061, -0.11398642510175705, 0.7544546127319336, -0.06281276792287827, 0.2796620726585388, -0.006921533495187759, -0.5144296288490295, -0.4812662601470947, 0.04715755581855774, 0.6115103960037231, 0.07262280583381653, 0.14810031652450562, -0.07841366529464722, -0.3235400319099426, -0.2967619001865387, 0.093192920088768, -0.18839217722415924, 0.388856440782547, 0.24064089357852936, 0.09035632014274597, -0.33357223868370056, 0.16553646326065063, -0.6798616647720337, -0.6211355924606323, -0.08506691455841064, 0.3340885639190674, 0.8277620077133179, -0.20014919340610504, -0.07080584019422531, -0.5347517132759094, -0.4158143401145935, 0.656902551651001, 0.40909239649772644, -0.21189874410629272, 0.029012123122811317, -0.27564847469329834, -0.3087674379348755, -0.2565597891807556, -0.11448704451322556, -0.4757345914840698, -0.3578895926475525, -0.6122023463249207, -0.38098591566085815, 0.37830060720443726, 0.3555334508419037, 0.44684743881225586, -0.20324350893497467, 0.1322707235813141, -0.24214206635951996, -0.5428897738456726, 0.9949461221694946, -0.008216378279030323, -0.6117110848426819, -0.1042049452662468, 0.19523586332798004, 0.4959326684474945, -0.1440914273262024, -1.049753189086914, -0.4723432660102844, 0.10362245887517929, -0.2093898504972458, 0.22156092524528503, -0.24074451625347137, 0.2448558509349823, -0.5432316064834595, -0.3460327684879303, -0.4540998935699463, -0.026285091415047646, 0.34591400623321533, 0.4253220558166504, -0.10326366871595383, -0.15448260307312012, 0.46141621470451355, 0.03158222511410713, -0.3759292662143707, -0.40507587790489197, -0.5418553352355957, 0.3548220992088318, -0.16518592834472656, -0.32792043685913086, -0.14487095177173615, -0.10924047976732254, -5.770756244659424, 0.02273641899228096, -0.36528560519218445, -0.09013454616069794, -0.03361573442816734, -0.15379038453102112, 0.2752630114555359, 0.22650307416915894, 0.12668904662132263, 0.3978540301322937, -0.07841358333826065, 0.2502148151397705, 0.2858034074306488, 0.8283982276916504, 0.5757846832275391, 0.1943681836128235, 1.1340827941894531, 0.5982322692871094, -0.02469038777053356, 0.049779992550611496, -0.5121921300888062, -0.3026908338069916, -0.255066841840744, 0.6345974206924438, 0.0896713063120842, -0.6054216027259827, -0.2531401515007019, -0.4024021327495575, -0.46866947412490845, -0.35274815559387207, -0.21072621643543243, -0.1543513536453247, 0.43631574511528015, -0.30915936827659607, 0.3589593768119812, 0.29968321323394775, -0.09676790237426758, 0.48350977897644043, 0.17858712375164032, -0.5967669486999512, -0.1726626306772232, 0.45276495814323425, -0.03875301778316498, 0.1472795158624649, -0.037625111639499664, -0.04282359406352043, -0.09774604439735413, 0.028168227523565292, -0.19096457958221436, 0.5736944079399109, -0.14495189487934113, 0.4187072217464447, 0.9341804385185242, -0.3677995502948761, 0.3032747805118561, 0.18688441812992096, 0.5314764380455017, 0.17700664699077606, -0.15245532989501953, 0.0719439834356308, 0.2609097361564636, -0.49784719944000244, 0.1527630239725113, -0.08877462148666382, -0.678406298160553, 0.44107574224472046, -0.5811619162559509, -0.6879170536994934, 0.5395240783691406, 0.03695381060242653, -0.8737661242485046, 0.4090619385242462, 0.3102920949459076, -0.3925451934337616, -0.17172731459140778, -0.7198497653007507, -0.43247929215431213, 0.23125360906124115, 0.37939491868019104, 0.03581082075834274, -0.06158022955060005, -0.3134058117866516, -0.27386558055877686, 0.1433717906475067, 0.636344313621521, -0.06475362181663513, -0.008585180155932903, -0.26370614767074585, -0.10362350195646286, 0.028286226093769073, 0.7363036870956421, -0.2593449056148529, 0.7589927911758423, -0.26145386695861816, 0.3748583197593689, 0.3333888649940491, 0.08084774017333984, -0.18629902601242065, 0.13640333712100983, -0.521378219127655, 0.6766793131828308, 0.060158684849739075, -0.08438628166913986, -0.0859997421503067, -0.08289386332035065, -0.32411786913871765, -0.2626698911190033, 0.005295308772474527, 0.7518741488456726, -0.21000368893146515, 0.1301765888929367, 0.6258788704872131, -0.41926756501197815, -0.28163909912109375, -0.4550325870513916, 0.5155346393585205, -0.9637166261672974, 0.5021251440048218, 0.5975308418273926, 0.2380763739347458, 0.31941846013069153, 0.2541807293891907, 0.014848573133349419, -0.7851141691207886, -0.29009461402893066, -0.8054757714271545, -0.0971747636795044, 0.4141521453857422, -0.1606011837720871, -0.22463363409042358, 1.0877984762191772, 0.12338243424892426, -0.11068584024906158, -0.47909826040267944, 0.23931995034217834, -0.12196217477321625, 0.5792497992515564, -0.08156192302703857, -0.061330217868089676, -0.3474375605583191, 0.15033426880836487, -0.2599215805530548, 0.11653007566928864, -0.3209928870201111, 0.24727167189121246, 0.1636212021112442, -0.16940325498580933, -0.23769935965538025, 0.1703660488128662, -0.09211640805006027, -0.027412062510848045, -0.22572746872901917, 0.31227150559425354, -0.3678968846797943, 0.24017122387886047, -0.531933605670929, 0.30290791392326355, -0.2690124809741974, 0.37605345249176025, -0.424496054649353, 0.35400351881980896, -0.32803112268447876, -0.8814985752105713, 0.1725624054670334, 0.05295078083872795, 0.3228316009044647, -0.8008827567100525, -0.00831415131688118, 0.20464026927947998, 1.1596137285232544, 0.08457572013139725, -0.5237493515014648, -0.629161536693573, -0.174245223402977, 0.29004737734794617, -0.019604681059718132, 0.5074889659881592, 0.2865646183490753, -0.08199779689311981, -0.2608683705329895, 0.4142865538597107, -0.2609492838382721, -0.25910159945487976, 0.053843215107917786, 0.5501644015312195, -0.519113302230835, -0.12786833941936493, 0.38209906220436096, -0.3537852168083191, -0.27200019359588623, 0.5059351325035095, 0.002735994989052415, 0.5228705406188965, -0.17921555042266846, 0.4047924280166626, -0.4263894557952881, -0.05225958302617073, 0.328935831785202, -0.42734816670417786, -0.3561280369758606, 0.0032211660873144865, 0.4601251780986786, -0.7727735042572021, 0.09388177841901779, 0.22869336605072021, -0.4986291527748108, -0.551474392414093, -0.19621722400188446, -0.22514493763446808, 0.23258095979690552, -0.41182050108909607, -0.31260043382644653, -0.15733423829078674, -0.047653086483478546, -0.10112748295068741, 0.012716878205537796, 0.2058234065771103, -0.4239017069339752, -0.41348451375961304, -0.3632589876651764, 0.45871347188949585, -0.11167026311159134, -0.25703689455986023, 0.133569598197937, 0.02647419460117817, -0.28635528683662415, 0.2783398926258087, -0.45539960265159607, -0.4173890948295593, -0.21616461873054504, -0.42930880188941956, -0.6949639320373535, 0.17336443066596985, -0.3050291836261749, 0.3075658977031708, 0.18225717544555664, -0.03178069368004799, 0.03538475185632706, -0.058617912232875824, -0.26100489497184753, -0.09793209284543991, 0.678301990032196, 0.018038183450698853, -0.30563220381736755, -0.10035846382379532, 0.27037277817726135, 0.03432900458574295, -0.24133795499801636, -0.4667748510837555, -0.325003981590271, 0.14872726798057556, -0.5760276317596436, -0.6210405230522156, -0.21697531640529633, 0.5359113812446594, -0.021888695657253265, -0.29095593094825745, -0.2825450599193573, 0.11946997046470642, 0.43288078904151917, 0.1755342185497284, -0.5678160786628723, -0.47924530506134033, -0.20571696758270264, 1.1111007928848267, -0.19911938905715942, -0.29312583804130554, -0.6569309830665588, 0.16938583552837372, -0.7297704815864563, 0.528396725654602, 0.023066608235239983, -0.0049956501461565495, 0.4915551543235779, 0.9384786486625671, -0.06960809230804443, -0.06002577766776085, 0.05377180129289627, -0.253410279750824, -0.7951669692993164, -0.08671607077121735, 0.2201698124408722, 0.21423332393169403, -0.24566254019737244, 0.27388375997543335, -0.44242408871650696, 0.2981962561607361, -0.7078095078468323, -0.1347687840461731, -0.35832375288009644, -0.2677270174026489, 0.19797034561634064, 0.4287959635257721, -0.1818012148141861, -0.35443973541259766, 0.3571200668811798, 0.4357285797595978, -0.11346302926540375, -0.665247917175293, 0.07472127676010132, -0.404387891292572, 0.49082356691360474, -0.16798637807369232, -0.9560690522193909, 0.7090744376182556, 0.3246869742870331, 0.4358110725879669, 0.24134980142116547, -0.11751531064510345, -0.003877293085679412, 0.6700737476348877, 0.3476993143558502, 0.559754490852356, 0.8212305903434753, 0.03041992150247097, -0.15210644900798798, 0.3604141175746918, -0.29849573969841003, 0.8123759031295776, 0.3870801031589508, 0.2395607829093933, -0.16157986223697662, -0.11162836849689484, -0.10913652926683426, 0.28655269742012024, 0.5487937927246094, -0.07631523162126541, -0.07918711006641388, 0.00760076055303216, 0.15800067782402039, 0.45834630727767944, 0.342164009809494, -0.3488459587097168, -0.15264363586902618, -0.5160909295082092, 0.11675726622343063, 0.38511621952056885, -0.2514199912548065, -0.7297266125679016, 0.8046898245811462, 1.3236044645309448, 0.5791155695915222, 0.301807701587677, 0.5132594704627991, -0.2705003023147583, 0.15428589284420013, 0.3194388449192047, 0.48685452342033386, -0.4864192306995392, 0.2509285807609558, 0.4145461320877075, -0.38928788900375366, 0.19692173600196838, -0.2281365841627121, -0.5008863806724548, -0.7964848279953003, 0.31177210807800293, -0.3593536615371704, 0.6703522801399231, -0.19452273845672607, 0.2769682705402374, 0.676657497882843, 0.296230673789978, -0.4678935706615448, 0.24210256338119507, -0.6772663593292236, 0.13827289640903473, -0.31458377838134766, 0.1638689935207367, 0.057950615882873535, 0.14219950139522552, 0.7108063101768494, -0.21463248133659363, 0.08982712775468826, 0.6437227725982666, -0.08926758915185928, 0.05704555660486221, 0.4025910496711731, -0.23634198307991028, 0.5526742339134216, -0.11209283024072647, 0.062003035098314285, -0.37220147252082825, -0.1517331302165985, -0.13740834593772888, 0.19969651103019714, -0.10805045813322067, 0.38987717032432556, -0.18557953834533691, -0.02482733316719532, 0.5009545683860779, -0.2900722622871399, 0.2264084666967392, 0.3318212330341339, -0.27336955070495605, -0.37883538007736206, -0.012289272621273994, 0.5314577221870422, 0.10628828406333923, -0.21860122680664062, 0.38708680868148804, 0.5010302066802979, -0.01564062386751175, 0.8040965795516968, -0.09419485926628113, -0.09058504551649094, -0.7103015780448914, -0.00815942045301199, -0.32273784279823303, 0.5353185534477234, 0.8227155804634094, -0.3951316773891449, 0.018779603764414787, -0.014480696991086006, 0.34140482544898987, 0.09928543865680695, 0.5552406311035156, -0.1871473491191864, 0.27313899993896484, -0.6971986293792725, 0.18092063069343567, -0.30198612809181213, -0.028002874925732613, -0.11056888103485107, -0.1081947609782219, -0.08561792969703674, -0.06969589740037918, 0.3022209107875824, -0.21877214312553406, 0.5569543242454529, -0.3424955904483795, 0.21723473072052002, -0.7363559007644653, 0.5687248110771179, -0.6555389165878296, -0.641259491443634, -0.11750253289937973, -0.20822536945343018, -0.1866006702184677, -0.21266260743141174, -0.5715940594673157, -0.20307385921478271, 0.47549715638160706, 0.03148398548364639, -0.005881515331566334, 0.16409620642662048, 0.4339173138141632, -0.2622242867946625, -1.1536535024642944, 0.40123990178108215, 0.17770859599113464, -0.4347009062767029, 0.24104304611682892, 0.5052513480186462, -0.44886282086372375, 0.02900882624089718, 0.01711740717291832, -0.31500065326690674, -0.3706642985343933, 0.07369670271873474 ]
210539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand%2C%20Norway	Strand, Norway	Strand is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Ryfylke. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Jørpeland. The municipality lies across the fjord from the city of Stavanger. The Ryfast tunnel system connects Stavanger and Strand by a very long undersea tunnel. The villages of Sørskår and Fiskå are located in northern Strand, on the southern shore of the Årdalsfjorden. This area of Strand produces fruit, vegetables, and dairy products. The Fiskå Mølle (Fiskå Mill) is located in Fiskå. The larger village of Tau is located on the western coast of Strand. It is a transportation hub with ferry connections to the city of Stavanger and bus services to nearby Hjelmelandsvågen and deeper into the Ryfylke district. About southeast of Tau is the municipal center of Jørpeland. This town is the largest settlement in Strand with about 7,000 people. The municipality is the 278th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Strand is the 94th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 12,968. The municipality's population density is and its population has increased by 15.7% over the previous 10-year period. The cross-country and marathon mountain biker Gunn-Rita Dahle comes from Bjørheimsbygd. She has won a gold medal in the Summer Olympics 2004, in Athens. Holtaheia was the mountain behind Holta farm where 34 school boys, 2 teachers and 3 crew died, when the Cunard Viking flight 'Papa Mike' crashed into the mountain, en route to Stavanger. General information The parish of Strand was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). In 1865, the large district of Høgsfjord (population: 3,203) was separated from Strand to form a new municipality, leaving a much smaller Strand municipality. This left Strand with 2,228 residents. On 1 January 1965, the Sørskår-Sundgardene area (population: 121) was transferred from the neighboring municipality of Årdal to Strand. On 1 January 2020, the northwestern part of Forsand municipality was transferred to Strand (while the rest of Forsand was merged with Sandnes). Name The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Strand farm (), since the first Strand Church was built there. The name is identical with the word strönd which means "strand" or "beach". Coat of arms The coat of arms was granted on 25 May 1973. The arms show three red water wheels on a gray background. The wheels are a symbol for the hydropower, which has been of importance to the municipality, first (since 1850) by using watermills, and now using modern hydro-electric plants. Churches The Church of Norway has two parishes () within the municipality of Strand. It is part of the Ryfylke prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Stavanger. Geography Strand is located on the mainland of Norway, on the south side of the vast Boknafjorden. The small islands of Idse and Idsal are located in the southwest part of Strand, between the Høgsfjorden and Idsefjorden. The small islands of Heng and Sør-Hidle lie in the large fjord between Strand and Stavanger. The lakes Tysdalsvatnet, Bjørheimsvatnet, and Vostervatnet are all located in Strand. The municipality of Hjelmeland lies to the north and east and Sandnes is to the south. The archipelago containing the islands of Stavanger Municipality lie to the northwest. Government All municipalities in Norway, including Strand, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Stavanger District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal. Municipal council The municipal council () of Strand is made up of 29 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows: Industry Scana Steel Stavanger AS is the largest company in Strand. Main activities include producing special steel alloys and casting for the shipping and oil/gas industry. Propellers of RMS Queen Mary 2 were made here. There are about 220 workers. Comrod Communication ASA is a manufacturer of radio communication aerials. It makes deliveries to fisheries, shipping, oil and gas companies, and military defence. There are about 65 employees. Culture There are several festivals in Strand, including Ryfylke Ungdomsfestival (Ryfylke Youth Festival), Strandadagane (Strand Days) and Melting Pot (art seminar, mostly making decorative art out of scrap-iron). The annual race between Jørpeland and Tau, Strandamila, is an event which attracts hundreds of people. The race is along the highway, either by bike or on foot. Strand also has many sport facilities. There are a lot of football pitches spread around the municipality, as well as local fitness centres. Tau also has two tennis courts, a beach-volleyball field, and a basketball court, as well as Ryfylkehallen, the largest indoor football arena in the county of Rogaland. Strand experienced a strong influx of newcomers from Stavanger and Jæren starting in the late 1970s. The original social fabric was divided into factory workers at the iron mill, farmers, and the strong Lutheran tradition. The divides were in many ways exclusive, and only limited movement between the social groups was seen. In later years these divides have become significantly weaker. Notable people Claus Winter Hjelm (1797 in Strand – 1871) a legal scholar, judge and Supreme Court Justice from 1843 Aage Schavland (1806 in Strand – 1876) a priest and politician, Mayor of Herøy in 1840s/50s and Mayor of Trondheim in 1865 John Moses (1885 in Strand – 1945) the 22nd Governor of North Dakota, 1939 to 1945 Stein Rønning (1965 in Strand – 2008) a Norwegian karate master, won the 1990 World Karate Championships Silje Vige (born 1976 in Jørpeland) a Norwegian singer Hadia Tajik (born 1983 in Bjørheimsbygd) a Pakistani-Norwegian jurist, journalist and politician Johnny Lodden (born 1985 in Jørpeland) a professional on-line poker player Pål Fjelde (born 1994 in Jørpeland) a Norwegian footballer with over 100 club caps Mathias Bringaker (born 1997) a footballer with over 100 club caps, brought up in Jørpeland References External links Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway Region Stavanger - Ryfylke Municipalities of Rogaland 1838 establishments in Norway	[ 0.2770453095436096, 0.08890704065561295, -0.06371099501848221, -0.6211607456207275, -0.07254069298505783, -0.21705195307731628, 0.5766847729682922, -0.057155538350343704, -0.4723086357116699, -0.6581252813339233, 0.39739933609962463, -0.3018416464328766, -0.11338551342487335, 0.4071374535560608, -0.5845646262168884, 0.33066272735595703, 0.06853335350751877, 0.7748983502388, -0.35985565185546875, -0.7099565863609314, -0.03196828439831734, -0.3683929741382599, -0.13554851710796356, 0.18882273137569427, 0.19260890781879425, 0.11385194212198257, 0.2488531917333603, 0.5736132860183716, 0.1478554606437683, 0.19093891978263855, -0.15064534544944763, 0.6409825086593628, -0.274576336145401, -0.32851335406303406, -0.19494065642356873, -0.5177909731864929, -0.03672768920660019, -0.20839697122573853, -0.008365835063159466, 0.39094796776771545, -0.8280971050262451, -0.33114030957221985, -0.45188847184181213, 0.013530222699046135, 0.5898415446281433, -1.2525672912597656, -0.8354170918464661, 0.6640076637268066, -1.0903173685073853, 1.0155030488967896, -1.0682685375213623, -0.3125509023666382, 0.024408070370554924, 0.6870426535606384, 0.23341961205005646, 0.17967379093170166, -0.37607526779174805, 0.3756546974182129, 0.3615918457508087, 0.5177517533302307, -0.2779340147972107, 0.33053040504455566, 0.09700030088424683, -0.23224954307079315, 0.8840625286102295, 0.6786625385284424, 0.31005963683128357, -0.1878221482038498, 0.5456642508506775, -0.698481559753418, -0.4001550078392029, 0.14983952045440674, -0.349851131439209, -0.026954956352710724, 0.176890566945076, -0.45778900384902954, 0.13242144882678986, -0.43700551986694336, -0.03350076824426651, -0.023688852787017822, 0.45561400055885315, -0.2682461142539978, 1.0465997457504272, 0.4347342550754547, 0.5416215658187866, -0.22698825597763062, -0.4914170801639557, -0.47839993238449097, -0.5804294347763062, 0.5732327699661255, 0.47850194573402405, 0.0066685546189546585, 0.6090318560600281, 0.14028744399547577, 0.34499046206474304, 0.20618468523025513, -0.5315316915512085, 0.9798274040222168, 0.256559282541275, 0.7332014441490173, 0.39728936553001404, 0.3544527292251587, 1.0319281816482544, 0.4649953246116638, -0.37504422664642334, -0.30539774894714355, -0.5746031999588013, -0.028104834258556366, -0.20992279052734375, -0.5581037402153015, -0.5964897871017456, 0.5099532604217529, 0.031038107350468636, -0.06468115746974945, -0.13631735742092133, 0.3589979112148285, -0.0978519469499588, -0.3061024844646454, -0.1896134614944458, -0.4887337386608124, -0.054178301244974136, 0.7417459487915039, 0.28689536452293396, -0.1575978547334671, 0.019128307700157166, 0.07751306146383286, -0.10275040566921234, 0.5279693603515625, -0.3753930330276489, 0.1099417507648468, -0.06712755560874939, 0.909443199634552, -0.8495161533355713, 0.5959103107452393, 0.023711450397968292, -0.3921261429786682, -0.06250182539224625, 0.4499668478965759, 0.08359690010547638, 0.05984767898917198, -0.9592121839523315, 0.1321025788784027, -0.7747389674186707, -0.2335585653781891, -0.007484052795916796, 0.06390286237001419, -0.40886378288269043, -0.4460783898830414, -0.07320305705070496, -0.30864033102989197, 0.3734181523323059, -0.07186798751354218, 0.3231638967990875, 0.10973909497261047, -0.1976897269487381, 0.0954427495598793, 0.34020915627479553, 0.5975710153579712, -0.10567192733287811, 0.3884803056716919, 0.35288143157958984, -0.07134481519460678, 0.8437878489494324, 0.018254997208714485, 0.8589274287223816, -0.020571457222104073, 0.2512379288673401, 0.6197035312652588, 1.023756504058838, 0.046321164816617966, -0.27936747670173645, 0.16074202954769135, 0.9470545649528503, -0.44207629561424255, 0.3205638527870178, -0.4499080181121826, 0.0007665189332328737, 0.31749144196510315, -0.2724805474281311, -0.4720408022403717, -0.8423578143119812, 0.35931316018104553, 0.13948526978492737, -0.3158809542655945, -0.2749817669391632, -0.11648495495319366, -0.023975249379873276, 0.5498605370521545, -0.37659767270088196, 0.04827915504574776, -0.0701616182923317, -0.8211554288864136, 1.276271104812622, 0.5681079626083374, 0.6028340458869934, 0.5688431262969971, 0.35792404413223267, 0.2737575173377991, -0.6125783324241638, 0.18938279151916504, -0.5380436182022095, -0.6603903770446777, 0.6148688793182373, -0.5224083065986633, 0.013614829629659653, 0.9758205413818359, 0.01759333908557892, 0.010318540968000889, -0.5546876788139343, 0.46774372458457947, -0.42543861269950867, -0.30145835876464844, 0.8708507418632507, 0.6098719835281372, -0.45135125517845154, 0.31856027245521545, -0.17086219787597656, 0.035314396023750305, 0.09049803018569946, -0.3779464066028595, 0.5175179243087769, 0.1385921984910965, -0.46963247656822205, -0.5402515530586243, 0.1362759917974472, 0.762946605682373, 0.4339918792247772, 0.4577641487121582, -0.1686823070049286, 0.051675185561180115, 0.4517747461795807, -0.2351195216178894, 0.3705276548862457, -0.11508649587631226, -0.22000761330127716, -0.20260487496852875, 0.0312229972332716, 0.2880838215351105, 0.6576101183891296, -0.29378142952919006, 0.4095492959022522, 0.4606821537017822, -0.33806854486465454, 0.2553199827671051, 0.7491757273674011, 1.466619849205017, 0.016611933708190918, 0.11746475100517273, -0.02955654263496399, 0.03533610329031944, 0.04364714398980141, -0.24845348298549652, -0.2791673541069031, -0.5237240195274353, 0.15902690589427948, -0.505790114402771, 0.011912900023162365, 0.3061748445034027, 0.2587171792984009, 0.4004160463809967, -0.5527938604354858, -0.1274023801088333, 0.4014301002025604, 0.2696605324745178, -0.5227574110031128, -0.5340079665184021, -0.13627849519252777, -0.5700690150260925, 1.389740228652954, -0.2851237654685974, 0.1301877647638321, -0.4303576946258545, -0.8798868060112, 0.09109841287136078, 0.7440074682235718, -0.3593122959136963, -0.6756471991539001, -0.025016166269779205, -0.2140740156173706, 0.3592413365840912, 0.264931321144104, 0.6114795207977295, -0.3354116380214691, -1.0277231931686401, -0.07229232788085938, -0.1758183240890503, 0.455345094203949, 0.15967267751693726, -0.2469899207353592, 0.1517789661884308, -0.5305101871490479, 0.1617058664560318, -0.5025975108146667, 0.5614662170410156, 0.1310310810804367, -0.0968739241361618, 0.08902596682310104, -0.23258422315120697, 0.26602572202682495, -0.36406049132347107, -0.6874668598175049, -0.034927502274513245, -0.7271110415458679, 0.05898500978946686, -0.7018940448760986, 0.5487803816795349, -0.2781330943107605, -0.41494372487068176, -4.508040428161621, 0.343703955411911, 0.04743882641196251, -0.2547813951969147, -0.7296623587608337, -0.3328045606613159, 0.508607029914856, -0.20617444813251495, 0.3225512206554413, -0.30695343017578125, 0.13489194214344025, -0.48920729756355286, 0.48946428298950195, 1.465221881866455, 0.5302881598472595, 0.8780251145362854, 0.3823379576206207, -0.18528269231319427, -0.13003386557102203, -0.16920040547847748, -0.5777232050895691, -0.007133016362786293, -0.26551246643066406, 0.25601157546043396, -0.07661649584770203, 1.2595205307006836, -0.3187379539012909, -0.17377929389476776, -0.36761897802352905, -0.03366757184267044, 0.16034835577011108, -0.17862586677074432, 0.3306264281272888, -0.6580286026000977, -0.404832661151886, 0.04809189960360527, 0.1170259565114975, 0.23348118364810944, 0.6615914106369019, -0.6994125247001648, 0.37650251388549805, 1.06072199344635, 0.20142826437950134, -0.686292290687561, 0.3217966556549072, -0.013470261357724667, -0.7941867113113403, -0.1995023787021637, -0.7271324992179871, 0.9078123569488525, 0.32256019115448, -0.30958348512649536, 0.8169102072715759, -0.7022419571876526, -0.24259062111377716, -0.8258572220802307, -0.5283557176589966, -0.6392514109611511, -0.7525551915168762, 0.6148625016212463, 0.23345938324928284, 0.02418038621544838, 0.17755012214183807, -0.8088136315345764, 0.3572797477245331, -0.21523426473140717, -0.05843804404139519, -0.174547478556633, 0.3512221574783325, -0.04403568059206009, 0.22292649745941162, 0.44232484698295593, -0.2167130559682846, -0.6460950970649719, -0.5867665410041809, -0.8655895590782166, -0.6012495160102844, -0.16197654604911804, -0.11839287728071213, 0.12311425805091858, -0.4006500542163849, -0.623375415802002, -0.7102971076965332, 0.9309297204017639, -0.23141005635261536, -0.7300370335578918, -0.10760782659053802, -0.5345844626426697, -0.7425845265388489, -0.8520412445068359, 0.5084275007247925, -0.09962330758571625, 0.3351770043373108, 0.3982664942741394, -0.6957834959030151, 0.5739364624023438, -0.1389000564813614, -0.49449214339256287, 0.45873627066612244, -0.7707180380821228, 1.0757393836975098, -0.1919189691543579, 0.4309259057044983, 0.1881348192691803, -0.7680709362030029, -0.8990498781204224, 0.5808331370353699, 0.1794091910123825, -0.16354624927043915, -0.6235077977180481, 0.030003271996974945, -0.02115573361515999, -0.3313399851322174, -0.5725352168083191, 1.1249771118164062, -0.24756918847560883, -0.1436336487531662, 1.3616390228271484, -0.10223061591386795, -0.2275613695383072, 0.6829121112823486, 0.21414287388324738, 0.6390933990478516, 0.20170581340789795, -0.4037691652774811, -0.6582426428794861, -0.6318575143814087, -0.20133808255195618, -0.403171181678772, 0.5918052792549133, -0.16828793287277222, 0.48603177070617676, -0.4930984675884247, -0.3171299695968628, 0.08324404060840607, -0.28586095571517944, -0.7926726341247559, -0.4101368486881256, -0.16178278625011444, 0.33499497175216675, 1.1314202547073364, -0.37806224822998047, 0.17995381355285645, 0.9346182346343994, -0.546805739402771, 0.8051510453224182, 0.14867374300956726, -0.4402005076408386, -1.003539800643921, 0.40881723165512085, -1.2884447574615479, -0.36803239583969116, -0.1131247878074646, -1.054148554801941, -0.006183551624417305, 0.2419314682483673, 0.8165907263755798, 0.305377334356308, -0.5922299027442932, 0.14406369626522064, -0.07982078939676285, -0.24359476566314697, -0.6346568465232849, 0.6915064454078674, -0.2831287086009979, -0.3576110601425171, -1.167838454246521, 0.4904913008213043, -0.41464337706565857, 0.1508786827325821, -0.6233124732971191, -0.9215317964553833, -0.9973681569099426, -0.6074055433273315, -0.12542256712913513, -0.6042993068695068, 0.09872046858072281, 0.45717307925224304, -0.6476389765739441, -0.46084821224212646, 0.2632218301296234, 0.5464813709259033, -0.1433839648962021, 0.4988352358341217, 1.0699995756149292, -0.5429163575172424, -0.6215857267379761, 0.05634153261780739, -0.6156368255615234, -0.11001983284950256, 0.4690610468387604, -0.008887174539268017, 0.16430647671222687, 0.5204038619995117, -0.05875595286488533, -1.2109025716781616, 0.2858867943286896, -0.07147830724716187, -0.03796211630105972, -0.06935084611177444, 0.38488122820854187, 0.08971225470304489, -0.12611152231693268, 1.1602532863616943, -0.25839075446128845, -0.440580278635025, 0.780309796333313, 1.0613083839416504, -0.3742220103740692, 0.3527176082134247, -1.0538341999053955, -0.9432357549667358, 0.10778496414422989, 0.6378325819969177, -0.11992501467466354, 0.10980899631977081, 0.6237267255783081, -0.3479979932308197, -0.09401459246873856, -0.6662046909332275, -0.18779657781124115, -0.3108952045440674, -0.16920936107635498, -0.3996308445930481, -0.5689703822135925, 0.7078294157981873, -0.2944134771823883, -0.3235819339752197, 0.44397956132888794, -0.39983317255973816, 0.5137196779251099, -0.1841503083705902, 0.5507013201713562, 0.03098529763519764, -0.11412542313337326, 0.4435022473335266, -0.6431846022605896, 0.13848942518234253, 0.24926480650901794, 0.3742921054363251, 1.3707125186920166, 0.7944737672805786, -0.06347520649433136, 0.3254830539226532, -0.15944530069828033, 0.34988081455230713, 0.7441995739936829, 0.035685643553733826, -0.7456105351448059, 0.8292211294174194, -0.32082077860832214, -0.14731095731258392, -0.4672161936759949, 0.14948175847530365, 1.340423822402954, 0.04398439824581146, 0.020885683596134186, 0.9765242338180542, -0.02357628010213375, 0.30504438281059265, 0.10474665462970734, -0.12020925432443619, -0.048666778951883316, 0.5952088832855225, 0.5063628554344177, -0.044914018362760544, 0.41313037276268005, 0.2756131887435913, 0.542915403842926, 0.3122248351573944, -0.9602474570274353, -0.37121668457984924, 0.5921441912651062, -0.5332964658737183, -0.7968589663505554, 0.3649965524673462, -0.1770695000886917, -0.2236291468143463, 0.06446066498756409, -0.2927105128765106, 0.05767013877630234, 0.10873153805732727, 0.05423152446746826, -0.2230575531721115, -0.4757198989391327, -0.47480353713035583, 0.09147591888904572, 0.12621818482875824, -0.7032110095024109, 0.4211597442626953, -0.5545089840888977, -1.1728224754333496, 0.2694453001022339, 0.3035106658935547, 0.2887243330478668, 0.36554253101348877, -0.010150885209441185, 1.0798518657684326, -0.5656964778900146, 0.43838465213775635, -0.42679110169410706, 0.1841239631175995, -0.06840821355581284, -0.567948579788208, 0.047533903270959854, -0.04566967114806175, -0.45421773195266724, -0.24994152784347534, 0.04554760828614235, 0.02172999083995819, 0.10575438290834427, -0.11861637979745865, -0.2548316419124603, 1.2678853273391724, -0.4085368514060974, 0.7293609380722046, 0.7689499855041504, -0.31074756383895874, -0.4306504726409912, 0.6774978041648865, -0.21914982795715332, 0.2634700834751129, -0.04394003748893738, 0.2014089673757553, 0.3170040249824524, 1.2006373405456543, 0.40491101145744324, -0.018549632281064987, -0.2707544267177582, 0.16801120340824127, -0.31661131978034973, 0.03434405475854874, -0.7521224617958069, 0.38954266905784607, -1.0145841836929321, -0.0978013426065445, 0.3093734681606293, -0.036524657160043716, 0.09160973876714706, -0.123124860227108, 0.2371997982263565, 0.6349781155586243, -0.3259409964084625, -0.19074289500713348, 0.7026386857032776, -0.7663515210151672, 0.13801263272762299, -0.23923441767692566, 0.4178740382194519, 0.015218362212181091, 0.013744775205850601, -0.7068883776664734, 0.20461219549179077, -0.4350166916847229, -0.1517162024974823, -0.11168693751096725, -0.2305241823196411, -0.9001166820526123, -0.46012791991233826, 0.08225490897893906, -0.4089002013206482, -0.950968861579895, -0.11305152624845505, 0.5577333569526672, -0.32798635959625244, -0.20737595856189728, 0.2583022117614746, -0.19390615820884705, -0.2755756974220276, 1.5006632804870605, 0.42531388998031616, 0.06143615022301674, 0.47793737053871155, 0.17519071698188782, -0.1437675505876541, 0.3185085952281952, 0.20141564309597015, 0.0014053401537239552, -0.2236092984676361, 0.27588993310928345, 0.033415287733078, 0.3695320785045624, 0.10364651679992676, -0.7915634512901306, -0.5683760046958923, -0.635181725025177, -0.2693941593170166, -0.28037354350090027, -0.006648892071098089, 0.0038674091920256615, 0.29769495129585266, -0.27141979336738586, -0.03271234780550003, 0.27379509806632996, -0.9420278072357178, 0.21502183377742767, -0.43401899933815, 0.4271443486213684, 0.3486669957637787, -0.49467524886131287, -0.23941665887832642, 0.6581893563270569, 0.1386413425207138, 0.5942214131355286, 0.1616515964269638, 0.3589494228363037, -0.14491267502307892, 0.1553187221288681, -0.03803765028715134, 0.35324206948280334, 0.44557687640190125, 0.9045106172561646, -0.5292311310768127, 0.31996116042137146, -0.8687823414802551, -0.00019997116760350764, 0.6247848272323608, -0.7847461700439453, -0.5485389232635498, 0.5201999545097351, 0.004455519374459982, -0.004431063774973154, -0.18580622971057892, 0.3212951719760895, -0.021343663334846497, -0.3906305730342865, -0.17707987129688263, 0.20001204311847687, -0.06294078379869461, 0.26163560152053833, -0.4861014485359192, -0.2591060996055603, 0.3056541681289673, -0.340670108795166, -0.09993976354598999, 0.1625709980726242, 0.025496618822216988, 0.5583915710449219, 0.5546720623970032, -0.2969180941581726, 0.30464494228363037, -0.0835152342915535, -0.8410443663597107, 0.018095221370458603, -0.877547562122345, 0.7257352471351624, -0.7802671790122986, -0.6350247859954834, -0.6378511786460876, -0.318437397480011, 0.2972216010093689, -1.077096939086914, 0.9188827276229858, -0.13063853979110718, 0.20920255780220032, -0.23739562928676605, 0.49950215220451355, -0.016338404268026352, 0.5400341153144836, -0.06815163791179657 ]
210541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20order	Executive order	In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives the president broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on expressed or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the president some degree of discretionary power (delegated legislation). Like both legislative statutes and the regulations promulgated by government agencies, executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution. Some policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch, but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government, deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced, dealing with emergencies, waging wars, and in general fine-tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes. As the head of state and head of government of the United States, as well as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces, only the President of the United States can issue an executive order. Presidential executive orders, once issued, remain in force until they are canceled, revoked, adjudicated unlawful, or expire on their terms. At any time, the president may revoke, modify or make exceptions from any executive order, whether the order was made by the current president or a predecessor. Typically, a new president reviews in-force executive orders in the first few weeks in office. Basis in the United States Constitution The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders. ArticleII, Section1, Clause1 of the Constitution simply states: "The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America." Sections2 and3 describe the various powers and duties of the president, including "he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed". The U.S. Supreme Court has held that all executive orders from the president of the United States must be supported by the Constitution, whether from a clause granting specific power, or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch. Specifically, such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the Congress in statutes. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times, when such orders either exceeded the authority of the President or could be better handled through legislation. The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number, after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and eventually in Title3 of the Code of Federal Regulations. History and use With the exception of William Henry Harrison, all presidents since George Washington in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders. Initially, they took no set form and so they varied as to form and substance. The first executive order was issued by Washington on June 8, 1789; addressed to the heads of the federal departments, it instructed them "to impress me with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States" in their fields. According to political scientist Brian R. Dirck, the most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln, when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862: Until the early 1900s, executive orders were mostly unannounced and undocumented, and seen only by the agencies to which they were directed. That changed when the US Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907, starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1, issued on October 20, 1862, by President Lincoln. The documents that later came to be known as "executive orders" apparently gained their name from that order issued by Lincoln, which was captioned "Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana". That court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War, and Lincoln also used Executive Order1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge and designate the salaries of the court's officers. President Harry Truman's Executive Order 10340 placed all the country's steel mills under federal control, which was found invalid in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 US 579 (1952), because it attempted to make law, rather than to clarify or to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution. Presidents since that decision have generally been careful to cite the specific laws under which they act when they issue new executive orders; likewise, when presidents believe that their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution, the order instead simply proclaims "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution". Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during President Bill Clinton's second term in office; however, all such wars have also had authorizing resolutions from Congress. The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues, but all presidents since the passage of the resolution have complied with its terms, while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so. Harry S. Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders made by Theodore Roosevelt, 1,203 orders made by Calvin Coolidge, and 1,803 orders made by Woodrow Wilson. Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders. Joe Biden became the president to issue more executive orders in first 100 days than any other president since Harry Truman. Franklin Roosevelt Before 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president and the lowering of flags to half-staff. President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6, 1933, declaring a bank holiday, and forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion. Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and gold certificates. A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury. By Executive Order 6581, the president created the Export-Import Bank of the United States. On March 7, 1934, he established the National Recovery Review Board (Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board. In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (the period being known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", re-establishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act. On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated the NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration. In the years that followed, Roosevelt replaced outgoing justices of the Supreme Court with people more in line with his views: Hugo Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes. Historically, only George Washington has had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments (as he chose all its original members). Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer: in that case Roosevelt's successor, Harry S. Truman, had ordered private steel production facilities seized in Executive Order 10340 to support the Korean War effort: the Court held that the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution. Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders Reaction Large policy changes with wide-ranging effects have been implemented by executive order, including the racial integration of the armed forces under President Truman. Two extreme examples of an executive order are Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102 "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States", and Executive Order 9066, which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone (used to target Japanese Americans, non-citizen Germans, and non-citizen Italians in certain regions). The order was then delegated to General John L. DeWitt, and it subsequently paved the way for all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II. President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13233 in 2001, which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents. The order was criticized by the Society of American Archivists and other groups, who say it "violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44 USC 2201–07", and adding that the order "potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation". President Barack Obama subsequently revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009. The Heritage Foundation has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates. Legal conflicts In 1935, the Supreme Court overturned five of Franklin Roosevelt's executive orders (6199, 6204, 6256, 6284 and 6855). Executive Order 12954, issued by President Bill Clinton in 1995, attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had strike-breakers on the payroll: a federal appeals court ruled that the order conflicted with the National Labor Relations Act and overturned the order. Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it, and can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or legitimize policy mechanisms. In the case of the former, the president retains the power to veto such a decision; however, the Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. It has been argued that a Congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event, because of the supermajority vote required, and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism. On July 30, 2014, the US House of Representatives approved a resolution authorizing Speaker of the House John Boehner to sue President Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") on his own and over what Republicans claimed had been "inadequate enforcement of the health care law", which Republican lawmakers opposed. In particular, Republicans "objected that the Obama administration delayed some parts of the law, particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage". The suit was filed in the US District Court for the District of Columbia on November 21, 2014. Part of President Donald Trump's executive order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which temporarily banned entry to the US of citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, including for permanent residents, was stayed by a federal court on January 28, 2017. However, on June 26, 2018, the US Supreme Court overturned the lower court order in Trump v. Hawaii and affirmed that the executive order was within the president's constitutional authority. State executive orders Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures. State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect. Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session, and economic conditions take a downturn, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the state constitution, a governor may specify by what percentage each government agency must reduce and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded or cannot put long-term expenses (such as capital expenditures) off until a later fiscal year. The governor may also call the legislature into special session. There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007, for example, Sonny Perdue, the governor of Georgia, issued an executive order for all its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought. The same was demanded of its counties' water systems as well, but it was unclear whether the order would have the force of law. Presidential proclamation According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper, a presidential proclamation "states a condition, declares a law and requires obedience, recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law (by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized)". Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth. Such orders carry the same force of law as executive orders, the difference between being that executive orders are aimed at those inside government, but proclamations are aimed at those outside government. The administrative weight of those proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers". Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception that proclamations are largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature. However, the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance. See also Decree Delegated legislation List of United States federal executive orders Military fiat Order in council Ordonnance Presidential determination Presidential directive Presidential memorandum Presidential proclamation Signing statement (United States) Ukase References Further reading Bush, Ann M., "Executive Disorder: The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court, 1914-1940" [Amazon], 2010. Mayer, Kenneth R., With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power, Princeton University Press, 2002. Warber, Adam L., Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. External links Archive of U.S. Executive Orders Executive Orders: Issuance and Revocation Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents: Sources and Explanations Presidential Proclamations Project Governor of Missouri's executive orders 2012-1982 Federal Register: The Daily Register of the United States Government White House: List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue Executive branch of the government of the United States Public administration Sources of law United States federal law	[ 0.04741958901286125, 0.07849820703268051, -0.39771753549575806, 0.05605314299464226, 0.2984025478363037, -0.49522364139556885, 0.3555803894996643, 0.28726574778556824, -0.5740050673484802, -0.4193696081638336, -0.7206316590309143, 0.40473732352256775, -0.3600265383720398, 0.44900402426719666, -0.744376003742218, 0.496123343706131, 0.7428919672966003, 0.9043006300926208, -0.4494743347167969, -0.10839489847421646, -0.305387020111084, 0.42690184712409973, 0.08383621275424957, -0.5302680730819702, 0.30816322565078735, -0.08470045775175095, -0.1709650605916977, -0.2672381103038788, -0.5089294910430908, 0.25863972306251526, 0.24915824830532074, -0.28743696212768555, 0.041293054819107056, 0.06662414222955704, -0.33289143443107605, 0.16261586546897888, 0.11574907600879669, -0.2620353400707245, -0.4059075713157654, -0.4028700292110443, -0.1564798653125763, -0.24372372031211853, 0.01141782384365797, -0.14849145710468292, -0.4972294569015503, -0.4969782531261444, -0.8754328489303589, 0.25403279066085815, -0.4035395085811615, 0.3393215537071228, -0.6872746348381042, 0.26736411452293396, -0.11074835062026978, 0.02744079940021038, -0.044467296451330185, 0.009207022376358509, -0.3507125675678253, 0.09410381317138672, -0.1950836032629013, -0.78492671251297, 0.3223573565483093, -0.28334110975265503, 0.6683603525161743, 0.43962571024894714, 0.4976290464401245, -0.13088765740394592, 0.24195466935634613, 0.0075781275518238544, -0.3930915594100952, -0.29353344440460205, -0.44924184679985046, -0.3854665160179138, 0.1872009038925171, -0.162777379155159, -0.38597631454467773, -0.6651498079299927, 0.34090882539749146, 0.2685511112213135, -0.32286491990089417, 0.14710365235805511, 0.16775068640708923, 0.5308873653411865, 0.33636394143104553, -0.15725748240947723, -0.37541940808296204, 0.3782993257045746, -0.5881170630455017, 0.07359009236097336, 0.0484127476811409, 0.20858299732208252, -0.03644614666700363, 0.3880373239517212, 0.2447202205657959, -0.042979031801223755, -0.22769580781459808, -0.4514893889427185, -0.3124142587184906, -0.4274083077907562, -0.037565670907497406, 0.293972373008728, -0.2273290753364563, -0.3675713539123535, 0.5055264234542847, -0.24134555459022522, -0.5517776012420654, -0.3863905370235443, -0.10166876763105392, -0.3426210284233093, 0.18512360751628876, -0.06140133738517761, -0.02827761135995388, 0.02091408520936966, 0.0011438981164246798, -0.012805174104869366, -0.6423552632331848, 0.3521343469619751, -0.026565397158265114, -0.0012303454568609595, -0.29891258478164673, -0.10998963564634323, 0.645309567451477, 0.4478975534439087, 0.3180248439311981, -0.42203056812286377, 0.3762565851211548, -0.1127488762140274, 0.43075618147850037, 0.31854888796806335, -0.5856603384017944, -0.4734674394130707, 0.00502794561907649, 0.4763635993003845, -0.49478083848953247, 0.19834449887275696, -0.5158503651618958, -0.10387527197599411, -0.10844086855649948, -0.09878548234701157, 0.19080588221549988, 0.025701045989990234, -0.45154738426208496, -0.2185325175523758, -0.19232402741909027, -0.28296810388565063, 0.49633389711380005, -0.025808613747358322, 0.22093097865581512, -0.06338723748922348, -0.44430455565452576, 0.19983984529972076, -0.22305399179458618, -0.3168235719203949, -0.5294642448425293, 0.47834330797195435, 0.11918549239635468, -0.2296876609325409, 0.7684646248817444, -0.31564512848854065, 0.14710065722465515, 0.5044651627540588, 0.33186075091362, 0.12495987117290497, -0.03870053589344025, -0.6511894464492798, 0.08729869872331619, -0.06536538153886795, -0.08883086591959, 0.5434654355049133, 0.261830598115921, 0.25698962807655334, -0.3830762505531311, 0.27391305565834045, -0.3871006667613983, 0.1351909190416336, -0.011934368871152401, 0.3156948983669281, -0.020889243111014366, -0.10913786292076111, 0.6237252354621887, 0.15676119923591614, -0.42819178104400635, 0.16150569915771484, 0.3334008455276489, -0.2988535761833191, -0.2535047233104706, -0.25397345423698425, 0.11320511996746063, 0.032536886632442474, -0.0767269879579544, -0.11412223428487778, -0.2831510901451111, -0.15025435388088226, 0.08465371280908585, -0.42229005694389343, 0.5821196436882019, -0.32219889760017395, -0.45607343316078186, 1.0514304637908936, -0.23396345973014832, 0.18174389004707336, 0.34490302205085754, -0.23602399230003357, 0.7062981128692627, -0.6065276861190796, -0.049841783940792084, 0.7619624137878418, 0.28477743268013, 0.05520184710621834, -0.40307554602622986, 0.437928706407547, 0.2358422726392746, -0.41724228858947754, 0.3542982339859009, -0.026517674326896667, 0.5483662486076355, 0.24983526766300201, -0.5011497735977173, -0.35766997933387756, 0.2673042118549347, -0.18440528213977814, 0.7160212993621826, 0.5055745244026184, -0.4347454309463501, 1.0373820066452026, -0.46594709157943726, -0.3469143211841583, -0.14248119294643402, 0.17044848203659058, 0.19167236983776093, -0.30690330266952515, -0.041724417358636856, -0.4982824921607971, -0.18551094830036163, 0.16265377402305603, -0.030901670455932617, -0.013620346784591675, -0.4312303364276886, -0.03240186721086502, -0.04930806905031204, -0.3033086061477661, 0.16982515156269073, -0.06507822871208191, -0.19292715191841125, 0.6898366212844849, 0.2797080874443054, 0.06965409219264984, -0.2879936099052429, 0.43232962489128113, 0.41591960191726685, 0.31373682618141174, -0.06832960247993469, 0.3375841975212097, 0.7054997682571411, -0.3820316791534424, -0.22621721029281616, -0.23711825907230377, -0.33097076416015625, 0.3070108890533447, 0.2059873640537262, 0.0656677633523941, -0.4213830232620239, 0.162796750664711, 0.011244278401136398, 0.40986788272857666, 0.01673743687570095, -0.6202752590179443, -0.2051999568939209, 0.08481185138225555, -0.06942000240087509, 0.37023183703422546, 0.2724789083003998, 0.021857818588614464, -0.2996285557746887, -0.42635291814804077, 0.13938815891742706, -0.6450881958007812, 0.6069780588150024, 0.6959479451179504, -0.7333492636680603, -0.5393792390823364, 0.5868229269981384, 0.4356939494609833, 0.22864355146884918, -0.11933653801679611, 0.11553303152322769, -0.9055660367012024, 0.4164527952671051, -0.5733553767204285, -0.6075297594070435, 0.5308400988578796, -0.6054185628890991, -0.4099487364292145, 0.3203873038291931, -0.14413295686244965, 0.09484098106622696, 0.11084740608930588, -0.1589483618736267, 0.12090574949979782, -0.005714305676519871, -0.5711187720298767, 0.3170728385448456, -0.03195789083838463, 0.3484766185283661, -0.06402475386857986, 0.16478362679481506, 0.3549940586090088, 0.09325167536735535, 0.3556481897830963, -5.958868026733398, -0.1887497454881668, -0.019550422206521034, -0.34662339091300964, 0.2814205288887024, 0.2332002818584442, 0.5185454487800598, 0.005019606556743383, 0.42078232765197754, -0.32024142146110535, 0.3609250783920288, -0.09443929046392441, 0.6142157912254333, 0.6764855980873108, -0.054269272834062576, 0.025632310658693314, 0.056608956307172775, -0.25110530853271484, -0.09322864562273026, 0.4255678355693817, 0.1266174614429474, -0.5924697518348694, 0.49215075373649597, 0.2801525294780731, 0.10985636711120605, -0.3585137128829956, -0.5147278308868408, 0.4640278220176697, -0.30256202816963196, -0.002804260468110442, 0.01832285337150097, -0.004936888813972473, -0.19225221872329712, -0.46972864866256714, -0.04049846529960632, -0.12340322881937027, 0.6102560758590698, 0.11082617938518524, -0.30843648314476013, -0.24871598184108734, 0.1451900452375412, -0.01862889900803566, -0.43803906440734863, 0.44818437099456787, 0.1824871152639389, 0.030744118615984917, -0.45647868514060974, -0.7146601676940918, -0.2627953886985779, 0.2829899787902832, -0.4886053502559662, 0.849574089050293, 0.3984135687351227, -0.2537243664264679, 0.23116609454154968, 0.3200451731681824, -0.0635877177119255, 0.699209451675415, -0.5003349184989929, 0.05266803503036499, 0.21646928787231445, -0.29434844851493835, 0.2688412666320801, -0.08887624740600586, 0.1065802201628685, -0.038214340806007385, -0.34147945046424866, -0.20241793990135193, 0.8952650427818298, 0.06983505934476852, 0.16561275720596313, 0.3025462329387665, 0.11044447869062424, -0.8489662408828735, 0.021712325513362885, -1.0655590295791626, 0.28820863366127014, 0.17309457063674927, 0.5594170689582825, 0.05563126131892204, -0.2584662139415741, 0.7488511800765991, -0.441909521818161, 0.07101984322071075, -0.043860163539648056, 0.052056729793548584, 0.5448037981987, 0.7243049144744873, 0.06555167585611343, -0.13003885746002197, 0.20522300899028778, 0.27431777119636536, -0.07568428665399551, 0.3653271496295929, -0.029743950814008713, -0.41041335463523865, 0.2584335207939148, 0.03673490881919861, 0.1784067302942276, -0.29655957221984863, 0.3185058534145355, -0.0038179163821041584, 0.19564835727214813, -0.9639192819595337, 0.1392415165901184, -0.4020549952983856, -0.3261910080909729, 0.17837703227996826, 0.2924666106700897, -0.11426164209842682, -0.17801733314990997, 0.08668950945138931, 0.05908842012286186, -0.40554752945899963, -0.006489694118499756, 0.40829822421073914, 0.10349464416503906, 0.6267977952957153, 0.37610188126564026, -0.2665140926837921, -0.2770441472530365, 0.3017648756504059, -0.5631006360054016, -0.02900763973593712, -0.644052267074585, -0.46453768014907837, -0.3067679703235626, -0.1858043670654297, 0.4393373429775238, 0.02746189385652542, 0.4820573925971985, 0.8176662921905518, 0.00217817141674459, 0.2781922221183777, 0.5303798913955688, -0.4766892194747925, 0.10614906251430511, 0.13402941823005676, -0.17437966167926788, -0.48292768001556396, -0.26398903131484985, -0.1617927998304367, -0.6821548342704773, -0.20873486995697021, 0.38245245814323425, -0.0053595080971717834, -0.2881813049316406, 0.4800037443637848, -0.601340115070343, 0.9679911136627197, -0.0314779058098793, -0.2892802357673645, 0.09839678555727005, -0.11071708798408508, -0.23116356134414673, 0.24332158267498016, 0.15900737047195435, -0.019957799464464188, 0.13717013597488403, -0.5176437497138977, -0.14683283865451813, -0.4669553339481354, -0.7969716191291809, -0.3739811182022095, -0.33646634221076965, 0.2314605861902237, -1.0433590412139893, 0.14371180534362793, -0.13537085056304932, 0.5422641634941101, -0.5204042792320251, -0.32346341013908386, -0.5711339116096497, -0.5014822483062744, 0.4344669580459595, 0.4333004057407379, 0.08795508742332458, 0.23370233178138733, 0.10965941846370697, 0.2856546640396118, 0.6502608060836792, -0.8891224265098572, -0.053295355290174484, -0.03319140151143074, -0.31230413913726807, -0.5017112493515015, 0.1332373470067978, 0.3192496597766876, 0.07374481856822968, -0.48521605134010315, 0.15518996119499207, -0.08243361115455627, -0.004389275796711445, 0.2300185263156891, -0.19350728392601013, 0.30520057678222656, -0.00994522962719202, 0.25149789452552795, -0.05524960532784462, -0.2826404273509979, 0.2668274939060211, 0.32905131578445435, -0.4335697293281555, 0.07591170072555542, -0.45460978150367737, 0.29918986558914185, -0.3383025825023651, 0.3471740484237671, 0.13996297121047974, 0.45734286308288574, -0.18508148193359375, -0.1518753468990326, -0.12782621383666992, 0.2969282567501068, -0.08243005722761154, -0.41046038269996643, -0.059962570667266846, -0.46877509355545044, 0.13916096091270447, -0.2696329653263092, 0.22835834324359894, -0.18892817199230194, 0.2952347695827484, 0.32296642661094666, 0.07700195163488388, 0.14076142013072968, 0.18846765160560608, -0.2798379063606262, 0.693499743938446, 0.03673357516527176, 0.17200137674808502, 0.24256877601146698, -0.2524867057800293, 0.15933360159397125, 0.02266484685242176, -0.3675564229488373, -0.1686815470457077, 0.04316293075680733, -0.16898085176944733, 0.2397731989622116, -0.3035855293273926, 1.3514500856399536, -0.45273691415786743, -0.7310972213745117, 0.10625995695590973, 0.7455902695655823, 0.5434657335281372, -0.4758739769458771, 0.004682854749262333, 0.43259376287460327, 0.4526430666446686, -0.20423756539821625, -0.0804801806807518, 0.39886170625686646, 0.09588978439569473, -0.48116979002952576, 0.33801135420799255, 0.3440576493740082, -0.06311654299497604, 0.5429719090461731, 0.20532238483428955, 0.0014679578598588705, -0.4029037058353424, 0.0279377531260252, 0.420292466878891, -0.2650952637195587, -0.5478739142417908, 0.4488058388233185, -0.1754591315984726, -0.6957497000694275, 0.6964058876037598, -0.27889949083328247, 0.03768569231033325, 0.5184684991836548, 0.6401689648628235, 0.1123429387807846, 0.23940177261829376, -0.05927345156669617, -0.08546929061412811, 0.08613091707229614, -0.01753084734082222, 0.3007711172103882, -0.4621972441673279, -0.7983081340789795, 0.6234557628631592, -1.4565080404281616, 0.1994607299566269, 0.11756569147109985, -0.6749157309532166, -0.2509174048900604, -0.7425063848495483, 0.4047701954841614, -0.5442992448806763, 0.031309470534324646, -0.6035181283950806, 0.5515351891517639, 0.2696097791194916, 0.49724382162094116, 0.12674468755722046, 0.4339452385902405, -0.5246668457984924, -0.10317959636449814, 0.19498449563980103, -0.057802729308605194, -0.6308419704437256, 0.23198449611663818, -0.08677913248538971, -0.3879740536212921, -0.4516870081424713, -0.39009717106819153, -0.21666085720062256, -0.31140729784965515, 0.49531447887420654, 0.5477755069732666, -0.28096291422843933, -0.30573520064353943, 0.5684114098548889, -0.3476714789867401, -0.2709415853023529, -0.036982111632823944, 0.0038112394977360964, -0.44589290022850037, -0.39658382534980774, -0.15568110346794128, 0.06255219876766205, 0.13880713284015656, 0.08010800182819366, 0.3840729892253876, 0.2596695125102997, 0.04971810430288315, 0.6478967070579529, 0.3618316650390625, -0.2503018379211426, 0.2865382134914398, -0.10970449447631836, -0.18550071120262146, 0.4562418758869171, -0.4040977358818054, -0.03926581144332886, 0.38596200942993164, 0.32276150584220886, 0.21021361649036407, -0.06289083510637283, -0.11233527958393097, 0.04179276525974274, 0.1430242508649826, 0.137945294380188, 0.37269192934036255, -0.4386139214038849, 0.3391284644603729, 0.1764516979455948, -0.03728250786662102, 0.5507174730300903, -0.15965215861797333, 0.6003163456916809, -0.3955979347229004, 0.11020329594612122, 0.09060387313365936, 0.151529923081398, -0.6274388432502747, -0.7105425000190735, 0.5722742080688477, 0.015977364033460617, 0.3807128071784973, 0.23965172469615936, -0.04798199236392975, 0.16227149963378906, 0.00800841674208641, -0.2107401192188263, 0.26581621170043945, 0.01599380560219288, 0.010875174775719643, -0.36170321702957153, -0.1223149225115776, 0.35934433341026306, -0.07655593752861023, 0.3181125521659851, 0.5173167586326599, 0.5764407515525818, 0.31452423334121704, 0.2958841919898987, 0.2791554629802704, 0.06959295272827148, -0.8219602704048157, -0.41833069920539856, 0.48476287722587585, -0.31852683424949646, 0.2999836206436157, 0.16964513063430786, 0.3209385275840759, 0.08924824744462967, 0.04319068416953087, -0.45317894220352173, 0.32635498046875, 0.7677505016326904, 0.5762027502059937, 0.1956639289855957, 0.8643724918365479, 0.27276694774627686, -0.4303674101829529, -0.12620584666728973, 0.2928377091884613, -0.18768461048603058, -0.5749694108963013, 0.36021721363067627, -0.3830212652683258, 0.032655615359544754, -0.2258325219154358, -0.28685858845710754, -0.001693476689979434, -0.07522998005151749, -0.18891641497612, -0.4581334590911865, 0.37936002016067505, 0.5426380038261414, -0.0276811346411705, 1.0223431587219238, -0.5109006762504578, 0.1602867990732193, -1.0975462198257446, -0.06445078551769257, 0.20730499923229218, 0.31261396408081055, 1.066755771636963, 0.07808379828929901, -0.08778250217437744, 0.34994035959243774, 0.08737893402576447, -0.2185356169939041, 0.3019566237926483, -0.2725154459476471, -0.6707475185394287, -0.102572962641716, 0.08707872778177261, -0.06807158887386322, -0.1821099817752838, 0.04098893702030182, 0.8337659239768982, 0.24448934197425842, -0.46393051743507385, -0.07709234207868576, 0.14710746705532074, 0.12051306664943695, -0.33262187242507935, -0.1952962875366211, -0.3149580657482147, -0.36169537901878357, -0.2448612004518509, -0.6853376030921936, 0.008219162002205849, 0.05136852338910103, -0.28691044449806213, 0.8396581411361694, -0.16493162512779236, -0.41181010007858276, -0.17977187037467957, 0.3822094202041626, -0.5266453623771667, -0.39150482416152954, 0.4767385423183441 ]
210542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre%20Lorde	Audre Lorde	Audre Lorde (; born Audrey Geraldine Lorde; February 18, 1934 – November 17, 1992) was an American writer, feminist, womanist, librarian, and civil rights activist. She was a self-described "black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet," who "dedicated both her life and her creative talent to confronting and addressing injustices of racism, sexism, classism, and homophobia." As a poet, she is best known for technical mastery and emotional expression, as well as her poems that express anger and outrage at civil and social injustices she observed throughout her life. As a spoken word artist, her delivery has been called powerful, melodic, and intense by the Poetry Foundation. Her poems and prose largely deal with issues related to civil rights, feminism, lesbianism, illness and disability, and the exploration of black female identity. Early life Lorde was born in New York City to Caribbean immigrants. Her father, Frederick Byron Lorde, (known as Byron) hailed from Barbados and her mother, Linda Gertrude Belmar Lorde, was Grenadian and had been born in the island of Carriacou. Lorde's mother was of mixed ancestry but could "pass" for 'Spanish', which was a source of pride for her family. Lorde's father was darker than the Belmar family liked, and they only allowed the couple to marry because of Byron Lorde's charm, ambition, and persistence. The family settled in Harlem. Nearsighted to the point of being legally blind and the youngest of three daughters (her two older sisters were named Phyllis and Helen), Lorde grew up hearing her mother's stories about the West Indies. At the age of four, she learned to talk while she learned to read, and her mother taught her to write at around the same time. She wrote her first poem when she was in eighth grade. Born as Audrey Geraldine Lorde, she chose to drop the "y" from her first name while still a child, explaining in Zami: A New Spelling of My Name that she was more interested in the artistic symmetry of the "e"-endings in the two side-by-side names "Audre Lorde" than in spelling her name the way her parents had intended. Lorde's relationship with her parents was difficult from a young age. She spent very little time with her father and mother, who were both busy maintaining their real estate business in the tumultuous economy after the Great Depression. When she did see them, they were often cold or emotionally distant. In particular, Lorde's relationship with her mother, who was deeply suspicious of people with darker skin than hers (which Lorde had) and the outside world in general, was characterized by "tough love" and strict adherence to family rules. Lorde's difficult relationship with her mother figured prominently in her later poems, such as Coals "Story Books on a Kitchen Table". As a child, Lorde struggled with communication, and came to appreciate the power of poetry as a form of expression. In fact, she describes herself as thinking in poetry. She also memorized a great deal of poetry, and would use it to communicate, to the extent that, "If asked how she was feeling, Audre would reply by reciting a poem." Around the age of twelve, she began writing her own poetry and connecting with others at her school who were considered "outcasts", as she felt she was. Raised Catholic, Lorde attended parochial schools before moving on to Hunter College High School, a secondary school for intellectually gifted students. She graduated in 1951. While attending Hunter, Lorde published her first poem in Seventeen magazine after her school's literary journal rejected it for being inappropriate. Also in high school, Lorde participated in poetry workshops sponsored by the Harlem Writers Guild, but noted that she always felt like somewhat of an outcast from the Guild. She felt she was not accepted because she "was both crazy and queer but [they thought] I would grow out of it all." Zami places her father's death from a stroke around New Year's 1953. Career In 1954, she spent a pivotal year as a student at the National University of Mexico, a period she described as a time of affirmation and renewal. During this time, she confirmed her identity on personal and artistic levels as both a lesbian and a poet. On her return to New York, Lorde attended Hunter College, and graduated in the class of 1959. While there, she worked as a librarian, continued writing, and became an active participant in the gay culture of Greenwich Village. She furthered her education at Columbia University, earning a master's degree in library science in 1961. During this period, she worked as a public librarian in nearby Mount Vernon, New York. In 1968 Lorde was writer-in-residence at Tougaloo College in Mississippi. Lorde's time at Tougaloo College, like her year at the National University of Mexico, was a formative experience for her as an artist. She led workshops with her young, black undergraduate students, many of whom were eager to discuss the civil rights issues of that time. Through her interactions with her students, she reaffirmed her desire not only to live out her "crazy and queer" identity, but also to devote attention to the formal aspects of her craft as a poet. Her book of poems, Cables to Rage, came out of her time and experiences at Tougaloo. From 1972 to 1987, Lorde resided on Staten Island. During that time, in addition to writing and teaching she co-founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. In 1977, Lorde became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media. Lorde taught in the Education Department at Lehman College from 1969 to 1970, then as a professor of English at John Jay College of Criminal Justice (part of the City University of New York, CUNY) from 1970 to 1981. There, she fought for the creation of a black studies department. In 1981, she went on to teach at her alma mater, Hunter College (also CUNY), as the distinguished Thomas Hunter chair. In 1980, together with Barbara Smith and Cherríe Moraga, she co-founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, the first U.S. publisher for women of color. Lorde was State Poet of New York from 1991 to 1992. In 1981, Lorde was among the founders of the Women's Coalition of St. Croix, an organization dedicated to assisting women who have survived sexual abuse and intimate partner violence. In the late 1980s, she also helped establish Sisterhood in Support of Sisters (SISA) in South Africa to benefit black women who were affected by apartheid and other forms of injustice. In 1985, Audre Lorde was a part of a delegation of black women writers who had been invited to Cuba. The trip was sponsored by The Black Scholar and the Union of Cuban Writers. She embraced the shared sisterhood as black women writers. They visited Cuban poets Nancy Morejon and Nicolas Guillen. They discussed whether the Cuban revolution had truly changed racism and the status of lesbians and gays there. The Berlin years In 1984, Lorde started a visiting professorship in West Berlin at the Free University of Berlin. She was invited by FU lecturer Dagmar Schultz who had met her at the UN "World Women's Conference" in Copenhagen in 1980. During her time in Germany, Lorde became an influential part of the then-nascent Afro-German movement. Together with a group of black women activists in Berlin, Audre Lorde coined the term "Afro-German" in 1984 and, consequently, gave rise to the Black movement in Germany. During her many trips to Germany, Lorde became a mentor to a number of women, including May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, and Helga Emde. Instead of fighting systemic issues through violence, Lorde thought that language was a powerful form of resistance and encouraged the women of Germany to speak up instead of fight back. Her impact on Germany reached more than just Afro-German women; Lorde helped increase awareness of intersectionality across racial and ethnic lines. Lorde's impact on the Afro-German movement was the focus of the 2012 documentary by Dagmar Schultz. Audre Lorde: The Berlin Years 1984–1992 was accepted by the Berlin Film Festival, Berlinale, and had its World Premiere at the 62nd Annual Festival in 2012. The film has gone on to film festivals around the world, and continued to be viewed at festivals until 2018. The documentary has received seven awards, including Winner of the Best Documentary Audience Award 2014 at the 15th Reelout Queer Film + Video Festival, the Gold Award for Best Documentary at the International Film Festival for Women, Social Issues, and Zero Discrimination, and the Audience Award for Best Documentary at the Barcelona International LGBT Film Festival. Audre Lorde: The Berlin Years revealed the previous lack of recognition that Lorde received for her contributions towards the theories of intersectionality. Poetry Lorde focused her discussion of difference not only on differences between groups of women but between conflicting differences within the individual. "I am defined as other in every group I'm part of," she declared. Audre Lorde states that "the outsider, both strength and weakness. Yet without community there is certainly no liberation, no future, only the most vulnerable and temporary armistice between me and my oppression". She described herself both as a part of a "continuum of women" and a "concert of voices" within herself. Her conception of her many layers of selfhood is replicated in the multi-genres of her work. Critic Carmen Birkle wrote: "Her multicultural self is thus reflected in a multicultural text, in multi-genres, in which the individual cultures are no longer separate and autonomous entities but melt into a larger whole without losing their individual importance." Her refusal to be placed in a particular category, whether social or literary, was characteristic of her determination to come across as an individual rather than a stereotype. Lorde considered herself a "lesbian, mother, warrior, poet" and used poetry to get this message across. Early works Lorde's poetry was published very regularly during the 1960s – in Langston Hughes' 1962 New Negro Poets, USA; in several foreign anthologies; and in black literary magazines. During this time, she was also politically active in civil rights, anti-war, and feminist movements. In 1968, Lorde published The First Cities, her first volume of poems. It was edited by Diane di Prima, a former classmate and friend from Hunter College High School. The First Cities has been described as a "quiet, introspective book", and Dudley Randall, a poet and critic, asserted in his review of the book that Lorde "does not wave a black flag, but her Blackness is there, implicit, in the bone". Her second volume, Cables to Rage (1970), which was mainly written during her tenure as poet-in-residence at Tougaloo College in Mississippi, addressed themes of love, betrayal, childbirth, and the complexities of raising children. It is particularly noteworthy for the poem "Martha", in which Lorde openly confirms her homosexuality for the first time in her writing: "[W]e shall love each other here if ever at all." Nominated for the National Book Award for poetry in 1973, From a Land Where Other People Live (Broadside Press) shows Lorde's personal struggles with identity and anger at social injustice. The volume deals with themes of anger, loneliness, and injustice, as well as what it means to be a black woman, mother, friend, and lover. 1974 saw the release of New York Head Shop and Museum, which gives a picture of Lorde's New York through the lenses of both the civil rights movement and her own restricted childhood: stricken with poverty and neglect and, in Lorde's opinion, in need of political action. Wider recognition Despite the success of these volumes, it was the release of Coal in 1976 that established Lorde as an influential voice in the Black Arts Movement, and the large publishing house behind it – Norton – helped introduce her to a wider audience. The volume includes poems from both The First Cities and Cables to Rage, and it unites many of the themes Lorde would become known for throughout her career: her rage at racial injustice, her celebration of her black identity, and her call for an intersectional consideration of women's experiences. Lorde followed Coal up with Between Our Selves (also in 1976) and Hanging Fire (1978). In Lorde's volume The Black Unicorn (1978), she describes her identity within the mythos of African female deities of creation, fertility, and warrior strength. This reclamation of African female identity both builds and challenges existing Black Arts ideas about pan-Africanism. While writers like Amiri Baraka and Ishmael Reed utilized African cosmology in a way that "furnished a repertoire of bold male gods capable of forging and defending an aboriginal Black universe," in Lorde's writing "that warrior ethos is transferred to a female vanguard capable equally of force and fertility." Lorde's poetry became more open and personal as she grew older and became more confident in her sexuality. In Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches, Lorde states, "Poetry is the way we help give name to the nameless so it can be thought... As they become known to and accepted by us, our feelings and the honest exploration of them become sanctuaries and spawning grounds for the most radical and daring ideas." Sister Outsider also elaborates Lorde's challenge to European-American traditions. Prose The Cancer Journals (1980) and A Burst of Light (1988) both use non-fiction prose, including essays and journal entries, to bear witness to, explore, and reflect on Lorde's diagnosis, treatment, recovery from breast cancer, and ultimately fatal recurrence with liver metastases.Popova, Maria, "A Burst of Light: Audre Lorde on Turning Fear Into Fire" , Brainpickings. In both works, Lorde deals with Western notions of illness, disability, treatment, cancer and sexuality, and physical beauty and prosthesis, as well as themes of death, fear of mortality, survival, emotional healing, and inner power. Lorde's deeply personal book Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982), subtitled a "biomythography", chronicles her childhood and adulthood. The narrative deals with the evolution of Lorde's sexuality and self-awareness. Sister Outsider In Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (1984), Lorde asserts the necessity of communicating the experience of marginalized groups to make their struggles visible in a repressive society. She emphasizes the need for different groups of people (particularly white women and African-American women) to find common ground in their lived experience, but also to face difference directly, and use it as a source of strength rather than alienation. She repeatedly emphasizes the need for community in the struggle to build a better world. How to constructively channel the anger and rage incited by oppression is another prominent theme throughout her works, and in this collection in particular. Her most famous essay, "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", is included in Sister Outsider. Lorde questions the scope and ability for change to be instigated when examining problems through a racist, patriarchal lens. She insists that women see differences between other women not as something to be tolerated, but something that is necessary to generate power and to actively "be" in the world. This will create a community that embraces differences, which will ultimately lead to liberation. Lorde elucidates, "Divide and conquer, in our world, must become define and empower." Also, people must educate themselves about the oppression of others because expecting a marginalized group to educate the oppressors is the continuation of racist, patriarchal thought. She explains that this is a major tool utilized by oppressors to keep the oppressed occupied with the master's concerns. She concludes that to bring about real change, we cannot work within the racist, patriarchal framework because change brought about in that will not remain. Also in Sister Outsider is a short essay, "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action". Lorde discusses the importance of speaking, even when afraid because one's silence will not protect them from being marginalized and oppressed. Many people fear to speak the truth because of the real risks of retaliation, but Lorde warns, "Your silence does not protect you." Lorde emphasizes that "the transformation of silence into language and action is a self-revelation, and that always seems fraught with danger." People are afraid of others' reactions for speaking, but mostly for demanding visibility, which is essential to live. Lorde adds, "We can sit in our corners mute forever while our sisters and ourselves are wasted, while our children are distorted and destroyed, while our earth is poisoned; we can sit in our safe corners mute as bottles, and we will still be no less afraid." "People are taught to respect their fear of speaking more than silence, but ultimately, the silence will choke us anyway, so we might as well speak the truth." Lorde writes that we can learn to speak even when we are afraid. In Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference, Lorde emphasizes the importance of educating others. However, she stresses that in order to educate others, one must first be educated. Empowering people who are doing the work does not mean using privilege to overstep and overpower such groups; but rather, privilege must be used to hold door open for other allies. Lorde describes the inherent problems within society by saying, "racism, the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over all others and thereby the right to dominance. Sexism, the belief in the inherent superiority of one sex over the other and thereby the right to dominance. Ageism. Heterosexism. Elitism. Classism." Lorde finds herself among some of these "deviant" groups in society, which set the tone for the status quo and what "not to be" in society. Lorde argues that women feel pressure to conform to their "oneness" before recognizing the separation among them due to their "manyness", or aspects of their identity. She stresses that this behavior is exactly what "explains feminists' inability to forge the kind of alliances necessary to create a better world." In relation to non-intersectional feminism in the United States, Lorde famously said:The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House Audre Lorde Film Lorde had several films that highlighted her journey as an activist in the 1980s and 1990s. The Berlin Years: 1984–1992 documented Lorde's time in Germany as she led Afro-Germans in a movement that would allow black people to establish identities for themselves outside of stereotypes and discrimination. After a long history of systemic racism in Germany, Lorde introduced a new sense of empowerment for minorities. As seen in the film, she walks through the streets with pride despite stares and words of discouragement. Including moments like these in a documentary was important for people to see during that time. It inspired them to take charge of their identities and discover who they are outside of the labels put on them by society. The film also educates people on the history of racism in Germany. This enables viewers to understand how Germany reached this point in history and how the society developed. Through her promotion of the study of history and her example of taking her experiences in her stride, she influenced people of many different backgrounds. The film documents Lorde's efforts to empower and encourage women to start the Afro-German movement. What began as a few friends meeting in a friend's home to get to know other black people, turned into what is now known as the Afro-German movement. Lorde inspired black women to refute the designation of "Mulatto", a label which was imposed on them, and switch to the newly-coined, self-given "Afro-German", a term that conveyed a sense of pride. Lorde inspired Afro-German women to create a community of like-minded people. Some Afro-German women, such as Ika Hügel-Marshall, had never met another black person and the meetings offered opportunities to express thoughts and feelings. Theory Her writings are based on the "theory of difference", the idea that the binary opposition between men and women is overly simplistic; although feminists have found it necessary to present the illusion of a solid, unified whole, the category of women itself is full of subdivisions. Lorde identified issues of race, class, age and ageism, sex and sexuality and, later in her life, chronic illness and disability; the latter becoming more prominent in her later years as she lived with cancer. She wrote of all of these factors as fundamental to her experience of being a woman. She argued that, although differences in gender have received all the focus, it is essential that these other differences are also recognized and addressed. "Lorde," writes the critic Carmen Birkle, "puts her emphasis on the authenticity of experience. She wants her difference acknowledged but not judged; she does not want to be subsumed into the one general category of 'woman. This theory is today known as intersectionality. While acknowledging that the differences between women are wide and varied, most of Lorde's works are concerned with two subsets that concerned her primarily – race and sexuality. In Ada Gay Griffin and Michelle Parkerson's documentary A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde, Lorde says, "Let me tell you first about what it was like being a Black woman poet in the '60s, from jump. It meant being invisible. It meant being really invisible. It meant being doubly invisible as a Black feminist woman and it meant being triply invisible as a Black lesbian and feminist". In her essay "The Erotic as Power", written in 1978 and collected in Sister Outsider, Lorde theorizes the Erotic as a site of power for women only when they learn to release it from its suppression and embrace it. She proposes that the Erotic needs to be explored and experienced wholeheartedly, because it exists not only in reference to sexuality and the sexual, but also as a feeling of enjoyment, love, and thrill that is felt towards any task or experience that satisfies women in their lives, be it reading a book or loving one's job. She dismisses "the false belief that only by the suppression of the erotic within our lives and consciousness can women be truly strong. But that strength is illusory, for it is fashioned within the context of male models of power." She explains how patriarchal society has misnamed it and used it against women, causing women to fear it. Women also fear it because the erotic is powerful and a deep feeling. Women must share each other's power rather than use it without consent, which is abuse. They should do it as a method to connect everyone in their differences and similarities. Utilizing the erotic as power allows women to use their knowledge and power to face the issues of racism, patriarchy, and our anti-erotic society. Feminist thought Lorde set out to confront issues of racism in feminist thought. She maintained that a great deal of the scholarship of white feminists served to augment the oppression of black women, a conviction that led to angry confrontation, most notably in a blunt open letter addressed to the fellow radical lesbian feminist Mary Daly, to which Lorde claimed she received no reply. Daly's reply letter to Lorde, dated four months later, was found in 2003 in Lorde's files after she died. This fervent disagreement with notable white feminists furthered Lorde's persona as an outsider: "In the institutional milieu of black feminist and black lesbian feminist scholars ... and within the context of conferences sponsored by white feminist academics, Lorde stood out as an angry, accusatory, isolated black feminist lesbian voice". The criticism was not one-sided: many white feminists were angered by Lorde's brand of feminism. In her 1984 essay "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", Lorde attacked what she believed was underlying racism within feminism, describing it as unrecognized dependence on the patriarchy. She argued that, by denying difference in the category of women, white feminists merely furthered old systems of oppression and that, in so doing, they were preventing any real, lasting change. Her argument aligned white feminists who did not recognize race as a feminist issue with white male slave-masters, describing both as "agents of oppression". Lorde's comments on feminism Lorde held that the key tenets of feminism were that all forms of oppression were interrelated; creating change required taking a public stand; differences should not be used to divide; revolution is a process; feelings are a form of self-knowledge that can inform and enrich activism; and acknowledging and experiencing pain helps women to transcend it. In Lorde's "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", she writes: "Certainly there are very real differences between us of race, age, and sex. But it is not those differences between us that are separating us. It is rather our refusal to recognize those differences, and to examine the distortions which result from our misnaming them and their effects upon human behavior and expectation." More specifically she states: "As white women ignore their built-in privilege of whiteness and define woman in terms of their own experience alone, then women of color become 'other'." Self-identified as "a forty-nine-year-old Black lesbian feminist socialist mother of two," Lorde is considered as "other, deviant, inferior, or just plain wrong" in the eyes of the normative "white male heterosexual capitalist" social hierarchy. "We speak not of human difference, but of human deviance," she writes. In this respect, her ideology coincides with womanism, which "allows Black women to affirm and celebrate their color and culture in a way that feminism does not." In "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", Western European History conditions people to see human differences. Human differences are seen in "simplistic opposition" and there is no difference recognized by the culture at large. There are three specific ways Western European culture responds to human difference. First, we begin by ignoring our differences. Next, is copying each other's differences. And finally, we destroy each other's differences that are perceived as "lesser". Lorde defines racism, sexism, ageism, heterosexism, elitism and classism altogether and explains that an "ism" is an idea that what is being privileged is superior and has the right to govern anything else. Belief in the superiority of one aspect of the mythical norm. Lorde explains that a mythical norm is what all bodies should''' be. The mythical norm of US culture is white, thin, male, young, heterosexual, Christian, financially secure. Influences on black feminism Lorde's work on black feminism continues to be examined by scholars today. Jennifer C. Nash examines how black feminists acknowledge their identities and find love for themselves through those differences. Nash cites Lorde, who writes: "I urge each one of us here to reach down into that deep place of knowledge inside herself and touch that terror and loathing of any difference that lives there. See whose face it wears. Then the personal as the political can begin to illuminate all our choices." Nash explains that Lorde is urging black feminists to embrace politics rather than fear it, which will lead to an improvement in society for them. Lorde adds, "Black women sharing close ties with each other, politically or emotionally, are not the enemies of Black men. Too frequently, however, some Black men attempt to rule by fear those Black women who are more ally than enemy." Lorde's 1979 essay "Sexism: An American Disease in Blackface" is a sort of rallying cry to confront sexism in the black community in order to eradicate the violence within it. Lorde insists that the fight between black women and men must end to end racist politics. In 1981, Lorde and a fellow writer friend, Barbara Smith founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press which was dedicated to helping other black feminist writers by provided resources, guidance and encouragement. Lorde encouraged those around her to celebrate their differences such as race, sexuality or class instead of dwelling upon them, and wanted everyone to have similar opportunities. Personal identity Throughout Lorde's career she included the idea of a collective identity in many of her poems and books. She did not just identify with one category but she wanted to celebrate all parts of herself equally. She was known to describe herself as black, lesbian, feminist, poet, mother, etc. In her novel Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, Lorde focuses on how her many different identities shape her life and the different experiences she has because of them. She shows us that personal identity is found within the connections between seemingly different parts of one's life, based in lived experience, and that one's authority to speak comes from this lived experience. Personal identity is often associated with the visual aspect of a person, but as Lies Xhonneux theorizes when identity is singled down to just what you see, some people, even within minority groups, can become invisible. In The Cancer Journals she wrote "If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive." This is important because an identity is more than just what people see or think of a person, it is something that must be defined by the individual. "The House of Difference" is a phrase that has stuck with Lorde's identity theories. Her idea was that everyone is different from each other and it is the collective differences that make us who we are, instead of one little thing. Focusing on all of the aspects of identity brings people together more than choosing one piece of an identity. Lorde's works "Coal" and "The Black Unicorn" are two examples of poetry that encapsulates her black, feminist identity. Each poem, including those included in the book of published poems focus on the idea of identity, and how identity itself is not straightforward. Many Literary critics assumed that "Coal" was Lorde's way of shaping race in terms of coal and diamonds. Lorde herself stated that those interpretations were incorrect because identity was not so simply defined and her poems were not to be oversimplified. While highlighting Lorde's intersectional points through a lens that focuses on race, gender, socioeconomic status/class and so on, we must also embrace one of her salient identities; Lorde was not afraid to assert her differences, such as skin color and sexual orientation, but used her own identity against toxic black male masculinity. Lorde used those identities within her work and used her own life to teach others the importance of being different. She was not ashamed to claim her identity and used it to her own creative advantages. While highlighting Lorde's intersectional points through a lens that focuses on race, gender, socioeconomic status/class and so on, we must also embrace one of her salient identities; lesbianism. She was a lesbian and navigated spaces interlocking her womanhood, gayness and blackness in ways that trumped white feminism, predominantly white gay spaces and toxic black male masculinity. Lorde used those identities within her work and ultimately it guided her to create pieces that embodied lesbianism in a light that educated people of many social classes and identities on the issues black lesbian women face in society. Contributions to the third-wave feminist discourse Around the 1960s, second-wave feminism became centered around discussions and debates about capitalism as a "biased, discriminatory, and unfair" institution, especially within the context of the rise of globalization. Third-wave feminism emerged in the 1990s after calls for "a more differentiated feminism" by first-world women of color and women in developing nations, such as Audre Lorde, who maintained her critiques of first world feminism for tending to veer toward "third-world homogenization". This term was coined by radical dependency theorist, Andre Gunder Frank, to describe the inconsideration of the unique histories of developing countries (in the process of forming development agendas). Audre Lorde was critical of the first world feminist movement "for downplaying sexual, racial, and class differences" and the unique power structures and cultural factors which vary by region, nation, community, etc. Other feminist scholars of this period, like Chandra Talpade Mohanty, echoed Lorde's sentiments. Collectively they called for a "feminist politics of location, which theorized that women were subject to particular assemblies of oppression, and therefore that all women emerged with particular rather than generic identities". While they encouraged a global community of women, Audre Lorde, in particular, felt the cultural homogenization of third-world women could only lead to a disguised form of oppression with its own forms of "othering" (Other (philosophy)) women in developing nations into figures of deviance and non-actors in theories of their own development. Essay Audre Lorde cautioned against the "institutionalized rejection of difference" in her essay, "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", fearing that when "we do not develop tools for using human difference as a springboard for creative change within our lives[,] we speak not of human difference, but of human deviance". Lorde saw this already happening with the lack of inclusion of literature from women of color in the second-wave feminist discourse. She found that "the literature of women of Color [was] seldom included in women's literature courses and almost never in other literature courses, nor in women's studies as a whole" and pointed to the "othering" of women of color and women in developing nations as the reason. By homogenizing these communities and ignoring their difference, "women of Color become 'other,' the outside whose experiences and tradition is too 'alien' to comprehend", and thus, seemingly unworthy of scholarly attention and differentiated scholarship. Audre Lorde called for the embracing of these differences. In the same essay, she proclaimed, "now we must recognize difference among women who are our equals, neither inferior nor superior, and devise ways to use each others' difference to enrich our visions and our joint struggles" Doing so would lead to more inclusive and thus, more effective global feminist goals. Lorde theorized that true development in Third World communities would and even "the future of our earth may depend upon the ability of all women to identify and develop new definitions of power and new patterns of relating across differences." In other words, the individual voices and concerns of women and color and women in developing nations would be the first step in attaining the autonomy with the potential to develop and transform their communities effectively in the age (and future) of globalization. Speeches In a keynote speech at the National Third-World Gay and Lesbian Conference on October 13, 1979, titled, "When will the ignorance end?" Lorde reminded and cautioned the attendees, "There is a wonderful diversity of groups within this conference, and a wonderful diversity between us within those groups. That diversity can be a generative force, a source of energy fueling our visions of action for the future. We must not let diversity be used to tear us apart from each other, nor from our communities that is the mistake they made about us. I do not want us to make it ourselves... and we must never forget those lessons: that we cannot separate our oppressions, nor yet are they the same" In other words, while common experiences in racism, sexism, and homophobia had brought the group together and that commonality could not be ignored, there must still be a recognition of their individualized humanity. Years later, on August 27, 1983, Audre Lorde delivered an address apart of the "Litany of Commitment" at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. "Today we march," she said, "lesbians and gay men and our children, standing in our own names together with all our struggling sisters and brothers here and around the world, in the Middle East, in Central America, in the Caribbean and South Africa, sharing our commitment to work for a joint livable future. We know we do not have to become copies of each other to be able to work together. We know that when we join hands across the table of our difference, our diversity gives us great power. When we can arm ourselves with the strength and vision from all of our diverse communities, then we will in truth all be free at last." Interview Afro-German feminist scholar and author Dr. Marion Kraft interviewed Audre Lorde in 1986 to discuss a number of her literary works and poems. In this interview, Audre Lorde articulated hope for the next wave of feminist scholarship and discourse. When asked by Kraft, "Do you see any development of the awareness about the importance of differences within the white feminist movement?" Lorde replied with both critiques and hope:Well, the feminist movement, the white feminist movement, has been notoriously slow to recognize that racism is a feminist concern, not one that is altruistic, but one that is part and parcel of feminist consciousness... I think, in fact, though, that things are slowly changing and that there are white women now who recognize that in the interest of genuine coalition, they must see that we are not the same. Black feminism is not white feminism in Blackface. It is an intricate movement coming out of the lives, aspirations, and realities of Black women. We share some things with white women, and there are other things we do not share. We must be able to come together around those things we share.Miriam Kraft summarized Lorde's position when reflecting on the interview; "Yes, we have different historical, social, and cultural backgrounds, different sexual orientations; different aspirations and visions; different skin colors and ages. But we share common experiences and a common goal. Our experiences are rooted in the oppressive forces of racism in various societies, and our goal is our mutual concern to work toward 'a future which has not yet been' in Audre's words." Lorde and womanism Lorde's criticism of feminists of the 1960s identified issues of race, class, age, gender and sexuality. Similarly, author and poet Alice Walker coined the term "womanist" in an attempt to distinguish black female and minority female experience from "feminism". While "feminism" is defined as "a collection of movements and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women" by imposing simplistic opposition between "men" and "women", the theorists and activists of the 1960s and 1970s usually neglected the experiential difference caused by factors such as race and gender among different social groups. Womanism and its ambiguity Womanism's existence naturally opens various definitions and interpretations. Alice Walker's comments on womanism, that "womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender", suggests that the scope of study of womanism includes and exceeds that of feminism. In its narrowest definition, womanism is the black feminist movement that was formed in response to the growth of racial stereotypes in the feminist movement. In a broad sense, however, womanism is "a social change perspective based upon the everyday problems and experiences of Black women and other women of minority demographics," but also one that "more broadly seeks methods to eradicate inequalities not just for Black women, but for all people" by imposing socialist ideology and equality. However, because womanism is open to interpretation, one of the most common criticisms of womanism is its lack of a unified set of tenets. It is also criticized for its lack of discussion of sexuality. Lorde actively strove for the change of culture within the feminist community by implementing womanist ideology. In the journal "Anger Among Allies: Audre Lorde's 1981 Keynote Admonishing the National Women's Studies Association", it is stated that her speech contributed to communication with scholars' understanding of human biases. While "anger, marginalized communities, and US Culture" are the major themes of the speech, Lorde implemented various communication techniques to shift subjectivities of the "white feminist" audience. She further explained that "we are working in a context of oppression and threat, the cause of which is certainly not the angers which lie between us, but rather that virulent hatred leveled against all women, people of color, lesbians and gay men, poor people – against all of us who are seeking to examine the particulars of our lives as we resist our oppressions, moving towards coalition and effective action." Critique of womanism A major critique of womanism is its failure to explicitly address homosexuality within the female community. Very little womanist literature relates to lesbian or bisexual issues, and many scholars consider the reluctance to accept homosexuality accountable to the gender simplistic model of womanism. According to Lorde's essay "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", "the need for unity is often misnamed as a need for homogeneity." She writes: "A fear of lesbians, or of being accused of being a lesbian, has led many Black women into testifying against themselves." Contrary to this, Lorde was very open to her own sexuality and sexual awakening. In Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, her "biomythography" (a term coined by Lorde that combines "biography" and "mythology") she writes, "Years afterward when I was grown, whenever I thought about the way I smelled that day, I would have a fantasy of my mother, her hands wiped dry from the washing, and her apron untied and laid neatly away, looking down upon me lying on the couch, and then slowly, thoroughly, our touching and caressing each other's most secret places." According to scholar Anh Hua, Lorde turns female abjection – menstruation, female sexuality, and female incest with the mother – into powerful scenes of female relationship and connection, thus subverting patriarchal heterosexist culture. With such a strong ideology and open-mindedness, Lorde's impact on lesbian society is also significant. An attendee of a 1978 reading of Lorde's essay "Uses for the Erotic: the Erotic as Power" says: "She asked if all the lesbians in the room would please stand. Almost the entire audience rose." Lorde donated some of her manuscripts and personal papers to the Lesbian Herstory Archives. Personal life In 1962, Lorde married attorney Edwin Rollins, who was a white, gay man. She and Rollins divorced in 1970 after having two children, Elizabeth and Jonathan. In 1966, Lorde became head librarian at Town School Library in New York City, where she remained until 1968. During her time in Mississippi in 1968, she met Frances Clayton, a white lesbian and professor of psychology who became her romantic partner until 1989. Their relationship continued for the remainder of Lorde's life. Lorde was briefly romantically involved with the sculptor and painter Mildred Thompson after meeting her in Nigeria at the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). The two were involved during the time that Thompson lived in Washington, D.C. Lorde and her life partner, black feminist Dr. Gloria Joseph, resided together on Joseph's native land of St. Croix. Together they founded several organizations such as the Che Lumumba School for Truth, Women's Coalition of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Sisterhood in Support of Sisters in South Africa, and Doc Loc Apiary. Last years Lorde was first diagnosed with breast cancer in 1978 and underwent a mastectomy. Six years later, she found out her breast cancer had metastasized in her liver. After her first diagnosis, she wrote The Cancer Journals, which won the American Library Association Gay Caucus Book of the Year Award in 1981. She was featured as the subject of a documentary called A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde, which shows her as an author, poet, human rights activist, feminist, lesbian, a teacher, a survivor, and a crusader against bigotry. She is quoted as saying: "What I leave behind has a life of its own. I've said this about poetry; I've said it about children. Well, in a sense I'm saying it about the very artifact of who I have been." From 1991 until her death, she was the New York State Poet laureate. When designating her as such, then-governor Mario Cuomo said of Lorde, "Her imagination is charged by a sharp sense of racial injustice and cruelty, of sexual prejudice... She cries out against it as the voice of indignant humanity. Audre Lorde is the voice of the eloquent outsider who speaks in a language that can reach and touch people everywhere." In 1992, she received the Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achievement from Publishing Triangle. In 2001, Publishing Triangle instituted the Audre Lorde Award to honour works of lesbian poetry. Lorde died of breast cancer at the age of 58 on November 17, 1992, in St. Croix, where she had been living with Gloria Joseph. In an African naming ceremony before her death, she took the name Gamba Adisa, which means "Warrior: She Who Makes Her Meaning Known". Honors 1979, 1983: MacDowell fellowship 1991–1992: New York State Poet laureate. Legacy The Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, an organization in New York City named for Michael Callen and Lorde, is dedicated to providing medical health care to the city's LGBT population without regard to ability to pay. Callen-Lorde is the only primary care center in New York City created specifically to serve the LGBT community. The Audre Lorde Project, founded in 1994, is a Brooklyn-based organization for LGBT people of color. The organization concentrates on community organizing and radical nonviolent activism around progressive issues within New York City, especially relating to LGBT communities, AIDS and HIV activism, pro-immigrant activism, prison reform, and organizing among youth of color. In June 2019, Lorde was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. In 2014 Lorde was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public display in Chicago, Illinois, that celebrates LGBT history and people. The Audre Lorde Award is an annual literary award presented by Publishing Triangle to honor works of lesbian poetry, first presented in 2001. In June 2019, Lorde's residence in Staten Island was given landmark designation by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. For their first match of March 2019, the women of the United States women's national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back; Megan Rapinoe chose the name of Lorde. The archives of Audre Lorde are located across various repositories in the United States and Germany. The Audre Lorde Papers are held at Spelman College Archives in Atlanta. As the description in its finding aid states "The collection includes Lorde's books, correspondence, poetry, prose, periodical contributions, manuscripts, diaries, journals, video and audio recordings, and a host of biographical and miscellaneous material." Held at John F. Kennedy Institute of North American Studies at Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität), the Audre Lorde Archive holds correspondence and teaching materials related to Lorde's teaching and visits to Freie University from 1984 to 1992. The Audre Lorde collection at Lesbian Herstory Archives in New York contains audio recordings related to the March on Washington on October 14, 1979, which dealt with the civil rights of the gay and lesbian community as well as poetry readings and speeches. In January 2021, Audre was named an official "Broad You Should Know" on the podcast Broads You Should Know. On February 18, 2021, Google celebrated her 87th birthday with a Google Doodle. Works Books (reissued 2007) Book chapters Interviews "Interview with Audre Lorde", in Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis, ed. Robin Ruth Linden (East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1982.), pp. 66–71 , Biographical films A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde (1995). Documentary by Michelle Parkeson. The Edge of Each Other's Battles: The Vision of Audre Lorde (2002). Documentary by Jennifer Abod. Audre Lorde – The Berlin Years 1984 to 1992 (2012). Documentary by Dagmar Schultz. See also Feminism in the United States American literature Lesbian Poetry References Further reading External links Profile Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation Audre Lorde: Profile, Poems, Essays at Poets.org "Voices From the Gaps: Audre Lorde". Profile. University of Minnesota Profile at Modern American Poetry Articles and archive Jackie Kay, "The enemy of silence". The Guardian, October 13, 2008 "Audre Lorde, 58, A Poet, Memoirist And Lecturer, Dies", New York Times'', November 20, 1992 About the Audre Lorde Papers, held by the Spelman College Archives 1934 births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American poets 20th-century American women writers African-American Catholics American activists American Book Award winners American civil rights activists American feminist writers American lesbian writers American LGBT novelists American LGBT poets American librarians American people of Barbadian descent American people of Carriacouan descent American people of United States Virgin Islands descent American women librarians American women novelists American women poets Black Arts Movement writers Columbia University School of Library Service alumni Deaths from cancer in the United States Virgin Islands Deaths from liver cancer Feminist studies scholars Feminist theorists Hunter College alumni Hunter College High School alumni Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Poetry winners Lesbian academics Lesbian feminists LGBT African Americans LGBT memoirists LGBT people from New York (state) LGBT rights activists from the United States Novelists from New York (state) Poets Laureate of New York (state) Radical feminists Roman Catholic activists Women civil rights activists	[ -0.10077302157878876, 0.13046307861804962, -0.8528074622154236, -0.24394072592258453, 0.018308177590370178, 0.7565308213233948, 0.9716954827308655, -0.153790682554245, -0.22102771699428558, -0.006474141497164965, -0.2917286157608032, 0.29407039284706116, -0.05740378424525261, 0.6104220747947693, -0.43083423376083374, 0.33899351954460144, -0.12176799029111862, -0.11682216823101044, -0.4505539536476135, -0.212814062833786, -0.46202513575553894, -0.04693898931145668, 0.26421356201171875, 0.37933316826820374, -0.09154685586690903, 0.2955956757068634, -0.11016561836004257, -0.6153772473335266, 0.1528589427471161, 0.4725639820098877, 0.0663103461265564, -0.01792868599295616, 0.7493561506271362, -0.22852519154548645, -0.7988758087158203, 0.42761197686195374, -0.40974679589271545, -0.15105076134204865, 0.006617996376007795, 0.3492586612701416, -0.9070134162902832, -0.17728979885578156, 0.05582315847277641, 0.31997811794281006, -0.15802158415317535, 0.19829808175563812, -1.7559419870376587, 0.4071650803089142, -0.5996800065040588, 0.03433777764439583, -0.39676663279533386, 0.2953808903694153, 1.1125097274780273, 0.0039700777269899845, -0.32125553488731384, -0.04961448907852173, -0.7933651208877563, 0.1108844205737114, -0.16413024067878723, -0.759232759475708, 0.5415810346603394, 0.01597372069954872, 0.7151159048080444, -0.11682379245758057, 0.23910510540008545, 0.001313549350015819, 0.09287147223949432, 0.04770676791667938, 0.0705043375492096, -0.06557510048151016, -0.35153695940971375, 0.33296769857406616, 0.6364001631736755, 0.2951807379722595, -0.23396332561969757, -0.406562864780426, 0.6247625350952148, -0.6633924245834351, 0.24599815905094147, -0.012734676711261272, 0.12651383876800537, 0.09209590405225754, 0.7329192757606506, 0.36708763241767883, 0.35857099294662476, -0.411365270614624, -0.3609035611152649, 0.06050833314657211, -0.8202956914901733, -0.06747258454561234, -0.8183191418647766, -0.4957321882247925, -0.22591155767440796, 0.45858460664749146, -0.058476727455854416, -0.3720417022705078, 0.6389530897140503, 0.09911026805639267, -0.18028534948825836, -0.2411717176437378, -0.23152299225330353, -0.44817137718200684, 0.7452985644340515, 0.17584507167339325, -0.6732232570648193, 0.3937753438949585, 0.05294287949800491, -0.8141326308250427, 0.23850630223751068, -0.013649407774209976, -0.1526004821062088, 0.5933253169059753, -0.42293038964271545, -0.6265316605567932, -0.08503175526857376, 0.28163060545921326, 0.07505547255277634, -0.2078220397233963, -0.30101704597473145, -0.32220813632011414, -0.007650957442820072, -0.27563250064849854, 0.2911926805973053, -0.09870786964893341, -0.5066744089126587, 0.025134727358818054, 0.05418011173605919, -0.0700402781367302, -0.5435328483581543, 0.4681410491466522, 0.26770728826522827, 0.24002474546432495, -0.5257086753845215, -0.30748677253723145, -0.3329630494117737, 0.029747577384114265, 0.2663963735103607, 0.31704166531562805, 0.47530680894851685, 0.0883421078324318, -0.12939675152301788, 0.159935861825943, -0.724428653717041, -0.11072801053524017, 1.0758435726165771, -0.5656980276107788, 0.5226222276687622, 0.577373743057251, -0.41514718532562256, -0.3096860647201538, -0.12086661905050278, 0.04135819524526596, -0.10244042426347733, -0.4145737886428833, -0.690916895866394, -0.04066583886742592, 0.249288871884346, 0.4365163743495941, 0.2548598349094391, 0.423615962266922, 0.30310991406440735, 0.28213033080101013, 0.0323248915374279, 0.566766619682312, -0.18526795506477356, -0.20301392674446106, -0.050387073308229446, 0.07223008573055267, -0.5998947620391846, 0.07851239293813705, 0.06360714137554169, 0.014016268774867058, 0.1420385241508484, 0.05239161103963852, -0.5459893345832825, 1.071149468421936, 0.4313867390155792, 0.1486748307943344, -0.3426893651485443, -0.3173784017562866, -0.4945601522922516, -0.009702743031084538, 0.028061315417289734, 0.47197186946868896, 0.2424534559249878, -0.09893053025007248, 0.27632296085357666, -0.030215201899409294, 0.7172443866729736, 0.3091758191585541, -0.767715334892273, -0.8775221109390259, 0.2768773138523102, 0.3833939731121063, 0.42721250653266907, 0.5273163914680481, -0.2847519516944885, 0.8977815508842468, 0.13266877830028534, 0.48477476835250854, 0.3222244679927826, -0.8209035396575928, 0.1773490607738495, -0.6479856371879578, 0.05873623490333557, 0.08922800421714783, 0.20676842331886292, 0.16119833290576935, -0.1304912120103836, 0.6048437356948853, 0.07981425523757935, -0.5818882584571838, 0.443619966506958, 0.8806820511817932, -0.16080960631370544, -0.706724226474762, -0.14726436138153076, -0.2018970400094986, 0.5713375210762024, -0.6064191460609436, 0.28150004148483276, 0.3212583363056183, -0.13660943508148193, -0.03248400613665581, -0.4605548083782196, 0.33100372552871704, -0.6333074569702148, -0.0523640476167202, 0.4509865939617157, -0.2973633110523224, 0.03673497587442398, 0.6484704613685608, -0.14814752340316772, -0.636009931564331, 0.5662617087364197, 0.26985082030296326, 0.3503212034702301, -0.031825337558984756, 0.48236310482025146, -0.7741820216178894, 0.017035793513059616, 0.127019464969635, -0.38646620512008667, 0.45791393518447876, -0.22089801728725433, -0.033391568809747696, -0.24515904486179352, -0.018032871186733246, 0.44738560914993286, 0.21407188475131989, 0.14254391193389893, 0.6629869937896729, 0.3926897644996643, 0.2322022169828415, -0.05444789305329323, 0.3350663483142853, -0.3237353563308716, -0.002166425110772252, 0.8914134502410889, 0.05117348954081535, 0.12460477650165558, 0.031041191890835762, -0.044005345553159714, 0.1314244121313095, 0.4385468065738678, -0.160993292927742, 0.23567967116832733, -0.7848334312438965, 0.6321185827255249, -0.11054008454084396, -0.004819624125957489, 0.08897176384925842, -0.09126826375722885, 0.1518232524394989, 0.16043013334274292, 0.25721582770347595, -0.10722392797470093, 0.10346759855747223, -0.9048622846603394, -1.059874176979065, 0.6942973732948303, 0.9133173823356628, -0.15326349437236786, -0.5439662337303162, -0.036139171570539474, -0.14945681393146515, 0.22066959738731384, -0.39588844776153564, -0.31762436032295227, 0.7351823449134827, -0.4476298987865448, 0.8821917176246643, -0.5900139212608337, -0.21554577350616455, 0.2759391665458679, 0.6342002749443054, -0.31241732835769653, 0.2403799593448639, -0.6795908212661743, 0.05303070321679115, -0.10293307155370712, 0.08468174189329147, -0.4155118465423584, 0.32449570298194885, 0.46796703338623047, -0.014378025196492672, 0.041857846081256866, -0.059074725955724716, -5.584567546844482, 0.13326497375965118, 0.061173733323812485, -0.20692160725593567, -0.1371360570192337, 0.24036604166030884, -0.17128421366214752, 0.2616187334060669, -0.13110116124153137, -0.2533631920814514, -0.052214015275239944, 0.3158644437789917, -0.5018163323402405, 0.5124734044075012, 0.18484732508659363, 0.6978912949562073, 0.031855259090662, -0.6587082743644714, -0.2431517243385315, 0.7728492617607117, -0.056444376707077026, -0.1822901964187622, -0.3416215777397156, 0.3224570155143738, 0.054747287184000015, 0.18214643001556396, -0.3525613844394684, 0.03075012005865574, -0.6706555485725403, -0.2973574697971344, -0.02263510972261429, -0.07724454998970032, -0.4549821615219116, -0.09336219727993011, 0.18400157988071442, -0.10526633262634277, 0.24681341648101807, -0.4562646746635437, -0.38043898344039917, -0.5410622358322144, -0.004763149190694094, 0.005406576674431562, -0.7634238600730896, 0.15823908150196075, 0.5043731927871704, 0.0749620795249939, -0.1719580441713333, -0.46937650442123413, 0.37004873156547546, 0.15174056589603424, -0.5460118055343628, 0.16156528890132904, 0.5373185276985168, -0.1525765210390091, 0.36437270045280457, 0.08272575587034225, -0.2123158574104309, -0.5696749687194824, -0.4483458399772644, -0.42056095600128174, 0.1640833020210266, -0.019270718097686768, 0.5410372614860535, -0.22407978773117065, -0.4554591178894043, -0.36460497975349426, 0.22186408936977386, 0.2368590533733368, -0.23327477276325226, -0.0021217374596744776, 0.5253833532333374, 0.8703630566596985, -0.21429426968097687, -1.4064853191375732, -0.4842841327190399, -0.4960289001464844, 0.23680779337882996, -0.23297317326068878, -0.4975268840789795, -0.25533974170684814, 0.12420055270195007, -0.38399192690849304, 0.3445560932159424, 0.6638355851173401, 0.00688942801207304, -0.5101655125617981, -0.021126901730895042, 0.5505569577217102, -0.7309165000915527, 0.6305940747261047, -0.43787145614624023, 0.3234356939792633, 0.06858159601688385, 0.15959997475147247, 0.6897595524787903, -0.19669850170612335, 0.06024628132581711, 0.35859981179237366, 0.5683922171592712, 0.71635502576828, -0.9589531421661377, -0.5681527256965637, 0.5502541661262512, -0.3318043053150177, 0.2911525368690491, 0.04109545797109604, -0.033276282250881195, 0.04773692041635513, 1.1122997999191284, -0.41814857721328735, -0.44825226068496704, 0.2250739187002182, 0.19723093509674072, -0.20425288379192352, 0.3320959508419037, -0.4992360472679138, 0.38049039244651794, 0.2880809009075165, 0.2864731252193451, -0.15541468560695648, -0.10933156311511993, 0.46445581316947937, -0.7341809868812561, 0.19661381840705872, 0.09706313163042068, -0.4393741190433502, 0.3832193613052368, -0.0666719377040863, -0.2469663769006729, 0.5938649773597717, -0.47078701853752136, -0.04060583934187889, -0.17791646718978882, -0.03920142352581024, -0.15264520049095154, -0.38475659489631653, -0.5490049123764038, -0.2175707072019577, -0.553509533405304, 0.05815628543496132, -0.12273824959993362, -0.18544813990592957, -0.17657436430454254, -0.07929783314466476, 0.6047414541244507, -0.15830104053020477, 0.3106527626514435, 0.09863189607858658, -0.4818907380104065, 0.6171881556510925, -0.24653862416744232, 0.011414860375225544, 0.450099378824234, -0.35800012946128845, -0.6955925822257996, -0.5075239539146423, -0.08513820171356201, 0.024563485756516457, -0.1751590073108673, -0.06320080906152725, -0.3792180120944977, -0.7031295299530029, -0.8468316793441772, 0.22073277831077576, -0.4627395570278168, 0.14853425323963165, 0.22539250552654266, -0.19750896096229553, -0.5431276559829712, 0.3541076183319092, -0.09659641236066818, -0.48608726263046265, 0.3851323425769806, 0.06468833982944489, 0.12116484344005585, 0.13166354596614838, -0.16588059067726135, 0.11634882539510727, 0.07200784236192703, 0.042766254395246506, -0.18971046805381775, -0.0900358334183693, -1.0486133098602295, -0.42132338881492615, 0.30386969447135925, 0.06328855454921722, -0.6466066837310791, -0.2626619040966034, -0.46819740533828735, 0.10587537288665771, 0.3166660666465759, -0.6570338606834412, 0.06380403786897659, 0.10502910614013672, -0.7280875444412231, 0.3199369013309479, 0.2599281668663025, -0.1400558352470398, 0.017787134274840355, 0.03563602268695831, -0.18768174946308136, 0.5767014622688293, -0.27731865644454956, -0.00042381579987704754, -0.02664020098745823, -1.268423318862915, 0.12664954364299774, -0.45434877276420593, -0.23697851598262787, 1.1389745473861694, -0.4964955151081085, 0.641058623790741, 0.31584739685058594, 0.29859012365341187, -0.0647067129611969, 0.1063709706068039, 0.12263782322406769, 0.08727692067623138, -0.13933750987052917, -1.1634840965270996, -0.2428860068321228, -0.6569549441337585, -0.1670430302619934, 0.5068413019180298, -0.3818282186985016, 0.4007696211338043, 0.13093632459640503, -0.25793135166168213, 0.6135948300361633, 0.05192766711115837, -0.25368186831474304, 0.6567570567131042, -0.1988942176103592, 0.5178581476211548, -0.38039296865463257, -0.8524404168128967, 0.4965784549713135, 0.442430317401886, -0.5785921812057495, 0.24100151658058167, 0.7734698057174683, 0.2566390335559845, 0.1967654526233673, 0.2330676168203354, 0.42198655009269714, 0.4762813150882721, -0.1992809772491455, -0.5753720998764038, -0.13679657876491547, 0.14734062552452087, 0.3396769165992737, 0.25955531001091003, -0.41662922501564026, -0.09303618222475052, 0.2891046106815338, -0.9884859919548035, -0.009130765683948994, -0.049549125134944916, 0.13170580565929413, 0.01630011573433876, 0.14051565527915955, 0.18455268442630768, -0.34312474727630615, 0.20818042755126953, -0.19978654384613037, 0.5668066143989563, 0.11009087413549423, -0.11294428259134293, 0.12464598566293716, -0.8897581100463867, 0.4633733034133911, 0.41829314827919006, -0.6190914511680603, 0.1418512463569641, -0.3510628044605255, 0.32089072465896606, 0.07866130024194717, -0.13671749830245972, 0.5628437995910645, -0.4910458028316498, -0.5624809265136719, -0.27665475010871887, -0.3556100130081177, -0.3627687394618988, 0.4020698666572571, -0.6086186170578003, 0.5147127509117126, -0.29401302337646484, -0.4766802489757538, -0.5089544653892517, -0.04005751386284828, 0.46347346901893616, 0.5558621287345886, 0.2854729890823364, -0.24077394604682922, 0.41493117809295654, -0.24508823454380035, 0.6378743648529053, -0.10929206013679504, -0.29489752650260925, -0.44066354632377625, 0.23326370120048523, 0.4729158878326416, -0.18753570318222046, 0.18596147000789642, -0.7884185314178467, 0.1567532867193222, -0.36451295018196106, -0.35022807121276855, 0.4095456302165985, 0.19784359633922577, -0.2349480241537094, 0.5584132671356201, 0.661133348941803, -0.5148537158966064, 0.3184545338153839, 0.3791274428367615, -0.1400158405303955, -0.1906660944223404, -0.29574400186538696, -0.592795729637146, 0.559644341468811, 0.46449556946754456, 0.09753869473934174, 0.6028662323951721, 0.946158766746521, -0.10515818744897842, 0.18833108246326447, -0.4097270667552948, 0.1011563166975975, 0.1415107697248459, -0.25835391879081726, -0.20058125257492065, 0.7339392900466919, 0.4054141342639923, -0.43826720118522644, 0.13170169293880463, -0.09261449426412582, 0.2807003855705261, 0.5685415267944336, -0.22419027984142303, 0.7076546549797058, 0.013767119497060776, 0.07189296931028366, 0.07412656396627426, -0.06194404512643814, -0.1538938581943512, 0.9368985891342163, -0.0879695788025856, -0.35356318950653076, 0.10922849178314209, -0.04356203228235245, -0.12322157621383667, -0.49147966504096985, 0.5405848026275635, 0.4148494005203247, 0.4630759358406067, -0.014264116063714027, -0.628265380859375, 0.21857406198978424, -0.6003832221031189, -0.5551676750183105, 0.4148799479007721, 0.1692223846912384, -0.08933869749307632, -0.181645005941391, 0.07663143426179886, -0.695608913898468, -0.03484993055462837, 0.245174378156662, 0.7041481733322144, 0.3338705003261566, -0.05155739560723305, 0.33416128158569336, 0.557575523853302, 0.0270122941583395, 0.9139545559883118, -0.7138589024543762, 0.06699362397193909, -0.3777558505535126, -0.3087701201438904, -0.18532782793045044, 0.20819734036922455, 0.0039563970640301704, 0.19331364333629608, -0.14457891881465912, 0.3053407371044159, 0.13806737959384918, 0.47932809591293335, -0.2500876784324646, 0.3444981575012207, -0.4820422828197479, -0.5743958353996277, 0.014764468185603619, -0.13839802145957947, 0.6366063356399536, -0.18450972437858582, 1.0500308275222778, 0.31760671734809875, 0.08424197137355804, -0.013555075973272324, 0.3969438672065735, 0.25351598858833313, 0.024482570588588715, -0.40894150733947754, 0.41600003838539124, -0.08431815356016159, -0.557013750076294, -0.8696063756942749, 0.3054634928703308, -0.1558830440044403, -0.13194072246551514, -0.2503547668457031, 0.24817977845668793, -0.40523239970207214, 0.23029384016990662, 0.7705159783363342, 0.48719125986099243, 0.11966357380151749, -0.171305850148201, 0.219950333237648, 0.6594061851501465, -0.13429130613803864, 0.17463818192481995, -0.42105501890182495, 0.3862864375114441, -0.1812521070241928, -0.20538876950740814, -0.0640777200460434, -0.12291622906923294, 0.07155942916870117, -0.20621876418590546, -0.058904245495796204, 0.09743127971887589, -0.19781428575515747, 0.3070354461669922, 0.1522994041442871, 0.31494930386543274, 0.4703552722930908, -0.8051867485046387, 0.12732568383216858, -0.14415058493614197, 0.07650837302207947, -0.013135343790054321, 0.06933703273534775, 0.09617023169994354, 0.04775631055235863, -0.29085567593574524, 0.49875566363334656, 0.9434434771537781, -0.11348892748355865, -0.11462941765785217, -0.4920623302459717, -0.412594735622406, 0.1606525480747223, -0.06875067949295044, 0.06441055238246918, -0.08002675324678421, 0.39906927943229675, -0.2844642102718353 ]
210543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro%20Farnese	Alessandro Farnese	Alessandro Farnese may refer to: Pope Paul III (1468–1549), Roman Catholic Bishop of Rome Alessandro Farnese (cardinal) (1520–1589), Paul's grandson, Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal-nephew Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (1545–1592), Paul's great-grandson Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (1635–1689), governor of the Habsburg Netherlands	[ -0.1475611925125122, 0.17540572583675385, 0.6908072233200073, 0.08651920408010483, -0.6430208683013916, 0.36619123816490173, 0.10664638876914978, -0.11155936121940613, -0.860983669757843, -1.02774977684021, -0.13632389903068542, 0.15650612115859985, 0.03467836603522301, 0.6499698758125305, -0.3693771958351135, -0.31249579787254333, 0.7006661891937256, -0.29074856638908386, -0.6036424040794373, -0.5089350938796997, 0.2194269746541977, 0.23097485303878784, 0.2828200161457062, 0.42840850353240967, -0.18429718911647797, 0.19832222163677216, 0.09557316452264786, -0.12572628259658813, 0.5338793992996216, -0.04989645257592201, 0.37380892038345337, 0.4924620985984802, 0.23902615904808044, 0.16659484803676605, -0.8295807242393494, -0.12514401972293854, 0.5801170468330383, -0.5246348977088928, -0.7422547936439514, 0.12190378457307816, 0.30266693234443665, 0.0626504197716713, 0.40718111395835876, 0.5378168821334839, -0.10676316171884537, -0.10624729841947556, -0.9050083160400391, 0.4151107668876648, 0.04215606674551964, -0.47293636202812195, 0.23974086344242096, -0.16529972851276398, 0.029093647375702858, 0.9420726895332336, -0.12857754528522491, 0.11213681101799011, -0.9003139138221741, -0.2939507067203522, 0.28068146109580994, -0.233460932970047, 0.4964137077331543, 0.80301833152771, 0.09090394526720047, 0.22315995395183563, -0.07975639402866364, -0.17716166377067566, 0.4056164026260376, 0.6501814723014832, -0.16341707110404968, 0.10670410841703415, -0.4103984534740448, 0.3570457696914673, 0.04379934072494507, 0.026008062064647675, 0.6687395572662354, -0.8294280767440796, -0.43367764353752136, 0.11744917929172516, -0.16400127112865448, -0.4037330150604248, 0.1901616007089615, -0.841414749622345, 1.1645309925079346, 0.1414441615343094, 0.3692116141319275, 0.1647443175315857, -0.1647702157497406, -0.20163117349147797, -0.10240447521209717, -0.13405518233776093, 0.414380818605423, -0.2432457059621811, 0.9201775193214417, 0.16729621589183807, 0.04308907687664032, 0.6168533563613892, 0.2432541400194168, -0.2920791506767273, 0.08101668953895569, 0.15191663801670074, -0.43408259749412537, 0.6305024027824402, -0.08979898691177368, -0.4315364956855774, -0.17894446849822998, -0.41875630617141724, -0.17167781293392181, -0.044950298964977264, -0.8107275366783142, 0.6750720739364624, 0.07280619442462921, 0.4245052635669708, -0.86675626039505, -0.2873039245605469, -0.26912829279899597, -0.37766730785369873, 0.402034729719162, -0.6323845982551575, -0.6049228310585022, -0.5715859532356262, 0.5496120452880859, 0.6001811623573303, 0.06732074171304703, -0.23625972867012024, -0.04058339074254036, -0.4588315486907959, 0.6422388553619385, -0.07678510993719101, 0.01528056152164936, 0.03941599279642105, 0.34938308596611023, 0.9436832070350647, -0.5537428259849548, -0.24614493548870087, -0.09354215115308762, -0.027844995260238647, 0.41504791378974915, 0.21949607133865356, -0.17855244874954224, -0.01868961565196514, -0.7848175168037415, -0.689588725566864, -0.0892997682094574, 0.5111109614372253, 0.18871645629405975, 0.13690656423568726, 0.23656103014945984, 0.3342841565608978, 0.3014070987701416, -0.13590222597122192, -0.2454838752746582, -0.5377947092056274, -0.32233285903930664, -0.5537914633750916, 0.008396337740123272, 0.8045464754104614, 0.5712345838546753, -0.12271130830049515, 0.35527440905570984, 0.07428894191980362, 0.41765791177749634, -0.1103929802775383, 0.062318164855241776, -0.03343909606337547, 0.6520850658416748, 0.18573889136314392, 0.29099416732788086, 0.24960334599018097, -0.5243716835975647, -0.252337783575058, -0.43821418285369873, 0.29222145676612854, -0.4417980909347534, -0.7700859904289246, 0.14195802807807922, 0.6510100960731506, 0.4515945613384247, -0.06200247257947922, 0.2585892975330353, -0.8024441599845886, -0.6242442727088928, -0.5998227000236511, -0.12053466588258743, 0.17027254402637482, 0.47662386298179626, 0.33346810936927795, 0.2868136465549469, -0.15366914868354797, 0.12229117751121521, -0.63518226146698, -0.3889102339744568, -0.6375448107719421, 0.13295041024684906, -0.7001500725746155, 0.8546450734138489, 0.005472208373248577, -0.2552616596221924, 0.6921361088752747, 0.26917195320129395, 0.7696011662483215, -0.505569338798523, -0.12768788635730743, 0.01760181225836277, 0.6882180571556091, 0.1282055377960205, 0.32784005999565125, 0.44607433676719666, 0.12265846133232117, 0.842775285243988, 1.0957032442092896, 0.7185575366020203, -0.1597180962562561, 0.29240530729293823, 0.41069501638412476, -0.22170467674732208, -0.09409566968679428, -0.5702452063560486, 0.009816464968025684, -0.7135683298110962, -0.22873011231422424, 0.6001710295677185, 0.16550609469413757, -0.3891441822052002, 0.7804394960403442, -0.004580859560519457, 1.3369688987731934, 0.11123593896627426, 0.2220674455165863, -0.41877052187919617, -0.5933031439781189, 0.7218629717826843, 0.10151391476392746, 0.48083409667015076, -0.25585153698921204, 0.2018134444952011, 0.1475973278284073, 0.4959699511528015, -0.7462005615234375, 0.052227310836315155, -0.19859899580478668, 0.0003609972773119807, 0.6612247824668884, -0.29491567611694336, 0.2461928129196167, 0.020530186593532562, 0.6840815544128418, 0.14824225008487701, 0.06321672350168228, -0.23382525146007538, -0.15736228227615356, 0.20291221141815186, 0.11831030249595642, 0.13061168789863586, 0.06635193526744843, -0.07665553689002991, -0.9786226153373718, 0.4835752546787262, -0.13044975697994232, -0.31470319628715515, 0.06681787967681885, -0.00990978255867958, -0.18787802755832672, 0.6987345814704895, 0.059894587844610214, 0.022036369889974594, 0.11776122450828552, 0.18636660277843475, 0.0610499233007431, 0.29404863715171814, 0.03591456264257431, 0.08486922085285187, -0.04446987435221672, -0.8200864791870117, 0.3946097791194916, 0.25466272234916687, -0.22134675085544586, -0.9438693523406982, 0.7753521203994751, 0.2640177309513092, -0.4833168685436249, -0.18121257424354553, 0.7271809577941895, -0.6762815117835999, -0.5517455339431763, -1.2183893918991089, 0.21290302276611328, 0.1575840413570404, -0.6853941082954407, -0.05589577555656433, 0.10767828673124313, 0.6460991501808167, -0.09689787775278091, -0.15554113686084747, -0.05922013521194458, -0.2165488302707672, 0.5998756289482117, -0.38431525230407715, -0.029992112889885902, 0.4581296741962433, -0.8251437544822693, -0.601351261138916, -0.45131635665893555, 0.3572666347026825, 0.3868129551410675, 0.6023478507995605, -0.15047365427017212, 0.002437169663608074, -0.1903882473707199, -5.364354133605957, 0.12786997854709625, -0.3150627315044403, 0.3019377291202545, -0.08929242193698883, -0.0734669417142868, 0.8316987156867981, -0.33811455965042114, 0.8003653883934021, 0.4966934621334076, 0.5497845411300659, 0.034370824694633484, -0.5074533820152283, 0.43098577857017517, -0.11528067290782928, 0.2672681510448456, -0.08907891809940338, 0.1095670759677887, 0.3304142653942108, -0.10179493576288223, -0.18659019470214844, 0.49653008580207825, 0.5112400650978088, 0.5497634410858154, 0.4649069607257843, 0.10957010835409164, -0.4576224982738495, -0.2111826241016388, -0.8083792924880981, 0.0726846382021904, -0.11881884932518005, 0.09927807748317719, 0.39766499400138855, -0.10410509258508682, 0.1351666897535324, -0.010281437076628208, 0.6006184220314026, 0.30252155661582947, 0.01955210417509079, 0.06103849038481712, -0.006216758396476507, 0.09510383754968643, -0.32632797956466675, 0.01881292648613453, -0.024146247655153275, -0.13861094415187836, -0.7548750042915344, 0.424045205116272, 0.024616945534944534, 1.039357304573059, -0.09536716341972351, 0.2989632189273834, 0.09044913947582245, -0.11906253546476364, 0.4032457172870636, -0.06857965141534805, 0.15195168554782867, -0.13096491992473602, -1.1438145637512207, 0.546942412853241, 0.0023542018607258797, 0.16246767342090607, 0.2638610005378723, -0.2745824456214905, 0.3876226544380188, 0.3175182044506073, -0.07419101148843765, -0.5329968333244324, -0.23793110251426697, 0.23932044208049774, -0.5240568518638611, 0.6277289390563965, -0.0345933623611927, -1.3141050338745117, 0.3479924499988556, -0.24725671112537384, -0.04840504005551338, 0.32681700587272644, -0.058621689677238464, -0.4939139485359192, -0.0941578820347786, -0.16457846760749817, -0.5418866276741028, 0.6234554052352905, 0.5148354172706604, 0.6897628903388977, -0.09263847768306732, -0.8615932464599609, -0.745352029800415, 0.042937666177749634, 0.5141509175300598, -0.4987177848815918, -0.10204944014549255, 0.002777636284008622, -0.7149746417999268, 0.6918684244155884, -0.9068291783332825, 0.6195812225341797, 0.4081403613090515, 0.15674029290676117, 0.274742066860199, -0.3143591284751892, -0.3811416029930115, 0.24884146451950073, -0.49170053005218506, -0.14071159064769745, -0.25921913981437683, 0.20034337043762207, 0.3540177643299103, 0.07446378469467163, -0.02074250392615795, -0.2191234678030014, -0.7762810587882996, -0.0831165760755539, 0.4213673770427704, -0.6649308800697327, -0.013259579427540302, 0.5772354602813721, 0.5287495255470276, -0.4011005461215973, 0.6706573963165283, -0.15362167358398438, -0.5799237489700317, -0.2584281861782074, -0.38838645815849304, 0.27962055802345276, -0.1677890121936798, 0.07655414938926697, -0.07427528500556946, 0.26272496581077576, -0.028703708201646805, -0.045063044875860214, -0.11885060369968414, 0.2185734659433365, 0.030626926571130753, -0.12049052119255066, -0.5871021747589111, -0.5301915407180786, 0.11347173899412155, -0.3908470869064331, -0.004487506579607725, -0.3351975083351135, -0.6270817518234253, 0.11973241716623306, 0.14945273101329803, 0.6991761326789856, -0.10013134777545929, 0.19455748796463013, -0.5439901351928711, 0.5459113121032715, -0.25047141313552856, -0.006260340102016926, 0.05348209664225578, -0.10386238992214203, -0.6779320240020752, 0.26476699113845825, -0.07999150454998016, 0.3290194869041443, -0.5899050235748291, -0.15716050565242767, -0.24162524938583374, -0.10728830099105835, -0.7556620240211487, -0.022867383435368538, 0.19667766988277435, -0.04427265003323555, -0.2736184597015381, -0.5893144011497498, -0.603567361831665, 0.8550887703895569, 0.40615659952163696, -0.3946691155433655, -0.4054579734802246, -0.24028709530830383, 0.2640884816646576, -0.27534589171409607, 0.3974435031414032, 0.2864314019680023, 0.014454247429966927, 0.4245809018611908, 0.4764014482498169, 0.27246835827827454, 0.04988592118024826, 0.20797228813171387, 0.2824353277683258, -0.03698425367474556, -0.4462207853794098, -0.6500884890556335, -0.3015415370464325, -0.35905662178993225, -0.33198118209838867, 0.3924266993999481, -0.25490602850914, -0.19914638996124268, 0.45894235372543335, -0.722862720489502, 0.48212191462516785, -0.2448851764202118, -0.4493406116962433, -0.6198633909225464, 0.4104631543159485, 0.34247449040412903, -0.5529330968856812, -0.09698460251092911, -0.580710768699646, -0.5897716879844666, 0.7965489625930786, 0.420586496591568, -0.5441436767578125, 0.5379651784896851, -0.19480988383293152, -1.122119665145874, -0.155278280377388, 0.8025386929512024, -0.14126205444335938, 0.1024680808186531, 0.12954604625701904, -0.22203288972377777, -0.3331657350063324, -0.5161685347557068, -0.40261706709861755, -0.4094022810459137, -0.594918966293335, -0.5295195579528809, -0.24116119742393494, 0.15602071583271027, 0.1849031150341034, -0.3612556755542755, 0.7795950174331665, -0.4880104064941406, 0.1567673534154892, 0.10506187379360199, -0.35545334219932556, -0.18670032918453217, -0.6296523213386536, -0.18825462460517883, 0.1920151710510254, -0.025840362533926964, 0.18627643585205078, 0.42917242646217346, 0.7239505052566528, 0.7201371192932129, 0.25602275133132935, -0.22998356819152832, 0.35791435837745667, 0.03959708660840988, -0.07923879474401474, -0.07460705935955048, 0.037436243146657944, 0.21871134638786316, -0.21506811678409576, -0.3195202052593231, -0.26901307702064514, -0.6473641395568848, 0.44781315326690674, -0.7984713315963745, -0.15195094048976898, 0.0006131220725364983, -0.2277524173259735, 0.32281050086021423, -0.5559747815132141, 0.718654453754425, 0.14136956632137299, -0.14244915544986725, 0.2804866135120392, 0.42100733518600464, 0.4268396198749542, 0.07140718400478363, -0.21582156419754028, -0.22578659653663635, 0.1547192633152008, -0.36536532640457153, 0.5177810788154602, 0.33753564953804016, -0.5601226687431335, 0.32346105575561523, -0.35388436913490295, 0.21585221588611603, 1.0751819610595703, -0.3357551395893097, -1.0106936693191528, -0.013715377077460289, 0.12655189633369446, -0.8496496677398682, -0.1582573503255844, -0.6546850800514221, -0.5765965580940247, 0.3833160996437073, -0.07413876056671143, 0.44451358914375305, -0.29785481095314026, -0.7444177269935608, -0.2741120457649231, 0.42730841040611267, 0.048486366868019104, 0.6099414825439453, -0.5522348284721375, -0.09031760692596436, -0.7934733033180237, 0.13720324635505676, -0.4194040596485138, 0.6543809175491333, 0.7561362385749817, 0.13781550526618958, 0.009696079418063164, 0.5139186382293701, -0.004529407247900963, -0.3408464193344116, -0.12213438749313354, -0.2159089893102646, 0.49225425720214844, -0.38103848695755005, 0.12041599303483963, 0.22682850062847137, -0.347542405128479, 0.6460750102996826, 0.6589685082435608, -0.11230053752660751, -0.8283587694168091, -0.21659766137599945, 0.3405091464519501, 0.09164929389953613, 0.18343736231327057, -0.12759092450141907, 0.4551528990268707, 0.46121811866760254, -0.19542190432548523, -0.3405701816082001, 0.09053874760866165, 0.9931350946426392, -0.1905432641506195, 0.05071520432829857, -1.0267255306243896, 0.751037061214447, 0.054504815489053726, 0.1450875848531723, 0.10704876482486725, -0.6394495368003845, 0.1589452475309372, 0.5495488047599792, 0.8126932382583618, 1.1095448732376099, -0.5659580826759338, -0.28976908326148987, -0.3894340693950653, 0.16075953841209412, -0.5495893359184265, 0.4652460515499115, 0.09535892307758331, 0.1584612876176834, 0.14828765392303467, -0.14094935357570648, -0.14329825341701508, -0.13687074184417725, -0.3505801260471344, 0.782250165939331, 0.24894826114177704, -0.111700139939785, -0.1773589700460434, -0.354051798582077, -0.188531294465065, -0.576429545879364, 0.6759511828422546, -0.01683044247329235, 0.133427232503891, -0.16464939713478088, -0.6657112240791321, 0.05732763931155205, 0.052617788314819336, -0.33529651165008545, -0.04457436129450798, -0.5470941662788391, -0.2562175393104553, 0.357162207365036, 0.2957938313484192, 0.05838436260819435, 0.2117437720298767, 0.06367932260036469, 0.07141848653554916, 0.04614955186843872, -1.222823977470398, -0.27824917435646057, -0.3454607427120209, -0.507971465587616, -0.40981170535087585, 0.11815622448921204, 0.027556372806429863, 0.14422135055065155, 0.2801654636859894, -0.3796845078468323, -0.08245986700057983, -0.5283551216125488, -0.14559990167617798, 0.6838155388832092, -0.7744371294975281, -0.5116870403289795, 0.08611977845430374, 0.1191464364528656, 0.4149948060512543, -0.6242489218711853, 0.18672938644886017, -0.18998625874519348, 0.2966883182525635, 0.0669608786702156, -0.1872684806585312, -0.16060827672481537, 0.32048240303993225, 0.059176765382289886, -0.7596994042396545, 0.3742978572845459, -0.3152603507041931, -0.31686073541641235, -0.449714720249176, 0.39731061458587646, -0.09291788935661316, 0.14359529316425323, 0.5921966433525085, -0.6683810949325562, -0.4037763774394989, -0.02355831116437912, 0.14263823628425598, -0.4744280278682709, 0.20100514590740204, 0.27112656831741333, 0.08554837852716446, -0.2688097357749939, 0.22538092732429504, 0.0055142841301858425, -0.3293488025665283, 0.3783891201019287, -0.14084741473197937, 0.6235830783843994, -0.031941235065460205, -0.25626590847969055, -0.42319217324256897, 0.24262794852256775, 0.5298070907592773, -0.1466342657804489, 0.575633704662323, -0.7352693676948547, 0.20007668435573578, 0.17998580634593964, 0.6690505743026733, 0.2898145020008087, 0.434020459651947, -0.2515929341316223, -0.21100831031799316, -0.2778550088405609, 0.10101724416017532, 0.5788097977638245, 0.5634965896606445, 0.5559159517288208, 0.7664647698402405, -0.5310866832733154, 0.3404172956943512, -0.2730773985385895, -0.37265124917030334, -0.5450522899627686, 0.26556113362312317, 0.240831658244133 ]
210545	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation	Industrialisation	Industrialisation (alternatively spelled industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Historically industrialization is associated with increase of polluting industries heavily dependent on fossil fuels; however, with the increasing focus on sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialization increasingly includes technological leapfrogging, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies. The reorganization of the economy has many unintended consequences both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place. Background After the last stage of the Proto-industrialization, the first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France. Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labor, financial investments in new industrial structure, and early developments in class consciousness and theories related to this. Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution. The "Second Industrial Revolution" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work. By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world. The BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are undergoing the process of industrialisation. There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. Industrialization in East Asia Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates. Social consequences The Industrial revolution was accompanied with a great deal of changes on the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory related activities. This resulted in the creation of a class structure that differentiated the commoners from the well off and the working category. It distorted the family system as most people moved into cities and left the farm areas, consequently playing a major role in the transmission of diseases. The place of women in the society then shifted from being home cares to employed workers hence reducing the number of children per household. Furthermore industrialization contributed to increased cases of child labor and thereafter education systems. Urbanisation As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanization and increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanization and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers. Exploitation China China, along with many other areas of the world run by industrialization, has been affected by the world’s never ending rise of supply and demand. With the largest population in the world, China has become one of the main exporters of objects from household items to high technology appliances. Changes in family structure Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the nuclear family, consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. Current situation the "international development community" (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), many United Nations departments, FAO WHO ILO and UNESCO, endorses development policies like water purification or primary education and co-operation amongst third world communities. Some members of the economic communities do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the global south (Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in the free-trade dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered. Environmentalism and Green politics may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow, consumerist expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish. The relationships among economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction are complex. Higher productivity, it is argued, may lead to lower employment (see jobless recovery). There are differences across sectors, whereby manufacturing is less able than the tertiary sector to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are "working poor", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $2-a-day poverty line. There is also a phenomenon of deindustrialisation, as in the former USSR countries' transition to market economies, and the agriculture sector is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment. See also Automation Deindustrialization Division of labour Great Divergence Idea of Progress Mass production Mechanization Newly industrialised country References Further reading Hewitt, T., Johnson, H. and Wield, D. (Eds) (1992) industrialisation and Development, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Hobsbawm, Eric (1962): The Age of Revolution. Abacus. Kemp, Tom (1993) Historical Patterns of Industrialisation, Longman: London. Kiely, R (1998) industrialisation and Development: A comparative analysis, UCL Press:London. Pomeranz, Ken (2001)The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by (Princeton University Press; New Ed edition, 2001) Tilly, Richard H.: Industrialization as an Historical Process, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010, retrieved: 29 February 2011. Human activities with impact on the environment Secondary sector of the economy Economic growth Economic development Late modern economic history Industrial history	[ 0.28075262904167175, -0.3147291839122772, 0.08447207510471344, -0.2629803717136383, 0.34723344445228577, 0.4901813566684723, 0.07904549688100815, 0.8015863299369812, -0.5357824563980103, -1.137056827545166, -0.4589402377605438, 0.11520720273256302, -0.14581690728664398, 1.0737133026123047, -0.4050616919994354, 0.5265875458717346, -0.2093978226184845, -0.056518442928791046, -0.41391992568969727, 0.3060643970966339, -0.4663229286670685, 0.04644342139363289, 0.2995849549770355, 0.44583165645599365, 0.6848319172859192, -1.0689411163330078, 0.11907856911420822, -0.10536140203475952, -0.06918738037347794, 0.0042996699921786785, -0.19884780049324036, -0.2177920639514923, -0.07413565367460251, 0.036323182284832, -0.16555076837539673, -0.25867584347724915, -0.4868086576461792, -0.4464797377586365, -0.6835751533508301, -0.524663507938385, -0.6989786624908447, 0.04369380697607994, 0.3057434558868408, 0.6465027928352356, -0.4241586923599243, -0.010207800194621086, -1.2697631120681763, 0.6844403147697449, -0.4624001383781433, -0.21348395943641663, -0.46001604199409485, -0.321828693151474, 0.6160261631011963, 0.0021249945275485516, -0.21432417631149292, 0.2745983898639679, -0.5387923121452332, 0.06969080865383148, -0.09337551146745682, -0.5023441910743713, 0.4826310873031616, 0.20177896320819855, -0.000041992359911091626, -0.023249853402376175, 0.389690637588501, -0.061900459229946136, -0.012071847915649414, -0.07404876500368118, -0.24970872700214386, -0.80973219871521, -0.6220808625221252, -0.5848261713981628, -0.1560179591178894, 0.08702576160430908, -0.7756133079528809, -0.6086500883102417, 0.1312212347984314, -0.3646721839904785, -0.5183360576629639, -0.08444683998823166, -0.47176623344421387, 0.5587290525436401, 0.24304401874542236, -0.34235966205596924, 0.9517692923545837, 0.08161578327417374, -0.3598947823047638, 0.5499034523963928, -0.32642248272895813, 0.24199546873569489, 0.11780945956707001, -0.05427286773920059, 0.4446830153465271, 0.3256644308567047, -0.047048069536685944, 0.1944185048341751, 0.3411688208580017, -0.30120453238487244, -0.10110032558441162, 0.15083745121955872, -0.17484459280967712, 0.24363113939762115, 0.5617055296897888, -0.09687315672636032, -0.0743732675909996, -0.4681728780269623, 0.0824698954820633, -0.014558037742972374, 0.1451277732849121, -0.521990954875946, -0.5745180249214172, 0.08674996346235275, -0.2990080416202545, 0.3940805196762085, -0.05192188173532486, 0.39295849204063416, -0.353149950504303, 0.03764617443084717, 0.07262486964464188, 0.21916088461875916, 0.19045822322368622, 0.15771211683750153, -0.16041791439056396, 0.20124787092208862, -0.754138171672821, 0.23270975053310394, -0.1862027794122696, 0.08615028858184814, -0.8736542463302612, -0.603108286857605, 0.8093370199203491, 0.7576141953468323, -0.9618724584579468, 0.10606910288333893, 0.23732808232307434, 0.06632594764232635, 0.8890739679336548, 0.8514192700386047, 0.600747287273407, -0.07892078161239624, -0.591011643409729, -0.32072117924690247, -0.02941296249628067, -0.027722511440515518, -0.12941505014896393, -0.6560686230659485, 0.11889973282814026, -0.504977285861969, -0.04438301548361778, -0.09266634285449982, 0.12892326712608337, 0.2734520733356476, -0.5956698656082153, 0.41479936242103577, -0.07368693500757217, 0.15883660316467285, 0.2794199287891388, -0.19003824889659882, 0.172101229429245, -0.003265571314841509, 0.1820632815361023, -0.18953022360801697, 0.18173742294311523, -0.00043502383050508797, 0.05001351237297058, -0.4606441855430603, 0.34778568148612976, 0.5246110558509827, -0.13269947469234467, 0.21837976574897766, -0.14239157736301422, 0.2262122482061386, 0.5864031910896301, -0.17280375957489014, -0.3177897036075592, 0.3260873556137085, 0.2510127127170563, 0.5946590900421143, 0.43508830666542053, 0.3303312063217163, -0.46140018105506897, -0.0655338242650032, 0.1965014785528183, 0.38820838928222656, 0.0454871840775013, -0.4432767927646637, 0.4899432957172394, 0.10223090648651123, 0.16695043444633484, 0.20476318895816803, -0.08404488861560822, -0.10932999104261398, -0.6121336817741394, -1.215086817741394, 0.1703052669763565, -0.22671152651309967, -0.3375224471092224, 0.8418647050857544, -0.49674704670906067, 0.03572576865553856, -0.2490077167749405, -0.2448028326034546, 0.17776136100292206, -0.5339842438697815, 0.19228899478912354, -0.023600013926625252, -0.0909527987241745, 0.46525442600250244, 0.2563978135585785, 0.25662940740585327, -0.10041117668151855, -0.4366060793399811, 0.3688989281654358, -0.48525896668434143, 0.4862719476222992, 0.285989910364151, -0.7712714076042175, 0.051856834441423416, -0.027877476066350937, -0.06243101879954338, 0.39378732442855835, -0.17285095155239105, -0.07933562994003296, 0.26623645424842834, 0.46775108575820923, 0.21654461324214935, 0.6757827997207642, 0.34028148651123047, 0.9714409708976746, -0.26576468348503113, 0.26172706484794617, 0.07946459203958511, 0.06087050586938858, -0.1164788082242012, 0.08184503018856049, 0.3908242881298065, -0.18180376291275024, 0.03977816179394722, -0.6988572478294373, -0.3551965653896332, 0.05932643264532089, -0.11799812316894531, -0.24683444201946259, 0.5022823810577393, 0.19902141392230988, -0.10768171399831772, 0.0577615462243557, 0.3491481840610504, -0.4357237219810486, 0.20446082949638367, 0.3027050495147705, 0.0758240818977356, 0.7195579409599304, -0.4569048583507538, -0.5584516525268555, -0.6893143653869629, -0.35328030586242676, 0.24424892663955688, 0.3013160526752472, 0.2220904380083084, 0.1965952217578888, -0.6709393858909607, -0.22230921685695648, 0.35832905769348145, 0.14918287098407745, -0.48105576634407043, -0.4212844967842102, -0.1575537919998169, 0.010787623934447765, 0.02338314801454544, 0.4117776155471802, 0.15003256499767303, -0.11937632411718369, -0.1248270720243454, 0.10405658185482025, -0.7984952330589294, 0.592300295829773, 0.02418544515967369, -0.5258814096450806, -0.1985095590353012, 0.0983344167470932, 0.3192209303379059, 0.09434597194194794, -1.0895119905471802, 0.0756845697760582, -0.3520936369895935, -0.5147509574890137, -0.4367722272872925, 0.22848932445049286, -0.08705873042345047, -0.2732127904891968, -0.17750056087970734, -0.748920738697052, 0.13595931231975555, 0.1920987069606781, -0.1009218618273735, -0.32176926732063293, 0.26891276240348816, 0.617579996585846, -0.1397925317287445, 0.2726983428001404, 0.24360810220241547, -0.2005576640367508, 0.2530006468296051, 0.008287109434604645, -0.21442192792892456, 0.05767185613512993, 0.0567978136241436, -5.783328533172607, 0.23877376317977905, 0.22430361807346344, -0.4217444956302643, 0.11699111014604568, -0.013611529022455215, 0.5331133008003235, 0.46400031447410583, -0.18426239490509033, -0.13905024528503418, -0.06996007263660431, -0.12014169991016388, -0.0683935284614563, 0.7172736525535583, -0.42267027497291565, 0.8053779602050781, 0.5652163624763489, 0.1865765005350113, 0.004058103542774916, 0.3116854429244995, -0.16423460841178894, -0.015836795791983604, -0.06776966154575348, 0.766055703163147, 0.24825739860534668, -0.7081007361412048, -0.362906277179718, -0.16730880737304688, -1.1307162046432495, -0.031607724726200104, -0.42387446761131287, -0.27989113330841064, 0.554681658744812, -0.13943475484848022, 0.36115169525146484, 0.06262528896331787, 0.25412610173225403, 0.6050024032592773, 0.27126768231391907, -0.4442180395126343, -0.09393162280321121, 0.7381734251976013, -0.23256318271160126, 0.20708347856998444, 0.5476397275924683, -0.028841866180300713, -0.0926603451371193, -0.2718925178050995, -0.3233695924282074, 0.6308951377868652, -0.24071568250656128, 0.49364376068115234, 0.6940057873725891, -0.400283545255661, 0.3078311085700989, 0.2868831753730774, 0.22180064022541046, 0.07653418183326721, -0.2562609612941742, -0.2936842441558838, -0.06334775686264038, 0.08956658095121384, 0.03481481596827507, -0.32332906126976013, 0.18274495005607605, -0.12746562063694, -0.8448904156684875, -0.4822791814804077, 0.5833472609519958, 0.22026288509368896, -0.6787745952606201, 0.8531228303909302, 0.3633641302585602, -0.510725200176239, 0.004732824396342039, -0.5785272121429443, -0.33345136046409607, -0.0196920745074749, 0.6245414614677429, 0.0847356840968132, -0.061172131448984146, -0.29208803176879883, -0.11410079896450043, -0.15222589671611786, 0.1429421752691269, -0.1287234127521515, -0.1328246295452118, 0.12899698317050934, -0.4136153757572174, 0.5137118101119995, 0.6469034552574158, 0.13813899457454681, 0.2796827256679535, -0.3331073820590973, 0.4431403577327728, 0.03918181359767914, 0.07244503498077393, -0.23078346252441406, 0.25873419642448425, -0.989387571811676, 0.21666955947875977, -0.7142909169197083, -0.4296664893627167, 0.28055909276008606, 0.027025403454899788, -0.2610504925251007, 0.19000808894634247, 0.21587596833705902, 0.6928271651268005, -0.06517358869314194, 0.1383112519979477, 0.5964721441268921, -0.7378736138343811, -0.5859761834144592, 0.1950947791337967, 0.46338051557540894, -0.7490376830101013, 0.06710488349199295, 0.3910985291004181, -0.3755088746547699, 0.15993040800094604, 0.3494146168231964, -0.5590848326683044, 0.36549606919288635, 0.27973926067352295, -0.6313191056251526, -0.003699089167639613, 0.8037612438201904, 0.20291930437088013, -0.0647251307964325, 0.2564108371734619, 0.40435945987701416, -0.08730843663215637, -0.6926900744438171, 0.20909740030765533, -0.05663270130753517, 0.6828321218490601, -0.11431896686553955, -0.2874201238155365, 0.11678431183099747, -0.09773896634578705, -0.1726355105638504, 0.23341494798660278, -0.2728169560432434, 0.10778045654296875, 0.1903557926416397, -0.2147028148174286, 0.037450700998306274, 0.5947594046592712, -0.12830595672130585, 0.1413775235414505, -0.19632834196090698, 0.11086194962263107, 0.04551733285188675, -0.10975188761949539, -0.5262212753295898, 0.26856982707977295, -0.12710542976856232, -0.0640319287776947, -0.6488599181175232, 0.5798888802528381, -0.44315358996391296, -0.9328596591949463, 0.029883379116654396, 0.5027186870574951, 0.5352345108985901, -0.4409939646720886, -0.5645096302032471, 0.054704129695892334, 0.6534199118614197, 0.1750621199607849, -0.024129100143909454, -0.9159632921218872, -0.7125178575515747, 0.3227344751358032, 0.15845538675785065, 0.053541120141744614, -0.07674482464790344, 0.24167004227638245, -0.3988335430622101, 0.6635828614234924, -0.417935848236084, -0.47922754287719727, 0.7818423509597778, -0.027692293748259544, -0.230970561504364, -0.23227670788764954, 0.2923239469528198, -0.15137530863285065, -0.2563188970088959, 0.5167599320411682, -0.037089597433805466, 0.04196547716856003, 0.48971983790397644, -0.13962742686271667, -0.3566393554210663, -0.6036195158958435, 0.22422045469284058, 0.12406151741743088, -0.30766379833221436, 0.22127535939216614, 0.5935829281806946, -0.2908574938774109, -0.0678836777806282, 0.6383739709854126, -0.4437065124511719, -0.20847032964229584, -0.42988890409469604, -0.764804482460022, 0.3328888416290283, -0.705879271030426, -0.4123913049697876, -0.33023887872695923, 0.24843944609165192, -0.2891666293144226, -0.36707803606987, -0.09841664880514145, -0.2602689862251282, -0.2157258838415146, -0.22451050579547882, 0.27832356095314026, 0.16158756613731384, -0.37781840562820435, 0.1752270758152008, -0.27639803290367126, 0.40421387553215027, 0.5128116607666016, -0.0641677975654602, 0.15824201703071594, -0.519106924533844, 0.10641568154096603, 0.16058768332004547, 0.017294326797127724, -0.04052797332406044, 0.07090014964342117, -0.11083792895078659, 0.3461606800556183, 0.1786656528711319, 0.3128974735736847, -0.11311306804418564, 0.3952944576740265, 0.41483864188194275, 0.30092188715934753, -0.36341845989227295, 0.32568982243537903, 0.055932048708200455, 0.3891729712486267, -0.25676408410072327, -0.09882094711065292, 0.006652768701314926, -0.10579970479011536, -0.651517391204834, -0.7161127328872681, 0.021616613492369652, 0.22635658085346222, -0.6143730878829956, -0.13881762325763702, -0.1623561531305313, 0.2248455137014389, -0.01343085803091526, -0.06699110567569733, -0.17369645833969116, -0.05757424980401993, -0.0695669874548912, 0.5256984829902649, -0.11628183722496033, -0.8544248938560486, 0.3283911943435669, 0.10103388875722885, -0.9690768718719482, 0.3567323684692383, 0.0724158063530922, 0.045922547578811646, 0.18249905109405518, 1.1297993659973145, -0.005243284627795219, 0.3654903173446655, -0.3307109773159027, -0.05863434076309204, -0.6360651850700378, 0.12224912643432617, -0.010554288513958454, 0.25783437490463257, -0.75513756275177, 0.283766508102417, -0.8882530927658081, 0.5936533212661743, -0.872763991355896, -0.5309449434280396, -0.16586865484714508, 0.08850286900997162, -0.06811752915382385, 0.32090216875076294, -0.027178360149264336, -0.3018929362297058, 0.07291979342699051, 0.1994766741991043, 0.11482910811901093, 0.2885822653770447, 0.17646676301956177, -0.2337084412574768, 0.604066014289856, -0.04364605247974396, -0.42157062888145447, 0.6271342635154724, -0.2707262635231018, 0.48678654432296753, -0.18067894876003265, -0.20791463553905487, 0.2731979489326477, 0.49715831875801086, -0.08405805379152298, 0.03316749259829521, 0.5237818360328674, 0.06904340535402298, 0.10911481827497482, 0.24716877937316895, -0.6128583550453186, 0.5817022323608398, 0.4171280562877655, -0.013038139790296555, 0.5346693992614746, 0.13408952951431274, -0.3180164694786072, 0.7075182199478149, 0.5722550749778748, -0.15364931523799896, 0.07141876220703125, -0.6617883443832397, 0.09570185095071793, 0.33059319853782654, 0.545482873916626, -0.21232998371124268, 0.35685163736343384, -0.3080046474933624, -0.4904119074344635, 0.44535914063453674, -0.6719669699668884, 0.21941162645816803, 0.35567203164100647, 0.6154001951217651, 0.5256749391555786, 0.0010930083226412535, 0.517133355140686, 0.24382057785987854, 0.2583787441253662, -0.47526898980140686, -0.07525982707738876, -0.10370203107595444, 0.6739584803581238, 0.6147162914276123, -0.3926023244857788, -0.16616351902484894, -0.4684685170650482, -0.18490949273109436, -0.7245388031005859, 0.7058683037757874, 0.09360300749540329, 0.13907241821289062, 0.11057321727275848, 0.26701658964157104, 0.743452787399292, 0.6426745057106018, -0.15282747149467468, 0.4232617914676666, -0.12390369921922684, 0.15137796103954315, -0.4916810691356659, -0.2340867519378662, 0.3640993535518646, 0.9700949192047119, 0.24960486590862274, 0.20952293276786804, -0.4327722489833832, 0.5095323324203491, 0.14551076292991638, -0.06763558834791183, 0.7388051748275757, 0.038649000227451324, 0.1705433577299118, -0.40311768651008606, 0.48386242985725403, -0.3023628294467926, -0.3008250594139099, -0.4231318235397339, -0.12921923398971558, -0.05853674188256264, 0.5809382796287537, -0.12431995570659637, 0.6109670996665955, -0.2837955057621002, -0.5815721750259399, 0.2828996777534485, 0.048104193061590195, -0.5250687003135681, 0.0357002317905426, -0.06051865220069885, 0.40483731031417847, 0.13636770844459534, -0.1193074956536293, -0.286320298910141, 0.49350354075431824, -0.5583600401878357, 0.21083512902259827, 0.018062200397253036, -0.012449664995074272, -0.6946791410446167, -0.42822107672691345, 0.11581100523471832, 0.5479707717895508, 0.31174197793006897, -0.5774144530296326, -0.27986299991607666, 0.2681400179862976, 0.11048396676778793, 0.10412675887346268, 0.151844784617424, -0.22094383835792542, -0.051605720072984695, -0.6839058995246887, 0.16370174288749695, -0.13218769431114197, 0.5104196071624756, -0.24856223165988922, -0.11090559512376785, 0.07166925817728043, 0.3526545464992523, 0.4646754562854767, 0.4867912232875824, 0.7309876084327698, -0.6691674590110779, 0.32929596304893494, -0.6209543943405151, 0.11037565022706985, -0.3103131353855133, -0.5439798831939697, 0.060088057070970535, -0.16016972064971924, -0.021948551759123802, -0.10830934345722198, -0.040477581322193146, -0.2490130364894867, 0.4770335853099823, -0.015395625494420528, -0.45965805649757385, -0.01753200963139534, 0.10870905220508575, 0.538826048374176, -0.42100977897644043, 0.5237705707550049, 0.027826271951198578, -0.17371389269828796, -0.058581192046403885, 0.7360727190971375, -0.006603384390473366, -0.28804895281791687, -0.039499539881944656, -0.6978394389152527, 0.30507174134254456, 0.05351601913571358 ]
210547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias%3A%20A%20CBS%20Insider%20Exposes%20How%20the%20Media%20Distort%20the%20News	Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News	Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News is a non-fiction book by Bernard Goldberg, a 28-year veteran CBS news reporter and producer, giving detailed examples of what he calls liberal bias in television news reporting. It was published in 2001 by Regnery Publishing and reached number 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in the non-fiction category. See also 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America. References 2001 non-fiction books Books about media bias Books critical of modern liberalism in the United States	[ 0.2012510597705841, 0.4596446454524994, -0.9817503690719604, 0.10790329426527023, -0.2801966369152069, -0.26225942373275757, -0.07386817783117294, 0.23941254615783691, 0.2924286127090454, 0.0730263814330101, 0.039182838052511215, 0.45805490016937256, -0.1171121746301651, 0.5152588486671448, -0.15370908379554749, 0.42243874073028564, -0.014355018734931946, 0.043760403990745544, -0.2665088176727295, -0.4232035279273987, 0.18113401532173157, -0.6437504887580872, 0.12337764352560043, -0.03481953591108322, -0.3149993419647217, 0.19987080991268158, 0.42752304673194885, -0.2650761008262634, -0.650658905506134, 0.23235155642032623, 0.12255067378282547, 0.3935553729534149, 0.16183803975582123, -0.591546893119812, -0.3188469707965851, 0.11224689334630966, 0.1852608025074005, -0.008128385990858078, 0.19328807294368744, 0.22613191604614258, 0.40044987201690674, 0.696020781993866, 0.14210042357444763, 0.7097008228302002, 0.05871738865971565, -0.41891545057296753, -1.3982372283935547, 0.07341267168521881, -0.9729938507080078, -0.2981940507888794, -0.39976149797439575, 0.2230372279882431, 0.5778197646141052, 0.674207866191864, -0.16073548793792725, 0.7203541994094849, -0.6536357402801514, -0.18538737297058105, 0.4167849123477936, -0.1378084272146225, 0.2942650616168976, 0.30819061398506165, 0.09194736182689667, -0.0305834598839283, 0.5827419757843018, 0.6579269170761108, -0.301313579082489, 0.7080404162406921, -0.2582424283027649, -0.38025325536727905, -0.63187175989151, -0.43815839290618896, 0.1316785216331482, 0.2649413049221039, 0.18364480137825012, 0.443694531917572, 0.7276307940483093, 0.29772496223449707, 0.08800836652517319, -0.5864085555076599, -0.09651418030261993, 0.27571141719818115, 0.22089505195617676, -0.12003391981124878, 0.10325824469327927, -0.48430225253105164, -0.39490967988967896, 0.2316429316997528, -0.2169131338596344, 0.5231011509895325, -0.02642253041267395, -0.16721662878990173, 0.5173875093460083, 0.639419674873352, -0.22964538633823395, -0.49105337262153625, 0.44122493267059326, -0.06915711611509323, 0.12937435507774353, 0.5129144787788391, -0.14471638202667236, 0.6939291954040527, 0.9386731386184692, 0.27601292729377747, -0.6990957260131836, -0.07145927846431732, -0.11378258466720581, -0.6833301782608032, 0.18470145761966705, 0.668769121170044, -0.41739708185195923, 0.9082860350608826, -0.2729650139808655, -0.397342711687088, -0.6479346752166748, 0.5015954375267029, 0.21366606652736664, -0.4723178446292877, -0.20804806053638458, -0.07478659600019455, -0.023317454382777214, 1.474507212638855, -0.3632224500179291, 0.4435909688472748, -0.18154972791671753, -0.028539657592773438, 0.6578658223152161, 0.3447994589805603, 0.019616462290287018, 0.9229944944381714, 0.13563331961631775, 1.0879931449890137, -0.21805737912654877, -0.08281052857637405, -0.26132234930992126, -0.4425184726715088, 0.8337920308113098, 0.06702549010515213, 0.25424763560295105, 0.11264964938163757, -0.45704492926597595, -1.0289232730865479, -0.5320015549659729, -0.5535795092582703, 0.20110711455345154, -0.23900377750396729, 0.030797628685832024, 0.0030619092285633087, -0.13885150849819183, -0.21381776034832, 0.15639728307724, -0.4951120615005493, 0.18185870349407196, -0.40947601199150085, -0.21101899445056915, 0.3090488016605377, 0.3976757526397705, -0.39520540833473206, 0.35908252000808716, 0.5521116256713867, 0.6398857235908508, -0.08180002123117447, -0.48328033089637756, 0.007152784615755081, 0.09320641309022903, -0.08744601905345917, 0.36394110321998596, 0.19697412848472595, 0.07168387621641159, 0.3049880266189575, -0.6856049299240112, 0.28235116600990295, 0.06348112225532532, -0.8409733176231384, 0.7296595573425293, 0.8433994054794312, 0.4955024719238281, 0.24134835600852966, 0.5509401559829712, 0.1897033005952835, -0.7241563200950623, -0.0873546153306961, -0.06448902934789658, -0.3679237365722656, 0.22432740032672882, 0.11254217475652695, 0.02818380482494831, 0.032449785619974136, 0.23423732817173004, -0.0694330483675003, -0.8781070113182068, -0.6764296293258667, 0.729633092880249, -0.5044158697128296, 1.1662423610687256, 0.1338432878255844, -0.19578154385089874, 1.5367605686187744, 0.2013581395149231, 0.4492435157299042, -0.08856282383203506, -0.17137935757637024, -0.19070327281951904, 0.5618282556533813, -0.723048746585846, 0.45481833815574646, 0.2142704725265503, -0.35544127225875854, -0.20132426917552948, 0.6185307502746582, 0.6109178066253662, -0.07751435786485672, -0.2088698148727417, -0.23914550244808197, -0.16554349660873413, 0.32559940218925476, -0.12455226480960846, 0.3593679666519165, -0.18301229178905487, -0.28522658348083496, 1.1501178741455078, -0.1177811548113823, 0.1290973275899887, 0.46597734093666077, -0.46268171072006226, 0.5443378686904907, 0.11062353104352951, 0.482443630695343, 0.4145214259624481, -0.9833211898803711, 0.1803862303495407, 0.33946266770362854, 0.3547489047050476, -1.0503771305084229, 0.11481943726539612, -0.4288705289363861, -0.49663421511650085, -0.4496897757053375, 0.6827598214149475, -0.2159443497657776, 0.3111577033996582, -0.1870833784341812, -0.3046368360519409, 0.34710508584976196, 0.028513461351394653, -0.13322186470031738, -0.4453471302986145, 0.672559380531311, -0.3553783595561981, 0.23007117211818695, 0.4261445701122284, 0.8525384664535522, -0.08277016878128052, -0.6085712909698486, -0.21974879503250122, 0.3938370645046234, -0.7132012248039246, -0.20230460166931152, 0.866416871547699, -0.17536932229995728, 0.17745094001293182, 0.38078150153160095, -0.04355628788471222, -0.08225671201944351, 0.028794769197702408, -0.45320871472358704, -0.28957077860832214, -0.09662405401468277, -0.11994320154190063, -0.07422564178705215, 0.3837510347366333, 0.24198763072490692, -0.720533549785614, 0.25889623165130615, 0.09936367720365524, -0.3061406910419464, -0.2468903511762619, 0.5177207589149475, -0.47510188817977905, -0.2625500559806824, 0.18308335542678833, 0.8869754672050476, 0.3124079406261444, -0.04964515566825867, -0.6076711416244507, -0.296722948551178, 0.3088642656803131, -0.1731557697057724, -0.24825595319271088, -0.02172396332025528, -0.18280619382858276, 0.4269031286239624, -0.29062679409980774, 0.06671446561813354, 0.10016224533319473, 0.6187310814857483, -0.1435183435678482, 0.04605754837393761, 0.21299290657043457, -0.21563176810741425, 0.1236172690987587, 0.26202139258384705, -0.1821441948413849, -0.0901850089430809, 0.07657299935817719, -0.07711545377969742, -0.05516941472887993, -0.05099908635020256, -5.2979631423950195, 0.630775511264801, -0.2041197270154953, -0.0018880971474573016, -0.24231752753257751, -0.1810983121395111, 0.5476785898208618, -0.5246818661689758, -0.4483029842376709, -0.1182580515742302, -0.2521013617515564, 0.5613104104995728, -0.01567801833152771, 0.6294286847114563, 0.32321450114250183, 0.32562267780303955, 0.6771341562271118, -0.31427162885665894, 0.6057791709899902, 0.609260618686676, -0.18749085068702698, 0.3723726272583008, 0.08197684586048126, 0.0464961975812912, 0.3270430266857147, 0.9458796977996826, -0.1768113672733307, 0.5093026757240295, -0.2918225824832916, -0.11336665600538254, 0.449184775352478, -0.6571935415267944, -0.3702791631221771, 0.08998751640319824, -0.3145880401134491, 0.1481827050447464, 0.24140657484531403, -0.13995735347270966, -0.25141558051109314, -0.08767508715391159, -0.39035463333129883, 0.2759755849838257, -0.01797664351761341, -0.03574000298976898, 1.1072349548339844, 0.20686279237270355, -0.5919891595840454, -0.4558994472026825, 0.04592030122876167, 0.34167319536209106, 0.02971162088215351, 0.03438615798950195, 0.41649526357650757, 1.0177555084228516, -0.5207104086875916, -0.31472697854042053, 0.5367061495780945, -0.3350082039833069, -0.7277997732162476, -0.09305136650800705, 0.3830386996269226, -0.6211077570915222, -0.1943601816892624, -0.057655226439237595, 0.33197781443595886, -0.6668170094490051, -0.039489950984716415, -0.9259054064750671, 0.2910407781600952, 0.40570467710494995, -0.41879430413246155, 0.7095794677734375, 0.5610241889953613, -0.7191063761711121, 0.3242127299308777, -0.31033360958099365, -0.6803854703903198, 0.14611804485321045, 0.19998957216739655, -0.013332191854715347, 0.10942800343036652, -0.23950664699077606, -0.8705860376358032, 0.08715857565402985, -0.021573485806584358, -0.5957103371620178, 0.20238320529460907, 0.4309611916542053, -0.59317547082901, -0.3146490156650543, 0.4099641740322113, -0.16017155349254608, -0.08480609208345413, 0.6341049075126648, -0.371749609708786, 0.6409797668457031, 0.5005221962928772, 0.6287713050842285, 0.8228241205215454, 0.2365427315235138, -0.1270758956670761, -0.9193252325057983, -0.1290648877620697, -1.0701982975006104, -0.27529796957969666, -0.1756039559841156, -0.05629758909344673, -0.06720707565546036, 0.6157926917076111, -1.0275192260742188, 0.09021108597517014, 0.3468199670314789, -0.6147722005844116, -0.07432595640420914, 0.7504702806472778, -0.039227195084095, -0.023579232394695282, 0.22193248569965363, 0.5225203037261963, 0.0315084345638752, 0.5597982406616211, 0.07206906378269196, -0.4688166677951813, -0.15162402391433716, -0.8865176439285278, -0.659346342086792, 0.3886384963989258, 0.13869167864322662, -0.4184799790382385, 0.07889454811811447, -0.01932324841618538, 0.05114520341157913, -0.21415182948112488, -0.12448860704898834, 0.38721686601638794, -0.4850910007953644, -0.35150885581970215, 0.08233634382486343, -0.14998841285705566, 0.5378515720367432, 0.2365095615386963, -0.1365840584039688, -0.04122684895992279, 0.27985692024230957, 0.0679931640625, 0.31675365567207336, 0.28094491362571716, 0.22430123388767242, -0.952544093132019, 0.6549486517906189, -0.4864371418952942, -0.30987268686294556, 0.19698065519332886, -0.4412970244884491, 0.35004767775535583, 0.849522590637207, 0.24738004803657532, 0.34703436493873596, -0.5609440803527832, -0.636374294757843, 0.272307813167572, -0.12367988377809525, -0.7037317752838135, -0.6347501873970032, 0.7285280823707581, -0.1351224035024643, -0.6387467384338379, -0.656954288482666, -0.4348052144050598, 0.42939293384552, -0.13185378909111023, 0.33821389079093933, -0.33793163299560547, -0.10058915615081787, 0.7841910123825073, 0.06331787258386612, 0.27439776062965393, 0.008388197049498558, -0.17696337401866913, 0.07893615961074829, 0.10303225368261337, -0.4334580898284912, -0.4030313789844513, 0.4237249493598938, 0.6104554533958435, -0.4037546217441559, -0.5680806636810303, -0.07774201035499573, -0.9236819744110107, 0.11106983572244644, 0.20461799204349518, 0.17847375571727753, 0.5391548275947571, 0.0724978819489479, -0.5877432823181152, -0.4715035855770111, 0.12395243346691132, -0.3943619430065155, -0.38029807806015015, -1.1260428428649902, 0.05423419550061226, 0.6973477005958557, -0.26837724447250366, 0.95439213514328, 0.0362493097782135, -0.931147038936615, -0.04008201137185097, 0.28375497460365295, -0.7636602520942688, 0.9929357171058655, -0.23826108872890472, -0.24673299491405487, -0.6486785411834717, 0.09978650510311127, -0.3009544610977173, -0.38747721910476685, -0.06944309175014496, -0.40116748213768005, -0.6230173707008362, 0.3840494155883789, 0.2675364017486572, -0.6661565899848938, -0.12425374984741211, -0.04531264677643776, -0.7211752533912659, 0.6452276110649109, 0.4374535381793976, -0.5191476941108704, 0.654922604560852, -0.6639196276664734, -0.44638729095458984, 0.15326698124408722, 0.6191659569740295, 0.6624656915664673, -0.8500074744224548, 0.23022930324077606, -0.3588499128818512, 0.7743799090385437, -0.012146870605647564, 0.20662392675876617, 0.4252993166446686, 0.09641712158918381, 0.12668663263320923, -0.215585857629776, 0.20115883648395538, 0.4545751214027405, 0.17587910592556, 0.03567095100879669, -0.6208952069282532, -0.44321489334106445, 0.12488442659378052, -0.4578091502189636, -0.6001201868057251, -0.8303247094154358, 1.1380398273468018, -0.49165642261505127, -0.11926916986703873, -0.35748541355133057, -0.4843465983867645, -0.11124967783689499, 0.043126631528139114, -0.4618679881095886, -0.46199867129325867, 0.6118593811988831, 0.5123947262763977, -0.23770397901535034, 0.6161836981773376, -0.142647847533226, -0.2895589768886566, -0.31136640906333923, -0.31120365858078003, -0.5324379205703735, 0.28489574790000916, 0.7391641139984131, -0.08166909217834473, -0.04720644652843475, -0.5804174542427063, -0.5264528393745422, -0.15403775870800018, -0.3685404360294342, -0.13914108276367188, -0.2807289659976959, 0.24547013640403748, -0.7183798551559448, -0.16787567734718323, -0.6061981320381165, 0.011254572309553623, 0.03760748356580734, 0.07774753868579865, -0.4968699812889099, -0.578903317451477, -0.15655122697353363, -0.2126273512840271, -0.10505392402410507, 0.23168917000293732, 0.17935948073863983, 0.26431891322135925, -0.29299551248550415, -0.028717851266264915, -0.2174617201089859, -0.3359885513782501, 0.5284690260887146, -0.15854565799236298, -0.12934723496437073, 0.4674783945083618, 0.11854622513055801, -0.24880540370941162, -0.31330013275146484, 0.22086350619792938, -0.30440011620521545, -0.3198142349720001, 0.17700207233428955, 0.15977956354618073, 0.3504658341407776, -0.39406347274780273, -0.0826871395111084, 0.23715123534202576, -0.6047406792640686, 0.11227881163358688, 0.13359802961349487, -0.13110478222370148, 0.08478914201259613, 1.1229219436645508, -0.019999681040644646, -0.8066284656524658, 0.7265316247940063, -0.2506888210773468, 0.05710156261920929, 0.30213966965675354, -0.23790143430233002, 0.483104944229126, 0.6658668518066406, -0.5443722605705261, 0.12030718475580215, 0.15622954070568085, 0.007849371060729027, 0.21212676167488098, -0.8882508277893066, 0.18243567645549774, 0.3613393306732178, -0.11669936776161194, 0.6213833689689636, 0.316338449716568, 0.03966701030731201, -0.7402489185333252, 0.11702568084001541, 0.12794165313243866, 0.4947585463523865, -0.08330294489860535, 0.09575694054365158, -0.2554517686367035, 0.12217257916927338, -0.0023959088139235973, -1.0414414405822754, 0.3396091163158417, -0.24504099786281586, -0.07570260763168335, -0.178355410695076, -0.8409153819084167, 0.011799497529864311, -0.3757711350917816, -0.41751012206077576, -0.41418561339378357, 0.23089660704135895, 0.05201197788119316, 0.08973801881074905, 0.1974213868379593, -0.09679334610700607, 0.12717820703983307, -0.09692925214767456, 0.029287217184901237, -0.6621925830841064, -0.008458135649561882, 0.19626322388648987, 0.15307581424713135, 0.017655599862337112, 0.314759224653244, -0.1645161360502243, 0.22075238823890686, 0.7562216520309448, 0.3208060562610626, 0.020124195143580437, -0.7471012473106384, 0.05586565285921097, 0.28179827332496643, 0.5689724087715149, -0.22512194514274597, 0.4078632593154907, 0.08499132096767426, -0.341216504573822, -0.24845999479293823, -1.1367831230163574, -0.38494783639907837, 0.8156038522720337, -0.5156370401382446, 0.10258951038122177, -0.2103862464427948, 0.7050497531890869, 0.0010118894279003143, -0.15507234632968903, -0.5283613204956055, 0.09240393340587616, 0.13110658526420593, 0.6301857233047485, -0.7016012668609619, -0.09474807232618332, -0.9004287719726562, -0.21055513620376587, -1.6263777017593384, 0.20848426222801208, -0.24577714502811432, -0.011616857722401619, -0.15747720003128052, 0.4895400404930115, -0.028912782669067383, 0.1697242707014084, 0.5554928183555603, -0.5782992839813232, -0.026285862550139427, -0.02410235069692135, -0.45509791374206543, -0.4971955716609955, -0.12362944334745407, 0.50125652551651, -0.023575667291879654, -0.1442151516675949, 0.41767218708992004, 0.30631089210510254, 0.1986340433359146, 0.13934563100337982, -0.35586875677108765, -0.5349432826042175, -0.4618645906448364, 0.10033486038446426, -0.05242461711168289, -0.04051242396235466, 0.7149428129196167, 1.2194868326187134, 0.9010311961174011, -0.669719398021698, 0.10406073182821274, -0.5756290555000305, 0.30677154660224915, -0.2935444116592407, -0.20632196962833405, 0.46496132016181946, -0.34060052037239075, -0.17904214560985565, 0.14330770075321198, 1.0804481506347656, -0.1776125133037567, -0.03311215341091156, 0.011681423522531986, -0.7467904090881348, -0.17484094202518463, 0.1823907047510147, 0.16824336349964142, -0.37008675932884216, 0.5957733392715454, -0.47137680649757385 ]
210551	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud%20de%20Wild	Ruud de Wild	Rudolf Alexander (Ruud) de Wild (born 24 April 1969, Hilversum) is a Dutch radio host. He is also a former DJ, VJ and was one of the faces of the now-defunct television network Talpa. On 6 May 2002, when he worked for radio station 3FM, he interviewed Pim Fortuyn. After the interview De Wild and Fortuyn stepped outside where De Wild witnessed the assassination of Fortuyn. De Wild stated that he narrowly avoided being shot himself and suffered from trauma and PTSD as a result of witnessing Fortuyn's murder. In 2004 De Wild started his show Ruuddewild.nl on Radio 538. He got a timeslot between 16.00 and 19.00. At that time he also worked for the television channel Talpa of John de Mol. He presented Big Brother 5 together with Bridget Maasland. Conflict with Radio 538 In the summer of 2007, De Wild did not return to present his program on Radio 538 after his holiday. Official statements said De Wild was suffering from burnout, but rumours circulated that he had tried to break out of his contract with Radio 538 because he felt that he was not getting enough creative freedom from the station. His show Ruuddewild.nl went on without him, and was presented by Lindo Duvall, another deejay at Radio 538. Because the show was still called Ruuddewild.nl, and Radio 538 repeatedly stated that De Wild really was ill, it appeared De Wild was going to return. But on 25 October 2007 Ruuddewild.nl disappeared from Radio 538's schedule and was replaced by a nameless afternoon show, still presented by Lindo Duvall. Radio 538 then stated it had terminated De Wild's contract. Return to Dutch Radio On 10 March 2008, Ruud de Wild started presenting the morning-show on Dutch radio station Q-Music, again called Ruuddewild.nl. Sidekick on this new show is Jeroen Kijk in de Vegte, who worked with De Wild before at 3FM, and producer is Martijn Zuurveen. In 2010, Ruud de Wild went back to Radio 538. His contract was terminated in April 2015, when 538 suddenly announced his slot was to be taken over by the Coen en Sander Show. De Wild now works for NPO Radio 2. External links Ruud de Wild (official website) 1969 births Living people Dutch game show hosts Big Brother (Dutch TV series) Crime witnesses People from Hilversum	[ -0.03454817086458206, -0.2732483148574829, -0.13423487544059753, -0.48313048481941223, -0.1872343271970749, 0.07258173823356628, 0.8554280996322632, -0.36679062247276306, -0.3759499490261078, 0.19984981417655945, 0.08038608729839325, 0.3661491274833679, -0.17616404592990875, -0.044317856431007385, -0.374777615070343, 0.2889448404312134, -0.3590709865093231, 0.08396649360656738, -0.18779663741588593, -0.3304281532764435, -0.26008275151252747, -0.5664522051811218, 0.12622256577014923, 0.2139584720134735, -0.2682402729988098, 0.06952758133411407, 0.0630175918340683, 0.23465581238269806, 0.11769223213195801, -0.7465479969978333, 0.07570353150367737, 0.8637202978134155, 0.23006097972393036, -0.013291601091623306, 0.07143492996692657, 0.9319552183151245, 0.23036350309848785, -0.6151136159896851, 0.25649407505989075, 0.14692652225494385, -0.17353618144989014, 0.44509273767471313, -0.8382276296615601, 0.4482647776603699, -0.5275920629501343, -0.9892474412918091, -1.5479997396469116, 0.20883388817310333, -0.5336698889732361, -0.14159080386161804, 0.19362759590148926, -0.23097944259643555, 0.039032187312841415, 0.7693811655044556, 0.3962711691856384, -0.2664039433002472, -0.6711123585700989, -0.24993383884429932, 0.2065083533525467, 0.08086544275283813, -0.0644117221236229, -0.4029946029186249, 0.11529061943292618, -0.20149430632591248, 0.52541184425354, 0.23313753306865692, -0.21682234108448029, 0.8952817916870117, 0.11610183119773865, -0.25671249628067017, -0.6219962239265442, 0.22872279584407806, 0.13983073830604553, -0.7415392398834229, 0.20723956823349, -0.3242730498313904, -0.14268456399440765, -0.3794725239276886, -0.34803545475006104, 0.045423127710819244, -0.36511653661727905, -0.39403843879699707, 1.0203001499176025, -0.032517168670892715, 0.7622146606445312, -0.3447955250740051, -0.029248155653476715, -0.1720557063817978, -0.5440486669540405, -0.4506257176399231, -0.7089703679084778, -0.7876831889152527, 0.11994075030088425, 0.051426373422145844, -0.24393898248672485, -0.2047831118106842, -0.3174454867839813, 0.9357537031173706, 0.06966976821422577, 0.2410878837108612, 0.013835297897458076, -0.0006282391841523349, 0.7229252457618713, -0.6634266376495361, -0.7438974380493164, -0.84430992603302, -0.08374733477830887, -0.6745744943618774, -0.08325166255235672, -0.4343189299106598, -0.15865086019039154, 0.8459793925285339, 0.1765778511762619, -0.2698248624801636, -0.08157924562692642, 0.7598782181739807, -0.0405522957444191, -0.5173521041870117, -0.5385352373123169, 0.5320457816123962, 0.19500195980072021, 0.6148975491523743, -0.15888366103172302, 0.12498542666435242, -0.6287347674369812, -0.19743330776691437, 0.012472123838961124, 0.35599225759506226, 0.04034558683633804, 0.8292393684387207, 0.9349960684776306, 1.1100819110870361, -0.5848397612571716, -0.13056719303131104, -0.9233023524284363, 0.84907466173172, 0.5212892889976501, 0.3241440951824188, 0.025899555534124374, 0.2616761028766632, -0.9293246269226074, -0.05179847404360771, -0.7022570967674255, -0.178361177444458, -0.2885323762893677, 0.2958577275276184, -0.7164519429206848, -0.40203675627708435, -0.04252192750573158, -0.2198493778705597, -0.05606735125184059, -0.14885887503623962, -0.03291310369968414, -0.7065636515617371, -0.3155527114868164, 1.3378440141677856, 0.2693799138069153, -0.6311015486717224, 0.39358341693878174, 0.10970553755760193, 0.479615181684494, -0.5491984486579895, -0.2335945963859558, 0.36620867252349854, 0.44080254435539246, -0.12202613055706024, -0.135698601603508, 0.5200127363204956, -0.020585903897881508, 0.6307194232940674, -0.6426825523376465, 0.27197161316871643, 0.4612772464752197, -0.4616999924182892, 0.4114401340484619, 0.2991522550582886, 0.568722665309906, -0.1986856311559677, 0.48982518911361694, 0.1469213366508484, -0.74477219581604, -0.2365979254245758, -0.24218332767486572, 0.0006199430208653212, 0.5343286991119385, -0.0032344639766961336, 0.5531635284423828, 0.20378915965557098, 0.7481202483177185, 0.584893524646759, -0.7626457810401917, -0.5373729467391968, 0.26420632004737854, 0.49488967657089233, 0.23047225177288055, 0.1828376054763794, -0.4129529297351837, 0.7092315554618835, 0.46164315938949585, 0.48662182688713074, -0.29712408781051636, -0.38227367401123047, 0.24118797481060028, -0.3391489088535309, 0.3487086892127991, 1.134633183479309, 0.7817761898040771, -0.484563410282135, -0.04336650297045708, 1.2741503715515137, -0.17089827358722687, -0.3945576548576355, -0.06151445582509041, 0.18051230907440186, -0.07531091570854187, -0.6164402961730957, 0.3360661566257477, -0.3364374041557312, -0.28526294231414795, -0.1184379979968071, 1.0133589506149292, 0.46223318576812744, -0.9705265164375305, 1.2802186012268066, -0.2898283898830414, 0.7082619667053223, 0.18778523802757263, 0.16493749618530273, 0.6575198769569397, -0.6627837419509888, 0.3144996166229248, 0.2622992992401123, 0.33820828795433044, -0.6238550543785095, -0.36496126651763916, -0.2314312756061554, 0.41221562027931213, -0.3108299672603607, 0.020747162401676178, -0.9380568265914917, 0.5837380886077881, 1.2920069694519043, -0.5901108980178833, -0.11029897630214691, -0.0857761949300766, 0.7105131149291992, -0.4222114384174347, 0.13805395364761353, -0.4100207984447479, 0.17901086807250977, 0.6110407114028931, 0.3279957175254822, 0.18450996279716492, -0.46972471475601196, -0.20867642760276794, -0.09964901953935623, 0.1190120279788971, 0.48837506771087646, 0.7615281343460083, 0.26279059052467346, 0.1235257014632225, -0.5187380909919739, 0.13521695137023926, 0.049513984471559525, 0.057059839367866516, -0.40615883469581604, -0.3571833372116089, -0.7518824338912964, 0.3246184289455414, -0.3325463831424713, 0.17373904585838318, -0.36461955308914185, -0.5176865458488464, -0.4497891962528229, -0.08872146904468536, -0.495714008808136, -0.1629534214735031, 0.23512481153011322, 0.14698311686515808, -0.2641773521900177, 0.1663183867931366, 0.5321228504180908, 0.6047003269195557, -0.36315497756004333, 0.1703363060951233, 0.4892566204071045, -0.11659536510705948, 0.5771014094352722, -0.5820050239562988, -0.07253763824701309, -0.19609859585762024, 0.3208533823490143, 0.024218039587140083, 0.5426438450813293, 0.22565622627735138, 0.011118180118501186, 0.14404262602329254, -0.31265148520469666, 0.28946831822395325, -0.00907402578741312, -0.360380619764328, 0.26583245396614075, -0.26743489503860474, 0.17027387022972107, -0.013122321106493473, -0.4027484357357025, -0.17661996185779572, 0.29707589745521545, -4.728165626525879, -0.19383393228054047, 0.2108224630355835, 0.2791852653026581, 0.1641136258840561, -0.4404415786266327, 0.17512691020965576, -0.1744234263896942, 0.43244481086730957, -0.2317999303340912, -0.03856085240840912, -0.4911404252052307, 0.246991366147995, 0.9917871356010437, 1.0700434446334839, 0.641076385974884, 0.5744322538375854, 0.09393804520368576, 0.23772622644901276, 0.6306115388870239, -0.11835357546806335, 0.003932800609618425, 0.0959097295999527, -0.24059560894966125, -0.3400858938694, 0.45588093996047974, 0.006818062625825405, -0.0893021747469902, -0.7833747863769531, -0.6640422940254211, -0.005525246262550354, -0.6067091822624207, -0.5154606103897095, 0.5403415560722351, -0.09528698027133942, 0.11524452269077301, 0.39489609003067017, 0.19858625531196594, 0.3992912173271179, -0.49437740445137024, 0.24045883119106293, 0.36048755049705505, -0.0015371795743703842, 0.4198944568634033, 0.2690507471561432, -0.047087036073207855, -1.3200123310089111, -0.1646578013896942, -0.08469507843255997, 0.8834319114685059, 0.0059998189099133015, 0.024706769734621048, 0.724484384059906, 0.40305426716804504, -0.05214307829737663, -0.6265701055526733, 0.3515469431877136, 0.07536660879850388, 0.04555299133062363, 0.5244560241699219, 0.5081340074539185, -0.6804762482643127, 0.04343969747424126, -0.49178653955459595, -0.010489607229828835, -0.241869255900383, 0.6515845060348511, -0.457014799118042, 0.9150893092155457, -0.9912213683128357, 0.023188885301351547, 0.08053310215473175, 0.6522423028945923, -1.348982572555542, -0.3810873329639435, -0.25435495376586914, -0.03807130828499794, -0.5919431447982788, -0.22420811653137207, -0.04390229284763336, -0.3875240981578827, -0.04964308813214302, -0.7005534172058105, 0.7252592444419861, 0.6596841216087341, -0.8872584104537964, 0.12961430847644806, 0.6200457215309143, -0.5118709802627563, -0.1824951469898224, -0.007404251955449581, -0.42185747623443604, 0.060716331005096436, 0.3108614683151245, -0.014445673674345016, 0.3959539234638214, 0.008176990784704685, 0.32100608944892883, 0.6376625299453735, -0.21481336653232574, -0.15861552953720093, -0.7971193790435791, -0.061500318348407745, -0.4055033326148987, 0.07342007011175156, 0.24770613014698029, 0.42534324526786804, 0.3412112295627594, 0.6299036145210266, 0.442233145236969, 0.02122161164879799, 0.8950039744377136, -0.20707501471042633, -0.16694794595241547, 0.635391116142273, 0.3805781602859497, -0.5304951667785645, 0.29337698221206665, 0.5117985010147095, 0.5895540118217468, 0.04151196777820587, 0.3996831178665161, 0.08542432636022568, -0.039077598601579666, 0.13534104824066162, -0.11678386479616165, 0.05768372491002083, -0.6803858280181885, -0.45403698086738586, -0.18427294492721558, -0.8933531045913696, 0.4444705843925476, 0.16727414727210999, -0.251737117767334, 0.016232073307037354, -0.5497047305107117, -0.20032571256160736, -0.29617491364479065, 0.11160336434841156, -0.47061687707901, -0.3613158166408539, -0.3165743947029114, 0.2606605291366577, 0.15625624358654022, -0.07030719518661499, 0.5015870928764343, 0.4779425859451294, -0.4174468517303467, -0.7236373424530029, 0.3934157192707062, 0.09367135912179947, -0.14652623236179352, 0.03483977168798447, -0.7219087481498718, 0.03872207552194595, 0.06395576149225235, -0.8310741782188416, -0.4537799060344696, 0.4971421957015991, -0.5190392732620239, 0.07948280870914459, -0.8181487321853638, -0.7392429113388062, 0.3047250211238861, 0.340043306350708, 0.738243579864502, 0.054682906717061996, -0.519104540348053, -0.9487120509147644, 0.4147157669067383, -0.7157056927680969, -0.2253403216600418, -0.4447142779827118, -0.24543355405330658, 0.18838432431221008, -0.25646647810935974, 0.40302976965904236, 0.09220325201749802, -0.03875254839658737, -0.27606630325317383, -0.4949069917201996, 0.7712368369102478, -0.9238905310630798, 0.7188249826431274, 0.7216212749481201, -0.7465178966522217, -0.2666803300380707, -0.3792809844017029, -0.40028491616249084, 0.045900989323854446, 0.49210572242736816, 0.9891185760498047, 0.6815250515937805, 0.9967565536499023, -0.07887619733810425, -0.6385847926139832, 0.016985494643449783, -0.09205905348062515, -0.20365311205387115, -0.30721256136894226, 0.2789970636367798, 0.27572524547576904, -0.25540122389793396, 0.3560413718223572, 0.18088945746421814, -0.916432797908783, 0.376076340675354, 0.6918280124664307, -0.015190240927040577, 0.23705023527145386, -0.5772568583488464, -0.4715830981731415, -0.3824014663696289, 0.5410549640655518, -0.9061353206634521, -0.12281495332717896, -0.028772694990038872, -0.13983729481697083, -0.6576465368270874, -0.15592855215072632, -0.8926483392715454, -0.650193452835083, -0.5681324005126953, 0.0031026883516460657, -0.5572134256362915, 0.09918446093797684, 0.20941419899463654, -0.6858336329460144, 0.6156030893325806, 0.41184502840042114, 0.23757079243659973, -0.4578443765640259, 0.8388137817382812, -0.05031834915280342, -0.6932030320167542, 0.15964533388614655, 0.43647462129592896, 0.8614311814308167, -0.615841805934906, 0.2117006927728653, 0.9363309144973755, 0.5982348322868347, -0.05968711897730827, -0.6952590346336365, 0.162734255194664, 0.7683375477790833, 0.3133358657360077, -0.047083571553230286, -0.5692862272262573, 0.03310215845704079, 0.8674212098121643, 0.17038854956626892, -1.051116704940796, 0.8070434331893921, 1.7038487195968628, -0.26699307560920715, -0.03708801046013832, 0.17102155089378357, 0.17494410276412964, 0.008090627379715443, 0.6428277492523193, -0.08778635412454605, 0.3193523585796356, 0.13588327169418335, 0.385527640581131, 0.1982383131980896, -0.4369179904460907, -0.6146242618560791, 0.17580027878284454, -0.1329697072505951, -0.24732206761837006, -0.5294395685195923, -0.23576778173446655, 0.5018078088760376, 0.10118024796247482, 0.6123149991035461, -0.13860589265823364, -0.7699877023696899, 0.17566286027431488, -0.2131558209657669, 0.022649722173810005, -0.2752940356731415, -0.42799317836761475, -0.17317156493663788, -0.15685488283634186, -0.28065499663352966, -0.6757156252861023, 0.2278522253036499, 0.15920361876487732, 0.3703376054763794, -0.5518548488616943, -0.5323761105537415, -0.348139226436615, 0.9898436665534973, 0.12631717324256897, 0.2694767713546753, -0.021487729623913765, 0.3928520381450653, 0.009631816297769547, -0.4298032224178314, -0.5300713777542114, 0.28606441617012024, 0.49933353066444397, -0.02051714062690735, 0.15290333330631256, 0.29156380891799927, 0.11169789731502533, -0.3456597924232483, 0.3260367214679718, 0.31226614117622375, 0.17124688625335693, -0.11673491448163986, 0.20565085113048553, 0.14674626290798187, -0.9523134827613831, 0.24507594108581543, 0.8092998266220093, -0.4109542667865753, -0.39166975021362305, 0.27982813119888306, 0.2576688528060913, -0.7003546357154846, 0.3039369285106659, 0.09500432759523392, -0.011542316526174545, 1.4271798133850098, 0.05134500563144684, -0.603127658367157, 0.6437400579452515, -0.2933010756969452, -0.29964855313301086, 0.6805700659751892, -0.6294050216674805, 0.6937713027000427, -0.3703474998474121, -0.36082375049591064, 0.21638284623622894, -0.16129431128501892, 0.5620062351226807, -0.365653395652771, -0.6356299519538879, 1.3954182863235474, -0.3953897953033447, -0.08868302404880524, -0.5011014342308044, 0.11828827112913132, 0.34680771827697754, 0.2204001545906067, -0.2707282304763794, -0.09153937548398972, 0.12053347378969193, -0.3412514626979828, 0.1843845248222351, -1.0995343923568726, -0.2544555962085724, -0.33031517267227173, 0.5521429181098938, -0.4457854926586151, -0.49306416511535645, 0.04843125119805336, 0.42623281478881836, 0.05140689015388489, 0.18885084986686707, 0.26025015115737915, 0.03323937952518463, -0.7036331295967102, 0.024312380701303482, -0.26460665464401245, -0.018383914604783058, 0.6474119424819946, -0.28247612714767456, -0.01222953014075756, -0.17725372314453125, 0.12218862771987915, -0.2642551064491272, -0.11545735597610474, 0.6073716282844543, -0.6339877247810364, -0.6880210638046265, 0.9263489842414856, -0.24380798637866974, 0.467831552028656, -0.06201661378145218, 0.4153010845184326, -0.08836179971694946, -0.3151954710483551, -0.7596234679222107, -0.13317467272281647, -0.08741727471351624, -0.30251675844192505, 0.4242746829986572, -0.4927167594432831, -0.5702086091041565, 0.4080578684806824, -0.6450672149658203, -0.04014155641198158, -0.6583625674247742, 1.0114606618881226, 0.2838747203350067, -0.06809356808662415, 0.11826502531766891, 0.11695065349340439, -0.04187626391649246, -0.24749523401260376, -0.766857922077179, 0.06021696701645851, -0.5792144536972046, 0.08768709003925323, -0.12880286574363708, 0.8455081582069397, 0.2226797193288803, -0.25439929962158203, -0.3408336341381073, 0.268746018409729, -0.2395959198474884, 0.7625612616539001, 0.43124985694885254, -0.2948313355445862, 0.4381922483444214, 0.3254248797893524, -0.05579701066017151, 0.3910207152366638, -0.09603355824947357, 0.5166165828704834, -0.07594187557697296, 0.23620454967021942, -0.07098589837551117, 0.19603879749774933, -1.4682124853134155, -0.3575941026210785, 0.11626457422971725, -0.6527426242828369, -0.3997805118560791, -0.2391335517168045, -0.9545820951461792, -0.32818275690078735, 0.9432528614997864, 0.9184510707855225, 0.49906495213508606, 0.1673835963010788, 0.4137570858001709, 0.010030342265963554, 0.0834433063864708, -0.43576696515083313, -1.993066430091858, 0.33064907789230347, -0.21907749772071838, 0.4819362759590149, -0.30940765142440796, 0.17435218393802643, 0.05573834851384163, -0.6395798325538635, 0.5673052072525024, -0.9461970329284668, -0.5242919921875, 0.35298430919647217, -0.033966630697250366, 0.2819850742816925, 0.9341223239898682, -0.43292784690856934 ]
210555	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste%20management	Waste management	Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, economic mechanisms. Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and each type has different methods of disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological, household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Health issues are associated throughout the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly. Directly, through the handling of solid waste, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil and food. Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment, planetary resources and aesthetics. Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches. Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. A report found that effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported. A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity. Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-economic mechanisms of a circular economy, effective disposal facilities, export and import control and optimal sustainable design of products that are produced. In the first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste, its management and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about a fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires – or close to one billion tons per year when combined. They also found that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality research base", partly due to the absence of "substantial research funding", which motivated scientists often require. Electronic waste (ewaste) includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs (CDs), headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. According to the Global E-waste Monitor 2017, India generates ~ 2 million tonnes (Mte) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among the e-waste producing countries, after the US, P.R. China, Japan and Germany. Principles of waste management Waste hierarchy The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy is the bedrock of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste; see: resource recovery. The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product. Life-cycle of a product The life-cycle begins with the design, then proceeds through manufacture, distribution, and primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse and recycle. Each stage in the life-cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to rethink the need for the product, to redesign to minimize waste potential, to extend its use. Product life-cycle analysis is a way to optimize the use of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste. Resource efficiency Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and development can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to the last use and disposal. Polluter-pays principle The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material. History Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low levels of population density and exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations. However, some civilizations have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps. Modern era Following the onset of industrialisation and the sustained urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste clearance regulations. Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority with waste removal powers occurred as early as 1751, when Corbyn Morris in London proposed that "... as the preservation of the health of the people is of great importance, it is proposed that the cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public management, and all the filth be...conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country". However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842 of the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, in which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population. In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London. The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first citywide authority that centralized sanitation regulation for the rapidly expanding city and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for every household to deposit their weekly waste in "moveable receptacles" for disposal—the first concept for a dust-bin. The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants, or, as they were then called, "destructors". In 1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Alfred Fryer. However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced and which wafted over the neighbouring areas. Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in other large cities of Europe and North America. In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management. Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor. Waste handling and transport Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies for industrial and commercial waste. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have formal waste-collection systems. Waste handling practices Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries, Canada, New Zealand, United States, and many other parts of the developed world in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialised trucks. This is often associated with curb-side waste segregation. In rural areas, waste may need to be taken to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal facility. In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from the home or commercial premises by vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in Europe and North America. In some jurisdictions unsegregated waste is collected at the curb-side or from waste transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into bio-gas and soil conditioner. In San Francisco, the local government established its Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in support of its goal of "Zero waste by 2020", requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the curbside "Fantastic 3" bin system – blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for landfill-bound materials – provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The city's "Pay-As-You-Throw" system charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other discards. The city's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the city to achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America. Other businesses such as Waste Industries use a variety of colors to distinguish between trash and recycling cans. In addition, in some areas of the world the disposal of municipal solid waste can cause environmental strain due to official not having benchmarks that help measure the environmental sustainability of certain practices. Waste segregation This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet waste as compost. When segregating waste, the amount of waste that gets landfilled reduces considerably, resulting in lower levels of air and water pollution. Importantly, waste segregation should be based on the type of waste and the most appropriate treatment and disposal. This also makes it easier to apply different processes to the waste, like composting, recycling and incineration. It is important to practice waste management and segregation as a community. One way to practice waste management is to ensure there is awareness. The process of waste segregation should be explained to the community. Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as much manual sorting as mixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important such as legal obligations, cost savings and protection of human health and the environment. Institutions should make it as easy as possible for their staff to correctly segregate their waste. This can include labelling, making sure there are enough accessible bins and clearly indicating why segregation is so important. Labeling is especially important when dealing with nuclear waste due to how much harm to human health the excess products of the nuclear cycle can cause. Financial models In most developed countries, domestic waste disposal is funded from a national or local tax which may be related to income, or property values. Commercial and industrial waste disposal is typically charged for as a commercial service, often as an integrated charge which includes disposal costs. This practice may encourage disposal contractors to opt for the cheapest disposal option such as landfill rather than the environmentally best solution such as re-use and recycling. Financing of solid waste management projects can be overwhelming for the city government, especially if the government see it as an important service they should render to the citizen. Donors and grants are a funding mechanism that is dependent on the interest of the donor organization. as much as it is a good way to develop a city's waste management infrastructure, attracting and utilizing grants is solely reliant on what the donor considers as important. Therefore, it may be a challenge for a city government to dictate how the funds should be distributed among the various aspect of waste management. In some areas like Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste is collected by the city council only if it is put in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate. The World Bank finances and advises on solid waste management projects using a diverse suite of products and services, including traditional loans, results-based financing, development policy financing, and technical advisory. World Bank-financed waste management projects usually address the entire lifecycle of waste right from the point of generation to collection and transportation, and finally treatment and disposal. Disposal methods Landfill Incineration Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of both municipal solid waste and solid residue from waste water treatment. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 80 to 95 percent. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants including substantial quantities of carbon dioxide. Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as the facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and PAHs, which may be created and which may have serious environmental consequences and some heavy metals such as mercury and lead which can be volatilised in the combustion process.. Recycling Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash. There are numerous benefits of recycling, and with so many new technologies making even more materials recyclable, it is possible to clean up the Earth. Recycling not only benefits the environment but also positively affects the economy. The materials from which the items are made can be made into new products. Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling." The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes. PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required. The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed. Some of the types of recycling include waste paper and cardboard, plastic recycling, metal recycling, electronic devices, wood recycling, glass recycling, cloth and textile and so many more. In July 2017, the Chinese government announced an import ban of 24 categories of recyclables and solid waste, including plastic, textiles and mixed paper, placing tremendous impact on developed countries globally, which exported directly or indirectly to China. Re-use Biological reprocessing Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising efficiencies. There are different types of composting and digestion methods and technologies. They vary in complexity from simple home compost heaps to large scale industrial digestion of mixed domestic waste. The different methods of biological decomposition are classified as aerobic or anaerobic methods. Some methods use the hybrids of these two methods. The anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of solid waste is more environmentally effective than landfill, or incineration. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. (See resource recovery). Energy recovery Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills. Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management. The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation). Pyrolysis Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials by heat in the absence of stoichiometric quantities of oxygen; the decomposition produces various hydrocarbon gases. During pyrolysis, the molecules of object vibrate at high frequencies to an extent that molecules start breaking down. The rate of pyrolysis increases with temperature. In industrial applications, temperatures are above 430 °C (800 °F). Slow pyrolysis produces gases and solid charcoal. Pyrolysis hold promise for conversion of waste biomass into useful liquid fuel. Pyrolysis of waste wood and plastics can potentially produce fuel. The solids left from pyrolysis contain metals, glass, sand and pyrolysis coke which does not convert to gas. Compared to the process of incineration, certain types of pyrolysis processes release less harmful by-products that contain alkali metals, sulphur, and chlorine. However, pyrolysis of some waste yields gases which impact the environment such as HCl and SO2. Resource recovery Resource recovery is the systematic diversion of waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use. It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy. These activities are performed at a resource recovery facility. Resource recovery is not only environmentally important, but it is also cost-effective. It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural resources. Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path. As an example of how resource recycling can be beneficial, many items thrown away contain metals that can be recycled to create a profit, such as the components in circuit boards. Wood chippings in pallets and other packaging materials can be recycled to useful products for horticulture. The recycled chips can cover paths, walkways, or arena surfaces. Application of rational and consistent waste management practices can yield a range of benefits including: Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities. Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practises, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities. Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practises can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment. Waste valorization Liquid waste-management Liquid waste is an important category of waste management because it is so difficult to deal with. Unlike solid wastes, liquid wastes cannot be easily picked up and removed from an environment. Liquid wastes spread out, and easily pollute other sources of liquid if brought into contact. This type of waste also soaks into objects like soil and groundwater. This in turn carries over to pollute the plants, the animals in the ecosystem, as well as the humans within the area of the pollution. Industrial wastewater Sewage sludge Avoidance and reduction methods An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Waste Minimization is reducing the quantity of hazardous wastes achieved through a thorough application of innovative or alternative procedures. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new ones, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans and packaging, and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of beverage cans). International waste trade Challenges in developing countries Areas with developing economies often experience exhausted waste collection services and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites. The problems are worsening. Problems with governance complicate the situation. Waste management in these countries and cities is an ongoing challenge due to weak institutions, chronic under-resourcing and rapid urbanization. All of these challenges, along with the lack of understanding of different factors that contribute to the hierarchy of waste management, affect the treatment of waste. In developing countries, waste management activities are usually carried by poor, for their survival. It has been estimated that 2% of population in Asia, Latin America and Africa are dependent on waste for their livelihood. Family organized, or individual manual scavengers are often involved with waste management practices with very little supportive network and facilities with increased risk of health effects. Additionally, this practice prevents their children from further education. Participation level of most citizens in waste management is very low, residents in urban areas are not actively involved in the process of waste management. Technologies Traditionally, the waste management industry has been a late adopter of new technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry. This technology has been used widely by many organizations in some industrialized countries. Radio frequency identification is a tagging system for automatic identification of recyclable components of municipal solid waste stream. Waste management by region China Municipal solid waste generation shows spatiotemporal variation. In spatial distribution, the point sources in eastern coastal regions are quite different. Guangdong, Shanghai and Tianjin produced MSW of 30.35, 7.85 and 2.95 Mt, respectively. In temporal distribution, during 2009–2018, Fujian province showed 123% increase in MSW generation while Liaoning province showed only 7% increase, whereas Shanghai special zone had a decline of −11% after 2013. MSW composition characteristics is complicated. The major components such as kitchen waste, paper and rubber & plastics in different eastern coastal cities have fluctuation in the range of 52.8–65.3%, 3.5–11.9%, and 9.9–19.1%, respectively. Treatment rate of consumption waste is up to 99% with a sum of 52% landfill, 45% incineration, and 3% composting technologies, indicating that landfill still dominates MSW treatment. Morocco Morocco has seen benefits from implementing a $300 million sanitary landfill system. While it might appear to be a costly investment, the country's government predicts that it has saved them another $440 million in damages, or consequences of failing to dispose of waste properly. San Francisco San Francisco started to make changes to their waste management policies in 2009 with the expectation to be zero waste by the year 2030. Council made changes such as making recycling and composting a mandatory practice for businesses and individuals, banning Styrofoam and plastic bags, putting charges on paper bags, and increasing garbage collection rates. Businesses are fiscally rewarded for correct disposal of recycling and composting and taxed for incorrect disposal. Besides these policies, the waste bins were manufactured in various sizes. The compost bin is the largest, the recycling bin is second, and the garbage bin is the smallest. This encourages individuals to sort their waste thoughtfully in respect to the sizes. These systems are working because they were able to divert 80% of waste from the landfill, which is the highest rate of any major U.S. city. Despite all these changes, Debbie Raphael, director of the San Francisco Department of the Environment, states that zero waste is still not achievable until all products are designed differently to be able to be recycled or compostable. Turkey United Kingdom Waste management policy in the United Kingdom is a responsibility of the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). In England, the "Waste management plan for England" presents a compilation of waste management policies. Zambia In Zambia, ASAZA is a community-based organization whose principal purpose is to complement the efforts of Government and co-operating partners to uplift the standard of living for disadvantaged communities. The project's main objective is to minimize the problem of indiscriminate littering which leads to land degradation and pollution of the environment. ASAZA is also at the same time helping alleviate the problems of unemployment and poverty through income generation and payment of participants, women and unskilled youths. Scientific journals Related scientific journals in this area include: Environmental and Resource Economics Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management Journal of Environmental Economics and Management See also References External links Management by type	[ 0.426311194896698, 0.23073987662792206, -0.35451146960258484, 0.3069519102573395, 0.2848149538040161, 0.1735239028930664, -0.3088293671607971, 0.22659531235694885, -0.20132246613502502, -0.6812328696250916, -0.7194481492042542, 0.9658808708190918, -0.05893811956048012, 0.5936411023139954, -0.18331769108772278, 0.4787382483482361, 0.3727840781211853, 0.3837846517562866, 0.419241726398468, -0.0018395791994407773, -0.5276220440864563, 0.18030501902103424, 0.16157503426074982, 0.1211160346865654, 0.3751770555973053, -0.2784017026424408, -0.04813271760940552, 0.17236971855163574, -0.209344744682312, 0.09132710844278336, -0.17465326189994812, -0.08249156177043915, -0.16335302591323853, -0.46266400814056396, -0.07950003445148468, 0.0544336698949337, -0.4265010356903076, 0.12760744988918304, -0.8117824792861938, -0.6282899379730225, -0.3909930884838104, 0.6708493828773499, -0.4279394745826721, -0.07910873740911484, -0.09811242669820786, -0.14028678834438324, -0.7049293518066406, 0.13153541088104248, -0.6509731411933899, 0.20147934556007385, -0.644123911857605, -0.1717102974653244, 0.05406225472688675, -0.05209774151444435, -0.2125958353281021, 0.24486887454986572, -0.4674241244792938, 0.0525411032140255, -0.2943021059036255, 0.0036468408070504665, 0.10524018853902817, -0.331759512424469, -0.045209918171167374, 0.5568313002586365, 0.5629070997238159, -0.19024157524108887, -0.09106363356113434, 0.32670721411705017, -0.1833345890045166, -0.35626235604286194, -0.5907812714576721, -0.41308560967445374, -0.10239315778017044, 0.19119390845298767, -0.6133854389190674, -0.26850369572639465, 0.3389894664287567, -0.3745112419128418, -0.8760566115379333, 0.43815669417381287, -0.304127037525177, 0.8975590467453003, -0.07328471541404724, -0.13884659111499786, 0.5901795029640198, -0.18073056638240814, -0.10843034088611603, 0.8340376019477844, -0.41116300225257874, 0.690494179725647, 0.8360739350318909, -0.10250421613454819, 0.8026609420776367, -0.19699881970882416, 0.21292831003665924, 0.03939788043498993, 0.379412978887558, 0.21756881475448608, -0.06687858700752258, 0.2575933039188385, -0.3213956654071808, 0.3878265619277954, 0.2925117015838623, -0.14387574791908264, 0.27746349573135376, -0.10266593098640442, -0.050658948719501495, -0.3893613815307617, 0.30014505982398987, -0.08315563201904297, 0.2925071716308594, 0.23228713870048523, -0.7577197551727295, -0.121727854013443, -0.6495420336723328, 0.6599578857421875, 0.16219767928123474, -0.1416102796792984, -0.01797097735106945, 0.2886604070663452, 0.3416442573070526, 0.1509997844696045, 0.001288994331844151, -0.4722073972225189, -0.4006575047969818, -0.37864261865615845, 0.6387526988983154, 0.16539089381694794, -0.32371655106544495, -0.5815980434417725, 0.10786717385053635, 1.0448963642120361, -0.31784361600875854, 0.05847585201263428, -0.43544548749923706, 0.056435078382492065, 0.6873270869255066, 0.28628110885620117, 0.5861793160438538, -0.1281827688217163, -0.5868116021156311, -0.468950092792511, -0.37134605646133423, -0.09545882791280746, 0.18788516521453857, -0.20060408115386963, 0.18314582109451294, -0.6526243686676025, -0.38004815578460693, 0.37226733565330505, 0.1930043250322342, 0.5010768175125122, -0.40168192982673645, 0.23179608583450317, -0.3545926809310913, 0.32193464040756226, 0.48361513018608093, -0.13119718432426453, -0.5244268774986267, -0.03151939809322357, 0.23845858871936798, 0.012478826567530632, 0.012405341491103172, -0.09403489530086517, -0.002819227520376444, -0.685737133026123, 0.15558402240276337, 0.3604736626148224, 0.46689629554748535, -0.4485251009464264, -0.4753531217575073, -0.07046230137348175, 0.20082470774650574, -0.23625165224075317, 0.7555607557296753, -0.028812270611524582, 0.4066604673862457, 0.47881677746772766, 0.8067232966423035, 0.10766588151454926, -0.34137919545173645, -0.029042048379778862, -0.12786920368671417, -0.1474018692970276, 0.5130251049995422, -0.4417405128479004, 0.5781276822090149, 0.030235599726438522, 0.2588467597961426, 0.46514108777046204, -0.6688261032104492, -0.21198876202106476, 0.18425996601581573, -0.5725833177566528, 0.692590057849884, 0.00037020607851445675, -0.3474653661251068, 0.5560221076011658, -0.5198799967765808, -0.056462667882442474, -0.2997061312198639, -0.03348240256309509, 0.16418427228927612, -0.6334555745124817, -0.8485257029533386, 0.053077083081007004, 0.479361355304718, 0.15539321303367615, -0.16220436990261078, 0.3641582429409027, 0.15555545687675476, -0.5407528281211853, 0.2294744849205017, -0.7469666600227356, 0.46684274077415466, 0.04338756203651428, -0.7579601407051086, 0.1905960887670517, 0.1264217644929886, -0.19247014820575714, 0.8179304003715515, -0.004435105714946985, 0.039343804121017456, 0.6345088481903076, -0.4304535686969757, 0.20487472414970398, 0.4699593782424927, 0.039311837404966354, 0.6811027526855469, -0.8574084043502808, 0.37273716926574707, -0.17409229278564453, -0.05076122283935547, -0.09855138510465622, -0.45640861988067627, 0.5504212379455566, -0.24335479736328125, 0.1553414911031723, -0.19050340354442596, -0.1349247694015503, -0.042300764471292496, 0.10841978341341019, -0.34121736884117126, 0.45538678765296936, 0.2846631705760956, 0.0004860535264015198, -0.12424072623252869, 0.08297419548034668, -0.4622087776660919, 0.46987468004226685, 0.13215617835521698, 0.4858260750770569, 0.7216665148735046, -0.6975759267807007, -0.1011885330080986, -0.9937575459480286, -0.08427842706441879, 0.3574775159358978, 0.2978396713733673, -0.12951494753360748, -0.23260077834129333, -0.02509898878633976, -0.14570584893226624, 0.1347389668226242, 0.1542511284351349, -0.21672146022319794, -0.47103896737098694, -0.16436095535755157, -0.6330015659332275, 0.41682150959968567, 0.9526396989822388, -0.3111254870891571, -0.22405222058296204, 0.0053154160268604755, -0.23403890430927277, -0.793844997882843, 0.46491602063179016, 0.0809001699090004, -0.318693608045578, -0.44091537594795227, 0.3529740571975708, 0.6323713064193726, 0.12798070907592773, -0.2984124422073364, -0.2110302746295929, 0.19229666888713837, 0.046072956174612045, 0.10046099126338959, 0.10461931675672531, 0.22014319896697998, -0.6367952227592468, -0.13858914375305176, -0.18401014804840088, -0.2141118198633194, 0.2769429683685303, 0.16423532366752625, -0.2836213707923889, 0.21331486105918884, 0.4225417673587799, -0.004370143171399832, -0.21443748474121094, -0.42487165331840515, -0.5266569256782532, 0.24129009246826172, -0.28192299604415894, -0.5638274550437927, -0.024126457050442696, -0.03169088065624237, -5.816640853881836, -0.727208137512207, -0.24512341618537903, 0.14116765558719635, -0.01834910176694393, 0.19541260600090027, 0.8054070472717285, -0.10343936085700989, -0.11068247258663177, 0.1783980429172516, -0.1547698825597763, 0.28153395652770996, 0.4281187653541565, 0.7315859198570251, 0.7896377444267273, 0.17996914684772491, 1.085077166557312, -0.09106376022100449, 0.05067133158445358, 0.2755741775035858, -0.18369920551776886, -0.24211856722831726, -0.44598421454429626, 0.6633780598640442, -0.15043024718761444, -0.19471144676208496, -0.20504426956176758, 0.5501381754875183, -0.7948841452598572, -0.028838766738772392, 0.004440904129296541, -0.5022574663162231, -0.1671556830406189, -0.21620550751686096, 0.10891862213611603, -0.22992856800556183, 0.28354310989379883, 0.3151282072067261, -0.162332683801651, -0.2745429575443268, 0.2274690568447113, -0.04385223239660263, -0.6123050451278687, 0.2064470499753952, 0.2923431694507599, -0.079460009932518, -0.21461418271064758, -0.5967972874641418, -0.4191979467868805, 0.5776192545890808, 0.20630952715873718, 0.42223697900772095, 0.6997137069702148, -0.4235650300979614, 0.26313403248786926, 0.17154589295387268, 0.638849139213562, 0.3475285768508911, -0.3615678548812866, 0.3329395651817322, 0.2007404863834381, -0.5554293990135193, -0.05067847669124603, -0.03418927639722824, -0.3685852885246277, 0.323091983795166, -0.6895745396614075, -0.8101390600204468, 0.46253296732902527, -0.021107925102114677, -0.3316722810268402, 0.4419953227043152, -0.05158287286758423, -0.8046194314956665, -0.14922583103179932, -0.39127621054649353, 0.08742957562208176, 0.003347362158820033, 0.6666480302810669, -0.23628683388233185, -0.5000727772712708, -0.484009712934494, -0.02051318995654583, -0.364431232213974, 0.008065255358815193, 0.16146473586559296, 0.042395781725645065, 0.03710833191871643, -0.30405953526496887, -0.2124507576227188, 0.8292748928070068, -0.2005225569009781, 0.16592715680599213, 0.34684327244758606, 0.00020480365492403507, 0.3515204191207886, 0.15992684662342072, -0.1727115958929062, 0.4039296805858612, -0.6041936874389648, 0.6943698525428772, 0.10729403793811798, -0.397180438041687, -0.31858235597610474, -0.07063394784927368, -0.19056060910224915, -0.24117806553840637, 0.09667477011680603, 0.7506651282310486, -0.19377748668193817, 0.28900954127311707, 0.6682285666465759, -0.21573996543884277, -0.46740278601646423, -0.08454523235559464, 0.4203082323074341, -0.9409744739532471, 0.44395145773887634, 0.6213932037353516, 0.3901709318161011, 0.19609732925891876, -0.2605346143245697, -0.4536125361919403, 0.12499742954969406, -0.4405742287635803, -0.8242340087890625, 0.3501075208187103, 0.5395593643188477, -0.10053712129592896, -0.1448974311351776, 0.5965324640274048, 0.4256569743156433, 0.03771747276186943, -0.1442030519247055, 0.5141593217849731, -0.36467158794403076, 0.14222048223018646, 0.07832697033882141, -0.04949633404612541, -0.3575498163700104, 0.4339895248413086, 0.1346660852432251, 0.10924378037452698, -0.26454049348831177, 0.6395971775054932, 0.26797056198120117, -0.5348415970802307, 0.14345061779022217, 0.11281250417232513, -0.01845056377351284, -0.10311075299978256, -0.20941877365112305, -0.16186589002609253, -0.11160534620285034, 0.29207858443260193, -0.2815268635749817, -0.029333064332604408, -0.1256844401359558, 0.587810218334198, -0.844002366065979, 0.026688283309340477, 0.010144964791834354, -1.2929712533950806, -0.3678250014781952, -0.18182425200939178, 0.3951936662197113, -0.19769428670406342, -0.09506855905056, 0.061608850955963135, 0.9251369833946228, -0.09677410870790482, -0.42162516713142395, -0.4644779562950134, -0.6704843640327454, 0.16084402799606323, 0.042757462710142136, 0.24372532963752747, 0.09146314114332199, -0.45807406306266785, -0.19452397525310516, -0.11066018044948578, -0.3206488788127899, -0.5173754692077637, 0.3680097758769989, 0.14250119030475616, -0.32463568449020386, 0.07052949070930481, 0.2649327218532562, -0.5862465500831604, -0.2762063145637512, 0.19089940190315247, -0.24648964405059814, 0.5497220158576965, 0.21407195925712585, 0.4896232485771179, -0.4160773754119873, 0.03968111053109169, 0.12559740245342255, -0.5890327095985413, -0.2855595350265503, 0.400805801153183, 0.4640212953090668, -0.368064284324646, -0.031226154416799545, 0.2028736025094986, -0.3633576035499573, -0.21789401769638062, 0.18958118557929993, -0.14815399050712585, 0.12926708161830902, -0.37747493386268616, -0.008710327558219433, -0.6623652577400208, 0.16614285111427307, -0.4484899938106537, -0.37097281217575073, 0.6079627275466919, -0.5576003789901733, 0.12340681999921799, -0.4369601011276245, 0.258452445268631, 0.21567556262016296, -0.4632856845855713, 0.14484524726867676, -0.12135022133588791, 0.13965727388858795, 0.40079906582832336, -0.7579142451286316, -0.3277973532676697, 0.21932262182235718, -0.5321384072303772, -0.2172209471464157, -0.2524348199367523, -0.13768458366394043, 0.011964273639023304, -0.1427765190601349, 0.3330734372138977, 0.06851716339588165, 0.08163027465343475, -0.10326558351516724, -0.2112918347120285, 0.9871165156364441, 0.36622411012649536, -0.5040240287780762, 0.4074349105358124, 0.12295468896627426, 0.41674789786338806, -0.5972965955734253, -0.5149068236351013, 0.10880570858716965, 0.367125004529953, -0.35385674238204956, -0.49784648418426514, -0.07733698189258575, 0.4560152292251587, -0.3767520487308502, -0.14534321427345276, -0.43572312593460083, 0.41346895694732666, 0.29740551114082336, -0.2140600085258484, -0.1603858470916748, -0.7284411191940308, -0.10715114325284958, 1.1019246578216553, -0.00519922748208046, -0.27870649099349976, -0.09724627435207367, 0.23952290415763855, -0.803160548210144, 0.0873032957315445, -0.1838657706975937, -0.008475225418806076, 0.12930981814861298, 1.0616455078125, -0.01026624720543623, 0.08927829563617706, -0.35384654998779297, -0.0698581114411354, -0.2513955533504486, -0.29939064383506775, 0.05040411278605461, 0.2266191840171814, -0.20015166699886322, 0.656959593296051, -0.6816403865814209, 0.4263041317462921, -0.20042449235916138, -0.7840180993080139, -0.10863208025693893, -0.3118765652179718, -0.10006430745124817, -0.183596670627594, 0.3409947454929352, -0.3599070906639099, -0.11162154376506805, -0.012408148497343063, 0.2616478204727173, -0.47126421332359314, 0.17718058824539185, -0.48049336671829224, 0.06070747971534729, -0.09285751730203629, -0.752606987953186, 0.5333418846130371, 0.17015314102172852, 0.2055029422044754, -0.2557312250137329, -0.2762363851070404, -0.1422930210828781, 0.656091034412384, -0.12167295813560486, 0.2617117762565613, 0.6632319092750549, -0.7728488445281982, -0.20120073854923248, 0.4561888575553894, -0.586360514163971, 0.7851190567016602, 0.15869195759296417, 0.3283173143863678, -0.3485628366470337, 0.38821423053741455, -0.2873500883579254, 0.004053421318531036, 0.48806852102279663, 0.08633194863796234, -0.009450792334973812, 0.4577929377555847, -0.21164758503437042, 0.7364593148231506, 0.23025736212730408, -0.05651416629552841, 0.08841317892074585, -0.3862764537334442, 0.12442459166049957, 0.07068978250026703, -0.8066365122795105, -0.5573331117630005, 0.6935535073280334, 0.8818890452384949, 0.7619380354881287, 0.19190582633018494, 0.5961232781410217, -0.23672381043434143, 0.2618352472782135, 0.5467092990875244, 0.054124437272548676, -0.38542312383651733, 0.45900651812553406, 0.1794702708721161, -0.3703150749206543, 0.7189695835113525, -0.007459022104740143, -0.018849749118089676, -0.08444685488939285, 0.16857963800430298, 0.037499453872442245, -0.027124624699354172, -0.06357865780591965, 0.15131014585494995, 0.7383829951286316, -0.3022511899471283, -0.018997959792613983, 0.7787330150604248, -0.14733627438545227, 0.3411627411842346, -0.9652895927429199, 0.06771622598171234, 0.5421377420425415, 0.17608031630516052, 0.7571456432342529, -0.5366793274879456, 0.14489756524562836, 0.5700733065605164, -0.5182321667671204, 0.3645670711994171, 0.29330572485923767, -0.07972577214241028, 0.04997827112674713, 0.3933522701263428, 0.5760694146156311, -0.20739686489105225, -0.6793862581253052, -0.4320439398288727, 0.562523365020752, -0.2240987867116928, 0.29184961318969727, 0.23459331691265106, -0.27385663986206055, -0.12271051853895187, 0.18471986055374146, 0.12924136221408844, 0.11314032971858978, 0.07320381700992584, 0.07723286002874374, 0.20465555787086487, 0.2429785430431366, 0.10728827863931656, -0.3964938521385193, 0.11180567741394043, 0.49692437052726746, -0.18858426809310913, 0.3067358136177063, -0.1656363606452942, 0.24801073968410492, -0.4898466467857361, 0.25026169419288635, -0.5024394392967224, 0.6211228370666504, 0.6166686415672302, -0.255515456199646, 0.01671299897134304, 0.02387964352965355, -0.06676837056875229, 0.1099693700671196, 0.5544595718383789, -0.8866940140724182, 0.1040385514497757, -0.241412952542305, -0.1492992639541626, -0.19085794687271118, 0.023258646950125694, 0.3345697820186615, -0.2572474777698517, -0.30617713928222656, 0.1861579865217209, 0.3397356867790222, -0.013237583450973034, 0.3151282072067261, -0.44752511382102966, 0.19639186561107635, -0.9224463105201721, 0.4459514021873474, 0.07231983542442322, 0.1746046543121338, -0.23645716905593872, 0.23038409650325775, 0.5593400597572327, -0.2965855002403259, 0.16239748895168304, -0.10113918781280518, 0.2985316514968872, -0.19531811773777008, -0.7833200097084045, -0.1555795818567276, 0.03777793422341347, -0.18887276947498322, -0.2892338037490845, 0.8620010018348694, 0.36750757694244385, -0.46867603063583374, 0.14228136837482452, 0.17969615757465363, -0.21454960107803345, -0.12730129063129425, 0.2760687470436096, -0.21951545774936676, -0.4386598765850067, -0.08108086884021759 ]
210556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing%20Cross%20station	Charing Cross station	Charing Cross station may refer to: In London, England: Charing Cross railway station Charing Cross tube station (on the London Underground) Embankment tube station was previously named Charing Cross In Glasgow, Scotland: Charing Cross (Glasgow) railway station	[ 0.30087727308273315, -0.08734742552042007, 0.06814398616552353, -0.5372625589370728, -0.45466241240501404, 0.5049821138381958, 0.5848309993743896, 0.45494556427001953, 0.09175913035869598, -0.3635025918483734, 0.05408856272697449, -0.7592307329177856, -0.1398833692073822, 0.9176013469696045, 0.13976061344146729, -0.2790623903274536, 0.00774493720382452, 0.04904801771044731, 0.13473477959632874, -0.40044161677360535, -0.020478766411542892, 0.4332057535648346, -0.15850357711315155, -0.3744158148765564, 0.3951365649700165, -0.3715759217739105, 0.12475309520959854, -0.09134314954280853, -0.017091665416955948, -0.29209116101264954, 0.9402462244033813, 0.37041497230529785, -0.08305162191390991, -0.4182954728603363, -0.061263568699359894, -0.6722219586372375, 0.24627457559108734, -0.8473982214927673, -0.12432743608951569, -0.9897045493125916, -0.2508290112018585, -0.3735518753528595, 0.26371365785598755, 0.19676746428012848, 0.0013157154899090528, 0.10894482582807541, -0.9607223868370056, 0.35173407196998596, -0.747090756893158, 0.40041202306747437, -0.37756088376045227, 0.0912131816148758, -0.036670997738838196, 0.2996983230113983, 0.3075476884841919, 0.4420681297779083, -0.7532004117965698, -0.03107372112572193, 0.5582010746002197, -0.4193326532840729, 0.751635730266571, 0.2819715142250061, -0.11464493721723557, 0.6940022110939026, -0.018047286197543144, 0.38751116394996643, 0.18778958916664124, 0.3630753755569458, -0.21423056721687317, -0.7492178082466125, 0.4602832496166229, -0.4074403643608093, 0.06770367920398712, 1.1157748699188232, -0.20498031377792358, -0.2481551319360733, -0.22006003558635712, -0.1039721816778183, -0.03332139179110527, 0.42749205231666565, -0.22447623312473297, 0.29583603143692017, 0.9203957319259644, 0.020879505202174187, 0.8311820030212402, 0.27255406975746155, -0.6427139043807983, 0.13156375288963318, -0.6316118836402893, 0.9016567468643188, -0.46570128202438354, -0.12124960124492645, 0.17763306200504303, 0.30431514978408813, -0.4706447124481201, -0.11951074004173279, 0.31128808856010437, 0.15067081153392792, 0.4244793653488159, 0.040352970361709595, -0.8491191267967224, -0.3306761085987091, 0.1608983725309372, -0.2551889717578888, -0.7374016046524048, -0.39492031931877136, -0.745387077331543, -0.2397613823413849, 0.38966262340545654, -0.25065505504608154, -0.5468770861625671, -0.13248373568058014, 0.1528852880001068, 0.3486608862876892, -0.4415832757949829, -0.15956740081310272, 0.3807753920555115, -0.5551334619522095, -0.05908377096056938, -0.37255463004112244, 0.05795178562402725, 0.5444594621658325, 0.5495657324790955, 0.1337078958749771, -0.15000906586647034, 0.15888933837413788, 0.38833174109458923, 0.30413320660591125, -0.41831985116004944, 0.5068178772926331, -0.058036986738443375, 1.5330615043640137, 0.13886244595050812, -0.44505640864372253, -0.4343376159667969, -0.7626117467880249, -0.3272981643676758, 0.22077913582324982, -0.056729983538389206, 0.5072277784347534, -0.8092584609985352, -0.1417839080095291, -0.03645585477352142, 0.2053898125886917, 0.12233816832304001, -0.2059987485408783, -0.4070584774017334, -0.32227909564971924, 0.3453527092933655, -0.3968287706375122, -0.16607774794101715, 0.4052272439002991, -0.4422502815723419, -0.1715385466814041, -0.33743250370025635, 0.22844581305980682, 0.7469941973686218, 0.11058717966079712, 0.3163199722766876, 0.2480091005563736, -0.25615763664245605, 0.3043586015701294, 0.25741878151893616, -0.488956481218338, 0.3576229512691498, 0.04909515753388405, 0.03540904074907303, -0.1812693178653717, -0.16744370758533478, 0.1779250204563141, -0.4781872034072876, -0.26883360743522644, 0.46995243430137634, -0.2732033133506775, 0.132537841796875, -0.26955893635749817, 0.5910362005233765, 0.18832507729530334, 0.24944835901260376, -0.19466324150562286, -0.3577098846435547, 0.4420745372772217, 0.13581956923007965, 0.2847549021244049, -0.1113918125629425, -0.09331466257572174, -0.1967891901731491, 0.30172762274742126, -0.47815102338790894, 0.008580639958381653, -0.5121801495552063, -0.9145868420600891, -0.16829514503479004, -0.39097562432289124, 0.9352248907089233, -0.47920531034469604, -0.036600787192583084, 0.7202057242393494, -0.16298022866249084, 0.37511420249938965, -0.12954431772232056, -0.4451930522918701, 0.5686558485031128, -0.14675959944725037, -0.8948817849159241, 0.30089741945266724, 0.5762599110603333, -0.5314224362373352, 0.239643394947052, 0.38744086027145386, 0.14752236008644104, -0.3838290572166443, -0.004164736717939377, 0.14648383855819702, 0.5440384149551392, -0.3751789629459381, -0.33752700686454773, -0.45318835973739624, 0.3074489235877991, -0.94291752576828, 0.5129116773605347, 0.13240769505500793, 0.6063171029090881, 0.2942149341106415, -0.6407766342163086, 0.09875214844942093, -0.17755891382694244, 0.8803433179855347, 0.3914192020893097, -0.46266040205955505, 0.1465417742729187, 0.45127665996551514, 0.03744299337267876, -0.28030866384506226, -0.03786812350153923, -0.5592164993286133, -0.07022082805633545, -0.2084045708179474, 0.3189973533153534, -0.11223088949918747, -0.08433935791254044, 0.4569740891456604, -0.6618280410766602, 0.5329262018203735, 0.09014569222927094, 0.014682984910905361, -0.012972288765013218, -0.028333893045783043, -0.43100449442863464, -0.28877609968185425, 0.32902562618255615, 0.898895800113678, 0.03052602894604206, -0.2210729867219925, 0.46327364444732666, 0.05786889046430588, 0.4459979236125946, 0.041001249104738235, -0.17924325168132782, 0.4119269847869873, 0.14202949404716492, 0.13130401074886322, -0.10932362079620361, 0.15764488279819489, -0.005595737602561712, -0.2453242540359497, -0.6984556317329407, -1.1038427352905273, 1.2451870441436768, 0.16955646872520447, 0.34972065687179565, 0.12706638872623444, -0.676420271396637, 0.3881193697452545, -0.10699626058340073, -0.09468211233615875, 0.023676643148064613, 0.43491849303245544, 0.05846423655748367, 0.27258339524269104, -0.22779271006584167, 0.3826301097869873, -0.3047420084476471, -0.8142388463020325, 0.2411758154630661, -0.02462114207446575, 0.025349633768200874, 0.3123137056827545, -0.3522197902202606, 0.09014812856912613, -0.08229879289865494, 0.08216153830289841, -0.35116997361183167, 0.6037004590034485, 0.11965865641832352, -0.16145069897174835, -0.11564931273460388, -0.4359349012374878, 0.3099333643913269, -0.26360949873924255, -0.5852665901184082, 0.5140426754951477, 0.13391512632369995, 0.09091604501008987, -0.07020413875579834, -0.2028333991765976, -0.3927324116230011, -0.30384042859077454, -5.561311721801758, 0.3655562400817871, 0.07031833380460739, -0.2585257887840271, 0.41906169056892395, 0.16619452834129333, 0.18665194511413574, -0.44837501645088196, 0.19647571444511414, -0.33460134267807007, 0.2879524827003479, 0.4611435830593109, 0.010505487211048603, -0.31713080406188965, 0.35800597071647644, -0.07967759668827057, 0.3567785918712616, -0.348931223154068, 0.6327928304672241, -0.30273008346557617, -0.6606848239898682, 0.1556686908006668, 0.32395467162132263, 0.8026084899902344, -0.20195649564266205, 0.5807669162750244, -0.8609949946403503, 0.8031872510910034, -0.8315184116363525, -0.2204507291316986, 0.5119444727897644, 0.02650010958313942, 0.17604181170463562, -0.12254989892244339, -0.07480640709400177, 0.32260191440582275, -0.08128971606492996, 0.135122612118721, 0.13830046355724335, -0.14141829311847687, 0.29287847876548767, 0.34877294301986694, 0.008230169303715229, -0.5975868105888367, 0.2249615341424942, -0.3171473741531372, -0.5048276782035828, 0.6753354668617249, 0.258700430393219, 0.7643996477127075, -0.2893330752849579, 0.29700639843940735, 0.8398228287696838, 0.3738982081413269, -0.1259811520576477, -0.4848685562610626, -0.030632073059678078, -0.4214502274990082, -0.13500486314296722, -0.13726572692394257, 0.24484921991825104, -0.5540019869804382, -0.0646289512515068, -0.3414105772972107, 0.08521968871355057, -0.4365924000740051, -0.5746220946311951, 0.24017855525016785, 0.1732562929391861, -0.11051029711961746, -0.49609875679016113, 0.3168511688709259, 0.3536420464515686, -0.6160348057746887, -0.19022142887115479, -0.5774792432785034, -0.4168945252895355, 0.2321612536907196, 0.8983824849128723, -0.21157139539718628, 0.11390458792448044, -0.2144433856010437, -0.5844001770019531, 0.3781813085079193, 0.07494523376226425, -1.177554726600647, -0.3729085624217987, -0.048600390553474426, -0.23357133567333221, -0.7657744288444519, 0.5737008452415466, -0.3990435302257538, -0.004386271350085735, 0.34289345145225525, -0.4363909959793091, 0.003977479413151741, -0.15718604624271393, 0.537560760974884, 0.0122832627967, -0.11088332533836365, 0.7877197265625, -0.24278365075588226, -0.09569725394248962, -0.32781922817230225, -0.4096001982688904, -0.4982062578201294, -0.3579927682876587, 0.31875374913215637, 0.06378402560949326, -0.5025378465652466, -0.10772319883108139, -0.5300949215888977, -0.8914702534675598, -0.2565069794654846, 0.06061176210641861, 0.343416690826416, -0.5453665256500244, -0.2690606117248535, -0.06859566271305084, 0.23204994201660156, 0.6275555491447449, 0.15315569937229156, -0.32918912172317505, 0.5481784343719482, -0.18977899849414825, 0.20510433614253998, 0.5128374695777893, 0.137689471244812, -0.11363659054040909, 0.029663609340786934, 0.13769884407520294, 0.2836450934410095, -0.5213947892189026, -0.308651328086853, -0.3535338044166565, -0.19760513305664062, -0.776700496673584, -0.06149511784315109, 0.22178947925567627, 0.24206095933914185, 0.24761295318603516, 0.20991992950439453, -0.07602188736200333, 0.36942824721336365, 0.4652320146560669, 0.5100411176681519, 0.2252018004655838, -0.2948223054409027, -0.44603145122528076, 0.15285883843898773, -0.25089606642723083, -0.26695749163627625, 0.06052776798605919, 0.35234731435775757, 0.2280249297618866, -0.27554675936698914, 0.1878967434167862, 0.45569613575935364, -0.5381616950035095, 0.1717536896467209, -0.016240844503045082, -0.011254905723035336, -0.006368363741785288, 0.09343872964382172, 0.025225503370165825, -0.5956258177757263, 0.16506600379943848, -0.3190747797489166, -0.06202268227934837, 0.1802314668893814, -0.34342512488365173, -0.16637486219406128, -0.035748083144426346, 0.09674787521362305, 0.17595306038856506, 0.44209957122802734, -0.7175096273422241, 0.10977240651845932, 0.30249714851379395, -0.1096692755818367, 0.20683971047401428, 0.12885181605815887, 0.031187068670988083, 0.6166744828224182, 0.4068317413330078, -0.3417375385761261, -0.5353164672851562, 0.08648218214511871, 0.2416597604751587, -0.14709727466106415, 0.08825316280126572, -0.32789963483810425, -0.11286542564630508, 0.3056752383708954, -0.24165163934230804, -0.9844619631767273, 0.06466856598854065, 0.3113105893135071, 0.09160631150007248, -0.5208995938301086, -0.24362583458423615, 0.6700387597084045, -0.35129836201667786, 0.18645291030406952, 0.5843721628189087, -0.6112227439880371, 0.264281690120697, 0.32145920395851135, -0.8358107209205627, 0.45548149943351746, -0.2364264279603958, -0.9566327333450317, 0.559790849685669, 0.31821101903915405, -0.5169200897216797, -0.29564929008483887, -0.022238893434405327, -0.1396026909351349, -0.022941352799534798, 0.04784655198454857, -0.10048829764127731, -0.13172633945941925, -0.40112683176994324, -0.02376599982380867, -0.44879060983657837, 0.28409937024116516, 0.5820785164833069, -1.0935218334197998, 0.346780002117157, -0.2794792354106903, -0.049426376819610596, 0.17869208753108978, 0.47964808344841003, 0.4635260999202728, 0.5382232666015625, -0.06977421790361404, 0.09449262171983719, -0.4842592775821686, 0.20491358637809753, 0.09732519835233688, 0.7625799179077148, 0.6774482727050781, -0.00419415021315217, -0.631821870803833, -0.055724531412124634, 0.14513938128948212, 0.7446252107620239, -0.4894036054611206, -0.7351272106170654, 0.7230739593505859, 0.5289480686187744, -0.46229684352874756, -0.27402904629707336, -0.7032691240310669, 0.3320658802986145, -0.33896729350090027, -0.19367466866970062, 0.4273933172225952, 0.4345960319042206, 0.3405615985393524, 0.16870605945587158, -0.08310545980930328, 0.0705045610666275, 0.3209690749645233, -0.08618845790624619, -0.047092266380786896, 0.22348491847515106, -0.20784619450569153, 0.08643309026956558, -0.7809527516365051, 0.2746675908565521, -0.4468856155872345, 0.471870094537735, 0.19343577325344086, 0.07624240219593048, -0.21313336491584778, -0.17319943010807037, -0.6571141481399536, 0.13733352720737457, -0.24888795614242554, -0.38288769125938416, -0.15329982340335846, 0.3663962185382843, -0.3507039546966553, 0.09349627792835236, -0.5297672152519226, 0.06065138801932335, -0.16380199790000916, -0.3304254114627838, -0.2879352867603302, -0.47615471482276917, -0.29534098505973816, 0.11422356218099594, 0.9003908038139343, -0.3753466010093689, 0.4092976450920105, -0.005926634185016155, 0.8537177443504333, 0.49579155445098877, 0.08183825016021729, -0.6538412570953369, 1.0694257020950317, 0.09171798080205917, -0.8569402694702148, -0.2673843801021576, 0.7678685188293457, 0.2193911075592041, -0.31952428817749023, 0.2789863348007202, 0.056267112493515015, 0.5698776841163635, 0.16105371713638306, -0.1547335684299469, 1.043272614479065, -0.027905428782105446, -0.13197098672389984, 0.5648986101150513, -0.22962938249111176, -0.05568227544426918, 0.4789395034313202, -0.2824212312698364, 0.4599399268627167, 1.0982357263565063, 0.34527280926704407, -0.5380988121032715, 0.8888567686080933, -0.2935854494571686, -0.40765830874443054, 0.13547056913375854, 0.9152242541313171, 0.18296778202056885, -0.02939419075846672, -0.8907805681228638, 0.4110504686832428, -0.25913870334625244, -0.10937390476465225, 0.005357728805392981, 0.012485248036682606, 0.21402385830879211, -0.015421303920447826, -0.34693822264671326, -0.09673625975847244, -0.8426449298858643, -0.30975285172462463, -0.11217818409204483, 0.7078081965446472, 0.3358462154865265, -0.20496191084384918, 0.20396201312541962, 0.16027945280075073, 0.010966268368065357, 0.04886695370078087, -0.04260904714465141, 0.473839670419693, 0.5270481109619141, 0.0073539987206459045, -0.6956384181976318, 0.2111377865076065, -0.03246304392814636, -0.31376489996910095, 0.051335565745830536, -0.15017090737819672, -0.11928700655698776, -0.5666467547416687, -0.10324332118034363, -0.34873709082603455, 0.10012443363666534, -0.6929203271865845, 0.3459950089454651, 0.30888092517852783, 0.04444589838385582, 0.38490697741508484, 0.16872015595436096, -0.16430756449699402, 0.1648286134004593, 0.050412602722644806, 0.2494231015443802, 0.5467753410339355, 0.09377370774745941, -0.5371020436286926, -0.45108601450920105, 0.32167020440101624, -0.23036755621433258, -0.3697882890701294, -0.24620947241783142, -0.6420230865478516, -0.30393359065055847, 0.04702429473400116, -1.5901390314102173, -0.8465521931648254, 0.3368328809738159, -0.3800792098045349, -0.018552958965301514, -0.24425505101680756, -0.7381888628005981, -0.2720159888267517, -0.002462441800162196, 0.3261890411376953, 0.25589901208877563, -0.044477641582489014, -0.39397576451301575, 0.6887804865837097, 0.0284896083176136, 0.4674518406391144, -0.3585221469402313, 1.0686607360839844, -0.37816640734672546, 0.14221392571926117, -0.5247584581375122, 0.7994764447212219, 0.11321845650672913, -0.04984721168875694, -0.127182275056839, 0.33026471734046936, -0.7755212783813477, 0.18461951613426208, -0.4987248480319977, 0.05754891037940979, 0.03123714216053486, -0.2997566759586334, -0.09293019771575928, 0.2060939222574234, -0.19351811707019806, 0.07357973605394363, 0.11511003971099854, -0.6392276883125305, 0.4900905191898346, 0.5304808616638184, -0.15978370606899261, 0.9575242400169373, -0.19551560282707214, 0.23298010230064392, -0.5586228966712952, -0.40523964166641235, -0.11251147091388702, 0.24258410930633545, -0.2647601068019867, 0.8105254173278809, 0.19655871391296387, 0.0623900480568409, 0.1165587529540062, 0.17033447325229645, 0.5535092949867249, 0.5005795955657959, 0.16461464762687683, 0.06066045165061951, -0.20726917684078217, -0.28281930088996887, -1.309537410736084, 0.7828261256217957, 1.2238293886184692, 0.05404391512274742, 0.41789668798446655, 0.044451285153627396, 0.8943186402320862, -0.34435346722602844, -0.04526494815945625, -0.49542587995529175, 0.2567524015903473, 0.20659326016902924 ]
210559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistula	Fistula	A fistula (plural: fistulas or fistulae ; from Latin fistula, "tube, pipe") in anatomy is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Types of fistula can be described by their location. Anal fistulas connect between the anal canal and the perianal skin. Anovaginal or rectovaginal fistulas occur when a hole develops between the anus or rectum and the vagina. Colovaginal fistulas occur between the colon and the vagina. Urinary tract fistulas are abnormal openings within the urinary tract or an abnormal connection between the urinary tract and another organ such as between the bladder and the uterus in a vesicouterine fistula, between the bladder and the vagina in a vesicovaginal fistula, and between the urethra and the vagina in urethrovaginal fistula. When occurring between two parts of the intestine, it is known as an enteroenteral fistula, between the small intestine and the skin as an enterocutaneous fistula, and between the colon and the skin as a colocutaneous fistula. Fistulas can result from an infection or inflammation, injury or surgery. Fistulas are sometimes surgically created as part of a treatment, for example arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Treatment for fistula varies depending on the cause and extent of the fistula, but often involves surgical intervention combined with antibiotic therapy. In some cases the fistula is temporarily covered using a fibrin glue or plug. Catheters may be required to drain a fistula. Globally, every year between 50,000 and 100,000 women are affected by fistula relating to childbirth. In botany, the term is most common in its adjectival forms, where it is used in binomial names to refer to species that are distinguished by hollow or tubular structures. Monarda fistulosa, for example, has tubular flowers. The term was first used in the 14th century. Definition A fistula is an abnormal connection between vessels or organs that do not usually connect. It can be due to a disease or trauma, or purposely surgically created. Classification Various types of fistulas include: Blind: Only one open end; may also be called sinus tracts. Complete: Both internal and external openings. Incomplete: An external skin opening that does not connect to any internal organ. Although most fistulas are in forms of a tube, some can also have multiple branches. Location Types of fistula can be described by their location. Anal fistulas connect between the epithelialized surface of the anal canal and the perianal skin. Anovaginal or rectovaginal fistulas occur when a hole develops between the anus or rectum and the vagina. Colovaginal fistulas occur between the colon and the vagina. Urinary tract fistulas are abnormal openings within the urinary tract or an abnormal connection between the urinary tract and another organ such as between the bladder and the uterus in a vesicouterine fistula, between the bladder and the vagina in a vesicovaginal fistula, and between the urethra and the vagina in urethrovaginal fistula. When occurring between two parts of the intestine, it is known as an enteroenteral fistula, between the small intestine and the skin as an enterocutaneous fistula, and between the small intestine and the colon as a colocutaneous fistula. The following list is sorted by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. H: Diseases of the eye, adnexa, ear, and mastoid process (H04.6) Lacrimal fistula (H05.81) Carotid cavernous fistula (H70.1) Mastoid fistula Craniosinus fistula: between the intracranial space and a paranasal sinus (H83.1) Labyrinthine fistula Perilymph fistula: tear between the membranes between the middle and inner ears Preauricular fistula Preauricular fistula: usually on the top of the cristae helicis of the ears I: Diseases of the circulatory system (I25.4) Coronary arteriovenous fistula, acquired (I28.0) Arteriovenous fistula of pulmonary vessels Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula: between an artery and vein of the lungs, resulting in shunting of blood. This results in improperly oxygenated blood. (I67.1) Cerebral arteriovenous fistula, acquired (I77.0) Arteriovenous fistula, acquired (I77.2) Fistula of artery J: Diseases of the respiratory system (J86.0) Pyothorax with fistula (J95.0) Tracheoesophageal fistula, between the trachea and the esophagus. This may be congenital or acquired, for example as a complication of a tracheostomy. K: Diseases of the digestive system (K11.4) Salivary gland fistula (K31.6) Fistula of stomach and duodenum (K31.6) Gastrocolic fistula (K31.6) Gastrojejunocolic fistula – after a Billroth II a fistula forms between the transverse colon and the upper jejunum (which, post Billroth II, is attached to the remainder of the stomach). Fecal matter passes improperly from the colon to the stomach and causes halitosis. Enterocutaneous fistula: between the intestine and the skin surface, namely from the duodenum or the jejunum or the ileum. This definition excludes the fistulas arising from the colon or the appendix. Gastric fistula: from the stomach to the skin surface (K38.3) Fistula of appendix () Anal and rectal fissures and fistulas () Anal fistula () Anorectal fistula (fecal fistula, fistula-in-ano): connecting the rectum or other anorectal area to the skin surface. This results in abnormal discharge of feces through an opening other than the anus. (K63.2) Fistula of intestine Enteroenteral fistula: between two parts of the intestine (K82.3) Fistula of gallbladder (K83.3) Fistula of bile duct Biliary fistula: connecting the bile ducts to the skin surface, often caused by gallbladder surgery Pancreatic fistula: between the pancreas and the exterior via the abdominal wall M: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M25.1) Fistula of joint N: Diseases of the urogenital system (N32.1) Vesicointestinal fistula (N36.0) Urethral fistula Innora:between the prostatic utricle and the outside of the body (N64.0) Fistula of nipple (N82) Fistulae involving female genital tract / Obstetric fistula (N82.0) Vesicovaginal fistula: between the bladder and the vagina (N82.1) Other female urinary-genital tract fistulae Cervical fistula: abnormal opening in the cervix (N82.2) Fistula of vagina to small intestine Enterovaginal fistula: between the intestine and the vagina (N82.3) Fistula of vagina to large intestine Rectovaginal: between the rectum and the vagina (N82.4) Other female intestinal-genital tract fistulae (N82.5) Female genital tract-skin fistulae (N82.8) Other female genital tract fistulae (N82.9) Female genital tract fistula, unspecified Q: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q18.0) Sinus, fistula and cyst of branchial cleft Congenital preauricular fistula: A small pit in front of the ear. Also known as an ear pit or preauricular sinus. (Q26.6) Portal vein-hepatic artery fistula (Q38.0) Congenital fistula of lip (Q38.4) Congenital fistula of salivary gland (Q42.0) Congenital absence, atresia and stenosis of rectum with fistula (Q42.2) Congenital absence, atresia and stenosis of anus with fistula (Q43.6) Congenital fistula of rectum and anus (Q51.7) Congenital fistulae between uterus and digestive and urinary tracts (Q52.2) Congenital rectovaginal fistula T: External causes (T14.5) Traumatic arteriovenous fistula (T81.8) Persistent postoperative fistula Causes Disease: Infections including an anorectal abscess and inflammatory diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can result in fistulas. Fistulas to the anus may occur in hidradenitis suppurativa. In women, fistulas can also occur following pelvic infection and inflammation. Surgical and medical treatment: Complications from gallbladder surgery can lead to biliary fistulas. As well as being congenital or resulting from trauma, arteriovenous fistulas are created purposefully for hemodialysis. Radiation therapy to the pelvis can lead to vesicovaginal fistulas. Persistent gastrocutenaous fistulas can develop after gastrostomy. Trauma: Prolonged childbirth can lead to fistulas in women, in whom abnormal connections may occur between the bladder and vagina, or the rectum and vagina. An obstetric fistula develops when blood supply to the tissues of the vagina and the bladder (and/or rectum) is cut off during prolonged obstructed labor. The tissues die and a hole forms through which urine and/or feces pass uncontrollably. Vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas may also be caused by rape, in particular gang rape, and rape with foreign objects, as evidenced by the abnormally high number of women in conflict areas who have suffered fistulae. In 2003, thousands of women in eastern Congo presented themselves for treatment of traumatic fistulas caused by systematic, violent gang rape, often also with sharp objects that occurred during the country's five years of war. So many cases have been reported that the destruction of the vagina is considered a war injury and recorded by doctors as a crime of combat. Head trauma can lead to perilymph fistulas, whereas trauma to other parts of the body can cause arteriovenous fistulas. Treatment Treatment for fistula varies depending on the cause and extent of the fistula, but often involves surgical intervention combined with antibiotic therapy. In some cases the fistula is temporarily covered, using a fibrin glue or plug. Catheters may be required to drain a fistula. Surgery is often required to assure adequate drainage of the fistula (so that pus may escape without forming an abscess). Various surgical procedures are used, most commonly fistulotomy, placement of a seton (a cord that is passed through the path of the fistula to keep it open for draining), or an endorectal flap procedure (where healthy tissue is pulled over the internal side of the fistula to keep feces or other material from reinfecting the channel). Management involves treating any underlying causative condition. For example, surgical treatment of fistulae in Crohn's disease can be effective, but if the Crohn's disease itself is not treated, the rate of recurrence of the fistula is very high (well above 50%). Therapeutic use In people with kidney failure, requiring dialysis, a cimino fistula is often deliberately created in the arm by means of a short day surgery in order to permit easier withdrawal of blood for hemodialysis. As a radical treatment for portal hypertension, surgical creation of a portacaval fistula produces an anastomosis between the hepatic portal vein and the inferior vena cava across the omental foramen (of Winslow). This spares the portal venous system from high pressure which can cause esophageal varices, caput medusae, and hemorrhoids. Epidemiology Globally, every year between 50,000 to 100,000 women are affected by fistula relating to childbirth. Botany In botany, the term is most common in its adjectival forms, where it is used in binomial names to refer to species that are distinguished by hollow or tubular structures. Monarda fistulosa, for example, has tubular flowers; Eutrochium fistulosum has a tubular stem; Allium fistulosum has hollow or tubular leaves, and Acacia seyal subsp. fistula is the subspecies with hollow spines. Society and culture The term was first used in the 14th century. See also Obstetric fistula Stoma (medicine) Alexis St. Martin References External links Animal anatomy Anatomical pathology Anatomical terminology Medical terminology Symptoms and signs	[ 0.009675279259681702, 0.2277269959449768, -0.16245268285274506, 0.18151988089084625, 0.08900332450866699, 0.51604163646698, 0.0998942106962204, 0.6360376477241516, -0.1085723415017128, -1.1821352243423462, -0.20433922111988068, 0.17338281869888306, -0.2839741110801697, 0.37037500739097595, 0.0673411637544632, 0.23834650218486786, 0.4834761917591095, 0.34113267064094543, 0.23416288197040558, 0.20904585719108582, -0.39720577001571655, -0.0523315891623497, 0.258685439825058, 0.13187317550182343, 0.6943652033805847, -0.5319595336914062, -0.2737426459789276, 0.0028982218354940414, -0.02080693282186985, 0.005114851985126734, -0.04621308296918869, 0.5668730139732361, 0.2720297873020172, -0.28282490372657776, 0.23780378699302673, -0.054406698793172836, -0.32073405385017395, -0.44394779205322266, -0.15434283018112183, -0.4716326594352722, -0.07021794468164444, 0.2635415494441986, 0.4702964127063751, 0.017281457781791687, -0.45689472556114197, -0.03858458995819092, -1.275344967842102, 0.960395336151123, -0.7087321877479553, 0.2901632487773895, 0.027728138491511345, 0.21793927252292633, 0.2995014786720276, 0.3469131588935852, -0.05881199240684509, -0.14259807765483856, -0.34321412444114685, 0.08121538162231445, 0.4899592995643616, -0.8811351656913757, 0.7537453770637512, 0.4649246633052826, -0.0677032396197319, -0.41807740926742554, 0.1189737319946289, 0.39079540967941284, 0.21438485383987427, -0.22371789813041687, -0.6495286822319031, -0.7124722003936768, -0.03557071462273598, -0.20305143296718597, 0.21025656163692474, 0.34682002663612366, -0.2901226580142975, -0.20086491107940674, -0.5570786595344543, -0.4064188003540039, 0.23025742173194885, 0.5063369870185852, -0.2684013247489929, 0.46922874450683594, 0.28457146883010864, 0.3736429810523987, 0.3011575937271118, -0.17256587743759155, -0.9787920713424683, 0.6878616809844971, -0.5741395950317383, -0.03679541498422623, 0.2433428317308426, 0.08072496205568314, 0.2233346700668335, -0.2344481348991394, -0.0785425454378128, -0.10144644230604172, 0.9124948978424072, -0.1667664349079132, 0.11259303241968155, -0.2355571687221527, -0.3179328441619873, -0.7329209446907043, 0.38904690742492676, -0.2546248435974121, 0.22573646903038025, -0.2203749120235443, 0.2473587840795517, 0.4943198561668396, 0.10151083767414093, -0.10859237611293793, -0.3083690404891968, -0.165887713432312, -0.17069247364997864, -0.15557022392749786, -0.5504208207130432, -0.14307120442390442, -0.26336297392845154, 0.18579089641571045, -0.05484853312373161, -0.6112486124038696, -0.30826038122177124, -0.023097286000847816, 0.39721986651420593, -0.3469257056713104, -0.18644928932189941, -0.14279964566230774, 0.14360280334949493, 0.22361359000205994, -0.6964581608772278, 0.5867082476615906, 0.27336257696151733, 1.1608856916427612, -0.18819305300712585, 0.12371532618999481, 0.2711755931377411, -0.26356691122055054, 0.06665971130132675, -0.08668357133865356, 0.8472086191177368, 0.047065988183021545, -0.24512739479541779, -0.47615981101989746, -0.6536436080932617, 0.17813822627067566, -0.08279470354318619, -0.6624839901924133, 0.1114065870642662, -0.20075133442878723, -0.2704695165157318, -0.8917285203933716, 0.030135052278637886, -0.11779670417308807, -0.1215910017490387, 0.48662030696868896, 0.26480838656425476, -0.010128463618457317, 0.32234299182891846, -0.4161229133605957, -0.3116154670715332, 0.3135256767272949, -0.08371380716562271, 0.37633681297302246, -0.5657598376274109, -0.2495349645614624, -0.1466604620218277, -0.06050872802734375, 0.6440514922142029, 0.4835411012172699, 0.1511082947254181, 0.538698673248291, -0.14084988832473755, 0.024803051725029945, 0.5280183553695679, 0.09871621429920197, -0.1521318256855011, 0.14294418692588806, 0.6666761636734009, -0.1809563785791397, 0.67549067735672, 0.2879393696784973, -0.5869840383529663, 0.664267361164093, 0.2147684395313263, 0.3177204728126526, 0.14428824186325073, -0.13161885738372803, 0.47921982407569885, -0.4209977090358734, -0.746475338935852, -0.34877949953079224, 0.024039877578616142, -0.524194598197937, 0.01703605242073536, 0.17998240888118744, 1.1931730508804321, -0.3939891755580902, -0.5917603373527527, 0.39932456612586975, 0.19505566358566284, 0.31490838527679443, -0.07956740260124207, 0.29413673281669617, 0.5488809943199158, -0.7617599368095398, -0.43133243918418884, 0.1763976663351059, 0.3635660409927368, -0.3301832377910614, 0.008470339700579643, 0.028493409976363182, 0.6604374647140503, -0.5147664546966553, 0.27323612570762634, -0.5077098608016968, 0.3885273337364197, -0.4930744171142578, -0.33649641275405884, 0.30821171402931213, -0.28146159648895264, -0.26351505517959595, 0.42286020517349243, -0.39371591806411743, 0.16179658472537994, 0.6850481629371643, -0.025359364226460457, 1.097914218902588, -0.07038436084985733, 0.014660668559372425, 0.48950961232185364, -1.0793507099151611, -0.08116188645362854, -0.1090397909283638, 0.35772809386253357, -0.285672664642334, -0.612906813621521, 0.40691936016082764, 0.6608455181121826, -0.42077845335006714, 0.3681236803531647, -0.6202524900436401, -0.41038504242897034, -0.1516803801059723, -0.39065778255462646, -0.15213026106357574, 0.7490467429161072, -0.5341413021087646, 0.042838942259550095, 0.11079674959182739, 0.08925226330757141, 0.6007364988327026, -0.2520560026168823, 0.7039967179298401, -0.4833223223686218, -0.14599983394145966, 0.34084081649780273, -0.26413848996162415, 0.3279322385787964, 0.4414263963699341, 0.27735739946365356, -0.4888392388820648, -0.5447067618370056, 0.21249039471149445, 0.27403903007507324, -0.32909443974494934, -0.5161315202713013, -0.08196841925382614, -0.07907456159591675, 0.11097627133131027, 0.5435519814491272, 0.31665873527526855, 0.5168290138244629, 0.27947163581848145, -0.7163310647010803, 0.00032837773323990405, -0.4891694188117981, -0.3736724853515625, 0.2318655103445053, 0.252454936504364, -0.38013792037963867, -0.5530585646629333, 0.2681864798069, 0.137820765376091, 0.28421130776405334, -0.5603573322296143, 0.13666750490665436, -0.11029188334941864, 0.14267823100090027, -0.3938491642475128, -0.22249872982501984, -0.28593727946281433, -0.8555756211280823, 0.5152075886726379, -0.29683223366737366, 0.26207730174064636, 0.2812846004962921, 0.31430408358573914, 0.24483518302440643, -0.22923141717910767, 0.5584474205970764, -0.6744272708892822, -0.2644194960594177, 0.5340737700462341, -0.32614192366600037, -0.3465368449687958, -0.07664254307746887, 0.1858452558517456, 0.05475645512342453, 0.23838241398334503, -5.615581035614014, 0.3098718225955963, 0.5898427963256836, -0.22464708983898163, 0.4815981090068817, 0.5346137285232544, 0.3268275260925293, 0.22991915047168732, -0.41256222128868103, -0.26504385471343994, -0.19022022187709808, 0.47620534896850586, 0.1674712896347046, -0.04818153753876686, 0.3735836148262024, -0.3956032991409302, -0.382371723651886, -0.1305399090051651, -0.5219614505767822, 0.14798644185066223, -0.3325657844543457, -0.11888197064399719, 0.37015193700790405, 0.5390269160270691, -0.09176963567733765, -0.46723473072052, 0.007142785936594009, 0.4203844666481018, -0.45570629835128784, -0.3276946544647217, -0.10284470021724701, -0.21327337622642517, 0.37507501244544983, -0.07656606286764145, 0.20940952003002167, 0.23891542851924896, -0.03492148965597153, -0.2669738829135895, 0.3864506483078003, -0.10993218421936035, -0.4390290081501007, 0.24981221556663513, 0.29665371775627136, -0.20942848920822144, 0.24320949614048004, -0.2521847188472748, 0.08251756429672241, -0.07750158756971359, -0.7509467005729675, 0.9211648106575012, 0.1623418778181076, -0.09884712100028992, -0.07348499447107315, -0.046951886266469955, 0.31888097524642944, 0.605080783367157, 0.3422732353210449, -0.2533879578113556, -0.9103490114212036, -0.4638047516345978, -0.060768973082304, -0.5139811038970947, -0.8900111317634583, -0.249295175075531, -0.09688110649585724, -0.18513840436935425, -0.720268726348877, -0.2303171157836914, 0.9562117457389832, 0.5406615734100342, 0.21026188135147095, 0.456861674785614, 0.030230514705181122, -0.922085165977478, 0.5608794689178467, -0.636945903301239, 0.05747608467936516, -0.4026494324207306, 0.24984432756900787, 0.05883326753973961, -0.24126745760440826, 0.41659894585609436, -0.5372127890586853, 0.14033322036266327, 0.09949956834316254, -0.15718407928943634, -0.3310697376728058, 0.24970859289169312, -0.05803820490837097, 0.10039088129997253, 0.6935292482376099, 0.21307587623596191, 0.10526954382658005, 0.1661662459373474, -0.2798183560371399, -0.06569787114858627, 0.019891560077667236, 0.5373862385749817, 0.3802846670150757, -0.051588695496320724, 1.312609314918518, -0.23375454545021057, -0.23481407761573792, -0.3722292184829712, -0.14478200674057007, 0.10164220631122589, -0.7026373744010925, 0.5346828103065491, 0.5808349251747131, -0.2242666631937027, -0.014198224991559982, 0.3332199454307556, 0.3372109830379486, -0.6783769130706787, 0.2824535369873047, -0.050076138228178024, -0.34385475516319275, 0.18210145831108093, 0.4775489270687103, -0.7926648855209351, 0.5967151522636414, 0.36357346177101135, -0.027525611221790314, -0.2798882722854614, 0.7278826832771301, 0.2870248854160309, 0.321014940738678, 0.27249768376350403, 0.1831800937652588, -0.019519833847880363, 0.5477145910263062, 0.14721228182315826, 0.19513128697872162, 0.20455139875411987, -0.1030980721116066, -0.3736667037010193, -0.2760670483112335, 0.18206925690174103, -0.029463820159435272, -0.4018414318561554, 0.6898249983787537, -0.45282259583473206, -0.22089378535747528, -0.7567852735519409, 0.639979898929596, 0.15201734006404877, -0.8046130537986755, -0.07534705847501755, 0.08882997930049896, 0.7178776264190674, -0.3179413974285126, -0.3349131643772125, 0.048793282359838486, -0.32997986674308777, -0.04529630020260811, 0.16814865171909332, 0.38184016942977905, 0.15567150712013245, 0.18633347749710083, -0.7655860781669617, -0.23411685228347778, -0.05725992098450661, -0.6937887072563171, -0.18969471752643585, -1.0119296312332153, -0.09780841320753098, -0.3948676884174347, -0.4694238305091858, -0.5128964781761169, -0.16402365267276764, -0.1871500462293625, -0.168077751994133, 0.06077518314123154, 0.022324413061141968, -0.08832623064517975, 0.027190446853637695, -0.5287168025970459, 0.4865046739578247, 0.17703983187675476, -0.014772970229387283, 0.28561535477638245, -0.4335831105709076, 0.5217305421829224, 0.06661807745695114, 0.597966730594635, 0.13994790613651276, 0.04317541420459747, 0.03802064433693886, -0.5277453660964966, 0.09312494099140167, -0.05365130677819252, -0.3072303235530853, 0.3979683518409729, 0.09738510847091675, 0.2489580661058426, 0.5740019679069519, -0.49361738562583923, 0.4845375716686249, -0.4951360523700714, -0.09326151758432388, 0.15711824595928192, 0.5717222690582275, -0.9336617588996887, 0.22029954195022583, 0.024338498711586, 0.06849810481071472, 0.579899787902832, -0.2721622884273529, -0.05063207074999809, 0.42809486389160156, -0.24482330679893494, -0.1874246597290039, -0.6190866827964783, 0.8500147461891174, -0.3687319755554199, 0.5093579888343811, 0.17323976755142212, -0.3524928689002991, -0.006795680616050959, -0.36635956168174744, 0.5263724327087402, 0.01027219370007515, -0.04882103577256203, 0.034572117030620575, -0.40658387541770935, 0.3630523681640625, -0.44847571849823, -0.7435594797134399, 0.8661863803863525, 0.06431751698255539, -0.1133432686328888, -0.14632849395275116, 0.04984836280345917, -0.14587999880313873, 0.21835558116436005, -0.09943056106567383, 0.020144706591963768, -0.44368502497673035, -0.34511497616767883, -0.05448688939213753, 0.789228618144989, 0.8976872563362122, -0.272666871547699, -0.2105523645877838, 0.11633157730102539, 0.6834301948547363, 0.48766741156578064, -0.7964496612548828, -0.44649484753608704, 0.048124708235263824, 0.7257099151611328, -0.42475080490112305, -0.15196028351783752, -0.130788654088974, 0.11118558794260025, 0.022353848442435265, 0.02516917884349823, -0.46245521306991577, 0.024745995178818703, 0.4812295436859131, -0.08825010806322098, -1.0754387378692627, 0.5636786222457886, -0.017305849120020866, 0.3198128044605255, 0.057517848908901215, -0.2635382115840912, 0.27270129323005676, -0.0475500151515007, -0.9396211504936218, 0.6224244236946106, 0.39677858352661133, 0.6107668876647949, -0.6893236041069031, 0.017076831310987473, 0.26895368099212646, 0.03669991344213486, -0.5953164100646973, 0.2610050141811371, -0.1457531750202179, -0.13820047676563263, -0.3268660008907318, -0.2677042484283447, -0.5176482796669006, 0.34685590863227844, -0.19532190263271332, -0.05371355265378952, 0.21083982288837433, -0.4604547917842865, -0.3087725043296814, -0.13236980140209198, -0.024658983573317528, -0.016784045845270157, 0.26050761342048645, 0.6004249453544617, 0.14379499852657318, -0.032296355813741684, 0.749413013458252, 0.003765876404941082, -0.08809492737054825, -1.3248579502105713, 0.06648719310760498, 0.038968831300735474, -0.8509648442268372, 0.7197405695915222, 0.18067039549350739, -0.4240761697292328, -0.6314547657966614, -0.19588306546211243, -0.5347236394882202, 0.2951052486896515, -0.1323414295911789, 0.03356048837304115, 0.07471216470003128, 0.13602030277252197, -0.5029082298278809, 0.037793491035699844, -0.46489253640174866, -0.11174695193767548, 0.5315593481063843, -0.10093436390161514, -0.12006411701440811, 0.4370450973510742, -0.31073302030563354, -0.10437546670436859, 0.0474766306579113, 0.302564799785614, 0.13124440610408783, -0.2020503282546997, 0.7553085088729858, 0.8584737777709961, 0.012250537052750587, 0.2985212802886963, 0.2287132292985916, 0.2084076702594757, -0.6765961647033691, 0.1550518274307251, -0.8380577564239502, -0.3443903923034668, 0.5909125208854675, 0.033752162009477615, 0.4466779828071594, 0.20726051926612854, 0.5390101075172424, -0.12686479091644287, 0.4769013822078705, 0.11613494902849197, 0.02536275051534176, -0.21639512479305267, -0.041746314615011215, 0.15813715755939484, -0.582867443561554, 0.4191923439502716, 0.3855606019496918, -0.09666399657726288, -0.3409903347492218, 0.8177232146263123, -0.7167942523956299, -0.3287189304828644, -0.05218161270022392, -0.7947540283203125, 0.47726649045944214, 0.45450839400291443, 0.235182985663414, 0.1696413904428482, -0.05544159188866615, 0.2818320095539093, -0.40708127617836, -0.1184132769703865, -0.4928230047225952, 0.09400580078363419, 0.3842194974422455, -0.8108064532279968, 0.31916895508766174, 0.13106989860534668, -0.4076349139213562, 0.18176749348640442, 0.624847412109375, 0.0560012012720108, -0.37648701667785645, -0.5806142091751099, -0.010294483974575996, 0.08764428645372391, -0.6053836345672607, 0.2099289894104004, 0.1585765779018402, 0.18606843054294586, -0.10068580508232117, 0.37062758207321167, 0.3065609633922577, 0.4523892104625702, -0.018585436046123505, 0.6263135075569153, -0.2198217660188675, 0.11857125163078308, 0.18822164833545685, 0.029735730960965157, 0.46650534868240356, 0.1834380328655243, -0.053513504564762115, -0.20017801225185394, 0.2680659294128418, 0.1571289598941803, -0.3947572410106659, -1.2044711112976074, 0.44434428215026855, 0.026691898703575134, 0.4449024498462677, -0.5424964427947998, 0.3394058048725128, 0.4968183636665344, 0.13439126312732697, -0.3638097941875458, 0.6658320426940918, -0.0982273668050766, -0.4236508905887604, 0.3688739240169525, -0.30138856172561646, 0.0015987504739314318, -0.5189248919487, 0.0861009955406189, -0.2856862545013428, 0.02865806221961975, -0.48040348291397095, 0.22863155603408813, -0.26208508014678955, 0.1934942901134491, 0.17106294631958008, -0.3539908528327942, 0.5009771585464478, -0.8942890763282776, 0.6083272695541382, -0.8023403882980347, 0.21204093098640442, -0.007464016322046518, -0.3958383798599243, 0.24526004493236542, 0.061764150857925415, 0.09466196596622467, -0.31596440076828003, 0.7119381427764893, -0.36400139331817627, -0.8393765091896057, 0.009885784238576889, 0.48906654119491577, 0.23896539211273193, -0.15948767960071564, -0.0926891341805458, -0.11751918494701385, 0.35890647768974304, 0.487124502658844, -0.3787063658237457, 0.5690292716026306, -0.10935290902853012, -0.390165239572525, 0.14152757823467255, -0.4732729196548462, 0.02499218098819256, -0.6550058722496033, 0.7759610414505005 ]
210560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey	Whey	Whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained. It is a byproduct of the manufacturing of cheese or casein and has several commercial uses. Sweet whey is a byproduct resulting from the manufacture of rennet types of hard cheese, like cheddar or Swiss cheese. Acid whey (also known as sour whey) is a byproduct brought out during the making of acid types of dairy products, such as cottage cheese or strained yogurt. Whey proteins consist of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, immunoglobulins, and proteose peptones. Composition Whey protein is the collection of globular proteins isolated from whey. The protein in cow's milk is 20% whey protein and 80% casein protein, whereas the protein in human milk is 70% whey and 30% casein. The protein fraction in whey constitutes approximately 10% of the total dry solids in whey. This protein is typically a mixture of beta-lactoglobulin (~48-58%), alpha-lactalbumin (~13-19%), bovine serum albumin (~6%)(see also serum albumin), and immunoglobulins. These are soluble in their native forms, independent of pH. The amino acid cysteine in whey protein is a substrate for the synthesis of glutathione in the body which is a ubiquitous cellular antioxidant; laboratory experiments have suggested that whey protein and its components might reduce the risk of cancer in animals, suggesting an avenue for future medical research. Production To produce cheese, rennet or an edible acid is added to heated milk. This makes the milk coagulate or curdle, separating the milk solids (curds) from the liquid whey. Sweet whey is the byproduct of rennet-coagulated cheese, and acid whey (also called sour whey) is the byproduct of acid-coagulated cheese. Sweet whey has a pH greater than or equal to 5.6; acid whey has a pH less than or equal to 5.1. Whey is left over when milk is coagulated during the process of cheese production and contains everything that is soluble from milk after the pH is dropped to 4.6 during the coagulation process. It is a 5% solution of lactose in water, with some minerals and lactalbumin. The fat is removed and then processed for human foods. Processing can be done by simple drying, or the relative protein content can be increased by removing lipids and other non-protein materials. For example, spray drying after membrane filtration separates the proteins from whey. Whey can be denatured by heat. High heat (such as the sustained high temperatures above 72 °C associated with the pasteurization process) denatures whey proteins. While native whey protein does not aggregate upon renneting or acidification of milk, denaturing the whey protein triggers hydrophobic interactions with other proteins, and the formation of a protein gel. Heat-denatured whey can still cause allergies in some people. Uses Whey is used to produce whey cheeses such as ricotta, brunost, and whey butter and many other products for human consumption. The fat content of whey is low; for example 1,000 pounds of whey are required to make a few pounds of whey butter. It is also an additive in many processed foods, including breads, crackers, and commercial pastry, and in animal feed. Whey proteins consist primarily of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. Sweet whey contains glycomacropeptide (GMP). It is also an abundant source of lactose which can further be used for the synthesis of lactose-based bioactive molecules. Dairy whey remaining from home-made cheesemaking has many uses. It is a dough conditioner and can be substituted for skim milk in most baked good recipes that require milk (bread, pancakes, muffins, etc.). Throughout history, whey was a popular drink in inns and coffee houses. When Joseph Priestley was at college at Daventry Academy, 1752–1755, he records that, on the morning of Wednesday, 22 May 1754, he "went with a large company to drink whey." This was probably "sack whey" or "wine whey". Another use of whey is to make "cream of tartar whey": "Put a pint of blue milk [skim milk] over the fire, when it begins to boil, put in two tea spoonfuls of cream of tartar, then take it off the fire, and let it stand till the curd settles to the bottom of the pan, then put it into a basin to cool, and drink it milk warm.”(this is known as heat-acid coagulation) In areas where cheese is made, excess whey byproduct is sometimes sprayed over hay fields as a fertilizer. Historically whey, being a byproduct of cheese making, was considered a waste product and was pumped into rivers and streams in the U.S. Since the whey contained protein, this practice led to the growth of large concentrations of algae. These were deemed to be a hazard to the ecosystem because they prevented sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water. The government eventually prohibited this practice which led to a disposal problem for producers. Their first solution was to use it as a cheap filler in the production of ice cream. Whey eventually found its way into many other products as a filler and ultimately into a number of health food products where it remains a popular supplement. Whey protein Whey protein is commonly marketed as a dietary supplement, and various health claims have been attributed to it in the alternative medicine community. Although whey proteins are responsible for some milk allergies, the major allergens in milk are the caseins. It is sold as a nutritional supplement. Whey is the primary ingredient in most protein powders, which are used primarily by athletes and bodybuilders to obtain the necessary amounts of protein on a daily basis. Whey protein has a high level of leucine, one of the three branched-chain amino acids, making it ideal for muscle growth and repair. The whey is then pasteurized, just like any milk, to assure that no harmful bacteria are breeding in the liquid. It is heated to and is then cooled back down to . Studies have shown that this process of using extreme temperatures eliminates 99.7% of bacteria without coagulating the protein into a solid mass. Next, the whey must be filtered, and so is loaded into a massive web of ceramic filters and stainless steel turbines. These machines work to separate out the lactose as well as the fats, leaving a liquid of 90% whey protein. Hydrolysates are whey proteins that are predigested and partially hydrolyzed for the purpose of easier metabolizing, but their cost is generally higher. Highly hydrolysed whey may be less allergenic than other forms of whey. Native whey protein is extracted from skim milk, not obtained as a byproduct of cheese production, and is produced as a concentrate and isolate. Whey cream and butter Cream can be skimmed from whey. Whey cream is saltier, tangier, and "cheesier" than ("sweet") cream skimmed from milk, and can be used to make whey butter. Due to the low fat content of whey the yield is not high, with typically two to five parts of butter manufactured from the whey of 1,000 parts milk. Whey cream and butter are suitable for making butter-flavoured food, as they have a stronger flavour of their own. They are also cheaper to manufacture than sweet cream and butter. Health Because whey contains lactose, it should be avoided by those who are lactose intolerant. When used as a food additive, whey can contribute to quantities of lactose far above the level of tolerance of most lactose-intolerant individuals. Liquid whey contains lactose, vitamins, protein, and minerals, along with traces of fat. In 2005 researchers at Lund University in Sweden found that whey can help regulate and reduce spikes in blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin secretion. Dairy products produce higher insulin responses (Insulin index, II, 90–98) than expected from their comparatively low glycemic indices (GI 15–30) Insulinogenic effects from dairy products have been observed in healthy subjects, both when ingested as a single meal, and when included into a mixed meal. The insulin-releasing capacity of dairy products has been attributed to the protein fraction, particularly the whey fraction, and the subsequent release of amino acids during digestion has been proposed to underlie the insulinogenic properties of milk. People can be allergic to whey or other milk proteins (an allergy not be confused with lactose intolerance). As whey proteins are altered by high temperatures, whey-sensitive people may be able to tolerate evaporated, boiled, or sterilized milk. Hard cheeses are high in casein, but low in whey proteins, and are the least allergenic for those allergic to whey proteins. However, casein proteins (which are heat-stable) are the most important allergens in cheese, and an individual may be allergic to either or both types of protein. Unsupported health claims In 2010 a panel of the European Food Safety Authority examined health claims made for whey protein. For the following claims either no references were provided for the claimed effect or the provided studies did not test the claims, or reported conflicting results: Increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake Contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight Growth or maintenance of muscle mass Increase in lean body mass during energy restriction and resistance training Reduction of body fat mass during energy restriction and resistance training Increase in muscle strength Increase in endurance capacity during the subsequent exercise bout after strenuous exercise Skeletal muscle tissue repair Faster recovery from muscle fatigue after exercise. On the basis of the data presented, the 2010 panel concluded that a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of whey protein and these claims had not been established. See also Buttermilk List of dairy products References External links Whey Protein: Waste Product of the Past is Nutritional Powerhouse of the Future Dairy products Milk Cheese	[ -0.2340097874403, 0.36358141899108887, -0.06957537680864334, -0.14495167136192322, -0.16267774999141693, 0.34644103050231934, 0.09286313503980637, 0.7391872406005859, -0.12012495845556259, -0.2954234182834625, -0.6092081665992737, 0.3018796443939209, 0.03339041396975517, 0.8553139567375183, -0.17896826565265656, 0.6855329275131226, 0.5206510424613953, 0.42999693751335144, 0.16682060062885284, -0.28487423062324524, -0.08241206407546997, -0.26231899857521057, 0.004696170333772898, -0.16370889544487, 0.7761105298995972, -0.5268208384513855, -0.11224240064620972, -0.26061055064201355, 0.22451692819595337, -0.08309667557477951, -0.6342298984527588, 0.7867571115493774, 0.06311589479446411, 0.1617194265127182, 0.21455880999565125, 0.2664545178413391, 0.3159762918949127, -0.008646300062537193, -0.12794514000415802, -0.39406442642211914, -0.6701605319976807, 0.138917475938797, 0.38707083463668823, 0.6087048649787903, -0.14021652936935425, 0.04364824667572975, -1.555589199066162, 0.049531158059835434, -0.6934719085693359, 0.15599992871284485, -0.5268970131874084, 0.25063884258270264, 0.3292944133281708, 0.23774169385433197, 0.021216245368123055, 0.7507173418998718, -0.7476707696914673, 0.0669960007071495, 0.6444236636161804, 0.07203187048435211, 0.13184908032417297, -0.020274857059121132, -0.4836925268173218, 0.012050474062561989, -0.09177696704864502, -0.37440162897109985, -0.52260822057724, 0.815383791923523, -0.6064097285270691, -0.024355581030249596, -0.03548559918999672, -0.7010571956634521, -0.29567691683769226, 0.12395475059747696, -0.05765144154429436, -0.048238322138786316, -0.2786588668823242, -0.070254385471344, -0.0985710620880127, 0.32439929246902466, -0.4198940396308899, 0.6685243844985962, 0.2600755989551544, 0.4386952817440033, 0.6460673809051514, 0.6447300314903259, -0.3221758008003235, 0.6240949034690857, -0.021008318290114403, 0.8890688419342041, 0.06506980210542679, 0.7803691625595093, 0.4894102215766907, -0.08140470087528229, -0.5363487601280212, -0.4742185175418854, 0.4219965934753418, -0.17732281982898712, 0.19016382098197937, -0.18792462348937988, -0.5451071262359619, 0.050287917256355286, 0.8646245002746582, 0.025524357333779335, -0.5071604251861572, -0.16271907091140747, -0.5340912342071533, -0.2680639922618866, 0.7266066670417786, -0.29210996627807617, -0.29356107115745544, -0.041362397372722626, 0.0382002517580986, 0.4636261761188507, -0.38431838154792786, 0.41508281230926514, -0.20538249611854553, 0.007314737420529127, -0.4210572838783264, -0.00024009654589463025, 0.002604016335681081, 0.006007397547364235, -0.29209500551223755, 0.01495039090514183, -0.028002284467220306, -0.01665310561656952, -0.21885964274406433, 1.0157675743103027, 0.09175899624824524, -0.046798840165138245, 0.40773963928222656, 1.034131646156311, 0.021577218547463417, -0.32837358117103577, -0.4988216459751129, 0.31356704235076904, 1.0043662786483765, 0.22543278336524963, 0.5527305006980896, -0.4563920199871063, -0.8131382465362549, -0.4764741361141205, -0.6073080897331238, -0.30755528807640076, 0.5128287076950073, -0.50398188829422, -0.49926432967185974, -0.21649637818336487, -0.4255046248435974, -0.11735566705465317, 0.3885979652404785, -0.020603468641638756, -0.15377449989318848, 0.06922700256109238, -0.36038926243782043, 0.3320862948894501, -0.14792011678218842, -0.33601114153862, -0.194257453083992, -0.09253932535648346, -0.4396047592163086, 0.026851937174797058, 0.07011410593986511, -0.3720944821834564, -0.10022979229688644, -0.3145078420639038, 0.5836222171783447, -0.14584504067897797, -0.6565128564834595, 0.13359272480010986, 0.08048979192972183, 0.09462571144104004, 1.0218061208724976, -0.5724844336509705, -0.07816608995199203, -0.06708050519227982, 0.23818816244602203, 0.5931248068809509, 1.241980791091919, 0.09438692778348923, -0.5471985936164856, 0.8989452719688416, 0.41153484582901, 0.12278091907501221, 0.132623091340065, -0.14214833080768585, 0.4208422303199768, -0.23905488848686218, 0.1350925862789154, -0.47433900833129883, -0.4300939440727234, -0.2505457401275635, -0.44854623079299927, -0.4547294080257416, 1.1573071479797363, -0.11691689491271973, -0.36851122975349426, 0.43194863200187683, -0.134563609957695, 0.3424780070781708, 0.30508604645729065, 0.23838719725608826, 0.0470166839659214, -0.3313736319541931, -0.5564391613006592, 1.0166358947753906, 0.26192423701286316, 0.07458318024873734, 0.5830718874931335, -0.03077690862119198, 0.04760463908314705, -0.11799382418394089, 0.07372596114873886, -0.4979986846446991, 0.24696755409240723, 0.04704057052731514, 0.29278916120529175, 0.1932438164949417, 0.2824380397796631, -0.6261617541313171, 0.8822233080863953, -0.015384704805910587, -0.4383070170879364, -0.15757153928279877, 0.05113928020000458, 0.6696177124977112, 0.04148254171013832, -0.0973525419831276, 0.049986712634563446, -0.11303048580884933, 0.5589509010314941, -0.03596552833914757, -0.0246339850127697, 0.14846037328243256, -0.9958867430686951, -0.30449917912483215, -0.10583771765232086, 0.4318884313106537, 0.15480326116085052, -0.6216805577278137, 0.463469535112381, 0.3120051920413971, 0.1049070954322815, -0.513137936592102, -0.3971582353115082, 0.09075478464365005, 0.12906864285469055, 0.3179677426815033, -0.6178731322288513, -0.6407850384712219, 0.9499889612197876, 0.11624345183372498, 0.5291642546653748, 0.003138891654089093, 0.12055761367082596, -0.8895295858383179, -0.48980119824409485, 0.6096797585487366, 0.3408772945404053, 0.5925595760345459, 0.14821270108222961, 0.14488346874713898, 0.2550770938396454, -0.3258959949016571, -0.18247349560260773, -0.3150404393672943, -0.8536248803138733, -0.3621869683265686, -0.03939555957913399, 0.23200984299182892, 0.9416483640670776, 0.13099513947963715, -0.4274578094482422, -0.146905317902565, -0.22834809124469757, -0.533943235874176, 0.8552513122558594, -0.14347954094409943, -0.8077117204666138, -0.08947286754846573, 0.31708818674087524, 0.6629692316055298, 0.1176864504814148, -0.19770599901676178, -0.6027008891105652, -0.009018613956868649, -0.05542804300785065, -0.36710628867149353, 0.07009666413068771, -0.19406691193580627, -0.019381411373615265, 0.2961156964302063, -0.5090636014938354, -0.42621049284935, 0.45027515292167664, 0.294290691614151, -0.23790347576141357, 0.5841993689537048, 0.1971774399280548, -0.42581453919410706, 0.2443687468767166, 0.023749293759465218, 0.009863189421594143, -0.049216605722904205, -0.16852153837680817, -0.5348949432373047, -0.40133821964263916, -0.36972692608833313, -5.461465358734131, -0.14548848569393158, -0.5620793104171753, -0.1341552734375, 0.7028772234916687, -0.32207223773002625, 0.382683664560318, -0.2858232855796814, 0.14943109452724457, 0.19967089593410492, -0.160347580909729, -0.2834562659263611, -0.4867306053638458, -0.0633762776851654, 0.5283430218696594, 0.04447510465979576, 0.8799365758895874, -0.23944026231765747, 0.29865577816963196, 0.3011666238307953, -0.36160770058631897, 0.3226763904094696, -0.06812726706266403, 0.812903642654419, -0.3183371424674988, 0.2842726409435272, -0.169266477227211, -0.08498726040124893, -0.6171754002571106, 0.37270045280456543, -0.495309978723526, -0.6310485601425171, 0.3261617124080658, -0.6497365832328796, 0.29820477962493896, -0.16364505887031555, -0.14492996037006378, 0.17917118966579437, 0.5860562324523926, -0.3013370633125305, -0.10039693117141724, 0.36714449524879456, -0.04650064557790756, -0.5608793497085571, 0.7083603739738464, 0.14327803254127502, -0.3948281407356262, -0.45722687244415283, -0.14061661064624786, 0.4770410358905792, -0.05739439278841019, 0.16849644482135773, 0.3019391596317291, -0.4268925189971924, 0.4719357490539551, 0.2605534493923187, 0.6080694794654846, -0.31370410323143005, -0.11577131599187851, -0.583621621131897, 0.4842328131198883, -0.37630248069763184, -0.062314365059137344, 0.00781178567558527, -0.40231868624687195, -0.5540799498558044, -0.6606191396713257, 0.09183359146118164, 0.12208741903305054, -0.027736183255910873, -0.3523487150669098, 0.09082633256912231, -0.09533257782459259, -0.5269924998283386, 0.30905094742774963, -0.6454001069068909, -0.477497398853302, -0.13656194508075714, 0.6248211860656738, 0.21799878776073456, -0.19074857234954834, -0.24673676490783691, -0.13432256877422333, 0.4188661277294159, 0.2832354009151459, -0.5107980966567993, -0.3589921295642853, -0.33042266964912415, -0.7651236653327942, -0.07735539227724075, 0.8141230940818787, -0.39391160011291504, -0.13426128029823303, -0.14977340400218964, 0.10967320203781128, 0.3294764757156372, 0.21383650600910187, 0.017891688272356987, 0.23895293474197388, -0.18184500932693481, 0.5298774242401123, -0.2204277217388153, -0.13583891093730927, -0.194410502910614, 0.19596293568611145, -0.07603505253791809, -0.21201446652412415, 0.6696898341178894, 1.3957185745239258, 0.1497441679239273, 0.1400129646062851, 0.6549678444862366, -0.6176632046699524, -0.3484371602535248, 0.3399207592010498, 0.36837977170944214, -0.38173621892929077, 0.5165366530418396, 0.3736855387687683, -0.14612753689289093, 0.33341163396835327, -0.010550102218985558, 0.003104672534391284, -0.22431886196136475, 0.23802606761455536, -0.4089553654193878, 0.5871387124061584, 0.21800312399864197, 0.08179955184459686, 0.39502978324890137, 0.12076254189014435, -0.07852382957935333, 0.02341596595942974, -0.18572504818439484, -0.20785444974899292, -0.1532280147075653, -0.022199155762791634, 0.5709707736968994, -0.47674015164375305, -0.7435960173606873, 0.3276194930076599, -0.4180757999420166, -0.01340786088258028, -0.3992178440093994, 0.5739133358001709, 0.9642939567565918, -0.10784968733787537, -0.07026702910661697, -0.4589258134365082, 0.5382985472679138, -0.1794453114271164, -0.016063731163740158, -0.25377142429351807, 0.18473294377326965, -0.1607830822467804, -1.1087294816970825, 0.31728726625442505, 0.3541591763496399, -0.4789358675479889, -0.7786827087402344, -0.23641815781593323, -0.09990809112787247, -1.2445553541183472, -0.5870149731636047, -0.29653775691986084, -0.670390248298645, 0.060370221734046936, -0.10945678502321243, 0.05111176148056984, 0.9328959584236145, -0.08216950297355652, -0.46348437666893005, -0.6321735382080078, 0.03767216205596924, 0.5532576441764832, 0.002453672932460904, -0.06066735088825226, -0.19334928691387177, 0.04744824394583702, 0.16578909754753113, 0.1606890708208084, -0.5005735158920288, -0.4156140089035034, 0.29956114292144775, 0.0005143829039297998, -0.5828917026519775, 0.0010946729453280568, 0.18994072079658508, -0.3615240454673767, -0.12121370434761047, 0.09043288975954056, -0.21167872846126556, 0.6942614316940308, 0.5197585225105286, -0.3024131953716278, 0.2579514682292938, -0.18882498145103455, 0.5977936387062073, 0.4436326026916504, -0.5857688188552856, 0.4115970730781555, 0.5814017653465271, -0.8213478922843933, 0.07911590486764908, 0.509317934513092, -0.5157661437988281, -0.30449655652046204, 0.2637968361377716, -0.36393892765045166, 0.2533620595932007, -0.223983496427536, -0.6252835988998413, 0.09364601224660873, 0.6657207012176514, -0.12764473259449005, -0.14235751330852509, 0.5663718581199646, -0.14374056458473206, 0.436659574508667, -0.30926069617271423, 0.3321467638015747, -0.27813735604286194, -0.7271108031272888, 0.04491959884762764, -0.0405789278447628, 0.3638211190700531, 0.633515477180481, -0.09028283506631851, 0.8091871738433838, -0.12610718607902527, 0.3158222734928131, -0.3648269772529602, 0.4045408070087433, 1.1424857378005981, 0.3002671003341675, 0.8356523513793945, 0.0469043031334877, 0.13602697849273682, 0.33805719017982483, 0.15254750847816467, 0.9504593014717102, 0.9190833568572998, 0.12428747117519379, 0.2585032880306244, -0.36552178859710693, 0.12421423196792603, 0.2670062780380249, -0.7468085289001465, -0.31897950172424316, -0.03244078531861305, 0.29488304257392883, -0.564807653427124, -0.28672176599502563, -0.39472609758377075, 0.10286075621843338, -0.2424754947423935, 0.5431771874427795, -0.05849536508321762, -0.1641049087047577, 0.11467212438583374, 0.13390496373176575, 0.28611627221107483, -0.04580852761864662, 0.30671238899230957, 0.8266255855560303, -0.2588094174861908, -0.64243483543396, 0.32106319069862366, 0.4064844846725464, -0.14119528234004974, 0.018787825480103493, -0.1118457242846489, -0.031920529901981354, 0.32280442118644714, 0.7227784991264343, 0.49644818902015686, -0.22103334963321686, -0.9702027440071106, 0.2459001988172531, -0.39098042249679565, -0.5699697136878967, -0.41177380084991455, 0.24329286813735962, -0.21514387428760529, 0.28309470415115356, -0.4725595712661743, 0.2351560741662979, -0.39285755157470703, -0.4989088177680969, 0.04812927544116974, 0.1716993749141693, 0.3354884088039398, -0.35896822810173035, 0.020175714045763016, -0.16974981129169464, 0.42524880170822144, -0.45868179202079773, 0.21178655326366425, 0.07603795826435089, -0.38337698578834534, -0.7486797571182251, 0.8221718668937683, -0.3688085675239563, -0.5634775161743164, 0.45194417238235474, 0.1494722068309784, -0.3668944835662842, -0.3675350844860077, -0.10518557578325272, -0.25153928995132446, 0.301835834980011, -0.06948505342006683, -0.24343448877334595, 0.5892370343208313, 0.1815049946308136, -0.08877744525671005, 0.40395069122314453, -0.8052414059638977, -0.0666830986738205, 0.9779151082038879, 0.3259437382221222, -0.8807508945465088, 0.5422722101211548, 0.2880074977874756, -0.04690837115049362, 0.581231951713562, -0.25338807702064514, -0.1309070885181427, -0.04036334156990051, -0.06475183367729187, 0.2306482493877411, 0.34443822503089905, -0.4010801613330841, -0.014758040197193623, -0.3095385730266571, -0.27330344915390015, 0.05369677394628525, -0.5113547444343567, -0.452812522649765, 1.1508004665374756, 0.7142600417137146, 0.462798148393631, -0.2105179876089096, -0.1648966372013092, -0.4028240144252777, 0.2615184187889099, -0.09883289039134979, -0.24597886204719543, 0.24354436993598938, -0.020061498507857323, 0.9310018420219421, -0.045842453837394714, 0.5001998543739319, -0.11909780651330948, 0.11203519999980927, -0.07540951669216156, 0.4737081825733185, -0.4047360420227051, -0.9782496690750122, -0.21813945472240448, -0.22958052158355713, 0.08016244322061539, 0.5702130198478699, -0.2894843816757202, 1.122506856918335, -0.24532926082611084, 0.09317708015441895, -1.163844108581543, -0.5958834886550903, -0.032600849866867065, -0.49604877829551697, -0.08553367853164673, -0.09739777445793152, 0.0012500958982855082, 0.32676610350608826, 0.03639598935842514, 0.11139798164367676, 0.5915505290031433, 0.1831517517566681, 0.02312413975596428, -0.2785980999469757, -0.08395451307296753, -0.39725261926651, -0.6099967956542969, -0.3749977946281433, -0.2207726687192917, -0.10805045813322067, 0.4818435311317444, -0.2629204988479614, -0.17059993743896484, -0.40337294340133667, -0.24509651958942413, 0.27890729904174805, -0.27724528312683105, -0.3644147515296936, -0.47734367847442627, 0.06496886909008026, 0.7216910719871521, -0.19413885474205017, -0.36104145646095276, 0.21245889365673065, 0.6262673139572144, -0.40253719687461853, 0.8330594301223755, -0.5111002326011658, 0.43003910779953003, -0.3930586576461792, 0.41167300939559937, -0.4713497459888458, 1.317973017692566, 0.4068653881549835, -1.0288904905319214, -0.14395122230052948, -0.10142394155263901, -0.3593735694885254, 0.01131008006632328, -0.02333541214466095, -0.8169387578964233, 0.5596134662628174, -0.550882875919342, -0.12801682949066162, -0.02381003089249134, 0.04446025192737579, -0.033675454556941986, -0.32504311203956604, 0.04257217422127724, 0.10112391412258148, 0.6700999736785889, -0.5450632572174072, 0.19475887715816498, -0.8370510935783386, 1.0980935096740723, -0.2229892760515213, 0.2462489753961563, -0.24636609852313995, -0.00030659197364002466, 0.05023510754108429, 0.10992801934480667, -0.22753356397151947, -0.31016239523887634, 0.010526376776397228, -0.1822844296693802, 0.08835290372371674, -0.2258901298046112, -0.6428102254867554, -0.489975243806839, 0.5363011956214905, -0.2982868552207947, -0.8210309743881226, 0.23979628086090088, 0.09219198673963547, -0.5017179250717163, 0.13152991235256195, 0.33328643441200256, 0.18405629694461823, -0.04599955305457115, -0.1577111929655075, -0.33039823174476624, -0.06699147820472717, 0.4817546606063843 ]
210565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton%20Steine%20Scherben	Ton Steine Scherben	Ton Steine Scherben () was one of the first and most influential German language rock bands of the 1970s and early 1980s. Well known for the highly political and emotional lyrics of vocalist Rio Reiser, they became a musical mouthpiece of new left movements, such as the squatting movement, during that time in Germany and their hometown of West Berlin in particular. Today, after the band's demise in 1985, and the death of Rio Reiser in 1996, Ton Steine Scherben have retained a cult following and popularity in the related scenes. Recently, some of the remaining members have given reunion concerts. Etymology Ton Steine Scherben's literal English translation is "Clay Stones Shards"; in German, "Ton" can mean "sound" as well, so the band's name may be considered to be an amphibology. Singer Rio Reiser usually told journalists the name was taken from a description by pioneer archeologist Heinrich Schliemann of what he saw when he first came to the site of ancient Troy. Other members of the band claim in the biography "Keine Macht für Niemand - Die Geschichte der Ton Steine Scherben" ("No power for no-one - the story of Ton Steine Scherben") that it is a play on the name of the West German labor union Bau-Steine-Erden (Construction-Stone-Earth). The band name is also a tribute to The Rolling Stones and to "Die roten Steine" (The red stones), a trainee theatre group from Berlin. History Formed in 1970 by vocalist and guitarist Rio Reiser (his legal name was Ralph Christian Möbius), guitarist (legally named Ralph Peter Steitz), on bass guitar, and drummer when the members were all around 20 years of age. They are nowadays considered to have been one of the first genuine German-language rock bands; coming into being after the even more obscure , but well before Udo Lindenberg's Panikorchester, the first widely successful, mainstream German language rock act. Their first big-stage appearance was at an Open-Air on 6 September 1970 on the Fehmarn stage where Jimi Hendrix had had his last appearance directly before. A house right next to the stage went up in flames while they were still playing; it has been alleged that it had been set on fire by the security personnel who had just received news that the event's organizers had disappeared with all the revenues. Still many people believed that Ton Steine Scherben had set the stage on fire, which gave them tremendous credibility in the radical scene. Die Scherben released their material through their own label. The "" (David from "David and Goliath"; Volksmund = the people's voice) released not only the LPs of the Scherben but also of "", a "girl band" which consisted of Angie Olbrich, Elfie-Esther Steitz-Praeker (R.P.S.'s sister) and (died in 2005); also they were engaged in the German gay-movement, so they released two LPs of "Brühwarm" and a Boy-Group namend "Stricher" ["hustler" or "the moneyboys"]; the last record of the David-Volksmund-Poduktion is the LP "Sternschnuppen" of the singer-songwriter . In 2003 the DVP was brought back to life. In the middle of the 1970s the pressure on the Scherben from their anarchistic fanbase grew. The Band felt more and more like a "music-box", playing for the radical scene on cue. While the band attempted a shift toward more personal lyrics, the radical scene insisted that they remain as political as before. Under this pressure the band escaped from Berlin to , a little town in Nordfriesland, where they bought an old farm, which the numerous bandmembers, about 16 in all, repaired. There they tried to make their dream of "working & living together" come true. After a period of being managed by Claudia Roth (later to become co-chairwoman of the German Green Party), they disbanded in 1985 when the band's debt became unbearable and because they thought that everything that could be said was said. Singer Rio Reiser then embarked on a solo career until his death in 1996. At that time the rest of "Ton Steine Scherben" reunited one more time for a farewell concert. In 2014, 29 years after the split the band reunited and went on tour in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Musical traits, lyrical themes and influence Ton Steine Scherben were pioneers in German music culture. Their style has been described as rock with a "renegade stance, what in later years would be dubbed 'punk'." Their lyrics were at the beginning anti-capitalist and anarchist. They did not think the socialism of the Soviet Union was anywhere near real socialism, and had connections to the squatter scene (e.g. Rauch-Haus-Song) and the German Red Army Faction during the time before the latter turned to direct guerrilla actions. Later Ton Steine Scherben toned down on political issues and explored more personal themes like freedom, love, drugs, and sadness. They also contributed to two full-length concept albums about homosexuality which were issued under the name Brühwarm (literally: boiling warm) in cooperation with a gay-revue group. All their albums were self-published and promoted. Revenues from the albums were slim and the band was often expected by other leftists to give free "solidarity concerts" at political events, both of which contributed to the band's perpetually poor financial situation and its eventual dissolution. Only few singles were released, which rarely received commercial attention. The Scherben were also on so called "black lists" due to their perceived left extremism, and were thus not played on Germany's public radio stations of the time (private radio was only legalized in Germany in the late 1980s, after the band's dissolution). The gay rights activist and avant-garde director Rosa von Praunheim repeatedly gave Rio Reiser artistic suggestions. Members Founding members Rio Reiser -- vocals, guitar (1970–1985) -- lead guitar (1970–1985) -- bass guitar (1970–1985, except 1974–1975) -- drums (1970–1971) Last line-up Rio Reiser -- vocals (1970–1985) -- guitar (1970–1985) -- bass guitar (1970–1985, except 1974–1975) Funky K. Götzner -- drums (1974–1985) Martin Paul -- keyboards (1981–1985) -- management, stage- and lighting design (1981–1985) Claudia Roth -- management (1982–1985) Dirk Schlömer -- guitar (1983–1985) Current members -- lead guitar -- bass guitar Funky K. Götzner -- drums, percussions Nicolo Rovera -- vocals, guitar Ella Josephine Ebsen -- vocals, guitar Maxime S.P. -- drums, percussions Lukas McNally -- keyboards, vocals Simon Barchewitz -- saxophone Elfie-Esther Steitz -- vocals, chorus Former members Nikel Pallat -- vocals, saxophone, management (1970–1978) Jörg Schlotterer -- organising, flute (1971–1978) Sven Jordan -- drums (1971) Oliver Lietzau -- drums (1972) Angela Olbrich -- chorus, percussions (1972–1981, except 1976–1977) Captain Hynding -- drums, guitar (1972) Helmut Stöger -- drums (1973) Werner "Gino" Götz -- bass guitar (1974–1975) -- percussions, chorus (1974–1982; † 2004) Martin Paul -- keyboard, (1981–1985) -- management, Scenic design, lighting designer (1981–1985) Claudia Roth -- management (1982–1985) Marius del Mestre -- choir/chorus, guitar (1981–1982) Dirk Schlömer -- guitar (1983–1985) AnayanA -- vocals, chorus, percussions (2014) Discography 1971 - Warum geht es mir so dreckig? ("Why am I so miserable?") 1972 - Keine Macht für Niemand ("No power for nobody") 1974 - Wenn die Nacht am tiefsten… ("When the night is at its darkest…") 1980 - IV 1981 - Auswahl I 1983 - Scherben ("Shards") 1984 - In Berlin (live) 1985 - Live I The following albums were issued after the band ceased recording: 1996 - Live II 2006 - Live III References External links Official homepage RioLyrics All lyrics from Ton Steine Scherben and a comprehensive literature archive about the band Musical groups established in 1970 German rock music groups Protopunk groups German socialists Political music groups	[ -0.19989685714244843, 0.9462677240371704, -0.3717550039291382, -0.6043444871902466, -0.8982926607131958, 0.4884743094444275, 0.6355408430099487, 0.13240666687488556, -0.029584728181362152, -0.10279463976621628, -0.09999195486307144, 0.08403684943914413, -0.05350610241293907, 0.6657267212867737, -0.21985234320163727, 0.27567145228385925, 0.33003750443458557, 0.07798060774803162, -0.382855623960495, -0.6124239563941956, 0.453216016292572, -0.310075581073761, 0.7620213031768799, 0.029691481962800026, 0.25191444158554077, -0.19075025618076324, -0.12800726294517517, 0.1470249593257904, 0.4151962697505951, 0.2880902588367462, -0.008180352859199047, 0.6308932900428772, 0.055328574031591415, -0.1594836413860321, -0.08577677607536316, 0.24547336995601654, 0.37835583090782166, 0.004071006551384926, 0.061824433505535126, -0.6951400637626648, 0.6073963046073914, 0.1842222660779953, 0.7157453894615173, 0.19393041729927063, 0.3662121593952179, -0.7035489082336426, -1.200821042060852, 0.4166554808616638, -0.7813459634780884, -0.17673897743225098, -0.22051528096199036, -0.07667689770460129, 0.3453507125377655, 0.671704113483429, -0.19899442791938782, -0.2903655767440796, -0.7984207272529602, 0.08406000584363937, -0.09262643754482269, 0.120480477809906, 0.35107967257499695, 0.4061630070209503, -0.008291579782962799, -0.2671026885509491, 0.2341187298297882, 0.26786381006240845, -0.06224546208977699, 0.7159441709518433, 0.27376267313957214, -0.9600529670715332, -0.3265644609928131, -0.3628428876399994, -0.3153156340122223, -0.4221961498260498, 0.45467162132263184, -0.5708861947059631, 0.6176417469978333, -0.17475441098213196, -0.21441330015659332, 0.3786747455596924, 0.01586240902543068, 0.8177681565284729, 1.196384072303772, 0.06255670636892319, 0.5911640524864197, -0.05798100680112839, 0.008936881087720394, -0.018760181963443756, -0.4801196753978729, 0.008306668139994144, -0.2182529717683792, -1.0379459857940674, 0.05423690751194954, 0.35896700620651245, -0.08140785992145538, 0.36968886852264404, 0.08275501430034637, 0.5751396417617798, 0.17042097449302673, 0.14854416251182556, 0.6165599822998047, -0.007492882665246725, -0.09232604503631592, -0.4128628671169281, -1.0778435468673706, -0.010796021670103073, 0.1411813497543335, -0.6256272792816162, 0.23955954611301422, -0.618139922618866, -0.031445495784282684, 0.2266651690006256, -0.08419480174779892, -0.22088654339313507, 0.24946627020835876, -0.0631825402379036, -0.07800494134426117, -0.7850971221923828, 0.03945131599903107, 0.5226559638977051, 0.12136904150247574, 0.30994775891304016, -0.3570772707462311, 0.487384557723999, -0.6199270486831665, 0.08752259612083435, 0.012906627729535103, 0.7894036769866943, -0.2790954113006592, 0.06033993512392044, 0.28370335698127747, 1.2969437837600708, 0.21993035078048706, -0.313005656003952, 0.003540442558005452, -0.2929854989051819, 1.1060343980789185, 0.08048682659864426, -0.354764461517334, 0.11596767604351044, -0.5251248478889465, -0.12805375456809998, -0.9591183662414551, -0.2874886691570282, 0.36291277408599854, -0.583526611328125, -0.19052007794380188, -0.14952105283737183, 0.05426638200879097, -0.22895437479019165, 0.38935500383377075, -0.38974329829216003, -0.4250275194644928, 0.22879843413829803, -0.09946903586387634, 0.30470144748687744, -0.4935457110404968, -0.050804253667593, 0.6202542781829834, 0.1763419359922409, 0.14181551337242126, -0.07557081431150436, -0.2521185576915741, 0.27806147933006287, 0.577727735042572, -0.5368835926055908, -0.11166266351938248, -0.06633009016513824, -0.31084007024765015, -0.2708081305027008, -0.8243938088417053, 0.21765142679214478, -0.521710991859436, 0.23579517006874084, 0.002490344224497676, 0.4467344284057617, 0.5234266519546509, 0.42763179540634155, 0.11650454252958298, -0.4753078520298004, -0.6570435762405396, -0.07388150691986084, 0.5831361413002014, -0.09585500508546829, 0.2394302934408188, 0.4972020983695984, -0.4356752634048462, 0.1551254540681839, 0.20787689089775085, -0.2063041776418686, -0.4676680266857147, -0.550184428691864, 0.9958854913711548, -0.1339288353919983, 1.2614765167236328, 0.3294638991355896, -0.3835121691226959, 0.5113911032676697, 0.08779381960630417, 0.27595847845077515, -0.2464524656534195, -0.3171345293521881, 0.5830894708633423, -0.2621972858905792, -0.18814677000045776, 0.42442086338996887, -0.06434324383735657, -0.6073544025421143, -0.18699133396148682, 0.3448255956172943, 0.10518947243690491, 0.04141247645020485, 0.41104838252067566, 0.07485462725162506, -0.26022931933403015, 0.05790580436587334, -0.15921825170516968, 0.3112168610095978, -0.306665301322937, -0.5114672780036926, 0.3842252790927887, -0.11786948144435883, -0.06719671934843063, 0.2273218035697937, -0.08747377246618271, 0.8629515171051025, 0.03403392434120178, 0.10018952190876007, 0.18009811639785767, 0.11489075422286987, 0.3711906373500824, 0.5112271308898926, -0.23258964717388153, -0.0317995660007, -0.04572146013379097, 0.2873678505420685, 0.0599915012717247, -0.038254912942647934, 0.3447607755661011, -0.11009091138839722, 1.0021641254425049, -0.104197196662426, -0.6796638369560242, 0.7696468234062195, 0.0582900270819664, 0.26624596118927, 0.21643845736980438, 0.05510546639561653, -0.4525390565395355, 0.17692609131336212, 0.07807956635951996, 0.3185473382472992, 0.04778718575835228, -0.11292780935764313, -0.3823127746582031, 0.07736552506685257, 0.11746418476104736, -0.438798189163208, 0.5041894912719727, 0.05686473101377487, -0.24054187536239624, -0.24386627972126007, 0.8629001379013062, -0.30846482515335083, -0.397053986787796, -0.2577011287212372, 0.09201888740062714, -0.014722109772264957, 0.3327452838420868, -0.46968767046928406, -0.3934023082256317, 0.4210982322692871, -0.305942177772522, 0.15965472161769867, -0.09694293886423111, -0.3010178804397583, -1.0472886562347412, 0.2941703200340271, -0.2946264147758484, -0.7408363819122314, 0.24267828464508057, 0.8298155665397644, 0.7514846920967102, -0.5423316359519958, -0.10037969052791595, 0.5358985662460327, 0.5543540716171265, -0.1599566489458084, 0.3894159495830536, 0.18605245649814606, -0.053959090262651443, 0.05124041810631752, -0.8602309226989746, -0.16402490437030792, 0.08854445070028305, 0.702544629573822, 0.052193038165569305, 0.014645025134086609, 0.48437246680259705, 0.08734385669231415, -0.31769460439682007, 0.15292344987392426, -0.5234228372573853, 0.1405784785747528, 0.34370723366737366, -0.5343461632728577, -0.6810033321380615, -0.47685182094573975, -5.486600399017334, 0.06636621057987213, -0.1528124213218689, -0.006597116589546204, -0.15544664859771729, 0.4609982669353485, 0.5779272317886353, -0.7561149001121521, -0.10946542769670486, -0.16240078210830688, -0.6379087567329407, -0.09733770042657852, -0.23280686140060425, 0.6649820804595947, 0.14278297126293182, 0.1664024442434311, 0.32382017374038696, 0.027484942227602005, -0.018165655434131622, -0.2661025822162628, 0.4101550877094269, -0.3546617031097412, -0.10412725061178207, 0.36771678924560547, 0.32098984718322754, 0.9547032117843628, -0.2814910411834717, 0.362449049949646, -0.5765578150749207, -0.29673680663108826, 0.24401940405368805, -0.18494455516338348, 0.03242075443267822, -0.4719725251197815, 0.18597181141376495, 0.20889659225940704, 0.5202503800392151, 0.11258142441511154, 0.8292928338050842, -0.37907376885414124, -0.3824287950992584, 0.7585750222206116, -0.14820171892642975, -0.16032275557518005, 0.22871942818164825, 0.027960075065493584, -0.3373534381389618, -0.18650083243846893, -0.6181801557540894, 1.2307910919189453, 0.1523599624633789, -0.7060116529464722, 0.3570340573787689, -0.07284911721944809, -0.20086312294006348, 0.20369017124176025, -0.40251490473747253, 0.09751801937818527, 0.2537122964859009, 0.6074895858764648, 0.2843118906021118, -0.17337997257709503, -0.014911582693457603, -0.7039345502853394, -0.7091462016105652, -0.5098435282707214, 0.09694531559944153, 0.17066159844398499, 0.29452380537986755, 0.3051672875881195, 0.10532132536172867, 0.6870419383049011, 0.1257334202528, -0.9685174226760864, -0.2052125185728073, -0.6582620739936829, -0.7034604549407959, -0.2850435972213745, -0.27871817350387573, 0.6278035640716553, -0.030382676050066948, -0.3658606708049774, -0.44135189056396484, 0.3034420311450958, -0.22581061720848083, 0.03287003934383392, -0.32891836762428284, -0.15769250690937042, -0.3928326368331909, -0.013923123478889465, 0.5808533430099487, -0.639650821685791, -0.22978779673576355, 0.6455584168434143, -0.4601031541824341, 1.0848270654678345, 0.08424799889326096, -0.1020098552107811, 0.28228849172592163, 0.39055418968200684, 0.5215073823928833, 0.07954733073711395, 0.06868962198495865, -0.0557546392083168, 0.036912474781274796, -0.5169690847396851, -0.140160471200943, 0.5896899104118347, 0.6923731565475464, -0.04889198765158653, -0.1739843338727951, -0.1694507747888565, -0.09810377657413483, -0.5976216197013855, 0.3258456885814667, -0.7830983400344849, -0.614975094795227, 0.20886148512363434, 0.2501947283744812, 0.001491657574661076, 0.5494418740272522, 0.2944718301296234, 0.23868519067764282, -0.7634652256965637, -0.4132463335990906, 0.1432015299797058, -0.012863008305430412, 0.38354063034057617, -0.6770562529563904, 0.17445620894432068, -0.38078954815864563, -0.028169266879558563, -0.346210241317749, -0.08227215707302094, -0.0687461867928505, -0.21034832298755646, -0.389561265707016, -0.3497549593448639, 0.34695810079574585, -0.15498512983322144, 0.239732027053833, -0.1335720717906952, -0.36379095911979675, -0.037312231957912445, -0.04011291638016701, 0.95059734582901, 0.327006459236145, -0.4671115279197693, -0.6116727590560913, 0.6089019775390625, 0.30787327885627747, -0.08725790679454803, 0.837931752204895, -0.8419892191886902, 0.03159506246447563, 0.15432365238666534, 0.2216573804616928, 0.19210810959339142, 0.0459895059466362, -0.010679620318114758, 0.06973107904195786, -0.18697784841060638, -1.0984185934066772, 0.09455772489309311, 0.12373370677232742, -0.3586996793746948, 0.046121109277009964, -0.3101120889186859, -0.11986798048019409, 0.4744407832622528, -0.25006091594696045, -0.14842502772808075, -0.054374679923057556, 0.13553857803344727, 0.16342201828956604, -0.015985460951924324, -0.13318932056427002, -0.4456566870212555, -0.08106566965579987, -0.11239154636859894, -0.13030590116977692, 0.2589658498764038, -0.20612163841724396, 0.3763035237789154, 0.28277093172073364, -0.7170401811599731, -0.9385360479354858, -0.002417611191049218, -1.0319914817810059, 0.49437084794044495, 0.05778057873249054, 0.008319406770169735, 0.30695635080337524, 0.08071351796388626, -0.5847558379173279, -1.2304205894470215, -0.06526457518339157, 0.2623966634273529, -0.1811027228832245, -0.39777785539627075, 0.7380317449569702, 0.5879009366035461, -0.25559478998184204, 0.09728275239467621, 0.43957290053367615, -0.8672674298286438, 0.42199811339378357, -0.3687925934791565, -0.43312305212020874, 0.6112139821052551, -0.48441556096076965, -0.4325912892818451, 0.2715439200401306, 0.34823837876319885, -0.6315518617630005, -0.1331821084022522, 0.36307886242866516, -0.5640435814857483, -0.7500101327896118, 0.20103809237480164, -0.25716930627822876, 0.06443663686513901, -0.7117368578910828, 0.05049072951078415, -0.6971478462219238, 0.047055210918188095, 0.0751730427145958, -0.165209099650383, 0.2010766714811325, -0.39955803751945496, 0.1340785175561905, 0.056489381939172745, 0.024133596569299698, -0.28480976819992065, -0.14414067566394806, -0.034581027925014496, 0.3345910608768463, 0.40169405937194824, 0.08234597742557526, 0.8982163667678833, 0.8995814323425293, 0.5692917704582214, 0.2873052954673767, -0.4581282138824463, -0.117977574467659, 0.1391364485025406, 0.45335066318511963, -0.3521931767463684, -0.48588186502456665, 0.21090541779994965, -0.19746074080467224, -0.06601250916719437, -0.4901793301105499, -0.855488121509552, 0.9314706921577454, -0.6807191967964172, -0.1431453675031662, 0.38695111870765686, 0.2795548141002655, -0.23736128211021423, 0.22610338032245636, 0.6997808814048767, -0.4139559864997864, 0.17709079384803772, -0.07716400921344757, 0.18518157303333282, -0.48700785636901855, -0.42222860455513, 0.4050654470920563, 0.02864895761013031, -0.18426740169525146, -0.27805668115615845, 0.6585339307785034, 0.020502788946032524, 0.043146390467882156, 0.09286075085401535, -0.6544560194015503, -1.1961545944213867, 0.037994708865880966, 0.10111349076032639, -0.3752896189689636, -0.15296697616577148, 0.732127845287323, -0.5299718379974365, -0.05867718905210495, -1.0937035083770752, -0.8207429051399231, -0.6731011271476746, -0.2485741674900055, 0.08916059136390686, -0.0794961228966713, -0.4720599949359894, 0.021339986473321915, 0.8648425936698914, 0.20884589850902557, 0.5944911241531372, -0.20648105442523956, -0.1523221880197525, -0.5027130246162415, 0.1911330223083496, -0.2895466387271881, 0.3703518509864807, 0.3815976083278656, -0.21336917579174042, 0.20572179555892944, 0.16205976903438568, -0.07196128368377686, 0.04671817272901535, -0.41042381525039673, 0.21882294118404388, -0.09409168362617493, -0.19434794783592224, -0.9186007976531982, 1.186606764793396, -0.3147561550140381, 0.10092458873987198, 0.6769564747810364, -0.3577030897140503, 0.47261863946914673, -0.13628484308719635, 0.46096178889274597, -0.3226850926876068, 0.47325846552848816, 0.7660728693008423, -0.4889049232006073, 0.687532901763916, 0.04960058629512787, -0.013038658536970615, 0.08081656694412231, -0.263483464717865, 0.3148999810218811, 0.19287292659282684, -0.6166315078735352, -0.2157108336687088, -0.21414566040039062, 0.025788813829421997, 0.19043885171413422, -0.29399311542510986, -0.7281581163406372, 0.9716436862945557, -0.19598470628261566, 0.17551292479038239, -0.43075814843177795, -0.47140929102897644, 0.13534337282180786, 0.39304012060165405, -0.05851555988192558, -0.11528872698545456, 0.7143349051475525, 0.01896963082253933, 0.5184354186058044, 0.15840771794319153, -0.10190276056528091, -0.00006950646638870239, -0.08422534912824631, 0.14776428043842316, 0.2881813943386078, -0.3314313590526581, -0.008502553217113018, 0.0860413908958435, 0.4426743686199188, 0.07505244016647339, -0.0801469087600708, -0.18028594553470612, -0.47295987606048584, 0.3857440948486328, -0.011160992085933685, -0.7869709134101868, 0.1291172057390213, -0.1227334663271904, 0.4243127405643463, 0.053200189024209976, -0.12062536925077438, 0.2612340748310089, 0.4067080616950989, -0.40798407793045044, 0.6744650602340698, 0.31805548071861267, 0.008886369876563549, 0.6362862586975098, -0.1624382883310318, -0.1436109095811844, -0.21870167553424835, -0.22302503883838654, -0.0018961203750222921, -0.15259255468845367, 0.1236465722322464, -0.08630333840847015, -0.18073391914367676, -0.3474186658859253, 0.33779460191726685, -0.44528430700302124, -0.12603382766246796, -0.08678384125232697, -0.41443708539009094, -0.386725515127182, -0.28645989298820496, 0.8698815107345581, -0.374408096075058, -0.10178304463624954, 0.25107884407043457, 0.6234405636787415, -0.048736054450273514, 0.4508865177631378, -0.09170054644346237, 0.4389966130256653, -0.977420449256897, 0.04561055079102516, -0.35499200224876404, 0.8162375092506409, 0.4637167751789093, 0.2043469101190567, -0.08759025484323502, 0.5959968566894531, -0.2396007478237152, -0.8004476428031921, 1.2187402248382568, -0.4422030746936798, -0.28481611609458923, 0.23221038281917572, -0.1520197093486786, 0.09855629503726959, 0.1527642458677292, 0.20198026299476624, -0.3071451485157013, -0.1257004588842392, 0.36977747082710266, -0.34376221895217896, -0.024535374715924263, 0.5155380368232727, -0.272321492433548, 0.45679527521133423, -0.6491314768791199, -0.07974183559417725, -0.29438620805740356, 0.10747365653514862, 0.5526469945907593, -0.149776890873909, 0.6219319701194763, -0.06492196768522263, 0.3409273624420166, -0.4856488108634949, 0.5982062220573425, 0.04957175999879837, -0.6171983480453491, 0.4521420896053314, 0.21336618065834045, -0.7051647305488586, -0.43149828910827637, 0.35485348105430603, 0.4481717646121979, -0.35904183983802795, 0.1066417321562767, -0.43632587790489197, 0.2142680287361145, 0.0689941793680191, 0.3037620484828949, -0.7136890888214111, 0.18434321880340576, -0.36203545331954956 ]
210568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Hill%20%28activist%29	Joe Hill (activist)	Joe Hill (October 7, 1879 – November 19, 1915), born Joel Emmanuel Hägglund and also known as Joseph Hillström, was a Swedish-American labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, familiarly called the "Wobblies"). A native Swedish speaker, he learned English during the early 1900s, while working various jobs from New York to San Francisco. Hill, an immigrant worker frequently facing unemployment and underemployment, became a popular songwriter and cartoonist for the union. His most famous songs include "The Preacher and the Slave" (in which he coined the phrase "pie in the sky"), "The Tramp", "There Is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab", which express the harsh and combative life of itinerant workers, and call for workers to organize their efforts to improve working conditions. In 1914, John G. Morrison, a Salt Lake City area grocer and former policeman, and his son were shot and killed by two men. The same evening, Hill arrived at a doctor's office with a gunshot wound, and briefly mentioned a fight over a woman. He refused to explain further, even after he was accused of the grocery store murders on the basis of his injury. Hill was convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. Following an unsuccessful appeal, political debates, and international calls for clemency from high-profile figures and workers' organizations, Hill was executed in November 1915. After his death, he was memorialized by several folk songs. His life and death have inspired books and poetry. The identity of the woman and the rival who supposedly caused Hill's injury, though frequently speculated upon, remained mostly conjecture for nearly a century. William M. Adler's 2011 biography of Hill presents information about a possible alibi, which was never introduced at the trial. According to Adler, Hill and his friend and countryman Otto Appelquist were rivals for the attention of 20-year-old Hilda Erickson, a member of the family with whom the two men were lodging. In a recently discovered letter, Erickson confirmed her relationship with the two men and the rivalry between them. The letter indicates that when she first discovered Hill was injured, he explained to her that Appelquist had shot him, apparently out of jealousy. Early life Joel Emmanuel Hägglund was born 1879 in Gävle (then spelled Gefle), a city in the province of Gästrikland, Sweden. He was the third child in a family of nine, where three children died young. His father, Olof, worked as a conductor on the Gefle-Dala railway line. Olof (1846–1887) died at the age of 41, and his death meant economic disaster for the family. Joe's mother Margareta Catharina (1844–1902) did, however, succeed in keeping the family together until she died when Joel was in his early twenties. The Hägglund family home still stands in Gävle at the address Nedre Bergsgatan 28, in Gamla Stan, the Old Town. it houses a museum and the Joe Hill-gården, which hosts cultural events. In his late teens-early twenties, Joel fell seriously ill with skin and glandular tuberculosis, and underwent extensive treatment in Stockholm. In October 1902, when nearly 23, Joel and his brother Paul Elias Hägglund (1877–1955) immigrated to the United States. Hill became an itinerant laborer, moving from New York City to Cleveland, and eventually to the west coast. He was in San Francisco at the time of the 1906 earthquake. IWW By this time using the name Joe or Joseph Hillstrom (possibly because of anti-union blacklisting), he joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies around 1910, when working on the docks in San Pedro, California. In late 1910 he wrote a letter to the IWW newspaper Industrial Worker, identifying himself as a member of the IWW local chapter in Portland, Oregon. He rose in the IWW organization and traveled widely, organizing workers under the IWW banner, writing political songs and satirical poems, and making speeches. He shortened his pseudonym to "Joe Hill" as the pen-name under which his songs, cartoons and other writings appeared. His songs frequently appropriated familiar melodies from popular songs and hymns of the time. He coined the phrase "pie in the sky", which appeared in his song "The Preacher and the Slave" (a parody of the hymn "In the Sweet By-and-By"). Other notable songs written by Hill include "The Tramp", "There Is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab". Trial As an itinerant worker, Hill moved around the west, hopping freight trains, going from job to job. By the end of 1913, he was working as a laborer at the Silver King Mine in Park City, Utah, not far from Salt Lake City. On January 10, 1914, John G. Morrison and his son Arling were killed in their Salt Lake City grocery store by two armed intruders masked in red bandanas. The police first thought it was a crime of revenge, for nothing had been stolen and the elder Morrison had been a police officer, possibly creating many enemies. On the same evening, Joe Hill appeared on the doorstep of a local doctor, with a bullet wound through the left lung. Hill said that he had been shot in an argument over a woman, whom he refused to name. The doctor reported that Hill was armed with a pistol. Considering Morrison's past as a police officer, several men he had arrested were at first considered suspects; 12 people were arrested in the case before Hill was arrested and charged with the murder. A red bandana was found in Hill's room. The pistol purported to be in Hill's possession at the doctor's office was not found. Hill resolutely denied that he was involved in the robbery and killing of Morrison. He said that when he was shot, his hands were over his head, and the bullet hole in his coat — four inches below the exit wound in his back — seemed to support this claim. Hill did not testify at his trial, but his lawyers pointed out that four other people were treated for bullet wounds in Salt Lake City that same night, and that the lack of robbery and Hill's unfamiliarity with Morrison left him with no motive. The prosecution, for its part, produced a dozen eyewitnesses who said that the killer resembled Hill, including 13-year-old Merlin Morrison, the victims' son, and a brother, who upon first seeing Hill said, "That's not him at all" but later identified him as the murderer. The jury took just a few hours to find him guilty of murder. An appeal to the Utah Supreme Court was unsuccessful. Orrin N. Hilton, the lawyer representing Hill during the appeal, declared: "The main thing the state had on Hill was that he was a Wobbly and therefore sure to be guilty. Hill tried to keep the IWW out of [the trial] ... but the press fastened it upon him." In a letter to the court, Hill continued to deny that the state had a right to inquire into the origins of his wound, leaving little doubt that the judges would affirm the conviction. Chief Justice Daniel Straup wrote that his unexplained wound was "a distinguishing mark," and that "the defendant may not avoid the natural and reasonable inferences of remaining silent." In an article for the socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason, Hill wrote: "Owing to the prominence of Mr. Morrison, there had to be a 'goat' [scapegoat] and the undersigned being, as they thought, a friendless tramp, a Swede, and worst of all, an IWW, had no right to live anyway, and was therefore duly selected to be 'the goat'." The case turned into a major media event. President Woodrow Wilson, Helen Keller (the blind and deaf author and fellow-IWW member), the Swedish ambassador and the Swedish public all became involved in a bid for clemency. It generated international union attention, and critics charged that the trial and conviction were unfair. More recently, Utah Phillips considered Joe Hill to have been a political prisoner who was executed for his political agitation through songwriting. In a biography published in 2011, William M. Adler concludes that Hill was probably innocent of murder, but also suggests that Hill came to see himself as worth more to the labor movement as a dead martyr than he was alive, and that this understanding may have influenced his decisions not to testify at the trial and subsequently to spurn all chances of a pardon. Adler reports that evidence pointed to early police suspect Frank Z. Wilson, and cites Hilda Erickson's letter, which states that Hill had told her he had been shot by her former fiance. Execution Joe Hill was executed by firing squad on November 19, 1915 at Utah's Sugar House Prison. When Deputy Shettler, who led the firing squad, called out the sequence of commands preparatory to firing ("Ready, aim,") Hill shouted, "Fire — go on and fire!" That same day, a dynamite bomb was discovered at the Tarrytown estate of John D. Archbold, President of the Standard Oil Company. Police theorized the bomb was planted by anarchists and IWW radicals as a protest against Hill's execution. The bomb was discovered by a gardener, who found four sticks of dynamite, weighing a pound each, half hidden in a rut in a driveway fifty feet from the front entrance of the residence. The dynamite sticks were bound together by a length of wire, fitted with percussion caps, and wrapped with a piece of paper matching the color of the driveway, a path used by Archbold in going to or from his home by automobile. The bomb was later defused by police. Just prior to his execution, Hill had written to Bill Haywood, an IWW leader, saying, "Goodbye Bill. I die like a true blue rebel. Don't waste any time in mourning. Organize ... Could you arrange to have my body hauled to the state line to be buried? I don't want to be found dead in Utah." Hunter S. Thompson asserted that Joe's last words were "Don't mourn. Organize." His last will, which was eventually set to music by Ethel Raim, founder of the group The Pennywhistlers, requested a cremation and reads: Aftermath Hill's body was sent to Chicago, where it was cremated; in accordance with his wishes, his ashes were placed into 600 small envelopes and sent around the world to be released to the winds. Delegates attending the Tenth Convention of the IWW in Chicago received envelopes November 19, 1916, one year to the day of Hill's execution (and not on May Day 1916 as Wobbly lore claims). The rest of the 600 envelopes were sent to IWW locals, Wobblies and sympathizers around the world on January 3, 1917. In 1988, it was discovered that an envelope had been seized by the United States Post Office Department in 1917 because of its "subversive potential". The envelope, with a photo affixed, captioned "Joe Hill murdered by the capitalist class, Nov. 19, 1915," as well as its contents, was deposited at the National Archives. A story appeared in the United Auto Workers' magazine Solidarity and a small item followed it in The New Yorker magazine. Members of the IWW in Chicago quickly laid claim to the contents of the envelope. After some negotiations, the last of Hill's ashes (but not the envelope that contained them) was turned over to the IWW in 1988. The weekly In These Times ran notice of the ashes and invited readers to suggest what should be done with them. Suggestions varied from enshrining them at the AFL–CIO headquarters in Washington, DC to Abbie Hoffman's suggestion that they be eaten by today's "Joe Hills" like Billy Bragg and Michelle Shocked. Bragg did indeed swallow a small bit of the ashes with some Union beer to wash it down, and for a time carried Shocked's share for the eventual completion of Hoffman's last prank. Bragg has since given Shocked's share to Otis Gibbs. The majority of the ashes were cast to the wind in the US, Canada, Sweden, Australia, and Nicaragua. The ashes sent to Sweden were only partly cast to the wind. The main part was interred in the wall of a union office in Landskrona, a minor city in the south of the country, with a plaque commemorating Hill. That room is now the reading room of the local city library. One small packet of ashes was scattered at a 1989 ceremony which unveiled a monument to six unarmed IWW coal miners buried in Lafayette, Colorado, who had been machine-gunned by Colorado state police in 1927 in the Columbine Mine massacre. Until 1989 the graves of five of these men were unmarked. Another famous Wobbly, Carlos Cortez, scattered Joe Hill's ashes on the graves at the commemoration. On the night of November 18, 1990, the Southeast Michigan IWW General Membership Branch hosted a gathering of "wobs" in a remote wooded area at which a dinner, followed by a bonfire, featured a reading of Hill's last will, "and then his ashes were released into the flames and carried up above the trees. ... The next day ... one wob collected a bowl full of ashes from the smoldering fire pit." At that event several IWW members consumed a portion of Hill's ashes before the rest was consigned to the fire. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the execution of Joe Hill, Philip S. Foner published a book, The Case of Joe Hill, about the trial and subsequent events, which concludes that the case was a miscarriage of justice. Archival materials and legacy Hill's handwritten last will and testament was uncovered in the first decade of the 21st century by archivist Michael Nash of the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives of New York University. Found in a box under a desk at the New York City headquarters of the Communist Party USA during a transfer of CPUSA archival materials to NYU, the document began with a couplet: "My will is easy to decide / For I have nothing to divide." Additional archival materials were donated to the Walter P. Reuther Library by Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in 1976. Influence and tributes Hill's exhortation, "Don't waste any time mourning. Organize!", often shortened to "Don't mourn -- organize!", has become a widely-used slogan of the political Left, especially after a defeat or death. Hill was memorialized in a tribute poem written about him c. 1930 by Alfred Hayes titled "I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night," sometimes referred to simply as "Joe Hill". Hayes's lyrics were turned into a song in 1936 by Earl Robinson, who wrote in 1986, "'Joe Hill' was written in Camp Unity in the summer of 1936 in New York State, for a campfire program celebrating him and his songs ..." Hayes gave a copy of his poem to fellow camp staffer Robinson, who wrote the tune in 40 minutes. Paul Robeson and Pete Seeger often performed this song by Earl Robinson and are associated with it, along with Irish folk group The Dubliners. Joan Baez's Woodstock performance of "Joe Hill" in 1969 (documented in the 1970 film "Woodstock" and corresponding soundtrack album) is one of the best known recordings. She also recorded the song numerous times, including a live version on her 2005 album Bowery Songs. Scott Walker recorded a version for his album The Moviegoer. In May 2014, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band opened their concert in Tampa, Florida, with the song. The Swedish socialist leader Ture Nerman (1886–1969) wrote a biography of Joe Hill. For the project, Nerman did the first serious research about Hill's life story, including finding and interviewing Hill's family members in Sweden. Nerman, who was a poet himself, also translated most of Hill's songs into Swedish. Ralph Chaplin wrote a tribute poem/song called "Joe Hill" and referred to him in his song "Red November, Black November." Phil Ochs wrote and recorded a different, original song called "Joe Hill", using a traditional melody found in the song "John Hardy," which tells a much more detailed story of Joe Hill's life and death. Singer/songwriter Josh Joplin wrote and recorded a song entitled Joseph Hillstrom 1879–1915 as a tribute to Joe Hill for the self-titled debut album Among the Oak & Ash of his band. In 1990, Smithsonian Folkways released Don't Mourn — Organize!: Songs of Labor Songwriter Joe Hill. The compilation album featured the likes of Harry "Haywire Mac" McClintock, Cisco Houston, Paul Robeson, and Entertainment Workers IU630 I.W.W. performing Hill's songs, Billy Bragg and Si Kahn, and narrative interludes from Utah Phillips and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. In 1990, Billy Bragg released his song "I Dreamed I Saw Phil Ochs Last Night", set to the melody of "I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night," on his EP The Internationale. Wallace Stegner published a fictional biography called Joe Hill in 1950. Authors Stephen and Tabitha King named their second child Joseph Hillstrom King, after Joe Hill. Gibbs M. Smith wrote a biography, Joe Hill, later adapted for the 1971 movie Joe Hill (also known as The Ballad of Joe Hill) directed by Bo Widerberg. A novelization of the screenplay, released concurrently with the film by Tempo Books was written by John McDermott, under that byline, although, as a mainstream novelist, he had been previously known only by his pen name, J. M. Ryan. A chapter of John Dos Passos's novel 1919 is a stylized biography of Joe Hill. Thomas Babe's 1980 full-length play Salt Lake City Skyline retells the story of Joe Hill's trial. "Calling Joe Hill" by Ray Hearne is frequently performed by Roy Bailey, a British socialist folk singer. In 1995, the first "Raise Your Banners" festival of political song was held in Sheffield, inspired by the 80th anniversary of the death of Joe Hill. Sheffield Socialist choir which was formed in 1988 organised the event and performed an arrangement by Nigel Wright of the Earl Robinson song about Joe Hill. Since then the festival has been held roughly every two years. In 1980, Postverket, the Swedish postal service, issued a Joe Hill postage stamp. Red on a white background with the lyrics in English "We'll have freedom, love and health/When the grand red flag is flying, In the Workers' Commonwealth." The stamp cost SKr 1,70 which was the amount for airmail to the United States. Chumbawamba's song about Joe Hill, "By and By", appears on the 2005 album A Singsong and a Scrap. It incorporates the first stanza of Alfred Hayes' poem and is set to substantially the same melody as "The Preacher and the Slave." Track three on Mickey Hart's Mystery Box CD (2008) titled "Down The Road" makes reference to Joe Hill. Seattle composer and bandleader Wayne Horvitz created a musical tribute to Joe Hill in 2008. Joe Hill: 16 Actions for Orchestra, Voice and Soloist, which premiered at Meany Hall in Seattle, features the Northwest Sinfonia and guest soloists Bill Frisell, Robin Holcomb, Danny Barnes, and Rinde Eckert. Singer-songwriter Justin Townes Earle's 2009 song "They Killed John Henry" references folk heroes such as John Henry and contains a verse about Joe Hill. Otis Gibbs made the Joe Hill's Ashes album in 2010. In October 2011, activist/songwriter Si Kahn's one-man play Joe Hill's Last Will, featuring Hill's catalogue of songs and starring singer John McCutcheon, was produced by Main Stage West in Sebastopol, California. The one-person musical was performed by McCutcheon several times, including a show in Salt Lake City on November 19, 2015, the 100th anniversary of Joe Hill's death. The centennial event was recorded on video and audio. In 2012, Anti-Flag released The General Strike, an album including a song titled "1915" telling the story of Joe Hill. In 2013, trombonist Roswell Rudd recorded a four-movement tribute to Joe Hill with the NYC Labor Chorus and others as part of his Trombone For Lovers album. In 2003, on the album Blackout, Dropkick Murphys performed a song quoting the beliefs of Joe Hill and using the phrase "pie in the sky". The song was titled "Worker's Song" and was composed by Ed Pickford. It was also performed by Dick Gaughan, Scottish folk singer and socialist. In 2014, Finnish rap-artist Paleface referenced "Joel Hägglund's ashes" in his song "Mull' on lupa" (I Have a Permit/I Am Allowed). In 2016, Shelby Bottom Duo released the CD Joe Hill Roadshow as a companion to their multimedia presentation A Musical History of Joe Hill and the Early Labor Movement. In 2019 Joe Hill is a minor character in the novel Deep River by Karl Marlantes In 2020, Dubamix pays tribute to Joe Hill, in the Album "Camarades" with his personal version of "Rebel Girl". See also Don't mourn, organize! List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes Wesley Everest (December 29, 1890 — November 11, 1919) was lynched during the Centralia massacre References Recording of songs Cover album of his songs: Joe Glazer, Songs of Joe Hill, Smithsonian Folkways, 1954 Bucky Halker, Anywhere But Utah: Songs of Joe Hill, Revolting Records, 2015 Further reading "The Man Who Never Died," A Play about Joe Hill, with Notes on Joe Hill and His Times, by Barrie Stavis, New York: Haven Press, 1954. The "notes" are actually a carefully researched, 116-page history of the period, with detailed analysis of the trial of Joe Hill; the notes include photographs of people, events, and documents. The play was produced in New York City off-broadway at the Jan Hus Play House in 1958. The revised play and compressed notes were published in a second version of this book under the same title, published at Cranbury NJ: A. S. Barnes, 1972. Davidson, Jared (2011). Remains to be Seen: Tracing Joe Hill's ashes in New Zealand. Wellington: Rebel Press, 2011. Philips, Utah and Difranco, Ani. Fellow Workers. Righteous Babe Records, NY, 1999. Nolan, Dean & Thompson, Fred. Joe Hill: IWW Songwriter. Montreal: Kersplebedeb. Gibbs Smith. Joe Hill—The Man and the Myth. Melvyn Dubofsky. We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World. Quadrangle, 1969. Mark Leier. Where the Fraser River Flows: The Industrial Workers of the World in British Columbia. New Star Books, 1989. Buhle, Paul and Schulman, Nicole, eds. Wobblies! A Graphic History of the Industrial Workers of the World. NY: Verso, 2005. Union Song by The Nightwatchman External links Articles The Joe Hill Project—University of Utah Site at KUED7 about the PBS Joe Hill documentary from 2000 Songs The Songs of Joe Hill at Folk Archive. Lyrics, sheet music, and audio files at Political Folk Music. University of Utah Special Collections Joe Hill photograph collection, 1914–1990 Joe Hill Organizing Committee records, 1914–1991 Joe Hill Conference photograph collection, 1915–1990s County Museum of Gävleborg, Sweden Internet Archive Songs of the Workers to Fan the Flames of Discontent—IWW songbook Joe Hill melodies Swedish labor songs Songs of the Wobblies LP "Joe Hill": song by Alfred Hayes and Earl Robinson Smithsonian Folkways Songs of Joe Hill. Download PDF file of liner notes. Don't Mourn—Organize!: Songs of Labor Songwriter Joe Hill. Download PDF file of liner notes. Video Joe Hill documentary (Swedish with English subtitles) Joe Hill—Documentary produced by KUED 1879 births 1915 deaths People from Gävle American folklore American male songwriters Hoboes Industrial Workers of the World leaders American trade unionists of Swedish descent People executed for murder People executed by Utah by firing squad Joan Baez songs 20th-century executions by Utah Executed American people Swedish people executed abroad Deaths by firearm in Utah People convicted of murder by Utah Swedish emigrants to the United States Executed Swedish people 20th-century executions of American people	[ -0.1489342302083969, -0.03440965712070465, -0.31297093629837036, -0.08828822523355484, -0.02086663246154785, 0.6231496930122375, 0.608396589756012, 0.0647607371211052, -0.6440438032150269, -0.24377688765525818, 0.023030806332826614, 0.46461695432662964, -0.574417769908905, 0.4194849729537964, -1.0806249380111694, 0.14947094023227692, -0.44955527782440186, 0.15603891015052795, -0.7333033680915833, 0.09595808386802673, -0.29438817501068115, -0.38823094964027405, 1.113930583000183, -0.05700681358575821, -0.23767751455307007, -0.13599444925785065, -0.2009444385766983, -0.09839768707752228, -0.25951993465423584, 0.6422028541564941, -0.14908841252326965, 0.3761793076992035, 1.130646824836731, -0.4755343198776245, -0.6003329753875732, 0.013302700594067574, -0.5944662690162659, 0.22696705162525177, 0.3917527496814728, -0.016012292355298996, -0.4808668792247772, 0.021723506972193718, 0.14909151196479797, 0.23140530288219452, 0.2521776556968689, 0.26554057002067566, -1.9361200332641602, 0.16818377375602722, -0.8008590936660767, -0.16243380308151245, -0.3031834065914154, 0.6150370240211487, 0.3242318332195282, 0.22776277363300323, -0.04463791474699974, -0.15307548642158508, -0.6821264028549194, -0.35533469915390015, -0.14876073598861694, -0.6927486062049866, 0.05188610777258873, -0.16580379009246826, 1.092402696609497, -0.4450579881668091, 0.4493061602115631, 0.38289740681648254, -0.17280885577201843, 0.6421087980270386, -0.11889038234949112, -0.3315431475639343, 0.04305383935570717, -0.012129548005759716, -0.2256997525691986, -0.007145092356950045, 0.5392969250679016, -0.9474137425422668, 0.21139191091060638, 0.2551442086696625, -0.26170557737350464, 0.6565708518028259, -0.5245413780212402, -0.058876775205135345, 1.0497499704360962, 0.6739651560783386, 0.09293435513973236, -0.3148092031478882, -0.6226654648780823, 0.11574041843414307, 0.042502302676439285, -0.23825688660144806, -0.2789376974105835, -0.29894471168518066, 0.44246989488601685, 0.19428658485412598, -0.2945328652858734, 0.5271806120872498, 0.8648268580436707, 0.7229483127593994, -0.7519508600234985, -0.18964698910713196, 0.4498622715473175, 0.05422135442495346, 0.41604650020599365, 0.19303543865680695, -0.2617332637310028, 0.201853945851326, 0.822638750076294, 0.09855107218027115, 0.6897619366645813, -0.3819483816623688, -0.6073222756385803, -0.09570535272359848, 0.3622589707374573, -0.24805115163326263, 0.31852808594703674, 0.5803865194320679, 0.28048354387283325, -0.5063613057136536, -0.008702821098268032, -0.16548678278923035, -0.4435395300388336, 0.2756628394126892, -0.1409798413515091, 0.6564174890518188, -0.6895237565040588, 0.3485611379146576, 0.22713516652584076, 0.5660455226898193, 0.12653855979442596, 0.1969870626926422, 0.5140333771705627, 0.6457997560501099, 0.28693243861198425, -0.39104488492012024, -0.28285011649131775, 0.16469474136829376, 0.5569396615028381, -0.08855243027210236, -0.16009631752967834, 0.022391824051737785, -0.08616142719984055, -0.19933035969734192, -0.543373703956604, -0.04405112937092781, 0.19121153652668, -0.5883180499076843, -0.20743654668331146, -0.26819944381713867, -0.4645119607448578, -0.48226267099380493, 0.12926210463047028, -0.3017810583114624, 0.022106613963842392, 0.022801678627729416, -0.2667001783847809, 0.11590394377708435, 0.18319471180438995, -0.5362067222595215, 0.2834935188293457, 0.5573008060455322, -0.22574910521507263, 0.3736990988254547, -0.27504363656044006, 0.2513675391674042, -0.1732025444507599, -0.0027968466747552156, -0.06051233783364296, -0.1802852898836136, -0.4728658199310303, -0.04073811322450638, 0.23097151517868042, 0.03421415761113167, 0.03812780603766441, 0.2644784450531006, 0.1155131533741951, 0.052190352231264114, 0.7938179969787598, 0.06114139035344124, 0.15513688325881958, -0.3430681526660919, -0.7123920321464539, -0.31952518224716187, 0.4575127959251404, 0.6184371113777161, 0.16296066343784332, 0.2490604966878891, -0.08707249909639359, -0.814988911151886, 0.12598450481891632, -0.292883038520813, -0.33521711826324463, -0.794763445854187, 0.31177136301994324, -0.191440612077713, 0.9304003119468689, 0.4906485974788666, 0.15492987632751465, 0.10398995876312256, 0.06965479254722595, -0.019015023484826088, 0.2920110523700714, -0.5851532816886902, -0.12785495817661285, 0.004558046814054251, -0.6380351781845093, 0.6719866394996643, 0.08483138680458069, 0.24037908017635345, -0.3402539789676666, 0.4758111536502838, 0.10271831601858139, -1.0158665180206299, 0.1492682248353958, 0.18810321390628815, -0.4426562488079071, -0.8792140483856201, -0.40213438868522644, -0.07340370863676071, 0.857539713382721, 0.15306390821933746, 0.7027426958084106, -0.15100295841693878, 0.2738576829433441, 0.06997428834438324, 0.22341686487197876, 0.3352994918823242, -0.1927945762872696, 0.017812523990869522, 0.20601272583007812, -0.43798327445983887, -0.04346339404582977, 0.32905933260917664, -0.18848755955696106, -0.3504534661769867, 0.5010138750076294, 0.04572620987892151, 0.0607740581035614, -0.31834083795547485, -0.09811024367809296, -0.7215147614479065, 0.1350964903831482, 0.09077899158000946, -0.11888439953327179, 0.05164283141493797, 0.03134169429540634, -0.042347125709056854, -0.40313923358917236, -0.5219716429710388, 0.26127928495407104, 0.39202213287353516, 0.5704856514930725, 0.6813242435455322, 0.4359254240989685, 0.042682748287916183, -0.14893311262130737, 0.16134236752986908, 0.30279818177223206, -0.4042259752750397, 0.49634280800819397, 0.03568386286497116, 0.38224300742149353, -0.5110754370689392, -0.47832027077674866, 0.0003356675151735544, 0.1667996644973755, -0.3949131369590759, -0.4776029884815216, 0.04676971212029457, -0.22654739022254944, -0.13984531164169312, 0.7076785564422607, 0.1769537776708603, -0.4446733891963959, 0.4806815981864929, 0.288260281085968, 0.25845226645469666, -0.5527891516685486, -0.09744377434253693, -0.8806790709495544, -1.225941777229309, 0.07795392721891403, 0.7904265522956848, 0.1480119228363037, -0.5928195714950562, 0.40819281339645386, 0.07128429412841797, -0.159535750746727, -0.08297143876552582, 0.03191065043210983, -0.49056681990623474, -0.549670934677124, 0.48574957251548767, -0.4904400110244751, -0.02491103671491146, 0.5170148015022278, 0.36538365483283997, 0.21422678232192993, 0.26777973771095276, 0.28436601161956787, -0.023410452529788017, -0.6152886748313904, 0.1380266547203064, -0.06834864616394043, -0.48300737142562866, 0.5183596014976501, -0.08296417444944382, 0.3212042450904846, -0.09710054844617844, -5.447134971618652, 0.330242782831192, -0.4533632695674896, -0.7200033664703369, 0.07170335203409195, 0.2048812061548233, 0.6616484522819519, 0.03541630133986473, 0.02340642921626568, -0.32227209210395813, -0.04287048429250717, -0.016845043748617172, -0.304159551858902, 0.13678354024887085, 0.27963486313819885, 0.09682533890008926, 0.3424851894378662, -0.26412734389305115, 0.294500470161438, -0.423140287399292, -0.23446787893772125, -0.7190005779266357, 0.05675990507006645, 1.05801260471344, 0.6902602910995483, 0.297462522983551, 0.4103471338748932, 0.15125705301761627, -0.7337003350257874, -0.2784883677959442, -0.22806671261787415, -0.013032665476202965, -0.36503100395202637, -0.5957213640213013, 0.4475546181201935, -0.7840545177459717, 0.49909186363220215, 0.1849283128976822, -0.02865786664187908, -0.41988247632980347, -0.1649480164051056, 0.1312962770462036, -1.015344262123108, -0.5368223190307617, 0.33289673924446106, 0.3814690113067627, -0.6467714905738831, -0.09918985515832901, -0.8185484409332275, 0.5367550849914551, 0.426028847694397, -0.5948619842529297, 0.4412532150745392, -0.2033245712518692, 0.3181966245174408, 0.11904708296060562, 0.01501367799937725, 0.2283593714237213, -0.5177894234657288, 0.09865173697471619, 0.8149683475494385, -0.14121928811073303, -0.11071276664733887, -0.4798019826412201, -0.773341178894043, -0.4155663549900055, -0.05041779577732086, 0.08265788108110428, 0.27270790934562683, -0.4221686124801636, 0.26243436336517334, 0.8703338503837585, 0.10072340816259384, -1.2617281675338745, -0.16755728423595428, 0.3473232686519623, -0.1903167963027954, 0.2593162953853607, -0.19194144010543823, -0.06366167217493057, 0.09429419040679932, -0.7370119690895081, 0.4189741611480713, -0.05994882807135582, 0.2217404693365097, 0.563180148601532, -0.2157277762889862, 0.6680640578269958, -0.7356939315795898, 0.7183588147163391, -0.2117922604084015, -0.04157501459121704, 0.3845418691635132, 0.25748133659362793, 0.9918141961097717, 0.1781425029039383, 0.35483768582344055, 0.19602876901626587, -0.23842178285121918, 0.4003148078918457, -0.4822917580604553, -0.28073737025260925, -0.18555274605751038, -0.2523844540119171, 0.8057024478912354, 0.43643996119499207, -0.8711251020431519, 0.0976867601275444, 1.1753655672073364, 0.29198041558265686, 0.3694644868373871, -0.42984792590141296, -0.29347366094589233, -0.7037906646728516, 0.4180186986923218, -0.5347799062728882, -0.0022559359204024076, 0.42089375853538513, 0.7439960241317749, -0.1445159763097763, -0.01049319002777338, 0.2664754390716553, -0.0880887359380722, 0.35495251417160034, 0.0790369063615799, 0.04416114091873169, 0.4168633818626404, 0.5342810750007629, 0.1363038867712021, 0.13078586757183075, -0.6341122388839722, 0.637483537197113, -0.2342136949300766, -0.008450081571936607, -0.10581512749195099, 0.1301150619983673, -0.2986844778060913, -0.15270736813545227, 0.06614523380994797, 0.08413693308830261, -0.06796340644359589, -0.49232712388038635, -0.11524822562932968, 0.03952275961637497, 0.4794251024723053, 0.5720440745353699, 0.11918388307094574, -0.02832964062690735, -0.4280519187450409, 0.8112189769744873, -0.1611129194498062, -0.1804688721895218, 0.8387777209281921, -0.07019159942865372, -0.18602360785007477, -0.043365124613046646, -0.177269846200943, -0.33161813020706177, 0.03744562715291977, -0.19410352408885956, -0.3520892560482025, -0.05281651020050049, -1.0587058067321777, -0.730097234249115, -0.020829500630497932, -0.20666787028312683, -0.028010258451104164, -0.10244997590780258, -0.21277230978012085, 0.3836703896522522, 0.24442413449287415, -0.3853304088115692, 0.07956323772668839, 0.253616601228714, -0.07079214602708817, -0.35058626532554626, -0.01114882156252861, -0.30884262919425964, 0.2309233546257019, -0.2944446802139282, -0.17476925253868103, 0.03913712501525879, -0.7876600623130798, -0.20111599564552307, 0.40116339921951294, -0.5081924200057983, 0.01797470450401306, -0.36587831377983093, -0.014611290767788887, 0.33430102467536926, 0.041913002729415894, -0.11877427250146866, -0.1930207908153534, 0.7141980528831482, -0.24072127044200897, 0.2586168348789215, 0.09063979983329773, -0.21838685870170593, -0.41752177476882935, -0.6632224321365356, -0.0774848684668541, -0.465110182762146, -0.4596920311450958, -0.5454341173171997, -0.26568594574928284, -0.9147823452949524, 0.19536423683166504, -0.3992556929588318, -0.332565039396286, 0.23280011117458344, -0.17108865082263947, -0.03499426320195198, -0.5549830198287964, 0.40800976753234863, -0.1758425533771515, -0.29691851139068604, 0.5480483770370483, 0.21639031171798706, -0.5966139435768127, -0.40758776664733887, -0.20447857677936554, 0.024462951347231865, -0.5203539729118347, 0.1296432614326477, -0.17879323661327362, 0.6744462251663208, -0.46409741044044495, 0.17247097194194794, 0.9092311263084412, -0.75444495677948, -0.4735890030860901, 0.1499623954296112, 0.1717447191476822, 0.5808454155921936, -0.14534933865070343, 0.3697119355201721, 0.02075101248919964, 0.10335826128721237, -0.23120976984500885, 0.4080406725406647, 0.5615416169166565, 0.9499204158782959, -0.148786261677742, -0.06600241363048553, 0.643547534942627, -0.6001373529434204, 0.164761021733284, 0.06524228304624557, -0.042821578681468964, -0.13491134345531464, 0.5529471635818481, -0.10279849171638489, -0.6604753732681274, 0.09170518070459366, 0.5914508700370789, -0.760366678237915, -0.3327837884426117, -0.0650600865483284, 0.17933368682861328, -0.4822591543197632, -0.016248637810349464, -0.11982366442680359, -0.21583257615566254, 0.1953439861536026, 0.10363434255123138, 0.7690849304199219, -0.2664793133735657, -0.19649115204811096, -0.3083433508872986, -0.8555968403816223, -0.47730788588523865, -0.1081046536564827, -0.3643983006477356, -0.0708409920334816, -0.24249005317687988, -0.1831621527671814, 0.33438339829444885, -0.1914733350276947, 0.000609337817877531, -0.26129937171936035, -0.6549651622772217, -0.19663450121879578, -0.22081255912780762, -0.1606471687555313, 0.2297355979681015, -0.4293465316295624, -0.048850029706954956, -0.28372564911842346, -0.8041201829910278, -0.2273823320865631, -0.45414072275161743, 0.5669695138931274, 0.6441515684127808, 0.5326388478279114, -0.312178373336792, -0.37519967555999756, 0.4388551712036133, 0.19822262227535248, -0.08976706117391586, 0.03475615009665489, -0.7666488289833069, -0.05015024542808533, 0.2522280216217041, -0.2942168116569519, 0.36183667182922363, -0.46007803082466125, -0.3551394045352936, -0.3817283511161804, -1.0319141149520874, 0.4299294650554657, 0.13263718783855438, 0.06329876184463501, 0.2145560085773468, 0.337048202753067, -0.8480298519134521, 0.12587107717990875, 0.42704129219055176, -0.5030762553215027, 0.12214703112840652, -0.0065480503253638744, -0.5398536920547485, 0.3493703007698059, 0.5709109902381897, 0.3136892318725586, 0.6471841931343079, 0.23748819530010223, 0.2482558637857437, 0.1674223691225052, 0.07552291452884674, 0.404931902885437, -0.046906888484954834, -0.1863885521888733, 0.20019099116325378, 0.41235312819480896, 0.1518329679965973, -0.20331020653247833, -0.03460247814655304, -0.33829477429389954, -0.2657908797264099, 0.7610049843788147, 0.06359321624040604, 0.12408439815044403, 0.24231117963790894, 0.28914716839790344, 0.9218944907188416, -0.28551995754241943, -0.0825999528169632, 0.23308664560317993, 0.0917181447148323, 0.2203533798456192, 0.11132429540157318, -0.17196354269981384, -0.10095740109682083, -1.0995099544525146, 0.4456118941307068, -0.41425812244415283, 0.18338757753372192, 0.002588612725958228, -0.38032621145248413, 0.2638160288333893, -0.12342444062232971, -0.01421438716351986, 1.0870671272277832, -0.6018950343132019, -0.28217142820358276, 0.028329653665423393, 0.0533686988055706, -0.823070764541626, -0.3187935948371887, 0.41929757595062256, 0.6739802956581116, -0.18218109011650085, -0.3336363136768341, 0.5162881016731262, -0.06825892627239227, 0.40151163935661316, 0.8447720408439636, 0.025225797668099403, 0.6580743193626404, 0.0419667549431324, -0.2685127556324005, 0.6460661888122559, 0.30576109886169434, -0.18439245223999023, 0.1796121895313263, -0.024303022772073746, 0.030790239572525024, 0.10254264622926712, 0.18961721658706665, -0.39185988903045654, 0.24045224487781525, -0.33172622323036194, -0.07019709050655365, 0.11464081704616547, 0.19147683680057526, 0.1354721486568451, -0.5137154459953308, 0.8743380308151245, 0.5389755368232727, 0.5301167964935303, -0.04236681014299393, -0.14900675415992737, 0.08898446708917618, -0.2415553629398346, -0.011307005770504475, 0.4559731185436249, -0.44720110297203064, -0.33574286103248596, -0.3021242022514343, 0.9347215890884399, -0.03896547481417656, 0.7347368001937866, -0.27061107754707336, 0.6988381743431091, -0.41573113203048706, 0.13746865093708038, 1.2755756378173828, -0.09762502461671829, -0.23635920882225037, -0.5812959671020508, 0.11637116968631744, -0.18872587382793427, 0.18473857641220093, -0.074397012591362, -0.20541299879550934, -0.01980508491396904, 0.2119467407464981, -0.29307013750076294, 0.2296278327703476, 0.302497535943985, -0.12097471207380295, -0.20395009219646454, -0.28655168414115906, -0.44411134719848633, -0.6450176239013672, 0.592984139919281, 0.13644392788410187, 0.6635611653327942, 0.2726263701915741, -0.7924541234970093, 1.246654987335205, -0.05336007848381996, -0.02604668028652668, -0.4016178846359253, 0.3120318055152893, 0.7071758508682251, 0.04521891474723816, -0.09525792300701141, 0.09174588322639465, 0.7617389559745789, 0.03979438170790672, -0.48943662643432617, 0.03628316894173622, -0.7401188611984253, 0.8965679407119751, -0.1076601892709732, -0.05447322502732277, -0.07915398478507996, 0.2195262759923935, -0.5143761038780212 ]
210569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%C3%A9%20Wynne	Philippé Wynne	Philippé Wynne (aka Philippe Escalante Wynn; né Walker; April 3, 1941 – July 14, 1984) was an American singer, best known for his role as a lead vocalist of The Spinners (a role he shared with fellow group members Bobby Smith, and Henry Fambrough). Wynne scored notable hits such as "How Could I Let You Get Away", "The Rubberband Man", and "One of a Kind (Love Affair)". After leaving The Spinners, Wynne never regained the same success, although he was featured in hits by other artists such as "(Not Just) Knee Deep" by Funkadelic. Wynne died of a heart attack while performing at a nightclub. Life and career Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and raised in the New Orphanage Asylum for Colored Children in Cincinnati, Ohio, Wynne went to Detroit in the early 1960s and began his musical career with his brother Michael Walker as a gospel singer. He soon switched to R&B and attained some measure of success, singing with Bootsy Collins's Pacemakers in 1968 and with James Brown's J.B.'s shortly thereafter. Wynne then spent time in Germany as the lead singer of the Afro Kings, a band from Liberia, before he replaced his cousin, G. C. Cameron, as one of the lead vocalists for The Spinners. He sang with the group until 1977, during which they achieved several successful albums and singles. Wynne was one of three lead singers of the Spinners, but after several years with the group, he wanted the group's name changed to Philippe Wynn and the Spinners. When this was denied, he left the group and launched a solo career, Alan Thicke was his manager. With Wynne's departure, neither Wynn nor the Spinners would experience the level of success they had when they were together. Wynne's first album Starting All Over was released on Cotillion Records in 1977 but had limited success and no hit singles. He was released from his Cotillion Records contract. He began working with George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic in 1979. He performed with them on several recordings, and was a featured vocalist on the Funkadelic single "(Not Just) Knee Deep" (a No. 1 hit on the Billboard R&B chart). While associated with Parliament-Funkadelic, Wynne also appeared on the Bootsy Collins album Sweat Band. Wynne released what would be his second solo album, Wynne Jammin', in 1980 Uncle Jam Records, a label fronted by George Clinton and Clinton's manager Archie Ivy. However, the album was not a major seller. Wynne made a guest appearance on the song "Something Inside My Head" by Gene Dunlap, and in the song "Whip It" by the Treacherous Three. Wynne's final album was the self-titled Philippé Wynne, released by Sugar Hill Records in 1984. On July 13, 1984, while performing at Ivey's nightclub in Oakland, California, Wynne suffered a heart attack and died the following morning. Family His parents, DeGree Walker and Annie (née Wynn) divorced in November 1947 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Around 1952, Philippe and his three siblings – Annie Walker, who later became an opera singer, Michael Leon Walker, and Margaret Walker – were placed in the New Orphan Asylum for Colored Children (which closed in 1967), in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, on Van Buren Street. Their father, DeGree Walker, was granted custody after the divorce, although he worked as a contractor in construction and had to travel. Their mother, Annie, had run off to Detroit with another man. Around 1956, Philippé and his brother, Michael, ran away from the orphanage and headed to Detroit, Michigan to find their mother. In Detroit, the two formed a gospel group called the Walker Singers. This lasted until Philippe adopted his mother's surname, Wynn (initially without an "e"), and moved on to The Spinners as lead singer. Marriage and children Wynne married Ava Leflor on February 1, 1973, in Las Vegas, Nevada. They had two sons, Emmanuel Wynn (1973–2001) and Alvarez Escalante Wynn (1975–1999). Ava was from the Los Angeles suburb of Compton, California, and the four of them moved back to California after Philippé left The Spinners. Philippé and Ava eventually divorced. Wynne died in 1984. His son Alvarez was killed in a drive-by shooting in Compton in 1999. His other son Emmanuel, who was living in Daytona Beach, Florida, drowned one year later in 2000 while trying to save a man. Emmanuel was posthumously given the Carnegie Medal for his heroism. Bibliography Romanski, Patricia and Holly George-Warren (Editors). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York, NY: Fireside, 2005. Death On July 14, 1984, at the age of 43, Wynne suffered a heart attack while performing at a nightclub in Oakland, California. Discography Albums Starting All Over – Cotillion – SD 9920, 1977 Wynne Jammin' – Uncle Jam – JZ 36843, 1980 Philippe Wynne – Sugarhill – SH-9204, 1984 References External links Phillippé Wynne at Discogs 1941 births 1984 deaths Musicians from Detroit P-Funk members The J.B.'s members The Spinners (American R&B group) members American soul singers Musicians who died on stage People from Avondale, Cincinnati 20th-century African-American male singers	[ -0.40453025698661804, 0.09754348546266556, -0.611903965473175, 0.23999528586864471, 0.3341125249862671, 0.5153361558914185, 0.3856409192085266, 0.25295811891555786, -0.5745756030082703, -0.4756973087787628, 0.36655640602111816, 0.6122757792472839, -0.40590065717697144, 0.013900873251259327, -0.4966648519039154, 0.19523295760154724, -0.1409098207950592, -0.5424352288246155, -0.5806992053985596, -0.436174213886261, 0.05338769778609276, 0.009176377207040787, -0.3578769862651825, 0.19284071028232574, 0.011374549008905888, 0.4370041787624359, -0.7490617632865906, -0.18662317097187042, 0.23183783888816833, 0.09870249032974243, 0.7858685255050659, 0.1251668930053711, 0.7889223694801331, -0.11969759315252304, -0.47317737340927124, 0.2884231209754944, -0.40284621715545654, -0.02472606487572193, 0.10396040230989456, -0.2623485326766968, -0.3184841573238373, -0.3890754282474518, 0.7280048727989197, 0.09129113703966141, -0.3428013026714325, -0.3105718493461609, -1.2509348392486572, 0.7615225911140442, -0.4390677511692047, -0.5942206978797913, -0.31465426087379456, 0.6405231356620789, -0.04944803565740585, -0.14849749207496643, 0.4182659387588501, -0.8915899991989136, -0.2179803103208542, 0.3882724642753601, -0.24872945249080658, -0.7154200673103333, 0.189332976937294, 0.4654015898704529, 0.3631212115287781, -0.43427473306655884, -0.29583173990249634, 0.2825565040111542, 0.170867457985878, 0.29647934436798096, -0.29835790395736694, -0.17737142741680145, -0.05570870637893677, 0.7500805854797363, -0.08862492442131042, -0.3549301326274872, 0.6048064231872559, -0.3524062931537628, 0.16155670583248138, -0.056408364325761795, -0.20869563519954681, 0.5822515487670898, 0.26226532459259033, -0.3721888065338135, 0.43090468645095825, 0.2224532812833786, 0.006510597653687, -0.4041728079319, -0.5106424689292908, 0.4433722496032715, -0.8726038932800293, -0.5269850492477417, -1.1897610425949097, -0.3786451518535614, 0.049487292766571045, 0.4947797954082489, -0.7699854969978333, -0.10811035335063934, 0.4917691648006439, -0.11761476844549179, 0.4529423117637634, -0.11482907831668854, 0.32502010464668274, -0.9062084555625916, 0.2772406041622162, -0.08797994256019592, -0.3900744915008545, 0.5481172204017639, 0.38920432329177856, -0.3370206654071808, -0.9332486987113953, -0.2501208782196045, -0.6982032060623169, -0.2080487161874771, 0.16383369266986847, -0.3046242892742157, 0.27184662222862244, 0.6294641494750977, -0.1199190691113472, -0.07483820617198944, -0.5794755816459656, -0.2757255434989929, -0.11589610576629639, -0.041849713772535324, -0.25028496980667114, 0.2113363891839981, -0.7601473927497864, 0.17121568322181702, -0.27086788415908813, -0.04582209885120392, -0.05819285660982132, 0.06418081372976303, 0.4518447816371918, 0.16328588128089905, 0.11310229450464249, -0.18051797151565552, -0.3973703980445862, -0.30813321471214294, 0.04915076494216919, 0.2734474539756775, 0.14733144640922546, 0.409363329410553, -0.2867935299873352, -0.3900493085384369, -0.8235756754875183, -0.052187222987413406, 0.41397228837013245, -0.4603137671947479, -0.09699579328298569, 0.7172556519508362, 0.0597369559109211, 0.3353756368160248, -0.02366301417350769, -0.39381101727485657, 0.24409301578998566, -0.41620108485221863, -0.3176679313182831, -0.0009657212649472058, -0.5050795674324036, -0.023672286421060562, 0.248484268784523, -0.09655407816171646, 0.37035617232322693, 0.11971771717071533, 0.3802618086338043, -0.01535614114254713, 0.29118192195892334, -0.2550535500049591, -0.27618736028671265, -0.5129033923149109, -0.22109322249889374, 0.04147075489163399, -0.21218784153461456, 0.0200909785926342, -0.10040097683668137, -0.05892115831375122, -0.6316773295402527, 0.4880000948905945, 0.539680004119873, -0.10312353074550629, 0.2787697911262512, 0.05075215920805931, -0.5523183345794678, -0.32353925704956055, 0.4113486409187317, 0.5062045454978943, -0.1626935452222824, 0.009310557506978512, -0.011274713091552258, -0.3817327618598938, 0.9636125564575195, -0.4304881691932678, -0.6950608491897583, -0.5878546833992004, 0.1495072990655899, -0.16998374462127686, 0.42809683084487915, 0.18648327887058258, -0.11825010925531387, 0.12016206234693527, 0.21690991520881653, -0.1950354129076004, 0.060742951929569244, -0.3387780487537384, 0.7895538806915283, -0.12316170334815979, -0.1849713921546936, 0.28935399651527405, 0.18561382591724396, -0.2421528846025467, 0.14478710293769836, 0.6106119751930237, -0.1406853199005127, -1.1362323760986328, 0.00711278198286891, 0.007570324931293726, -0.13093852996826172, -0.8341715931892395, -0.2361668348312378, -0.2877761721611023, 0.5019803643226624, -0.4422820210456848, 0.3974035084247589, 0.4200352728366852, -0.13071462512016296, 0.1801615059375763, 0.2996393144130707, 0.7615785002708435, -0.20384660363197327, 0.09033003449440002, 0.10928893834352493, 0.3494432866573334, 0.05397362634539604, 0.08670040220022202, 0.6264217495918274, -0.6455811262130737, 0.33093664050102234, 0.4634827971458435, 0.2369631975889206, -0.3900918662548065, -0.10482573509216309, -0.5239461660385132, 0.3097500801086426, -0.3178912103176117, -1.033509373664856, 0.20331524312496185, 0.1602887660264969, -0.2365751713514328, -0.3530203700065613, 0.04153800383210182, 0.05865877866744995, 0.11224420368671417, 0.307413250207901, 0.7415258884429932, 0.6156320571899414, -0.13862644135951996, -0.03967902436852455, 0.9305272102355957, 0.27037516236305237, 0.053285080939531326, 0.3921862244606018, 0.4444634020328522, -0.5443822741508484, -0.24485717713832855, 0.4629848897457123, 0.3327580690383911, 0.04503064230084419, -0.3249480724334717, 0.431280255317688, -0.20157162845134735, 0.23193055391311646, -0.3900790214538574, 0.1474616676568985, 0.011760787107050419, -0.3035721480846405, 0.3581397831439972, 0.08288878202438354, 0.29878437519073486, -0.12188642472028732, -0.08079952746629715, -0.18503108620643616, -1.0335602760314941, 0.7939965128898621, 0.31074461340904236, -0.08280500024557114, -0.8733764290809631, 0.0806286484003067, -0.05239260569214821, -0.32997146248817444, -0.5314906239509583, 0.08282540738582611, -0.17665940523147583, -0.799780011177063, 1.1444417238235474, -0.7537009119987488, 0.26568517088890076, 0.029289070516824722, 0.13637904822826385, 0.25729918479919434, -0.01945437677204609, -0.11555854231119156, 0.12385731190443039, 0.1582784354686737, 0.057760242372751236, 0.24816186726093292, 0.5034348964691162, 1.3062690496444702, 0.15305790305137634, -0.03332436457276344, -0.08532959222793579, -5.562745094299316, 0.8230494260787964, 0.3927454352378845, -0.6541385650634766, 0.43935465812683105, -0.0758129432797432, 0.5875906348228455, -0.32286742329597473, 0.5142912864685059, -0.5413365960121155, -0.20743782818317413, 0.09334905445575714, -0.27314436435699463, 0.341797411441803, -0.06532959640026093, 0.6393805742263794, 0.35290560126304626, -1.0070768594741821, 0.22760514914989471, 0.6236646175384521, 0.595257043838501, -0.25641921162605286, -0.26519352197647095, 0.3816528022289276, -0.22441205382347107, 0.40531837940216064, -0.7788423895835876, -0.032916005700826645, -0.9647782444953918, -0.14220602810382843, -0.07720708847045898, -0.1617506742477417, -0.5508211851119995, -0.5923720598220825, -0.1562209129333496, -0.29394206404685974, 0.16474555432796478, -0.5038590431213379, -0.4496823847293854, -0.3348502814769745, -0.23038503527641296, 0.17349456250667572, -0.2736980617046356, 0.3008984923362732, 0.24862106144428253, 0.10169611126184464, 0.018699655309319496, -0.6066224575042725, -0.00021326213027350605, 0.9911639094352722, 0.01453238446265459, -0.03387559577822685, 0.2807881832122803, -0.3929298520088196, 0.605452299118042, -0.4077243208885193, 0.14530129730701447, 0.03453363478183746, -0.47230789065361023, 0.604763925075531, 0.5001038312911987, -0.16269513964653015, -0.12304907292127609, -0.3390529751777649, 0.31473156809806824, -0.4694099426269531, 0.3255162239074707, 0.4145784080028534, 0.4223467707633972, -0.1641274094581604, 0.570016622543335, 0.5660920739173889, 0.43991121649742126, -1.2802144289016724, 0.2143838107585907, 0.23945021629333496, 0.33090436458587646, 0.07922748476266861, -0.6614013910293579, -0.45826393365859985, -0.09066378325223923, 0.30158618092536926, 0.38678643107414246, 0.25566092133522034, -0.1026824563741684, -0.27585428953170776, -0.6663020849227905, 0.594058096408844, -0.5451538562774658, 0.041024401783943176, 0.19805145263671875, -0.15547601878643036, 0.28482383489608765, -0.14602798223495483, 0.6159992814064026, 0.17416433990001678, 0.22038494050502777, 1.1403377056121826, 0.07216274738311768, 0.3562658727169037, 0.21012155711650848, -0.29403093457221985, 0.5554214119911194, -0.3601638972759247, 0.19877535104751587, -0.0654006153345108, 0.2305213361978531, -0.6347141861915588, 0.47674810886383057, -0.17054536938667297, 0.09286602586507797, 0.5200330018997192, -0.36832770705223083, -0.4703525900840759, 0.08053205162286758, -0.573437511920929, 0.2571421265602112, 0.12686192989349365, -0.02206207439303398, 0.428486168384552, 0.24249199032783508, 0.29235270619392395, -0.20170772075653076, 0.33824577927589417, 0.11270391196012497, -0.05371154844760895, 0.2465263307094574, 0.08135383576154709, 0.16515874862670898, -0.3595481514930725, -0.5495572090148926, 0.2417004555463791, 0.10932836681604385, 0.5107450485229492, 0.14073871076107025, -0.33424094319343567, -0.1595468968153, -0.13037975132465363, -0.1279154270887375, 0.22972674667835236, -0.09471643716096878, -0.304696261882782, 0.3815937340259552, 0.09062912315130234, 0.161202073097229, -0.08948921412229538, 0.24677450954914093, 0.18827354907989502, 0.19739849865436554, 0.7644385695457458, 0.5113416314125061, 0.7010623216629028, 0.7919389605522156, -0.6461746692657471, -0.6459370851516724, 0.6591406464576721, 0.028941409662365913, -0.350421667098999, 0.0588105246424675, 0.056064218282699585, 0.21650709211826324, -0.017503483220934868, -0.8345299363136292, 0.09821049869060516, 0.08053653687238693, 0.4472980201244354, -0.050805915147066116, -0.20587138831615448, -0.21280832588672638, -0.0335567481815815, -0.15912176668643951, -0.5961111187934875, 0.012960255146026611, 0.3375535011291504, 0.31698253750801086, 0.1624421924352646, -0.2239408642053604, -0.28866463899612427, -0.07886940240859985, 0.11315275728702545, -0.2298337072134018, -0.3193163573741913, -1.0836260318756104, 0.1966303437948227, -0.08825777471065521, -0.7262745499610901, -0.8862046003341675, -0.6380003690719604, -0.06378453969955444, 0.2358768880367279, -0.25841203331947327, -0.6811987161636353, 0.058423347771167755, 0.5101951360702515, 0.00550382724031806, -0.14079691469669342, 0.07085835933685303, 0.222602978348732, -0.12382204830646515, -0.3116133511066437, -0.1405395269393921, -0.6508141160011292, -0.13582965731620789, 0.11585262417793274, 0.5144963264465332, -0.3429282605648041, 0.21961580216884613, -0.48201000690460205, -0.12898947298526764, 0.5074029564857483, -0.3779512643814087, -0.6740503311157227, 0.18620812892913818, 0.30500927567481995, 0.2987590432167053, 0.2736298143863678, 0.2378169596195221, 0.047509972006082535, -0.13033385574817657, -0.36833974719047546, -0.2429003268480301, -0.27717337012290955, -0.0647057369351387, 0.0969027429819107, -0.36117619276046753, 0.3577527105808258, 0.1486569344997406, 0.05869917944073677, 0.6035745143890381, -0.4005681574344635, -0.16442231833934784, -0.007123253308236599, -0.41006821393966675, 0.7301665544509888, -1.2050191164016724, 0.273089200258255, 0.27463117241859436, 0.5532520413398743, 0.2487216740846634, 0.3131698668003082, 0.8911778330802917, 0.5398747324943542, -0.2946253716945648, 0.06222115457057953, 0.37766510248184204, 0.00028107943944633007, 0.5041090250015259, -0.23321254551410675, 0.03649887815117836, 0.08056392520666122, 0.5242509245872498, 0.2279980629682541, -0.6124088168144226, 0.04327920451760292, 0.44580549001693726, -0.4676300883293152, -0.15039147436618805, -0.309667706489563, 0.07922980189323425, -0.07658413052558899, 0.02613913081586361, 0.6078295111656189, 0.11057786643505096, -0.2290467768907547, -0.670096755027771, -0.42498353123664856, -0.39471524953842163, 0.07667367160320282, 0.8489036560058594, -1.042298436164856, -0.0846734493970871, -0.006795531138777733, -0.08057704567909241, 0.4069490134716034, -0.432455837726593, 0.05341894552111626, 0.01965942420065403, -0.03154335916042328, -0.10311194509267807, 0.21043118834495544, -0.6708900928497314, 0.0486607700586319, 0.29588013887405396, -0.38850224018096924, 0.21317076683044434, -0.1913679987192154, -0.45266464352607727, -0.5682435631752014, 0.24518810212612152, -0.25224924087524414, -0.19773192703723907, 0.5721486806869507, 0.2982844412326813, 0.07203488051891327, -0.6655365824699402, 0.12928074598312378, 0.11062119901180267, 0.6928974986076355, -0.11601362377405167, 0.07274918258190155, 0.1002516821026802, 0.3812292814254761, 0.21503879129886627, 0.261923611164093, -0.20245642960071564, -0.4684010148048401, 0.4718220829963684, -0.6782498359680176, -0.42933332920074463, 0.18949270248413086, 0.46184632182121277, -0.10567418485879898, -0.022935761138796806, 0.29896920919418335, -0.4933738112449646, 0.016169022768735886, 0.4955543279647827, -0.22162501513957977, -0.23278295993804932, 0.020426606759428978, -0.37093496322631836, 0.1529574692249298, 0.35456421971321106, 0.08883468061685562, 1.168458104133606, 0.7480921745300293, 0.21581807732582092, -0.19461874663829803, -0.18214963376522064, 0.21076564490795135, -0.1895790547132492, -0.48740077018737793, 0.37649449706077576, 0.20990322530269623, -0.014109935611486435, -0.3843252956867218, 0.2412838637828827, -0.05841095373034477, 0.3091854751110077, 0.31361401081085205, -0.27351143956184387, -0.2367384135723114, -0.022249290719628334, 0.1766987293958664, 0.10773803293704987, -0.18950563669204712, -0.23450592160224915, 0.7109328508377075, -0.4039371609687805, -0.17223641276359558, 0.04836291819810867, -0.16576439142227173, -0.26595965027809143, -0.6903200745582581, 1.0189324617385864, 0.07332616299390793, 0.5716056823730469, -0.2600501477718353, 0.027690449729561806, 0.2491840273141861, 0.0385722815990448, -0.5483570694923401, 1.0219088792800903, 0.07893110811710358, -0.3338116407394409, 0.43587926030158997, -0.35291194915771484, -0.7208965420722961, 0.24940644204616547, 0.5871708393096924, 0.19091005623340607, -0.1960456371307373, -0.3205883502960205, 0.479728102684021, 0.3677713871002197, 0.314243882894516, 0.27343809604644775, -0.04835329204797745, -0.05576195567846298, 0.2602776288986206, -0.24316608905792236, -0.8487741351127625, -0.3281155526638031, -0.2920786440372467, 0.41147756576538086, 0.1605835258960724, -0.3376028537750244, -0.044715460389852524, -0.6117528080940247, 0.22819751501083374, 0.6705266237258911, -0.8853955864906311, -0.34996744990348816, -0.31785711646080017, -0.0040319678373634815, 0.2399645298719406, -0.09191113710403442, 0.9629935622215271, 0.3003872036933899, 0.21520914137363434, 0.7492925524711609, 0.47021663188934326, 0.447457879781723, -0.5191954374313354, 0.14726902544498444, 0.15887710452079773, -0.29097920656204224, -0.3209535777568817, -0.5062432885169983, 0.5927243232727051, -0.17510133981704712, 0.06263384968042374, -0.37584635615348816, 0.26164108514785767, -0.1843164712190628, 0.24439343810081482, 0.2517053782939911, 0.1497531682252884, -0.4258584678173065, -0.19191232323646545, 0.03493065759539604, 0.30031052231788635, -0.297040730714798, 0.1008826419711113, -0.08192837238311768, 0.714931845664978, -0.1383780688047409, 0.04692736640572548, -0.09724515676498413, 0.8545435667037964, 0.49918580055236816, -0.6863036155700684, -0.22076891362667084, -0.5344159603118896, -0.35403093695640564, -0.8789622783660889, 0.6446090340614319, 0.7048602104187012, -0.0024660213384777308, -0.03199052810668945, 1.0315089225769043, 0.11404352635145187, 0.33097702264785767, 0.11050974577665329, -0.35792645812034607, -0.1482039839029312, 0.10490965843200684, -0.3958812952041626, 0.10567131638526917, 0.7584541440010071, -0.08834678679704666, -0.7424351572990417, -0.25452521443367004, -0.33229905366897583, 0.011288049630820751, -0.7527787685394287, 0.060358766466379166, 0.3512929081916809, 0.4688247740268707, -0.5279513001441956 ]
210583	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordonstoun	Gordonstoun	Gordonstoun School is a co-educational independent school for boarding and day pupils in Moray, Scotland. It is named after the estate owned by Sir Robert Gordon in the 17th century; the school now uses this estate as its campus. It is located in Duffus to the north-west of Elgin. Attendance is subject to an interview plus references and exam results. It is one of the last remaining full boarding schools in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1934 by German-Jewish educator Kurt Hahn, Gordonstoun has an enrolment of around 500 full boarders as well as about 100-day pupils between the ages of 6 and 18. With the number of teaching staff exceeding 100, there is a low student-teacher ratio compared to the average in the United Kingdom. There are eight boarding houses (formerly nine prior to the closure of Altyre house in summer 2016) including two 17th-century buildings that were part of the original estate. The other houses have been built or modified since the school was established. Gordonstoun has some notable alumni. Three generations of British royalty were educated at Gordonstoun, including Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and his son Charles, Prince of Wales. Rock musician David Bowie sent his son Duncan Jones to Gordonstoun, and Jason Connery, son of actor Sir Sean Connery, also attended. Due to Hahn's influence, the school has had a strong connection with Germany. It is part of the Round Square Conference of Schools, a group of more than 80 schools across the globe based on the teaching of Hahn, and named after the Round Square building at Gordonstoun, where the first conference took place in 1967. Around 30% of students attending Gordonstoun come from abroad. History Founding The British Salem School of Gordonstoun was established in 1934 by Kurt Hahn, a Jewish educationalist who, after being arbitrarily arrested after the Reichstag fire, fled Nazi Germany. Hahn was asked by friends to give a demonstration in the UK of his "Salem system". He was born in Berlin in 1886 and studied at the University of Oxford. After reading Plato's The Republic as a young man, Hahn conceived the idea of a modern school. With the help of Prince Max of Baden, he set up the Schule Schloss Salem in 1919. After the First World War, both men decided that education was key in influencing the future. They developed Salem to develop its students as community leaders. By the 1930s Salem had already become a renowned school throughout Europe. In 1932, Hahn spoke out against the Nazis and was arrested in March 1933. He was released and exiled to Britain in the same year through the influence of the Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, who was familiar with Hahn's work. At the urging of British friends, Hahn decided to start a new school in Morayshire. Gordonstoun was started in a small way and had financial difficulties in its early years. After the death in 1930 of Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 4th Baronet, his house at Gordonstoun was obtained by Kurt Hahn, whose offer for the lease was accepted on 14 March 1934. The buildings needed repair and renovation, and at the start of the first academic year, the school had only two enrolled pupils. Hahn expected Gordonstoun to operate for only a few years, as an example of his vision. The number of pupils steadily increased, and some additional pupils transferred from Salem, including Prince Philip of Greece, who later became Duke of Edinburgh. By the start of the Second World War, 135 boys were attending. World War II In June 1940 the school was evacuated and the Gordonstoun estate was taken over by the army for use as barracks. The school was relocated temporarily to quarters in Llandinam in Mid Wales when Lord Davies, a parent of two pupils, allowed the school to use one of his houses. The buildings were insufficient, and finances and pupil numbers began to drop. In 1941 by Hahn and Lawrence Holt with the support of the Blue Funnel Line, founded Outward Bound, based on the educational approach of Gordonstoun. The school survived the war, pupil numbers increased again, and the school became well known throughout Wales and the Midlands. Once the war ended, the school returned to the Gordonstoun estate. Post-war years By the end of 1940, the school achieved its primary target of 250 pupils and continued growing in size. It built dormitories on the estate, removing the need for maintaining a house in Altyre, Forres, many miles away from the main campus. Gordonstoun also developed its academic offerings. It arranged to admit poorer children from the surrounding areas, and to deepen the Outward Bound-type activities that were central to Hahn's system. Skills in mountaineering and seamanship were always taught at the school. The introduction of the Moray Badge, from which the Duke of Edinburgh's Award was borrowed, expanded the types of physical challenges for students to conquer. From the 1950s onwards, the school administration concentrated on improving the facilities and expanding the curriculum. Major changes since then include: the founding of Round Square in 1966, an international community of schools sharing Hahn's educational ideals; the school becoming co-educational in 1972; and the moving of Aberlour House, Gordonstoun's preparatory school, from Speyside to a purpose-built Junior School on campus in 2004. Former governor Lisa Kerr took over from Simon Reid as the school's principal in 2016. She is the school's first female principal. Ethos Gordonstoun's curriculum emphasises an experiential approach, and built upon the work of educationalists, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johann Friedrich Herbart and John Dewey. However, unlike Herbart and Dewey, who were concerned with the cognitive benefits of out of classroom experiences, Hahn's ethos emphasises the emotional aspects of Herbartianism and Experiential learning. Hahn established Gordonstoun's ethos during his tenure at Schule Schloss Salem. In a document, written in 1930, Hahn set out, what he referred to as the seven laws of Salem; Give the children opportunities for self-discovery. Make the children meet with triumph and defeat. Give the children the opportunity of self-effacement in the common cause. Provide periods of silence. Train the imagination. Make games (i.e., competition) important but not predominant. Free the sons of the wealthy and powerful from the enervating sense of privilege. Hahn blended outdoor activities and skills such as seamanship and mountaineering with a traditional private school ethos, modelled on his experiences at Eton and Oxford. Plato's The Republic and other elements of ancient Greek history inspired Hahn's approach. This is seen in the title "Guardian", denoting the head boy and girl, the adoption of a Greek trireme as the school's emblem, and a routine that could be described as Spartan. Classics, and the Greek ideal that education aims to produce a complete person, intellectually, morally, physically and aesthetically had a profound influence on Hahn. Mostly, He believed that pupils should participate in activities, as opposed to sitting and absorbing information. Therefore, physical education forms much of Gordonstoun's curriculum but achieving personal-goals and overcoming physical challenges take precedent over any competition. As part of their studies, Gordonstoun's students complete something referred to as "The Project" a practical assignment of the student's choosing. The result might be a handmade boat, a restored car or a piece of music. Additionally, there is a chance to join one of the annual international service projects which take pupils abroad to help a foreign community, for instance, there have been projects to build schools in Africa, build wells in Thailand and help orphans in Romania. Hahn believed that an important part of education was to challenge a person and take them out of their areas of familiarity and comfort, improving a person's ability to deal with difficult situations. The school requires that every pupil takes part in a series of outdoor programmes particularly expeditions in the Cairngorms and sailing training on the school's 80-foot vessel, Ocean Spirit. The school had a reputation for challenging conditions, with cold showers and morning runs as a matter of routine. The school still practices periods of silence, intended to give the pupils the space to reflect and glean insights from their experiences. The school no longer practices cold showers or punishment runs, although physical education and challenging outdoor activities are still an integral part of Gordonstound's identity. Former pupil Charles, Prince of Wales, had once called the school a "Colditz in kilts" alluding to the prisoner-of-war camp Colditz Castle. Hahn believed that "The Platonic view of education is that a nation must do all it can to make the individual citizen discover his own power and further more that the individual becomes a cripple in his or her point of view if he is not qualified by education to serve the community." The idea of service at the school is thought to encourage students to gain a feeling of responsibility to aid other people and is implemented in creating an array of services to the community in which every student becomes involved (see below). Gordonstoun offers a series of grants, drawing on its investments and other funds, to support pupils who are unable to pay the full fees. In the academic year 2009/10 the school provided financial support for 163 pupils including 11 with 100% fee coverage and 95 with 50% fee reduction. The school is a registered charity: Scottish charity number SC037867. Hahn's views on education centred on the ability to understand different cultures. Gordonstoun incorporates this in a number of ways including its association with Round Square and in offering pupil exchanges to the different schools within the association. In 2018, Simon Beames, senior lecturer in outdoor learning at the University of Edinburgh, co-published research the effectiveness of Gordonstoun's ethos, and this research has formed an important part of the school's promotional literature. A poll of alumni revealed mixed feelings about Gordonstoun's emphasis on extra-curricular activities. Fifty-seven per cent of the former pupils surveyed agreed that outdoor activities enhanced their academic studies. At the same time, the remaining forty-three per cent felt the activities did not help their studies. However, the research by Beames et al. also found that most former pupils believe the school's emphasis on outdoor activities had a positive effect on their careers. Gordonstoun Schools Along with the main school, two other schools form part of the greater Gordonstoun community. These are Gordonstoun's preparatory school, Aberlour House, and a summer school that serves to promote the school outside of the academic year. Aberlour House The first preparatory school was founded in 1936 at Wester Elchies and unlike Gordonstoun, was not made to move during the war. At the start of the war, there were 40 boys and girls attending, and these numbers increased to the point that a second school was opened at Aberlour House in 1947 by which time nearly 100 pupils were attending. Wester Elchies was pulled down in the early 1960s because of dilapidation. The prep school continued with just Aberlour, but even so, there were always problems with the that separated the main Gordonstoun campus and the school. In 2002 the running of Aberlour House was taken over by Gordonstoun, and in 2004 a purpose-built prep school was constructed on the main campus. In January 2007, the disused Aberlour House became the head offices of Walkers Shortbread, whose main factory complex at Fisherton is adjacent to the house. Presently Aberlour House has approximately 115 pupils between the ages of 6 and 13 attending. Although they form part of the same institution, going to Aberlour is not a prerequisite for going to Gordonstoun and neither is it enforced that pupils at Aberlour House continue on into Gordonstoun. They share the school song, flag and motto with Gordonstoun. Gordonstoun International Summer School The Gordonstoun International Summer School started in 1976, it has catered to over 7,000 pupils since then. It opens for a four-week period every summer with the aim of giving a taste of the Gordonstoun ethos. Although for the most part, the priority is adventure, sports and creative arts, the school also teaches courses in English. Around 250 children from all over the world between the ages of 8 and 16 attend each year. Active revision programme The school runs a revision programme over the Easter Holidays, based on the belief that exercise improves cognition. Gordonstoun designed the programme for GCSE students, and it combines revision in English, mathematics and science with periods of gentle exercise and restricted access to electronic devices. The school also claim to serve a diet which promotes brain health throughout the programme. Academic curriculum Entrance to Gordonstoun requires the pupil to pass the Common Entrance Examination. In the Junior School (ages 8–13), pupils study a range of courses and follow the Scottish education system. In the Senior School (ages 13+) the pupils complete a year's foundation course and then enter into the English education system by starting a two-year GCSE course followed by a two-year A Level course. Gordonstoun offers 21 GCSE courses, 27 AS Level courses and 21 A Level courses including specialised subjects such as Dance, Classical Studies and Further Mathematics. The 2019 Education Scotland inspection of Gordonstoun rated the school as 'outstanding' and 'sector-leading' The 2009 HMIE inspection evaluated Gordonstoun as being 'Excellent' in its curriculum. 96% of pupils proceed to higher education with 79% going to British universities and 17% to universities abroad. Of those who do not go on to further education, many take gap years or join the armed forces. Activities Sports In the beginning, Hahn expressed his view that at many schools, ball games had been given precedence over other activities and so, to start with, more focus was placed on seamanship and practical work than the playing of games. Due to this, competitive matches did not start until 1935 when Gordonstoun played and won its first rugby match against Grantown Academy. Even so, the school was still in its infancy, and there were no designated fields on which to play with conditions being so bad that during pre-match, half-time and post-match, players would clear as many pebbles off the field of play as possible. 1935 saw Gordonstoun's cricket team win two, lose two and draw one. Hahn set up the hockey team personally, with Prince Philip humorously recalling a game against Elgin Academy's ladies' team and saying that he "hoped that soon we shall be among the best Scottish girls' teams." As of 2013 there were playing fields for rugby, football and cricket as well as an outdoor hockey AstroTurf, outdoor tennis courts and a 400m running track. Apart from these outdoor pitches, there is a large sports centre with facilities that include a rock climbing wall, a 25m swimming pool, a weights room, squash courts and an indoor activity hall for basketball, badminton and netball. Aside from these more traditional sports, there is the opportunity to participate in karate, horse riding, skiing, .22 rifle shooting and clay pigeon shooting, athletics, golf and many others. Clubs also form part of the activities list which is made up of cooking, debating, astronomy and film. Sports and other physical activities are vital for an esteemed "correct" education at Gourdonstouns. Exercise is a key element in the everyday life at Gourdonstouns. All children subject to this physical curriculum must exercise for at least three-hour a day not to mention, much more. Football The 1st XI participate in four different competitions. The main competition is the County Schools League where Gordonstoun plays alongside nine other schools in a league system with the chance of promotion/relegation at the end of the season. The other three are Scottish Cup, North of Scotland Cup and the Scottish Independent Schools Cup where Gordonstoun plays with a mixture of independent and state schools. Service The school's fire service works closely with the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service and has a fire station on campus with two fire-fighting appliances at their disposal. It was started in 1940 while the school was based in Wales and they acquired an appliance soon after. They attend roughly fifty call-outs a year and so members have to be medically and physically fit, training to pass the practical test before becoming fire fighters. The team is split into three watches lasting a week each and are on call 24 hours a day having to carry pagers and react quickly should they be called. Seamanship Seamanship has been a main part of the curriculum since the school began. The first voyage of note was in a cutter from Hopeman to Dornoch in June 1935, a distance of . Pupils still train in cutters from the age of 13 upward at Hopeman Harbour to prepare for a voyage in the school's sailing vessel. Most excursions take a week sailing off the West Coast of Scotland, but the school also enters into the Tall Ships' Races annually which allows pupils to take part in an international competition in European waters lasting up to a month. Prefects In the lower school, ages 13 to 16, a boy and a girl in the sixth form (ages 16 to 18) are elected to be Captains of the lower school. They provide liaison between teachers and pupils so that any concerns can be rectified. Other roles can include organising inter-house activities, charitable events and the lower school social ("social" refers to social event or party). In the Upper School, ages 16 to 18, responsibility is available through a hierarchy of positions. This starts with Captains of Sports, Service and House. In the case of Captains, no peer voting takes place, but rather a pupil is elected by the Head of the respective department. This way it is not uncommon for some people to be re-elected as Captain for multiple terms depending on whether or not anybody else of suitable stance is available. Captains of Sport such as the Football or Rugby Captain are chosen by the Head of that sport and will help the Head organise teams for practice and preparation off the field of play as well as on it. Similarly, Captains of Service will aid the Head of Service to organise training sessions and be a point of contact for the rest of the members. Captains of House are slightly different though in that they play a more personal role for pupils who want to voice problems with conditions within the house and this often means that House Captains have a lot more pupils to be responsible for. This difference is more evident in their original title of 'Helper'. They tend to be in close contact with the housemaster so that any issues requiring immediate attention can be dealt with as well as being able to relay any general ideas or concerns in the House Captains' Council which meet once every two weeks. At the meeting a teacher is present, and minutes are taken so that they can be passed onto the Colour Bearers (CBs). Colour Bearers get their name from a band of purple they wear as insignia on their uniform, purple being one of the school's colours. They are elected by the pupils and the staff, similar to Eton's Pop, and have non-important roles in the school community as a whole. Unlike captains they keep their positions for a whole year unless they are demoted as a punishment for untoward behaviour. They meet every week with the Headmaster to attend to a wide range of school matters. As well as this they are responsible for minor roles which would otherwise be taken up by teaching staff such as, maintaining the refectory and the library and for serving drinks behind the bar at the weekly socials in addition to organising major school wide events that take place throughout the year. From the CBs a boy and a girl are chosen to be Guardians for the academic term. These are the Head Pupils for the entire school and only normally 6 people a year are allowed to have this position. The term Guardian comes from the name of the supportive rulers of Plato's ideal state. Like the staff, they are closely involved in the management and well-being of the school. Boarding houses There are seven boarding houses ranging from year 9–13, one sixth-form house, nine including the one no longer in operation, on the campus. The houses are run by a small team of teachers. The House Master (HM) has overall responsibility and is helped by the Assistant House Master (AHM). Either or both of these will be present at the daily house meeting and will oversee homework to make sure pupils are studying. The HM will organise any special house events, decide who the house captain will be for the term as well as choosing a captain to take care of other house related activities. The HM is also the person who most pupils would talk to if they had a problem although all teachers are available for help. Both the HM and the AHM normally have residences within the houses and so are very much part of the house. Each house has a matron who helps the pupils through their daily routine as well as a tutor to help the pupils in their studies. The year a pupil is in, and the amount of rooms in the house decides which pupils are allowed a room of their own, although it is normally decided that younger years share whilst senior pupils get their own rooms. All pupils rotate rooms each term. The houses are: Female Hopeman House Plewlands House Windmill Lodge Male Altyre House (pre-2016) Bruce House Cumming House Duffus House Gordonstoun House (G-House; sixth-form only) (pre-2018) Round Square Some houses will go on house expeditions and there are many inter-house competitions that take place in the year. These competitions vary. The most common are sports such as basketball and football or simply a tug of war. All of the boarding houses throw a themed party annually, and pupils may invite guests from other houses. Old Gordonstounians For OGs there is the Gordonstoun Association which aims to promote and strengthen links between former pupils of the school and the school itself. The patron of the GA is the Duke of Edinburgh. British Royal Family During the 1960s Prince Charles attended the school on the recommendation of his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who had been one of the first pupils to attend Gordonstoun, having previously been educated at Salem in Germany. Prince Charles did not enjoy the regime, which he later characterised as "Colditz in kilts". Princes Andrew and Edward followed in their father's and elder brother's footsteps. Of the four princes, three (Philip, Charles and Edward) were appointed Guardian (Head Boy) during their time at the school. Princess Anne, Philip's only daughter, was not educated at Gordonstoun, which at that time was for boys only, but she sent her two children, Zara and Peter, while also serving for some time on the school's board of governors. Royalty and aristocrats Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Charles, Prince of Wales Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Peter Phillips Zara Phillips Nicholas Alexander, 7th Earl of Caledon James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton Jasper Duncombe, 7th Baron Feversham Christopher Finch-Hatton, 16th Earl of Winchilsea Granville Gordon, 13th Marquess of Huntly John Grant, 13th Earl of Dysart Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester Lord Ivar Mountbatten Michael Pearson, 4th Viscount Cowdray Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau count of Orange-Nassau, member of the Dutch royal family (currently attending) Other OGs Other OGs are listed in List of people educated at Gordonstoun. In addition to the royal family other notable alumni include: Stuart Agnew – Former UK Independence Party MEP William Boyd – writer Oona Chaplin – actress Jason Connery – actor Balthazar Getty – actor and heir to the Getty oil fortune Dick Heckstall-Smith – musician Caroline Johnson – Conservative Member of Parliament Duncan Jones (formerly known as Zowie Bowie) – film director and son of musician David Bowie Luca Prodan – musician Lara Breay – film producer Heather Stanning – rower, Olympic gold medallist at London 2012 with Helen Glover Roy Williamson – musician, member of the Corries, writer of Flower of Scotland, one of several unofficial Scottish national anthems and possibly the most popular. Gordonstoun also has a notable fictional alumna: the heroine of Tomb Raider, Lady Lara Croft, was supposed to have attended the school in sixth year; she has also been used to advertise it. Controversies In 2010, a teacher was struck off, or had their teaching licence/qualification revoked, by the General Teaching Council for Scotland for warning students about exam content in advance of the tests. In 2017, Gordonstoun was named as one of the schools being investigated in the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry chaired by Lady Smith. In 2021 Gordonstoun said at the inquiry that there had been 11 cases of pupil abuse and 82 claims of bullying between students, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1995 the school had started a child protection policy and in 2013 there had been "significant" abuse disclosures. The school issued a "sincere and unreserved apology" to pupils who had undergone abuse. In 2018, ex-teacher Andrew Keir was convicted of offences including indecent assault involving thirteen-year-old pupils at the school between 1988 and 1991. He was subsequently jailed for twelve months. In 2020, the school carried out renovations which included work on principal Lisa Kerr's living quarters. An unnamed source claimed that the renovations cost approximately one hundred thousand pounds and included eight-thousand pounds for carpets and six thousand pounds for flooring. Speaking to the Times, the school confirmed that Kerr "contributed significantly" to the costs and that the renovations had "become urgent in order to reconfigure classrooms and increase cleaning regimes to comply with Covid regulations". Television appearances True Stories In 1996, the school appeared on an episode of Channel Four's True Stories. Filmmaker Penny Woodcock shot the documentary during the autumn term. Despite preconceptions that Gordonstoun was one of Britain's stricter boarding schools; Woodcock's documentary depicted a compassionate and liberal institution led at that time by the headteacher Mark Pyper. The programme gave insights into the school's management, conflict resolution processes and day-to-day life. Highlights included technologically literate students using a modified Walkman to trigger amplified toilet flushes during the daily sermon and a candid interview with the school's sailing instructor. The Crown In December 2017, two fictionalised depictions of the school were featured in season 2 of episode 9 of the TV series The Crown. Left Bank Pictures filmed ten of the scenes on the grounds of Gloucestershire's Woodchester Mansion. Queen Elizabeth II reportedly felt "sad and annoyed" by how the episode portrayed the relationship between Charles and Philip during Charles' time at Gordonstoun. The school disputed the series' portrayal of Charles' alma mater, citing in their defence a 1970s speech he made in the House of Lords and an interview published in The Observer Magazine where he gave a nuanced recollection of the school. Legacy Outward bound Gordonstoun temporarily relocated to Aberdyfi, Wales during World War II, while the British Army used the Gordonstoun estate as barracks. Hahn worked with friends and fellow educationalist, Lawrence Durning Holt and Jim Hogan. Holt was a partner in the Alfred Holt and Company who owned the Blue Funnel Line. Hogan was the Warden of The Blue Funnel Line's sea school in Aberdyfi, which provided four-year character-building courses and practical training to young, prospective officers. The courses included preparations for a land-based expedition as the course' finale. Due to the necessities of World War II, Aberdyfi focused on Seamanship. However, the courses' founders later claimed that their sea school didn't offer "training for the Sea", but "Training through the sea". Duke of Edinburgh Award Hahn founded the Moray Badge scheme in 1937. The Scheme gave Moray's local children training by taking part in expeditions before completing a final project to earn the award. The Duke of Edinburgh completed his Moray badge while at Gordonstoun. Hahn approached the Duke of Edinburgh after World War II about the prospect of creating a national awards scheme based on the Moray Badge. At the time a gap existed for boys leaving school aged 15 and beginning National Service aged 18. Therefore, its founders aimed the original Duke of Edinburgh award at boys aged 15 to 18. Influence on state education In the U.S., Hahn's Outward-Bound approach inspired an English and Arts Curriculum known as EL Education. From 2009, U.S schools adopted the ELA curriculum after the formation of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. In Britain, former Education Secretary Nicky Morgan voiced a need for a greater curricular emphasis on character building. At the same time the educational advisor John Cridland and former shadow education minister Tristram Hunt began using phrases such as "rounded and grounded", "resilience", "team-building" and "communication skills" when discussing education. See also Broneirion, Gordonstoun's home during World War II Notes References Works cited External links Kurt Hahn website Round Square website Gordonstoun International Summer School Independent schools in Moray Boarding schools in Moray Round Square schools Secondary schools in Moray Educational institutions established in 1934 Category A listed buildings in Moray Listed schools in Scotland 1934 establishments in Scotland Primary schools in Moray	[ -0.23038887977600098, -0.03778306022286415, 0.05660988762974739, -0.7877082824707031, 0.3322393000125885, 0.2252829372882843, 1.028326153755188, -0.038955751806497574, -0.3768278956413269, 0.3101192116737366, -0.6025229692459106, -0.36883631348609924, -0.11980483680963516, 0.6269028782844543, 0.04933064058423042, -0.1651739925146103, 1.37592351436615, 0.41160544753074646, -0.2860548496246338, -0.14656603336334229, -0.2843635678291321, -0.2971290647983551, 0.14318253099918365, 0.605358898639679, 0.5040633082389832, -0.15456415712833405, 0.7687358856201172, 0.01794058084487915, 0.14501754939556122, 0.2939646244049072, 0.06671750545501709, 0.023289255797863007, 0.2799476385116577, -0.39839011430740356, 0.04785880446434021, -0.08387911319732666, 0.3396081328392029, -0.4314754605293274, -0.5389268398284912, -0.44318440556526184, -0.34728917479515076, -0.5606210827827454, 0.032014522701501846, -0.6870354413986206, -0.09266899526119232, -0.948224663734436, -0.7022362351417542, 0.1272554248571396, -0.301760733127594, 0.461722731590271, -0.6446128487586975, 0.6882656812667847, 0.22754108905792236, -0.9224902391433716, 0.030187688767910004, 0.2923913300037384, -0.5630229115486145, 0.12396794557571411, 0.5197915434837341, -0.502173125743866, 0.04443780332803726, 0.6901084184646606, 0.23910760879516602, 0.2920852601528168, -0.05208440124988556, 0.20560695230960846, -0.49378636479377747, 0.07097643613815308, -0.49232617020606995, -0.3125929832458496, 0.16370196640491486, 0.19501061737537384, -0.20455293357372284, 0.28513965010643005, -0.258945107460022, -0.1635713130235672, -0.30320197343826294, -0.15059219300746918, 0.46362197399139404, 0.22594912350177765, -0.2203800231218338, 0.09495292603969574, 0.6033281683921814, 0.25722938776016235, 0.4386933743953705, 0.667182445526123, -0.3998772203922272, 0.9103733897209167, 0.2694889307022095, 0.1803777813911438, -0.23444600403308868, -0.2801472544670105, -0.07960890233516693, -0.17604894936084747, 0.3874790072441101, -0.0499710887670517, -0.13673602044582367, 0.10304086655378342, -0.137934610247612, -0.2986534535884857, -0.326270192861557, 0.3299177289009094, -0.18258948624134064, 0.0286226999014616, -0.6028909087181091, -0.12793371081352234, -0.6465573906898499, -0.584638774394989, -0.06972213089466095, -0.5320700407028198, -0.7014999389648438, -0.4094735085964203, -0.15538343787193298, -0.522886335849762, -0.05878382921218872, 0.656981348991394, 0.6501374840736389, 0.2127579003572464, -0.5886006355285645, -0.03584134578704834, 0.8258923888206482, 0.31811419129371643, -0.07082114368677139, 0.5318562984466553, 0.13439668715000153, 0.06482087820768356, -0.21940599381923676, 0.2913884222507477, -0.4838253855705261, 0.39935410022735596, 0.28401699662208557, 0.44837480783462524, 0.12853088974952698, 0.05974816903471947, -0.14838029444217682, -0.0015821527922526002, 0.052144668996334076, -0.0979774221777916, 0.12366440892219543, 0.36606618762016296, -0.7595797777175903, 0.5976941585540771, -0.23128482699394226, -0.4043496549129486, 0.2710571885108948, -0.3658266067504883, -0.5214428305625916, -0.7081429362297058, -0.06428179889917374, -0.5825221538543701, 0.056631751358509064, 0.3317524492740631, -0.4211074709892273, -0.09740912169218063, -0.044762298464775085, 0.4834434986114502, 0.3613056540489197, 0.03671075776219368, 0.15542468428611755, -0.1506091207265854, -0.4403972625732422, 0.13816840946674347, 0.5152919888496399, 0.06777836382389069, 0.9012510776519775, -0.18126477301120758, 0.25548291206359863, -0.3821106255054474, -0.14327450096607208, 0.04972989112138748, -0.243040069937706, 0.05276869982481003, 0.7988489866256714, 0.0547168105840683, -0.023068545386195183, -0.5258802771568298, 0.38135290145874023, 0.4621201157569885, 0.06544369459152222, -0.7486254572868347, -0.8626898527145386, -0.29947012662887573, 0.21463552117347717, -0.5417488217353821, 0.4929216504096985, 0.09068255126476288, -0.24104636907577515, 0.07912642508745193, -0.22378034889698029, 0.35957762598991394, -0.8835499286651611, -0.9174706339836121, 0.334491103887558, -0.2639051079750061, 1.3795127868652344, -0.4599665403366089, -0.09596703946590424, 0.9600224494934082, -0.009754633530974388, 0.8342081904411316, -0.4122908115386963, -0.0322590135037899, -0.04230320826172829, -0.17779745161533356, -0.5615739226341248, -0.02330128103494644, 0.32564494013786316, -0.009192784316837788, 0.21828678250312805, 0.009768611751496792, 0.02115689404308796, -0.14678853750228882, 0.5727666616439819, 0.10103514045476913, -0.07496441155672073, -0.364139199256897, -0.46628984808921814, -0.3369330167770386, 0.6121869683265686, -0.29567480087280273, 0.23488213121891022, -0.6148164868354797, 0.05160152167081833, 0.057967059314250946, -0.35957032442092896, -0.03913094103336334, 0.44378209114074707, -0.4084036946296692, 0.31373876333236694, -0.28950265049934387, -0.5456579327583313, 0.2670348584651947, 0.18019188940525055, -0.42898520827293396, 0.018708568066358566, -0.1872846633195877, -0.8500838279724121, 0.1669350415468216, 0.4111340641975403, -0.43205395340919495, 0.022665763273835182, 0.312897264957428, -0.9155794978141785, 0.48508840799331665, 0.6888014674186707, 0.8388873338699341, 0.35584932565689087, 0.7589935064315796, 0.17103134095668793, -0.4355298578739166, 0.19760218262672424, 0.2702985405921936, 0.8112993240356445, -0.027707165107131004, 0.280231773853302, -0.04731772467494011, -0.039052564650774, 0.2972511351108551, 0.15424257516860962, 0.14842243492603302, -0.16440516710281372, 0.4343263506889343, -0.3370113968849182, 0.46213269233703613, -0.056319620460271835, 0.058077290654182434, -0.5966630578041077, -0.47334396839141846, 0.7891597151756287, 0.10341376066207886, 0.38204237818717957, -0.5178294777870178, -0.4401004910469055, -0.053301405161619186, -0.1534983515739441, -0.3787948191165924, 0.5081714987754822, -0.20542947947978973, -0.32350248098373413, -0.563376784324646, 0.06529771536588669, 0.8127255439758301, -0.2212877869606018, -0.4967522919178009, 0.03257781267166138, 0.024668704718351364, 0.023763690143823624, 0.6281687021255493, 0.14457279443740845, -0.11836782097816467, -0.09440086036920547, -0.2691079378128052, -0.12355870008468628, 0.389534056186676, -0.47827720642089844, 0.25278693437576294, 0.17198063433170319, -0.22759224474430084, 0.5095451474189758, 0.12962396442890167, -0.656915009021759, 0.2872942388057709, -0.5151590704917908, 0.5788497924804688, 0.051029689610004425, 0.18327714502811432, 0.10529060661792755, -0.22308817505836487, -5.447379112243652, -0.21740539371967316, -0.38850221037864685, -0.09321818500757217, 0.6981585621833801, -0.2489309459924698, 0.2700435221195221, -0.7144721746444702, -0.24074506759643555, 0.20917336642742157, -0.5321962833404541, 0.15424446761608124, 0.39978960156440735, 0.01480016764253378, 0.5792044997215271, 0.21838611364364624, 0.38855284452438354, 0.13574287295341492, 0.3398638665676117, 0.2160881608724594, 0.02637876756489277, 0.33391955494880676, -0.29418814182281494, 0.4026448428630829, -0.005703877191990614, 1.127090573310852, -0.25994038581848145, -0.0600813627243042, -1.0252593755722046, -0.5749597549438477, 0.17815807461738586, -0.13714922964572906, 0.3248472511768341, 0.017165087163448334, -0.11191168427467346, 0.10830443352460861, 0.24132969975471497, 0.2773732841014862, 0.8016747236251831, -0.2767760157585144, 0.19968503713607788, -0.2507263720035553, -0.43519559502601624, -0.17831847071647644, -0.1704826056957245, -0.7295233607292175, -0.6503810882568359, 0.1640261709690094, -0.6815274953842163, 1.0519261360168457, -0.08128028362989426, 0.14203999936580658, 0.6486318111419678, -0.030681371688842773, -0.4349908232688904, 0.21569040417671204, 0.05488677695393562, 0.11587603390216827, 0.08364266157150269, 0.482613742351532, 0.43675658106803894, -0.1566437929868698, 0.023655502125620842, -0.04512921720743179, -0.6683120727539062, -0.307510644197464, -0.25382158160209656, 0.4951529800891876, -0.27050817012786865, 0.1023576557636261, -0.29802411794662476, 0.2662368714809418, -0.2635272443294525, -1.2771316766738892, -0.27866026759147644, -0.22529728710651398, -0.4365352392196655, 0.09384763240814209, 0.31116628646850586, -0.28978732228279114, 0.4756219685077667, -0.14948110282421112, 0.14042383432388306, 0.9319822192192078, -0.24217073619365692, -0.7832249402999878, -0.264070063829422, -0.002913018222898245, -0.09581781923770905, -0.6859843134880066, 0.46229130029678345, -0.08064264059066772, -0.21614079177379608, -0.005681092385202646, 0.3727644979953766, 0.3247286081314087, -0.00295089790597558, -0.21516117453575134, -0.1752680093050003, -0.3575313091278076, 0.13379274308681488, 0.04455332085490227, 0.23907457292079926, -0.3411462604999542, -0.4605834484100342, -0.12250600010156631, -0.5094919204711914, 0.7209524512290955, 0.34285327792167664, 0.11026470363140106, 0.3987761437892914, 0.05252508446574211, -0.601983368396759, 0.3694099187850952, -0.10931864380836487, -0.2483484447002411, -0.7721666693687439, 0.30051323771476746, -0.10574229061603546, 0.46554869413375854, 0.14057675004005432, 0.10407812148332596, 0.19302582740783691, 0.2443724125623703, -0.12639251351356506, -0.2572869062423706, 1.1051925420761108, 0.188945010304451, -0.5172356963157654, 0.15917150676250458, 0.727423369884491, -0.028634274378418922, -0.6055732369422913, -0.41003236174583435, -0.43734413385391235, -0.87261563539505, -0.4729175865650177, -0.5245174765586853, 0.6853030920028687, 0.3011455833911896, -0.33738642930984497, 0.3665332794189453, 0.2400207370519638, 0.3506303131580353, -0.1602063924074173, 0.41866087913513184, 0.19674107432365417, -0.035865120589733124, -0.5901198983192444, -0.0054475716315209866, -0.07351373881101608, -0.03001287393271923, 0.6313830018043518, -0.6568098664283752, 0.1414375752210617, -0.1880480796098709, -0.6915875673294067, 0.25475117564201355, 0.1875961422920227, 0.057122502475976944, -0.47578540444374084, 0.03856053948402405, -1.403338074684143, 0.09759905934333801, 0.02052190527319908, -0.09169813990592957, -0.5782647132873535, -0.17399851977825165, -0.2573176920413971, 0.318998247385025, 0.1848396211862564, -0.6057608127593994, -0.25538909435272217, -0.22178234159946442, 0.5236037373542786, 0.0703793540596962, -0.3971872925758362, 0.17850235104560852, 0.07054373621940613, 0.08821739256381989, 0.27956250309944153, -0.13093125820159912, 0.08525605499744415, 0.9456009864807129, 0.9725840091705322, -0.39809858798980713, -0.4981634318828583, -0.3671567142009735, 0.1684999167919159, -0.015316413715481758, 0.022539280354976654, -0.17418742179870605, 0.24713218212127686, 0.44943392276763916, -0.35219117999076843, -0.9679955840110779, -0.042195238173007965, -0.0200091190636158, -0.09043319523334503, -0.1661130040884018, -0.525712788105011, 0.31520336866378784, -0.4343614876270294, 0.0388447605073452, 0.20489607751369476, -0.6368613243103027, 0.27052193880081177, 0.058453258126974106, -0.44891342520713806, 0.6597487330436707, -0.0371166467666626, -0.5073453783988953, -0.02079257182776928, 0.13835100829601288, -0.6652750968933105, 0.18243251740932465, 0.1408519297838211, -0.9139227271080017, -0.40003418922424316, -0.07415623217821121, -0.7925128936767578, -0.3395726978778839, -0.07265692204236984, -0.2729509174823761, -0.5213056802749634, -0.3450048863887787, 0.312222421169281, -0.6264432668685913, 0.3313193619251251, -0.3550334870815277, -0.08185135573148727, 0.041918374598026276, 0.29108926653862, -0.3339044749736786, 0.08961691707372665, 0.03023524209856987, 0.018754946067929268, 0.16767112910747528, 0.6256860494613647, 0.4829263389110565, 0.35475412011146545, 1.0201297998428345, 0.2821100652217865, -0.8873144388198853, -0.01609259471297264, -0.2734029293060303, 0.31205785274505615, -0.6299800276756287, -0.621601939201355, 0.6469011902809143, 0.7043483257293701, -0.7555081844329834, -0.2026238888502121, -0.25739890336990356, 0.28115954995155334, -0.32275331020355225, 0.2072640359401703, -0.13119426369667053, 0.16742797195911407, -0.06452760100364685, 0.40771275758743286, 0.45842358469963074, -0.8617528080940247, 0.24219845235347748, 0.12462106347084045, -0.0643266960978508, 0.0803033635020256, -0.9574440717697144, 0.5722989439964294, -0.8733488917350769, -0.137117400765419, -0.379470556974411, 0.31077757477760315, 0.34646597504615784, -0.26094669103622437, -0.13028089702129364, -0.03827463835477829, -0.6828060150146484, 0.27848681807518005, 0.03150467947125435, -0.6718218922615051, 0.19937720894813538, 0.33893972635269165, -0.28109514713287354, 0.4028821289539337, -0.5786368250846863, 0.040990330278873444, -0.1315677911043167, -0.3775573670864105, 0.2060132771730423, -0.4039234220981598, -0.9572858214378357, -0.21724745631217957, -0.35477495193481445, -0.5269953608512878, -0.0537024661898613, -0.14276428520679474, -0.07600148767232895, -0.32698607444763184, -0.04159260168671608, 0.0012292037717998028, 1.0194905996322632, 0.057888250797986984, 0.06377473473548889, 0.10715019702911377, 0.1259758472442627, 0.03205366060137749, -0.3120724856853485, 0.14749576151371002, 0.21372853219509125, -0.1356811672449112, 0.08661825209856033, 0.34437525272369385, 0.5307709574699402, -0.41200512647628784, -0.08196859061717987, 0.2657630741596222, -0.27667897939682007, 1.0565569400787354, 0.25010398030281067, -0.29233479499816895, 0.5430603623390198, 0.3064061105251312, 0.5566877722740173, -0.3277894854545593, 1.0845611095428467, -0.6089904308319092, -0.45033419132232666, 0.6332364082336426, 0.49264779686927795, -0.45117565989494324, 0.8072019815444946, -0.03849294036626816, 0.7782486081123352, -0.5876719951629639, -0.34204933047294617, 0.2971736788749695, -0.4646500051021576, 0.11305999010801315, 0.7132037281990051, 0.5235922336578369, 0.39549151062965393, 0.3125479519367218, 0.04252994433045387, 0.12159592658281326, 0.26630899310112, 0.7833315134048462, 0.2537039816379547, 0.2612510323524475, 0.16489747166633606, 0.363269567489624, -0.15869474411010742, 0.20052769780158997, -0.07728975266218185, -0.3635803461074829, 0.6306278109550476, 0.10674934089183807, -0.5554398894309998, 0.0005387163837440312, 0.35308927297592163, 0.11711317300796509, 0.44118475914001465, -0.24061495065689087, 0.05570106953382492, -0.08072531968355179, -0.48252493143081665, 0.5016393661499023, -0.43663740158081055, 0.3354804217815399, 0.5161461234092712, 0.969039261341095, 0.6175974607467651, 0.2803804874420166, -0.26552626490592957, 0.3968755304813385, 0.36450088024139404, 0.6125037670135498, 1.056166172027588, -0.08792216330766678, -0.2670970857143402, -0.2269783616065979, 0.9101680517196655, -0.1758168637752533, 0.252246230840683, -0.028452439233660698, -0.6940663456916809, -0.5542336702346802, 0.0764947161078453, -0.8381632566452026, -0.07765235751867294, 0.15588195621967316, -0.6255890727043152, -0.44600382447242737, 0.07147429138422012, -0.36651718616485596, 0.17001834511756897, 0.10224759578704834, 0.4312129020690918, 0.46637222170829773, 0.45209917426109314, -0.1715572327375412, 0.18335787951946259, -0.02066219598054886, 0.6919601559638977, -0.3368985950946808, 0.38126492500305176, -0.2538931369781494, 0.2446950227022171, -0.6300920844078064, 0.35978713631629944, 1.011668086051941, 0.7848020792007446, 0.2834685742855072, 0.7809014916419983, -0.4651600122451782, 0.35916152596473694, 0.5519503951072693, -0.20684316754341125, -0.7549315690994263, -0.6608174443244934, -0.38938820362091064, -0.07332161068916321, 0.11220008879899979, 0.5322843790054321, -0.4282827079296112, -0.13912443816661835, -0.2565777599811554, 0.37665584683418274, -0.7408257722854614, 0.4657486379146576, -0.3037604093551636, -0.41913434863090515, -0.05063984543085098, -0.024868911132216454, -0.12750244140625, -0.1881013959646225, -0.2660055458545685, 0.9961473941802979, 0.27520474791526794, -0.5048514008522034, -0.05045417323708534, -0.1688022017478943, 0.2693641483783722, 0.6582910418510437, 0.288766086101532, 0.7789186835289001, -0.35548219084739685, -0.16920499503612518, -0.6531427502632141, -0.4339408576488495, 0.6494581699371338, -0.3221445679664612, -0.06309295445680618, -0.30098941922187805, 0.2343604564666748, 0.07710552215576172, 0.0687672346830368, -0.8056314587593079, 0.10229894518852234, 0.2823379933834076 ]
210586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda%20150%20mm%20Model%201918	Skoda 150 mm Model 1918	The Skoda 150 mm Model 1918 was a heavy mountain howitzer, manufactured by Skoda Works. The design was begun during World War I, but the first prototype was completed as the war ended. After 1938, the Wehrmacht designated the few built as 15 cm GebH 18(t), although it's uncertain if they were actually used. The gun could be transported on six carts; each cart pulled by at least two horses or mules. The barrel assembly required three towing animals. References Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 World War II mountain artillery Artillery of Czechoslovakia 150 mm artillery	[ 0.06391052901744843, 0.5903687477111816, -0.023135904222726822, 0.3226545453071594, -0.5120934247970581, 0.6355634331703186, 0.7729147672653198, -0.47338414192199707, -0.4461156129837036, -0.11882136017084122, -0.047305088490247726, 0.10354801267385483, 0.15617375075817108, 0.4596916139125824, 0.1555747389793396, 0.3531801402568817, -0.03385896235704422, 0.36071550846099854, -0.31362542510032654, -0.4468604326248169, 0.41331982612609863, -0.6157131791114807, 0.5558286905288696, 0.23001861572265625, -0.7046440839767456, -0.23098617792129517, 1.3599494695663452, 0.6893428564071655, 0.43099114298820496, 0.261906236410141, -0.40727895498275757, 0.8046769499778748, -0.11077864468097687, -0.35146546363830566, -0.4661019742488861, -0.022640544921159744, 0.16609027981758118, 0.11078983545303345, 0.17429357767105103, -0.39289385080337524, -0.132368266582489, 0.25857940316200256, -0.3873462378978729, 0.3889092803001404, 0.04090091958642006, -0.6866641640663147, -1.2699246406555176, 0.03813015669584274, -0.3867868483066559, 0.2396562546491623, -0.26989099383354187, 0.40585437417030334, 0.33135226368904114, 0.43563607335090637, -0.0517861470580101, 0.61954265832901, -0.6214802861213684, -0.17978131771087646, 0.15125691890716553, -0.12892848253250122, 0.30771157145500183, -0.07313279062509537, 0.5054571032524109, -0.3828411400318146, 0.1615501195192337, -0.29550719261169434, -0.3622758686542511, 0.21655698120594025, -0.12488250434398651, -0.17964164912700653, -0.14538267254829407, -0.3905694782733917, 0.597895085811615, 0.25431203842163086, 0.12840159237384796, -0.4653066396713257, -0.10221242159605026, -0.28348076343536377, 0.06439588963985443, 0.20613780617713928, 0.13243013620376587, -0.5699982643127441, 0.706519603729248, -0.08274513483047485, 0.4252277612686157, 0.28341102600097656, -0.42232468724250793, 0.019059864804148674, -0.5838292837142944, 0.5329065918922424, -0.2534114718437195, -0.8577686548233032, 0.4180343449115753, 0.20872291922569275, 0.12388373911380768, 0.6478334069252014, -0.33992600440979004, 0.6656136512756348, -0.12590375542640686, 0.3855115473270416, 0.6061259508132935, 0.6995317339897156, 0.0779263824224472, 0.19233064353466034, -0.9740842580795288, -0.3279075026512146, -0.24195469915866852, -0.5671395063400269, -0.03956872224807739, 0.31464406847953796, -0.823164701461792, -0.24264124035835266, -0.24555276334285736, -0.15773330628871918, -0.04505182057619095, 0.14861546456813812, 0.18183718621730804, -0.6041461229324341, 0.3438218832015991, 0.6485036611557007, 0.07621484249830246, 0.33841896057128906, -0.8301737308502197, 0.6619482040405273, 0.008079045452177525, 0.7798834443092346, 0.3380903899669647, 0.5913486480712891, -0.6220788359642029, 0.4429055154323578, 0.6565489172935486, 1.294858455657959, 0.09485352784395218, 0.3288510739803314, -0.400530070066452, -0.12930628657341003, 0.5975282192230225, -0.1301271617412567, -0.3074529469013214, 0.16441115736961365, -0.7827972769737244, -0.18462678790092468, -0.40486910939216614, -0.08905251324176788, 0.0638946145772934, -0.15927791595458984, -0.12010128796100616, -0.0714082345366478, -0.3128470480442047, -0.921505331993103, 0.1778181493282318, -0.5669894814491272, -0.20089852809906006, -0.19884659349918365, -0.216422438621521, 0.7115856409072876, -0.2376716434955597, -0.1863609254360199, 0.3970305919647217, 0.3029229938983917, 0.2612706124782562, 0.6024365425109863, -0.48204153776168823, 0.4689047038555145, 0.09802030026912689, -0.18595737218856812, 0.20536284148693085, -0.3008888363838196, 0.1649307757616043, 0.05781586840748787, -0.4545639157295227, 0.3531997501850128, 0.24753530323505402, -0.18629786372184753, 0.2969208359718323, 0.5547552108764648, 0.8603590726852417, 0.2651911973953247, 0.5751491189002991, -0.4076181650161743, -0.6454055905342102, -0.15019097924232483, 0.13467878103256226, 0.15629327297210693, 0.7186031937599182, 0.7379193902015686, 0.4476822316646576, -0.1726469099521637, -0.038179002702236176, -0.37860438227653503, -0.7035638093948364, -0.6527483463287354, 0.1046110987663269, -0.22903451323509216, 1.9472278356552124, -0.6162444949150085, -0.43066662549972534, 0.08410168439149857, 0.21651190519332886, 0.9172976613044739, 0.23936614394187927, -0.4481532573699951, 0.41317740082740784, 0.11501826345920563, -0.2212057113647461, -0.19287559390068054, -0.3913653492927551, 0.11541330069303513, 0.47547581791877747, 0.9947935342788696, 0.37894612550735474, -0.6190595626831055, -0.017576616257429123, -0.34130677580833435, -0.39984169602394104, 0.13009116053581238, -0.5056977868080139, -0.0016542935045436025, 0.2671915590763092, 0.35586681962013245, 0.7340184450149536, -0.19264696538448334, -0.3454751968383789, 0.4806063175201416, -0.47512343525886536, -0.2835095226764679, -0.03768337517976761, 0.6954714059829712, -0.5140504240989685, -0.9711559414863586, 0.0019876437727361917, 0.4066559374332428, -0.12335648387670517, 0.2329324632883072, 0.1034172996878624, 0.3186818063259125, -0.06591132283210754, -0.08197528123855591, 0.19191378355026245, -0.38116806745529175, 0.1893535554409027, 0.8033703565597534, -0.38087767362594604, 0.2336835414171219, 0.001265214174054563, 0.1167677566409111, 0.050639040768146515, 0.6287351250648499, -0.4038470685482025, -0.5438216328620911, 0.03208214417099953, 0.7681322693824768, -0.2409641146659851, -0.5773589611053467, -0.1589626669883728, -0.19144469499588013, 0.3445574641227722, -0.8406594395637512, 0.19472821056842804, 0.04969005659222603, 0.4741751551628113, 0.13611017167568207, 0.6539071202278137, 0.15027648210525513, 0.47324004769325256, -0.6003352403640747, -0.25168123841285706, -0.23135732114315033, 0.02894776500761509, 0.5892688035964966, -0.29186177253723145, 0.06124686822295189, -0.10713491588830948, 0.05098441615700722, 0.020458819344639778, -0.29640325903892517, -0.7009830474853516, 0.42237725853919983, -1.0406792163848877, -0.04520963132381439, 0.21293772757053375, 0.9020122289657593, 0.46612349152565, -0.3722231090068817, -0.31889769434928894, 0.40736886858940125, 0.13715071976184845, 0.03567010536789894, -0.11117391288280487, -0.6208029389381409, -0.4905669093132019, 0.186903178691864, -0.6690989136695862, 0.3062404692173004, -0.0288066603243351, 0.3330232799053192, -0.44628867506980896, -0.3743935823440552, 0.8697420358657837, 0.14156073331832886, -1.2866743803024292, 0.2873901426792145, 0.08192343264818192, -0.2702658474445343, -0.3471528887748718, -0.2667478621006012, -0.4590436518192291, 0.4049830436706543, -5.2236528396606445, -0.07797246426343918, -0.5454166531562805, -0.3811459541320801, -0.22667145729064941, 0.45986273884773254, 0.07951611280441284, -0.1826298087835312, -0.6172428131103516, -0.31501680612564087, 0.729133129119873, 0.22605673968791962, -0.08868391066789627, 0.08504751324653625, 0.433056503534317, 0.21952800452709198, 0.7591142654418945, -0.10442548990249634, 0.20912358164787292, -0.36028897762298584, -0.3252471387386322, 0.07536851614713669, -0.1924028843641281, 0.12079649418592453, 0.751815915107727, 0.0597630999982357, -0.2995959520339966, 0.29044291377067566, -0.5649077296257019, -0.11368442326784134, -0.026506222784519196, -0.3100588619709015, -0.1740889847278595, -0.10871350765228271, 0.03666779771447182, 0.09632545709609985, 0.8903469443321228, 0.619835615158081, 0.25790101289749146, -0.06168071925640106, 0.031240317970514297, 0.01215121429413557, -0.033117860555648804, -0.11503079533576965, 0.6181738376617432, -0.20755530893802643, -0.3377573788166046, 0.31354159116744995, -0.5466775894165039, 0.7283454537391663, 0.4989384710788727, -0.491634726524353, 0.3734310567378998, 0.10110150277614594, 0.11123432964086533, -0.2067977339029312, 0.23371170461177826, -0.17799876630306244, -0.16197888553142548, 0.06450805813074112, 0.12649443745613098, 0.16331231594085693, -0.06072171777486801, -0.4437170624732971, -0.22108730673789978, -0.18238826096057892, -0.6445967555046082, -0.15112252533435822, 0.004353209398686886, 0.2964571714401245, -0.2778485119342804, 1.538236141204834, -0.2930360734462738, -0.8147118091583252, 0.3320099711418152, -0.589850127696991, -0.16226588189601898, -0.15622150897979736, -0.6101347208023071, 0.5166105031967163, 0.1148780807852745, -0.18414530158042908, -0.14413566887378693, 0.37129005789756775, 0.5666925311088562, -0.21595145761966705, -0.04034378007054329, -0.2958866357803345, -0.03335808217525482, 0.04990754649043083, 0.8839735388755798, -0.7167958617210388, 0.5154997110366821, 0.16355328261852264, -0.1078794077038765, -0.11423911154270172, -0.06328415870666504, 0.24581097066402435, -0.026171166449785233, -0.4261738955974579, 0.4120127856731415, -0.011796222068369389, -0.01203965488821268, -0.42506322264671326, -0.7975658774375916, -0.30099356174468994, -0.1078185960650444, 0.49679073691368103, 0.8086521625518799, 0.1494828313589096, -0.13525426387786865, -0.16922315955162048, -0.4175678789615631, -0.005542160011827946, 0.5239294171333313, 0.02996029518544674, 0.07301699370145798, 0.31030863523483276, 0.0586945116519928, -0.1289452314376831, -0.006532489322125912, 0.20015262067317963, -0.2719935178756714, -1.0690470933914185, 0.005570058710873127, 0.11185628175735474, 0.010968850925564766, 0.31625762581825256, -0.5527606010437012, 0.3381059169769287, -0.07651899755001068, 0.8075039386749268, -0.03497961163520813, 0.36194655299186707, -0.11932143568992615, -0.49588823318481445, -0.44629085063934326, 0.2065095156431198, 0.7637614011764526, 0.10275647044181824, -0.42638149857521057, -0.10661149024963379, -0.3276735842227936, 0.04277049005031586, 0.8093621134757996, 0.2517443895339966, 0.4850124418735504, -0.6059718132019043, -0.3615621328353882, 0.27924659848213196, -0.7867170572280884, -0.6826087236404419, 0.36678969860076904, -0.39418983459472656, -0.06274932622909546, -0.03506818413734436, 0.09103120118379593, 0.7081010937690735, -0.3370755612850189, -1.0100642442703247, 0.13893620669841766, -0.4206216633319855, -0.5837283730506897, -0.26220205426216125, 0.3639908730983734, -0.5268412232398987, -0.01393661368638277, -0.9242919087409973, -0.16431696712970734, 0.9438490271568298, 0.26343509554862976, -0.5958703756332397, -0.7666354179382324, 0.10721810907125473, 0.06934720277786255, 0.006395012605935335, -0.37046629190444946, 0.06986840069293976, -0.5566132068634033, -0.15259578824043274, -0.2843327522277832, 0.5171663761138916, -0.3174591660499573, -0.1094222217798233, 0.728832483291626, -0.234944149851799, -0.9557669758796692, 0.1441182792186737, 0.057638127356767654, -0.08296723663806915, -0.29509681463241577, -0.1773436963558197, 0.49250146746635437, 0.26866599917411804, -0.32545438408851624, -0.555253803730011, 0.16841529309749603, 0.34055739641189575, -0.14477425813674927, -0.598868727684021, 0.41426634788513184, 0.6124346852302551, -0.4764533042907715, 0.39035600423812866, 0.41135141253471375, -0.507874608039856, 0.868322491645813, 0.4734874665737152, -0.5071443915367126, 0.42543384432792664, -0.5244379639625549, -1.2092288732528687, -0.05271964892745018, 0.6300321221351624, -0.4626356363296509, 0.7497686147689819, 0.32710862159729004, -0.11109369993209839, -1.0967082977294922, -0.5147368311882019, -0.4127996563911438, -0.3008866608142853, -0.8794830441474915, -0.11906007677316666, -1.1932040452957153, 0.036989688873291016, 0.047372154891490936, -0.056632209569215775, 0.05122143030166626, -0.2023318111896515, -0.05258835852146149, 0.13380107283592224, 0.5474441647529602, -0.6532444953918457, 0.3158431053161621, -0.11586664617061615, -0.14413726329803467, -0.17775973677635193, -0.1941838413476944, 0.45079347491264343, 0.44378358125686646, 0.9804021120071411, 0.22293150424957275, -0.32487642765045166, -0.10414568334817886, 0.04456816613674164, 0.2971707582473755, -0.6093206405639648, -0.5923058986663818, 0.2593921422958374, 0.5463092923164368, -0.6502008438110352, -0.973645031452179, -0.004164834972470999, 0.7071431279182434, -0.6417444944381714, -0.3697931468486786, 0.33763065934181213, 0.1888483166694641, 0.6328229904174805, -0.19606199860572815, 0.821932852268219, -0.04541347175836563, -0.15901720523834229, 0.3943122625350952, 0.7832767367362976, -0.17290081083774567, -0.6411336064338684, -0.06651309132575989, -0.31068041920661926, 0.05646899342536926, 0.6054295897483826, 0.23649024963378906, -0.025209365412592888, 0.1491842269897461, -0.17378954589366913, -0.5239072442054749, -0.3826963007450104, 0.04308414086699486, -0.2826630175113678, -0.6540592908859253, 0.134185329079628, 0.5519989132881165, -0.2720285654067993, -0.48099756240844727, -0.35900643467903137, -0.41019466519355774, 0.22177058458328247, -0.24812465906143188, 0.30377110838890076, -0.11724614351987839, -0.033691227436065674, -0.4264204502105713, 0.25779473781585693, 0.4908107817173004, 0.43009650707244873, -0.35333022475242615, -0.12011005729436874, 0.09415972977876663, 0.7351294755935669, -0.12436415255069733, 0.7835775017738342, 0.12279956042766571, -0.28418847918510437, 0.4022682309150696, 0.41065987944602966, 0.14617107808589935, -0.46461185812950134, 0.2134360820055008, -0.18920105695724487, 0.7142848968505859, -0.33096736669540405, -0.2742120921611786, 0.6208813786506653, -0.5444701313972473, -0.4579976201057434, 0.5410473346710205, 0.32712799310684204, -0.40242671966552734, -0.24552473425865173, -0.09002800285816193, 0.9019144773483276, 0.383279025554657, -0.0737493559718132, -0.4606899321079254, 0.558359682559967, -0.8350750207901001, 0.025797979906201363, 0.22574540972709656, 0.39424988627433777, 0.40244269371032715, 0.04423809424042702, -0.6769997477531433, 1.0887908935546875, -0.20714204013347626, 0.4544356167316437, 0.15301670134067535, -0.3388858139514923, 0.08564646542072296, 0.5000460743904114, 0.3169722855091095, 0.12221077084541321, -0.2954905033111572, -0.5191404819488525, -0.13935251533985138, 0.6370525360107422, -0.15624989569187164, -0.31756627559661865, 0.8849148750305176, 0.04980618879199028, 0.04867587238550186, -0.031241340562701225, 0.026671629399061203, 0.10391740500926971, -0.3043674826622009, 0.06763221323490143, 0.12315355241298676, -0.4806244671344757, -0.12970902025699615, 0.4774802327156067, -0.37258315086364746, -0.38804128766059875, 0.19260220229625702, -0.40429338812828064, -0.34274372458457947, 0.3171684145927429, -0.08272437751293182, -0.6826885342597961, 0.1363629251718521, 0.08312363922595978, 0.06879638135433197, -0.38766422867774963, -0.011340953409671783, 0.12197129428386688, 0.3274886906147003, -0.004918643739074469, 0.6007153987884521, 0.1844828575849533, 0.06620514392852783, 0.07560187578201294, -0.7120336294174194, 0.9970878958702087, -0.11223673075437546, -0.3528357148170471, 0.10599137842655182, -0.37322312593460083, -0.4134156107902527, 0.033711303025484085, 0.6439363956451416, -0.7702139019966125, -0.168970987200737, -1.0221344232559204, -0.20140545070171356, -0.09207998216152191, -0.6781160235404968, -0.48279574513435364, 0.05126827955245972, 0.18815067410469055, 0.49859124422073364, 0.4250209629535675, -0.4030398726463318, -0.1447751522064209, -0.157771036028862, 0.2654210031032562, 0.10905719548463821, 0.35585322976112366, -0.6001072525978088, 0.3743162453174591, 0.04381025210022926, 0.2604067921638489, -0.40118205547332764, 0.26544880867004395, 0.050868596881628036, 0.41725820302963257, -0.332416296005249, -0.17790769040584564, 0.8598877787590027, -0.9510455131530762, -0.22270949184894562, -1.0302627086639404, -0.18768315017223358, -0.9778521060943604, 0.4080287218093872, -0.15072594583034515, 0.03151173144578934, -0.4566657245159149, 0.36424189805984497, -0.424588680267334, 0.040895916521549225, 0.3677424490451813, -0.26055070757865906, 0.39788442850112915, -0.6093276143074036, -0.13921308517456055, -0.6679156422615051, 0.38733071088790894, 0.6380258798599243, 1.0449305772781372, 0.7516931295394897, -0.24389062821865082, 0.0016529083950445056, -0.7245908379554749, 0.34694796800613403, 0.4862540364265442, 0.6777459979057312, 0.2626223862171173, -0.4395104646682739, 0.03034534491598606, 0.018598951399326324, 0.0345851369202137, 0.12516015768051147, -0.1913779079914093, 0.8341323137283325, -0.8785854578018188, 0.001303158001974225, 0.22750535607337952, 0.26192739605903625, -0.6413975954055786, -0.42957353591918945, -0.2771933078765869 ]
210589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate%20of%20Sharjah	Emirate of Sharjah	The Emirate of Sharjah (; ) is one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates, which covers and has a population of over 1,400,000 (2015). It comprises the capital city of Sharjah, after which it is named, and other minor towns and exclaves such as Kalba', Al Dhaid, Dibba Al-Hisn and Khor Fakkan. The emirate is an absolute monarchy. It has been ruled by Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi since 1972, but was removed for a period of six days after an attempted coup d'etat by his brother, Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Mohammed Al-Qasimi. History Human settlement in the area covered by the emirate has existed for over 120,000 years, with significant finds made of early axes and stone tools as well as Copper and Iron Age implements in Al Dhaid, Al Thuqeibah, Mileiha, Tell Abraq, Muwailah, Al Madam and Jebel Faya. Archaeological finds in the Mleiha area point to human habitation consistent with the spread of humanity from Africa to the wider world, evidenced by finds displayed at the Mleiha Archaeological Centre. Historically the emirate was one of the wealthiest towns in the region. Around 1727, Al Qasimi clan took control of Sharjah and declared the polity independent. The first in a long series of maritime skirmishes between the Al Qasimi and British vessels took place in 1797, when the British-flagged snow the Bassein was seized and released two days later. The cruiser Viper was subsequently attacked off Bushire. The Al Qasimi leader, Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, protested innocence in both cases. A period of great instability followed along the coast, with a number of actions between British and Al Qasimi vessels alongside various changes of leadership and allegiances between the Rulers of Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman and Sharjah with Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi claiming sovereignty over 'all the Joasmee ports' in 1823, a claim recognised by the British at the time. On 8 January 1820, Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi signed the General Maritime Treaty with Britain, accepting protectorate status in order to resist Ottoman domination. Following the expiration of a further, ten year, treaty in 1843, on 4 May 1853 Sharjah, along with other Sheikhdoms on what was then known as the 'Arabian Coast' signed the Perpetual Treaty of Peace, which gave rise to the collective name Trucial States being given to the emirates of the coast. Like four of its neighbours, Ajman, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah, and Umm Al Quwain, its position along trade routes to India made it important enough to be recognised as a salute state. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Sharjah was an important pearl fishing port. A British marine survey of 1830 found 'three to four hundred boats' fishing in the season, earning the ruler 100,000 Maria Theresa Dollars. In 1932, Imperial Airways established a regular air service through Sharjah, which was an overnight stop on the Eastern British Empire route. The Mahatta Fort was built to house the airline's guests. On 2 December 1971, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi joined Sharjah to the United Arab Emirates. On 24 January 1972 however, the former ruler Sheikh Saqr staged a leftist coup. Having previously deposed Saqr, Sheikh Khalid had ordered the demolition of Sharjah Fort (Al Hisn Sharjah) to expiate Saqr's memory. Saqr took over Khalid's palace, holding him inside and in the ensuing confusion Sheikh Khalid was killed. Saqr was arrested and Khalid's brother, Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, an author and historian, came to power. In 1987 Sultan's brother Abdulaziz staged a coup while Sultan was abroad. Huge state debt was stated as the reason. Then-UAE President Zayed vehemently denounced the coup, and a deal was reached for Sultan to be restored, while Abdulaziz would become the Deputy Ruler. Sultan, however, dismissed Abdulaziz quite quickly. In 1999, the Crown Prince (Sultan's eldest son) died while on vacation in their palace in England. Sultan made the decision to testify in front of a UK court. The new Crown Prince was appointed from a remote branch of the family. Rulers Geography Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the United Arab Emirates, and is the only one to have land on both the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The emirate covers which is equivalent to 3.3 per cent of the UAE's total area, excluding the islands. It has a population of over 1,400,000 (2015). The city lies some away from the UAE capital city Abu Dhabi. The emirate of Sharjah comprises the city of Sharjah (the seat of the emirate), and other minor towns and enclaves. The city of Sharjah, which overlooks the Persian Gulf, has a population of 519,000 (2003 census estimate). Sharjah City borders Dubai to the south and Ajmân to the north, and the three form a conurbation. Sharjah also owns three enclaves on the east coast, bordering the Gulf of Oman. These are Kalba, Dibba Al-Hisn, and Khor Fakkan, which provide Sharjah with a major east coast port. In the Persian Gulf, the island of Sir Abu Nu’ayr belongs to Sharjah, and Abu Musa is claimed by UAE, but controlled by Iran. Sharjah has an exclave containing the village of Nahwa, located inside the Omani enclave of Madha which borders Fujairah and Sharjah. The emirate also encompasses some important oasis areas, the most famous of which is the fertile Dhaid region, where a range of vegetables and fruits are cultivated. Government A Sharjah e-government portal offers access to a number of services online. Commerce and Tourism Development Authority The Sharjah Commerce and Tourism Development Authority was established by decree in 1996 to "promote commercial and tourism activities" in the emirate. The state-backed authority is responsible for, among other things, creating policies for local and international exhibitions and marketing Sharjah to attract foreign investment and tourists. Investment and Development Authority The Sharjah Investment and Development Authority (Shurooq) was established in 2009 as an independent government body to "oversee the social, cultural, environmental and economic development of Sharjah in line with its Islamic identity." It focuses on three areas for the emirate; investment, development, and asset and property management. Shurooq's developments include: Al Qasba – 10,000-acre project including a -long man-made canal and high observation wheel, it was made open for the public in 2005. It includes Masrah Al Qasba, a theatre, the Maraya Art Centre, the Multaqa Al Qasba meetings and conference centre and a children's Fun Zone. The project, managed by the Al Qasba Development Authority (an affiliate of Shurooq) has an architectural design including pedestrian bridges, boats, and lagoons. It attracted two million visitors in 2011. Al Majaz Waterfront – Shurooq opened the Al Majaz Waterfront in December 2011 after redeveloping it. The new park, located between Jamal Abdul Nasser Street and Khalid Lagoon Corniche, covers an area of for recreation, including six new buildings with restaurants and a tall water fountain. Heart of Sharjah – The Heart of Sharjah, slated for completion in January 2015, has been proposed by Shurooq as a tourist and trade destination with commercial, cultural, and residential projects as well as hotel, archaeological sites, museums, and commercial space. The Chedi Khorfakkan Resort – The Chedi Khorfakkan, scheduled to open in 2015, is under construction an hour outside of Sharjah city centre. Shurooq has stated that once complete, the project will include a tourist resort and a fort on the Al Suwifa Mountain. Decency laws Conservative Sharjah is the only Emirate in the UAE in which the sale of alcohol is prohibited, although its consumption in one's own home is permissible if one is in possession of a valid Alcohol Licence (as is the transportation of alcohol between the place of sale and the home). The only place this prohibition is relaxed is the members-only sporting club, the Sharjah Wanderers. Sharjah also maintains the strictest decency laws in the UAE, introduced in 2001, with a conservative dress code required for both men and women. Mixing between unmarried men and women is illegal: "A man and a woman who are not in a legally acceptable relationship should not be alone in public places, or in suspicious times or circumstances," according to a booklet published by the municipality in 2001. Free trade zones Sharjah has two main free trade zones: the seaport and free trade zone of Hamriyah and the Sharjah Airport International Free Trade Zone (SAIF Zone). The Hamriyah Free Zone Authority was established by an Emiri decree issued on 12 November 1995 and consists of a port and associated logistics and trade facilities. Also established in 1995, the SAIF Zone is adjacent to Sharjah International Airport and is currently home to some 2,500 companies. The Sharjah Research, Technology & Innovation Park (SRTIP) is another free trade zone in Sharjah emirate. The Sharjah Research, Technology & Innovation Park aims to develop and manage an innovation ecosystem that promotes Research and Development. Education Universities in Sharjah: University of Sharjah – the largest university in the emirate, it is accredited by the UAE Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The American University of Sharjah (AUS) – established in 1997, it is accredited by the UAE Commission for Academic Accreditation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, as well as the United States Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Skyline College Sharjah Sharjah Men's College Sharjah Women's College Exeed School of Business and Finance The University City of Sharjah is an educational district to the east of Sharjah City that includes AUS, the University of Sharjah, and the Higher Colleges of Technology (which in turn includes Sharjah Women's College and Sharjah Men's College. The area also includes the Sharjah Library, Police Academy, and the Sharjah Teaching Hospital. Media Newspapers: The Gulf Today (English) Al Khaleej (Arabic) Television: Sharjah TV Culture Sharjah has long invested considerable resources in building a strong cultural identity and heritage and was named in 1998 as UNESCO's 'Arab Capital of Culture', an event commemorated by a large pillar erected opposite the Sharjah Desert Park and Arabian Wildlife Centre between Sharjah and Dhaid cities. Sharjah was also named as the Islamic Culture Capital in 2014 by the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO), a specialised institution of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in the fields of Education, Science and Culture. This is commemorated by a (smaller) pillar mounted to the front of Sharjah's University City. Sharjah Art Foundation The Sharjah Art Foundation works on a broad range of contemporary art and cultural programs to the communities of Sharjah, the UAE and the region, including the Sharjah Biennial which first took place in 1993. Founded in 2009, SAF also organises the annual March Meeting, residencies, production grants, commissions, exhibitions, research, publications and a growing art collection as well as a number of education and public programmes. Sharjah Art Foundation is funded by the Department of Culture and Information. Museums The city has 16 museums. Sharjah's Ruler, Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammad al Qasimi, established the Sharjah Museums Department, an independent department affiliated to the Ruler's Office, in 2006. Museums in Sharjah include: El Eslah School Museum Al Mahatta Museum Sharjah Archeology Museum Sharjah Art Museum Bait Al Naboodah Majlis Al Midfa Bait Sheikh Saeed Bin Hameed Al Qasimi (Kalba) Sharjah Calligraphy Museum Sharjah Discovery Centre Sharjah Heritage Museum Sharjah Maritime Museum Sharjah Museum for Islamic Civilisation Sharjah Science Museum Sharjah Aquarium Sharjah Fort (Al Hisn Sharjah) Sharjah Classic Cars Museum Expo Centre The Expo Centre Sharjah in the city of Sharjah holds an annual book fair that is known throughout the region. It was founded, built and operated from 1976 to 1989 by Frederick Pittera, an international producer of Trade & Consumer Fairs. The event typically attracts hundreds of local and international publishers and thousands of titles. Stamps In 1963, Britain ceded responsibility for the Trucial States' postal systems. An American philatelic entrepreneur by the name of Finbar Kenny saw the opportunity to create a number of editions of stamps aimed at the lucrative collector's market and in 1964 concluded a deal with a number of Trucial States to take the franchise for the production of stamps for their respective governments. Kenny had made something of a speciality out of signing these deals, also signing with the Rulers of Ajman and Fujairah in 1964—and getting involved in a bribery case in the USA over his dealings with the government of the Cook Islands. The issue of stamps from Ajman's dependency of Manama—a tiny agrarian village in the remote plains at which a 'post office' was opened—is a perfect example. These stamps, luridly illustrated and irrelevant to the actual emirates they purported to come from (editions included 'Space Research' and 'Tokyo Olympic Games') became known as 'dunes'. Their proliferation quickly devalued them. Sharjah is therefore known by many stamp collectors for these issues by the Sharjah Post Office shortly before the formation of the United Arab Emirates. Many of these items are not listed by many popular catalogues. Sports Sport establishments in Sharjah are managed by the Sharjah Sports Council. Cricket The Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium has hosted almost 200 cricket One Day Internationals, more than any other ground in UAE, and 4 Test matches. Since 2003, the increasingly crowded cricket calendar has precluded the holding of any major international matches at Sharjah although the stadium has been the venue for certain other matches, such as the 2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup. The use of the venue has declined as the new 20,000 seat Sheikh Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi has become the preferred venue for cricket in the UAE. Football Football teams in Sharjah emirate: Sharjah FC Al Shaab Sports Club (defunct) Al Hamriyah Club Al Bataeh Club Al Dhaid SC Al-Ittihad Kalba SC Khor Fakkan Club Dibba Al-Hisn Sports Club Powerboat racing Sharjah has hosted the F1 Powerboat Race since 2000. The December event is held during the Sharjah Water Festival and attracts over 75,000 visitors to the emirate. Since 2016 the event is also combined with Aquabike World Championship (powerboating) making the Grand Prix of Sharjah the final of the two main disciplines in Powerboating World Transportation Aviation International airports in the city of Sharjah include the Sharjah International Airport and Port Khalid. Sharjah International Airport (IATA: SHJ) has connections to all major international locations. It is from Sharjah City Centre and about away from Dubai. It is a major cargo airport and the main base of Air Arabia. The airport served total 4,324,313 passengers and 51,314 flights in 2007. It also handled of cargo in the same year. Over 60,000 aircraft movements were recorded in 2009. It handled 6,634,570 passengers in 2011. As of 2012 it has 34 international carriers and 13 cargo airlines. In 2008, Sharjah International Airport announced it would invest AED662m (US$180m) to renovate the airport's buildings, build a new terminal and increase car parking. The project is slated for completion in 2015, by which time the airport aims to be handling eight million passengers annually. Sharjah International Airport is the main base of Air Arabia, the Middle East's largest low-cost carrier. It was the Middle East's first budget airline when launched by the Ruler of Sharjah in 2003. The number of passengers flying to its near 70 destinations grew six per cent in 2011 to 4.7 million. Net profit for 2011 was AED274m (US$74.6m), down 13 per cent on the previous year. The airline, which also has hubs in Egypt (Borg El Arab Airport, Alexandria) and Morocco (Mohammed V International Airport, Casablanca), delayed plans to establish a fourth hub in Jordan in 2012. Road The Sharjah Public Transport Corporation (SPTC) has started the public transport system in Sharjah from 23 May 2008 with 11 buses running on the first route, Route 14 from Sharjah International Airport to Al-Sharq terminal. By November 2008, 142 buses are expected to operate on 18 routes. In February 2010, there were 115 Sharjah intercity buses, which make 250 trips daily. The tariff for these intercity buses ranges from AED 5 to AED 30. Metered Taxis are available in Sharjah for the intra-city as well as the inter-city travel. The base fare is AED 11.50 with AED 1 charged for every of travel. For intra-city travel, the minimum fare is AED 11.50 and for Sharjah to Dubai travel, base fare is AED 20. Capital The city of Sharjah contains the main administrative and commercial centres, as well as a number of cultural institutions including several museums. Distinctive landmarks are the two major covered souks, reflecting Islamic design; a number of recreational areas and public parks such as Al Jazeirah Fun Park and Al Buheirah Corniche. The city is also notable for numerous mosques. See also List of Ancient Settlements in the UAE Sharjah Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority References External links Official Sharjah Tourism Website Sharjah Municipality official website Sharjah Municipality official website Sharjah Light Festival – Official Website Sharjah Aquarium New Sharjah emblem Persian Gulf Populated coastal places in the United Arab Emirates	[ -0.2479039430618286, 0.0005431994795799255, 0.3034982681274414, -0.11107870936393738, -0.6778847575187683, 0.16445046663284302, 0.5714067220687866, 0.008220192976295948, -0.19194366037845612, -0.15953239798545837, -0.6864678263664246, 0.22703643143177032, -0.539678156375885, 0.5783852338790894, 0.01784500665962696, 0.8353216648101807, -0.16777409613132477, 0.5012873411178589, -0.074910469353199, 0.1618374139070511, -0.4254702925682068, -0.2657858431339264, 0.4604438245296478, -0.28736504912376404, 0.5591553449630737, -0.3368791341781616, 0.6245596408843994, 0.4405863285064697, -0.45112112164497375, 0.13572217524051666, 0.16466744244098663, 0.5021532773971558, -0.24780146777629852, -0.4219755232334137, 0.22056449949741364, -0.40523847937583923, 0.003988754469901323, -0.4812934696674347, 0.07672387361526489, -1.2671120166778564, -0.26393914222717285, -0.2729334235191345, 0.47426483035087585, 0.13558387756347656, -0.265419602394104, -0.9886350631713867, -1.1032514572143555, 0.6122007369995117, 0.012106952257454395, -0.20398470759391785, -0.558326005935669, -0.00007924590317998081, 0.266567200422287, -0.26201486587524414, 0.6889836192131042, 0.05150483921170235, -0.9219472408294678, -0.21052657067775726, 0.22945038974285126, -0.16911478340625763, 1.0207868814468384, 0.24951253831386566, 0.2977879047393799, 0.09154725819826126, 0.3147094249725342, 0.08545920997858047, -0.2614303529262543, -0.04078085348010063, -0.08939044922590256, 0.38902854919433594, -0.1443709284067154, 0.3287397027015686, -0.2825443148612976, -0.03644976019859314, -0.4576893448829651, 0.07938025891780853, -0.3501414954662323, 0.2632584571838379, 0.3209851086139679, 0.42469197511672974, 0.2163778841495514, -0.256792277097702, 0.5059785842895508, -0.4862391948699951, 0.15764285624027252, 0.14187981188297272, 0.013571378774940968, 0.06867419928312302, -0.4727403223514557, 0.2500981390476227, -0.030754176899790764, 0.23372970521450043, 0.14260022342205048, -0.11117059737443924, 0.02592635154724121, -0.6048325300216675, 0.2161724865436554, 0.09601052105426788, -0.7254384160041809, 0.05429777130484581, 0.16089516878128052, 0.8780078887939453, 0.15768350660800934, 0.11011166125535965, -0.5443186163902283, -0.09605419635772705, -0.3158590495586395, 0.26565271615982056, -0.47798269987106323, 0.118083655834198, -0.33780437707901, 0.494730144739151, 0.2608223259449005, -0.11654646694660187, -0.07116968184709549, 0.20061828196048737, 0.21529439091682434, -0.08932964503765106, 0.05603834241628647, -0.18278516829013824, -0.5668767094612122, 0.31256118416786194, 0.08069797605276108, 0.22537647187709808, 0.08849930018186569, -0.0664159283041954, 0.22345378994941711, 0.16885900497436523, -0.646729588508606, 0.3780352771282196, 0.3495594263076782, 0.36101529002189636, -0.07721645385026932, 0.351011723279953, 0.02953668311238289, -0.7612071633338928, -0.15898728370666504, 0.07152067124843597, 1.4462875127792358, 0.2851535379886627, -0.7368077039718628, -0.23383121192455292, -0.9596789479255676, -0.3492269515991211, -0.181073859333992, -0.6134167909622192, -0.15601275861263275, -0.16390417516231537, -0.632848858833313, -0.5610589981079102, -0.31859612464904785, -0.2165715992450714, -0.43010184168815613, -0.34070253372192383, -0.03133959695696831, -0.5204642415046692, 0.20800679922103882, -0.4393714368343353, 0.5724889039993286, 0.10888689756393433, -0.1710367500782013, 0.24596470594406128, 0.6715200543403625, 0.14457784593105316, 0.2180912047624588, -0.13311372697353363, 0.2318163365125656, 0.4233187139034271, 0.41166409850120544, -0.04687591269612312, -0.41586580872535706, 0.20183604955673218, 0.2831682562828064, -0.10601222515106201, 0.3584035336971283, -0.19625602662563324, 0.8402237892150879, 0.19060660898685455, 0.2663145959377289, 0.08845475316047668, -0.6673871874809265, 0.28525981307029724, 0.009599939920008183, 0.5497634410858154, 0.0315701998770237, -0.03633392974734306, 0.21166545152664185, 0.05037456750869751, 0.2650647461414337, -0.11745112389326096, 0.241656094789505, -0.49093180894851685, 0.7353968620300293, 0.236139714717865, 0.46556609869003296, 0.5356060862541199, -0.021285157650709152, 0.4104865789413452, 0.06740045547485352, 0.754636824131012, 0.30097830295562744, -0.3579552471637726, 0.9169184565544128, -0.1495867818593979, -0.5221929550170898, 0.1274474561214447, -0.017705315724015236, 0.0573238730430603, 0.41080862283706665, 0.28616952896118164, -0.030205756425857544, -0.49949464201927185, -0.12625016272068024, -0.24686199426651, 0.20986664295196533, -0.6309491395950317, -0.25367721915245056, 0.3639450669288635, -0.09380413591861725, -0.2473895400762558, 0.9202073812484741, 0.17968972027301788, -0.6219444274902344, 0.38240236043930054, 0.35448625683784485, -0.08113016933202744, 0.02508121356368065, 0.02099078707396984, -0.006629363168030977, -0.06953133642673492, -0.1517212688922882, 0.025150103494524956, 0.5276177525520325, -0.48380833864212036, -0.6564295291900635, -0.10121992975473404, -0.2572740912437439, -0.195892795920372, 0.7148146033287048, -0.42128559947013855, 0.10898991674184799, 0.4321382939815521, -0.5565688610076904, 0.11683595180511475, 0.6688916087150574, -0.23167774081230164, -0.44089141488075256, -0.006145105697214603, -0.6375189423561096, 0.24124446511268616, -0.3810824453830719, -0.13979539275169373, 0.4495285451412201, -0.1834128350019455, 0.7329286932945251, -0.14440074563026428, 0.08978793770074844, 0.3115687072277069, -0.027401261031627655, -0.08227219432592392, -0.5751118063926697, 0.7268356680870056, -0.04189421609044075, 0.34543001651763916, 0.011461210437119007, 0.332469642162323, -0.18945331871509552, -0.33835625648498535, 0.03453541547060013, 0.029576288536190987, 0.48573535680770874, -0.1496661752462387, 0.294801265001297, -0.046265196055173874, -0.1625635176897049, 0.08809365332126617, -0.25205445289611816, -0.010573294013738632, -0.1256868988275528, -0.2926207184791565, 0.38807985186576843, 0.29116788506507874, 0.18892328441143036, -0.8161172866821289, -0.295425146818161, -0.673873782157898, 0.2702072858810425, -0.5732637643814087, -0.19011391699314117, -0.08746716380119324, -0.4955686926841736, 0.06377486884593964, -0.188208669424057, 0.4648662805557251, -0.8410063982009888, -0.3011147677898407, 0.008187356404960155, 0.16866537928581238, -0.03286400064826012, -0.5803735256195068, -1.0010648965835571, 0.9466195702552795, -0.44331085681915283, -0.4566638767719269, 0.06254471838474274, 0.23365844786167145, -1.0258736610412598, 0.14817285537719727, -5.585301399230957, 0.06907809525728226, -0.37782537937164307, -0.2994629740715027, 0.14629550278186798, -0.16207028925418854, 0.36545154452323914, -0.5338636040687561, 0.24174723029136658, -0.1317395120859146, 0.2586022615432739, -0.12277427315711975, -0.12007243186235428, -0.1194489449262619, 0.5219257473945618, 0.6070966124534607, 0.4999254047870636, -0.06568903475999832, 0.40508562326431274, -0.3634254038333893, -0.295471727848053, -0.12327934801578522, -0.06462244689464569, 0.34204909205436707, 0.5854666233062744, 0.5968628525733948, -0.016014019027352333, -0.730182945728302, -1.0181245803833008, -0.08329348266124725, -0.47877198457717896, -0.186402827501297, -0.07788816839456558, 0.41764241456985474, 0.12451343983411789, 0.05079588666558266, 0.6386550664901733, -0.13524320721626282, 0.5866612195968628, -0.7585630416870117, -0.37725114822387695, 0.0903155729174614, -0.05253147706389427, -0.10109975934028625, 0.0980876013636589, -0.6642101407051086, -0.426036536693573, -0.1427999585866928, -0.4920279383659363, 0.9497039318084717, 0.10420660674571991, -0.1734352558851242, -0.0681765154004097, -0.3411884605884552, -0.29125693440437317, -0.29760274291038513, 0.2830134332180023, -0.2813969850540161, -0.14472410082817078, 0.3601200580596924, 0.21648259460926056, -0.33759912848472595, -0.20675605535507202, -0.40498924255371094, 0.39799171686172485, -0.22565890848636627, -0.36277976632118225, -0.3033977448940277, 0.6492082476615906, 0.08520088344812393, -0.6563518047332764, -0.5670651197433472, -0.5221876502037048, -0.5486602783203125, -0.09810492396354675, -0.6518155932426453, -0.17192842066287994, -0.1366240680217743, 0.09467562288045883, 0.017143523320555687, -0.3612091541290283, -0.24297158420085907, -0.2294902503490448, 0.15570035576820374, -0.4401193857192993, -0.8456023335456848, -0.270387202501297, 0.15295132994651794, 0.8599744439125061, 0.057208798825740814, 0.5329999327659607, -0.9276074171066284, 0.9534032344818115, -0.32978957891464233, 0.23421134054660797, 0.49243783950805664, 0.11578335613012314, -0.02043057605624199, 0.4758778214454651, -0.41703295707702637, 0.5183441638946533, -0.3388265073299408, 0.14323444664478302, 0.2639736235141754, 0.2639273703098297, 0.046536702662706375, -0.09653238207101822, 0.3450976014137268, 1.2157132625579834, -0.6956542730331421, -0.01024429127573967, 0.07236001640558243, -0.4763002097606659, -0.5401537418365479, 0.26646772027015686, -0.7457347512245178, -0.3127898871898651, 1.0858783721923828, 0.7205992341041565, 0.8188886046409607, 0.12219272553920746, -0.06748338788747787, -0.10833081603050232, 0.3861248195171356, -0.19409148395061493, 0.701326847076416, -0.0321427620947361, 0.24968942999839783, 0.09952659904956818, 0.19954711198806763, 0.8879919052124023, -0.47587883472442627, 0.13266348838806152, -0.10664767026901245, -0.10376415401697159, -0.07463394850492477, 0.10934692621231079, -0.8909952044487, -0.6112446784973145, -0.34706056118011475, 0.1825205385684967, 0.15168224275112152, 0.29616954922676086, 0.41789841651916504, 0.398774653673172, -0.1854972541332245, 0.4251040816307068, -0.0915917232632637, -0.20138922333717346, 0.47190141677856445, 0.45586782693862915, 0.05882270261645317, -0.11537796258926392, -0.3139471113681793, -0.6955469250679016, 0.5511161088943481, 0.7779490351676941, 0.5636894702911377, -0.6103314757347107, -0.6177787184715271, 0.12165595591068268, -0.35375505685806274, -0.8177685141563416, 0.20048360526561737, 0.1729132980108261, -0.19297359883785248, -0.16271351277828217, 0.4633760452270508, -0.42081815004348755, 0.565740168094635, 0.4722541272640228, -0.8871739506721497, -0.6648046374320984, -0.3710305988788605, 0.4017966389656067, -0.0166788287460804, 0.06676539778709412, 0.5940330624580383, 0.11623586714267731, -0.3336222767829895, -0.19685734808444977, -0.34008175134658813, -0.39298582077026367, 0.7263025641441345, 0.16244357824325562, 0.21446694433689117, -0.21082963049411774, -0.4862629473209381, 0.04034911468625069, 0.38193631172180176, 1.1899255514144897, -0.01772138476371765, -0.4783184826374054, 0.2629331946372986, -0.23938454687595367, -0.7691287994384766, 0.0017056778306141496, 0.5522174835205078, -0.1144346371293068, 0.1948547214269638, 0.3490496277809143, 0.3573729395866394, -0.20675648748874664, 0.6118084192276001, 0.03495115786790848, 0.004510139115154743, 1.0009263753890991, 0.1167144626379013, -0.5822085738182068, 0.11589918285608292, -0.337904691696167, -0.5776722431182861, -0.4084160625934601, 0.8110178112983704, -0.2925524115562439, -0.18838508427143097, -0.18253551423549652, -0.30161672830581665, 0.03568968549370766, -0.24519221484661102, 0.05381951853632927, -0.43865248560905457, 0.5182482600212097, -0.3946341574192047, -0.18608030676841736, 0.4866248071193695, -0.05681941658258438, -0.34603139758110046, 0.08081703633069992, -0.01850532740354538, 0.35625335574150085, -0.19004662334918976, 0.6076797246932983, 0.634125828742981, -0.44467809796333313, 0.1684628278017044, -0.42964234948158264, -0.2839430570602417, -0.3310317397117615, 0.33486485481262207, 0.31567272543907166, 0.7014707326889038, -0.12723438441753387, -1.2188963890075684, -0.09092573076486588, 0.030252618715167046, -0.304993212223053, -0.424396812915802, -0.413100928068161, 0.2565053701400757, 0.22839325666427612, 0.020810222253203392, -0.7854283452033997, -0.26040416955947876, 0.5932069420814514, 0.05539215728640556, 0.5283267498016357, 0.2960413694381714, 0.012499517761170864, 0.060570377856492996, -0.05089161545038223, -0.27727481722831726, -0.1237630844116211, 0.29767733812332153, 0.07853875309228897, -0.5401836037635803, -0.6468666195869446, -0.5785264372825623, 0.10135867446660995, -0.2604648172855377, -0.7824328541755676, -0.23302346467971802, 0.9138109087944031, 0.13281261920928955, 0.10548705607652664, -0.0012199478223919868, 0.22181792557239532, 0.0186294112354517, -0.18076123297214508, 0.6626389622688293, -0.6286919116973877, -0.357944518327713, 0.09202580153942108, 0.13961350917816162, 0.4426315724849701, -0.7006336450576782, -0.34785765409469604, 0.5277298092842102, -0.15377937257289886, -0.31392702460289, 0.2530812919139862, -0.6330468058586121, -0.0010230614570900798, 1.1804299354553223, 0.07582371681928635, 0.5736290216445923, 0.6606690287590027, 0.8472635746002197, -0.13179093599319458, 0.25920167565345764, -0.5692719221115112, 0.9177702069282532, 0.1551017463207245, 0.25804615020751953, 0.43106287717819214, -0.11388862133026123, 0.24122507870197296, 0.06849123537540436, 0.14237290620803833, -0.8096157312393188, 0.046880919486284256, 0.49407410621643066, 0.31370046734809875, 0.5600244402885437, -0.5873935222625732, 0.24963165819644928, 0.48077091574668884, -0.16740144789218903, 0.19278593361377716, 0.6044517755508423, 0.21540239453315735, -0.3451763093471527, 0.2889523506164551, 0.3756812810897827, 0.16586902737617493, 0.4089399576187134, 0.43473705649375916, -0.3352520167827606, 0.5261160135269165, 0.2688916027545929, 0.4571297764778137, -0.18509145081043243, -0.7125294804573059, -0.021020470187067986, -0.22048130631446838, -0.2657930254936218, 0.08757026493549347, 0.23324790596961975, -0.5224622488021851, 0.6700032949447632, 0.8986367583274841, 0.5362402200698853, -0.22088222205638885, -0.15482836961746216, -0.17942450940608978, 0.3609452247619629, 0.04546305909752846, 0.27172431349754333, 0.4800623655319214, -0.18139471113681793, 0.4107961356639862, 0.3325372636318207, 0.0035580554977059364, -0.4160144031047821, 0.2783948481082916, 0.07076840102672577, 0.5048910975456238, -0.2758958339691162, -0.06424609571695328, 0.18899120390415192, -0.09203499555587769, -0.13245703279972076, 0.4887939393520355, 0.09417133033275604, 0.22390606999397278, 0.20889391005039215, 0.258164644241333, -0.8567255735397339, 0.015811853110790253, 0.15069760382175446, 0.4767916798591614, 0.22919635474681854, -0.4769861400127411, 0.3309415280818939, 0.3821907043457031, 0.49138250946998596, -0.3098981976509094, -0.04200485721230507, 0.14263847470283508, 0.2507556974887848, -0.07061601430177689, -0.8059266209602356, 0.23310789465904236, -0.6968188881874084, 0.24481450021266937, 0.5207184553146362, -0.21174974739551544, -0.26830121874809265, -0.7117777466773987, 0.45491263270378113, 0.13847051560878754, -0.025792362168431282, 0.14540795981884003, -0.4830481708049774, -0.22919917106628418, -0.3758086860179901, -0.5956712961196899, 0.2961938679218292, 0.2033536732196808, -0.4748351275920868, 0.418171226978302, 0.24292424321174622, 0.274574339389801, -0.2680654525756836, -0.1696002036333084, 0.16580693423748016, 0.02778216451406479, -0.28943297266960144, -0.6805413365364075, -0.033765245229005814, 0.44254523515701294, -0.015121569857001305, -0.02720610797405243, 0.06416555494070053, -0.8826115131378174, 0.18090233206748962, 0.5176531076431274, -0.1766137182712555, 0.3220788240432739, -0.603862464427948, 0.18920917809009552, -0.10822249203920364, -0.6472132205963135, 0.28891614079475403, 0.104475237429142, -0.4897650182247162, 0.25504040718078613, 0.4502459764480591, -0.7700543403625488, 0.29575127363204956, -0.05232447758316994, -0.2797427177429199, -0.6091262698173523, -0.24096404016017914, -0.8084390163421631, -0.04653878137469292, 0.7721746563911438, 0.4836445748806, -0.04860140383243561, 0.2674689292907715, -0.011924445629119873, -0.5342441201210022, 0.4831899106502533, 0.003243368584662676, 0.03689635172486305, -0.2420893758535385, -0.8000528812408447, 0.08310861885547638, -0.489236444234848, 0.5318517684936523, 0.20264224708080292, -0.2298639416694641, 0.16524723172187805, -0.4991484582424164, 0.14258460700511932, -0.5261064767837524, -0.15948478877544403, -0.8685789704322815, 0.40642762184143066, 0.16102245450019836 ]
210591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20Hawkins	Taylor Hawkins	Oliver Taylor Hawkins (born February 17, 1972) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the rock band Foo Fighters. Prior to joining the band in 1997, he was the touring drummer for Sass Jordan and Alanis Morissette, as well as the drummer in the progressive experimental band Sylvia. In 2004, Hawkins formed his own side project, Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders, in which he plays drums and sings. He was voted "Best Rock Drummer" in 2005 by the United Kingdom drumming magazine Rhythm. Life and career Early life Oliver Taylor Hawkins was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on February 17, 1972. His family moved to Laguna Beach, California, in 1976, where Hawkins grew up. Hawkins has a brother, Jason, and a sister, Heather. He attended Thurston Middle School and later went to Laguna Beach High School. After leaving the Orange County-based band Sylvia (later emerging as ANYONE), he joined up as the drummer for Sass Jordan. In an interview with BBC Radio 6, Hawkins revealed that playing drums for Jordan was his "first real gig". He then left to be Alanis Morissette's drummer on the tour supporting Jagged Little Pill. Alanis Morissette From June 1995 until March 1997, Hawkins was the drummer for Morissette during her Can't Not tour. He appeared in the videos for "You Oughta Know", "All I Really Want", and "You Learn". He also appeared on Morissette's VHS/DVD Jagged Little Pill, Live (1997). Hawkins played for Morissette for two years prior to joining Foo Fighters. Foo Fighters After touring through the spring of 1996, Foo Fighters entered a Seattle studio with producer Gil Norton to record its second album. Conflict during recording reportedly erupted between Dave Grohl and drummer William Goldsmith, eventually causing Goldsmith to leave the band. The band regrouped in Los Angeles and almost completely re-recorded the album with Grohl on drums. The album, The Colour and the Shape, was released on May 20, 1997. Grohl called Hawkins, an acquaintance at the time, to seek recommendations for the band's new drummer. Grohl was under the impression that Hawkins would not leave Morissette's touring band, given she was a bigger act than Foo Fighters at the time. To Grohl's surprise, however, Hawkins volunteered to join the band himself, explaining that he wanted to be a drummer in a rock band rather than for a solo act. The band announced Hawkins would be the new drummer on March 18, 1997; he made his debut in time for the album's release and has remained with the band ever since. In addition to his drumming duties with the Foo Fighters, Hawkins has also provided vocals, guitar and piano to various recordings. His first lead vocal with the group was a cover of Pink Floyd's "Have a Cigar". Two versions of the song were released, one as the B-side to "Learn to Fly" and another on the Mission: Impossible 2 soundtrack album. He later sang lead vocals on "Cold Day in the Sun" from In Your Honor, which was later released as a single, as well as a cover of Cream's "I Feel Free," which appeared as the B-side of "DOA" and on the EP Five Songs and a Cover. Hawkins also sang lead vocals for the band's cover of Joe Walsh's "Life of Illusion". Most recently, he sang lead vocals for "Sunday Rain", a track on the Foo Fighters' 2017 album Concrete and Gold. Many Foo Fighters live shows feature Hawkins singing lead vocals on at least one cover song. He has also contributed to the band's songwriting, and has been listed as a co-writer on every album since There Is Nothing Left to Lose. Other projects In 2006, Hawkins released a self-titled LP with his side project, Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders. He occasionally plays with a Police cover band alternately called "The Cops" and "Fallout." At Live Earth in 2007, Hawkins was part of SOS Allstars with Roger Taylor of Queen and Chad Smith of Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hawkins played "YYZ" with Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson of Rush on stage at a concert in Toronto on March 22, 2008. Hawkins recorded the drum tracks for the Coheed and Cambria album Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow as the band's regular drummer, Chris Pennie, was not able to record due to contractual reasons. Also, Hawkins toured with Coheed and Cambria shortly during the months of the album. Hawkins can also be heard drumming on Eric Avery's (formerly of Jane's Addiction) first solo effort, Help Wanted and on Kerry Ellis's album, Wicked in Rock. Hawkins and Grohl split drumming duties on Harmony & Dissidence, the latest album by Foo Fighters bandmate Chris Shiflett's own side project, Jackson United. Hawkins played on the track "Cyborg," from Queen guitarist Brian May's 1998 solo album, Another World; he also played drums at VH1's Rock Honors 2006 while Queen performed "We Will Rock You." He sang backing vocals on the Queen + Paul Rodgers single, "C-lebrity." Hawkins was commissioned to complete an unfinished recording of a song by Beach Boys' drummer Dennis Wilson titled "Holy Man" by writing and singing new lyrics. The recording was released in June 2008 as part of a deluxe edition of Wilson's lone 1977 solo album, Pacific Ocean Blue. While the Foo Fighters were on break, Hawkins played in a three-piece cover band, Chevy Metal, that played lesser known tracks by ZZ Top, Aerosmith, Deep Purple, Van Halen, Queen, and Black Sabbath. Hawkins continues to play in Chevy Metal, with the addition of fellow Foo Fighters bandmate Chris Shiflett now on guitar. Hawkins appears on Slash's solo album Slash, released in 2010, providing backing vocals on the track "Crucify the Dead," featuring Ozzy Osbourne. In June 2012, it was announced that Hawkins was cast in the role of Iggy Pop in the rock film CBGB. Hawkins recorded the drums on Vasco Rossi's last song, "L'uomo più semplice." This song was released on January 21, 2013 in Italy. In March 2014, Hawkins announced his new side project called The Birds of Satan. It features Hawkins's drum technician and bandmate from Chevy Metal, Wiley Hodgden on bass guitar and vocals as well as guitarist Mick Murphy also of Chevy Metal. The band's self-titled debut album was released in April 2014, with a release party at 'Rock n Roll Pizza' featuring the Foo Fighters guesting on some of the cover tracks. In an interview with Radio X, Hawkins revealed that his initial idea with his solo projects was to duet with female singers. He has invited other stars to sing in Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders album Get the Money, like LeAnn Rimes, on one of his songs titled "C U In Hell". Loudwire named the album one of the 50 best rock efforts of 2019. Other musicians who have appeared in his projects include Roger Taylor, Brian May, Dave Grohl, Nancy Wilson, Joe Walsh, and many more. Influences Hawkins has said that his drumming has been chiefly influenced by classic rock drummers. His main influences are Phil Collins of Genesis, Stewart Copeland of The Police, Budgie of Siouxsie and the Banshees, Roger Taylor of Queen, Stephen Perkins of Jane's Addiction, Ringo Starr of the Beatles, Jim Gordon of Derek and the Dominos and Neil Peart of Rush. He was once guest editor of Rhythm and interviewed Collins, Copeland, Taylor and Perkins for the issue. It was thanks to Rush that I got into Genesis. After listening to Neil, I bought the Seconds Out live album, which was released in 1977. It's just amazing. Not only hearing Phil Collins playing the drums, but also singing. He gets a really bad rap from some people for 'daring' to take over after Peter Gabriel quit, but you just hear the way he sounds here. The beauty of this album is that it's got songs from ...Trick Of The Tail, the first album Genesis did without Gabriel. Collins is an incredible drummer. Anyone who wants to be good on the drums should check him out – the man is a master.Hawkins's first two major inspirations were Roger Taylor and Stewart Copeland. He reported that due to these two drummers' different styles, it gave him a wide spectrum of drumming style. He also mentions that he would play along songs on the radio or records, like Queen's News of the World, to enhance his skills when he was young. Personal life Hawkins and his wife have three children. Their son, Oliver Shane, was born in 2006; their daughter, Annabelle, was born in winter, 2009; and their second daughter, Everleigh, was born in November 2014. They reside in Hidden Hills, California, after moving from Topanga Canyon in 2012. Hawkins overdosed on heroin in 2001, which put him in a coma for two weeks. Speaking to Beats 1 host Matt Wilkinson in 2018 about the incident, Hawkins said: "I was partying a lot. I wasn't a junkie per se, but I was partying. There was a year where the partying just got a little too heavy. Thank God on some level this guy gave me the wrong line with the wrong thing one night and I woke up going, 'What the fuck happened?' That was a real changing point for me." He is a childhood friend of current Yes lead vocalist Jon Davison. Hawkins was the one who suggested Davison to Yes bassist Chris Squire even before the departure of replacement vocalist Benoit David. "Strangely enough, Jon's name came up when we started working with Benoit," Squire recalled. "In fact, my friend, Taylor Hawkins, had been telling me for years: 'If you ever need a replacement (singer), I know exactly the guy.'" Discography Foo Fighters There Is Nothing Left to Lose – (1999) One by One – (2002) In Your Honor – (2005) Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace – (2007) Wasting Light – (2011) Sonic Highways – (2014) Saint Cecilia (EP) – (2015) Concrete and Gold – (2017) Medicine at Midnight – (2021) Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders (2006) Red Light Fever (2010) Get the Money (2019) The Birds of Satan The Birds of Satan – (2014) Coheed and Cambria Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow – (2007) Solo Kota'' (EP) (2016) References External links Hawkin's Poor Brain – a collection of Taylor's interviews Grohl and Hawkins Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos American rock singers American rock drummers Foo Fighters members 1972 births Living people Grammy Award winners Musicians from Los Angeles County, California People from Topanga, California People from Fort Worth, Texas 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders members 21st-century American singers 21st-century American drummers The Birds of Satan members	[ -0.008494878187775612, 0.44097477197647095, -0.24348954856395721, -0.2931656837463379, 0.766676664352417, 0.6900362968444824, 0.3261565864086151, 0.006617192644625902, -0.5628048181533813, 0.2216017246246338, -0.05018451064825058, 0.38501161336898804, -0.7638895511627197, -0.5653886795043945, -0.33795610070228577, 0.10029730945825577, 0.2966153919696808, -0.6687412261962891, -0.11392955482006073, -0.7146127223968506, 0.31085509061813354, 0.00899761077016592, 0.19151873886585236, 0.1436963677406311, -0.10690074414014816, 0.8513897657394409, -0.8652814626693726, 0.2512803077697754, 0.08320159465074539, -0.2518218457698822, 0.5264313220977783, 0.20841935276985168, 0.9095309376716614, -0.47049298882484436, -0.03069216199219227, 0.488931804895401, -0.17559459805488586, 0.16390492022037506, 0.056640755385160446, 0.07449918240308762, -0.1570558100938797, 0.06945270299911499, 0.3721832036972046, 0.004441299010068178, 0.08818133920431137, 0.18520158529281616, -1.118523359298706, 0.3691554367542267, -0.306312620639801, -0.7501981854438782, -0.5572651028633118, 0.016531867906451225, -0.002614290453493595, 0.04878397658467293, 0.38109537959098816, -0.6616353988647461, 0.027407309040427208, 0.0024861260317265987, -0.34950464963912964, -0.8126831650733948, -0.18051129579544067, -0.049275659024715424, -0.18728996813297272, -0.9465152621269226, -0.1258864551782608, 0.09289723634719849, 0.36580348014831543, -0.34352290630340576, 0.25049635767936707, 0.040481507778167725, 0.12410386651754379, 0.20206095278263092, -0.24016565084457397, -0.15476131439208984, 0.033990100026130676, 0.03427920863032341, 0.5433170199394226, -0.03460482880473137, -0.0171034075319767, 0.7994253635406494, 0.8179806470870972, -0.4172235429286957, 1.126759648323059, 0.7554964423179626, -0.3268103003501892, 0.34600958228111267, -0.2780945599079132, 0.22021172940731049, -0.46949952840805054, 0.3160850703716278, -0.8247020244598389, -0.4538712799549103, 0.44741928577423096, 0.8218423128128052, -0.09491562843322754, -0.5767032504081726, 0.2636142075061798, 0.0116262873634696, 0.2735380232334137, -0.09815561771392822, -0.202530637383461, -0.44996827840805054, 0.3108987510204315, -0.16582025587558746, -0.21301640570163727, -0.24579304456710815, -0.05883978307247162, -0.10499764233827591, -0.653235137462616, 0.29727253317832947, -0.788703441619873, -0.059669576585292816, 0.2027466595172882, -0.3166308104991913, 0.32256340980529785, 1.066074013710022, -0.08236826211214066, -0.5010644197463989, -0.3933612108230591, -0.034807153046131134, 0.0900157019495964, 0.33886247873306274, -0.06643928587436676, 0.4630782902240753, -1.0185370445251465, -0.16975252330303192, 0.07409371435642242, 0.09113914519548416, -0.39215973019599915, 0.1212824285030365, 0.184359610080719, 0.97324138879776, -0.120575450360775, -0.07863187789916992, -0.11145678162574768, -0.09432879090309143, -0.06324619054794312, -0.03326382860541344, -0.13764610886573792, 0.795009434223175, -0.19166745245456696, -0.6511929631233215, -0.1855037957429886, -0.43940985202789307, 0.44617196917533875, -0.045594245195388794, -0.25777629017829895, -0.08645455539226532, 0.5955894589424133, 0.09793607890605927, 0.05431739240884781, 0.3986142873764038, -0.5989788770675659, -0.5159289240837097, -0.5560500621795654, -0.3689979612827301, 0.5893841981887817, -0.35643067955970764, -0.16806544363498688, -0.5750218629837036, -0.11815043538808823, -0.006091462913900614, -0.3514648973941803, 0.16975048184394836, 0.4618082046508789, -0.015573091804981232, 0.22045809030532837, 0.005726444069296122, -0.24808141589164734, -0.12531550228595734, -0.0719209685921669, -0.10839342325925827, -0.02126535214483738, -0.14512521028518677, -0.5359941720962524, 0.5393043160438538, 1.3052767515182495, 0.3903762400150299, 0.5029165744781494, 0.3426414728164673, -0.33488929271698, -0.28279179334640503, 0.018872568383812904, -0.09376052021980286, 0.7025595903396606, -0.2630021572113037, -0.2568711042404175, -0.8966708183288574, 0.6053063273429871, -0.23966124653816223, -0.5058516263961792, -0.7209964990615845, 0.18762756884098053, 0.059170886874198914, 0.24014689028263092, -0.14153467118740082, -0.09265507012605667, 0.23584578931331635, 0.6291091442108154, 0.38034293055534363, -0.1990007907152176, -0.12261408567428589, 0.30253466963768005, -0.27694010734558105, -0.16642016172409058, 0.2089705467224121, 0.5146717429161072, -0.02898245118558407, -0.17937719821929932, 0.2437378615140915, 0.4271399974822998, -0.12193398177623749, -0.25707027316093445, 0.30719617009162903, -0.3530258536338806, -0.7006083726882935, -0.5530405640602112, -0.4030826985836029, -0.05124658718705177, -0.31076493859291077, 0.5737043619155884, 0.5276907682418823, 0.3127543032169342, 0.45498791337013245, 0.2594126760959625, 1.331860065460205, -0.1265626847743988, -0.10406643897294998, -0.052185483276844025, 0.1758795529603958, 0.14328821003437042, 0.6295074820518494, -0.257778137922287, -0.5122037529945374, 0.05749127268791199, 0.6122286319732666, 0.5148844122886658, -0.3249249756336212, 0.11341918259859085, -0.7862426042556763, 0.21621859073638916, 0.037692781537771225, -0.4192160665988922, -0.4711465835571289, -0.27094945311546326, 0.08638599514961243, -0.17913663387298584, -0.3079891502857208, -1.0063040256500244, 0.5818417072296143, -0.023475779220461845, 0.01732953079044819, 0.9429148435592651, 0.25019899010658264, 0.20045827329158783, 0.29495978355407715, 0.020691897720098495, 0.46169576048851013, -0.18708886206150055, 0.08300258219242096, 0.004959333688020706, -0.15580548346042633, 0.5170603394508362, -0.15483511984348297, -0.23725932836532593, -0.024457590654492378, 0.16732124984264374, -0.06882567703723907, 0.499712735414505, 0.028210759162902832, -0.09072455763816833, 0.45473095774650574, -0.03557055816054344, 0.6741732954978943, 0.023921338841319084, 0.13804234564304352, -0.2561438977718353, -0.5582621097564697, 0.25829067826271057, -1.0005815029144287, 0.6894052624702454, 0.8821808099746704, -0.16532592475414276, -0.9382836818695068, -0.1011473760008812, 0.05831224471330643, -0.16813267767429352, -0.30789679288864136, 0.4929417669773102, -0.10992345958948135, -0.6826930046081543, 0.6120075583457947, -0.2052430510520935, 0.2306133210659027, 0.4456005096435547, 0.016674749553203583, 0.19964981079101562, -0.21073943376541138, -0.1423104852437973, -0.14883726835250854, 0.18189837038516998, 0.1965228170156479, 0.42366740107536316, 0.2814004123210907, 0.48889267444610596, 0.05220430716872215, -0.2898878753185272, -0.4205080568790436, -5.550693035125732, 0.8244481086730957, -0.19459475576877594, -0.5695565342903137, 0.07642145454883575, 0.5824283361434937, 0.1726529598236084, -0.6459851861000061, 0.15333634614944458, -0.4896392524242401, -0.4143897294998169, 0.15750278532505035, 0.08291826397180557, 0.41280028223991394, -0.009752986952662468, 0.061892397701740265, -0.026991408318281174, -0.4886850118637085, 0.4704750180244446, 0.35757002234458923, 0.2904888391494751, -0.51871258020401, -0.2757677137851715, -0.08573195338249207, -0.2284509241580963, -0.010737704113125801, -0.8057888150215149, 0.5069319605827332, -0.17393022775650024, -0.19696545600891113, -0.3163220286369324, 0.23162685334682465, -0.7090038061141968, -0.9252870678901672, 0.36518651247024536, 0.22330668568611145, 0.29372531175613403, 0.0656576007604599, 0.08797618001699448, -0.10500932484865189, 0.6784729361534119, -0.05517970770597458, -0.277791291475296, -0.08606994897127151, 0.275748610496521, 0.1984439492225647, -0.2221139520406723, -0.06499701738357544, -0.40769752860069275, 0.44550618529319763, 0.524470865726471, -0.29925277829170227, 0.1891183704137802, -0.22606895864009857, 0.34460458159446716, -0.2205001562833786, 0.19055965542793274, -0.04842406511306763, -0.1265835165977478, 0.41720306873321533, 0.16880899667739868, -0.39702507853507996, -0.17868997156620026, -0.04674196243286133, -0.4358593821525574, -0.23534226417541504, 0.17498068511486053, 0.4713453948497772, 0.3609279990196228, -0.42606839537620544, 0.1402459591627121, -0.391801655292511, 0.26208552718162537, -1.2960540056228638, 0.19291070103645325, -0.5160683989524841, 0.2631944715976715, 0.4895652234554291, -0.7867646217346191, -0.37903741002082825, -0.009163236245512962, -0.409021258354187, 0.2417968064546585, 0.1190447062253952, -0.1009225994348526, -0.21765972673892975, -1.084023118019104, 0.20532716810703278, -0.34371206164360046, 0.23287515342235565, -0.06684365123510361, -0.5754692554473877, 0.10651981085538864, -0.39011910557746887, 0.6161978244781494, -0.14803007245063782, 0.4165665805339813, 0.6386533975601196, 0.238638237118721, 0.7253592014312744, 0.1440732777118683, -0.34596338868141174, 0.16420169174671173, -0.9480248093605042, 0.5076238512992859, 0.06500698626041412, -0.07535342127084732, -0.013654675334692001, 0.6063525676727295, 0.14316396415233612, 0.4928509593009949, 0.14200188219547272, -0.33706581592559814, -0.48044437170028687, -0.12142367660999298, -0.2664157748222351, 0.09580111503601074, -0.4893801808357239, 0.19847142696380615, 0.07120135426521301, -0.6798964142799377, 0.07287947088479996, 0.13041825592517853, 0.17105679214000702, 0.061295364052057266, -0.14431090652942657, 0.11295688152313232, 0.13612112402915955, -0.02380174770951271, 0.4379764497280121, -0.205937460064888, 1.0252264738082886, -0.5595105290412903, 0.900053083896637, 0.3097681999206543, -0.210893914103508, -0.48641180992126465, -0.41251140832901, 0.1968330591917038, -0.15242734551429749, 0.0954425260424614, -0.48523810505867004, 0.6274322867393494, 0.0055146003141999245, 0.14234265685081482, 0.30341729521751404, 0.25969845056533813, 0.24797946214675903, 0.34273838996887207, 0.7793493270874023, 0.5815813541412354, -0.3138205409049988, 0.065906822681427, -0.6123632192611694, -0.18620015680789948, 0.3108348250389099, -0.5737510919570923, 0.304965078830719, 0.03872571140527725, -0.2935301661491394, 0.9468684792518616, -0.3800854980945587, -0.5602730512619019, -0.79945969581604, -0.24263827502727509, -0.1520574539899826, -0.27397361397743225, -0.1578773409128189, -0.5373268723487854, -0.23322325944900513, -0.03108404576778412, -0.37659865617752075, -0.3484252393245697, -0.29506370425224304, 0.13590718805789948, -0.02522311359643936, -0.582159161567688, -0.2929368019104004, -0.08763953298330307, 0.3337101936340332, -0.11546206474304199, 0.12512874603271484, -0.8071191310882568, -0.3336779773235321, 0.14134207367897034, -0.4305383563041687, -0.17895054817199707, -0.6846587657928467, 0.49007779359817505, -0.42574799060821533, -0.10985249280929565, -0.521723210811615, 0.30459558963775635, 0.42909762263298035, 0.40738245844841003, -0.7870662212371826, 0.2185254842042923, 0.6144990921020508, -0.4203387498855591, -0.5998611450195312, 0.27216967940330505, -0.3158074915409088, -0.37385788559913635, 0.13577787578105927, 0.34611451625823975, -0.14315801858901978, 0.27477529644966125, -0.3595593273639679, -0.17703355848789215, 0.3719772696495056, -0.4507119059562683, -0.5771550536155701, 0.15148593485355377, 0.5201081037521362, -0.55100017786026, 0.5158463716506958, 0.36888986825942993, 0.23521997034549713, -0.41362249851226807, -0.08624809235334396, -0.3681236505508423, 0.19502446055412292, -0.08556627482175827, 0.11618389934301376, -0.3353152275085449, -0.1149284690618515, 0.1785946488380432, 0.34514278173446655, 0.7432064414024353, -0.6706339120864868, -0.7145555019378662, 0.09926247596740723, 0.1121833473443985, 0.43584826588630676, -0.19894595444202423, 0.2689616084098816, 0.0740683376789093, 0.701312780380249, 0.2034016251564026, -0.06406094878911972, 0.5612249374389648, 1.2039124965667725, 0.18558697402477264, -0.20343050360679626, -0.36414626240730286, -0.21949565410614014, 0.4327716827392578, 0.007758304011076689, -0.14908336102962494, -0.10904543846845627, 0.4742654860019684, 0.2263229489326477, 0.28703996539115906, 0.13881303369998932, 0.2898693382740021, -0.3985166847705841, -0.0922960638999939, -0.7190709114074707, 0.4861445426940918, -0.07120975852012634, 0.3103042542934418, -0.07661547511816025, -0.1360282301902771, -0.031096359714865685, -0.19077390432357788, 0.22280386090278625, -0.3481091856956482, -0.11531937122344971, -0.5191262364387512, -0.8694009780883789, 0.2838231325149536, -0.42694026231765747, 0.12824246287345886, 0.32404661178588867, 0.09870360791683197, 0.8790674209594727, 0.5509923696517944, -0.15794549882411957, -0.41298943758010864, 0.4102175533771515, -0.12861275672912598, 0.04480181634426117, -0.02859479933977127, -0.7086653709411621, 0.6883325576782227, -0.3629831075668335, -0.12081150710582733, -0.23559027910232544, 0.5090146064758301, -0.1723945289850235, -0.3242322504520416, 0.44448593258857727, -0.21219933032989502, 0.22171498835086823, -0.1257028728723526, 0.06696494668722153, 0.17629490792751312, 0.6539272665977478, 0.18104994297027588, -0.4331757724285126, -0.2542860805988312, 0.610255241394043, 0.4520421326160431, -0.051338355988264084, 0.0884491503238678, -0.3624821603298187, -0.07855549454689026, -0.44670557975769043, -0.4587022066116333, 0.3928574025630951, 0.40834489464759827, 0.09734714031219482, -0.3896230161190033, 0.2936094403266907, -0.8446594476699829, 0.02433798462152481, 0.6557644605636597, -0.06897122412919998, 0.20928674936294556, 0.35072845220565796, -0.39496108889579773, -0.5062710046768188, 0.7455247044563293, 0.15991000831127167, 0.6531332731246948, 0.18549518287181854, 0.1491301953792572, 0.49160075187683105, -0.160675510764122, 0.2891467213630676, 0.091698557138443, 0.13800831139087677, 0.1771860420703888, 0.11387839168310165, -0.09636565297842026, -0.016134826466441154, -0.10397901386022568, -0.2708965539932251, -0.25765305757522583, 0.5833814144134521, -0.1138901636004448, 0.551916778087616, 0.29266488552093506, 0.3690177798271179, 0.4431103765964508, -0.3527360260486603, 0.09712020307779312, 0.6568130254745483, -0.39581525325775146, 0.057441480457782745, -0.4047757387161255, -0.05052987486124039, 0.0232915747910738, -0.39354562759399414, 0.2338966578245163, -0.8728406429290771, 0.5519168376922607, -0.37126684188842773, -0.32136204838752747, 0.3371852934360504, 0.6049895286560059, -0.6746765375137329, 0.9174292683601379, 0.2793402373790741, -0.34889665246009827, 0.049271825700998306, -0.2899579107761383, -0.8521347641944885, 0.23405762016773224, 0.016069229692220688, 0.18049898743629456, 0.3916459083557129, -0.45535436272621155, 0.7261472344398499, -0.1218070387840271, -0.043073467910289764, 0.06515881419181824, 0.36481451988220215, -0.0834670439362526, 0.042878296226263046, -0.3517431318759918, -0.27851900458335876, 0.018568554893136024, -0.42238813638687134, 0.16722142696380615, 0.01878775842487812, -0.23288270831108093, 0.04654185101389885, -0.3902233839035034, 0.011635936796665192, 0.27237027883529663, -0.7892363667488098, -0.5726962089538574, -0.21086999773979187, -0.20680497586727142, -0.22545835375785828, 0.4864653944969177, 0.637175440788269, 0.5423849821090698, 0.7093750834465027, 0.36343440413475037, 0.2035159021615982, 0.5048646926879883, -0.4269237220287323, 0.21422919631004333, -0.11426496505737305, -1.1539660692214966, -0.22329741716384888, -0.5892822742462158, 0.8944000005722046, -0.12812994420528412, 0.05876939371228218, -0.44314202666282654, 0.4290420711040497, 0.2645803987979889, 0.6708417534828186, 0.16295669972896576, -0.31788140535354614, 0.1266552209854126, -0.49394604563713074, -0.07751323282718658, 0.10727977752685547, 0.1310233771800995, 0.031089933589100838, -0.09900109469890594, -0.02654784545302391, -0.004736396949738264, -0.5401409268379211, 0.057142432779073715, 0.6903061866760254, -0.2707541882991791, -0.4122084975242615, -0.8166845440864563, -0.06975707411766052, -0.27326756715774536, -1.9111310243606567, 0.7844512462615967, 0.3278047740459442, 0.10143458843231201, -0.2753494679927826, 0.37149813771247864, 0.43962234258651733, -0.05137195065617561, 0.16941754519939423, 0.07585598528385162, 0.45982199907302856, -0.30162227153778076, -0.32440680265426636, -0.6551637649536133, 0.3251619040966034, 0.2064707726240158, -0.8172094821929932, 0.43988215923309326, -0.4134438633918762, 0.5544859766960144, -0.12995022535324097, -0.0996343344449997, 0.5400575995445251, 0.41736429929733276, -0.707509458065033 ]
210592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Dickson	Dorothy Dickson	Dorothy Dickson (July 25, 1893 – September 25, 1995) was an American-born, London-based theater actress and singer. She died two months after her 102nd birthday. Biography Dickson is known mostly for her rendition of the Jerome Kern song "Look for the Silver Lining". She was also a member of the Ziegfeld Follies and made many appearances in New York and abroad. In 1922, she starred in The Cabaret Girl. In 1936, she co-starred with Ivor Novello in his Careless Rapture and, in 1937, in his Crest of the Wave. As for her film career, Dickson starred in a few silent films, including Eastward Ho! (1919) and Paying the Piper (1921). During her early days on the London stage, Dickson was introduced to another future celebrity (as well as centenarian), whose name was Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, later the Queen Mother. The two became close friends and their friendship lasted until Dickson's death at age 102. Her daughter was the actress Dorothy Hyson, who was married to Sir Anthony Quayle. Dorothy Hyson Quayle died, aged 81, one year after her mother's death at age 102. In 2006, Angus McBean's photograph of Dorothy Dickson was used on the poster for an exhibition of his photographs at the National Portrait Gallery, London, as well as on the cover of the accompanying book. Filmography Eastward Ho! (1919) The Silver Lining (1921) Paying the Piper (1921) Headin' North (1921) The Road Is Fine (1930) Channel Crossing (1933) Danny Boy (1934) Sword of Honour (1939) References External links Dorothy Dickson performances in Theatre Archive, University of Bristol 1893 births 1995 deaths American centenarians American stage actresses American expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom 20th-century American actresses Women centenarians	[ -0.3485080897808075, -0.0517156608402729, -1.0319199562072754, -0.29612624645233154, 0.04479337856173515, 0.8443505167961121, 0.5788747072219849, -0.0762515589594841, -0.5460646748542786, 0.022984694689512253, -0.2304101288318634, 0.2506384253501892, 0.22772151231765747, 0.3968285024166107, -0.5604435205459595, 0.24879099428653717, 0.2873642146587372, 0.3778553903102875, -0.0812007337808609, -0.610733151435852, -0.7083806395530701, -0.3333979547023773, 0.4093917906284332, 0.25074294209480286, -0.5818486213684082, 0.4205341637134552, -0.3992757499217987, 0.09566653519868851, 0.6248824000358582, 0.398299902677536, -0.1155610978603363, 0.2054573893547058, 0.7868606448173523, 0.059878427535295486, -0.44864845275878906, 0.371379017829895, -0.21278074383735657, -0.01610902138054371, -0.3007154166698456, -0.15649962425231934, -0.21461017429828644, -0.19847078621387482, 0.5552302598953247, 0.05442886799573898, -0.2962137460708618, -0.508565366268158, -2.1128785610198975, 0.11801876872777939, -0.42433783411979675, -0.5734591484069824, -0.5831652283668518, 0.5848692655563354, 0.7942745685577393, -0.09930528700351715, -0.07732920348644257, -0.4016502797603607, -0.3007853329181671, 0.1315147876739502, -0.09950337558984756, 0.06901080906391144, -0.2886243164539337, -0.298924058675766, 0.7298760414123535, -0.8899133801460266, 0.2982714772224426, 0.26824289560317993, 0.26780346035957336, -0.1725132167339325, -0.08609998971223831, -0.30080440640449524, 0.4179812967777252, 0.8668208122253418, 0.6218144297599792, -0.5304858684539795, 0.16906306147575378, -0.3409333825111389, 0.6859372854232788, -0.021909227594733238, 0.11411744356155396, 0.5644276142120361, -0.2471112757921219, -0.26823246479034424, 0.13357123732566833, 0.568674623966217, -0.012708201073110104, -0.42858314514160156, -0.5164616107940674, 0.5132569074630737, -0.442739337682724, 0.115498386323452, -0.7401431202888489, -0.16195473074913025, -0.15323132276535034, 0.33629968762397766, -0.10146649181842804, -0.011787600815296173, 0.5316005945205688, -0.20953992009162903, 0.15100301802158356, -0.21698209643363953, -0.3734610378742218, -0.421488493680954, 0.09333589673042297, -0.8649362921714783, -0.3893199563026428, 0.7467856407165527, 0.2337626963853836, -0.19927379488945007, -0.27999216318130493, 0.20439550280570984, -0.21972163021564484, -0.16291490197181702, 0.17155909538269043, -0.37007078528404236, 0.11958423256874084, 0.18339677155017853, 0.3910491466522217, 0.274718701839447, -0.9466214179992676, 0.35469457507133484, 0.5176843404769897, -0.31722432374954224, -0.030199434608221054, 0.03323114290833473, -0.5884472727775574, 0.4920121431350708, -0.42079460620880127, 0.14985255897045135, -0.15004071593284607, 0.06314800679683685, 0.183641254901886, 0.5019917488098145, -0.18343468010425568, -0.3151126503944397, -0.2610827088356018, 0.06298365443944931, 0.03329527750611305, -0.09250517189502716, 0.3563682734966278, 0.07190795987844467, -0.25673556327819824, 0.40004292130470276, -0.6451812982559204, 0.023382460698485374, 1.2197442054748535, -0.36045533418655396, 0.023975495249032974, 0.19516228139400482, -0.15985728800296783, -0.4224339723587036, -0.5041743516921997, 0.18066230416297913, 0.4795101583003998, -0.3815487325191498, -0.6216716766357422, -0.13906548917293549, 0.43241527676582336, -0.3496558666229248, 0.2387305349111557, 0.039065875113010406, 0.40063244104385376, 0.234426349401474, 0.0740516409277916, 0.299995094537735, 0.03919393569231033, -0.13766197860240936, -0.29431724548339844, -0.7433667778968811, -0.16950441896915436, 0.20813250541687012, -0.12065320461988449, 0.758263111114502, 0.21530231833457947, 0.429302841424942, -1.031846523284912, 0.18426470458507538, -0.15685056149959564, 0.6686688661575317, -0.4177398979663849, -0.5791118144989014, -0.560666024684906, 0.3218490183353424, -0.03953784704208374, 0.37568703293800354, 0.27176401019096375, 0.8246771693229675, 0.41935086250305176, -0.02982616238296032, 0.41641199588775635, -0.36017829179763794, -0.6614004373550415, -0.7175267934799194, -0.02603050321340561, 0.4973858594894409, 0.39181017875671387, 0.04194781929254532, -0.04042196273803711, 0.016637636348605156, 0.1770036220550537, -0.2144601047039032, 0.01800471358001232, -0.2816009521484375, 0.1441422551870346, -0.0494055449962616, -0.2612839639186859, 0.26291778683662415, -0.05626581609249115, 0.19884739816188812, 0.3623075485229492, 0.42452090978622437, -0.1579665094614029, -0.676174521446228, 0.6872805953025818, 0.5747979283332825, -0.22820526361465454, -0.797293484210968, -1.1246435642242432, -0.0946684405207634, 1.0185223817825317, -0.18865905702114105, 0.033734630793333054, 0.5804703831672668, -0.12367810308933258, -0.2761690020561218, -0.10874777287244797, 0.38448891043663025, -0.24862994253635406, 0.20573803782463074, 0.4741695523262024, 0.24524684250354767, 0.2555987536907196, 0.07350531220436096, 0.16055604815483093, -0.6852990984916687, 0.08294851332902908, -0.03853436931967735, -0.0548546127974987, 0.04625363275408745, -0.08784850686788559, -0.7333928942680359, 0.03039582073688507, 0.036456890404224396, -1.0563534498214722, 0.7111148834228516, -0.15605439245700836, -0.11963164806365967, -0.1228727325797081, -0.4894959628582001, 0.2242661863565445, 0.1582784354686737, 0.5084491968154907, 0.262723833322525, 0.13404899835586548, 0.6929759383201599, 0.05222148820757866, 0.20988482236862183, 0.3539532721042633, -0.2725740969181061, 0.970238447189331, 0.22699813544750214, 0.6305082440376282, 0.343217670917511, 0.06413967162370682, 0.06731180846691132, -0.2651519179344177, -0.14165706932544708, -0.3089781105518341, -0.33560866117477417, -0.3769741952419281, -0.16358894109725952, 0.4965933859348297, -0.2117794156074524, -0.203597292304039, 0.319500207901001, 0.16461239755153656, 0.4731751084327698, -0.03279123082756996, 0.17540797591209412, -0.7448461055755615, -0.949059009552002, 0.3867865204811096, 0.5978162288665771, -0.7178106307983398, -0.13603241741657257, -0.24360118806362152, -0.16556763648986816, -0.03932477906346321, 0.036881957203149796, -0.05336835980415344, -0.11352960765361786, -0.31380951404571533, 0.8341050744056702, -0.7112841010093689, 0.41266223788261414, -0.0057242270559072495, 0.13648439943790436, -0.19283299148082733, 0.44468697905540466, -0.3112752437591553, 0.29678404331207275, -0.0028375526890158653, 0.5198752284049988, -0.10646750777959824, -0.17178766429424286, 0.3528391420841217, 0.511297345161438, -0.2291056364774704, -0.12661699950695038, -5.429768085479736, 0.14307577908039093, 0.22588981688022614, -0.5067099928855896, 0.6870858073234558, -0.27753305435180664, 0.08469359576702118, -0.28195253014564514, 0.2128787338733673, 0.15058638155460358, -0.03479862958192825, 0.09622211009263992, -0.6722770929336548, 0.2618187665939331, 0.3345870077610016, 0.00812357198446989, 0.18766124546527863, -0.5322816371917725, 0.03577783331274986, 0.656620442867279, 0.00275748991407454, -0.6563339233398438, -0.15696825087070465, 0.5471222996711731, 0.3767078220844269, -0.2161075323820114, 0.045039765536785126, -0.17084373533725739, -0.6972187161445618, -0.6168262958526611, -0.3384653925895691, -0.3850535750389099, -0.4649764597415924, -0.1639881432056427, 0.10034871846437454, 0.10975027084350586, 0.39309462904930115, -0.2197512686252594, 0.17446492612361908, -0.26845023036003113, -0.36151278018951416, -0.19160543382167816, -0.5648714900016785, 0.05062304809689522, -0.07647279649972916, -0.2850830852985382, -0.13200104236602783, -0.2743946313858032, 0.08759719133377075, 0.8480667471885681, 0.8807316422462463, 0.05688392370939255, 0.39232200384140015, -0.3927983045578003, 0.35425522923469543, -0.26286259293556213, 0.12813106179237366, 0.08248858898878098, -0.5394408106803894, 0.24455708265304565, 0.5764163732528687, -0.11788847297430038, -0.17110568284988403, -0.10711131989955902, -0.5903358459472656, -0.49962329864501953, -0.24952049553394318, 0.42581290006637573, 0.2214462161064148, -0.5924251675605774, 0.1493299901485443, 0.13593310117721558, 0.12737898528575897, -1.0115087032318115, 0.0640895739197731, -0.2981218993663788, 0.395633727312088, -0.37145715951919556, -0.8563499450683594, -0.1462518274784088, 0.10454170405864716, -0.6021716594696045, 1.0304007530212402, 0.47111251950263977, 0.36234331130981445, -0.10860494524240494, -0.33878087997436523, 0.5380116105079651, -0.5228988528251648, -0.2134491503238678, -0.25150203704833984, -0.21650727093219757, -0.08406715095043182, 0.25870415568351746, 0.42897099256515503, -0.15693718194961548, 0.4671235978603363, 0.43301495909690857, 0.10743817687034607, 0.4683375358581543, -0.5092557668685913, -0.47149690985679626, 0.9499439001083374, -0.508908212184906, 0.39423805475234985, 0.10853530466556549, -0.0894409641623497, -0.32971370220184326, 0.9215660095214844, -0.5372107028961182, 0.19387155771255493, 0.2870284914970398, -0.3015848994255066, -0.5378046631813049, 0.1751926988363266, -0.36655059456825256, 0.4117532968521118, 0.2913159728050232, 0.2921060025691986, 0.36111918091773987, 0.1343926042318344, 0.37770184874534607, 0.1872507631778717, 0.4689553678035736, -0.02265269309282303, 0.039561476558446884, 0.4058457612991333, -0.026041418313980103, -0.38580796122550964, -0.2118941843509674, -0.19861337542533875, 0.12635645270347595, 0.06655839085578918, 0.08634611964225769, 0.38714975118637085, -0.2421480268239975, -0.4507451355457306, 0.0373196080327034, -0.12610195577144623, -0.047079507261514664, -0.06930046528577805, -0.4700215756893158, -0.2700157165527344, 0.3136400282382965, 0.295337438583374, -0.2563127875328064, 0.33705607056617737, -0.46928083896636963, -0.1579877883195877, 0.22596804797649384, 0.022355172783136368, 0.38033896684646606, 0.566518247127533, -0.7050331234931946, -0.2734646201133728, -0.050939593464136124, -0.2969876229763031, -0.5597301721572876, 0.09420055150985718, 0.05533687025308609, -0.6492339372634888, -0.24615369737148285, -0.6778948307037354, 0.27659645676612854, -0.28920525312423706, 0.12665030360221863, -0.017978183925151825, 0.03309880197048187, 0.011576205492019653, 0.45012664794921875, -0.31680187582969666, -0.26882028579711914, 0.015397935174405575, 0.5094264149665833, 0.360637903213501, 0.4387625455856323, -0.4680681824684143, -0.7145823836326599, -0.16132931411266327, -0.2661345899105072, 0.009769286029040813, -0.74672532081604, -1.248890995979309, -0.32804664969444275, 0.16463029384613037, -0.18995244801044464, -0.8310129046440125, -0.3606471121311188, -0.43697407841682434, -0.13957813382148743, -0.35044145584106445, -0.4599437713623047, -0.27327919006347656, 0.8266667723655701, -0.9548739194869995, 0.6173242926597595, 0.22511939704418182, -0.18800468742847443, 0.49476972222328186, 0.05420192703604698, -0.8418693542480469, -0.08554133027791977, -0.6382207870483398, -0.5101988315582275, 0.6523388028144836, -1.130740761756897, 0.20597755908966064, 0.0686262845993042, -0.3717585504055023, 1.1155403852462769, -0.10062413662672043, -0.13610835373401642, 0.07007578015327454, 0.21496431529521942, -0.06301847845315933, 0.16857275366783142, 0.6316653490066528, 0.13667884469032288, -0.13662241399288177, -0.7618491649627686, -0.5972620844841003, -1.030113697052002, 0.005228452384471893, 0.24593175947666168, -0.6910765767097473, 0.19451768696308136, -0.15902909636497498, -0.30626270174980164, 0.4696066975593567, -0.3301904499530792, -0.10177980363368988, 0.2681830823421478, 0.1454969048500061, -0.1417335420846939, -0.10500521212816238, -0.44529059529304504, 0.08095976710319519, 0.18599140644073486, -0.35141056776046753, 0.42881977558135986, 0.3389178216457367, 0.5999024510383606, -0.06023048236966133, 0.3988444209098816, 0.3212137818336487, 0.24698451161384583, -0.37411263585090637, -0.6598217487335205, 0.03900321573019028, -0.1416650414466858, 0.3866596221923828, 0.23912487924098969, -0.23701518774032593, 0.2901639938354492, 0.1357351392507553, -0.561501681804657, -0.15515218675136566, 0.10953227430582047, -0.2574522793292999, -0.008466903120279312, 0.4872564375400543, 0.252544641494751, 0.1989443451166153, 0.16159597039222717, 0.08271295577287674, 0.37071704864501953, -0.002448589541018009, -0.24766990542411804, 0.578549325466156, -0.2878146171569824, -0.05009545013308525, 0.44961661100387573, -0.2531146705150604, 0.2506270706653595, -0.23098419606685638, 0.5685972571372986, 0.2350940704345703, -0.7369731664657593, 0.13172246515750885, -0.3343150317668915, -0.3162684440612793, 0.37133878469467163, -0.2738434374332428, -0.652101457118988, -0.30315908789634705, -0.5531436204910278, 0.2271260917186737, -0.4333086609840393, -0.2618803083896637, -0.3120523691177368, 0.0386665016412735, 0.7344495058059692, 0.019320884719491005, 0.006611695047467947, -0.5908355116844177, 0.11837763339281082, -0.12918618321418762, 1.0502678155899048, -0.2097717970609665, -0.29862168431282043, -0.35636281967163086, 0.20337852835655212, 0.181675523519516, 0.0022551612928509712, 0.3532103896141052, -0.25922659039497375, -0.31698939204216003, -0.967620849609375, -0.8811058402061462, 0.4098864495754242, 0.47477567195892334, 0.14360029995441437, 0.3404128849506378, 0.8555185794830322, -0.22545009851455688, 0.048092518001794815, 0.6787381172180176, -0.00407277699559927, -0.3085874319076538, 0.23565523326396942, -0.5993555188179016, -0.03254273161292076, 0.33137160539627075, -0.10850643366575241, 0.2701320946216583, 0.4100149869918823, 0.6923282146453857, 0.4850423038005829, -0.3046387732028961, 0.7020907998085022, 0.35510173439979553, -0.7569887042045593, 0.7847644090652466, 0.7172448635101318, 0.22226934134960175, -1.0275146961212158, 0.3204185366630554, -0.0495791956782341, 0.31691065430641174, 0.43343794345855713, -0.033444371074438095, -0.11976402252912521, 0.2746347188949585, 0.545689046382904, 0.17250347137451172, 0.004376767203211784, -0.06975598633289337, 0.9938075542449951, -0.6924210786819458, -0.37950506806373596, 0.40121743083000183, 0.535977840423584, 0.3135277032852173, -0.5127418041229248, 1.006324291229248, 0.25461846590042114, 0.6100424528121948, -0.5136947631835938, -0.15212729573249817, 0.14585307240486145, -0.34007981419563293, -0.8015235662460327, 1.1827183961868286, -0.1683502048254013, -0.5694701075553894, -0.1708776205778122, -0.07042411714792252, -0.38905641436576843, 0.11655222624540329, 0.2871318459510803, 0.434567928314209, 0.26078423857688904, -0.4549385905265808, 0.6770057082176208, 0.46396076679229736, 0.4210420250892639, 0.3377480208873749, -0.676441490650177, 0.2717054486274719, 0.04229467734694481, -0.09022331982851028, 0.5969939231872559, 0.23979085683822632, -0.3913438618183136, 0.19406405091285706, -0.7420002818107605, -0.0015408402541652322, -0.08447936177253723, 0.6629000306129456, -0.4015654921531677, 0.7563437819480896, -0.692500114440918, 0.07976390421390533, 0.08656614273786545, 0.12629136443138123, 0.3144591152667999, -0.1996004730463028, 0.6968888640403748, 0.4772883653640747, 0.14257527887821198, 0.4321986734867096, 0.9208583831787109, 0.4665352702140808, 0.3282567858695984, -0.2733747065067291, 0.5131667256355286, -0.14035801589488983, 0.1775515377521515, -0.24259373545646667, -0.3023221790790558, 0.06153404712677002, 0.36499887704849243, -0.2241014540195465, -0.21891924738883972, -0.7602846622467041, -0.19510219991207123, 0.6445274353027344, 0.6863030195236206, -0.3409956693649292, -0.14729970693588257, -0.02624993771314621, 0.2089880108833313, 0.09968148171901703, -0.7277416586875916, -0.0426936075091362, 0.9582614898681641, -0.45282331109046936, -0.5073961615562439, -0.3368290364742279, 0.026182742789387703, -0.09465237706899643, 0.5356112122535706, -0.2886558771133423, -0.18333470821380615, -0.5544666647911072, 0.13391467928886414, 0.053715500980615616, -0.009884366765618324, 0.7638595700263977, -0.7412921190261841, 0.2392902821302414, 0.16882723569869995, -0.062173131853342056, 0.16094689071178436, 0.20902977883815765, -0.033336568623781204, 0.4038696587085724, -0.020496012642979622, 0.24229545891284943, 0.9103372097015381, -0.42302262783050537, -0.8140605688095093, 0.20385679602622986, -0.5243640542030334, -0.17646236717700958, -0.1633870005607605, 0.34418848156929016, -0.06490328907966614, 0.24475756287574768, 0.11963754892349243 ]
210596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable%20bowel%20syndrome	Irritable bowel syndrome	Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), referred to previously as spastic or nervous colon, and spastic bowel, is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms accompanied together that include abdominal pain and changes in the consistency of bowel movements. These symptoms occur over a long time, often years. It has been classified into four main types depending on whether diarrhea is common, constipation is common, both are common (mixed/alternating), or neither occurs very often (IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M/IBS-A, or IBS-U, respectively). IBS negatively affects quality of life and may result in missed school or work. Disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome are common among people with IBS. IBS does not lead to malabsorption. The causes of IBS are not clear. Theories include combinations of gut–brain axis problems, gut motility disorders, pain sensitivity, infections including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, neurotransmitters, genetic factors, and food sensitivity. Onset may be triggered by an intestinal infection or stressful life event. Diagnosis is based on symptoms in the absence of worrisome features and once other potential conditions have been ruled out. Worrisome features include onset at greater than 50 years of age, weight loss, blood in the stool, or a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Other conditions that may present similarly include celiac disease, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bile acid malabsorption, and colon cancer. There is no known cure for IBS. Treatment is carried out to improve symptoms, this may include dietary changes, medication, taking human milk oligosaccharides, probiotics, and counseling. Dietary measures include increasing soluble fiber intake, a gluten-free diet, or a short-term diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs). The medication loperamide may be used to help with diarrhea while laxatives may be used to help with constipation. Antidepressants may improve overall symptoms and reduce pain. Patient education and a good doctor–patient relationship are an important part of care. About 10–15% of people in the developed world are believed to be affected by IBS. The prevalence varies according to country (from 1.1% to 45.0%) and criteria used to define IBS; however pooling the results of multiple studies gives an estimate of 11.2%. It is more common in South America and less common in Southeast Asia. It is twice as common in women as men and typically occurs before age 45. The condition appears to become less common with age. IBS does not affect life expectancy or lead to other serious diseases. The first description of the condition was in 1820, while the current term irritable bowel syndrome came into use in 1944. Classification IBS can be classified as diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), constipation-predominant (IBS-C), with mixed/alternating stool pattern (IBS-M/IBS-A) or pain-predominant. In some individuals, IBS may have an acute onset and develop after an infectious illness characterized by two or more of: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, or positive stool culture. This postinfective syndrome has consequently been termed "postinfectious IBS" (IBS-PI). Signs and symptoms The primary symptoms of IBS are abdominal pain or discomfort in association with frequent diarrhea or constipation and a change in bowel habits. Symptoms usually are experienced as acute attacks that subside within one day, but recurrent attacks are likely. There may also be urgency for bowel movements, a feeling of incomplete evacuation (tenesmus) or bloating. In some cases, the symptoms are relieved by bowel movements. People with IBS, more commonly than others, have gastroesophageal reflux, symptoms relating to the genitourinary system, fibromyalgia, headache, backache, and psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety. About a third of adults who have IBS also report sexual dysfunction typically in the form of a reduction in libido. Cause While the causes of IBS are still unknown, it is believed that the entire gut–brain axis is affected. Recent findings suggest that an allergy triggered peripheral immune mechanism may underlie the symptoms associated with abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Risk factors The risk of developing IBS increases six-fold after acute gastrointestinal infection. Postinfection, further risk factors are young age, prolonged fever, anxiety, and depression. Psychological factors, such as depression or anxiety, have not been shown to cause or influence the onset of IBS, but may play a role in the persistence and perceived severity of symptoms. Nevertheless, they may worsen IBS symptoms and quality of life. Antibiotic use also appears to increase the risk of developing IBS. Research has found that genetic defects in innate immunity and epithelial homeostasis increase the risk of developing both post-infectious as well as other forms of IBS. Stress Publications suggesting the role of the brain–gut axis appeared in the 1990s and childhood physical and psychological abuse is often associated with the development of IBS. It is believed that psychological stress may trigger IBS in predisposed individuals. Given the high levels of anxiety experienced by people with IBS and the overlap with conditions such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, a potential explanation for IBS involves a disruption of the stress system. The stress response in the body involves the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system, both of which have been shown to operate abnormally in people with IBS. Psychiatric illness or anxiety precedes IBS symptoms in two-thirds of people with IBS, and psychological traits predispose previously healthy people to developing IBS after gastroenteritis. Post-infectious Approximately 10 percent of IBS cases are triggered by an acute gastroenteritis infection. The CdtB toxin is produced by bacteria causing gastroenteritis and the host may develop an autoimmunity when host antibodies to CdtB cross-react with vinculin. Genetic defects relating to the innate immune system and epithelial barrier as well as high stress and anxiety levels appear to increase the risk of developing post-infectious IBS. Post-infectious IBS usually manifests itself as the diarrhea-predominant subtype. Evidence has demonstrated that the release of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines during acute enteric infection causes increased gut permeability leading to translocation of the commensal bacteria across the epithelial barrier; this in turn can result in significant damage to local tissues, which can develop into chronic gut abnormalities in sensitive individuals. However, increased gut permeability is strongly associated with IBS regardless of whether IBS was initiated by an infection or not. A link between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and tropical sprue has been proposed to be involved as a cause of post-infectious IBS. Bacteria Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs with greater frequency in people who have been diagnosed with IBS compared to healthy controls. SIBO is most common in diarrhea-predominate IBS but also occurs in constipation-predominant IBS more frequently than healthy controls. Symptoms of SIBO include bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation among others. IBS may be the result of the immune system interacting abnormally with gut microbiota resulting in an abnormal cytokine signalling profile. Certain bacteria are found in lower or higher abundance when compared with healthy individuals. Generally Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are increased and Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteria, and Lactobacillus are decreased. Within the human gut, there are common phyla found. The most common is Firmicutes. This includes Lactobacillus, which is found to have a decrease in people with IBS, and Streptococcus, which is shown to have an increase in abundance. Within this phylum, species in the class Clostridia are shown to have an increase, specifically Ruminococcus and Dorea. The family Lachnospiraceae presents an increase in IBS-D patients. The second most common phylum is Bacteroidetes. In people with IBS, the Bacteroidetes phylum has been shown to have an overall decrease, but an increase in the species Bacteroides. IBS-D shows a decrease for the phylum Actinobacteria and an increase in Proteobacteria, specifically in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Fungus There is growing evidence that alterations of gut microbiota (dysbiosis) are associated with the intestinal manifestations of IBS, but also with the psychiatric morbidity that coexists in up to 80% of people with IBS. The role of the gut mycobiota, and especially of the abnormal proliferation of the yeast Candida albicans in some people with IBS, was under investigation as of 2005. Protozoa Protozoal infections can cause symptoms that mirror specific IBS subtypes, e.g., infection by certain substypes of Blastocystis hominis (blastocystosis). As of 2017, evidence indicates that blastocystis colonisation occurs more commonly in IBS affected individuals and is a possible risk factor for developing IBS. Dientamoeba fragilis has also been considered a possible organism to study, though it is also found in people without IBS. Vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency is more common in individuals affected by irritable bowel syndrome. Vitamin D is involved in regulating triggers for IBS including the gut microbiome, inflammatory processes and immune responses, as well as psychosocial factors. Genetics SCN5A mutations are found in a small number of people who have IBS, particularly the constipation-predominant variant (IBS-C). The resulting defect leads to disruption in bowel function, by affecting the Nav1.5 channel, in smooth muscle of the colon and pacemaker cells. Mechanism Genetic, environmental, and psychological factors seem to be important in the development of IBS. Studies have shown that IBS has a genetic component even though there is a predominant influence of environmental factors. There is evidence that abnormalities occur in the gut flora of individuals who have IBS, such as reduced diversity, a decrease in bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, and an increase in those belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. The changes in gut flora are most profound in individuals who have diarrhoea predominant IBS. Antibodies against common components (namely flagellin) of the commensal gut flora are a common occurrence in IBS affected individuals. Chronic low-grade inflammation commonly occurs in IBS affected individuals with abnormalities found including increased enterochromaffin cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes, and mast cells resulting in chronic immune-mediated inflammation of the gut mucosa. IBS has been reported in greater quantities in multigenerational families with IBS than in the regular population. It is believed that psychological stress can induce increased inflammation and thereby cause IBS to develop in predisposed individuals. Diagnosis No specific laboratory or imaging tests can diagnose irritable bowel syndrome. Diagnosis should be based on symptoms, the exclusion of worrisome features, and the performance of specific investigations to rule out organic diseases that may present similar symptoms. The recommendations for physicians are to minimize the use of medical investigations. Rome criteria are usually used. They allow the diagnosis to be based only on symptoms, but no criteria based solely on symptoms is sufficiently accurate to diagnose IBS. Worrisome features include onset at greater than 50 years of age, weight loss, blood in the stool, iron-deficiency anemia, or a family history of colon cancer, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease. The criteria for selecting tests and investigations also depends on the level of available medical resources. Rome criteria The Rome IV criteria include recurrent abdominal pain, on average, at least 1 day/week in the last 3 months, associated with two or more of the following further criteria: Related to defecation Associated with a change in frequency of stool Associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool Physicians may choose to use one of these guidelines or may simply choose to rely on their own anecdotal experience with past patients. The algorithm may include additional tests to guard against misdiagnosis of other diseases as IBS. Such "red flag" symptoms may include weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, or nocturnal symptoms. However, red flag conditions may not always contribute to accuracy in diagnosis; for instance, as many as 31% of people with IBS have blood in their stool, many possibly from hemorrhoidal bleeding. The diagnostic algorithm identifies a name that can be applied to the person's condition based on the combination of symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation. For example, the statement "50% of returning travelers had developed functional diarrhea while 25% had developed IBS" would mean half the travelers had diarrhea while a quarter had diarrhea with abdominal pain. While some researchers believe this categorization system will help physicians understand IBS, others have questioned the value of the system and suggested all people with IBS have the same underlying disease but with different symptoms. Differential diagnosis Colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism), and giardiasis can all feature abnormal defecation and abdominal pain. Less common causes of this symptom profile are carcinoid syndrome, microscopic colitis, bacterial overgrowth, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis; IBS is, however, a common presentation, and testing for these conditions would yield low numbers of positive results, so it is considered difficult to justify the expense. Conditions that may present similarly include celiac disease, bile acid malabsorption, colon cancer, and dyssynergic defecation. Ruling out parasitic infections, lactose intolerance, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and coeliac disease is recommended before a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome is made. An upper endoscopy with small bowel biopsies is necessary to identify the presence of celiac disease. An ileocolonoscopy with biopsies is useful to exclude Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (Inflammatory bowel disease). Some people, managed for years for IBS, may have non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). Gastrointestinal symptoms of IBS are clinically indistinguishable from those of NCGS, but the presence of any of the following non-intestinal manifestations suggest a possible NCGS: headache or migraine, "foggy mind", chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, joint and muscle pain, leg or arm numbness, tingling of the extremities, dermatitis (eczema or skin rash), atopic disorders, allergy to one or more inhalants, foods or metals (such as mites, graminaceae, parietaria, cat or dog hair, shellfish, or nickel), depression, anxiety, anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, folate deficiency, asthma, rhinitis, eating disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia, autism, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or autoimmune diseases. An improvement with a gluten-free diet of immune-mediated symptoms, including autoimmune diseases, once having reasonably ruled out coeliac disease and wheat allergy, is another way to realize a differential diagnosis. Investigations Investigations are performed to exclude other conditions: Stool microscopy and culture (to exclude infectious conditions) Blood tests: Full blood examination, liver function tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serological testing for coeliac disease Abdominal ultrasound (to exclude gallstones and other biliary tract diseases) Endoscopy and biopsies (to exclude peptic ulcer disease, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and malignancies) Hydrogen breath testing (to exclude fructose and lactose malabsorption) Misdiagnosis People with IBS are at increased risk of being given inappropriate surgeries such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and hysterectomy due to being misdiagnosed as other medical conditions. Some common examples of misdiagnosis include infectious diseases, coeliac disease, Helicobacter pylori, parasites (non-protozoal). The American College of Gastroenterology recommends all people with symptoms of IBS be tested for coeliac disease. Bile acid malabsorption is also sometimes missed in people with diarrhea-predominant IBS. SeHCAT tests suggest around 30% of people with D-IBS have this condition, and most respond to bile acid sequestrants. Comorbidities Several medical conditions, or comorbidities, appear with greater frequency in people with IBS. Neurological/psychiatric: A study of 97,593 individuals with IBS identified comorbidities such as headache, fibromyalgia, and depression. IBS occurs in 51% of people with chronic fatigue syndrome and 49% of people with fibromyalgia, and psychiatric disorders occur in 94% of people with IBS. Channelopathy and muscular dystrophy: IBS and functional GI diseases are comorbidities of genetic channelopathies that cause cardiac conduction defects and neuromuscular dysfunction, and result also in alterations in GI motility, secretion, and sensation. Similarly, IBS and FBD are highly prevalent in myotonic muscle dystrophies. Digestive symptoms may be the first sign of dystrophic disease and may precede the musculo-skeletal features by up to 10 years. Inflammatory bowel disease: IBS may be marginally associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Researchers have found some correlation between IBS and IBD, noting that people with IBD experience IBS-like symptoms when their IBD is in remission. A three-year study found that patients diagnosed with IBS were 16.3 times more likely to be diagnosed with IBD during the study period, although this is likely due to an initial misdiagnosis. Abdominal surgery: People with IBS were at increased risk of having unnecessary gall bladder removal surgery not due to an increased risk of gallstones, but rather to abdominal pain, awareness of having gallstones, and inappropriate surgical indications. These people also are 87% more likely to undergo abdominal and pelvic surgery and three times more likely to undergo gallbladder surgery. Also, people with IBS were twice as likely to undergo hysterectomy. Endometriosis: One study reported a statistically significant link between migraine headaches, IBS, and endometriosis. Other chronic disorders: Interstitial cystitis may be associated with other chronic pain syndromes, such as irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. The connection between these syndromes is unknown. Management A number of treatments have been found to be effective, including fiber, talk therapy, antispasmodic and antidepressant medication, and peppermint oil. Diet FODMAP FODMAPS are short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine. A 2018 systematic review found that although there is evidence of improved IBS symptoms with a low FODMAP diet, the evidence is of very low quality. Symptoms most likely to improve include urgency, flatulence, bloating, abdominal pain, and altered stool output. One national guideline advises a low FODMAP diet for managing IBS when other dietary and lifestyle measures have been unsuccessful. The diet restricts various carbohydrates which are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, as well as fructose and lactose, which are similarly poorly absorbed in those with intolerances to them. Reduction of fructose and fructan has been shown to reduce IBS symptoms in a dose-dependent manner in people with fructose malabsorption and IBS. FODMAPs are fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols, which are poorly absorbed in the small intestine and subsequently fermented by the bacteria in the distal small and proximal large intestine. This is a normal phenomenon, common to everyone. The resultant production of gas potentially results in bloating and flatulence. Although FODMAPs can produce certain digestive discomfort in some people, not only do they not cause intestinal inflammation, but they help avoid it, because they produce beneficial alterations in the intestinal flora that contribute to maintaining the good health of the colon. FODMAPs are not the cause of irritable bowel syndrome nor other functional gastrointestinal disorders, but rather a person develops symptoms when the underlying bowel response is exaggerated or abnormal. A low-FODMAP diet consists of restricting them from the diet. They are globally trimmed, rather than individually, which is more successful than for example restricting only fructose and fructans, which are also FODMAPs, as is recommended for those with fructose malabsorption. A low-FODMAP diet might help to improve short-term digestive symptoms in adults with irritable bowel syndrome, but its long-term follow-up can have negative effects because it causes a detrimental impact on the gut microbiota and metabolome. It should only be used for short periods of time and under the advice of a specialist. A low-FODMAP diet is highly restrictive in various groups of nutrients and can be impractical to follow in the long-term. More studies are needed to assess the true impact of this diet on health. In addition, the use of a low-FODMAP diet without verifying the diagnosis of IBS may result in misdiagnosis of other conditions such as celiac disease. Since the consumption of gluten is suppressed or reduced with a low-FODMAP diet, the improvement of the digestive symptoms with this diet may not be related to the withdrawal of the FODMAPs, but of gluten, indicating the presence of unrecognized celiac disease, avoiding its diagnosis and correct treatment, with the consequent risk of several serious health complications, including various types of cancer. Fiber Some evidence suggests soluble fiber supplementation (e.g., psyllium/ispagula husk) is effective. It acts as a bulking agent, and for many people with IBS-D, allows for a more consistent stool. For people with IBS-C, it seems to allow for a softer, moister, more easily passable stool. However, insoluble fiber (e.g., bran) has not been found to be effective for IBS. In some people, insoluble fiber supplementation may aggravate symptoms. Fiber might be beneficial in those who have a predominance of constipation. In people who have IBS-C, soluble fiber can reduce overall symptoms but will not reduce pain. The research supporting dietary fiber contains conflicting small studies complicated by the heterogeneity of types of fiber and doses used. One meta-analysis found only soluble fiber improved global symptoms of irritable bowel, but neither type of fiber reduced pain. An updated meta-analysis by the same authors also found soluble fiber reduced symptoms, while insoluble fiber worsened symptoms in some cases. Positive studies have used 10–30 grams per day of ispaghula (psyllium). One study specifically examined the effect of dose, and found 20 g of ispaghula (psyllium) were better than 10 g and equivalent to 30 g per day. Medication Medications that may be useful include antispasmodics such as dicyclomine and antidepressants. Both H1-antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers have shown efficacy in reducing pain associated with visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Laxatives For people who do not adequately respond to dietary fiber, osmotic laxatives such as polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, and lactulose can help avoid "cathartic colon" which has been associated with stimulant laxatives. Lubiprostone is a gastrointestinal agent used for the treatment of constipation-predominant IBS. Antispasmodics The use of antispasmodic drugs (e.g., anticholinergics such as hyoscyamine or dicyclomine) may help people who have cramps or diarrhea. A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration concludes if seven people are treated with antispasmodics, one of them will benefit. Antispasmodics can be divided into two groups: neurotropics and musculotropics. Musculotropics, such as mebeverine, act directly at the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, relieving spasm without affecting normal gut motility. Since this action is not mediated by the autonomic nervous system, the usual anticholinergic side effects are absent. The antispasmodic otilonium may also be useful. Discontinuation of proton pump inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) used to suppress stomach acid production may cause small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) leading to IBS symptoms. Discontinuation of PPIs in selected individuals has been recommended as it may lead to an improvement or resolution of IBS symptoms. Antidepressants Evidence is conflicting about the benefit of antidepressants in IBS. Some meta-analyses have found a benefit, while others have not. There is good evidence that low doses of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) can be effective for IBS. With TCAs, about one in three people improve. However, the evidence is less robust for the effectiveness of other antidepressant classes such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs). Because of their serotonergic effect, SSRIs have been studied in IBS, especially for people who are constipation predominant. As of 2015, the evidence indicates that SSRIs do not help. Antidepressants are not effective for IBS in people with depression, possibly because lower doses of antidepressants than the doses used to treat depression are required for relief of IBS. Other agents Magnesium aluminum silicates and alverine citrate drugs can be effective for IBS. Rifaximin may be useful as a treatment for IBS symptoms, including abdominal bloating and flatulence, although relief of abdominal distension is delayed. It is especially useful where small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is involved. In individuals with IBS and low levels of vitamin D supplementation is recommended. Some evidence suggests that vitamin D supplementation may improve symptoms of IBS, but further research is needed before it can be recommended as a specific treatment for IBS. Psychological therapies There is low quality evidence from studies with poor methodological quality that psychological therapies can be effective in the treatment of IBS; however there are no significant adverse effects from psychological therapies for IBS. The mind-body or brain-gut interactions has been proposed for IBS, and is gaining increasing research attention. Hypnosis can improve mental well-being, and cognitive behavioural therapy can provide psychological coping strategies for dealing with distressing symptoms, as well as help suppress thoughts and behaviours that increase the symptoms of IBS. Although the evidence base for effectiveness of psychotherapy and hypnosis is weak and such therapies are in general not recommended, in treatment-resistant cases where pharmacological therapies over a period of at least 12 months have failed to give relief, NICE clinical guidelines recommend that consideration should be given to psychological treatment strategies such as cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], hypnotherapy and/or psychological therapy. Reducing stress may reduce the frequency and severity of IBS symptoms. Techniques that may be helpful include: Relaxation techniques such as meditation Physical activities such as yoga or tai chi Regular exercise such as swimming, walking, or running Vagus nerve stimulation Vagus nerve stimulation has anti-inflammatory effects and its potential for the treatment of IBS is actively researched. Alternative medicine A meta-analysis found no benefits of acupuncture relative to placebo for IBS symptom severity or IBS-related quality of life. Probiotics Probiotics can be beneficial in the treatment of IBS; taking 10 billion to 100 billion beneficial bacteria per day is recommended for beneficial results. However, further research is needed on individual strains of beneficial bacteria for more refined recommendations. Probiotics have positive effects such as enhancing the intestinal mucosal barrier, providing a physical barrier, bacteriocin production (resulting in reduced numbers of pathogenic and gas-producing bacteria), reducing intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, and regulating the immune system both locally and systemically among other beneficial effects. Probiotics may also have positive effects on the gut-brain axis by their positive effects countering the effects of stress on gut immunity and gut function. A number of probiotics have been found to be effective, including Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacteria infantis; but one review found only Bifidobacteria infantis showed efficacy. B. infantis may have effects beyond the gut via it causing a reduction of proinflammatory cytokine activity and elevation of blood tryptophan levels, which may cause an improvement in symptoms of depression. Some yogurt is made using probiotics that may help ease symptoms of IBS. A probiotic yeast called Saccharomyces boulardii has some evidence of effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Certain probiotics have different effects on certain symptoms of IBS. For example, Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus have been found to alleviate abdominal pain. B. breve, B. infantis, L. casei, or L. plantarum species alleviated distension symptoms. B. breve, B. infantis, L. casei, L. plantarum, B. longum, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus have all been found to affect flatulence levels. Most clinical studies show probiotics do not improve straining, sense of incomplete evacuation, stool consistency, fecal urgency, or stool frequency, although a few clinical studies did find some benefit of probiotic therapy. The evidence is conflicting for whether probiotics improve overall quality of life scores. Probiotics may exert their beneficial effects on IBS symptoms via preserving the gut microbiota, normalisation of cytokine blood levels, improving the intestinal transit time, decreasing small intestine permeability, and by treating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth of fermenting bacteria. A fecal transplant does not appear useful as of 2019. Herbal remedies Peppermint oil appears useful. In a meta-analysis it was found to be superior to placebo for improvement of IBS symptoms, at least in the short term. An earlier meta-analysis suggested the results of peppermint oil were tentative as the number of people studied was small and blinding of those receiving treatment was unclear. Safety during pregnancy has not been established, however, and caution is required not to chew or break the enteric coating; otherwise, gastroesophageal reflux may occur as a result of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Occasionally, nausea and perianal burning occur as side effects. Iberogast, a multi-herbal extract, was found to be superior in efficacy to placebo. A comprehensive meta-analysis using twelve random trials resulted that the use of peppermint oil is an effective therapy for adults with irritable bowel syndrome. Research into cannabinoids as treatment for IBS is limited. GI propulsion, secretion, and inflammation in the gut are all modulated by the ECS (Endocannabinoid system), providing a rationale for cannabinoids as treatment candidates for IBS. Only limited evidence exists for the effectiveness of other herbal remedies for IBS. As with all herbs, it is wise to be aware of possible drug interactions and adverse effects. Epidemiology The prevalence of IBS varies by country and by age range examined. The bar graph at right shows the percentage of the population reporting symptoms of IBS in studies from various geographic regions (see table below for references). The following table contains a list of studies performed in different countries that measured the prevalence of IBS and IBS-like symptoms: Gender Women are around two to three times more likely to be diagnosed with IBS and four to five times more likely to seek specialty care for it than men. These differences likely reflect a combination of both biological (sex) and social (gender) factors. People diagnosed with IBS are usually younger than 45 years old. Studies of females with IBS show symptom severity often fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, suggesting hormonal differences may play a role. Endorsement of gender-related traits has been associated with quality of life and psychological adjustment in IBS. Gender differences in healthcare-seeking may also play a role. Gender differences in trait anxiety may contribute to lower pain thresholds in women, putting them at greater risk for a number of chronic pain disorders. Finally, sexual trauma is a major risk factor for IBS, with as many as 33% of those affected reporting such abuse. Because women are at higher risk of sexual abuse than men, sex-related risk of abuse may contribute to the higher rate of IBS in women. History The concept of an "irritable bowel" appeared in the Rocky Mountain Medical Journal in 1950. The term was used to categorize people who developed symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation, but where no well-recognized infective cause could be found. Early theories suggested the irritable bowel was caused by a psychosomatic or mental disorder. Society and culture Names Other names for the condition used in the past included irritable colon, spastic colon, nervous colon, colitis, mucous colitis, and spastic bowel. The terminologies that refer to the colon are inaccurate and discouraged, since the disorder is not limited to this section of the digestive tract. Similarly, the term "colitis" is not accurate as inflammation is not present. Other reasons why these terms were abandoned were to reflect the understanding that the disorder is not a figment of a person's imagination. Economics United States The aggregate cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the United States has been estimated at $1.7–10 billion in direct medical costs, with an additional $20 billion in indirect costs, for a total of $21.7–30 billion. A study by a managed care company comparing medical costs for people with IBS to non-IBS controls identified a 49% annual increase in medical costs associated with a diagnosis of IBS. People with IBS incurred average annual direct costs of $5,049 and $406 in out-of-pocket expenses in 2007. A study of workers with IBS found that they reported a 34.6% loss in productivity, corresponding to 13.8 hours lost per 40 hour week. A study of employer-related health costs from a Fortune 100 company conducted with data from the 1990s found people with IBS incurred US$4527 in claims costs vs. $3276 for controls. A study on Medicaid costs conducted in 2003 by the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy and Novartis found IBS was associated in an increase of $962 in Medicaid costs in California, and $2191 in North Carolina. People with IBS had higher costs for physician visits, outpatients visits, and prescription drugs. The study suggested the costs associated with IBS were comparable to those found for people with asthma. Research Individuals with IBS have been found to have decreased diversity and numbers of bacteroidetes microbiota. Preliminary research into the effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplant in the treatment of IBS has been very favourable with a 'cure' rate of between 36 percent and 60 percent with remission of core IBS symptoms persisting at 9 and 19 months follow up. Treatment with probiotic strains of bacteria has shown to be effective, though not all strains of microorganisms confer the same benefit and adverse side effects have been documented in a minority of cases. There is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) in the treatment of IBS. Mesalazine is a drug with anti-inflammatory properties that has been reported to significantly reduce immune mediated inflammation in the gut of IBS affected individuals with mesalazine therapy resulting in improved IBS symptoms as well as feelings of general wellness in IBS affected people. It has also been observed that mesalazine therapy helps to normalise the gut flora which is often abnormal in people who have IBS. The therapeutic benefits of mesalazine may be the result of improvements to the epithelial barrier function. Treatment based on "abnormally" high IgG antibodies cannot be recommended. Differences in visceral sensitivity and intestinal physiology have been noted in IBS. Mucosal barrier reinforcement in response to oral 5-HTP was absent in IBS compared to controls. IBS/IBD individuals are less often HLA DQ2/8 positive than in upper functional gastrointestinal disease and healthy populations. See also Splenic flexure syndrome Notes References External links Diseases of intestines Ailments of unknown cause Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract Conditions diagnosed by stool test Abdominal pain Chronic pain syndromes Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate	[ -0.09733827412128448, 0.46195679903030396, -0.3546830117702484, -0.6818426251411438, -0.31794771552085876, 0.45457541942596436, 0.5782574415206909, 0.5230604410171509, -0.35818397998809814, -0.5736293792724609, -0.19546830654144287, 0.10605649650096893, -0.6484525799751282, 0.07091066241264343, -0.23547887802124023, 0.5023999214172363, 0.8089959025382996, 0.38407185673713684, -0.49883297085762024, 0.27844345569610596, -0.24555839598178864, -0.396700918674469, 0.11755229532718658, -0.08331833779811859, 0.09616505354642868, -0.06383011490106583, -0.04399635270237923, -0.12343797087669373, -0.1693284809589386, -0.7654449343681335, 0.13772892951965332, 0.6705367565155029, 0.6270352005958557, -0.39349672198295593, -0.30771127343177795, 0.12089131027460098, -0.5327650904655457, -0.33935612440109253, -0.3397436738014221, -0.4471015930175781, -0.4109236001968384, -0.16004176437854767, 0.22260457277297974, 0.5007849931716919, 0.059320904314517975, -0.47154736518859863, -1.5942002534866333, 0.241463765501976, -0.5457552671432495, 0.024509456008672714, -0.044251877814531326, 0.2882314920425415, 0.557713508605957, 0.08465736359357834, 0.16188260912895203, -0.09392399340867996, -1.0185264348983765, -0.5592132210731506, 0.3942375183105469, -0.293511301279068, 0.7874384522438049, 0.07648083567619324, 0.16038018465042114, -0.05595363676548004, -0.07102744281291962, 0.424778550863266, -0.21227197349071503, 0.7464861869812012, -0.20196664333343506, -0.03726363182067871, -0.3823695182800293, -0.14822931587696075, -0.04558313265442848, 0.1604161262512207, -0.1612926423549652, -0.38276660442352295, 0.032464075833559036, -0.34816744923591614, -0.38516560196876526, 0.010815370827913284, 0.16367276012897491, 0.5624767541885376, 0.42920243740081787, 0.17450758814811707, 0.2632601857185364, -0.05288664996623993, -0.4870772361755371, 0.8235360383987427, 0.07463684678077698, 0.4024432301521301, 0.5306054949760437, 0.35164859890937805, 0.4709662199020386, -0.037554461508989334, -0.5149788856506348, -0.04843570664525032, 0.4502640962600708, -0.21427299082279205, 0.12950275838375092, -0.1671046018600464, -0.057042721658945084, 0.2471889853477478, 0.3645498752593994, -0.4426400363445282, 0.4868317246437073, -0.053770605474710464, 0.11267188936471939, -0.08664502203464508, 0.09173122048377991, -0.17889344692230225, -0.869079053401947, 0.4959658086299896, 0.050891242921352386, -0.6422982215881348, -0.2148708701133728, 0.1889929622411728, 0.14745846390724182, -0.08855357021093369, -0.5334145426750183, -0.8963205814361572, -0.0218359362334013, -0.0885896310210228, -0.12608285248279572, 0.22397728264331818, -0.3341750502586365, 0.2127920538187027, -0.3049394488334656, -0.2436324805021286, 0.08763013780117035, 0.9835089445114136, -0.03014393150806427, 0.40541502833366394, -0.36067724227905273, -0.14350226521492004, -0.10061997175216675, 0.15798527002334595, 0.24872928857803345, 0.45755505561828613, 0.7676999568939209, 0.352800190448761, -0.5443118810653687, -0.4567483961582184, -0.5241995453834534, 0.17919234931468964, 0.07708270102739334, -0.18817655742168427, -0.278333842754364, 0.23411627113819122, 0.12802593410015106, -0.43574073910713196, -0.054535750299692154, -0.6067915558815002, -0.31364619731903076, -0.05305908992886543, -0.3264864981174469, -0.6193956732749939, 0.3659262955188751, -0.6188380122184753, 0.45495256781578064, 0.07910686731338501, 0.4538487195968628, 0.413431853055954, -0.7887282371520996, -0.3856230676174164, -0.2304503619670868, -0.1634010374546051, 0.2684800624847412, 0.3081607520580292, 0.14137105643749237, 0.563886284828186, -0.5257548689842224, 0.22609257698059082, 0.4787101745605469, -0.17801326513290405, 0.17616845667362213, 0.024310017004609108, 0.3100162446498871, 0.45486798882484436, 0.3970101773738861, 0.1624482125043869, -0.6715169548988342, 0.1598060578107834, 0.33286812901496887, -0.42045292258262634, 0.4291170537471771, -0.1320691555738449, 0.4017377197742462, -0.7357073426246643, -0.5812516808509827, 0.11111746728420258, -0.6606353521347046, -0.2603127360343933, 0.30484190583229065, 0.299853652715683, 1.2008106708526611, -0.25023820996284485, -0.34395328164100647, 1.0337624549865723, 0.35412895679473877, 0.1845921277999878, 0.1758161038160324, -0.2399974763393402, 0.43998363614082336, 0.05233093351125717, -1.0018893480300903, 0.19846677780151367, 0.10808156430721283, 0.19565153121948242, -0.05878004804253578, 0.4954723119735718, 0.6689439415931702, -0.41793057322502136, 0.07032862305641174, -0.1445004791021347, 0.1709357649087906, -0.2148521989583969, 0.03301863744854927, 0.21643948554992676, -0.2374698370695114, -0.11568766832351685, 0.829374372959137, -0.7155459523200989, -0.000014394429854291957, 0.5714447498321533, 0.18275803327560425, 0.3019598126411438, 0.5881795883178711, -0.0875096470117569, 1.0691636800765991, -0.4462525248527527, 0.33478328585624695, -0.1276814490556717, 0.6572216153144836, -0.2834269404411316, -0.38126763701438904, 0.257909893989563, 0.1545829176902771, -0.8522616028785706, -0.4108475148677826, -0.4416460692882538, 0.01797880232334137, 0.4652595818042755, -0.5213149785995483, 0.4415757954120636, 0.2193099409341812, -0.8023550510406494, -0.5986219048500061, 0.5677264928817749, -0.6572709679603577, 0.028696579858660698, 0.3555310070514679, 1.0503698587417603, 0.418673038482666, -0.6261233687400818, 0.26296404004096985, 0.0586925745010376, 0.38150766491889954, 0.24812370538711548, 0.5795248746871948, -0.18897242844104767, -0.603284478187561, 0.6903784275054932, 0.677751362323761, 0.2840156555175781, -0.3700011670589447, -0.3771728277206421, -0.3008331060409546, -0.21416792273521423, 0.10841582715511322, 0.24660183489322662, 1.459223747253418, -0.03419654071331024, -0.8729671835899353, 0.16375675797462463, -0.037314098328351974, -0.5170488953590393, 0.0021101711317896843, 0.19710426032543182, -0.4560699760913849, -0.2517954111099243, 0.12090563029050827, 0.5108795762062073, 0.5862302780151367, -0.18922121822834015, -0.25646325945854187, -0.18791626393795013, -0.5297474265098572, -0.46885156631469727, -0.2387450486421585, -0.6628840565681458, -0.49464258551597595, 0.69553142786026, -0.011385651305317879, 0.16596272587776184, 0.3377053141593933, -0.40155428647994995, 0.16982868313789368, 0.8919573426246643, 0.7583016157150269, -0.765166699886322, 0.10307818651199341, 0.8979822993278503, -0.10534010082483292, 0.015685463324189186, 0.05668313056230545, 0.19668394327163696, 0.04855397343635559, -0.09421014785766602, -5.526899814605713, 0.008674333803355694, 0.24647215008735657, -0.43077877163887024, 0.22291328012943268, 0.11727908998727798, 0.9315528273582458, -0.3658266067504883, -0.4376932680606842, 0.5893203616142273, 0.42425552010536194, 0.263595849275589, 0.1170254722237587, -0.16029828786849976, -0.2309400737285614, -0.08957197517156601, -0.8602312207221985, 0.056810613721609116, 0.3976079821586609, 0.33991551399230957, 0.191102534532547, 0.1971377283334732, -0.049302730709314346, 0.655013382434845, -0.21255727112293243, 0.15564396977424622, -0.047513481229543686, 0.2896539270877838, -0.8402979373931885, 0.26824504137039185, 0.27339643239974976, -0.34996992349624634, 0.41893261671066284, -0.28311657905578613, -0.2775610089302063, -0.021054483950138092, 0.25464439392089844, 0.14317867159843445, -0.04311050847172737, -0.29355400800704956, -0.611207127571106, 0.1184651255607605, 0.1674806773662567, -0.06184941157698631, 0.28481966257095337, 0.17380917072296143, 0.10441052168607712, -0.6079198718070984, 0.11376188695430756, 0.39343950152397156, 0.23445537686347961, -0.34533095359802246, -0.24593786895275116, 0.21558968722820282, 0.39765480160713196, 0.15419332683086395, -0.061451178044080734, -0.2294652760028839, -0.13825759291648865, 0.05884246155619621, 0.2315085232257843, -0.11861035227775574, -0.7460451126098633, -0.3366788625717163, 0.21163663268089294, -0.016529133543372154, -0.12758180499076843, -0.2321271151304245, 1.141744613647461, -0.04476296901702881, 0.10316937416791916, -0.17480675876140594, 0.22084137797355652, -0.8520306348800659, 0.6241028308868408, -0.5428174138069153, 0.07491113245487213, -0.18391647934913635, 0.0839589312672615, -0.6574018001556396, -0.26755133271217346, -0.033652376383543015, -0.20415811240673065, 0.14051377773284912, 0.5195426344871521, -0.3429577350616455, -0.2823852002620697, 0.24120882153511047, -0.25439873337745667, 0.19827787578105927, 0.5826441049575806, -0.12065675109624863, 0.3159945011138916, 0.4701786935329437, 0.11127026379108429, 0.8036962151527405, 0.2011498212814331, 0.9138746857643127, 0.7107405662536621, -0.05636363849043846, 0.5068864822387695, -0.7309770584106445, 0.037450723350048065, -0.29398760199546814, 0.06597723066806793, 0.24771137535572052, -0.47385501861572266, 0.26210421323776245, 0.9537520408630371, -0.674940288066864, 0.2743147015571594, 0.19686578214168549, -0.14264151453971863, -0.7411201000213623, 0.23082314431667328, -0.017167361453175545, -0.4679322838783264, 0.353630930185318, 0.44331830739974976, -0.057143766433000565, 0.11762264370918274, 0.5525411367416382, -0.5969443917274475, 0.3905584216117859, 0.08695487678050995, 0.09811519831418991, 0.4188082814216614, 0.11920515447854996, -0.14820101857185364, -0.23568452894687653, -0.018342338502407074, -0.26436540484428406, 0.3324110805988312, 0.12509824335575104, -0.10752154141664505, -0.5703215003013611, -0.29345622658729553, 0.41090625524520874, 0.0515236034989357, -0.3733746409416199, -0.2380269467830658, -0.08179527521133423, -0.380812406539917, 0.17422756552696228, 0.12265940010547638, 0.3826747536659241, -0.25181615352630615, -0.28635889291763306, -0.4856121242046356, 0.048322681337594986, 0.540364682674408, -0.4939415752887726, -0.03903404250741005, 0.06482850015163422, -0.6093845963478088, 0.3241661787033081, 0.24589306116104126, 0.5367419123649597, -0.12549695372581482, -0.5500909686088562, 0.2248457968235016, -0.7316524982452393, -0.7759729027748108, -0.32210850715637207, -0.320813924074173, -0.11725795269012451, 0.05827788636088371, -0.8591254949569702, -0.192710280418396, 0.6245138645172119, -0.02518523670732975, -0.04139164090156555, -0.04026290774345398, -0.24111787974834442, 0.32260778546333313, -0.15235182642936707, -0.805596113204956, 0.10323075205087662, -0.2068820744752884, 0.4209473431110382, -0.6352245211601257, -0.08592508733272552, -0.136537566781044, 0.6265747547149658, 0.2153056561946869, -0.2510831356048584, 0.2969113290309906, -0.25166669487953186, -0.4795807898044586, -0.5398262143135071, 0.2093183994293213, 0.06783419847488403, 0.3821314573287964, 0.06385877728462219, -0.13557790219783783, 0.22360984981060028, -0.5576645135879517, -0.0222153477370739, 0.00040622311644256115, -0.17573603987693787, -0.07399781048297882, 0.2186601310968399, -0.1787390261888504, 0.11211254447698593, 0.6243538856506348, -0.4002223312854767, 0.2688411474227905, -0.4053981900215149, -0.7467314600944519, 0.4387141466140747, -0.2338375300168991, -0.8775347471237183, -0.03828447684645653, 1.1495740413665771, -0.5205849409103394, 0.029842453077435493, -0.2524218261241913, -0.8405272960662842, 0.16846604645252228, 0.11056772619485855, -0.1344713568687439, 0.15637145936489105, -0.47306355834007263, 0.08794072270393372, -1.006557822227478, 0.5237995386123657, 0.30061376094818115, -0.7076404094696045, 1.133880853652954, -0.19335058331489563, -0.29874086380004883, 0.5241570472717285, 0.026499755680561066, -0.009012171067297459, -0.5249599814414978, -0.4818841218948364, 0.10001754015684128, 0.012986046262085438, 0.31386011838912964, 0.4826950430870056, 0.14507639408111572, 0.6753026247024536, 0.37344861030578613, -0.34903484582901, -0.062251824885606766, 0.5684076547622681, 0.2672699987888336, -0.9267162084579468, -0.10426381230354309, 0.32136690616607666, 0.652151882648468, -0.09104128926992416, -0.32381635904312134, -0.025403320789337158, 0.5270105004310608, -0.28892216086387634, -0.09095750749111176, -0.6457358002662659, -0.1105644479393959, -0.2758176028728485, -0.02563530020415783, -0.09161525964736938, 0.3253519833087921, 0.48262670636177063, -0.17531444132328033, 0.15971441566944122, -0.12203201651573181, -0.2524144947528839, 0.4747113287448883, -0.5709176063537598, 0.09942838549613953, -0.5732010006904602, 0.7146531939506531, 0.19746911525726318, 0.5178181529045105, 0.046572551131248474, -0.0038952266331762075, -1.0962519645690918, 0.24049735069274902, 0.467752605676651, 0.3305520713329315, -0.44562309980392456, 0.1390155851840973, -0.6162307858467102, 0.9084672927856445, -0.955279529094696, -0.11367619782686234, -0.8706410527229309, -0.6113983392715454, 0.2995987832546234, -0.468901127576828, 0.0802672728896141, -0.17615188658237457, 0.1421099305152893, -0.12997886538505554, -0.012646247632801533, -0.059747643768787384, 0.4214611053466797, -0.7705729603767395, -0.3403332829475403, -0.9924588799476624, 0.0807134211063385, 0.064762182533741, -0.15142172574996948, 0.004033661913126707, 0.15736007690429688, -0.40972214937210083, -1.064479112625122, -0.29083335399627686, -0.08147425949573517, -0.325623095035553, -0.37246888875961304, 0.5522696375846863, 0.7340642213821411, -0.2174789011478424, 0.21655145287513733, -0.03312239050865173, -0.4394865036010742, 0.15502655506134033, 0.7160565257072449, 0.35452592372894287, 0.13270950317382812, 0.40721097588539124, -0.11015517264604568, -0.1082892119884491, 0.5031934380531311, 0.37014999985694885, 0.2749935984611511, 0.5083529353141785, 0.8910855054855347, 0.6926069855690002, 0.03781002387404442, -0.03291872516274452, 0.4589378237724304, 0.012151047587394714, -0.024819007143378258, 0.3837834596633911, -0.7169783711433411, -0.6558648943901062, 0.02186506614089012, 0.17143496870994568, 0.5045749545097351, 0.06903448700904846, 0.16290241479873657, -0.40262043476104736, 0.2537405788898468, 0.19923362135887146, 0.6062601804733276, -0.056228574365377426, -0.6617748141288757, 0.0008664759807288647, -0.3985646367073059, 0.2862902879714966, -0.3043330907821655, -0.05531284585595131, 0.3092438280582428, 0.2515823543071747, -0.6539153456687927, -0.3129567801952362, 0.3166898488998413, -0.10212229192256927, 0.21430057287216187, 0.17124789953231812, 0.3661580979824066, 0.6436203122138977, -0.5125168561935425, 0.07929349690675735, -0.5089150667190552, 0.2199004590511322, 0.3629482686519623, 0.061204951256513596, -0.09085570275783539, -0.5653185248374939, 0.1107076033949852, 0.8135630488395691, 0.40125271677970886, 0.322981595993042, 0.6087720394134521, 0.17511902749538422, -0.12303803116083145, 0.10753226280212402, -0.2487599402666092, -0.31312432885169983, -0.9664663076400757, 0.3531089127063751, 0.06892599910497665, -0.5609425902366638, 0.05733039230108261, -0.10728651285171509, 0.2012232393026352, -0.4909554421901703, 0.1060132160782814, 0.2665400803089142, -0.3064526319503784, 0.4121295213699341, -0.4188400208950043, 0.27071624994277954, 0.5500455498695374, 0.14204266667366028, 0.1510380059480667, 0.11616825312376022, 0.19851523637771606, -0.268307089805603, -0.3598834276199341, -0.5646610856056213, 0.5427183508872986, 0.0851147472858429, 0.7870967388153076, -0.8978590369224548, 0.32138410210609436, -0.17841462790966034, 0.43621382117271423, 0.07153012603521347, 0.5878661870956421, 0.057978227734565735, -0.20593030750751495, 0.5526541471481323, -0.7363462448120117, -0.2279897779226303, -0.5148812532424927, 0.13012462854385376, -0.4429316520690918, 0.3905823528766632, 0.14151005446910858, -0.45791977643966675, -0.11208484321832657, 0.5521606802940369, -0.06347353011369705, -0.43420761823654175, 0.28925079107284546, -0.7398067116737366, 0.46664294600486755, -0.4175143837928772, -0.31422075629234314, -0.06612814962863922, -0.3472600281238556, 0.136185884475708, 0.08996956050395966, 0.34281206130981445, 0.28134679794311523, 0.8631424903869629, -0.7284583449363708, -0.09164192527532578, 0.1419556885957718, 0.3939640522003174, 0.29094988107681274, -0.368013858795166, -0.19133485853672028, -0.28070321679115295, 0.09268709272146225, 0.3506664037704468, -1.071781039237976, -0.4483598470687866, 0.11713451892137527, -0.09347913414239883, 0.17619842290878296, 0.015968509018421173, -0.5084125399589539, -0.3980214297771454, -0.15670166909694672 ]
210597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20Goddard	Robert H. Goddard	Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was an American engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket. Goddard successfully launched his rocket on March 16, 1926, which ushered in an era of space flight and innovation. He and his team launched 34 rockets between 1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as and speeds as fast as 885 km/h (550 mph). Goddard's work as both theorist and engineer anticipated many of the developments that would make spaceflight possible. He has been called the man who ushered in the Space Age. Two of Goddard's 214 patented inventions, a multi-stage rocket (1914), and a liquid-fuel rocket (1914), were important milestones toward spaceflight. His 1919 monograph A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes is considered one of the classic texts of 20th-century rocket science. Goddard successfully pioneered modern methods such as two-axis control (gyroscopes and steerable thrust) to allow rockets to control their flight effectively. Although his work in the field was revolutionary, Goddard received little public support, moral or monetary, for his research and development work. He was a shy person, and rocket research was not considered a suitable pursuit for a physics professor. The press and other scientists ridiculed his theories of spaceflight. As a result, he became protective of his privacy and his work. He preferred to work alone also because of the aftereffects of a bout with tuberculosis. Years after his death, at the dawn of the Space Age, Goddard came to be recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Hermann Oberth. He not only recognized early on the potential of rockets for atmospheric research, ballistic missiles and space travel but also was the first to scientifically study, design, construct and fly the precursory rockets needed to eventually implement those ideas. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center was named in Goddard's honor in 1959. He was also inducted into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1966, and the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976. Early life and inspiration Goddard was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Nahum Danford Goddard (1859–1928) and Fannie Louise Hoyt (1864–1920). Robert was their only child to survive; a younger son, Richard Henry, was born with a spinal deformity and died before his first birthday. Nahum was employed by manufacturers, and he invented several useful tools. Goddard had English paternal family roots in New England with William Goddard (1628–91) a London grocer who settled in Watertown, Massachusetts in 1666. On his maternal side he was descended from John Hoyt and other settlers of Massachusetts in the late 1600s. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Boston. With a curiosity about nature, he studied the heavens using a telescope from his father and observed the birds flying. Essentially a country boy, he loved the outdoors and hiking with his father on trips to Worcester and became an excellent marksman with a rifle. In 1898, his mother contracted tuberculosis and they moved back to Worcester for the clear air. On Sundays, the family attended the Episcopal church, and Robert sang in the choir. Childhood experiment With the electrification of American cities in the 1880s, the young Goddard became interested in science—specifically, engineering and technology. When his father showed him how to generate static electricity on the family's carpet, the five-year-old's imagination was sparked. Robert experimented, believing he could jump higher if the zinc from a battery could be charged by scuffing his feet on the gravel walk. But, holding the zinc, he could jump no higher than usual. Goddard halted the experiments after a warning from his mother that if he succeeded, he could "go sailing away and might not be able to come back." He experimented with chemicals and created a cloud of smoke and an explosion in the house. Goddard's father further encouraged Robert's scientific interest by providing him with a telescope, a microscope, and a subscription to Scientific American. Robert developed a fascination with flight, first with kites and then with balloons. He became a thorough diarist and documenter of his work—a skill that would greatly benefit his later career. These interests merged at age 16, when Goddard attempted to construct a balloon out of aluminum, shaping the raw metal in his home workshop, and filling it with hydrogen. After nearly five weeks of methodical, documented efforts, he finally abandoned the project, remarking, "... balloon will not go up. ... Aluminum is too heavy. Failior crowns enterprise." However, the lesson of this failure did not restrain Goddard's growing determination and confidence in his work. He wrote in 1927, "I imagine an innate interest in mechanical things was inherited from a number of ancestors who were machinists." Cherry tree dream He became interested in space when he read H. G. Wells' science fiction classic The War of the Worlds at 16 years old. His dedication to pursuing space flight became fixed on October 19, 1899. The 17-year-old Goddard climbed a cherry tree to cut off dead limbs. He was transfixed by the sky, and his imagination grew. He later wrote: For the rest of his life, he observed October 19 as "Anniversary Day", a private commemoration of the day of his greatest inspiration. Education and early studies The young Goddard was a thin and frail boy, almost always in fragile health. He suffered from stomach problems, pleurisy, colds, and bronchitis, and he fell two years behind his classmates. He became a voracious reader, regularly visiting the local public library to borrow books on the physical sciences. Aerodynamics and motion Goddard's interest in aerodynamics led him to study some of Samuel Langley's scientific papers in the periodical Smithsonian. In these papers, Langley wrote that birds flap their wings with different force on each side to turn in the air. Inspired by these articles, the teenage Goddard watched swallows and chimney swifts from the porch of his home, noting how subtly the birds moved their wings to control their flight. He noted how remarkably the birds controlled their flight with their tail feathers, which he called the birds' equivalent of ailerons. He took exception to some of Langley's conclusions and in 1901 wrote a letter to St. Nicholas magazine with his own ideas. The editor of St. Nicholas declined to publish Goddard's letter, remarking that birds fly with a certain amount of intelligence and that "machines will not act with such intelligence." Goddard disagreed, believing that a man could control a flying machine with his own intelligence. Around this time, Goddard read Newton's Principia Mathematica, and found that Newton's Third Law of Motion applied to motion in space. He wrote later about his own tests of the Law: Academics As his health improved, Goddard continued his formal schooling as a 19-year-old sophomore at South High Community School in Worcester in 1901. He excelled in his coursework, and his peers twice elected him class president. Making up for lost time, he studied books on mathematics, astronomy, mechanics and composition from the school library. At his graduation ceremony in 1904, he gave his class oration as valedictorian. In his speech, entitled "On Taking Things for Granted", Goddard included a section that would become emblematic of his life: [J]ust as in the sciences we have learned that we are too ignorant to safely pronounce anything impossible, so for the individual, since we cannot know just what are his limitations, we can hardly say with certainty that anything is necessarily within or beyond his grasp. Each must remember that no one can predict to what heights of wealth, fame, or usefulness he may rise until he has honestly endeavored, and he should derive courage from the fact that all sciences have been, at some time, in the same condition as he, and that it has often proved true that the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow. Goddard enrolled at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1904. He quickly impressed the head of the physics department, A. Wilmer Duff, with his thirst for knowledge, and Duff took him on as a laboratory assistant and tutor. At WPI, Goddard joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and began a long courtship with high school classmate Miriam Olmstead, an honor student who had graduated with him as salutatorian. Eventually, she and Goddard were engaged, but they drifted apart and ended the engagement around 1909. Goddard received his B.S. degree in physics from Worcester Polytechnic in 1908, and after serving there for a year as an instructor in physics, he began his graduate studies at Clark University in Worcester in the fall of 1909. Goddard received his M.A. degree in physics from Clark University in 1910, and then stayed at Clark to complete his Ph.D. in physics in 1911. He spent another year at Clark as an honorary fellow in physics, and in 1912 he accepted a research fellowship at Princeton University's Palmer Physical Laboratory. First scientific writings The high school student summed up his ideas on space travel in a proposed article, "The Navigation of Space," which he submitted to the Popular Science News. The journal's editor returned it, saying that they could not use it "in the near future." While still an undergraduate, Goddard wrote a paper proposing a method for balancing airplanes using gyro-stabilization. He submitted the idea to Scientific American, which published the paper in 1907. Goddard later wrote in his diaries that he believed his paper was the first proposal of a way to automatically stabilize aircraft in flight. His proposal came around the same time as other scientists were making breakthroughs in developing functional gyroscopes. While studying physics at WPI, ideas came to Goddard's mind that sometimes seemed impossible, but he was compelled to record them for future investigation. He wrote that "there was something inside which simply would not stop working." He purchased some cloth-covered notebooks and began filling them with a variety of thoughts, mostly concerning his dream of space travel. He considered centrifugal force, radio waves, magnetic reaction, solar energy, atomic energy, ion or electrostatic propulsion and other methods to reach space. After experimenting with solid fuel rockets he was convinced by 1909 that chemical-propellant engines were the answer. A particularly complex concept was set down in June 1908: Sending a camera around distant planets, guided by measurements of gravity along the trajectory, and returning to earth. His first writing on the possibility of a liquid-fueled rocket came on February 2, 1909. Goddard had begun to study ways of increasing a rocket's efficiency using methods differing from conventional solid-fuel rockets. He wrote in his notebook about using liquid hydrogen as a fuel with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. He believed that 50 percent efficiency could be achieved with these liquid propellants (i.e., half of the heat energy of combustion converted to the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases). First patents In the decades around 1910, radio was a new technology, fertile for innovation. In 1912, while working at Princeton University, Goddard investigated the effects of radio waves on insulators. In order to generate radio-frequency power, he invented a vacuum tube with a beam deflection that operated like a cathode-ray oscillator tube. His patent on this tube, which predated that of Lee De Forest, became central in the suit between Arthur A. Collins, whose small company made radio transmitter tubes, and AT&T and RCA over his use of vacuum tube technology. Goddard accepted only a consultant's fee from Collins when the suit was dropped. Eventually, the two big companies allowed the country's growing electronics industry to use the De Forest patents freely. Rocket math By 1912 he had in his spare time, using calculus, developed the mathematics which allowed him to calculate the position and velocity of a rocket in vertical flight, given the weight of the rocket and weight of the propellant and the velocity (with respect to the rocket frame) of the exhaust gases. In effect he had independently developed the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation published a decade earlier in Russia. Tsiolkovsky, however, did not account for gravity nor drag. For vertical flight from the surface of Earth Goddard included in his differential equation the effects of gravity and aerodynamic drag. He wrote: "An approximate method was found necessary ... in order to avoid an unsolved problem in the calculus of variations. The solution that was obtained revealed the fact that surprisingly small initial masses would be necessary ... provided the gases were ejected from the rocket at a high velocity, and also provided that most of the rocket consisted of propellant material." His first goal was to build a sounding rocket with which to study the atmosphere. Not only would such investigation aid meteorology, but it was necessary to determine temperature, density and wind speed as functions of altitude in order to design efficient space launch vehicles. He was very reluctant to admit that his ultimate goal was, in fact, to develop a vehicle for flights into space, since most scientists, especially in the United States, did not consider such a goal to be a realistic or practical scientific pursuit, nor was the public yet ready to seriously consider such ideas. Later, in 1933, Goddard said that "[I]n no case must we allow ourselves to be deterred from the achievement of space travel, test by test and step by step, until one day we succeed, cost what it may." Illness In early 1913, Goddard became seriously ill with tuberculosis and had to leave his position at Princeton. He then returned to Worcester, where he began a prolonged process of recovery at home. His doctors did not expect him to live. He decided he should spend time outside in the fresh air and walk for exercise, and he gradually improved. When his nurse discovered some of his notes in his bed, he kept them, arguing, "I have to live to do this work." It was during this period of recuperation, however, that Goddard began to produce some of his most important work. As his symptoms subsided, he allowed himself to work an hour per day with his notes made at Princeton. He was afraid that nobody would be able to read his scribbling should he succumb. Foundational patents In the technological and manufacturing atmosphere of Worcester, patents were considered essential, not only to protect original work but as documentation of first discovery. He began to see the importance of his ideas as intellectual property, and thus began to secure those ideas before someone else did—and he would have to pay to use them. In May 1913, he wrote descriptions concerning his first rocket patent applications. His father brought them to a patent lawyer in Worcester who helped him to refine his ideas for consideration. Goddard's first patent application was submitted in October 1913. In 1914, his first two landmark patents were accepted and registered. The first, , described a multi-stage rocket fueled with a solid "explosive material." The second, , described a rocket fueled with a solid fuel (explosive material) or with liquid propellants (gasoline and liquid nitrous oxide). The two patents would eventually become important milestones in the history of rocketry. Overall, 214 patents were published, some posthumously by his wife. Early rocketry research In the fall of 1914 Goddard's health had improved, and he accepted a part-time position as an instructor and research fellow at Clark University. His position at Clark allowed him to further his rocketry research. He ordered numerous supplies that could be used to build rocket prototypes for launch and spent much of 1915 in preparation for his first tests. Goddard's first test launch of a powder rocket came on an early evening in 1915 following his daytime classes at Clark. The launch was loud and bright enough to arouse the alarm of the campus janitor, and Goddard had to reassure him that his experiments, while being serious study, were also quite harmless. After this incident Goddard took his experiments inside the physics lab in order to limit any disturbance. At the Clark physics lab Goddard conducted static tests of powder rockets to measure their thrust and efficiency. He found his earlier estimates to be verified; powder rockets were converting only about two percent of the thermal energy in their fuel into thrust and kinetic energy. At this point he applied de Laval nozzles, which were generally used with steam turbine engines, and these greatly improved efficiency. (Of the several definitions of rocket efficiency, Goddard measured in his laboratory what is today called the internal efficiency of the engine: the ratio of the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases to the available thermal energy of combustion, expressed as a percentage.) By mid-summer of 1915 Goddard had obtained an average efficiency of 40 percent with a nozzle exit velocity of . Connecting a combustion chamber full of gunpowder to various converging-diverging expansion (de Laval) nozzles, Goddard was able in static tests to achieve engine efficiencies of more than 63% and exhaust velocities of over 7000 feet (2134 meters) per second. Few would recognize it at the time, but this little engine was a major breakthrough. These experiments suggested that rockets could be made powerful enough to escape Earth and travel into space. This engine and subsequent experiments sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution were the beginning of modern rocketry and, ultimately, space exploration. Goddard realized, however, that it would take the more efficient liquid propellants to reach space. Later that year, Goddard designed an elaborate experiment at the Clark physics lab and proved that a rocket would perform in a vacuum such as that in space. He believed it would, but many other scientists were not yet convinced. His experiment demonstrated that a rocket's performance actually decreases under atmospheric pressure. In September 1906 he wrote in his notebook about using the repulsion of electrically charged particles (ions) to produce thrust. From 1916 to 1917, Goddard built and tested the first known experimental ion thrusters, which he thought might be used for propulsion in the near-vacuum conditions of outer space. The small glass engines he built were tested at atmospheric pressure, where they generated a stream of ionized air. Smithsonian Institution sponsorship By 1916, the cost of Goddard's rocket research had become too great for his modest teaching salary to bear. He began to solicit potential sponsors for financial assistance, beginning with the Smithsonian Institution, the National Geographic Society, and the Aero Club of America. In his letter to the Smithsonian in September 1916, Goddard claimed he had achieved a 63% efficiency and a nozzle velocity of almost . With these performance levels, he believed a rocket could vertically lift a weight of to a height of with an initial launch weight of only . (Earth's atmosphere can be considered to end at altitude, where its drag effect on orbiting satellites becomes minimal.) The Smithsonian was interested and asked Goddard to elaborate upon his initial inquiry. Goddard responded with a detailed manuscript he had already prepared, entitled A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. In January 1917, the Smithsonian agreed to provide Goddard with a five-year grant totaling . Afterward, Clark was able to contribute and the use of their physics lab to the project. Worcester Polytechnic Institute also allowed him to use its abandoned Magnetics Laboratory on the edge of campus during this time, as a safe place for testing. WPI also made some parts in their machine shop. Goddard's fellow Clark scientists were astonished at the unusually large Smithsonian grant for rocket research, which they thought was not real science. Decades later, rocket scientists who knew how much it cost to research and develop rockets said that he had received little financial support. Two years later, at the insistence of Dr. Arthur G. Webster, the world-renowned head of Clark's physics department, Goddard arranged for the Smithsonian to publish the paper, A Method..., which documented his work. While at Clark University, Goddard did research into solar power using a parabolic dish to concentrate the Sun's rays on a machined piece of quartz, that was sprayed with mercury, which then heated water and drove an electric generator. Goddard believed his invention had overcome all the obstacles that had previously defeated other scientists and inventors, and he had his findings published in the November 1929 issue of Popular Science. Goddard's military rocket Not all of Goddard's early work was geared toward space travel. As the United States entered World War I in 1917, the country's universities began to lend their services to the war effort. Goddard believed his rocket research could be applied to many different military applications, including mobile artillery, field weapons and naval torpedoes. He made proposals to the Navy and Army. No record exists in his papers of any interest by the Navy to Goddard's inquiry. However, Army Ordnance was quite interested, and Goddard met several times with Army personnel. During this time, Goddard was also contacted, in early 1918, by a civilian industrialist in Worcester about the possibility of manufacturing rockets for the military. However, as the businessman's enthusiasm grew, so did Goddard's suspicion. Talks eventually broke down as Goddard began to fear his work might be appropriated by the business. However, an Army Signal Corps officer tried to make Goddard cooperate, but he was called off by General George Squier of the Signal Corps who had been contacted by Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Walcott. Goddard became leery of working with corporations and was careful to secure patents to "protect his ideas." These events led to the Signal Corps sponsoring Goddard's work during World War I. Goddard proposed to the Army an idea for a tube-based rocket launcher as a light infantry weapon. The launcher concept became the precursor to the bazooka. The rocket-powered, recoil-free weapon was the brainchild of Goddard as a side project (under Army contract) of his work on rocket propulsion. Goddard, during his tenure at Clark University, and working at Mount Wilson Observatory for security reasons, designed the tube-fired rocket for military use during World War I. He and his co-worker Dr. Clarence N. Hickman successfully demonstrated his rocket to the U.S. Army Signal Corps at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, on November 6, 1918, using two music stands for a launch platform. The Army was impressed, but the Compiègne Armistice was signed only five days later, and further development was discontinued as World War I ended. The delay in the development of the bazooka and other weapons was a result of the long recovery period required from Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis. Goddard continued to be a part-time consultant to the U.S. Government at Indian Head, Maryland, until 1923, but his focus had turned to other research involving rocket propulsion, including work with liquid fuels and liquid oxygen. Later, the former Clark University researcher Dr. Clarence N. Hickman and Army officers Col. Leslie Skinner and Lt. Edward Uhl continued Goddard's work on the bazooka. A shaped-charge warhead was attached to the rocket, leading to the tank-killing weapon used in World War II and to many other powerful rocket weapons. A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes In 1919 Goddard thought that it would be premature to disclose the results of his experiments because his engine was not sufficiently developed. Dr. Webster realized that Goddard had accomplished a good deal of fine work and insisted that Goddard publish his progress so far or he would take care of it himself, so Goddard asked the Smithsonian Institution if it would publish the report, updated with notes, that he had submitted in late 1916. In late 1919, the Smithsonian published Goddard's groundbreaking work, A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. The report describes Goddard's mathematical theories of rocket flight, his experiments with solid-fuel rockets, and the possibilities he saw of exploring Earth's atmosphere and beyond. Along with Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's earlier work, The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices, which was not widely disseminated outside Russia, Goddard's report is regarded as one of the pioneering works of the science of rocketry, and 1750 copies were distributed worldwide. Goddard also sent a copy to individuals who requested one, until his personal supply was exhausted. Smithsonian aerospace historian Frank Winter said that this paper was "one of the key catalysts behind the international rocket movement of the 1920s and 30s." Goddard described extensive experiments with solid-fuel rocket engines burning high-grade nitrocellulose smokeless powder. A critical breakthrough was the use of the steam turbine nozzle invented by the Swedish inventor Gustaf de Laval. The de Laval nozzle allows the most efficient (isentropic) conversion of the energy of hot gases into forward motion. By means of this nozzle, Goddard increased the efficiency of his rocket engines from two percent to 64 percent and obtained supersonic exhaust velocities of over Mach 7. Though most of this work dealt with the theoretical and experimental relations between propellant, rocket mass, thrust, and velocity, a final section, entitled "Calculation of minimum mass required to raise one pound to an 'infinite' altitude," discussed the possible uses of rockets, not only to reach the upper atmosphere but to escape from Earth's gravitation altogether. He determined, using an approximate method to solve his differential equation of motion for vertical flight, that a rocket with an effective exhaust velocity (see specific impulse) of 7000 feet per second and an initial weight of 602 pounds would be able to send a one-pound payload to an infinite height. Included as a thought experiment was the idea of launching a rocket to the Moon and igniting a mass of flash powder on its surface, so as to be visible through a telescope. He discussed the matter seriously, down to an estimate of the amount of powder required. Goddard's conclusion was that a rocket with starting mass of 3.21 tons could produce a flash "just visible" from Earth, assuming a final payload weight of 10.7 pounds. Goddard eschewed publicity, because he did not have time to reply to criticism of his work, and his imaginative ideas about space travel were shared only with private groups he trusted. He did, though, publish and talk about the rocket principle and sounding rockets, since these subjects were not too "far out." In a letter to the Smithsonian, dated March 1920, he discussed: photographing the Moon and planets from rocket-powered fly-by probes, sending messages to distant civilizations on inscribed metal plates, the use of solar energy in space, and the idea of high-velocity ion propulsion. In that same letter, Goddard clearly describes the concept of the ablative heat shield, suggesting the landing apparatus be covered with "layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between" designed to erode in the same way as the surface of a meteor. Publicity and criticism The publication of Goddard's document gained him national attention from U.S. newspapers, most of it negative. Although Goddard's discussion of targeting the moon was only a small part of the work as a whole (eight lines on the next to last page of 69 pages), and was intended as an illustration of the possibilities rather than a declaration of intent, the papers sensationalized his ideas to the point of misrepresentation and ridicule. Even the Smithsonian had to abstain from publicity because of the amount of ridiculous correspondence received from the general public. David Lasser, who co-founded the American Rocket Society (ARS), wrote in 1931 that Goddard was subjected in the press to the "most violent attacks." On January 12, 1920, a front-page story in The New York Times, "Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon", reported a Smithsonian press release about a "multiple-charge, high-efficiency rocket." The chief application envisaged was "the possibility of sending recording apparatus to moderate and extreme altitudes within the Earth's atmosphere", the advantage over balloon-carried instruments being ease of recovery, since "the new rocket apparatus would go straight up and come straight down." But it also mentioned a proposal "to [send] to the dark part of the new moon a sufficiently large amount of the most brilliant flash powder which, in being ignited on impact, would be plainly visible in a powerful telescope. This would be the only way of proving that the rocket had really left the attraction of the earth, as the apparatus would never come back, once it had escaped that attraction." New York Times editorial On January 13, 1920, the day after its front-page story about Goddard's rocket, an unsigned New York Times editorial, in a section entitled "Topics of the Times", scoffed at the proposal. The article, which bore the title "A Severe Strain on Credulity", began with apparent approval, but soon went on to cast serious doubt: As a method of sending a missile to the higher, and even highest, part of the earth's atmospheric envelope, Professor Goddard's multiple-charge rocket is a practicable, and therefore promising device. Such a rocket, too, might carry self-recording instruments, to be released at the limit of its flight, and conceivable parachutes would bring them safely to the ground. It is not obvious, however, that the instruments would return to the point of departure; indeed, it is obvious that they would not, for parachutes drift exactly as balloons do. The article pressed further on Goddard's proposal to launch rockets beyond the atmosphere: [A]fter the rocket quits our air and really starts on its longer journey, its flight would be neither accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left. To claim that it would be is to deny a fundamental law of dynamics, and only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen, so few and fit, are licensed to do that. ... Of course, [Goddard] only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools. The basis of that criticism was the then-common belief that thrust was produced by the rocket exhaust pushing against the atmosphere; Goddard realized that Newton's third law (reaction) was the actual principle and that thrust was possible in a vacuum. Aftermath A week after the New York Times editorial, Goddard released a signed statement to the Associated Press, attempting to restore reason to what had become a sensational story: Too much attention has been concentrated on the proposed flash pow[d]er experiment, and too little on the exploration of the atmosphere. ... Whatever interesting possibilities there may be of the method that has been proposed, other than the purpose for which it was intended, no one of them could be undertaken without first exploring the atmosphere. In 1924, Goddard published an article, "How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum", in Popular Science, in which he explained the physics and gave details of the vacuum experiments he had performed to prove the theory. But, no matter how he tried to explain his results, he was not understood by the majority. After one of Goddard's experiments in 1929, a local Worcester newspaper carried the mocking headline "Moon rocket misses target by 238,799 miles." Though the unimaginative public chuckled at the "moon man," his groundbreaking paper was read seriously by many rocketeers in America, Europe, and Russia who were stirred to build their own rockets. This work was his most important contribution to the quest to "aim for the stars." Goddard worked alone with just his team of mechanics and machinists for many years. This was a result of the harsh criticism from the media and other scientists, and his understanding of the military applications which foreign powers might use. Goddard became increasingly suspicious of others and often worked alone, except during the two World Wars, which limited the impact of much of his work. Another limiting factor was the lack of support from the American government, military and academia, all failing to understand the value of the rocket to study the atmosphere and near space, and for military applications. Nevertheless, Goddard had some influence on European rocketry pioneers like Hermann Oberth and his student Max Valier, at least as proponent of the idea of space rocketry and source of inspiration, although each side developed their technology and its scientific basis independently. Eventually Fritz von Opel was instrumental in popularizing rockets as means of propulsion for vehicles. In the 1920s, he initiated together with Max Valier, co-founder of the "Verein für Raumschiffahrt", the world's first rocket program, Opel-RAK, leading to speed records for automobiles, rail vehicles and the first manned rocket-powered flight in September of 1929. Months earlier in 1928, one of his rocket-powered prototypes, the Opel RAK2, reached piloted by von Opel himself at the AVUS speedway in Berlin a record speed of 238 km/h, watched by 3000 spectators and world media, among them Fritz Lang, director of Metropolis and Woman in the Moon, world boxing champion Max Schmeling and many more sports and show business celebrities. A world record for rail vehicles was reached with RAK3 and a top speed of 256 km/h. After these successes, von Opel piloted the world's first public rocket-powered flight using Opel RAK.1, a rocket plane designed by Julius Hatry. World media reported on these efforts, including UNIVERSAL Newsreel of the US, causing as "Raketen-Rummel" or "Rocket Rumble" immense global public excitement, and in particular in Germany, where inter alia Wernher von Braun was highly influenced. The Great Depression led to an end of the Opel-RAK program, but Max Valier continued the efforts. After switching from solid-fuel to liquid-fuel rockets, he died while testing and is considered the first fatality of the dawning space age. As an 18-year-old von Braun also became a student of Oberth and eventually the head of the Nazi era rocket program. As Germany became ever more war-like, Goddard refused to communicate with German rocket experimenters, though he received more and more of their correspondence. Via Wernher von Braun and his team joining the US post-war programs there is nevertheless an indirect line of scientific and technology tradition from NASA back to Goddard. 'A Correction' Forty-nine years after its editorial mocking Goddard, on July 17, 1969—the day after the launch of Apollo 11—The New York Times published a short item under the headline "A Correction." The three-paragraph statement summarized its 1920 editorial and concluded: Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th Century and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error. First liquid-fueled flight Goddard began considering liquid propellants, including hydrogen and oxygen, as early as 1909. He knew that hydrogen and oxygen was the most efficient fuel/oxidizer combination. Liquid hydrogen was not readily available in 1921, however, and he selected gasoline as the safest fuel to handle. First static tests Goddard began experimenting with liquid oxidizer, liquid fuel rockets in September 1921, and successfully tested the first liquid propellant engine in November 1923. It had a cylindrical combustion chamber, using impinging jets to mix and atomize liquid oxygen and gasoline. In 1924–25, Goddard had problems developing a high-pressure piston pump to send fuel to the combustion chamber. He wanted to scale up the experiments, but his funding would not allow such growth. He decided to forego the pumps and use a pressurized fuel feed system applying pressure to the fuel tank from a tank of inert gas, a technique that is still used today. The liquid oxygen, some of which evaporated, provided its own pressure. On December 6, 1925, he tested the simpler pressure feed system. He conducted a static test on the firing stand at the Clark University physics laboratory. The engine successfully lifted its own weight in a 27-second test in the static rack. It was a major success for Goddard, proving that a liquid fuel rocket was possible. The test moved Goddard an important step closer to launching a rocket with liquid fuel. Goddard conducted an additional test in December, and two more in January 1926. After that, he began preparing for a possible launch of the rocket system. First flight Goddard launched the world's first liquid-fueled (gasoline and liquid oxygen) rocket on March 16, 1926, in Auburn, Massachusetts. Present at the launch were his crew chief Henry Sachs, Esther Goddard, and Percy Roope, who was Clark's assistant professor in the physics department. Goddard's diary entry of the event was notable for its understatement: March 16. Went to Auburn with S[achs] in am. E[sther] and Mr. Roope came out at 1 p.m. Tried rocket at 2.30. It rose 41 feet & went 184 feet, in 2.5 secs., after the lower half of the nozzle burned off. Brought materials to lab. ... His diary entry the next day elaborated: March 17, 1926. The first flight with a rocket using liquid propellants was made yesterday at Aunt Effie's farm in Auburn. ... Even though the release was pulled, the rocket did not rise at first, but the flame came out, and there was a steady roar. After a number of seconds it rose, slowly until it cleared the frame, and then at express train speed, curving over to the left, and striking the ice and snow, still going at a rapid rate. The rocket, which was later dubbed "Nell", rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight that ended 184 feet away in a cabbage field, but it was an important demonstration that liquid fuels and oxidizers were possible propellants for larger rockets. The launch site is now a National Historic Landmark, the Goddard Rocket Launching Site. Viewers familiar with more modern rocket designs may find it difficult to distinguish the rocket from its launching apparatus in the well-known picture of "Nell". The complete rocket is significantly taller than Goddard but does not include the pyramidal support structure which he is grasping. The rocket's combustion chamber is the small cylinder at the top; the nozzle is visible beneath it. The fuel tank, which is also part of the rocket, is the larger cylinder opposite Goddard's torso. The fuel tank is directly beneath the nozzle and is protected from the motor's exhaust by an asbestos cone. Asbestos-wrapped aluminum tubes connect the motor to the tanks, providing both support and fuel transport. This layout is no longer used, since the experiment showed that this was no more stable than placing the combustion chamber and nozzle at the base. By May, after a series of modifications to simplify the plumbing, the combustion chamber and nozzle were placed in the now classic position, at the lower end of the rocket. Goddard determined early that fins alone were not sufficient to stabilize the rocket in flight and keep it on the desired trajectory in the face of winds aloft and other disturbing forces. He added movable vanes in the exhaust, controlled by a gyroscope, to control and steer his rocket. (The Germans used this technique in their V-2.) He also introduced the more efficient swiveling engine in several rockets, basically the method used to steer large liquid-propellant missiles and launchers today. Lindbergh and Goddard After launch of one of Goddard's rockets in July 1929 again gained the attention of the newspapers, Charles Lindbergh learned of his work in a New York Times article. At the time, Lindbergh had begun to wonder what would become of aviation (even space flight) in the distant future and had settled on jet propulsion and rocket flight as a probable next step. After checking with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and being assured that Goddard was a bona fide physicist and not a crackpot, he phoned Goddard in November 1929. Professor Goddard met the aviator soon after in his office at Clark University. Upon meeting Goddard, Lindbergh was immediately impressed by his research, and Goddard was similarly impressed by the flier's interest. He discussed his work openly with Lindbergh, forming an alliance that would last for the rest of his life. While having long since become reluctant to share his ideas, Goddard showed complete openness with those few who shared his dream, and whom he felt he could trust. By late 1929, Goddard had been attracting additional notoriety with each rocket launch. He was finding it increasingly difficult to conduct his research without unwanted distractions. Lindbergh discussed finding additional financing for Goddard's work and lent his famous name to Goddard's work. In 1930 Lindbergh made several proposals to industry and private investors for funding, which proved all but impossible to find following the recent U.S. stock market crash in October 1929. Guggenheim sponsorship In the spring of 1930, Lindbergh finally found an ally in the Guggenheim family. Financier Daniel Guggenheim agreed to fund Goddard's research over the next four years for a total of $100,000 (~$ today). The Guggenheim family, especially Harry Guggenheim, would continue to support Goddard's work in the years to come. The Goddards soon moved to Roswell, New Mexico Because of the military potential of the rocket, Goddard, Lindbergh, Harry Guggenheim, the Smithsonian Institution and others tried in 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II, to convince the Army and Navy of its value. Goddard's services were offered, but there was no interest, initially. Two young, imaginative military officers eventually got the services to attempt to contract with Goddard just prior to the war. The Navy beat the Army to the punch and secured his services to build variable-thrust, liquid-fueled rocket engines for jet-assisted take-off (JATO) of aircraft. These rocket engines were the precursors to the larger throttlable rocket plane engines that helped launch the space age. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin wrote that his father, Edwin Aldrin Sr. "was an early supporter of Robert Goddard." The elder Aldrin was a student of physics under Goddard at Clark, and worked with Lindbergh to obtain the help of the Guggenheims. Buzz believed that if Goddard had received military support as Wernher von Braun's team had enjoyed in Germany, American rocket technology would have developed much more rapidly in World War II. Lack of vision in the United States Before World War II there was a lack of vision and serious interest in the United States concerning the potential of rocketry, especially in Washington. Although the Weather Bureau was interested beginning in 1929 in Goddard's rocket for atmospheric research, the Bureau could not secure governmental funding. Between the World Wars, the Guggenheim Foundation was the main source of funding for Goddard's research. Goddard's liquid-fueled rocket was neglected by his country, according to aerospace historian Eugene Emme, but was noticed and advanced by other nations, especially the Germans. Goddard showed remarkable prescience in 1923 in a letter to the Smithsonian. He knew that the Germans were very interested in rocketry and said he "would not be surprised if the research would become something in the nature of a race," and he wondered how soon the European "theorists" would begin to build rockets. In 1936, the U.S. military attaché in Berlin asked Charles Lindbergh to visit Germany and learn what he could of their progress in aviation. Although the Luftwaffe showed him their factories and were open concerning their growing airpower, they were silent on the subject of rocketry. When Lindbergh told Goddard of this behavior, Goddard said, "Yes, they must have plans for the rocket. When will our own people in Washington listen to reason?" Most of the U.S.'s largest universities were also slow to realize rocketry's potential. Just before World War II, the head of the aeronautics department at MIT, at a meeting held by the Army Air Corps to discuss project funding, said that the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) "can take the Buck Rogers Job [rocket research]." In 1941, Goddard tried to recruit an engineer for his team from MIT but couldn't find one who was interested. There were some exceptions: MIT was at least teaching basic rocketry, and Caltech had courses in rocketry and aerodynamics. After the war, Dr. Jerome Hunsaker of MIT, having studied Goddard's patents, stated that "Every liquid-fuel rocket that flies is a Goddard rocket." While away in Roswell, Goddard was still head of the physics department at Clark University, and Clark allowed him to devote most of his time to rocket research. Likewise, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) permitted astronomer Samuel Herrick to pursue research in space vehicle guidance and control, and shortly after the war to teach courses in spacecraft guidance and orbit determination. Herrick began corresponding with Goddard in 1931 and asked if he should work in this new field, which he named astrodynamics. Herrick said that Goddard had the vision to advise and encourage him in his use of celestial mechanics "to anticipate the basic problem of space navigation." Herrick's work contributed substantially to America's readiness to control flight of Earth satellites and send men to the Moon and back. Roswell, New Mexico With new financial backing, Goddard eventually relocated to Roswell, New Mexico, in summer of 1930, where he worked with his team of technicians in near-isolation and relative secrecy for years. He had consulted a meteorologist as to the best area to do his work, and Roswell seemed ideal. Here they would not endanger anyone, would not be bothered by the curious and would experience a more moderate climate (which was also better for Goddard's health). The locals valued personal privacy, knew Goddard desired his, and when travelers asked where Goddard's facilities were located, they would likely be misdirected. By September 1931, his rockets had the now familiar appearance of a smooth casing with tail-fins. He began experimenting with gyroscopic guidance and made a flight test of such a system in April 1932. A gyroscope mounted on gimbals electrically controlled steering vanes in the exhaust, similar to the system used by the German V-2 over 10 years later. Though the rocket crashed after a short ascent, the guidance system had worked, and Goddard considered the test a success. A temporary loss of funding from the Guggenheims, as a result of the depression, forced Goddard in spring of 1932 to return to his much-loathed professorial responsibilities at Clark University. He remained at the university until the autumn of 1934, when funding resumed. Because of the death of the senior Daniel Guggenheim, the management of funding was taken on by his son, Harry Guggenheim. Upon his return to Roswell, he began work on his A series of rockets, 4 to 4.5 meters long, and powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen pressurized with nitrogen. The gyroscopic control system was housed in the middle of the rocket, between the propellant tanks. The A-4 used a simpler pendulum system for guidance, as the gyroscopic system was being repaired. On March 8, 1935, it flew up to 1,000 feet, then turned into the wind and, Goddard reported, "roared in a powerful descent across the prairie, at close to, or at, the speed of sound." On March 28, 1935, the A-5 successfully flew vertically to an altitude of (0.91 mi; 4,800 ft) using his gyroscopic guidance system. It then turned to a nearly horizontal path, flew 13,000 feet and achieved a maximum speed of 550 miles per hour. Goddard was elated because the guidance system kept the rocket on a vertical path so well. In 1936–1939, Goddard began work on the K and L series rockets, which were much more massive and designed to reach very high altitude. The K series consisted of static bench tests of a more powerful engine, achieving a thrust of 624 lbs in February 1936. This work was plagued by trouble with chamber burn-through. In 1923, Goddard had built a regeneratively cooled engine, which circulated liquid oxygen around the outside of the combustion chamber, but he deemed the idea too complicated. He then used a curtain cooling method that involved spraying excess gasoline, which evaporated around the inside wall of the combustion chamber, but this scheme did not work well, and the larger rockets failed. Goddard returned to a smaller design, and his L-13 reached an altitude of 2.7 kilometers (1.7 mi; 8,900 ft), the highest of any of his rockets. Weight was reduced by using thin-walled fuel tanks wound with high-tensile-strength wire. Goddard experimented with many of the features of today's large rockets, such as multiple combustion chambers and nozzles. In November 1936, he flew the world's first rocket (L-7) with multiple chambers, hoping to increase thrust without increasing the size of a single chamber. It had four combustion chambers, reached a height of 200 feet, and corrected its vertical path using blast vanes until one chamber burned through. This flight demonstrated that a rocket with multiple combustion chambers could fly stably and be easily guided. In July 1937 he replaced the guidance vanes with a movable tail section containing a single combustion chamber, as if on gimbals (thrust vectoring). The flight was of low altitude, but a large disturbance, probably caused by a change in the wind velocity, was corrected back to vertical. In an August test the flight path was corrected seven times by the movable tail and was captured on film by Mrs Goddard. From 1940 to 1941, Goddard worked on the P series of rockets, which used propellant turbopumps (also powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen). The lightweight pumps produced higher propellant pressures, permitting a more powerful engine (greater thrust) and a lighter structure (lighter tanks and no pressurization tank), but two launches both ended in crashes after reaching an altitude of only a few hundred feet. The turbopumps worked well, however, and Goddard was pleased. When Goddard mentioned the need for turbopumps, Harry Guggenheim suggested that he contact pump manufacturers to aid him. None were interested, as the development cost of these miniature pumps was prohibitive. Goddard's team was therefore left on its own and from September 1938 to June 1940 designed and tested the small turbopumps and gas generators to operate the turbines. Esther later said that the pump tests were "the most trying and disheartening phase of the research." Goddard was able to flight-test many of his rockets, but many resulted in what the uninitiated would call failures, usually resulting from engine malfunction or loss of control. Goddard did not consider them failures, however, because he felt that he always learned something from a test. Most of his work involved static tests, which are a standard procedure today, before a flight test. He wrote to a correspondent: "It is not a simple matter to differentiate unsuccessful from successful experiments. ... [Most] work that is finally successful is the result of a series of unsuccessful tests in which difficulties are gradually eliminated." General Jimmy Doolittle Jimmy Doolittle was introduced to the field of space science at an early point in its history. He recalls in his autobiography, "I became interested in rocket development in the 1930s when I met Robert H. Goddard, who laid the foundation. ... While with Shell Oil I worked with him on the development of a type of fuel. ... " Harry Guggenheim and Charles Lindbergh arranged for (then Major) Doolittle to discuss with Goddard a special blend of gasoline. Doolittle flew himself to Roswell in October 1938 and was given a tour of Goddard's shop and a "short course" in rocketry. He then wrote a memo, including a rather detailed description of Goddard's rocket. In closing he said, "interplanetary transportation is probably a dream of the very distant future, but with the moon only a quarter of a million miles away—who knows!" In July 1941, he wrote Goddard that he was still interested in his rocket propulsion research. The Army was interested only in JATO at this point. However, Doolittle and Lindbergh were concerned about the state of rocketry in the US, and Doolittle remained in touch with Goddard. Shortly after World War II, Doolittle spoke concerning Goddard to an American Rocket Society (ARS) conference at which a large number interested in rocketry attended. He later stated that at that time "we [in the aeronautics field] had not given much credence to the tremendous potential of rocketry." In 1956, he was appointed chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) because the previous chairman, Jerome C. Hunsaker, thought Doolittle to be more sympathetic than other scientists and engineers to the rocket, which was increasing in importance as a scientific tool as well as a weapon. Doolittle was instrumental in the successful transition of the NACA to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958. He was offered the position as first administrator of NASA, but he turned it down. Launch history Between 1926 and 1941, the following 35 rockets were launched: Analysis of results As an instrument for reaching extreme altitudes, Goddard's rockets were not very successful; they did not achieve an altitude greater than 2.7 km in 1937, while a balloon sonde had already reached 35 km in 1921. By contrast, German rocket scientists had achieved an altitude of 2.4 km with the A-2 rocket in 1934, 8 km by 1939 with the A-5, and 176 km in 1942 with the A-4 (V-2) launched vertically, reaching the outer limits of the atmosphere and into space. Goddard's pace was slower than the Germans' because he did not have the resources they did. Simply reaching high altitudes was not his primary goal; he was trying, with a methodical approach, to perfect his liquid fuel engine and subsystems such as guidance and control so that his rocket could eventually achieve high altitudes without tumbling in the rare atmosphere, providing a stable vehicle for the experiments it would eventually carry. He had built the necessary turbopumps and was on the verge of building larger, lighter, more reliable rockets to reach extreme altitudes carrying scientific instruments when World War II intervened and changed the path of American history. He hoped to return to his experiments in Roswell after the war. Though by the end of the Roswell years much of his technology had been replicated independently by others, he introduced new developments to rocketry that were used in this new enterprise: lightweight turbopumps, variable-thrust engine (in U.S.), engine with multiple combustion chambers and nozzles, and curtain cooling of combustion chamber. Although Goddard had brought his work in rocketry to the attention of the United States Army, between World Wars, he was rebuffed, since the Army largely failed to grasp the military application of large rockets and said there was no money for new experimental weapons. German military intelligence, by contrast, had paid attention to Goddard's work. The Goddards noticed that some mail had been opened, and some mailed reports had gone missing. An accredited military attaché to the US, Friedrich von Boetticher, sent a four-page report to the Abwehr in 1936, and the spy Gustav Guellich sent a mixture of facts and made-up information, claiming to have visited Roswell and witnessed a launch. The Abwehr was very interested and responded with more questions about Goddard's work. Guellich's reports did include information about fuel mixtures and the important concept of fuel-curtain cooling, but thereafter the Germans received very little information about Goddard. The Soviet Union had a spy in the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics. In 1935, she gave them a report Goddard had written for the Navy in 1933. It contained results of tests and flights and suggestions for military uses of his rockets. The Soviets considered this to be very valuable information. It provided few design details, but gave them the direction and knowledge about Goddard's progress. Annapolis, Maryland Navy Lieutenant Charles F. Fischer, who had visited Goddard in Roswell earlier and gained his confidence, believed Goddard was doing valuable work and was able to convince the Bureau of Aeronautics in September 1941 that Goddard could build the JATO unit the Navy desired. While still in Roswell, and before the Navy contract took effect, Goddard began in September to apply his technology to build a variable-thrust engine to be attached to a PBY seaplane. By May 1942, he had a unit that could meet the Navy's requirements and be able to launch a heavily loaded aircraft from a short runway. In February, he received part of a PBY with bullet holes apparently acquired in the Pearl Harbor attack. Goddard wrote to Guggenheim that "I can think of nothing that would give me greater satisfaction than to have it contribute to the inevitable retaliation." In April, Fischer notified Goddard that the Navy wanted to do all its rocket work at the Engineering Experiment Station at Annapolis. Esther, worried that a move to the climate of Maryland would cause Robert's health to deteriorate faster, objected. But the patriotic Goddard replied, "Esther, don't you know there's a war on?" Fischer also questioned the move, as Goddard could work just as well in Roswell. Goddard simply answered, "I was wondering when you would ask me." Fischer had wanted to offer him something bigger—a long range missile—but JATO was all he could manage, hoping for a greater project later. It was a case of a square peg in a round hole, according to a disappointed Goddard. Goddard and his team had already been in Annapolis a month and had tested his constant-thrust JATO engine when he received a Navy telegram, forwarded from Roswell, ordering him to Annapolis. Lt. Fischer asked for a crash effort. By August, his engine was producing 800 lbs of thrust for 20 seconds, and Fischer was anxious to try it on a PBY. On the sixth test run, with all bugs worked out, the PBY, piloted by Fischer, was pushed into the air from the Severn River. Fischer landed and prepared to launch again. Goddard had wanted to check the unit, but radio contact with the PBY had been lost. On the seventh try, the engine caught fire. The plane was 150 feet up when flight was aborted. Because Goddard had installed a safety feature at the last minute, there was no explosion and no lives were lost. The problem's cause was traced to hasty installation and rough handling. Cheaper, safer solid fuel JATO engines were eventually selected by the armed forces. An engineer later said, "Putting [Goddard's] rocket on a seaplane was like hitching an eagle to a plow." Goddard's first biographer Milton Lehman notes: In its 1942 crash effort to perfect an aircraft booster, the Navy was beginning to learn its way in rocketry. In similar efforts, the Army Air Corps was also exploring the field [with GALCIT]. Compared to Germany's massive program, these beginnings were small, yet essential to later progress. They helped develop a nucleus of trained American rocket engineers, the first of the new breed who would follow the professor into the Age of Space. In August 1943, President Atwood at Clark wrote to Goddard that the university was losing the acting head of the Physics Department, was taking on "emergency work" for the Army, and he was to "report for duty or declare the position vacant." Goddard replied that he believed he was needed by the Navy, was nearing retirement age, and was unable to lecture because of his throat problem, which did not allow him to talk above a whisper. He regretfully resigned as Professor of Physics and expressed his deepest appreciation for all Atwood and the Trustees had done for him and indirectly for the war effort. In June he had gone to see a throat specialist in Baltimore, who recommended that he not talk at all, to give his throat a rest. The station, under Lt Commander Robert Truax, was developing another JATO engine in 1942 that used hypergolic propellants, eliminating the need for an ignition system. Chemist Ensign Ray Stiff had discovered in the literature in February that aniline and nitric acid burned fiercely immediately when mixed. Goddard's team built the pumps for the aniline fuel and the nitric acid oxidizer and participated in the static testing. The Navy delivered the pumps to Reaction Motors (RMI) to use in developing a gas generator for the pump turbines. Goddard went to RMI to observe testing of the pump system and would eat lunch with the RMI engineers. (RMI was the first firm formed to build rocket engines and built engines for the Bell X-1 rocket plane and Viking (rocket). RMI offered Goddard one-fifth interest in the company and a partnership after the war.) Goddard went with Navy people in December 1944 to confer with RMI on division of labor, and his team was to provide the propellant pump system for a rocket-powered interceptor because they had more experience with pumps. He consulted with RMI from 1942 through 1945. Though previously competitors, Goddard had a good working relationship with RMI, according to historian Frank H. Winter. The Navy had Goddard build a pump system for Caltech's use with acid-aniline propellants. The team built a 3000-lb thrust engine using a cluster of four 750-lb thrust motors. They also developed 750-lb engines for the Navy's Gorgon guided interceptor missile (experimental Project Gorgon). Goddard continued to develop the variable-thrust engine with gasoline and lox because of the hazards involved with the hypergolics. Despite Goddard's efforts to convince the Navy that liquid-fueled rockets had greater potential, he said that the Navy had no interest in long-range missiles. However, the Navy asked him to perfect the throttleable JATO engine. Goddard made improvements to the engine, and in November it was demonstrated to the Navy and some officials from Washington. Fischer invited the spectators to operate the controls; the engine blasted out over the Severn at full throttle with no hesitation, idled, and roared again at various thrust levels. The test was perfect, exceeding the Navy's requirements. The unit was able to be stopped and restarted, and it produced a medium thrust of 600 pounds for 15 seconds and a full thrust of 1,000 pounds for over 15 seconds. A Navy Commander commented that "It was like being Thor, playing with thunderbolts." Goddard had produced the essential propulsion control system of the rocket plane. The Goddards celebrated by attending the Army-Navy football game and attending the Fischers' cocktail party. This engine was the basis of the Curtiss-Wright XLR25-CW-1 two-chamber, 15,000-pound variable-thrust engine that powered the Bell X-2 research rocket plane. After World War II, Goddard's team and some patents went to Curtiss-Wright Corporation. "Although his death in August 1945 prevented him from participating in the actual development of this engine, it was a direct descendent of his design." Clark University and the Guggenheim Foundation received the royalties from the use of the patents. In September 1956, the X-2 was the first plane to reach 126,000 feet altitude and in its last flight exceeded Mach 3 (3.2) before losing control and crashing. The X-2 program advanced technology in areas such as steel alloys and aerodynamics at high Mach numbers. V-2 In the spring of 1945, Goddard saw a captured German V-2 ballistic missile, in the naval laboratory in Annapolis, Maryland, where he had been working under contract. The unlaunched rocket had been captured by the US Army from the Mittelwerk factory in the Harz mountains and samples began to be shipped by Special Mission V-2 on 22 May 1945. After a thorough inspection, Goddard was convinced that the Germans had "stolen" his work. Though the design details were not exactly the same, the basic design of the V-2 was similar to one of Goddard's rockets. The V-2, however, was technically far more advanced than the most successful of the rockets designed and tested by Goddard. The Peenemünde rocket group led by Wernher von Braun may have benefited from the pre-1939 contacts to a limited extent, but had also started from the work of their own space pioneer, Hermann Oberth; they also had the benefit of intensive state funding, large-scale production facilities (using slave labor), and repeated flight-testing that allowed them to refine their designs. Oberth was a theorist and had never built a rocket, but he tested small liquid propellant thrust chambers in 1929-30 which were not advancements in the "state of the art." In 1922 Oberth asked Goddard for a copy of his 1919 paper and was sent one. Nevertheless, in 1963, von Braun, reflecting on the history of rocketry, said of Goddard: "His rockets ... may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles". He once recalled that "Goddard's experiments in liquid fuel saved us years of work, and enabled us to perfect the V-2 years before it would have been possible." After World War II von Braun reviewed Goddard's patents and believed they contained enough technical information to build a large missile. Three features developed by Goddard appeared in the V-2: (1) turbopumps were used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber; (2) gyroscopically controlled vanes in the nozzle stabilized the rocket until external vanes in the air could do so; and (3) excess alcohol was fed in around the combustion chamber walls, so that a blanket of evaporating gas protected the engine walls from the combustion heat. The Germans had been watching Goddard's progress before the war and became convinced that large, liquid fuel rockets were feasible. General Walter Dornberger, head of the V-2 project, used the idea that they were in a race with the U.S. and that Goddard had "disappeared" (to work with the Navy) as a way to persuade Hitler to raise the priority of the V-2. Goddard's secrecy Goddard avoided sharing details of his work with other scientists and preferred to work alone with his technicians. Frank Malina, who was then studying rocketry at the California Institute of Technology, visited Goddard in August 1936. Goddard hesitated to discuss any of his research, other than that which had already been published in Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development. Theodore von Kármán, Malina's mentor at the time, was unhappy with Goddard's attitude and later wrote, "Naturally we at Caltech wanted as much information as we could get from Goddard for our mutual benefit. But Goddard believed in secrecy. ... The trouble with secrecy is that one can easily go in the wrong direction and never know it." However, at an earlier point, von Kármán said that Malina was "highly enthusiastic" after his visit and that Caltech made changes to their liquid-propellant rocket, based on Goddard's work and patents. Malina remembered his visit as friendly and that he saw all but a few components in Goddard's shop. Goddard's concerns about secrecy led to criticism for failure to cooperate with other scientists and engineers. His approach at that time was that independent development of his ideas without interference would bring quicker results even though he received less technical support. George Sutton, who became a rocket scientist working with von Braun's team in the late 1940s, said that he and his fellow workers had not heard of Goddard or his contributions and that they would have saved time if they had known the details of his work. Sutton admits that it may have been their fault for not looking for Goddard's patents and depending on the German team for knowledge and guidance; he wrote that information about the patents was not well distributed in the U.S. at that early period after World War II, though Germany and the Soviet Union had copies of some of them. (The Patent Office did not release rocket patents during World War II.) However, the Aerojet Engineering Corporation, an offshoot of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech (GALCIT), filed two patent applications in Sep 1943 referencing Goddard's for the multistage rocket. By 1939, von Kármán's GALCIT had received Army Air Corps funding to develop rockets to assist in aircraft take-off. Goddard learned of this in 1940, and openly expressed his displeasure at not being considered. Malina could not understand why the Army did not arrange for an exchange of information between Goddard and Caltech since both were under government contract at the same time. Goddard did not think he could be of that much help to Caltech because they were designing rocket engines mainly with solid fuel, while he was using liquid fuel. Goddard was concerned with avoiding the public criticism and ridicule he had faced in the 1920s, which he believed had harmed his professional reputation. He also lacked interest in discussions with people who had less understanding of rocketry than he did, feeling that his time was extremely constrained. Goddard's health was frequently poor, as a result of his earlier bout of tuberculosis, and he was uncertain about how long he had to live He felt, therefore, that he hadn't the time to spare arguing with other scientists and the press about his new field of research, or helping all the amateur rocketeers who wrote to him. In 1932 Goddard wrote to H. G. Wells: How many more years I shall be able to work on the problem, I do not know; I hope, as long as I live. There can be no thought of finishing, for "aiming at the stars", both literally and figuratively, is a problem to occupy generations, so that no matter how much progress one makes, there is always the thrill of just beginning. Goddard spoke to professional groups, published articles and papers and patented his ideas; but while he discussed basic principles, he was unwilling to reveal the details of his designs until he had flown rockets to high altitudes and thus proven his theory. He tended to avoid any mention of space flight, and spoke only of high-altitude research, since he believed that other scientists regarded the subject as unscientific. GALCIT saw Goddard's publicity problems and that the word "rocket" was "of such bad repute" that they used the word "jet" in the name of JPL and the related Aerojet Engineering Corporation. Many authors writing about Goddard mention his secrecy, but neglect the reasons for it. Some reasons have been noted above. Much of his work was for the military and was classified. There were some in the U.S. before World War II that called for long-range rockets, and in 1939 Major James Randolph wrote a "provocative article" advocating a 3000-mile range missile. Goddard was "annoyed" by the unclassified paper as he thought the subject of weapons should be "discussed in strict secrecy." However, Goddard's tendency to secrecy was not absolute, nor was he totally uncooperative. In 1945 GALCIT was building the WAC Corporal for the Army. But in 1942 they were having trouble with their liquid propellant rocket engine's performance (timely, smooth ignition and explosions). Frank Malina went to Annapolis in February and consulted with Goddard and Stiff, and they arrived at a solution to the problem (hypergolic propellant), which resulted in the successful launch of the high-altitude research rocket in October 1945. During the First and Second World Wars, Goddard offered his services, patents, and technology to the military, and made some significant contributions. Just before the Second World War several young Army officers and a few higher-ranking ones believed Goddard's research was important but were unable to generate funds for his work. Toward the end of his life, Goddard, realizing he was no longer going to be able to make significant progress alone in his field, joined the American Rocket Society and became a director. He made plans to work in the budding US aerospace industry (with Curtiss-Wright), taking most of his team with him. Personal life On June 21, 1924, Goddard married Esther Christine Kisk (March 31, 1901 – June 4, 1982), a secretary in Clark University's President's office, whom he had met in 1919. She became enthusiastic about rocketry and photographed some of his work as well as aided him in his experiments and paperwork, including accounting. They enjoyed going to the movies in Roswell and participated in community organizations such as the Rotary and the Woman's Club. He painted the New Mexican scenery, sometimes with the artist Peter Hurd, and played the piano. She played bridge, while he read. Esther said Robert participated in the community and readily accepted invitations to speak to church and service groups. The couple did not have children. After his death, she sorted out Goddard's papers, and secured 131 additional patents on his work. Concerning Goddard's religious views, he was raised as an Episcopalian, though he was not outwardly religious. The Goddards were associated with the Episcopal church in Roswell, and he attended occasionally. He once spoke to a young people's group on the relationship of science and religion. Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis weakened his lungs, affecting his ability to work, and was one reason he liked to work alone, in order to avoid argument and confrontation with others and use his time fruitfully. He labored with the prospect of a shorter than average life span. After arriving in Roswell, Goddard applied for life insurance, but when the company doctor examined him he said that Goddard belonged in a bed in Switzerland (where he could get the best care). Goddard's health began to deteriorate further after moving to the humid climate of Maryland to work for the Navy. He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1945. He continued to work, able to speak only in a whisper until surgery was required, and he died in August of that year in Baltimore, Maryland. He was buried in Hope Cemetery in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts. Legacy Influence Goddard was credited with 214 patents for his work; 131 of these were awarded after his death. Goddard influenced many people who went on to do significant work in the U.S. space program, such as Robert Truax Buzz Aldrin and Jim Lovell, NASA flight controller Gene Kranz, astrodynamicist Samuel Herrick (UCLA), and General Jimmy Doolittle (US Army and NACA). Buzz Aldrin took a miniature sized biography of Goddard on his historic voyage to the Moon aboard Apollo 11. Goddard received the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution in 1960, and the Congressional Gold Medal on September 16, 1959. The Goddard Space Flight Center, a NASA facility in Greenbelt, Maryland, was established in 1959. The crater Goddard on the Moon is also named in his honor. The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection and the Robert Goddard Exhibition Room are housed in the Archives and Special Collections area of Clark University's Robert H. Goddard Library. Robert H. Goddard High School was completed in 1965 in Roswell, New Mexico, and dedicated by Esther Goddard; the school's mascot is titled "Rockets". A small memorial with a statue of Goddard is located at the site where Goddard launched the first liquid-propelled rocket, now the Pakachoag golf course in Auburn, Massachusetts. In season 11, episode 10 of Murdoch Mysteries, Goddard is played by Andrew Robinson and is described as a rocket scientist and chief scientist for a pneumatic tube public transport system in 1900s Toronto, Canada. New Goddard prototype experimental reusable vertical launch and landing rocket from Blue Origin is named after Goddard. Rocket, an ale made by the Wormtown Brewery of Worcester, Massachusetts is named in Robert Goddard's honor. Patents of interest Goddard received 214 patents for his work, of which 131 were awarded after his death. Among the most influential patents were: – Rocket apparatus – Rocket apparatus – Mechanism for feeding combustion liquids to rocket apparatus – Control mechanism for rocket apparatus – Control mechanism for rocket apparatus – Vacuum tube transportation system – E. C. Goddard The Guggenheim Foundation and Goddard's estate filed suit in 1951 against the U.S. government for prior infringement of three of Goddard's patents. In 1960, the parties settled the suit, and the U.S. armed forces and NASA paid out an award of $1 million: half of the award settlement went to his wife, Esther. At that time, it was the largest government settlement ever paid in a patent case. The settlement amount exceeded the total amount of all the funding that Goddard received for his work, throughout his entire career. Important firsts First American to explore mathematically the practicality of using rocket propulsion to reach high altitudes and to traject to the Moon (1912) First to receive a U.S. patent on the idea of a multistage rocket (1914) First to static test a rocket in a systematic, scientific manner, measuring thrust, exhaust velocity and efficiency. He obtained the highest efficiency of any heat engine at the time. (1915-1916) First to prove that rocket propulsion operates in a vacuum (which was doubted by some scientists of that time), that it needs no air to push against. He actually obtained a 20% increase in efficiency over that determined at ground-level atmospheric pressure (1915–1916). First to prove that an oxidizer and a fuel could be mixed using injectors and burned controllably in a combustion chamber, also doubted by physicists. First to develop suitable lightweight centrifugal pumps for liquid-fuel rockets and also gas generators to drive the pump turbine (1923). First to attach a DeLaval type of nozzle to the combustion chamber of a solid-fuel engine and increase efficiency by more than ten times. The exhaust flow became supersonic at the narrowest cross-sectional area (throat) of the nozzle. First to develop the liquid propellant feed system using a high-pressure gas to force the propellants from their tanks into the thrust chamber (1923). First to develop and successfully fly a liquid-propellant rocket (March 16, 1926) First to launch a scientific payload (a barometer, a thermometer, and a camera) in a rocket flight (1929) First to use vanes in the rocket engine exhaust for guidance (1932) First to develop gyroscopic control apparatus for guiding rocket flight (1932) First to launch and successfully guide a rocket with an engine pivoted by moving the tail section (as if on gimbals) controlled by a gyro mechanism (1937) Built lightweight propellant tanks out of thin sheets of steel and aluminum and used external high-strength steel wiring for reinforcement. He introduced baffles in the tanks to minimize sloshing which changed the center gravity of the vehicle. He used insulation on the very cold liquid-oxygen components. First in U.S. to design and test a variable-thrust rocket engine. First to fly a rocket with an engine having multiple (four) thrust chambers. First to test regenerative cooling of the thrust chamber in March 1923 (first suggested by Tsiolkovsky but unknown to Goddard). Bibliography A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes- Goddard 1919 See also Homer Hickam Sergey Korolev Vikram Sarabhai U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps References External links Robert Goddard Wing of the Roswell Museum Dr. Robert H. Goddard Archives from Clark University A Tribute to R H Goddard--Space Pioneer NASA MSFC Goddard Rocket Replica Project Robert Goddard and his rockets Robert H. and Esther Goddard Collection at WPI On Taking Things for Granted 1882 births 1945 deaths American aerospace engineers Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni Clark University alumni Clark University faculty Congressional Gold Medal recipients People from Worcester, Massachusetts People from Roswell, New Mexico Princeton University faculty Deaths from esophageal cancer Early spaceflight scientists Early rocketry Goddard Space Flight Center Articles containing video clips Deaths from cancer in Maryland Burials at Hope Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts) 20th-century American physicists 20th-century American inventors Rocket science pioneers Rocket scientists 20th-century American Episcopalians	[ 0.23672175407409668, 0.6122115850448608, -0.4647275507450104, 0.482056587934494, 0.1454714685678482, 0.13736864924430847, 0.10437294095754623, -0.36013922095298767, 0.23798483610153198, 0.04148752614855766, -0.24148674309253693, 0.3703840672969818, -0.14410634338855743, 0.6628511548042297, -0.3797799050807953, 0.1886829286813736, -0.4303419291973114, -0.36824917793273926, -0.07759425789117813, 0.20983482897281647, -0.3290072977542877, -0.17914870381355286, 0.04575975611805916, 0.23309825360774994, -0.13228999078273773, 0.26365289092063904, 0.012512278743088245, -0.39753514528274536, -0.08823466300964355, 0.591142475605011, -0.1661272943019867, 0.23036539554595947, 0.5701359510421753, -0.32960399985313416, -0.2036975473165512, 0.039561621844768524, -0.26182860136032104, -0.1348113715648651, 0.27002498507499695, -0.09680670499801636, -0.36307790875434875, 0.04055103659629822, 0.33159512281417847, -0.14776450395584106, -0.13188207149505615, -0.09628424793481827, -1.4335808753967285, 0.1047678217291832, -0.2805158793926239, -0.4217678904533386, -0.03628389537334442, -0.01871338114142418, 0.17465239763259888, 0.22863329946994781, 0.3792152404785156, 0.3528086245059967, -0.004418534692376852, -0.2892141342163086, -0.06496208906173706, 0.1342325210571289, 0.11912412941455841, 0.06891366094350815, 0.3223721385002136, 0.1529233306646347, 0.24636390805244446, -0.015136060304939747, -0.08504188805818558, -0.021185802295804024, -0.5068835020065308, -0.1273549199104309, -0.2469872385263443, -0.13867934048175812, -0.03186715394258499, -0.17378808557987213, 0.3446236550807953, 0.02280818670988083, 0.42502737045288086, 0.3729301989078522, -0.12113337218761444, 0.1862306296825409, 0.07510795444250107, -0.08217993378639221, -0.06581327319145203, 0.5837867259979248, -0.40217214822769165, 0.4167158603668213, -0.5923616290092468, 0.2038063108921051, -0.4399813711643219, 0.5400373935699463, -0.5946871042251587, -0.2142951935529709, 0.04055129736661911, -0.11967556923627853, -0.14817498624324799, -0.7569819092750549, 0.28253310918807983, 0.20259952545166016, -0.04997748136520386, -0.442694753408432, 0.13701267540454865, -0.13306264579296112, 0.5648044347763062, 0.1410476714372635, -0.21348758041858673, 0.29847562313079834, -0.12698900699615479, -0.6881334185600281, -0.2811647057533264, 0.2514480948448181, -0.1583670824766159, 0.13747188448905945, 0.12244434654712677, -0.07368039339780807, -0.0977884978055954, 1.0520671606063843, 0.46363362669944763, -0.9609052538871765, -0.4489017128944397, -0.15953677892684937, -0.20560656487941742, 0.6373735666275024, -0.1793290674686432, -0.14182256162166595, -0.47821682691574097, 0.389688640832901, 0.6644775867462158, 0.49566271901130676, -0.7888971567153931, -0.17405563592910767, 0.2732256352901459, 0.75115567445755, -0.14762327075004578, -0.2944689095020294, -0.5067170858383179, -0.246672123670578, 0.14220432937145233, -0.1233932226896286, -0.19252797961235046, 0.5782250761985779, -0.23664912581443787, -0.6281831860542297, -0.30668747425079346, 0.18907588720321655, 0.37245121598243713, 0.5523139834403992, -0.12516362965106964, -0.23513351380825043, -1.0107795000076294, 0.03680134192109108, 0.1020762100815773, -0.0015683271922171116, -0.10789959877729416, -0.09555701911449432, 0.030406367033720016, 0.28098082542419434, 0.5123146176338196, 0.38804537057876587, -0.37537631392478943, 0.1824953258037567, -0.2092452198266983, -0.19368848204612732, -0.19332922995090485, 0.045292582362890244, -0.19325770437717438, -0.30049434304237366, 0.5184447765350342, -0.162818044424057, -0.29495301842689514, -0.2886248826980591, -0.058669425547122955, -0.22247259318828583, 0.4394563138484955, -0.37428203225135803, 0.28237012028694153, 0.21690402925014496, 1.0909162759780884, 0.13282227516174316, 0.6957325339317322, -0.02923545427620411, -0.44844797253608704, -0.1457822173833847, 0.03021523542702198, 0.03573492169380188, 0.012808563187718391, -0.10907553881406784, 0.44333451986312866, -0.270486444234848, 0.43003779649734497, -0.17616142332553864, -0.32059237360954285, -0.19592022895812988, -0.3306814432144165, -0.2712370455265045, 1.0580674409866333, 0.12298371642827988, 0.043469320982694626, 0.5122520923614502, 0.06721419095993042, 0.3119097352027893, -0.03356992453336716, 0.37381070852279663, 0.2902461588382721, -0.7952513098716736, -0.24675016105175018, -0.2787143886089325, 0.7221835851669312, 0.12816943228244781, -0.06540211290121078, 0.23047877848148346, 0.4285096824169159, -0.0664922222495079, 0.14924520254135132, 0.053467895835638046, -0.25689566135406494, -0.30829912424087524, -0.8049054145812988, 0.5959126353263855, 0.5450087189674377, -0.3520621359348297, 0.40244656801223755, 0.2612898647785187, -0.21994927525520325, 0.43097153306007385, 0.5183607935905457, 1.3831286430358887, 0.10233025997877121, -0.5611210465431213, -0.13419808447360992, 0.08772235363721848, 0.14991387724876404, -0.27924206852912903, 0.5380837321281433, -0.29186588525772095, -0.06833471357822418, 0.4304737448692322, -0.3614581227302551, -0.16735120117664337, 0.21613407135009766, -0.25214317440986633, 0.36575451493263245, 0.3208451569080353, -0.8499789237976074, 0.25041717290878296, -0.35500195622444153, -0.41618430614471436, 0.0265022125095129, -0.41307157278060913, -0.1473088413476944, -0.10256579518318176, -0.2601650357246399, 0.404620885848999, 0.5352199077606201, -0.14230488240718842, 0.28162163496017456, -0.02204141579568386, -0.21501441299915314, 0.37505507469177246, 0.5066201090812683, 0.4043501913547516, 0.09263420104980469, 0.3959961533546448, 0.2167186290025711, 0.427769273519516, 0.01071686577051878, -0.5142053961753845, 0.11089977622032166, -0.21139317750930786, -0.591826319694519, 0.3706074655056, 0.45327839255332947, -0.22427019476890564, 0.38327839970588684, 0.3723445236682892, -0.02287304773926735, -0.3514903783798218, -0.16322870552539825, 0.6825078725814819, -0.5015725493431091, -0.6348918080329895, 0.669170618057251, 0.33617380261421204, -0.5892634987831116, -0.28952890634536743, 0.09004762023687363, 0.03362739831209183, -0.22688496112823486, -0.5296460390090942, 0.07337255030870438, -0.2195194661617279, -0.45382317900657654, 0.4858431816101074, -0.5945123434066772, 0.19289880990982056, -0.5453566908836365, 0.9510254859924316, -0.06274017691612244, -0.5786657929420471, 0.2113659381866455, 0.05805253982543945, -0.10522130876779556, 0.5830230116844177, -0.5567982792854309, -0.1361718326807022, 0.24832162261009216, 0.21407008171081543, 0.04765728861093521, -0.04819924384355545, -5.677595138549805, 0.075931116938591, 0.12028306722640991, -0.46881911158561707, 0.7166550755500793, 0.3490597903728485, -0.07314483076334, -0.5373730063438416, 0.4804922044277191, -0.6688258051872253, 0.3081667423248291, -0.1608896553516388, -0.1684567928314209, 0.2753541171550751, 0.5698792338371277, 0.19794854521751404, 1.1476831436157227, -0.12098300457000732, 0.3851473927497864, 0.6257436275482178, 0.4693974256515503, -0.35376864671707153, -0.11095914244651794, -0.04968693107366562, -0.12013885378837585, -0.5127394795417786, -0.1851472556591034, 0.3900328278541565, -0.362300843000412, 0.17555342614650726, -0.2963515520095825, -0.07677311450242996, -0.20478634536266327, -0.20965087413787842, 0.008827454410493374, 0.22069154679775238, 0.5443825721740723, -0.02765130251646042, 0.5816031694412231, 0.26694491505622864, 0.22449491918087006, -0.3149586617946625, -0.3871677815914154, 0.03459761291742325, 0.4100927412509918, -0.8196492791175842, -0.13373258709907532, 0.6212410926818848, -0.27205416560173035, 0.16186673939228058, 0.7810845375061035, 0.26827266812324524, 0.6849181652069092, -0.36933043599128723, 0.31268811225891113, -0.21694324910640717, -0.10928848385810852, 0.31629449129104614, -0.7610604166984558, 0.15178753435611725, -0.22426950931549072, 0.13095679879188538, -0.2107420265674591, -0.14200817048549652, -0.5197489261627197, -0.3610105514526367, 0.1608760803937912, -0.11942308396100998, -0.3430587649345398, -0.16038848459720612, -0.5404478311538696, 1.1195439100265503, 0.3033154308795929, -1.0885168313980103, 0.6219940185546875, -0.4095640778541565, 0.09955333918333054, -0.3111248016357422, -0.49309486150741577, -0.0291626937687397, -0.39147305488586426, -0.4170701205730438, -0.16981574892997742, 0.2899978756904602, 0.8024636507034302, 0.3933418393135071, -0.5987315773963928, 0.3177613615989685, -0.17700299620628357, -0.00007685907621635124, 0.22935830056667328, -0.363462895154953, 0.5101145505905151, 0.19786547124385834, 0.5039324164390564, -0.4756605625152588, -0.47746917605400085, 0.438666969537735, 0.922787070274353, 0.3805534839630127, -0.377631813287735, 0.2994508743286133, 0.048388537019491196, -0.760328471660614, -0.14988011121749878, -0.27918705344200134, 0.214261993765831, -0.3388136327266693, 0.8400528430938721, 0.5510157942771912, 0.16836892068386078, 0.48250657320022583, -0.32774969935417175, -0.3524734079837799, 0.2605128586292267, -0.2132643610239029, -0.01578410342335701, 0.24646316468715668, 0.3970358669757843, 0.3957758843898773, -0.1946651041507721, 0.13877056539058685, -0.29244518280029297, -0.520144522190094, 0.4520553946495056, -0.23639987409114838, 0.37555021047592163, 0.01015960332006216, -0.1734173446893692, 0.07543270289897919, 0.06869448721408844, 0.7642585635185242, 0.053952548652887344, 0.5246360301971436, 0.06972628831863403, 0.18684116005897522, -0.535062849521637, -0.42586567997932434, -0.47927534580230713, -0.0858987420797348, -0.05837584286928177, -0.06693507730960846, 0.270987331867218, -0.24254584312438965, 0.6984542608261108, 0.1758919060230255, 0.032659683376550674, 0.3240893483161926, 0.09311839938163757, -0.04272839426994324, 0.05138946324586868, -0.4379969537258148, 0.0743846669793129, -0.25890621542930603, -0.5063789486885071, 0.21198461949825287, -0.17485322058200836, 0.029776791110634804, -0.346377968788147, -0.18121808767318726, 0.37881267070770264, -0.23389892280101776, -0.9404485821723938, -0.44370490312576294, -0.09771253913640976, 0.9225610494613647, 0.012310024350881577, -0.006536972709000111, -0.10505323857069016, 0.3932024836540222, 0.26655277609825134, -0.5250235795974731, -0.906699001789093, -0.28496289253234863, 0.3601013422012329, 0.6229873895645142, -0.04813900589942932, -0.3157746493816376, -0.0024101485032588243, -0.13459807634353638, -0.08496136963367462, 0.12171110510826111, -0.6975791454315186, -0.1332968771457672, 0.13278329372406006, -1.0358026027679443, -0.5374561548233032, -0.3085115849971771, -0.2424120455980301, -0.007892068475484848, -0.3574092388153076, -0.44265055656433105, 0.9350965619087219, 0.6235843896865845, -0.057693470269441605, -0.3164668083190918, -0.24217233061790466, 0.4396614730358124, -0.1286548376083374, -0.2556122839450836, -0.750788688659668, -0.4581020176410675, -0.2896323800086975, 0.17281928658485413, 0.0812956690788269, -0.6390708088874817, -0.40833166241645813, 0.07168745994567871, 0.6851779222488403, 0.5111134052276611, -0.026118436828255653, -0.9699878692626953, 0.030436169356107712, 0.5051044821739197, 0.08423668891191483, 0.27676233649253845, -0.021575704216957092, 0.3105263113975525, 0.1327313482761383, -0.48167750239372253, -0.4400484263896942, 0.10965173691511154, -0.03940379247069359, -0.2862457036972046, -0.30972427129745483, 0.3157784938812256, -0.3247079849243164, 0.07674911618232727, 0.06247122585773468, -0.61097252368927, -0.2015286386013031, -0.39216873049736023, -0.03256678953766823, 0.16942358016967773, 0.2209848314523697, -0.48995622992515564, 0.39167752861976624, 0.6439192295074463, -0.4114415645599365, -0.1560077667236328, 0.3004209101200104, 1.0603604316711426, 0.2760279178619385, -0.1818169206380844, -0.06549833714962006, 0.1045890599489212, 0.5909205675125122, 0.04732781648635864, -0.3119755983352661, -0.12289342284202576, -0.1549009084701538, -0.04222051054239273, -0.6433233618736267, 0.06406597048044205, 1.052115797996521, 0.047065019607543945, -0.610121488571167, -0.22479058802127838, -0.02919086255133152, -0.3293037414550781, 0.056229088455438614, 0.3074081242084503, -0.44297054409980774, -0.3139989376068115, -0.6635684967041016, 0.32262280583381653, -0.728907585144043, -0.12361884117126465, 0.002239266177639365, -0.874480664730072, 0.16557957231998444, -0.10389328002929688, -0.6429076194763184, 0.6580596566200256, -0.22784169018268585, 0.8027547597885132, 0.2917981445789337, -0.03523116558790207, 0.10188334435224533, 0.046467047184705734, -0.8406349420547485, 0.3787132501602173, 0.14972038567066193, -0.2532517910003662, 0.24224981665611267, 0.11405517160892487, -0.3378762900829315, -0.11196286976337433, 0.039137762039899826, 0.07939501851797104, -0.5353578925132751, 0.26083284616470337, -0.9288530349731445, 0.17272736132144928, -0.326621949672699, -0.11410221457481384, 0.47812962532043457, 0.9049820899963379, -0.01057959534227848, 0.5606187582015991, -0.5731361508369446, 0.3864368200302124, 1.0625503063201904, -0.372715026140213, 0.0832432433962822, -0.46270260214805603, 0.007924838922917843, -0.26625216007232666, -0.06916602700948715, 0.028020214289426804, 0.40537285804748535, -0.21812553703784943, -0.013965202495455742, 0.2332259714603424, -1.2640469074249268, -0.0927935540676117, 0.7404797077178955, 0.038929395377635956, -0.08975560963153839, 0.13645192980766296, 0.09466931968927383, -0.02574385330080986, 0.2983301281929016, -0.7604572772979736, -0.09870972484350204, 0.370134562253952, -0.10374360531568527, -0.2801731526851654, -0.6300550103187561, -0.16536417603492737, 0.5962442755699158, -0.7768169045448303, -0.2083524912595749, 0.6525073051452637, -0.22614866495132446, 0.1343531608581543, -0.017577489838004112, -0.8253358006477356, -0.7857760787010193, -0.16816222667694092, -0.043018124997615814, 0.7740497589111328, 0.2579698860645294, -0.01879328116774559, -0.0683848112821579, 0.19885092973709106, 0.14065860211849213, 0.6397877335548401, -0.24836187064647675, 0.04731452092528343, 0.03698538988828659, 0.12648466229438782, 0.23912128806114197, -0.15178100764751434, 0.013596705161035061, -0.21148435771465302, 1.0458412170410156, -0.28323376178741455, 0.08089901506900787, 0.12147334963083267, 0.16796278953552246, -0.002084525767713785, 1.003936529159546, -0.08741922676563263, 0.3787461221218109, 0.1641901135444641, -0.17189334332942963, -1.1649537086486816, 0.09321779757738113, 0.020048838108778, -0.08620479702949524, -0.04425758868455887, -0.57325279712677, 0.5262769460678101, -0.10306686162948608, -0.027818936854600906, 0.5441754460334778, 0.014214173890650272, -0.04861673712730408, -0.09657472372055054, 0.03770517557859421, -0.4987981915473938, -0.15924373269081116, -0.3126235604286194, -0.29806068539619446, 0.10905861854553223, 0.02386675961315632, 0.22295640408992767, 0.3986658453941345, -0.14035306870937347, 0.7259111404418945, -0.4670335352420807, -0.3994911015033722, 0.40211403369903564, -0.6912962198257446, 0.1390477865934372, 0.21385283768177032, 0.35550060868263245, 0.4777093529701233, 0.7350781559944153, -0.36727404594421387, 0.07543683797121048, -0.11093726009130478, -0.0053714001551270485, -0.131556898355484, -0.09211527556180954, -0.39636674523353577, 0.17551526427268982, -0.5091748237609863, 1.0069025754928589, -0.07591112703084946, -0.10353006422519684, -0.43670299649238586, -0.12672410905361176, -0.40787267684936523, -0.3372590243816376, 0.7875341176986694, 0.08255946636199951, 0.09796188771724701, -0.2717048227787018, -0.32542678713798523, -0.03700841963291168, -0.43965333700180054, -0.3300830125808716, -0.1236707866191864, 0.14800453186035156, 0.10380985587835312, -0.37171274423599243, -0.6364537477493286, 0.10509418696165085, 0.17570441961288452, -0.39876678586006165, -0.8056116700172424, 0.41170787811279297, -0.2365458756685257, -0.9505349397659302, 0.4577547013759613, 0.9851584434509277, -0.04887893795967102, -0.16894179582595825, 0.5096162557601929, 0.2334720343351364, -0.22338013350963593, -0.07306119799613953, 0.6551238894462585, 0.2812860906124115, 0.45591747760772705, -0.02583383210003376, 0.5671802759170532, 0.8576594591140747, -0.256825715303421, -0.26748645305633545, -0.19863265752792358, -1.010631799697876, 0.32127174735069275, -0.31789544224739075, 0.25687554478645325, -0.3808252513408661, 0.6116121411323547, -0.06445710361003876 ]
210599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Malone	Ian Malone	Lance Corporal Ian Malone (8 December 1974 – 6 April 2003) from Dublin, Ireland, was a member of the British Army's Irish Guards. He was the first person born in Ireland to be killed in the Iraq War. Malone's funeral in Dublin was the first funeral with a uniformed British military presence in the Republic of Ireland. Background Twenty-eight-year-old Ian Malone came from a working class background in the Dublin suburb of Ballyfermot. The eldest of a family of five, Malone was educated by the De La Salle Christian Brothers Catholic school. He served in FCA, the Irish reserve defence force. It is claimed that he applied to join the Irish Army but was rejected due to his age. When he joined the Irish Guards in 1997, a regiment of the British Army created in 1900 by Queen Victoria, he was 23 years old and the age limits for the Irish Army at that time was over 17 years and under 21 years of age (with the age limit extended to a max of 25 years if the recruit held a 3rd Level Degree) . Military service Malone was promoted to lance corporal in October 2000 and served on Operation Agricola in Kosovo. He completed a piper's course in April 1999, and was a member of the pipe band. He also served with the Battle Group in Poland, Canada, Oman and Germany. In November 2002 Lance Corporal Malone was one of a number of British soldiers interviewed on a Radio Telefís Éireann documentary series, True Lives. Regarding his membership of the British Army, he said: At the end of the day I am just abroad doing a job. People go on about Irishmen dying for freedom and all that. That's a fair one. They did. But they died to give men like me the freedom to choose what to do. Malone was deployed on Operation Telic in an armoured infantry section with Number 1 Company, Irish Guards, as part of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Battle Group within 7 Armoured Brigade. Lance Corporal Malone was shot in the head by a sniper on 6 April in Iraq during the Irish Guards' advance on the country's second largest city, Basra. Funeral The removal of Lance Corporal Malone's body to Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic church in Ballyfermot was attended by hundreds of people, including Charlie O'Connor, a local TD, whose father had served in the Irish Guards. His funeral on 24 April 2003 was celebrated by Fr. Dave Lumsden and drew large crowds, including senior politicians from the opposition such as Gay Mitchell, TD. An honour guard of the Irish Guards in their full dress uniform was provided, though the coffin was not draped in the Union flag. One piper from the Irish Guard and one piper from the Irish Defence Forces, 2inf bn Cq C o'Dywer PM, played at the funeral, Oft in the stilly night. Mass. His funeral was the first time since 1922, that uniformed British Army soldiers had been seen in Dublin. References 1974 births 2003 deaths Irish Guards soldiers British military personnel killed in action in the Iraq War British Army personnel of the Iraq War People from County Dublin	[ -0.5293297171592712, 0.30037277936935425, -0.6075619459152222, -0.7255392074584961, 0.32703572511672974, 0.5704631209373474, 0.8659693598747253, 0.13798972964286804, -0.3782280683517456, 0.01566440612077713, -0.6341201066970825, 0.10345656424760818, -0.7650154829025269, -0.381093829870224, 0.6378706097602844, 0.4659678637981415, 0.23364898562431335, -0.11916573345661163, -0.22503431141376495, -0.5602273344993591, 0.1325562596321106, -0.08022221177816391, -0.02788396365940571, 0.22388088703155518, 0.06066518276929855, 0.2772854268550873, 0.0869022011756897, 0.4310047924518585, -0.18244171142578125, -0.26045504212379456, -0.09379386156797409, 0.29361239075660706, 0.48104754090309143, -0.7027496695518494, 0.2719263732433319, 0.5073890089988708, -0.23988020420074463, -0.09432656317949295, -0.0873979777097702, 0.5289801955223083, -0.03059905581176281, 0.018326876685023308, -0.06538970023393631, -0.04334663599729538, 0.28511130809783936, -0.3280803859233856, -1.1196824312210083, 0.24703891575336456, -0.2184189260005951, -0.07375039160251617, -0.21359975636005402, 0.3407188355922699, 0.7394992113113403, -0.4609050154685974, 0.5574755072593689, 0.39599907398223877, -0.6687428951263428, 0.08522484451532364, 0.6556040644645691, -0.5243434309959412, 0.04033520072698593, 0.5465677380561829, 0.03767445310950279, -0.7971178293228149, -0.5071999430656433, 0.14919793605804443, 0.259990394115448, 0.33438366651535034, 0.08056239038705826, 0.19222015142440796, 0.6266083717346191, 0.054114628583192825, 0.5545606017112732, 0.38919585943222046, -0.1805160939693451, 0.2026926428079605, 0.4187834858894348, -0.10732210427522659, -0.4967120289802551, -0.11078807711601257, 0.5294809937477112, -0.01640659011900425, 0.8682177662849426, 0.49338701367378235, 0.12025225907564163, 0.5726664066314697, -0.8384138941764832, 0.004113051109015942, 0.036160144954919815, 0.5275895595550537, -0.6209675073623657, -0.15533988177776337, 0.44005608558654785, 0.7063398957252502, 0.00045436990330927074, 0.23168440163135529, -0.011914203874766827, 0.40475115180015564, 0.5980218648910522, -0.08361086249351501, 0.38221490383148193, -0.17853179574012756, 0.5049009919166565, -0.2150043398141861, -0.7484337091445923, -0.03358423709869385, -0.23893697559833527, -0.23160216212272644, -0.5077518820762634, -0.5703984498977661, -0.6295594573020935, -0.382900595664978, -0.5364477634429932, 0.024002041667699814, 0.470805287361145, 0.7278183698654175, -0.10561473667621613, -0.2778611481189728, -0.28088653087615967, -0.09698482602834702, -0.41299596428871155, 0.2470325231552124, -0.8598710298538208, 1.0590955018997192, -0.5973631739616394, -0.2409982532262802, -0.016593560576438904, 0.17989829182624817, -0.20478621125221252, 0.8247910141944885, -0.14281664788722992, 0.8467139601707458, -0.5062470436096191, 0.11700206249952316, -0.4150274097919464, -0.23099343478679657, 0.5253973603248596, 0.07737187296152115, -0.601621150970459, 0.5138986110687256, -0.7740080952644348, 0.08689849823713303, -0.43526387214660645, -0.04640240967273712, 0.2804584801197052, 0.0462317168712616, 0.12086942791938782, 0.08052515238523483, 0.058531224727630615, -0.7336797714233398, 0.5386481285095215, -0.5790913701057434, 0.3404254913330078, -0.3967447280883789, -0.7355018854141235, 0.6509073972702026, 0.08126921951770782, 0.06946099549531937, -0.01659121736884117, -0.06568881124258041, 0.24490708112716675, -0.17842750251293182, -0.07240445166826248, 0.41019153594970703, 0.5893802046775818, 0.2791481912136078, 0.03365214541554451, -0.4550846219062805, -0.23806017637252808, 0.05349114164710045, 0.33032307028770447, 0.3516298830509186, 0.16620732843875885, -0.6300193071365356, -0.8233135938644409, 1.0032329559326172, -0.173509418964386, 0.3565479815006256, 0.3077946901321411, -0.6242442727088928, -0.6830076575279236, -0.029096482321619987, 0.2292511761188507, 0.02090471051633358, 0.12694446742534637, -0.09656315296888351, 0.5261582136154175, -0.6487216949462891, 0.25752052664756775, 0.25883227586746216, -0.9676164388656616, -0.5576196312904358, 0.5118373036384583, -0.7141743898391724, 0.6468400359153748, -0.14324121177196503, -0.1226738765835762, 0.2663508951663971, 0.7672898173332214, 1.4813041687011719, 0.5672701001167297, -0.5354359745979309, 0.4093141555786133, -0.6907644867897034, -0.045640211552381516, 0.7411689758300781, 0.2324206531047821, -0.12113945931196213, 0.04151768609881401, 1.3093096017837524, 0.6178503036499023, -0.23601177334785461, -0.2796948254108429, 0.8851984739303589, 0.2625119388103485, 0.06038334220647812, -0.06827215105295181, -0.667744517326355, 0.26886168122291565, -0.7784660458564758, 0.20553997159004211, 0.301143616437912, 0.3897697329521179, 0.6615102887153625, 0.27959540486335754, 1.0236586332321167, -0.00012148020323365927, 0.2880293130874634, 0.2240549921989441, -1.3158822059631348, -0.08246644586324692, -0.00008923797577153891, 0.11391863971948624, -0.5510798096656799, 0.6018111109733582, -0.49701327085494995, 0.5169045329093933, -0.06905321776866913, -0.11787731945514679, -0.35047686100006104, 0.06552384793758392, -0.2423827052116394, -0.07613013684749603, -0.028070269152522087, -0.06496912986040115, 0.04158094525337219, 0.29353412985801697, 0.5863423943519592, -0.12458500266075134, -0.09619779884815216, 0.4996734857559204, 0.037771835923194885, 0.5014838576316833, 0.018913086503744125, -0.33831986784935, -0.23085875809192657, -0.11270485073328018, -0.1551978588104248, -0.18982946872711182, -0.06432507187128067, 0.2417776882648468, -0.019491763785481453, 0.6669071316719055, 0.3627684712409973, -0.06459919363260269, -0.5591649413108826, -0.31753718852996826, -0.648944616317749, 0.5392611026763916, 0.1213785856962204, 0.14992842078208923, -0.6358658075332642, 0.3616597056388855, -0.4916495680809021, 0.19631142914295197, 0.10480459779500961, -0.12962783873081207, -0.037492942065000534, -0.3122956454753876, -0.6926244497299194, 0.7884781956672668, 0.2601175308227539, 0.5644510984420776, 0.35486942529678345, -0.14045844972133636, -0.002165697980672121, -0.6111716628074646, -0.094659224152565, -0.46128296852111816, -0.11734648048877716, -0.1482231467962265, 0.0804428830742836, -0.5002555251121521, 0.1002792939543724, -0.2877812683582306, -0.10111968964338303, -0.19946308434009552, -0.32719653844833374, 0.7849524021148682, 0.10609821230173111, -0.09522152692079544, 0.6723428964614868, -0.3563205897808075, 0.5663809776306152, 0.16123464703559875, -0.22764545679092407, -0.3027001619338989, -0.5551843047142029, -5.360984802246094, 0.5948637127876282, -0.03449370339512825, -0.18730148673057556, -0.2742939591407776, -0.24502286314964294, 0.6822504997253418, -0.6212590932846069, -0.1618170291185379, -0.6655538082122803, -0.1410093605518341, -0.013513388112187386, 0.18201473355293274, -0.0170412827283144, 0.6888460516929626, -0.015835845842957497, 1.1769888401031494, -0.7817761301994324, 0.716436505317688, 0.2103445827960968, 0.26363125443458557, -0.25023189187049866, -0.36417797207832336, -0.46876364946365356, -0.6238531470298767, 0.6364178657531738, -0.4011613726615906, 0.2919749915599823, -0.6465136408805847, -0.3916049301624298, -0.1494506597518921, 0.12714512646198273, -0.8306880593299866, -0.14792510867118835, -0.5351972579956055, -0.22420576214790344, 0.5327742099761963, 0.013088921085000038, -0.3283679187297821, -0.9103312492370605, 0.32216528058052063, -0.20403072237968445, -0.02058442495763302, 0.010085854679346085, 0.975976288318634, -0.10375098884105682, -0.5409006476402283, -0.19572558999061584, -0.21941104531288147, 0.12328457832336426, 0.15998677909374237, 0.4128403663635254, 0.2508595585823059, 0.4786732792854309, -0.16160735487937927, 0.11586613953113556, 0.30456674098968506, -0.11293260008096695, -0.37477564811706543, 0.6780819892883301, 0.06604986637830734, -0.8149776458740234, 0.2652166187763214, -0.18882828950881958, 0.102735735476017, -0.09021862596273422, 0.4950915575027466, 0.09711906313896179, -0.07256631553173065, -0.16034913063049316, 0.0718395859003067, 0.34912028908729553, 0.3146132528781891, -0.5603868961334229, 0.12422356754541397, -0.4715959429740906, 0.0011994442902505398, 0.3381558954715729, -0.37174883484840393, -0.13068769872188568, 0.23392429947853088, -0.2984842360019684, -0.07882874459028244, 0.043665625154972076, -0.1110050156712532, -0.3240673243999481, -0.82361900806427, 0.7161934971809387, -0.1984708160161972, -0.4938368499279022, -0.1046273335814476, 0.15658576786518097, -0.05328390374779701, 0.8241509199142456, 0.144304558634758, 0.14187166094779968, 0.1802150160074234, 0.6037628650665283, 0.5147281885147095, -0.19760577380657196, 0.07631231099367142, -0.9989220499992371, 0.36113157868385315, -0.6017072796821594, -0.40647250413894653, 0.04141383618116379, -0.5135131478309631, -0.10180486738681793, 0.21717964112758636, -0.28670835494995117, 0.16103440523147583, -0.1290016621351242, -0.1921389102935791, 0.37193766236305237, -0.057443324476480484, -0.4098673164844513, -0.027011658996343613, 0.15100997686386108, 0.7025145292282104, 0.1992376446723938, -0.7788262367248535, 0.38970711827278137, 0.21536515653133392, 0.0010760630248114467, -0.020297037437558174, -0.6226620674133301, 0.3370644152164459, -0.5179404616355896, -0.18032842874526978, -0.11251192539930344, 0.0877581462264061, 0.9341581463813782, -0.414159893989563, 0.232835054397583, -0.2014966458082199, -0.44780680537223816, 0.19478635489940643, -0.435790091753006, 0.759753942489624, 0.4955122172832489, 0.03545073792338371, -0.06243579834699631, 0.27866217494010925, -0.4463167190551758, 0.2462397813796997, 0.43195492029190063, 0.36715319752693176, -0.001264337683096528, -0.25194287300109863, 1.1316038370132446, -0.24150824546813965, -0.41049230098724365, 0.5517213940620422, -0.5807827115058899, -0.7906835079193115, 0.20956023037433624, -0.21443571150302887, 0.08468817174434662, -0.2736150026321411, -0.37500235438346863, 0.509036123752594, -0.22045786678791046, -0.8974046111106873, -0.049836449325084686, 0.22734171152114868, -0.018976913765072823, 0.3069765865802765, -0.3076724708080292, -0.3572656512260437, 0.5456641912460327, 0.004255443811416626, -0.5422974824905396, -0.4518272876739502, 0.1583339422941208, 0.17293260991573334, -0.5145827531814575, -0.2575984299182892, -0.3978874981403351, 0.05678486451506615, 0.5255302786827087, 0.5387450456619263, 0.4246040880680084, -0.22958968579769135, 0.7496325969696045, 0.47532570362091064, 0.05906710401177406, -0.5794755220413208, -0.6292275786399841, 0.024788253009319305, 0.15417276322841644, -0.19653929769992828, -0.3428698480129242, 0.27072593569755554, 0.37242627143859863, -0.2661711871623993, -0.5949029326438904, -0.3069775104522705, -0.1948254257440567, -0.2790370285511017, -0.2332865595817566, 0.32067352533340454, 0.3357590436935425, -0.3934095799922943, 0.5886191725730896, 0.2871517539024353, -0.5675146579742432, 0.042473722249269485, 0.0608019195497036, -0.18749545514583588, 0.0569889172911644, 0.08435754477977753, -0.5299155712127686, -0.38148006796836853, 0.9023559093475342, -0.3012605607509613, 0.1855423003435135, 0.09844475239515305, 0.6755073666572571, -0.5399200320243835, -0.4744102954864502, -0.781406581401825, -0.47123825550079346, -0.4428752064704895, 0.17701198160648346, -0.36422935128211975, 0.30545759201049805, 0.5571846961975098, -0.3323279917240143, 0.650169849395752, 0.3238266706466675, -0.972114622592926, 0.03930264338850975, 0.19817142188549042, 0.3999028205871582, 0.04985104873776436, 0.4708139896392822, 0.31516095995903015, 0.13470113277435303, 0.18176648020744324, 0.5200938582420349, 0.438457190990448, 1.3542283773422241, 0.5153631567955017, -0.828361451625824, -0.1308487504720688, -0.039201751351356506, 0.6426737904548645, -0.7082428932189941, 0.06416250020265579, 0.17269286513328552, 0.06197478249669075, -0.21574507653713226, -0.17369386553764343, 0.24040761590003967, 1.059983730316162, -0.6592437624931335, 0.044587165117263794, -0.3064183294773102, 0.5113189220428467, 0.13581280410289764, 0.09282796829938889, -0.21398760378360748, -0.3299420475959778, 0.08498502522706985, 0.4230596423149109, -0.04230334982275963, -0.758599042892456, -0.041417986154556274, -0.0405670590698719, -0.17761152982711792, -0.3979125916957855, -0.4338134527206421, 0.012500261887907982, 0.906561017036438, -0.19108329713344574, -0.09588522464036942, 0.6005991101264954, -0.5409360527992249, -0.013508015312254429, -0.35657039284706116, -0.4982771575450897, -0.049591582268476486, 0.19679562747478485, -0.48634371161460876, 0.06102701276540756, -0.9570289254188538, 0.0787656232714653, 0.1601347029209137, -0.40483006834983826, -0.09186612814664841, -0.42372140288352966, 0.2301284819841385, -0.6151772141456604, 0.27145907282829285, -0.06116766482591629, -0.1415407508611679, -0.4205976724624634, 0.4484909176826477, 0.010024246759712696, 0.14244478940963745, -0.15376266837120056, 0.5209697484970093, 0.20155400037765503, 0.5217465758323669, -0.0735597014427185, 0.1499304622411728, -0.017393330112099648, -1.0805236101150513, 0.11099686473608017, -0.09822117537260056, 0.11657201498746872, -0.24864798784255981, 0.27733853459358215, -0.17605528235435486, -0.37669074535369873, -0.7961500883102417, 0.5742586851119995, -1.2024837732315063, -0.30720797181129456, 0.12761841714382172, -0.043198663741350174, 0.2832568883895874, 0.4363872706890106, 0.35935187339782715, 0.19768163561820984, 1.1245280504226685, -0.060956064611673355, -0.08860571682453156, 0.276884526014328, 0.022237103432416916, -0.27926158905029297, -0.048996683210134506, -0.4457429349422455, 0.5583705902099609, -0.4416036903858185, -0.5318632125854492, 0.14444449543952942, -0.3827749192714691, 0.6328046321868896, 0.5068787932395935, 0.06512457877397537, 0.5308802127838135, -0.3081662356853485, 0.27256539463996887, 0.14702491462230682, 0.07185310870409012, 0.266592800617218, -0.3058153986930847, 0.1685308963060379, -0.11056589335203171, -0.3497660160064697, 0.3862740397453308, 0.4307388663291931, 0.18156732618808746, 0.11009444296360016, 0.3145102560520172, 0.26638954877853394, -0.5897398591041565, -0.7231448888778687, -0.13878463208675385, -0.07993711531162262, -0.5763512849807739, 0.9445476531982422, 0.1734568476676941, -0.36928144097328186, -0.1635095328092575, -0.1871953159570694, -0.6876694560050964, 0.3305393159389496, 0.4808731973171234, 0.36287108063697815, -0.17379310727119446, -0.4743017256259918, -0.22877821326255798, 0.04916159808635712, -0.027535365894436836, 0.9223424196243286, -0.13741348683834076, 0.0839221328496933, -0.00121361727360636, -0.33651623129844666, 0.15926611423492432, -0.13856543600559235, -0.1808360069990158, -0.007788705639541149, -0.2012750506401062, -0.18188431859016418, 0.6363736391067505, -0.14726360142230988, 0.1636320948600769, 0.6468009948730469, -0.4998568594455719, -0.6615443229675293, -0.20059622824192047, 0.17914292216300964, -0.014393696561455727, -0.2469118982553482, 0.9449451565742493, 0.9119466543197632, 0.2182532101869583, -0.41112956404685974, -0.2630543112754822, -0.5883374810218811, 0.01631421037018299, -0.16836483776569366, 0.31541407108306885, -0.5257063508033752, -0.08044564723968506, -0.5813131332397461, 0.5164602994918823, 0.36404311656951904, -0.017169678583741188, -0.40447089076042175, -0.018537454307079315, -0.48644712567329407, -0.07246731966733932, 0.4002094566822052, -0.8006036281585693, -0.17378446459770203, -0.6542067527770996, 0.09168293327093124, -0.06287442147731781, 0.5750027298927307, 0.24245236814022064, -0.16715200245380402, 0.2030317634344101, 0.13394637405872345, 0.46301281452178955, 0.2018672078847885, 0.6736816763877869, 0.4462529122829437, -0.3359476327896118, -0.15843941271305084, -0.3657586872577667, 0.08285373449325562, -0.7445146441459656, 0.651672899723053, 0.767281174659729, -0.07520553469657898, 0.18035633862018585, 0.1997567117214203, -0.5920287370681763, -0.18829837441444397, -0.15230585634708405, -0.48100581765174866, -0.4234549105167389, 0.25361520051956177, -0.5212196707725525, 0.1784123331308365, 0.07644914090633392, 0.026260385289788246, -0.6206398606300354, 0.5216914415359497, -1.408470869064331, 0.34065160155296326, 0.004349966533482075, -0.463415265083313, 0.050338488072156906, 0.1424873173236847, -0.0978734940290451 ]
210601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Goddard%20%28novelist%29	Robert Goddard (novelist)	Robert William Goddard (born 13 November 1954 in Fareham, Hampshire) is an English novelist. Life and career Goddard was educated at Bathampton County Primary School then Wallisdean County Junior School and Price's Grammar School in Fareham before going on to study history at Peterhouse at the University of Cambridge. After unsuccessful attempts at careers in both journalism and teaching, he worked for a time as an educational administrator in Devon before becoming a full-time novelist. His thrillers usually have a historical element and settings in provincial English towns and cities, and many plot twists. They usually involve the lead character gradually uncovering a secret or conspiracy which has long been kept secret, by means of historical documents such as diaries or by means of word-of-mouth accounts that have been handed down from one person to another. Goddard's first novel, Past Caring, was published in 1986. He has since written more than twenty novels; the majority have been Sunday Times Top Ten best-sellers in the UK. Awards Goddard's 1990 book Into the Blue was the inaugural winner of the W H Smith Thumping Good Read Award, presented to the best new fiction author of the year. Goddard's 1997 book Beyond Recall was nominated for the Edgar Award Best Novel prize but lost out to Mr. White's Confession by Robert Clark. Goddard's book Long Time Coming won the 2011 Edgar Award for Best Original Paperback and was nominated for the 2011 Anthony award in the same category. In 2019, Goddard was awarded the Cartier Diamond Dagger by the Crime Writers' Association for his outstanding lifetime's contribution to the crime fiction genre. Harry Barnett The books Into the Blue, Out of the Sun and Never Go Back, although distinct books in their own right, form a chronological series featuring the central character of Harry Barnett. Harry Barnett also appears in both of Goddard's two published short stories, one of which Toupee for a Bald Tyre, which is set in 1970 before the events of the books. Into the Blue was adapted for television in 1997 and starred John Thaw in the lead role of Harry Barnett. Robert Goddard was not impressed with the adaptation. In an interview, he said "The TV version of Into the Blue was a travesty of the story I wrote and I am determined that any future adaptations should be more faithful to the original." Personal life Robert Goddard is married and lives with his wife Vaunda in Truro, Cornwall. Several of the recent books published in his name have identified Vaunda as joint holder of the copyright. Bibliography Novels Past Caring (August 1986), In Pale Battalions (May 1988), Painting the Darkness (June 1989), Into the Blue (May 1990), . (Harry Barnett, Book 1) (adapted as a TV film in 1996 starring John Thaw) Take No Farewell (June 1991), (Published in North America as Debt of Dishonour) Hand in Glove (November 1992), Closed Circle (November 1993), Borrowed Time (April 1995), Out of the Sun (June 1996), . (Harry Barnett, Book 2) Beyond Recall (June 1997), Caught in the Light (June 1998), Set in Stone (November 1999), Sea Change (November 2000), Dying to Tell (November 2001), Days Without Number (May 2003), Play to the End (May 2004), Sight Unseen (May 2005), Never Go Back (April 2006), . (Harry Barnett, Book 3) Name to a Face (September 2007), Found Wanting (September 2008), Long Time Coming (UK: January 2010, US: March 2010), Blood Count (UK: March 2011), Fault Line (UK: March 2012), The Ways of the World (2013), . (James 'Max' Maxted trilogy: Book 1) The Corners of the Globe (2014), . (James 'Max' Maxted trilogy: Book 2) The Ends of the Earth (2015), . James 'Max' Maxted trilogy: Book 3) Panic Room (2018), One False Move (2019), The Fine Art of Invisible Detection (2021), Short stories Toupee for a Bald Tyre. (Harry Barnett). Included in The Detection Collection (Orion, 2005) ’’Intersection: Paris, 1919’’, 2013. Prologue to ‘The Ways of the World’’. Made available for free. Birthday Buoy (Harry Barnett). Included in First Edition: Celebrating 21 Years of Goldsboro Books (Dome Press, 2020) References External links Official Facebook page Official website (archived 2015) 2009 Robert Goddard interview 2001 Robert Goddard interview (archived) The Mystery of Robert Goddard (2001) essay 2012 Robert Goddard interview on Richard & Judy 1954 births Living people 20th-century English novelists 21st-century English novelists Members of the Detection Club People from Fareham Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge English male novelists 20th-century English male writers 21st-century English male writers Cartier Diamond Dagger winners	[ -0.016786059364676476, 0.6882662773132324, -0.7996171116828918, -0.8652800917625427, 0.2086152583360672, 0.5486651062965393, 0.539375364780426, -0.07169723510742188, -0.08588849753141403, -0.02960968017578125, -0.2501208782196045, 0.41498756408691406, -0.21489658951759338, 0.5222035050392151, 0.3894996643066406, 0.5816362500190735, -0.3018074333667755, -0.15062877535820007, -0.21301504969596863, -0.3384605348110199, -0.04634976387023926, -0.0013651724439114332, 0.00015760348469484597, 0.34080320596694946, -0.20762290060520172, 0.4276224374771118, 0.41204822063446045, -0.2416355013847351, -0.38193607330322266, -0.5062685608863831, -0.20424126088619232, 0.6992043256759644, 0.2716037333011627, -0.3365825116634369, 0.469951331615448, -0.04247409850358963, -0.2784385085105896, -0.453181654214859, 0.052176583558321, -0.29285675287246704, -0.11415062099695206, 0.41150182485580444, 0.21000121533870697, -0.16564762592315674, 0.08364936709403992, -0.5542765259742737, -1.717008113861084, 0.1978580206632614, -0.5656742453575134, -0.5017118453979492, 0.6199166178703308, 0.2383832186460495, 1.3449609279632568, -0.45555251836776733, 0.5463243126869202, 0.6070349812507629, -0.6736586689949036, -0.480051189661026, 0.5628884434700012, 0.32808035612106323, 0.21436987817287445, -0.0034179631620645523, -0.0883178636431694, 0.31738072633743286, 0.18434248864650726, 0.08889557421207428, -0.04294196888804436, 0.46409398317337036, -0.1088450700044632, -0.2946208715438843, -0.38301020860671997, -0.031203357502818108, 0.43753665685653687, 0.5413058996200562, -0.08779724687337875, 0.011079731397330761, 0.1960919201374054, -0.0961487889289856, -0.2571229338645935, -0.20001164078712463, 0.09616491198539734, 0.35185500979423523, 0.5268858075141907, 0.24373365938663483, 0.44053059816360474, 0.07852412760257721, -0.5380891561508179, 0.4812023341655731, 0.13766102492809296, 0.5261701345443726, -0.26482483744621277, -0.6134320497512817, -0.4641827344894409, 0.44100221991539, 0.183098703622818, -0.382834792137146, -0.1295824497938156, 0.45000511407852173, 0.2830979824066162, -0.1476197987794876, 0.01137147843837738, 0.34858372807502747, 0.6486835479736328, -0.10085849463939667, -0.8035069704055786, -0.11073833703994751, -0.2761135995388031, -0.2636295258998871, 0.006753311492502689, -0.6144402623176575, -0.1853310763835907, 0.7413645386695862, -0.6415033936500549, 0.17062495648860931, -0.06823806464672089, 0.8000892996788025, 0.18532970547676086, -0.8743208050727844, -0.6624984741210938, 0.3487825095653534, -0.13520705699920654, 0.18376292288303375, 0.23097100853919983, 0.5439426898956299, -0.7551673650741577, -0.10511639714241028, 0.04994114115834236, -0.06383968144655228, -0.4217478930950165, 0.6532636880874634, 0.11319491267204285, 1.3098560571670532, -0.6832802891731262, -0.28597578406333923, -0.13324646651744843, -0.158950537443161, -0.23556670546531677, 0.13260036706924438, -0.14733940362930298, 0.3965863585472107, -0.5365195274353027, 0.12004618346691132, -0.950246274471283, -0.028705086559057236, 0.21141092479228973, 0.11030466854572296, -0.07966052740812302, -0.0197453573346138, -0.21271298825740814, -0.15080729126930237, 0.42055290937423706, 0.3357258141040802, -0.3375821113586426, -0.42906761169433594, -0.5174186825752258, 0.14327925443649292, 1.0929919481277466, 0.44663193821907043, 0.22711357474327087, 0.015555710531771183, 0.028804855421185493, 0.2183254510164261, 0.10036972165107727, 0.04280650615692139, -0.10537925362586975, -0.316269189119339, 0.8386868834495544, -0.5127408504486084, 0.11877687275409698, 0.12061555683612823, -0.7165380716323853, -0.004885359201580286, 0.3234187662601471, -0.48221883177757263, 0.11132892221212387, -0.30532824993133545, 0.8460887670516968, 0.6322115063667297, -0.0028283551800996065, 0.06608191877603531, -0.41856181621551514, -0.25348997116088867, -0.4014548063278198, -0.2000846564769745, 0.33437228202819824, -0.25496622920036316, 0.09984713047742844, -0.10410257428884506, 0.6926872134208679, 0.3790869116783142, -0.6373502016067505, 0.1329483836889267, 0.45490601658821106, -0.3769591152667999, 0.3916279673576355, 0.3660765588283539, -0.23706962168216705, 0.7780612111091614, 0.07902133464813232, 0.9749941229820251, -0.15871255099773407, -0.0018099965527653694, 0.19679291546344757, -0.5230363011360168, -0.2450486421585083, 0.6126292943954468, 0.5726090669631958, -0.02992510050535202, -0.15347866714000702, 0.8343105316162109, 0.44813475012779236, -0.31078097224235535, 0.062718465924263, 0.6527609825134277, -0.30207231640815735, -0.45575472712516785, 0.07719721645116806, 0.06803261488676071, 0.0375848188996315, -0.5281416177749634, 0.534649133682251, 0.3641833961009979, 0.3416266143321991, 0.45373135805130005, -0.08284465223550797, 0.8718818426132202, 0.019022153690457344, -0.1196860820055008, -0.14902450144290924, -0.8627306818962097, -0.390716552734375, 0.6760308146476746, 0.007218570914119482, -0.5472356081008911, -0.0046007269993424416, 0.5204145312309265, -0.34297609329223633, -0.6330342888832092, -0.07034477591514587, 0.10324109345674515, 0.3631635308265686, 0.1097014918923378, -0.9106515049934387, 0.19194552302360535, 0.38901981711387634, 0.28845301270484924, -0.1399836540222168, 0.07094631344079971, -0.1461043357849121, 0.24136707186698914, 0.25959572196006775, 0.5265516638755798, 0.5186011791229248, 0.45027032494544983, 0.1125807911157608, 0.10482390224933624, -0.6329893469810486, -0.03794417530298233, 0.6879287958145142, 0.48965197801589966, -0.3607628047466278, 0.16722242534160614, 0.44174811244010925, -0.04383907467126846, -0.7475720047950745, -0.1353340744972229, -0.038754694163799286, -1.0656670331954956, 0.28432297706604004, -0.0846439003944397, 0.07641489058732986, -0.14235441386699677, -0.28606122732162476, -0.6908818483352661, 0.3105646073818207, 0.09889335930347443, 0.09055931866168976, 0.03702469542622566, -0.2598493695259094, -0.48292309045791626, 0.2882310450077057, 0.3546045422554016, -0.07778934389352798, -0.26959657669067383, 0.06669385731220245, -0.29802149534225464, 0.3568367063999176, 0.12286341935396194, -0.13221526145935059, -0.0815279483795166, -0.3587445914745331, 0.7352430820465088, -0.5425660014152527, 0.16667237877845764, -0.5157114267349243, 0.46976378560066223, -0.2999356687068939, -0.6764113306999207, 0.007581900339573622, -0.2613731324672699, 0.3180108368396759, 0.5730623602867126, -0.23397311568260193, 0.5773797631263733, 0.3397314250469208, 0.07710028439760208, -0.1235068291425705, -0.2578146755695343, -5.295640468597412, -0.3674224019050598, 0.23669514060020447, -0.4539089798927307, 0.42400267720222473, -0.009159758687019348, 0.6744825839996338, -0.13565649092197418, -0.1647704541683197, -0.6231714487075806, 0.19961819052696228, -0.2375737577676773, -0.14660599827766418, 0.5315464735031128, 1.136654257774353, 0.40813639760017395, 0.6503640413284302, -0.09291431307792664, 0.06421352177858353, 0.936532199382782, 0.13126800954341888, 0.28854280710220337, -0.19592823088169098, -0.5342403054237366, 0.05399175360798836, 0.6187773942947388, -0.7454207539558411, -0.13538353145122528, -0.601841390132904, 0.3558720350265503, 0.282816082239151, -0.013622340746223927, -0.17654138803482056, -0.32880234718322754, -0.688926100730896, -0.1592133343219757, 0.48159927129745483, 0.5126202702522278, 0.7479930520057678, 0.39195936918258667, -0.06080194190144539, 0.4807552099227905, -0.5164593458175659, 0.2016739845275879, 0.5715780258178711, -0.6188741326332092, -0.7824229598045349, 0.10572909563779831, -0.06297621876001358, 0.7448121905326843, -0.25647613406181335, 0.06966051459312439, 0.48615437746047974, 0.30036604404449463, 0.21272699534893036, -0.2564971148967743, 0.043401557952165604, -0.25397738814353943, -0.5619587898254395, 0.6524026989936829, -0.19639581441879272, -0.424130380153656, 0.4593835175037384, -0.12475524842739105, -0.08001375198364258, -0.10613682121038437, 0.0631423071026802, -0.13213342428207397, 0.03376711159944534, -0.1981513500213623, -0.6585379838943481, 0.236885204911232, 0.3569369912147522, -1.0625405311584473, -0.06236942484974861, -0.7044079303741455, 0.015225119888782501, -0.22735543549060822, -0.6775928139686584, -0.17869272828102112, 0.23937010765075684, -0.7130439281463623, -0.5172759890556335, 0.6204156875610352, 0.41718339920043945, -0.48169204592704773, -0.6023354530334473, 0.37477007508277893, -0.7382025718688965, -0.5611613392829895, -0.4890199601650238, 0.13242822885513306, -0.2209584265947342, 0.23019246757030487, 0.43536874651908875, 0.2963261902332306, 0.4544961452484131, -0.22754405438899994, 0.27957412600517273, -0.25328171253204346, -0.23197539150714874, -0.803215503692627, 0.0217902772128582, -0.6101008057594299, -0.09355643391609192, -0.23488424718379974, 0.12108200788497925, 0.07191944122314453, 0.6453530788421631, -0.10212571918964386, 0.1579851508140564, -0.03233916684985161, -0.5774533152580261, -0.24779482185840607, 0.1518395096063614, -0.4251421093940735, -0.05961158871650696, 0.3890032172203064, -0.02366860955953598, 0.8387724161148071, 0.20024429261684418, 0.5139036178588867, -0.22422508895397186, -0.5760363340377808, -0.44014161825180054, -0.5373265147209167, 0.7884466648101807, -0.529681921005249, -0.01145735289901495, 0.10090085119009018, -0.5928957462310791, 0.3339381515979767, -0.28663551807403564, -0.6514508128166199, -0.22475267946720123, -0.17906536161899567, -1.0980730056762695, -0.16297629475593567, 0.2506680190563202, 0.3761714696884155, 0.4151371717453003, -0.012374219484627247, 0.06166897714138031, 0.15683303773403168, 0.02719447948038578, -0.11444885283708572, 0.22410421073436737, 0.25982755422592163, -0.01906599849462509, 0.229355588555336, 0.06259787827730179, 0.4080524742603302, 0.34846535325050354, -0.6949818730354309, -0.3067007064819336, 0.43448594212532043, -0.5746701955795288, 0.2930651307106018, -0.3246479332447052, 0.04230800271034241, 0.550484836101532, -0.22410166263580322, -0.8022629022598267, 0.25458142161369324, 0.3761860430240631, -0.035976000130176544, -0.6089696288108826, -0.08486036211252213, -0.46271321177482605, 0.1769331842660904, -0.0653267353773117, -0.7202485799789429, -0.29898297786712646, -0.09416597336530685, 0.07073753327131271, 0.08308245241641998, -0.00965737085789442, -0.10140980780124664, -0.24660836160182953, 0.15498101711273193, -0.24726566672325134, 0.22429391741752625, -0.21368664503097534, 0.36976560950279236, 0.5821231007575989, -0.38220810890197754, -0.3209913969039917, -0.6712977886199951, -0.42869332432746887, 0.013646965846419334, -0.011737297289073467, -0.19088338315486908, 1.0072333812713623, 0.6696791648864746, -0.14972691237926483, -0.6266941428184509, 0.10040663182735443, -0.3688257336616516, 0.10188159346580505, -0.42142656445503235, 0.13826589286327362, 0.44671109318733215, 0.20173104107379913, 0.2339169830083847, -0.06288950145244598, -1.2992597818374634, -0.3469196856021881, -0.33120840787887573, -0.09448975324630737, 1.0541383028030396, -0.2857987582683563, -0.58934086561203, 0.20828750729560852, 0.5526963472366333, -0.3563770651817322, -0.17347663640975952, 0.14660273492336273, 0.1585618108510971, -0.041633229702711105, -0.16440145671367645, -0.25386738777160645, -0.5043941140174866, -0.5353457927703857, 0.00337811978533864, -0.4148271977901459, 0.47881442308425903, 0.21691013872623444, -1.0267390012741089, 0.2161051630973816, -0.28540512919425964, -0.27416160702705383, 0.11603321135044098, 0.34218451380729675, -0.22145120799541473, -0.6156036257743835, -0.11240744590759277, 0.31626608967781067, 0.17990851402282715, -0.0328393280506134, 0.22025996446609497, 0.835328996181488, 1.1506205797195435, 0.8209236264228821, -0.4210975468158722, -0.11804590374231339, 0.5141282677650452, 0.16503021121025085, -0.2650088965892792, -0.6290732026100159, 0.48319756984710693, 0.11137817054986954, 0.09307835251092911, -0.4162665903568268, -0.6375748515129089, 1.0329099893569946, 0.08641210198402405, -0.2418164759874344, 0.19964398443698883, -0.038001224398612976, -0.0838472843170166, 0.31923243403434753, -0.23894162476062775, -0.04253941401839256, -0.07639098912477493, -0.22130869328975677, -0.01578517258167267, -0.007442023139446974, 0.21328401565551758, 0.5634579062461853, -0.4856352210044861, -0.5368310809135437, -0.6385723948478699, -0.400185763835907, 1.0498361587524414, -0.12750013172626495, 0.435688316822052, 0.21769633889198303, -0.6273314952850342, 0.18914970755577087, -0.2447175830602646, 0.27085059881210327, 0.5701248049736023, 0.10357216000556946, -0.8965958952903748, 0.1078280359506607, 0.010797140188515186, 0.18724516034126282, -0.27943453192710876, -0.008607005700469017, 0.12373901903629303, -0.32861045002937317, -0.5409308075904846, -0.4204672574996948, 0.007480456493794918, 0.6224299073219299, 0.08868210017681122, -0.44669726490974426, 0.619699239730835, 0.03706701099872589, 0.0974166989326477, -0.34204012155532837, 0.6232890486717224, 0.646187961101532, -0.7635215520858765, 0.4681977927684784, -0.15781868994235992, -0.40587088465690613, 0.0994408056139946, -0.10998598486185074, 0.24569308757781982, -0.1301070898771286, 0.07703978568315506, 0.5882558822631836, 0.6039717793464661, -0.5015251636505127, -0.042643219232559204, 0.31654128432273865, -0.6862000823020935, 0.24529868364334106, 0.2041892558336258, 0.0390026718378067, 0.16197270154953003, 0.6176333427429199, -0.8659459352493286, -0.060653217136859894, 1.0327571630477905, -0.8151825666427612, -0.20363441109657288, -0.49658694863319397, -0.3693389892578125, 0.09385635703802109, -0.2587626874446869, -0.6942885518074036, 0.3990950882434845, -0.4612463414669037, -0.20967677235603333, 0.2796443998813629, -0.29996418952941895, 0.05593441426753998, 0.04136962071061134, -0.2976740002632141, 0.4294845759868622, -0.14369715750217438, 0.04171902686357498, 0.03968215733766556, -0.5432953238487244, 0.31297481060028076, 0.4492248594760895, -0.3962990939617157, -0.0036952681839466095, 0.4924704134464264, 0.4530051052570343, 0.5524601936340332, -0.6063194870948792, 0.304961234331131, -0.3857296407222748, 0.4173864722251892, -0.49300312995910645, -0.3526763319969177, -0.8496313095092773, -0.25843924283981323, -0.2518788278102875, 0.5987710952758789, 0.6254765391349792, 0.029247835278511047, -0.4378567039966583, 0.6411699652671814, -0.6030191779136658, 0.05295630171895027, 0.5528236031532288, 0.8848357200622559, 0.06883552670478821, -0.09318181872367859, 0.5277716517448425, 0.6256700158119202, 0.2869569659233093, 0.2389383316040039, -0.037158817052841187, -0.437305748462677, -0.3937638998031616, -0.3654124438762665, -0.09767625480890274, -0.17650963366031647, 0.17500090599060059, 0.27016255259513855, -0.17764176428318024, -0.21622328460216522, 0.1828092485666275, -0.06277003139257431, -0.24567103385925293, 0.8376962542533875, -0.1814725399017334, -0.6604397892951965, 0.4822492003440857, -1.2878073453903198, 0.4983651638031006, -0.20177215337753296, 1.3154666423797607, 0.05865546688437462, 0.21324311196804047, -0.05288907140493393, 0.1211213618516922, -0.2606717646121979, 0.32624995708465576, -0.48517897725105286, 0.40164119005203247, -0.32383662462234497, 0.6229972839355469, -1.1324456930160522, 0.11984694004058838, 0.17107172310352325, 0.09590689837932587, -0.363900750875473, 0.07066238671541214, -0.21159759163856506, -0.1231459379196167, 0.35270512104034424, -0.042133234441280365, 0.6256449818611145, 0.3365640938282013, -0.1495557576417923, 0.6189113259315491, 0.08895424008369446, 0.35477414727211, -0.07717818021774292, 0.306166410446167, 0.03516584634780884, -0.0028149315621703863, -0.3556109070777893, 0.07123105227947235, -0.12317556142807007, 0.04019204527139664, -0.27303457260131836, 0.3949313461780548, -0.012919372878968716, -0.772705614566803, 0.7042272090911865, 1.410775899887085, 0.07311264425516129, -0.23102174699306488, 0.35078853368759155, -0.08360912650823593, -0.09584815055131912, 0.0883692130446434, -2.1238901615142822, 0.0705823227763176, -0.22275419533252716, -0.847388505935669, 0.29600656032562256, 0.06684237718582153, 0.027559716254472733, -0.21122215688228607, -0.5069308876991272, -0.38481828570365906, -0.10406294465065002, 0.1998014897108078, -0.2103114277124405, -0.3744889795780182, 0.776321291923523, -0.384896457195282 ]
210602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fowles	John Fowles	John Robert Fowles (; 31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist of international renown, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others. After leaving Oxford University, Fowles taught English at a school on the Greek island of Spetses, a sojourn that inspired The Magus (1965), an instant best-seller that was directly in tune with 1960s "hippy" anarchism and experimental philosophy. This was followed by The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969), a Victorian-era romance with a postmodern twist that was set in Lyme Regis, Dorset, where Fowles lived for much of his life. Later fictional works include The Ebony Tower (1974), Daniel Martin (1977), Mantissa (1982), and A Maggot (1985). Fowles's books have been translated into many languages, and several have been adapted as films. Biography Birth and family Fowles was born in Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, England, the son of Gladys May Richards and Robert John Fowles. Robert Fowles came from a family of middle-class merchants of London. Robert's father Reginald was a partner of the firm Allen & Wright, a tobacco importer. Robert's mother died when he was six years old. At the age of 26, after receiving legal training, Robert enlisted in the Honourable Artillery Company and spent three years in the trenches of Flanders during the First World War. Robert's brother Jack died in the war, leaving a widow and three children. During 1920, the year Robert was demobilised, his father Reginald died. Robert became responsible for five young half-siblings as well as the children of his brother. Although he had hoped to practise law, the obligation of raising an extended family forced him into the family trade of tobacco importing. Gladys Richards belonged to an Essex family also originally from London. The Richards family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea in 1918, as Spanish flu swept through Europe, for Essex was said to have a healthy climate. Robert met Gladys Richards at a tennis club in Westcliff-on-Sea in 1924. Though she was ten years younger, and he in bad health from the war, they were married a year later on 18 June 1925. Nine months and two weeks later, Gladys gave birth to John Robert Fowles. Early life and education Fowles spent his childhood attended by his mother and by his cousin Peggy Fowles, 18 years old at the time of his birth. She was his nursemaid and close companion for ten years. Fowles attended Alleyn Court Preparatory School. The works of Richard Jefferies and his character Bevis were Fowles's favourite books as a child. He was an only child until he was 16 years old. In 1939, Fowles won a place at Bedford School, a two-hour train journey north of his home. His time at Bedford coincided with the Second World War. Fowles was a student at Bedford until 1944. He became head boy and was an athletic standout: a member of the rugby-football third team, the fives first team, and captain of the cricket team, for which he was a bowler. After leaving Bedford School in 1944, Fowles enrolled in a Naval Short Course at Edinburgh University and was prepared to receive a commission in the Royal Marines. He completed his training on 8 May 1945—VE Day and was assigned instead to Okehampton Camp in the countryside near Devon for two years. After completing his military service in 1947, Fowles entered New College, Oxford, where he studied both French and German, although he stopped studying German and concentrated on French for his BA. Fowles was undergoing a political transformation. Upon leaving the marines, he wrote, "I ... began to hate what I was becoming in life—a British Establishment young hopeful. I decided instead to become a sort of anarchist." It was also at Oxford that Fowles first considered life as a writer, particularly after reading existentialists such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Fowles has also commented that the ambience of Oxford at the time, where such existentialist notions of "authenticity" and "freedom" were pervasive, influenced him. Though Fowles did not identify as an existentialist, their writing was motivated from a feeling that the world was absurd, a feeling he shared. Teaching career Fowles spent his early adult life as a teacher. His first year after Oxford was spent at the University of Poitiers. At the end of the year, he received two offers: one from the French department at Winchester, the other "from a ratty school in Greece," Fowles said: "Of course, I went against all the dictates of common sense and took the Greek job." In 1951, Fowles became an English master at the Anargyrios and Korgialenios School of Spetses on the Peloponnesian island of Spetses (also known as Spetsai). This opened a critical period in his life, as the island was where he met his future wife Elizabeth Christy, née Whitton, wife of fellow teacher Roy Christy. Inspired by his experiences and feelings there, he used it as the setting of his novel, The Magus (1966). Fowles was happy in Greece, especially outside the school. He wrote poems that he later published, and became close to his fellow expatriates. But during 1953, Fowles and the other masters at the school were all dismissed for trying to institute reforms, and Fowles returned to England. On the island of Spetses, Fowles had developed a relationship with Elizabeth Christy, then married to another teacher. Christy's marriage was already ending because of Fowles. Although they returned to England at the same time, they were no longer in each other's company. It was during this period that Fowles began drafting The Magus. His separation from Elizabeth did not last long. On 2 April 1957, they were married. Fowles became stepfather to Elizabeth's daughter from her first marriage, Anna. For nearly ten years, Fowles taught English as a foreign language to students from other countries at St. Godric's College, an all-girls establishment in Hampstead, London. Literary career In late 1960, though he had already drafted The Magus, Fowles began working on The Collector. He finished his first draft of The Collector in a month, but spent more than a year making revisions before showing it to his agent. Michael S. Howard, the publisher at Jonathan Cape was enthusiastic about the manuscript. The book was published in 1963 and when the paperback rights were sold in the spring of that year, it was "probably the highest price that had hitherto been paid for a first novel," according to Howard. British reviewers found the novel to be an innovative thriller, but several American critics detected a serious promotion of existentialist thought. The success of The Collector meant that Fowles could stop teaching and devote himself full-time to a literary career. Film rights to the book were optioned and it was adapted as a feature film of the same name in 1965. Against the advice of his publisher, Fowles insisted that his second published book be The Aristos, a non-fiction collection of philosophy essays. Afterward, he set about collating all the drafts he had written of what would become his most studied work, The Magus. In 1965 Fowles left London, moving to Underhill, a farm on the fringes of Lyme Regis, Dorset. The isolated farm house became the model for The Dairy in the book Fowles was writing: The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969). Finding the farm too remote, as "total solitude gets a bit monotonous," Fowles remarked, in 1968 he and his wife moved to Belmont, in Lyme Regis. (Belmont was formerly owned by Eleanor Coade), which Fowles used as a setting for parts of The French Lieutenant's Woman. In this novel, Fowles created one of the most enigmatic female characters in literary history. His conception of femininity and myth of masculinity as developed in this text is psychoanalytically informed. In the same year, he adapted The Magus for cinema, and the film was released in 1968. The film version of The Magus (1968) was generally considered awful; when Woody Allen was later asked whether he would make changes in his life if he had the opportunity to do it all over again, he jokingly replied he would do "everything exactly the same, with the exception of watching The Magus." The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969) was released to critical and popular success. It was translated into more than ten languages, and established Fowles' international reputation. It was adapted as a feature film in 1981 with a screenplay by the noted British playwright (and later Nobel laureate) Harold Pinter, and starring Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons. Fowles lived the rest of his life in Lyme Regis. His works The Ebony Tower (1974), Daniel Martin (1977), Mantissa (1981), and A Maggot (1985) were all written from Belmont House. In 1980 he wrote a highly appreciative introduction to G.B. Edwards' The Book of Ebenezer Le Page (Hamish Hamilton, 1981), the fictional autobiography set in Guernsey: 'There may have been stranger literary events than the book you are about to read but I rather doubt it' (reprinted in his Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings, ed. Jan Relf (Jonathan Cape, 1998), pp. 166-74. Fowles was named by The Times newspaper of UK as one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. In 1998, he was quoted in the New York Times Book Review as saying, "Being an atheist is a matter not of moral choice, but of human obligation." Short fiction Fowles composed a number of poems and short stories throughout his life, most of which were lost or destroyed. In December 1950 he wrote My Kingdom for a Corkscrew. For A Casebook (1955) was rejected by various magazines. In 1970 he wrote The Last Chapter. Community life Joining the community, Fowles served as the curator of the Lyme Regis Museum from 1979 to 1988, retiring from the museum after having a mild stroke. Fowles was occasionally involved in local politics, writing letters to The Times advocating preservation. Despite this involvement, he was generally considered reclusive. Personal life In 1990, his first wife Elizabeth died of cancer, only a week after it was diagnosed. Her death affected him severely, and he did not write for a year. In 1998, Fowles married his second wife, Sarah Smith. With Sarah by his side, Fowles died of heart failure on 5 November 2005, aged 79, in Axminster Hospital, from Lyme Regis. In 2008, Elena van Lieshout presented a series of 120 love letters and postcards for auction at Sotheby's. The correspondence started in 1990, when Fowles was aged 65. Elena, a young Welsh admirer and a student at St. Hilda's College, Oxford, contacted the reclusive author and they developed a sensitive, albeit unconsummated, relationship. Controversy Following Fowles' death in 2005, his unpublished diaries from 1965 to 1990 were revealed to contain racist and homophobic statements, with particular ire towards Jewish people. He described rare book dealer Rick Gekoski as "Too Jewish for English tastes… bending to the way of the wind, or the business and money pressure", and wrote a consciously antisemitic poem about publishers Tom Maschler and Roger Straus. List of works (1963) The Collector (1964) The Aristos, essays () (1965) The Magus (revised 1977) (1969) The French Lieutenant's Woman (1973) Poems by John Fowles (1974) The Ebony Tower (1974) Shipwreck (1977) Daniel Martin (1978) Islands (1979) The Tree (1980) The Enigma of Stonehenge (1982) A Short History of Lyme Regis (1982) Mantissa (1985) A Maggot (1985) Land (with Fay Godwin) (1990) Lyme Regis Camera (1998) Wormholes - Essays and Occasional Writings (2003) The Journals – Volume 1 (2006) The Journals – Volume 2 References Works cited Mandal, Mahitosh (2017). "'Eyes a man could drown in': Phallic Myth and Femininity in John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman". Interdisciplinary Literary Studies: A Journal of Criticism and Theory. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/672189/pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/intelitestud.19.3.0274 General External links John Fowles–The Web Site "Writer John Fowles dies aged 79", BBC News, 7 November 2005. The New York Times obituary of John Fowles "The Novels of John Fowles: A Reassessment", Fractious Fiction, 6 November 2015. "Virtuoso author of 'The Collector', 'The Magus' and 'The French Lieutenant's Woman'", 8 Nov. 2005 in The Independent "Featured Author: John Fowles". From the Archives of The New York Times Adam Lee-Potter, Interview: "Fair or Fowles?", The Observer, 12 October 2003. The Guardian Book Authors: John Fowles – Biography, list of articles and interviews at The Guardian, 22 July 2008. Johnfowles.org.uk John Fowles Collection, and Papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin Criticism in Portuguese. By Dr. Shirley Carreira Fowles in Dorset BBC Radio 4: Chris Ledgard explores a series of previously unheard recordings of the novelist John Fowles at work during his time as the curator of Lyme Regis Museum. 28 October 2008. 1926 births 2005 deaths Alumni of New College, Oxford British expatriates in Greece English atheists English essayists English humanists People educated at Alleyn Court School People educated at Bedford School People from Leigh-on-Sea Postmodern writers 20th-century English novelists English erotica writers 20th-century essayists Royal Marines personnel of World War II Royal Marines officers Military personnel from Essex	[ -0.03409476578235626, 0.5231996774673462, -1.0213119983673096, -0.41647395491600037, 0.20843885838985443, 1.02997624874115, 0.21801187098026276, -0.2268553227186203, -0.03015262447297573, 0.12850508093833923, -0.2805466055870056, 0.37924331426620483, -0.010303501971065998, 0.14229297637939453, 0.7709776163101196, -0.0343380905687809, -0.15019011497497559, -0.6931374669075012, -0.3229745626449585, -0.20984643697738647, -0.4526720345020294, 0.10458085685968399, -0.05846231430768967, 0.0943300724029541, 0.11095242947340012, 0.007344648241996765, 0.11559053510427475, -0.7653912901878357, -0.23598706722259521, -0.401293009519577, 0.12445312738418579, 0.7681736946105957, -0.19141699373722076, -0.26062214374542236, -0.47416937351226807, -0.1037270724773407, -0.6079710125923157, -0.4156298339366913, -0.41169771552085876, -0.22281022369861603, -0.5152993202209473, 0.23382720351219177, 0.7111583948135376, -0.037373676896095276, -0.2256549894809723, -0.39572077989578247, -2.162961483001709, 0.22459596395492554, -0.7251570224761963, -0.14035438001155853, 0.15187287330627441, 0.6253053545951843, 1.1975494623184204, -0.245132178068161, -0.020899368450045586, 0.6174346208572388, -0.8906201124191284, -0.2741891145706177, -0.053570251911878586, -0.49215880036354065, 0.543779194355011, -0.3253001868724823, 0.27643048763275146, 0.35817888379096985, 0.23679789900779724, 0.29574018716812134, 0.10757375508546829, 0.21515429019927979, -0.5521657466888428, 0.21187105774879456, -0.1146058589220047, 0.49164050817489624, 0.1229923740029335, 0.6141160726547241, -0.09898726642131805, -0.5798399448394775, 0.344368577003479, 0.016737887635827065, -0.08593352138996124, 0.08369464427232742, 0.2899632453918457, 0.18409882485866547, 0.6144860982894897, 0.22440575063228607, 0.3956451117992401, -0.01922687515616417, -0.0478973388671875, 0.5944802165031433, 0.17457634210586548, 0.3512168228626251, -0.07949474453926086, -0.5719550251960754, -0.08780746161937714, -0.13588933646678925, 0.3099824786186218, 0.004717926029115915, 0.2816668748855591, 0.5450679659843445, -0.527553915977478, -0.23183707892894745, -0.49529528617858887, 0.06807907670736313, 0.2562220096588135, -0.2934824526309967, -0.5145338177680969, -0.04318453371524811, -0.16902516782283783, -0.44122856855392456, 0.46088770031929016, -0.4139705300331116, -0.429849237203598, 0.4645254611968994, -0.3908555209636688, 0.4719415009021759, 0.2302285134792328, 0.09393319487571716, -0.1363581418991089, -0.4537445604801178, -0.6762449145317078, -0.04598849266767502, 0.12428897619247437, -0.4875476658344269, -0.07498744130134583, 0.04565860703587532, -0.6922693252563477, -0.563174843788147, -0.06708697229623795, -0.1576666384935379, -0.48450714349746704, 0.20073434710502625, 0.38889068365097046, 1.7392433881759644, -0.728891134262085, -0.8626387715339661, -0.3101252615451813, 0.27857527136802673, -0.019395094364881516, 0.020313099026679993, 0.0008466399740427732, 0.6121669411659241, -0.3115624785423279, 0.13653233647346497, -0.8304120302200317, 0.19642044603824615, 0.7551788687705994, -0.20811370015144348, 0.29581260681152344, -0.06606925278902054, 0.11814568191766739, -0.29776349663734436, 0.10984719544649124, 0.42320239543914795, -0.5828067064285278, -0.22371318936347961, -0.19049830734729767, 0.13765275478363037, 0.846721351146698, 0.7057543992996216, 0.33986470103263855, -0.24342016875743866, 0.5799040794372559, 0.023254765197634697, 0.2890126705169678, -0.06024619936943054, -0.362638384103775, -0.07973021268844604, 0.6355723738670349, 0.027155296877026558, -0.23932833969593048, 0.18535949289798737, -0.4001280963420868, -0.26615965366363525, 0.5376355051994324, 0.10257408767938614, 0.043234340846538544, 0.1788615584373474, 0.9085556268692017, 0.2355203628540039, 0.1776292622089386, 0.3150336742401123, -0.7455707788467407, 0.2014187127351761, -0.33013489842414856, -0.001563483732752502, 0.22377970814704895, -0.05185304209589958, 0.2986084818840027, 0.01910584606230259, 0.5731646418571472, 0.17518551647663116, -0.4979715049266815, -0.3599659502506256, -0.007823949679732323, -0.30558547377586365, 0.5911663770675659, -0.06355245411396027, -0.49455565214157104, 1.2712087631225586, 0.23464462161064148, 0.6536219716072083, -0.14230822026729584, -0.2227078080177307, 0.07058610022068024, -0.4489143490791321, 0.277473509311676, 0.20296066999435425, 0.5399782657623291, 0.5612205862998962, 0.13894693553447723, 0.2870500087738037, 0.22247232496738434, -0.37029629945755005, 0.04572630673646927, 0.5012699365615845, -0.2713189423084259, -0.8319567441940308, -0.10367917269468307, -0.18355953693389893, 0.08315344899892807, -0.7392321825027466, 0.520281970500946, 0.12897826731204987, 0.11340157687664032, -0.05843489244580269, -0.06236175447702408, 0.5246236324310303, -0.028827209025621414, -0.5240681767463684, -0.11252078413963318, -0.7064148187637329, -0.4097680449485779, 0.5412653684616089, 0.1730678230524063, -0.3434697687625885, 0.2544279992580414, 0.3391890525817871, 0.2883574068546295, -0.22275710105895996, 0.2654877305030823, -0.46334564685821533, 0.3436775505542755, -0.021919433027505875, -0.3115059435367584, 0.7273045778274536, 0.16750435531139374, -0.0029711134266108274, 0.09354813396930695, 0.040137503296136856, -0.44373154640197754, 0.14549081027507782, 0.046666715294122696, 0.775553286075592, 0.4596726596355438, 0.3189903795719147, -0.2772604823112488, -0.21158486604690552, -0.023382313549518585, 0.3335379660129547, 0.9109713435173035, 0.31526073813438416, -0.17785871028900146, -0.28668782114982605, 0.14543770253658295, 0.5428606271743774, -0.17561520636081696, -0.2844952642917633, 0.002011089352890849, -1.1555460691452026, 0.21109162271022797, -0.02587476558983326, 0.09556248039007187, -0.3190512955188751, 0.07217611372470856, 0.5164004564285278, 0.3450145125389099, 0.2894149720668793, 0.15809756517410278, -0.3040020763874054, -0.5125887393951416, -0.2892947793006897, 0.27076494693756104, 0.547760546207428, 0.13869887590408325, -0.4030081629753113, 0.17089009284973145, -0.44247934222221375, -0.2503856122493744, -0.07232917100191116, 0.13171754777431488, 0.11295724660158157, -0.364846408367157, 0.6703949570655823, -0.21582256257534027, -0.2923094630241394, -0.7886312007904053, 0.38507965207099915, -0.7506753206253052, -0.281482458114624, -0.5110843181610107, -0.15200293064117432, -0.012321618385612965, 0.6627594828605652, -0.3901297450065613, 0.9058914184570312, 1.062207579612732, 0.26649168133735657, -0.15575802326202393, 0.3317617177963257, -5.419956684112549, 0.22613488137722015, 0.6118171811103821, -0.221647247672081, 0.05057089403271675, 0.5850445032119751, 0.03568384051322937, 0.2088921070098877, 0.07131510972976685, -0.8192716240882874, -0.10254157334566116, -0.03070693463087082, -0.30051612854003906, 0.8152391314506531, 0.4694376587867737, 0.18278919160366058, -0.34787431359291077, 0.061292123049497604, -0.43219631910324097, 0.5366501212120056, -0.4245655834674835, 0.16034410893917084, -0.06598237156867981, -0.047962721437215805, 0.07863134145736694, -0.00326926214620471, -0.5158918499946594, 0.05935510993003845, -0.6865505576133728, 0.12371881306171417, 0.364276647567749, -0.037192679941654205, -0.04302778095006943, -0.1331004649400711, 0.26139000058174133, -0.2743164002895355, 0.14570532739162445, -0.03247560188174248, -0.16390210390090942, 0.31521856784820557, -0.26124003529548645, 0.1591808944940567, -0.6535063982009888, 0.1616983562707901, 0.320488840341568, -0.022885361686348915, -0.5026479959487915, 0.07289912551641464, 0.158205047249794, 0.3819560408592224, -0.32740548253059387, 0.16707246005535126, 0.07134411484003067, -0.3090638220310211, 0.16721823811531067, 0.2599213421344757, -0.05504412576556206, -0.5264120697975159, -0.6168034076690674, -0.08496535569429398, 0.3917333781719208, 0.06868942081928253, 0.19223830103874207, 0.20054779946804047, -0.2285575121641159, -0.10544522106647491, 0.1550731211900711, 0.17137515544891357, 0.18065717816352844, -0.4971870183944702, 0.018619606271386147, 0.6903747320175171, -0.09903272986412048, -1.256554126739502, -0.535051167011261, -0.6728324294090271, 0.31539082527160645, -0.1940506398677826, -0.2863946557044983, -0.12439166754484177, -0.08021949231624603, -0.7851014733314514, -0.7201769351959229, 0.5269239544868469, 0.30508652329444885, -0.4960034489631653, -0.3712821304798126, 0.3892306983470917, -0.60627281665802, -0.18171994388103485, -0.10047842562198639, -0.11382979899644852, -0.14607396721839905, 0.1501631885766983, 0.5706211924552917, -0.1247284784913063, -0.14247648417949677, 0.4177905321121216, 0.2655249536037445, 0.49212390184402466, -0.4697558581829071, -0.3834608495235443, -0.006392495706677437, 0.07208546996116638, 0.3290756642818451, -0.5307872891426086, -0.046333443373441696, 0.3200356662273407, 0.7531272768974304, -0.2695366144180298, 0.4729865491390228, 0.2496682107448578, -0.4507603049278259, -0.34052029252052307, -0.15764780342578888, 0.0913294330239296, 0.3868578374385834, -0.13559812307357788, 0.02602691948413849, 0.39565446972846985, -0.35990652441978455, 0.41291889548301697, -0.5945813059806824, -0.2860584259033203, 0.3383677005767822, -0.04481690004467964, 0.20259268581867218, -0.9530010223388672, 0.007227190304547548, -0.002183865988627076, -0.16417452692985535, 0.49984216690063477, 0.3409058153629303, -0.19740068912506104, -0.14507994055747986, -0.2884213924407959, -0.6497460603713989, -0.15978312492370605, 0.06320091336965561, 0.315292626619339, 0.06919088959693909, 0.24222038686275482, 0.48716461658477783, 0.2601085305213928, 0.2244570255279541, -0.2976893186569214, -0.6098539233207703, 0.16732467710971832, 0.11100549250841141, 0.31759101152420044, 0.33108997344970703, 0.7719385027885437, 0.2821348011493683, -0.3369818925857544, -0.24782489240169525, -0.22514867782592773, -0.5626148581504822, 0.39729252457618713, -0.5116029977798462, -0.6644095182418823, 0.03658900037407875, 0.0179694052785635, -0.796978235244751, -0.42335596680641174, 0.16069483757019043, -0.17432941496372223, -0.04653960466384888, -0.2756035625934601, -0.46011728048324585, 0.08182568848133087, -0.06222223863005638, -0.9117581248283386, 0.3922102451324463, -0.022971803322434425, 0.07579156756401062, -0.2299269735813141, -0.7581026554107666, -0.32321783900260925, 0.03315001726150513, 0.06947781890630722, -0.39878952503204346, 0.6945927143096924, -0.3717088997364044, -0.04755568504333496, 0.7817676067352295, -0.4848599135875702, -0.46749716997146606, -0.8358610272407532, -0.5384779572486877, 0.12422184646129608, 0.10335388034582138, 0.10486806184053421, 0.6961230039596558, 1.068998098373413, -0.4072616398334503, -0.3020346760749817, 0.0165310837328434, -0.21473032236099243, -0.09192158281803131, 0.018171317875385284, -0.14020220935344696, 0.24006102979183197, 0.1348399519920349, -0.22884005308151245, 0.02743564173579216, -1.1801499128341675, -0.3366779088973999, -0.7517074346542358, -0.11378829926252365, 1.22085440158844, -0.6814780235290527, -0.2960076332092285, -0.32649093866348267, 0.5077370405197144, -0.12635846436023712, 0.32489046454429626, 0.13234780728816986, -0.22998462617397308, -0.6750073432922363, -0.004561801441013813, -0.0018630983540788293, 0.14285996556282043, -0.6780293583869934, -0.11477808654308319, -0.46042877435684204, 0.05947059020400047, -0.01711871661245823, -0.7498089671134949, 0.5457432866096497, -0.17733938992023468, 0.05150185152888298, -0.28627052903175354, -0.029737886041402817, 0.37583330273628235, -0.4497087895870209, 0.006658968981355429, 0.7485740780830383, -0.34613484144210815, -0.08824391663074493, 0.1643478274345398, 0.5244289636611938, 0.6306278705596924, 0.5354501008987427, 0.017261527478694916, 0.0831661969423294, 0.20181281864643097, 0.14693981409072876, -0.39277327060699463, -0.2949821650981903, 0.2402046024799347, 0.081731416285038, 0.0884699672460556, 0.05415629968047142, -0.6153489351272583, 0.5054364800453186, -0.3918021619319916, -0.34374067187309265, -0.06565134227275848, 0.33877667784690857, -0.11470244079828262, 0.3943045437335968, 0.1520395129919052, 0.06087324768304825, 0.3512856960296631, -0.007215707562863827, 0.41477811336517334, 0.2119159996509552, 0.18142224848270416, 0.42079639434814453, -0.5752582550048828, 0.04123106971383095, -0.18213026225566864, -0.7767085433006287, 0.6593647003173828, 0.04653859883546829, -0.29491543769836426, 0.17169874906539917, -0.38353174924850464, 0.5120293498039246, -0.5455033779144287, -0.28974878787994385, 0.2805120348930359, 0.16825929284095764, -1.046916127204895, -0.6344534754753113, 0.07948405295610428, 0.7059024572372437, -0.7216671705245972, 0.33080267906188965, 0.30353492498397827, 0.14042621850967407, -0.12013428658246994, 0.19670043885707855, 0.13724693655967712, 0.4689371585845947, 0.014031773433089256, -0.6958526372909546, 0.4361704885959625, -0.32043763995170593, -0.25275957584381104, -0.6403730511665344, 0.0963156446814537, 0.5910405516624451, -0.4071108400821686, 0.4502709209918976, -0.4585133492946625, -0.2765525281429291, 0.184944748878479, -0.42444783449172974, 0.5115699172019958, 0.394144743680954, -0.178394615650177, -0.18296973407268524, 0.502829909324646, -0.5646296143531799, -0.031422484666109085, 0.3489186763763428, -0.30603665113449097, 0.23383235931396484, 0.34671929478645325, 0.31374645233154297, 0.11247311532497406, 0.5419067740440369, -1.0388562679290771, -0.07421697676181793, 0.7146492004394531, -0.3923608362674713, 0.3710189163684845, -0.6727150678634644, -0.10795596241950989, 0.12490987032651901, -0.7051619291305542, -0.6918132305145264, 0.5555658936500549, 0.09099550545215607, -0.5928617715835571, 0.3169482350349426, -0.10973750054836273, 0.24158525466918945, -0.33052700757980347, 0.22339095175266266, 0.34500300884246826, -0.04983234778046608, 0.3072313070297241, -0.37759414315223694, -0.13298170268535614, 0.24586421251296997, 0.8893264532089233, -0.3692469000816345, 0.03073429875075817, 1.232494831085205, 0.49958568811416626, 0.31823283433914185, -0.6502031683921814, 0.5453732013702393, -0.3136821389198303, 0.5484534502029419, -0.10367390513420105, -0.8463350534439087, -0.011366765014827251, -0.2087388038635254, 0.9558486342430115, 0.7390211224555969, -0.06744125485420227, 0.407172292470932, 0.2730097472667694, 0.6221740245819092, -0.5286269783973694, 0.0727790892124176, 0.34464192390441895, 0.6428847312927246, -0.3090779483318329, -0.13490308821201324, 0.3845757246017456, 0.31027519702911377, 0.46872246265411377, 0.5389431118965149, 0.23280876874923706, 0.3279780149459839, -0.11548455059528351, -0.6132220029830933, 0.1095847561955452, 0.1027287095785141, 0.11225134879350662, 0.5964143872261047, -0.4122350811958313, 0.20126618444919586, 0.19662941992282867, -0.3609341084957123, -0.11427415907382965, 0.15882211923599243, -0.24200142920017242, -0.6647868156433105, 0.5882639288902283, -1.2831261157989502, -0.10984870791435242, -0.2186792641878128, 1.4016375541687012, -0.18392488360404968, -0.3940054774284363, -0.3311626613140106, 0.17915984988212585, -0.5818259119987488, -0.04130770266056061, -0.5923777222633362, 0.2328377515077591, -0.14603574573993683, 0.35540395975112915, -1.304032325744629, 0.5077800750732422, -0.17475461959838867, 0.0761852115392685, -0.3947257995605469, 0.6535618305206299, -0.3671756088733673, 0.04308648779988289, 0.12713974714279175, 0.23202738165855408, 0.8149023652076721, -0.03403449431061745, 0.29518377780914307, 0.6795678734779358, -0.06514442712068558, -0.0671725794672966, -0.6010291576385498, 0.7982571721076965, 0.04516340419650078, 0.4172958433628082, -0.16540218889713287, 0.4120168387889862, -0.33171719312667847, 0.31293171644210815, -0.41395410895347595, -0.09612984210252762, 0.0026769782416522503, -0.28429552912712097, 0.6928609609603882, 0.6593777537345886, -0.31811225414276123, -0.48280370235443115, 0.6267447471618652, 0.3307473361492157, -0.1413072645664215, -0.12040716409683228, -0.5481374263763428, 0.2438105344772339, -0.11868859827518463, -0.23103705048561096, 0.21869346499443054, 0.13239635527133942, 0.5063227415084839, -0.03587028756737709, 0.017038919031620026, -0.5780882239341736, 0.1321513056755066, -0.14872151613235474, -0.06870027631521225, -0.27564194798469543, 0.7758141160011292, -0.5097715854644775 ]
210606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Cunliffe	Barry Cunliffe	Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe, (born 10 December 1939), known as Barry Cunliffe, is a British archaeologist and academic. He was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2007. Since 2007, he has been an Emeritus Professor. Biography Cunliffe's decision to become an archaeologist was sparked at the age of nine by the discovery of Roman remains on his uncle's farm in Somerset. After studying at Portsmouth Northern Grammar School (now the Mayfield School) and reading archaeology and anthropology at St John's College, Cambridge, he became a lecturer at the University of Bristol in 1963. Fascinated by the Roman remains in nearby Bath he embarked on a programme of excavation and publication. In 1966 he became an unusually young professor when he took the chair at the newly founded Department of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. There he became involved in the excavation (1961–1968) of the Fishbourne Roman Palace in Sussex. Another site in southern England led him away from the Roman period. He began a long series of summer excavations (1969–1988) of the Iron Age hill fort at Danebury, Hampshire and was subsequently involved in the Danebury Environs Programme (1989–1995). His interest in Iron Age Britain and Europe generated a number of publications and he became an acknowledged authority on the Celts. Other sites he has worked on include Hengistbury Head in Dorset, Mount Batten in Devon, Le Câtel in Jersey, and Le Yaudet in Brittany, reflecting his interest in the communities of Atlantic Europe during the Iron Age. In his later works he sets out the thesis that Celtic culture originated along the length of the Atlantic seaboard in the Bronze Age before being taken inland, which stands in contrast to the more generally accepted view that Celtic origins lie with the Hallstatt culture of the Alps. One of his most recent projects has been in the Najerilla valley, La Rioja, Spain, which straddles "the interface between the Celtiberian heartland of central Iberia and the Atlantic zone of the Bay of Biscay". Cunliffe was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1979. He lives with his wife in Oxford. Cunliffe inspired the name for the character "Currant Bunliffe", an archaeologist in David Macaulay's 1979 book, Motel of the Mysteries. Positions and honours President, Council for British Archaeology (1976–1979) Fellow of the British Academy (FBA; 1979) Member, Ancient Monuments Advisory Committee of English Heritage, since 1984 Honorary Graduate, Doctor of Science, University of Bath (1984) Member, Advisory Committee of The Discovery Programme (Ireland), since 1991 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1994 Birthday Honours for services to archaeology Trustee of the British Museum Governor, Museum of London Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA) Original Chair of Steering Committee for the e-journal Internet Archaeology Knight Bachelor, 17 June 2006 Interim chair of English Heritage in September 2008 Chairman, The British Museum Friends (until 2009) Founding Fellow, The Learned Society of Wales Grahame Clark Medal of the British Academy (2004) Corresponding Member of the Real Academia de la Historia (since 2006) Works The Roman Occupation, Introduction, Cumberland and Westmorland, The Buildings of England, Nikolaus Pevsner, Harmondsworth: Penguin (1967) Roman Hampshire, Introduction, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, The Buildings of England, Nikolaus Pevsner, Harmondsworth: Penguin (1967) The Roman Occupation, Introduction, Worcestershire, The Buildings of England, Nikolaus Pevsner, Harmondsworth: Penguin (1968) Roman Kent, Introduction, North East and East Kent, The Buildings of England, Nikolaus Pevsner, Harmondsworth: Penguin (1969) Fishbourne: A Roman Palace and Its Garden (1971) The Regni (1973) in the 'Peoples of Roman Britain series Ed.Keith Brannigan, pub. Duckworth (1973) Iron Age Communities in Britain (1974) (4th edition, Jan 2005)Excavations in Bath 1950-1975 (1979)Danebury: Anatomy of an Iron Age Hillfort (1983)Roman Bath Discovered (1984)The Celtic World (1987)Greeks, Romans and Barbarians (1988)Wessex to AD 1000 (1993) Facing the Ocean: The Atlantic and Its Peoples, 8000 BC to AD 1500 (2001, Oxford University Press)The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe (2001)The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek: The Man Who Discovered Britain (2001), Walker & Co; (2002 Penguin ed. with new post-script: )England's Landscape: The West (English Heritage 2006)Celtic from the West. Alternative perspectives from archaeology, genetics and literature. (Oxford: Oxbow Books). 2010. References External links Sir Barry Cunliffe School of Archaeology, University of Oxford. Video interview Prof Cunliffe describes the East Gate at Danebury hillfort.Breton, Britons, Celts and King Arthur'' Podcast in which Cunliffe discusses prehistoric links between Brittany and the British Isles (published 26 May 2021). 1939 births Living people People from Portsmouth British archaeologists Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Knights Bachelor Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Fellows of Keble College, Oxford Fellows of the British Academy Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales Presidents of the Society of Antiquaries of London Academics of the University of Bristol Academics of the University of Southampton Trustees of the British Museum Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford Prehistorians 20th-century archaeologists 21st-century archaeologists Recipients of the Grahame Clark Medal Corresponding members of the Real Academia de la Historia	[ 0.32615184783935547, 0.7081490159034729, -0.6628479957580566, -0.670341968536377, 0.09168042242527008, 0.6435084342956543, 0.5587735772132874, 0.00327682844363153, -0.10053252428770065, 0.31720390915870667, -0.6042803525924683, 0.8764427304267883, -0.188808411359787, 0.5568505525588989, 0.6456313729286194, 0.45512986183166504, -0.18508340418338776, -0.5698843598365784, -0.5337860584259033, 0.11138872802257538, -0.043352629989385605, -0.12004315108060837, -0.09058143198490143, 0.1829117238521576, -0.17769894003868103, 0.21360482275485992, 0.5169879794120789, -0.23489215970039368, -0.16874922811985016, -0.5455899834632874, 0.19925007224082947, -0.02272856794297695, 0.15692946314811707, -0.2875014543533325, -0.2395675778388977, 0.3392190933227539, -0.19851596653461456, -0.5610715746879578, -0.08820954710245132, -0.18895624577999115, 0.1200922280550003, 0.4000939428806305, -0.03196810558438301, -0.00090358080342412, -0.7003596425056458, -0.28849899768829346, -1.5383021831512451, 0.47062423825263977, -0.60853111743927, -0.300243616104126, -0.2859281897544861, 0.7408241629600525, 0.39117172360420227, -0.2754058539867401, 0.6590371131896973, 0.2765408456325531, -0.8508216142654419, -0.32160699367523193, 0.5023519992828369, -0.5797247290611267, 0.6668076515197754, 0.08287008851766586, 0.17444822192192078, -0.1982782483100891, 0.07585220038890839, 0.026108019053936005, -0.09583760052919388, 0.43624722957611084, -0.3445177376270294, -0.04807430878281593, -0.15467724204063416, 0.30400550365448, 0.5570296049118042, 0.1027517318725586, -0.2143246829509735, -0.11516407877206802, 0.26364240050315857, 0.013259152881801128, -0.10947027802467346, -0.12853845953941345, 0.4630069136619568, -0.41879186034202576, 0.4407321512699127, 0.44604891538619995, 0.46423885226249695, -0.11302857846021652, -0.6836203336715698, 0.3991086781024933, -0.5179885029792786, 0.4543190598487854, -0.5705885291099548, -0.35984915494918823, 0.24346894025802612, 0.18470627069473267, 0.0819590762257576, -0.11058390140533447, 0.1767265647649765, 0.007759206462651491, 0.4703136086463928, -0.24093054234981537, -0.0640958771109581, -0.30725058913230896, 0.06496283411979675, -0.15989595651626587, -0.35720738768577576, -0.1302260458469391, -0.23960727453231812, -0.28852638602256775, -0.5974984169006348, -0.24932539463043213, -0.6291723847389221, 0.01567499153316021, -0.192689910531044, -0.0011370314750820398, 0.5590594410896301, 0.0481317974627018, 0.526025116443634, -0.7291982769966125, -1.075289249420166, 0.03912531957030296, -0.4607464075088501, 0.22219151258468628, -0.015882402658462524, 0.014602445997297764, -0.9678902626037598, -0.32952600717544556, 0.22707578539848328, 0.1122438907623291, -0.7784497141838074, 0.4270208477973938, 0.7172449827194214, 1.0226081609725952, -0.5639821887016296, -0.022421106696128845, -0.8062613010406494, -0.5757957696914673, -0.08359315991401672, 0.41100379824638367, -0.00467961048707366, 0.31277182698249817, -0.2783922851085663, -0.13789767026901245, -0.9999710321426392, -0.07868058979511261, 0.5581569671630859, -0.13557446002960205, 0.14733152091503143, 0.5705395936965942, 0.38233256340026855, 0.05149035528302193, 0.07395173609256744, -0.24975456297397614, -0.14562484622001648, -0.6225501298904419, -0.3260215222835541, 0.4417419731616974, 0.799316942691803, 0.21277391910552979, 0.34372830390930176, 0.09001683443784714, 0.28825679421424866, -0.5098746418952942, -0.24738143384456635, 0.3113083243370056, 0.23872587084770203, 0.24600666761398315, 0.49536842107772827, 0.032314054667949677, 0.0267912857234478, 0.4284352660179138, -0.5198788642883301, -0.1205902174115181, 0.6890482902526855, -0.16872814297676086, -0.3266541063785553, 0.4973953664302826, 0.31922823190689087, 0.46122488379478455, 0.5224165320396423, -0.31861773133277893, -0.46720483899116516, -0.7488812208175659, -0.1596425473690033, 0.2923471927642822, 0.6658289432525635, -0.21388599276542664, 0.5315058827400208, -0.40615472197532654, 0.2578915059566498, -0.2201269119977951, -0.3779889941215515, -0.49932950735092163, 0.12418658286333084, -0.2087644636631012, 0.7197588086128235, 0.31797900795936584, 0.32896021008491516, 0.5106683969497681, -0.15959234535694122, 1.0047563314437866, 0.10396601259708405, -0.020365221425890923, 0.18524600565433502, -0.34337887167930603, -0.08704487234354019, 0.5238369107246399, 0.7000557780265808, 0.42677173018455505, -0.15448613464832306, 0.598251461982727, 0.5164154767990112, -0.5862927436828613, -0.2594490647315979, 0.4194053113460541, -0.1319953054189682, -0.4561384916305542, -0.21618349850177765, -0.14568716287612915, 0.1931942254304886, -0.9738216996192932, 0.5772636532783508, 0.6996266841888428, -0.25536781549453735, 0.6334131956100464, -0.4367394745349884, 0.6021958589553833, -0.27412402629852295, 0.0462263822555542, 0.11273277550935745, -0.7297449707984924, -0.24455587565898895, 0.6676481366157532, 0.183878093957901, -0.3340970575809479, 0.15300823748111725, -0.39615726470947266, 0.20133107900619507, -0.2706215977668762, -0.22064167261123657, -0.14464634656906128, 0.1699521541595459, 0.09250852465629578, -0.6090558171272278, 0.5020896196365356, 0.02159418724477291, 0.3806431293487549, 0.09994364529848099, 0.4449155032634735, -0.170860156416893, 0.20856335759162903, 0.4702557921409607, 0.9391025900840759, 0.5056737661361694, 0.1602635532617569, 0.5792889595031738, 0.2990300953388214, 0.11726316809654236, 0.45737338066101074, 0.5335716605186462, 0.3879418969154358, -0.24993669986724854, 0.2544002830982208, -0.012742200866341591, 0.04781575873494148, -0.16235706210136414, -0.2399350255727768, -0.05965272709727287, -0.7772793173789978, 0.6791561841964722, -0.41924920678138733, -0.1557043343782425, -0.15740865468978882, 0.10868532955646515, 0.14233693480491638, -0.1493966281414032, 0.509259045124054, 0.26165685057640076, -0.07329487055540085, -0.3442201316356659, -0.6068643927574158, 0.2746554911136627, 0.5981871485710144, -0.5490415692329407, 0.22376933693885803, -0.1331629753112793, -0.1625995934009552, -0.5794181823730469, -0.609913170337677, 0.2553546726703644, -0.3602293133735657, -0.4808007776737213, 0.7801331877708435, 0.0982709601521492, 0.10759955644607544, -0.8075045347213745, 0.5496540665626526, -0.5796330571174622, -0.8235872387886047, 0.006334693171083927, -0.2144460529088974, -0.3528105914592743, 0.687064528465271, -0.3017658293247223, 0.6446033120155334, 0.29161325097084045, 0.07682594656944275, -0.39044246077537537, -0.14848949015140533, -5.453090190887451, 0.03558588773012161, 0.5480621457099915, -0.06148093566298485, 0.5980814695358276, 0.7560814619064331, 0.09164612740278244, -0.0016389500815421343, -0.1414521336555481, -0.8333906531333923, 0.21380329132080078, -0.35580673813819885, -0.3653565049171448, 1.07711923122406, 1.083053708076477, 0.5979954600334167, 0.4968602955341339, 0.18663017451763153, 0.19139736890792847, 0.3205145299434662, -0.34834837913513184, 0.29059097170829773, -0.4975786507129669, 0.1767209768295288, -0.33916187286376953, 0.29664161801338196, -0.6565094590187073, 0.07768170535564423, -1.0471373796463013, -0.20051781833171844, 0.4015064239501953, -0.5635573267936707, -0.47965189814567566, 0.07436486333608627, -0.5423380732536316, 0.2248682975769043, 0.458918035030365, 0.11475718766450882, -0.01920549012720585, -0.42929619550704956, -0.3908018171787262, 0.10271504521369934, -0.7901118397712708, 0.15163631737232208, -0.2222013622522354, -0.32686734199523926, -0.9064971804618835, -0.3434097468852997, 0.13152076303958893, -0.014207462780177593, -0.8303950428962708, 0.6253848075866699, 0.043268267065286636, -0.28026914596557617, -0.1518697440624237, -0.08586330711841583, 0.3098761737346649, -0.23151791095733643, -0.8919405341148376, 0.35247987508773804, 0.02676313742995262, -0.7039760947227478, 0.541709840297699, 0.23035144805908203, -0.3411543071269989, 0.01534680649638176, -0.18476815521717072, -0.11487185955047607, 0.15234315395355225, -0.7109772562980652, -0.3097308278083801, 0.9377347826957703, -0.2513735890388489, -1.089294195175171, -0.3647422790527344, -0.6219815015792847, 0.5369080305099487, -0.1971166580915451, -0.3236753046512604, -0.31297749280929565, -0.12972566485404968, -0.5286014080047607, 0.00837163720279932, 1.1576653718948364, -0.3150976300239563, -0.5269337296485901, -0.2423771768808365, 0.4691443145275116, 0.022510984912514687, -0.4985755681991577, -0.5220620036125183, -0.47399646043777466, -0.46198198199272156, 0.5257221460342407, -0.09947779774665833, 0.2882029712200165, 0.004141078796237707, 0.2476908415555954, 0.8600950241088867, 0.09132737666368484, -0.13025690615177155, -0.5080652236938477, -0.17818516492843628, -0.255598783493042, -0.1889248490333557, -0.1113426685333252, 0.4459732174873352, 0.44799724221229553, 0.455918550491333, 0.02305588312447071, -0.2929880619049072, 0.6609236598014832, -0.26643097400665283, 0.36069393157958984, 0.15900160372257233, -0.1841527819633484, 0.18056227266788483, 0.06402169913053513, 0.5919731259346008, 0.5431602001190186, 0.1513950526714325, 0.6435465812683105, 0.08362296223640442, -0.13403525948524475, -0.20984488725662231, -0.0023601462598890066, 0.5742749571800232, -0.5506387948989868, -0.554129421710968, -0.06822697073221207, -0.45212826132774353, 0.8430201411247253, 0.06856796890497208, 0.2572375237941742, 0.5757789611816406, -0.2851825952529907, -0.6051197648048401, -0.24455906450748444, 0.034974731504917145, 0.2484997659921646, 0.1425071656703949, -0.1988896131515503, 0.1802763044834137, 0.3662600815296173, 0.380365788936615, -0.25534960627555847, 0.07942787557840347, 0.48383572697639465, -0.08890227228403091, 0.7823922634124756, 0.14129669964313507, -0.22117109596729279, 0.2250349372625351, -0.8434082269668579, -0.03653745353221893, 0.05788509175181389, -0.1528012603521347, 0.22160111367702484, -0.2226782888174057, -0.22411705553531647, 0.1651170402765274, 0.02860013209283352, -0.7494048476219177, 0.2012518048286438, 0.182879239320755, 0.19346055388450623, -0.6514483094215393, -0.3326076865196228, -0.4844326078891754, 0.42006707191467285, -0.022635450586676598, -0.5802177786827087, -0.5896055698394775, -0.3117261230945587, 0.07186511158943176, 0.11257310956716537, -0.0918969139456749, 0.19831602275371552, 0.09687308967113495, 0.07706642895936966, 0.19356347620487213, 0.26685672998428345, -0.33121323585510254, 0.2048276960849762, 0.5153812170028687, 0.024267034605145454, -0.5584170818328857, -0.20459085702896118, 0.006417350377887487, -0.038574736565351486, 0.09676823765039444, -0.27457550168037415, 0.35835373401641846, 0.9279282689094543, -0.4923902153968811, -0.16347825527191162, 0.46299490332603455, -0.4644124507904053, 0.030331633985042572, -0.357094407081604, 0.4130329489707947, 0.46422725915908813, 0.2151026725769043, 0.20151148736476898, -0.11172429472208023, -1.033706545829773, -0.5249250531196594, -0.2777262330055237, -0.09183447062969208, 0.9977210164070129, -0.4586849808692932, 0.01530663575977087, -0.011055819690227509, 0.6045703291893005, -0.6703523397445679, -0.18587610125541687, 0.23529104888439178, 0.160191610455513, 0.001232471433468163, -0.19024120271205902, -0.5935752987861633, -0.12337619811296463, 0.03397856280207634, -0.01901675947010517, -0.4596530497074127, 0.0442059263586998, 0.5243760347366333, -0.33226463198661804, 0.7395954728126526, 0.13403722643852234, 0.1913624256849289, -0.35340675711631775, 0.148898184299469, 0.6003202199935913, -0.20846503973007202, 0.05106623098254204, 0.4422324299812317, 0.522415816783905, -0.7554885745048523, -0.24240584671497345, 0.6400606036186218, 0.7656387686729431, 0.41680052876472473, -0.6886684894561768, -0.302138090133667, 0.3072590231895447, 0.7613764405250549, -0.46624910831451416, -0.3363759219646454, 0.31080538034439087, 0.18240629136562347, -0.15112076699733734, -0.5197699069976807, -0.34132489562034607, 0.632777988910675, -0.43287193775177, 0.5188566446304321, -0.38513633608818054, 0.362147718667984, -0.24788913130760193, 0.4624236524105072, -0.2049172818660736, -0.010778731666505337, 0.013745873235166073, -0.16761118173599243, -0.27641552686691284, 0.06950751692056656, 0.04291143640875816, 0.5190778970718384, -0.227125883102417, -0.42727166414260864, -0.4369794428348541, 0.09613685309886932, 0.5216565728187561, -0.3642612397670746, 0.04706660285592079, 0.5597013235092163, -0.7376540899276733, 0.6662156581878662, -0.08423018455505371, -0.38680776953697205, 0.2602507472038269, 0.4592097997665405, -0.7955538034439087, 0.09676607698202133, -0.4421415627002716, -0.08503977954387665, 0.13227859139442444, 0.32454147934913635, -0.28537943959236145, -0.5070521831512451, -0.24517711997032166, -1.0548536777496338, 0.1843121349811554, 0.1157337948679924, -0.19353041052818298, -0.876519501209259, 0.885736882686615, -0.20845824480056763, -0.15330977737903595, -0.543724000453949, 0.658380389213562, 0.12204344570636749, -0.37363502383232117, 0.6890100240707397, -0.41804635524749756, -0.07621932774782181, 0.21020807325839996, 0.30468177795410156, 0.08674260228872299, 0.006683682091534138, -0.11794517934322357, 0.10076414048671722, 0.25374898314476013, -0.3646875321865082, -0.17688435316085815, 0.4212875962257385, -0.44139620661735535, 0.11588773876428604, 0.18996931612491608, -0.27298206090927124, 0.4785219430923462, 0.22339212894439697, -0.45490410923957825, 0.022096367552876472, 0.7227113842964172, 0.08440534770488739, -0.0025002139154821634, 0.23411670327186584, 0.10239030420780182, -0.2071172595024109, 0.15515561401844025, -0.04168262705206871, 0.5634945034980774, -0.0162583626806736, -0.4099664092063904, 0.25401270389556885, -0.21316298842430115, 0.8992127776145935, 0.5747803449630737, -0.29448482394218445, 0.8028199672698975, -0.17496860027313232, -0.0983356237411499, -0.47522038221359253, 0.6497436165809631, -0.463249146938324, 0.18213599920272827, -0.4067152142524719, 0.07850077003240585, 0.30736178159713745, -0.058065831661224365, 0.2108757346868515, -0.5577397346496582, 0.24604038894176483, -0.2855827510356903, 0.6354267597198486, -0.530604898929596, -0.8860865831375122, -0.20099379122257233, 0.1623753309249878, 0.12821629643440247, 0.44989094138145447, 0.6376301050186157, -0.20686374604701996, -0.12689264118671417, -0.3005378842353821, -0.8038307428359985, 0.422980934381485, 0.6527902483940125, 0.4828055799007416, 0.06568464636802673, -0.15900036692619324, 0.7873604893684387, 0.8554927706718445, -0.2019365429878235, 0.5286503434181213, -0.11344300955533981, -0.35422760248184204, -0.3628343641757965, -0.45853713154792786, -0.04387601837515831, 0.1878117322921753, 0.04535394161939621, 0.3613351881504059, -0.10911925882101059, 0.16607479751110077, 0.2868330776691437, 0.04793896898627281, -0.07196122407913208, 0.38386088609695435, -0.5878890752792358, -0.6950079202651978, 0.47211700677871704, -1.0934925079345703, -0.1290910840034485, -0.20810410380363464, 0.6660141348838806, 0.31971025466918945, -0.13889755308628082, -0.12481150031089783, 0.36678460240364075, -0.22090992331504822, -0.14314302802085876, -0.6057890057563782, -0.06398360431194305, 0.020431814715266228, 0.17772425711154938, -0.7211529016494751, -0.005342091433703899, 0.30325591564178467, -0.011168343015015125, -0.6353462338447571, 0.03641673922538757, -0.12698929011821747, -0.09256274253129959, -0.4024251103401184, 0.07172562181949615, 0.07718101888895035, 0.08836747705936432, 0.36952152848243713, 0.1934405118227005, -0.47811219096183777, -0.01024625450372696, -0.3764092028141022, -0.20678527653217316, 0.34826362133026123, 0.2824014723300934, -0.18331967294216156, 0.10409343987703323, 0.0702631026506424, -0.3475870192050934, -0.6194145083427429, -0.08690629154443741, 0.000024242042854893953, -0.2859675884246826, 0.5597503781318665, 1.0410572290420532, 0.016303272917866707, -0.38048025965690613, 0.5260815620422363, 0.06524358689785004, 0.13480180501937866, 0.02092089131474495, -1.1064398288726807, -0.21639814972877502, 0.042865168303251266, -0.8525543212890625, 0.34405094385147095, 0.7665572762489319, -0.06431583315134048, 0.17852967977523804, 0.07655516266822815, -0.622588574886322, -0.27456361055374146, -0.1916525661945343, -0.11797844618558884, -0.12404518574476242, 0.6153631210327148, 0.1431049406528473 ]
210610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s%20Column	Nelson's Column	Nelson's Column is a monument in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson, who died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The monument was constructed between 1840 and 1843 to a design by William Railton at a cost of . It is a column of the Corinthian order built from Dartmoor granite. The statue of Nelson was carved from Craigleith sandstone by sculptor Edward Hodges Baily. The four bronze lions around its base, designed by Sir Edwin Landseer, were added in 1867. The pedestal is decorated with four bronze relief panels, each square, cast from captured French guns. They depict the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Copenhagen and the death of Nelson at Trafalgar. The sculptors were Musgrave Watson, William F. Woodington, John Ternouth and John Edward Carew, respectively. It was refurbished in 2006 at a cost of , at which time it was surveyed and found to be shorter than previously supposed. The whole monument is tall from the bottom of the pedestal to the top of Nelson's hat. Construction and history In February 1838, a group of 121 peers, Members of Parliament (MPs) and other gentry formed a committee to raise a monument to Lord Nelson, funded by public subscription, and the Government agreed to provide a site in Trafalgar Square, in front of the newly completed National Gallery. A competition was held for designs with an estimated budget of between £20,000 and £30,000. The deadline for submissions was 31 January 1839. The winning entry, chosen by the sub-committee headed by the Duke of Wellington was a design by William Railton for a Corinthian column, surmounted by a statue of Nelson, and flanked by four sculpted lions. Flights of steps would lead up between the lions to the pedestal of the column. Several other entrants also submitted schemes for columns. The second prize was won by Edward Hodges Baily who suggested an obelisk surrounded by sculptures. Criticism of the organisation of the competition caused it to be re-run. Railton submitted a slightly revised design, and was once again declared the winner, with the stipulation that the statue of Nelson should be made by EH Baily. The original plan was for a column high, including the base and statue, but this was reduced to with a shaft of due to concerns over stability. The base was to have been of granite and the shaft of Craigleith sandstone, but before construction began it was decided that the shaft should also be of granite. Excavations for the brick foundations had begun by July 1840. On 30 September 1840, the first stone of the column was laid by Charles Davison Scott, honorary secretary of the committee (and son of Nelson's secretary, John Scott), at a ceremony conducted, according to the Nautical Magazine, "in a private manner, owing to the noblemen and gentlemen comprising the committee being absent from town". Construction of the monument, by the contractors Grissell and Peto, progressed slowly, and the stonework, ready for the installation of the statue, was not completed until November 1843. In 1844, the Nelson Memorial Committee ran out of money, having only raised £20,485 in public subscriptions, and the Government, in the form of the Office of Woods and Forests took over the project. Installation of the bronze reliefs on the pedestal did not begin until late 1849, when John Edward Carew's depiction of the death of Nelson was put in place on the side facing Whitehall. This was followed early the next year by William F. Woodington's relief of the Battle of the Nile on the opposite side. Carew's relief was cast by Adams, Christie and Co. of Rotherhithe. The other three were cast by Moore, Fressange and Moore. The last to be made, The Battle of Cape St. Vincent became the subject of legal action, when it was discovered that the bronze had been adulterated with iron. The partners in the company were jailed for fraud and the relief was completed by Robinson and Cottam. It was finally put in place in May 1854. The statue at the top was sculpted by Edward Hodges Baily R.A. from three pieces of Craigleith sandstone donated by the Duke of Buccleuch, former chairman of the Nelson Memorial Committee, from his own quarries. The statue stands on a fluted column built from solid blocks of granite from the Foggintor quarries on Dartmoor. The Corinthian capital is made of bronze elements, cast from cannon salvaged from the wreck of HMS Royal George at the Woolwich Arsenal foundry. It is based on the Temple of Mars Ultor in Rome, and was modelled by C.H. Smith.. The bronze pieces, some weighing as much as are fixed to the column by the means of three large belts of metal lying in grooves in the stone. The four identical bronze Barbary lions at the column's base were not added until 1867. At one stage, they were intended to be of granite, and the sculptor John Graham Lough was chosen to carve them. However, in 1846, after consultations with Railton, he turned down the commission, unwilling to work under the restrictions imposed by the architect. The sculptures eventually installed, commissioned in 1858, were designed by Sir Edwin Landseer in collaboration with Baron Marochetti. Their design may have been influenced by Marschalko János's lions at each abutment to the Széchenyi Lánchíd (Chain Bridge) in Budapest, installed 6 years before the Trafalgar Square lions were commissioned. Landseer was paid £6,000 for his services, and Marochetti £11,000. In 2011, consultants for the Greater London Authority reported that tourists climbing onto the backs of the lions have caused considerable damage and recommended banning tourists from climbing them. The column also had a symbolic importance to Adolf Hitler. If Hitler's plan to invade Britain, Operation Sea Lion, had been successful, he planned to move it to Berlin. Refurbishment The column was refurbished in 2006, during which time it was scaffolded from top to bottom for access. Steam cleaning was used together with gentle abrasives to minimise any harmful impact on the bronze and stonework. The £420,000 cost was covered by Zurich Financial Services, which advertised on the scaffolding for the duration of the work. Before restoration began, laser surveys were taken during which it was found that the column was significantly shorter than the usually quoted . In fact, it measures from the bottom of the first step to the tip of the admiral's hat. Publicity stunts and protests John Noakes of the BBC TV children's programme Blue Peter climbed the column in 1977. Television presenter and entertainer Gary Wilmot climbed the column in 1989 for LWT's Six O' Clock Show to recreate the 'topping out' ceremony of 1843. Dressed in Victorian attire and sporting a boater hat, Wilmott enjoyed tea and sandwiches at the top of the column before climbing down. The column has also been climbed on several occasions as a publicity stunt to draw attention to social or political causes. Ed Drummond made the first such climb in 1978 for the Anti-Apartheid Movement, making use of the lightning conductor en route. On 30 March 1988, Joe Simpson and John Stevenson climbed the column as part of a Greenpeace Campaign against Acid Rain. On 14 June 1992, it was climbed by Martin Cotterrel, Joe Simpson and John Stevenson on behalf of Greenpeace to protest against the first Earth Summit meeting in Brazil. On 13 April 1995, Simon Nadin free-climbed Nelson's Column with Noel Craine, Jerry Moffatt and Johnny Dawes following on top rope, and graded the climb as "E6 6b/5a". This protest time was on behalf of Survival International to publicize the plight of Canada's Inuit people. On 13 May 1998, the Column was climbed by Al Baker, Peter Morris and John Cunningham on behalf of Greenpeace to protest against Old growth logging activity in British Columbia. In May 2003, BASE jumper and stuntman Gary Connery parachuted from the top of the column, in a stunt designed to draw attention to the Chinese policies in Tibet. In December 2015, Disney paid £24,000 to cover it in lights to make it resemble a giant lightsaber, to promote Star Wars: The Force Awakens. On 18 April 2016, in the early hours of the morning, Greenpeace activists climbed up the column and placed a breathing mask on Admiral Lord Nelson in protest of dangerous air pollution levels. Other monuments to Nelson The first civic monument to be erected in Nelson's honour was the Nelson Monument, a 44-metre high obelisk on Glasgow Green in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1806. Also in Scotland, the Nelson Monument stands on top of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, and there is also a Nelson's Tower in Forres, Moray, which opened in 1812. In Dublin, Ireland, Nelson's Pillar was erected in 1808 but was destroyed by republicans in 1966, and in the Bull Ring, Birmingham, England, there is a Grade II* listed bronze statue of Nelson by Richard Westmacott, dating from 1809. Sir Richard Westmacott also designed the elaborate monument to Nelson in Liverpool. In Portsmouth, Nelson's Needle, on top of Portsdown Hill, was paid for by the company of after arriving back in Portsmouth. There is a column topped with a decorative urn in the Castle Green, Hereford – a statue was planned in place of the urn, but insufficient money was raised. The Britannia Monument, Great Yarmouth, England (1819), is a 144-foot-high doric column design. Elsewhere in the world, Nelson's Column in Montreal was erected by both Britons and Canadians in 1809, and there is also a Mount Nelson, near Invermere, British Columbia. As at London, the column in Montreal has the admiral standing with his back to the waves. A much shorter statue of Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square, Bridgetown, Barbados, is older than its counterpart in London. Gallery References External links Nelson's broken arm to be X-rayed – From BBC News, 26 April 2006 Web cam of Trafalgar Square including Nelson's Column John Timbs, Curiosities of London, 1867 Entry in Victorian London – Buildings, Monuments and Museums Columns related to the Napoleonic Wars Monuments and memorials in London Monumental columns in London Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster Grade I listed monuments and memorials Buildings and structures completed in 1843 Trafalgar Square Monuments and memorials to Horatio Nelson Neoclassical architecture in London Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster Sculptures of lions Grade I listed statues in the City of Westminster 1843 establishments in England Colossal statues in the United Kingdom	[ -0.22270993888378143, 0.24651780724525452, 0.4599703848361969, -0.4757777452468872, -0.25226250290870667, 0.9636307954788208, 0.19875052571296692, -0.010238239541649818, -0.5014200806617737, -0.1440204530954361, -0.18878667056560516, -0.3917154371738434, -0.28011026978492737, 0.36661073565483093, -0.06211095303297043, 0.5515501499176025, -0.3054800033569336, -0.003649588208645582, -0.25628042221069336, 0.04414862394332886, 0.34919825196266174, 0.24119888246059418, -0.004597673658281565, -0.6227240562438965, 0.4530566334724426, -0.08869274705648422, 0.8967284560203552, -0.2770691215991974, -0.37403368949890137, 0.09249071776866913, 0.5009573101997375, 0.4011075496673584, 0.0012469184584915638, -0.49433666467666626, -0.23447160422801971, -0.8732414841651917, -0.21628035604953766, 0.09553585201501846, -0.12977738678455353, -0.26884275674819946, 0.39426958560943604, -0.8388886451721191, 0.14728952944278717, -0.009379838593304157, -0.46583297848701477, -0.06050671264529228, -1.8149043321609497, 0.2759689688682556, -0.5188853740692139, -0.07820692658424377, -0.21008850634098053, 0.44390398263931274, 0.3336731195449829, 0.6409382224082947, 0.27345559000968933, 0.20655421912670135, -0.4486432671546936, 0.256693959236145, 0.7730123996734619, -1.0107090473175049, 0.5233692526817322, 0.7322697043418884, 0.4257856607437134, -0.0838162824511528, 0.5867023468017578, 0.16607598960399628, 0.1546848714351654, 0.42465487122535706, 0.10090448707342148, -0.3319483995437622, -0.3541003465652466, -0.09998767077922821, 0.2248048633337021, 0.6389712691307068, -0.4633171260356903, -0.2769853472709656, -0.04478972777724266, 0.4215383529663086, 0.44189321994781494, -0.19507457315921783, 0.5220704674720764, -0.5986136198043823, 0.373354971408844, 0.15042059123516083, -0.12272130697965622, 0.12333787977695465, -0.40864408016204834, -0.4670313000679016, -0.39362022280693054, 0.48872601985931396, -0.7680097222328186, -0.32260504364967346, 0.18233457207679749, 0.4377334713935852, 0.12514199316501617, -0.2918796241283417, 0.17532126605510712, -0.15093323588371277, 0.10886018723249435, 0.1599850207567215, 0.27210766077041626, -0.17353197932243347, 0.5063941478729248, -0.07921724021434784, -0.35304951667785645, -0.22315993905067444, -0.11332911252975464, -0.6789922714233398, 0.7183535099029541, 0.09041997790336609, -0.1256057173013687, -0.35622596740722656, -0.2862772047519684, 0.06121392920613289, -0.6617290377616882, 0.43544238805770874, 1.0083754062652588, -0.5577282309532166, -0.3843613862991333, -0.19814397394657135, 0.136021226644516, 0.8230796456336975, -0.1569945514202118, -0.1686817854642868, 0.06225428357720375, -0.34751033782958984, 0.4065024256706238, 0.11641433089971542, -0.7913938164710999, 0.4063672125339508, -0.08864139765501022, 0.9205641150474548, -0.09345436841249466, -0.6029284596443176, -0.07387497276067734, -1.0600464344024658, -0.19291149079799652, -0.15308994054794312, 0.17248022556304932, 0.6990827918052673, 0.17236125469207764, -0.4468570351600647, 0.4798090159893036, -0.4420405924320221, 0.5695310831069946, -0.06004508584737778, 0.08852773159742355, -0.6447196006774902, -0.08490102738142014, -0.2831820249557495, -0.12867256999015808, 0.15489281713962555, -0.13138459622859955, -0.2478322833776474, 0.018351402133703232, -0.22678646445274353, 0.7766247987747192, -0.17515671253204346, 0.46152451634407043, 0.238459050655365, 0.2458595484495163, -0.12832309305667877, 0.08152497559785843, -0.07692141085863113, 0.09134397655725479, 0.06330858916044235, 0.7530086040496826, -0.09638187289237976, -0.09370189905166626, -0.8926827311515808, -0.734553873538971, 0.269508421421051, 0.6732584834098816, 0.5221567153930664, 0.03364306315779686, 0.3429052531719208, 1.0167269706726074, 0.029078058898448944, 0.4944944977760315, -0.5346907377243042, -0.2639364004135132, -0.22336091101169586, -0.08643540740013123, 0.2216249257326126, 1.0644659996032715, 0.03899350389838219, 0.03067481517791748, -0.20500922203063965, -0.13049127161502838, 0.31905293464660645, -0.45472225546836853, -0.4077862501144409, -0.19779348373413086, -0.3278411626815796, 1.083915114402771, -0.04583079740405083, -0.7803928852081299, -0.1507503092288971, 0.4869944155216217, 1.0037504434585571, -0.16257445514202118, -0.16618213057518005, 0.40331020951271057, -0.06452514976263046, -0.17311382293701172, 0.022906722500920296, 0.31619560718536377, 0.04118260368704796, 0.5925275683403015, 0.19056718051433563, 0.4196893572807312, -0.8293114304542542, 0.18598268926143646, 0.512901782989502, 0.03822959586977959, -0.3254639506340027, 0.4691915512084961, -0.29995444416999817, -0.39259034395217896, -0.4479805529117584, 0.522677481174469, 0.36919906735420227, 0.4657646417617798, 0.5843640565872192, -0.33579424023628235, 0.6512099504470825, -0.16930453479290009, 0.31865572929382324, -0.2558573782444, -0.5548967123031616, -0.1257864087820053, 0.21734817326068878, -0.012358051724731922, 0.5951647758483887, -0.36580225825309753, -0.11350400745868683, 0.4431513547897339, -0.6089926958084106, 0.34535691142082214, 0.20704743266105652, 0.07136538624763489, 0.23205684125423431, -0.06387332081794739, 0.45011916756629944, 0.04255757853388786, -0.036126550287008286, 0.09236238896846771, 0.22014759480953217, -0.34900233149528503, -0.25974369049072266, 0.02527865581214428, 0.22096660733222961, 0.17422671616077423, 0.20504574477672577, 0.424422025680542, -0.09385550022125244, 0.3878125250339508, 0.02667897939682007, -0.3150390684604645, 0.35249030590057373, -0.984340250492096, -0.28544703125953674, 0.21762803196907043, 0.4536762535572052, 0.11793310195207596, 0.04027125611901283, 0.1641453057527542, -0.39301326870918274, 0.31150949001312256, 0.235017329454422, 0.4378545582294464, 0.017557162791490555, -0.5044710636138916, 0.5130213499069214, 0.09420693665742874, -0.13688641786575317, -0.3393288254737854, 0.07442954927682877, -0.2873525321483612, -0.48693981766700745, 0.13183137774467468, 0.8936091661453247, -0.09947347640991211, 0.036194853484630585, 0.040312740951776505, 0.15456753969192505, 0.30800867080688477, -0.24839359521865845, -0.35269394516944885, 0.22375907003879547, -0.4357803463935852, 0.05963869392871857, 0.20900118350982666, 0.30566149950027466, -0.11066456139087677, 0.36956891417503357, 0.3243255913257599, -0.7730743885040283, 0.30369964241981506, 0.5439077019691467, -0.5167703032493591, 0.5173632502555847, 0.09809734672307968, 0.2689569294452667, 0.5072746276855469, -1.0890568494796753, 0.04527430981397629, 0.8524851202964783, -5.506417274475098, 0.2786891460418701, 0.11956996470689774, 0.18158826231956482, -0.07156656682491302, 0.708458423614502, 0.8729637861251831, -0.3627566397190094, -0.19606609642505646, -0.7240601181983948, 0.11618690192699432, 0.28921303153038025, 0.49872666597366333, 0.11121722310781479, 0.6342055797576904, 0.13223063945770264, 0.4717189371585846, 0.044286418706178665, 0.3283722996711731, -0.04600562900304794, 0.27304548025131226, -0.5016162991523743, 0.05040084198117256, 0.08000662177801132, 0.5125381946563721, 0.6590916514396667, 0.07524846494197845, 0.5639525055885315, -0.12466570734977722, 0.02180427871644497, 0.5459100604057312, 0.21101954579353333, 0.011114825494587421, -0.602294385433197, -0.2463054060935974, 0.1942700296640396, -0.1354198455810547, -0.02181788720190525, -0.12546122074127197, -0.6620276570320129, 0.4709240198135376, 0.10376589000225067, -0.02343481034040451, -0.2997058928012848, 0.6820331811904907, -0.5891491770744324, -0.46856772899627686, 0.5882859826087952, -0.4358053505420685, -0.09078679978847504, 0.06223694235086441, 0.6583409905433655, 0.32165223360061646, 0.10612287372350693, -0.5725595951080322, 0.15570256114006042, -0.17045119404792786, -0.14121705293655396, -0.16647593677043915, -0.03399389237165451, 0.5462520718574524, -0.23296014964580536, -0.3299116790294647, 0.4710741639137268, 0.1284913420677185, -0.7778648734092712, -0.3563882112503052, -0.002019520616158843, -0.16748064756393433, 0.589901864528656, -0.2950918972492218, 0.7139838337898254, -0.4515318274497986, -0.8670766949653625, 0.0030402636621147394, -0.38511109352111816, 0.2376137524843216, -0.04869553819298744, -0.2635006010532379, -0.44131484627723694, -0.6110643148422241, -0.328670859336853, -0.5436822772026062, 0.5349564552307129, 0.25216302275657654, -0.27100473642349243, -0.38145360350608826, -0.11707582324743271, -0.6765598058700562, -1.0127538442611694, 0.24068213999271393, -0.4725837707519531, -0.14572954177856445, 0.11393249779939651, 0.42693716287612915, -0.15781578421592712, -0.011424843221902847, 0.30572810769081116, 0.736793577671051, 0.2077970951795578, 0.5339027047157288, -0.09791925549507141, 0.11185851693153381, -0.267778605222702, 0.22579559683799744, -0.42407354712486267, -0.2745003402233124, -0.21387578547000885, -0.07474248856306076, 0.15178027749061584, -0.16339872777462006, -0.2642161250114441, 0.109392911195755, -0.5597336292266846, -0.34707507491111755, -0.15126943588256836, 0.4310130178928375, -0.4225744307041168, 0.628129780292511, -0.22331678867340088, 0.13050946593284607, 0.4298595190048218, -0.47501784563064575, -0.030211925506591797, -0.3698478937149048, 0.13574589788913727, -0.11319340020418167, -0.7308028936386108, -0.2643212080001831, -0.2739580273628235, 0.5546289086341858, 0.12818770110607147, -0.17612121999263763, 0.5257952213287354, -0.20215152204036713, -0.6474255323410034, -0.0074468026868999004, -0.10947669297456741, 0.008248850703239441, 0.6661633849143982, 0.17775127291679382, -0.2865811884403229, -0.1547066867351532, 0.4458640515804291, 0.4249636232852936, 0.5195081830024719, 0.10065688192844391, -0.1110902950167656, -0.04350247234106064, 0.964377224445343, -0.8144107460975647, -0.11056695878505707, 0.258044570684433, -0.6461232304573059, 0.41398754715919495, -0.0378575399518013, -0.28333717584609985, 0.5107344388961792, -0.5248308777809143, -0.10264860838651657, -0.39643579721450806, 0.32083094120025635, -0.5079353451728821, -0.9723072648048401, -0.4650001525878906, -0.41547340154647827, -0.3266311585903168, -0.48839905858039856, 0.3989107310771942, 0.09255339950323105, 0.061494436115026474, -0.12542004883289337, -0.3170357644557953, 0.1287389099597931, 0.13130226731300354, 0.0762413963675499, -0.37828657031059265, 0.09425409883260727, 0.25927793979644775, -0.30106019973754883, -0.6047435402870178, 0.5567347407341003, 0.35264748334884644, 0.7311655879020691, 0.32381471991539, 0.1654350757598877, -0.5034143328666687, -0.15599048137664795, 0.3357542157173157, -0.5712390542030334, 0.016459284350275993, -0.548111617565155, -0.08359664678573608, -0.40453481674194336, -0.5794513821601868, -0.45899710059165955, 0.1791904866695404, 0.4543910324573517, -0.5291377305984497, -0.5925433039665222, -0.36139407753944397, 0.4250563979148865, -1.4310660362243652, 0.600430428981781, 0.016786901280283928, -0.826612114906311, 0.45004138350486755, -0.2947021424770355, -0.10220739990472794, 0.9545143842697144, -0.5009437799453735, -0.36779898405075073, -0.10543207079172134, 0.25539153814315796, -0.2953524887561798, 0.3635674715042114, -0.34865906834602356, -0.5575326681137085, 0.1527000069618225, -0.29579105973243713, -0.3654746413230896, -0.1359567940235138, -0.6918885707855225, 0.29685619473457336, -0.47564899921417236, 0.5091441869735718, 0.5847002267837524, -0.7983774542808533, 0.18526560068130493, -0.856229305267334, -0.6140789985656738, -0.017668146640062332, 0.4044218063354492, 0.2825777530670166, 0.16380685567855835, 0.13414804637432098, -0.28536373376846313, -0.33416450023651123, -0.19889701902866364, 0.7984742522239685, 0.07413820177316666, 0.7564916610717773, 0.11732465773820877, -0.09832600504159927, 0.16696050763130188, 0.3656238615512848, 0.3547390103340149, 0.1087530329823494, -0.5335497856140137, -0.1861712485551834, 0.0554116889834404, -0.27330949902534485, 0.005223886109888554, -0.4858614206314087, 0.4916890263557434, -0.6534779071807861, 0.22933395206928253, -0.24574297666549683, 0.0755610466003418, -0.1914518177509308, 0.4249427318572998, 0.4861851930618286, -0.37592780590057373, -0.405040442943573, 0.1817421019077301, 0.26147010922431946, 0.026892177760601044, -0.7764326333999634, 0.11181318759918213, 0.037904564291238785, 0.030514881014823914, 0.18057510256767273, -0.0948784202337265, -0.09941644221544266, -0.33607223629951477, -0.09342895448207855, 0.13546958565711975, -0.012941735796630383, 0.6857241988182068, -0.6168928146362305, -0.7132423520088196, 0.22166550159454346, -0.1336977332830429, -0.6296772956848145, 0.09752017259597778, -0.7306194305419922, 0.1110968291759491, 0.1264328956604004, 0.5223666429519653, 0.006045447662472725, -0.7831483483314514, -0.04632261022925377, 0.2935328185558319, 0.36208048462867737, -0.19257831573486328, -0.05622497573494911, -0.23903809487819672, 0.38343825936317444, -0.483646422624588, 0.08566448837518692, -0.6326243877410889, 1.053998589515686, -0.057561445981264114, -0.22236144542694092, -0.49021804332733154, 0.3670152723789215, 0.39092880487442017, -0.4155671298503876, -0.2756611406803131, -0.16649626195430756, 0.25710299611091614, -0.3147129714488983, 0.43005701899528503, 0.2968658208847046, -0.6151434183120728, -0.5850183963775635, 0.2895781695842743, -0.16130810976028442, -0.3674229383468628, 0.5864313244819641, -0.7526825070381165, 0.19523383677005768, 0.6646142601966858, 0.03221196308732033, -0.11543107032775879, -0.18956199288368225, -0.43847721815109253, -0.08024508506059647, -0.32783418893814087, 0.9152778387069702, -0.10065807402133942, -0.09860474616289139, -1.0014454126358032, 0.14366014301776886, -0.0451112724840641, -0.1422749012708664, 0.44315654039382935, 0.12397810816764832, 0.12586228549480438, 0.15496256947517395, 0.020708315074443817, 0.04636906087398529, -0.796237051486969, 0.16485972702503204, -0.15669648349285126, 0.004961234051734209, 0.16945809125900269, 0.37486782670021057, 0.031282130628824234, 0.7580315470695496, 0.04601709544658661, 0.5461603999137878, -0.03395678475499153, -0.8197269439697266, 0.44091513752937317, -0.2995898127555847, 0.01708255521953106, 0.15526911616325378, 0.25408491492271423, 0.561262845993042, -0.1374988853931427, 0.45286738872528076, -0.08929341286420822, -0.7657876014709473, -0.6883769631385803, 0.4380616545677185, 0.4117788076400757, -0.09544524550437927, 0.1813206970691681, 0.5034868717193604, 0.2648716866970062, -0.08524885773658752, 0.027579134330153465, -0.17334027588367462, -0.39601564407348633, -0.1363549828529358, 0.22226275503635406, 0.49364686012268066, 0.4219872057437897, 0.3339918851852417, -0.10156802833080292, 0.029667969793081284, 0.012243077158927917, -0.5122762322425842, 0.10502217710018158, -0.3592459261417389, -0.059453610330820084, 0.2642914950847626, -0.35502535104751587, -0.5463457703590393, 0.7397006154060364, -0.44712594151496887, -0.35964053869247437, -0.6451026201248169, -0.2024669349193573, -0.5597187280654907, 0.5897269248962402, 0.7534112334251404, 0.011711502447724342, -0.277392715215683, -0.048175130039453506, 0.4924015402793884, -0.08363819122314453, 0.10385773330926895, 0.182837575674057, 0.4210975766181946, -0.2960597574710846, -0.7193970084190369, -0.6577253937721252, -0.017442336305975914, -0.2448059618473053, -0.4992000162601471, -0.49807584285736084, -0.1160346120595932, -0.4628835916519165, 0.3699020743370056, -0.3438212275505066, -0.5505692362785339, -0.2285253256559372, -0.7460779547691345, -0.21739991009235382, 0.007072675507515669, 0.522499680519104, 0.27854838967323303, -0.6275008916854858, -0.42974165081977844, 0.2952626645565033, -0.400579571723938, 0.4877595603466034, 0.29719653725624084, 0.37153002619743347, 0.03425116837024689, -0.6237249374389648, -0.09074200689792633, -0.16093036532402039, -0.03865040838718414, 1.075330376625061, 0.6003677248954773, -0.37036120891571045, -0.44514110684394836, -0.04079173505306244, 0.1610565483570099, 0.6227623224258423, -0.20795483887195587, 0.33688676357269287, 0.6050474643707275, 0.0742490366101265, -0.04290428385138512, 0.03191835433244705, 0.7308329343795776, 1.0923830270767212, 0.3307018578052521, 0.6154002547264099, -0.6373702883720398, 1.3185518980026245, -0.1185929998755455, -0.5346170663833618, -0.4252435266971588, -0.022387927398085594, 0.7126048803329468 ]
210617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20London%20Underground%20stations	List of London Underground stations	The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire. Its first section opened in 1863, making it the oldest underground metro system in the world – although approximately 55% of the current network is above ground, as it generally runs on the surface in outlying suburbs. The system is composed of eleven lines – Bakerloo, Central, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria, Waterloo & City – serving 272 stations. It is operated by Transport for London (TfL). Most of the system is north of the River Thames, with six of the 32 London boroughs in the south of the city not served by the Underground. The London Borough of Hackney, to the north, has two stations on its border. Some stations at the north-eastern end of the Central line are in the Epping Forest district of Essex and some stations at the north-western end of the Metropolitan line are in the Three Rivers and Watford districts of Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire. There are two instances where two separate stations share the same name: there is one Edgware Road station on the Circle, District, and Hammersmith & City lines and another Edgware Road on the Bakerloo line, and there is one Hammersmith station on the District and Piccadilly lines and another Hammersmith station on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines. Although the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines station at Paddington is on the other side of the main line station to the Bakerloo, Circle and District lines station, it is shown as a single station on the current Tube map. It has been shown as two separate stations at different times in the past. The opening of the Northern line extension to Battersea in September 2021 added two new stations to the network (Battersea Power Station and Nine Elms), bringing the total to 272. Stations Listed for each of the 272 stations are the lines serving it, local authority and the fare zone in which it is located, the date it and any earlier main line service opened, previous names and passenger usage statistics in millions per year. Fictional stations See also List of London railway stations List of Docklands Light Railway stations List of former and unopened London Underground stations List of busiest London Underground stations London Underground stations that are listed buildings Timeline of the London Underground Notes * Where more than one line serves a station, lines are listed in the order of opening. In some cases stations were first served by one underground line but later transferred to another: a First served by Metropolitan line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949. b First served by Metropolitan line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949, Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990. c First served by Metropolitan line – District line service added in stages, Circle line services separately identified in 1949. d First served by Metropolitan line – Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990. e First served by Metropolitan line – service transferred to Bakerloo line in 1939 and then to the Jubilee line in 1979. f First served by Metropolitan line – Bakerloo line service added in 1939 which was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979. g First served by Bakerloo line – service transferred to Jubilee line in 1979. h First served by District line – service transferred to Piccadilly line in 1933. i First served by District line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949. j First served by District line – Metropolitan line service added in stages which was transferred to Hammersmith & City line in 1990. k First served by Metropolitan line – District line service added in 1910 which was transferred to Piccadilly line in 1933. l First served by District line – service transferred to Piccadilly line in 1964. m First served by Metropolitan line – Hammersmith & City line services separately identified in 1990, Circle line service added in 2009. n First served by Bakerloo line – service withdrawn in 1982. † Some stations are assigned to multiple zones. People travelling through these stations may treat the station as in whatever zone makes their fare the least expensive. References Further reading External links Tube – Transport for London Busiest London Underground stations London Underground Stations	[ -0.028072813525795937, -0.744787871837616, 0.1098867878317833, -0.5105546116828918, 0.13949255645275116, 0.018870249390602112, 0.7119122743606567, 0.5229827761650085, -0.09145602583885193, -0.32782843708992004, -0.3131846487522125, -0.2574160397052765, -0.2968001067638397, -0.14535313844680786, 0.32177233695983887, -0.22001703083515167, 0.10245418548583984, 0.27373918890953064, 0.25252294540405273, -0.14986732602119446, 0.28949055075645447, 0.23288726806640625, 0.5800525546073914, -0.35128846764564514, 0.25702452659606934, -0.5445449948310852, 0.13641393184661865, -0.040183842182159424, -0.17541836202144623, -0.04974059760570526, 0.10574646294116974, 0.2736721932888031, 0.47708380222320557, -0.2800754904747009, 0.3273915946483612, -0.31407907605171204, -0.03927072510123253, -0.7957767248153687, -0.048843659460544586, -0.3553466200828552, -0.5810626745223999, -0.31170567870140076, -0.0985473021864891, -0.05090727657079697, 0.2080133855342865, -0.41034892201423645, -0.9251463413238525, -0.3418421447277069, -0.5097393989562988, 0.5460318326950073, -0.509118914604187, 0.4602438509464264, -0.10912567377090454, 0.6706882119178772, 0.534732460975647, 0.11969973891973495, -0.3270532190799713, -0.23401623964309692, 0.059780120849609375, 0.01915246620774269, 0.3204236924648285, 0.2749165892601013, -0.3059302568435669, 0.3635675311088562, 0.6552129983901978, 0.060385242104530334, 0.4081266224384308, 0.38398006558418274, -0.3434627652168274, -0.12231579422950745, 0.2827696204185486, -0.35970938205718994, 0.19976769387722015, 0.27992409467697144, -0.6206811666488647, -0.10766834765672684, 0.16372622549533844, -0.2965880334377289, -0.2764465808868408, 0.1170097291469574, -0.07809813320636749, 0.2747701406478882, 0.8656024932861328, 0.2880985140800476, 0.6955251097679138, 0.19864705204963684, -0.6474856734275818, -0.07449213415384293, -0.3500453233718872, 1.1719448566436768, -0.15585359930992126, -0.13706043362617493, 1.0545189380645752, 0.407050758600235, -0.07169775664806366, -0.46934974193573, 0.21003428101539612, 0.04851190745830536, 0.033057425171136856, -0.2721121311187744, -0.652294933795929, 0.2774412930011749, 0.4536755383014679, -0.6229767799377441, -0.5069504976272583, -0.8656839728355408, -0.5128728151321411, 0.07659939676523209, 0.1072465106844902, 0.005382332019507885, -0.7572991847991943, -0.14117322862148285, 0.05079084262251854, 0.598659098148346, 0.3646288812160492, -0.0885821208357811, 0.2681249678134918, -0.00882701762020588, 0.14424970746040344, -0.25756555795669556, 0.04038860648870468, 0.34559258818626404, 0.7040488123893738, 0.03247278183698654, 0.21890205144882202, 0.29298707842826843, 0.9924705028533936, -0.3529874384403229, -0.03808019682765007, 0.3891420066356659, 0.12309135496616364, 1.4603604078292847, -0.22814929485321045, -0.33782076835632324, -0.16824866831302643, -0.24359261989593506, -0.6229822039604187, 0.8250428438186646, 0.22403037548065186, 0.6464341878890991, -0.49645599722862244, 0.047175753861665726, 0.5485063791275024, 0.2776526212692261, 0.44915199279785156, -0.28552573919296265, -0.46655601263046265, -0.4359184503555298, -0.10339248180389404, -0.4266984462738037, -0.0690244808793068, 0.38393551111221313, -0.292878657579422, 0.2514215111732483, -0.490939736366272, 0.2997332513332367, 0.9506774544715881, 0.026770388707518578, 0.024078724905848503, -0.031975943595170975, -0.08478055149316788, 0.19328317046165466, 0.670145571231842, -0.2072119414806366, -0.3586304187774658, 0.5676189661026001, 0.0798223540186882, -0.2051047682762146, 0.45872750878334045, 0.02882363647222519, -0.43443915247917175, -0.33938199281692505, 0.9355002641677856, -0.5080199241638184, 0.0893622636795044, -0.5223652124404907, 0.7048482298851013, 0.48325592279434204, 0.19311046600341797, 0.15226395428180695, -0.33304348587989807, 0.27750518918037415, 0.034439943730831146, 0.23865638673305511, 0.31084856390953064, -0.6771451830863953, 0.1346054971218109, 0.4102523922920227, -0.312743216753006, -0.09641478955745697, 0.07951665669679642, -0.32805323600769043, -0.23255585134029388, -0.2585376799106598, -0.07677672803401947, -0.40571415424346924, 0.024957936257123947, 0.7365290522575378, -0.06865300983190536, 0.24335536360740662, -0.18628858029842377, -0.22654180228710175, 0.3028615415096283, 0.4315151572227478, -0.287008672952652, -0.16609182953834534, -0.12723135948181152, -0.3333267867565155, 0.07516326755285263, -0.07284858822822571, 0.2835381031036377, -0.6102411150932312, -0.28260281682014465, -0.14232054352760315, 0.6690959930419922, -0.37945112586021423, -0.3040575087070465, -0.24349713325500488, 0.058928657323122025, -0.262686163187027, 0.9413150548934937, 0.35202130675315857, 0.29744166135787964, 0.3667174279689789, -0.5241077542304993, 0.16712750494480133, 0.05877397209405899, 0.432352215051651, 0.8756443858146667, -0.8367363810539246, 0.2701115012168884, -0.2531801164150238, -0.29750508069992065, -0.25167015194892883, -0.24022971093654633, -0.572138249874115, -0.06173192337155342, -0.1919187754392624, 0.5456931591033936, -0.621086835861206, 0.01936451531946659, -0.021578971296548843, -0.6112809181213379, 0.22807493805885315, 0.16059556603431702, -0.09458676725625992, -0.05953209102153778, 0.03680182248353958, -0.23175744712352753, 0.18109233677387238, 0.13926944136619568, 0.24396365880966187, -0.5260115265846252, -0.030944660305976868, 0.7013431191444397, -0.49395447969436646, 0.28008371591567993, -0.020870953798294067, 0.2090812772512436, 0.31676730513572693, -0.07990517467260361, -0.2742856740951538, -0.2008594274520874, 0.01023615151643753, -0.004804539959877729, -0.6121656894683838, -0.7240888476371765, -0.6658963561058044, 0.6126790642738342, 0.5453035235404968, 0.07125205546617508, 0.42917317152023315, -0.5403355360031128, 0.10218185931444168, 0.3724098801612854, 0.15275029838085175, 0.2526414692401886, 0.8773232102394104, 0.39252692461013794, -0.19519919157028198, -0.2530079782009125, 0.1257777065038681, -0.2882694900035858, -0.5133974552154541, 0.19257321953773499, -0.1255389153957367, 0.36852535605430603, 0.016170550137758255, -0.6235775351524353, 0.10319888591766357, -0.7667108178138733, 0.010971088893711567, -0.3088417649269104, -0.14474444091320038, -0.017199911177158356, -0.035539448261260986, -0.2068539708852768, 0.08202262222766876, -0.4613686501979828, -0.3802294433116913, -0.16983354091644287, 0.10581569373607635, 0.18303661048412323, -0.3345467448234558, -0.12962482869625092, -0.004330660216510296, -0.48677098751068115, -0.48254162073135376, -5.669125080108643, 0.4052528440952301, -0.028939370065927505, -0.20969538390636444, -0.128750741481781, 0.07628059387207031, -0.09032150357961655, 0.06436707824468613, 0.06945328414440155, -0.481401264667511, 0.4687705934047699, -0.14519062638282776, -0.19803863763809204, 0.25779828429222107, 0.12741534411907196, 0.2705857753753662, -0.14035484194755554, -0.49756357073783875, 0.6346385478973389, -0.16008122265338898, -0.2381414920091629, -0.3246520161628723, 0.27585142850875854, 0.531722366809845, -0.06258631497621536, 0.4217202365398407, -0.2956802248954773, 0.07028450071811676, -0.5985733270645142, -0.24582058191299438, 0.6959928870201111, 0.05573783814907074, -0.22184471786022186, 0.007136095780879259, 0.12514178454875946, -0.06531796604394913, 0.1669253557920456, 0.13956157863140106, 0.2581577003002167, -0.11511574685573578, 0.11628826707601547, 0.68031907081604, -0.20419669151306152, -0.5199176073074341, 0.014417953789234161, 0.21675392985343933, -0.5877692103385925, 0.578032910823822, -0.28684237599372864, 0.6537972688674927, -0.09037713706493378, 1.001429557800293, 0.7551394104957581, 0.07029595226049423, 0.030873635783791542, -0.4137684404850006, 0.095374695956707, -0.23247718811035156, 0.16331236064434052, -0.36304548382759094, 0.3192954361438751, -0.01766226440668106, -0.3087752163410187, -0.360177218914032, 0.14628033339977264, -0.2765117287635803, -0.9646755456924438, 0.2695212662220001, 0.6742059588432312, -0.07029148936271667, -0.46155211329460144, -0.669240415096283, 0.2780734896659851, -0.6369349360466003, -0.14060716331005096, -0.3757967948913574, 0.059139546006917953, 0.41718119382858276, 1.0228694677352905, -0.14170365035533905, -0.6009795069694519, -0.6081463694572449, -0.5333561897277832, -0.15879657864570618, -0.16305173933506012, -0.816882848739624, -0.5694476366043091, 0.38415229320526123, -0.0021093266550451517, -0.800967276096344, 0.3282158374786377, -0.42284074425697327, 0.004341605585068464, 0.5521043539047241, 0.12176588922739029, -0.1409168690443039, -0.11831333488225937, 0.6078530550003052, -0.07285921275615692, -0.5372876524925232, 0.22434969246387482, -0.07910490036010742, -0.27699244022369385, -0.8370225429534912, -0.4997621178627014, -0.28595301508903503, -0.3977927565574646, 0.4367325007915497, -0.15288926661014557, -1.1256253719329834, -0.3073677122592926, -1.0035051107406616, -0.7130591869354248, -0.5755171179771423, 0.226402148604393, -0.045669980347156525, -0.3659372627735138, 0.5229274034500122, 0.2281530797481537, 0.33054429292678833, 0.013762454502284527, 0.4692784249782562, -0.19966818392276764, 0.32780468463897705, -0.258412629365921, 0.4586557447910309, -0.1159796416759491, 0.34896227717399597, 0.5867679119110107, -0.09070570021867752, 0.5450265407562256, 0.40540361404418945, -0.04778413847088814, 0.06726666539907455, -0.3540950417518616, -0.16607631742954254, -0.9216287136077881, 0.2647532522678375, -0.04326409846544266, 0.17179952561855316, -0.10602039098739624, 0.3584800362586975, 0.32213228940963745, 0.17000599205493927, 0.5789597630500793, 0.3650663495063782, 0.014757228083908558, -0.576056182384491, -0.28496479988098145, -0.14681102335453033, 0.2239193320274353, -0.7278516292572021, 0.44623640179634094, -0.0737505704164505, -0.018898561596870422, -0.05726729705929756, -0.2418484389781952, 0.3717462122440338, -0.22459323704242706, 0.020596705377101898, -0.09382262825965881, -0.33535853028297424, -0.27493810653686523, 0.4022710621356964, 0.540482759475708, -0.307724267244339, 0.4377177655696869, -0.45330187678337097, 0.19727355241775513, 0.21574468910694122, -0.3277147114276886, -0.460274875164032, 0.19571617245674133, -0.3292405903339386, 0.020416105166077614, 0.3021864593029022, -0.6858888268470764, -0.1757640391588211, -0.348941832780838, -0.30813494324684143, 0.0381108820438385, 0.0765330046415329, -0.3011435866355896, 0.6210892796516418, 0.11599425971508026, -0.44197162985801697, -0.401398628950119, -0.08155197650194168, 0.6758328676223755, -0.6940274834632874, 0.32006382942199707, 0.22283627092838287, -0.043326348066329956, 0.12471147626638412, -0.9386585354804993, -0.3190402388572693, 0.06759475916624069, 0.42023858428001404, -0.4743019938468933, -0.7317238450050354, -0.011153865605592728, 0.08026640117168427, -0.44371744990348816, -0.13045793771743774, 0.539614200592041, -0.4381729066371918, 0.5596279501914978, 0.3835620880126953, -0.6393386721611023, -0.19445766508579254, -0.3189550042152405, -0.5747902393341064, 0.2626807987689972, 0.16793468594551086, -0.7286552786827087, -0.21569205820560455, 0.009231268428266048, -0.5212611556053162, -0.4686296880245209, -0.43527427315711975, -0.13453030586242676, 0.17325298488140106, -0.24057748913764954, -0.3407663106918335, -0.2771962881088257, 0.18144580721855164, 0.3169727623462677, -1.1085460186004639, 0.05542159080505371, -0.3078134059906006, -0.3312939703464508, 0.16150493919849396, 0.1877640187740326, 0.5851109027862549, 0.3929976522922516, 0.06478726863861084, -0.11104661971330643, -0.5321553349494934, 0.07400310784578323, 0.23376519978046417, 0.21865658462047577, 0.3401263356208801, -0.07544673979282379, -0.6952368021011353, -0.11030764132738113, 0.5283296704292297, 0.7298895716667175, -0.5819542407989502, -0.3233337700366974, 0.35988274216651917, 0.411975622177124, -0.5923718810081482, -0.5804449319839478, -0.12752030789852142, 0.7041903138160706, -0.0980234369635582, -0.002581843174993992, -0.06915348023176193, 0.33348724246025085, 0.36999985575675964, 0.2938436269760132, -0.5072410702705383, -0.03890790045261383, 0.7007753849029541, 0.49827733635902405, -0.3296298682689667, 0.22541342675685883, -0.5195452570915222, 0.04977331683039665, -0.6313112378120422, 0.5316611528396606, -0.029311826452612877, 0.15078279376029968, -0.14843250811100006, 0.31300950050354004, -0.01476704329252243, 0.30000588297843933, -0.604273796081543, 0.2089804857969284, -0.3028240203857422, -0.5238233208656311, 0.47485631704330444, 0.10015325993299484, -0.55275559425354, 0.4780656695365906, -0.016479264944791794, 0.4553891122341156, -0.06877118349075317, -0.09370672702789307, 0.11739063262939453, -0.021105274558067322, -0.7678602337837219, -0.24494054913520813, 0.23755207657814026, 0.3921704590320587, 0.6199485063552856, 0.2333948016166687, 0.5278326272964478, 0.628588855266571, 0.05443352460861206, -0.41932108998298645, 0.8338984847068787, -0.026941685006022453, -0.18154557049274445, 0.15380562841892242, 0.7266002297401428, -0.08269456028938293, -0.42392513155937195, 0.3268832564353943, -0.261746346950531, 0.4954441785812378, 0.11678732931613922, 0.30271095037460327, 1.0877509117126465, -0.44578301906585693, 0.3922823667526245, 0.36345595121383667, -0.5589560270309448, 0.2016802877187729, 0.48649129271507263, 0.4749935269355774, 0.46524566411972046, 0.6228708028793335, 0.2211233526468277, -0.6637880802154541, 0.4639519155025482, -0.11100746691226959, -0.35073360800743103, 0.4913410544395447, 0.42353200912475586, 0.9751392602920532, 0.11059142649173737, -0.6013967394828796, 0.4429565966129303, -0.03420575335621834, -0.5892795324325562, -0.18586966395378113, 0.17418833076953888, -0.14272034168243408, -0.07375199347734451, 0.21614979207515717, 0.3368631601333618, -0.67608243227005, -0.17692914605140686, 0.3462763726711273, 0.15429826080799103, 0.47987234592437744, -0.03757462650537491, 0.13560441136360168, 0.5310689806938171, 0.10933290421962738, 0.4544786810874939, 0.07593559473752975, 0.5558345913887024, 0.6338195204734802, -0.08862609416246414, -0.10475515574216843, 0.28910645842552185, 0.2697649896144867, -0.7579097151756287, 0.2601194381713867, 0.20441511273384094, 0.04341611638665199, -0.3809973895549774, -0.4513940215110779, -0.2678917348384857, 0.0907919630408287, -0.584983766078949, -0.0575517974793911, 0.14841021597385406, -0.2766096889972687, 0.8067805171012878, -0.38807812333106995, -0.5953333973884583, -0.3050493896007538, 0.20157603919506073, -0.07790187746286392, -0.11233463883399963, 0.030975205823779106, -0.30037590861320496, -0.09527508914470673, 0.039879992604255676, -0.34583741426467896, -0.44493943452835083, -0.16788825392723083, -0.02929515950381756, -0.5988488793373108, -0.007004633545875549, -1.193566083908081, -0.05128125846385956, -0.4853211045265198, 0.46031299233436584, 0.20967748761177063, -0.03984900191426277, -0.36279019713401794, -0.43465569615364075, -0.4681026339530945, 0.4507957696914673, 0.2136204093694687, 0.13311143219470978, 0.7078832387924194, 0.3750683665275574, 0.39958977699279785, 0.18032695353031158, -0.5264394283294678, 0.7986854314804077, -0.5992997884750366, -0.43974533677101135, -0.5078006386756897, 0.44097059965133667, 0.33484211564064026, 0.3540642559528351, -0.03735877200961113, 0.25499188899993896, -0.4603157937526703, 0.812720000743866, 0.1681670993566513, 0.08450338244438171, 0.30206963419914246, -0.2685529291629791, 0.42903345823287964, -0.34147948026657104, -0.06157109886407852, 0.22523365914821625, -0.05877711623907089, -0.7112955451011658, 0.41530299186706543, 0.454386830329895, 0.16867560148239136, 0.9346510767936707, -0.6348899006843567, -0.3545738756656647, -0.35126274824142456, -0.4043149948120117, -0.6925076842308044, 0.3285095989704132, 0.1740834265947342, 0.7332964539527893, 0.15097494423389435, -0.04056698456406593, -0.10903525352478027, 0.3653029799461365, 0.46990472078323364, 0.7609758377075195, 0.04301723465323448, -0.6381792426109314, -0.14659972488880157, -0.07928070425987244, -1.2871365547180176, 0.48379281163215637, 0.4277210533618927, -0.009504353627562523, 0.1886434555053711, 0.247892364859581, 0.6796610951423645, 0.14294815063476562, 0.6369525790214539, -0.07998272776603699, -0.005542885046452284, 0.16620543599128723 ]
210623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Norris%20%28businessman%29	Henry Norris (businessman)	Sir Henry George Norris (23 July 1865 – 30 July 1934) was an English businessman, politician and football club director, most famous for his chairmanship of both Fulham and Arsenal. Business and political career Born in Kennington, to a working class family but educated privately, Norris left school at 14 to join a solicitor's firm, leaving 18 years later to pursue a career in property development trade, partnering W.G. Allen in the firm Allen & Norris. He made his fortune building houses in south and west London — Fulham in particular. He was commissioned into the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteers in 1896, but resigned the following year. He was later Mayor of the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham from 1909 to 1919, a member of the London County Council from 1916 to 1919, and served as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Fulham East from 1918 to 1922, retiring after falling out with his party on the issue of tariff reform. During World War I Norris had worked heavily as a military recruitment officer for the British Army. He served in the 3rd Middlesex Artillery Volunteers and in the 1917 Birthday Honours he was knighted and given the honorary rank of colonel for services to his country. He was also a prominent Freemason, rising to become Grand Deacon of the United Grand Lodge of England, and a well-known local philanthropist with close connections to the Church of England; he counted the Archbishop of Canterbury, Randall Thomas Davidson as a personal friend. Chairmanship of Fulham FC A keen football fan, Norris first became a director of Fulham, during which time the Cottagers were elected to the Football League. While chairman of Fulham, Norris had an indirect role in the foundation of nearby Chelsea Football Club. He was offered the chance to move Fulham to Stamford Bridge, which businessman Gus Mears had recently acquired, but Norris baulked at the £1500 per annum rent, so Mears subsequently created his own team to occupy the ground. Chairmanship of Arsenal FC In 1910, Norris and William Hall each bought 240 shares (18.75%) of the ailing Woolwich Arsenal (after the club had gone into voluntary liquidation) while still retaining their positions on the Fulham board; Norris became club chairman two years later. With Arsenal's low attendances and poor financial performance, Norris tried to create a London superclub by merging the two clubs, but this was blocked by the Football League. Undeterred, he turned his attention to moving Arsenal to a new stadium; he eventually settled on a site in Highbury, north London, on the site of the recreation ground of St John's College of Divinity; his close relationship with Randall Davidson helped, and the archbishop personally signed the ground's title deed. The Arsenal Stadium opened in 1913, and the club dropped the Woolwich from its name the following year. Norris's most infamous contribution to Arsenal's history was his role in the club's promotion from the Second Division to the First in 1919. Arsenal were elected to the top flight in spite of only finishing fifth the previous season (1914–15, as competition had been suspended for most of World War I). This promotion came at the expense of other clubs, most notably Arsenal's arch-rivals Tottenham Hotspur. It has been alleged that Norris bribed or in some way unduly influenced the voting members of the Football League, in particular the league chairman and owner of Liverpool, John McKenna; at the League's AGM. Many sources claim that McKenna made a speech recommending Arsenal's promotion ahead of Spurs thanks to the former's longer spell in the League (Arsenal joined in 1893, Spurs in 1908), although Wolves – who finished in 4th ahead of Arsenal – had been members of the league since its inception in 1888. However, it is unlikely that this actually happened as no newspapers from the time reported it. Although no firm proof has ever been offered, Norris's other activities, including the scandal that led to his downfall, are often cited as circumstantial evidence. Some claim that Norris 'bribed' McKenna, although this is pure speculation especially as it appears that McKenna is unlikely to have made the speech. Probably more likely is that he lobbied McKenna, who fearful of Norris exposing the corruption in the league at the time (Manchester United and Liverpool were accused of fixing the last game of the season) yielded to Norris's request to promote Arsenal to Division 1 based on their longer spell in the league and their professional status. Norris made one other lasting contribution to Arsenal's history. In 1925, after acrimoniously firing manager Leslie Knighton, Norris hired Huddersfield Town's Herbert Chapman as his replacement. After Norris's departure, Chapman fulfilled the chairman's ambition and turned Arsenal into the dominant side in English football in the 1930s, although later Norris cited Knighton's sacking as the only decision he ever regretted. However, Norris was not in charge by the time Arsenal had come to dominate English football. In 1927, the Daily Mail reported that Norris had made under-the-counter payments to Sunderland's Charlie Buchan as an incentive for him to join Arsenal in 1925; this was in an era of the League's maximum wage, and any additional financial incentives to players were strictly outlawed, although many clubs at the time broke the rules. A subsequent investigation by the Football Association found that Norris had also used Arsenal's expense accounts for personal use to pay for his chauffeur, and had pocketed the proceeds of £125 from the sale of the team bus. Norris sued the Daily Mail and the FA for libel, but in February 1929, the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Hewart, found in favour of the FA, and they subsequently banned Norris for life from football. Retirement He largely left public life after his enforced departure from football. He died in 1934 at his home in Barnes a week after his 69th birthday, of a heart attack. References Specific General External links A Life of Sir Henry George Norris. A very detailed account of his life by Sally Davis. People from Lambeth Arsenal F.C. directors and chairmen Fulham F.C. directors and chairmen Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1918–1922 English football chairmen and investors 1865 births 1934 deaths Rifle Brigade officers British Army General List officers English businesspeople Members of Fulham Metropolitan Borough Council Deputy Lieutenants of the County of London Knights Bachelor	[ 0.6382231712341309, -0.0655263140797615, -0.754554808139801, -0.4442752003669739, -0.24519187211990356, 0.16985294222831726, 0.5216835737228394, -0.12257029861211777, 0.025268590077757835, -0.5525397658348083, 0.05584555119276047, 0.2766435444355011, -0.5747758746147156, 0.1253906637430191, 0.1369827687740326, 0.04534955322742462, -0.41235190629959106, 0.3323194980621338, -0.21829071640968323, -0.3490683436393738, -0.19358853995800018, 0.27951592206954956, 0.386712908744812, -0.30997270345687866, -0.0898512676358223, -0.023588063195347786, 0.17411106824874878, -0.5206310749053955, 0.07782042771577835, 0.16167089343070984, 0.5984928607940674, 0.2489006668329239, -0.2672330141067505, -0.6404463648796082, -0.29623356461524963, 0.11517702788114548, -0.09818146377801895, -0.10262187570333481, -0.019542859867215157, -0.5510683655738831, -0.19151048362255096, 0.18242290616035461, 0.5000413060188293, 0.04934331774711609, -0.13634438812732697, -0.8334612846374512, -1.3195053339004517, -0.41329336166381836, -0.8433135747909546, -0.35368025302886963, 0.2461043894290924, 0.32297056913375854, -0.10781113058328629, 0.3809854984283447, 0.4170321822166443, 0.265023797750473, -0.33799824118614197, 0.023821379989385605, -0.2829272150993347, -0.17398500442504883, 0.3568195402622223, 0.1298852562904358, 0.5161123275756836, -0.05772034451365471, 0.35688021779060364, 0.11239944398403168, -0.07344397157430649, 0.28164127469062805, -0.13910628855228424, 0.02724209800362587, 0.2446059286594391, -0.15852616727352142, -0.3834260106086731, 0.1821419596672058, 0.4003814458847046, 0.10034770518541336, 0.1352086365222931, -0.04130548611283302, 0.175858736038208, 0.47216999530792236, 0.1398969292640686, -0.33398744463920593, 0.5424848198890686, 0.6069945693016052, -0.07948968559503555, 0.4109145998954773, -0.6122483611106873, 0.20371004939079285, -0.9339178800582886, 0.7974491715431213, 0.3898908793926239, -0.3072567880153656, 0.21014979481697083, -0.47026872634887695, -0.5343088507652283, 0.11165556311607361, 0.5145184993743896, 0.17783796787261963, 0.015147030353546143, -0.4852351248264313, -0.16454662382602692, 0.469773530960083, -0.0026024675462394953, -0.5934392809867859, -0.4186505377292633, 0.1674889773130417, -0.45282435417175293, -0.34653440117836, 0.1109028235077858, -0.2519041895866394, -0.07693547755479813, 0.02230255678296089, 0.42359670996665955, 0.07604648917913437, 0.1050226092338562, 0.07728235423564911, 0.3070886731147766, -0.1856447458267212, -0.3904021084308624, -0.13792021572589874, 0.05621946230530739, 0.9574102759361267, -0.2281486839056015, -0.09343498200178146, -0.8962013125419617, -0.04910200834274292, 0.41824865341186523, 0.3272272050380707, 0.40393829345703125, 0.14532925188541412, 0.3294377624988556, 1.4004158973693848, -0.9557296633720398, -0.06146334484219551, 0.1118566021323204, -0.17856819927692413, -0.11195652186870575, 0.20157930254936218, 0.09904872626066208, -0.07307375967502594, -0.19673612713813782, 0.3037368953227997, -0.6721144318580627, 0.4173597991466522, -0.07726392894983292, -0.06708047538995743, 0.0863313376903534, -0.3040143847465515, -0.1768215447664261, -0.11870458722114563, 0.32568952441215515, -0.23217472434043884, 0.029123328626155853, 0.2274385392665863, -0.3355259597301483, 0.49807843565940857, 1.0660306215286255, -0.4627695381641388, -0.10343022644519806, 0.4583544135093689, 0.20185251533985138, -0.9294883608818054, 0.300278902053833, 0.10845744609832764, 0.023607036098837852, 0.1747654229402542, -0.4056948125362396, -0.1491566151380539, -0.5559028387069702, -0.421749085187912, 0.08753722906112671, -0.21998967230319977, 0.32444819808006287, -0.6492421627044678, 0.1612255871295929, 0.13743509352207184, 0.5095005035400391, 0.38801315426826477, 0.567234218120575, -0.23684710264205933, -0.5411895513534546, -0.34027189016342163, 0.05190117657184601, 0.26373568177223206, 0.7705630660057068, -0.13917331397533417, 0.8226149678230286, -0.004170509520918131, 0.1638200581073761, -0.22285601496696472, 0.44360387325286865, -0.6055253148078918, -0.028823712840676308, -0.23866654932498932, 0.4121242165565491, 0.23990917205810547, -0.4402768611907959, -0.2937813103199005, 0.5746265649795532, 0.5631165504455566, 0.060514044016599655, -0.03744441643357277, -0.12696361541748047, -0.7498182654380798, -0.03898847475647926, 0.4512501060962677, 0.8085529208183289, 0.17509475350379944, -0.27476298809051514, 1.5815144777297974, 0.37903332710266113, -1.0713165998458862, -0.29894503951072693, 0.225382998585701, 0.1616312712430954, -0.6853845119476318, -0.6801455020904541, 0.19924373924732208, 0.2987569272518158, -0.4860687553882599, 0.032350439578294754, 0.7782229781150818, -0.35045063495635986, 0.666616678237915, 0.1947634518146515, 0.49110326170921326, -0.3454824686050415, -0.12058326601982117, 0.08035007119178772, -1.498996376991272, 0.1860891580581665, 0.12400858104228973, 0.2925072908401489, -0.47551611065864563, 0.37250208854675293, -0.5603852272033691, -0.46507638692855835, -0.4679923355579376, 0.004531161859631538, 0.0866871252655983, -0.1473456472158432, 0.07427803426980972, -0.39518922567367554, -0.31418296694755554, 0.2364739179611206, 0.6309853792190552, 0.0025887335650622845, -0.20806096494197845, -0.5027064085006714, -0.19683456420898438, 0.5167802572250366, 0.430024653673172, 0.24869172275066376, -0.15565279126167297, 0.601153552532196, -0.347199022769928, 0.43451961874961853, -0.25934287905693054, 0.0627126395702362, -0.16374194622039795, 0.22199252247810364, 0.2699790894985199, 0.3481285572052002, 0.4700634777545929, -0.24580803513526917, -0.5462066531181335, -0.3736205995082855, -0.3534574508666992, 0.03585493564605713, -0.30058395862579346, 0.8192745447158813, -0.16851992905139923, -0.2029164731502533, 0.21380876004695892, 0.5083072781562805, 0.27535226941108704, -0.07326333969831467, 0.2981480062007904, -0.3103002905845642, -0.32404667139053345, 0.8149954080581665, 0.47087937593460083, -0.5775096416473389, -0.010363643988966942, -0.13966625928878784, 0.04484314098954201, 0.16773158311843872, -0.30762767791748047, 0.19594839215278625, -0.5953174829483032, 0.1673067957162857, 0.6594571471214294, -0.4214637279510498, 0.2568090558052063, -0.29330602288246155, -0.18680086731910706, -0.35437190532684326, -0.2489619106054306, -0.2740984857082367, -0.2361350655555725, -0.09469389170408249, 0.5294197201728821, -0.4101077914237976, -0.36783742904663086, 0.44437357783317566, 0.05267311632633209, -0.5897670388221741, -0.07923559099435806, -5.478909492492676, 0.7357730269432068, 0.4130491316318512, -0.31669753789901733, 0.5857473015785217, -0.2690788805484772, 0.020612476393580437, -0.4173690974712372, -0.47672948241233826, -0.0744035392999649, 0.3533550500869751, -0.3851790130138397, 0.12173424661159515, 0.303627610206604, 1.1759461164474487, 0.02176869846880436, 0.9368411898612976, -0.24033547937870026, 0.6079409718513489, -0.0415717251598835, 0.16743847727775574, -0.5578397512435913, -0.035474978387355804, 0.6582134962081909, 0.10893481969833374, 0.163939967751503, 0.11716217547655106, -0.34083086252212524, -0.7311345338821411, -0.799353301525116, 0.1003008782863617, 0.6024128794670105, -0.045999232679605484, 0.5189514756202698, -0.4419088363647461, -0.2667299211025238, 0.5550894141197205, 0.36793628334999084, -0.12880736589431763, -0.5958333611488342, 0.4806640148162842, 0.5485180020332336, -0.8480960726737976, 0.009228656068444252, 0.12028418481349945, -0.4196558892726898, -0.7049378156661987, 0.6957548260688782, -0.4479304850101471, 0.22766657173633575, 0.9874273538589478, 0.5968042612075806, -0.26734572649002075, 0.15322059392929077, 0.04523823410272598, -0.04127330332994461, 0.5112228393554688, -0.35512563586235046, -0.35566890239715576, 0.35103246569633484, 0.5642914175987244, -0.13164503872394562, -0.04524894431233406, 0.6067063808441162, 0.3551884591579437, -0.03983138129115105, 0.23586499691009521, -0.5107401013374329, 0.3507101535797119, -0.17734579741954803, -0.09584902226924896, 0.17218108475208282, 0.7358846068382263, -0.8002553582191467, -0.07543648034334183, 0.6051982045173645, 0.24185366928577423, 0.02737601473927498, 0.1836787611246109, -0.25906801223754883, -0.14342637360095978, -0.21631525456905365, 0.4110851585865021, 0.42544054985046387, 0.29108574986457825, -0.025382498279213905, -0.439522385597229, 0.9700840711593628, -0.07149548083543777, -0.3276976943016052, 0.2075696885585785, -0.3817412853240967, -0.157517209649086, 1.1400301456451416, -0.10940760374069214, 0.1488295942544937, -0.44247376918792725, 0.3980521857738495, 0.25397932529449463, 0.1807301789522171, 0.1199764758348465, 0.6454420685768127, -0.44690027832984924, -0.1780179888010025, -0.01853892020881176, 0.10369488596916199, -0.6022549271583557, 0.13209570944309235, 0.04172465577721596, -0.1560090184211731, 0.44850125908851624, -0.21090954542160034, -0.5944924354553223, -0.01444593071937561, 0.4064459204673767, -0.7816545367240906, -0.045580752193927765, 0.8784196972846985, 0.5333306193351746, 0.10890881717205048, 0.11782356351613998, 0.2764132022857666, -0.4918908178806305, -0.09476900100708008, -0.9933929443359375, 0.2117471992969513, -0.13986213505268097, 0.21430936455726624, -0.5858970880508423, -0.1348566710948944, -0.13624104857444763, 0.3085329532623291, -0.1146940141916275, 0.34070438146591187, -0.15917940437793732, -0.3586430251598358, -1.4789445400238037, -0.24025355279445648, -0.04878528043627739, -0.07164497673511505, 0.3292047679424286, 0.3772726058959961, 0.13044826686382294, 0.06588609516620636, 0.46508708596229553, -0.14397816359996796, 0.22000540792942047, -0.1715974062681198, -0.245954692363739, 0.4043789207935333, -0.09227661043405533, -0.41789111495018005, 0.1990317553281784, -0.4748944342136383, -0.5055204033851624, 0.20548170804977417, -0.22859326004981995, -0.24879401922225952, -0.19307705760002136, -0.5629997253417969, 0.011160284280776978, 0.30504223704338074, -1.364845633506775, -0.12033014744520187, 0.38472551107406616, -0.054988980293273926, -0.083873450756073, -0.4453859031200409, -0.7540004849433899, 0.41978973150253296, -0.3859145939350128, -0.2232741117477417, -0.38716813921928406, 0.30572396516799927, -0.08664973825216293, -0.103451207280159, -0.2073068916797638, -0.33319297432899475, -0.24445053935050964, -0.33953434228897095, 0.19156375527381897, 0.26394933462142944, -0.3120374381542206, 0.11653116345405579, 0.29512715339660645, -0.31362220644950867, -0.6447516083717346, -0.4543335735797882, -0.4904242753982544, -0.45365065336227417, 0.1415730118751526, 0.016588609665632248, 0.9381868243217468, 1.221160888671875, -0.23349596560001373, -0.03971051052212715, 0.06708735972642899, 0.28216972947120667, 0.22603848576545715, -0.7332185506820679, -0.1374240517616272, -0.1478806436061859, -0.3407277464866638, -0.6679084300994873, 0.03960037976503372, -0.5429192185401917, -0.194532111287117, 0.7079746723175049, 0.31205737590789795, 0.7023650407791138, -0.42574626207351685, -0.561372697353363, -0.47768890857696533, -0.17227567732334137, -0.5819008946418762, -0.3661220967769623, 0.41967734694480896, 0.39599618315696716, -0.20156672596931458, -0.37705761194229126, -0.4028148651123047, -0.4346314072608948, -0.7552369832992554, 0.025561824440956116, -0.3539890944957733, 0.4637269675731659, 0.3140603005886078, -0.10443747788667679, 0.1922331601381302, -0.053178053349256516, -0.6830675005912781, 0.19131703674793243, 0.09124413877725601, 0.7290985584259033, 0.24075749516487122, 0.15942776203155518, 0.14404311776161194, 0.18968144059181213, -0.021386152133345604, -0.22707635164260864, 0.1597374677658081, 0.8026770353317261, -0.16916616261005402, -0.5553388595581055, -0.13787047564983368, -0.016968483105301857, 0.4006838798522949, -0.3084559142589569, -0.1938973367214203, 0.008667171001434326, 0.35092297196388245, 0.35757556557655334, -0.2949603497982025, 0.16313502192497253, 0.6388196349143982, -0.22654540836811066, 0.28513303399086, 0.42865222692489624, 0.049019742757081985, 0.20510950684547424, -0.4627792537212372, 0.6338357329368591, 0.13959026336669922, 0.6372972130775452, 0.22827191650867462, 0.3199689984321594, -0.04301592335104942, 0.28334856033325195, 0.30434390902519226, -0.5381254553794861, -0.38344332575798035, -0.29534631967544556, 0.09486275911331177, 0.5864088535308838, -0.017437644302845, -0.5849735736846924, 0.29861265420913696, -0.7604857087135315, 0.4712076783180237, 0.003257134696468711, -0.682894229888916, 0.08838746696710587, 0.5747831463813782, -1.026883602142334, -0.5732924938201904, -1.4273327589035034, -0.33160385489463806, 0.13300271332263947, -0.04479715973138809, -0.126125767827034, -0.5747730135917664, -0.6540472507476807, -0.5531110167503357, 0.36398378014564514, -0.4785332679748535, 0.36736899614334106, -0.31257104873657227, 0.18472056090831757, 0.3721415102481842, -0.013886570930480957, -0.5394943356513977, 0.163131982088089, 0.2250189185142517, 0.354809433221817, 0.5138759613037109, 0.4960513412952423, -0.2299775332212448, -0.43735870718955994, -0.7753149271011353, -0.5669242739677429, -0.05524547025561333, -0.5178060531616211, 0.2909051179885864, 0.42618730664253235, -0.7887576818466187, -0.0795760229229927, 0.4633023142814636, -0.4204493463039398, -0.1479533612728119, 0.13126826286315918, 0.10881397873163223, 0.16662585735321045, 0.6114469766616821, -0.05946045741438866, -0.3986295461654663, 0.4892370104789734, 0.7422130703926086, 0.5616340041160583, 0.8428784608840942, 0.39607900381088257, 0.2503582239151001, -0.242439866065979, -0.6028280854225159, 0.8151662349700928, 0.3504967987537384, -0.30467256903648376, -0.2510114908218384, -0.8178356289863586, 0.024484694004058838, -0.30199339985847473, -0.09752269089221954, 0.3950318992137909, -0.3562007248401642, 0.10284820199012756, 0.13053682446479797, -0.0688435286283493, 0.10404353588819504, 0.04857223108410835, -0.03828086704015732, 0.5219891667366028, 0.6356955766677856, 0.2244611531496048, 0.2267555296421051, -0.2341984361410141, 0.3275686204433441, 0.36292800307273865, 0.6564397811889648, -0.23568332195281982, -0.31008487939834595, -0.09254895150661469, 0.019609367474913597, -0.4489593505859375, 0.9729260802268982, -0.2517392039299011, -0.3582560122013092, -0.14467298984527588, -0.40501782298088074, -0.47237592935562134, 0.025496656075119972, 0.6300932168960571, 0.14744442701339722, -0.4603964388370514, -0.025814712047576904, -0.02766457386314869, 0.23781460523605347, 0.11854922771453857, 0.9048766493797302, -0.43725574016571045, 0.29085269570350647, 0.09614788740873337, 0.14102186262607574, 0.6723065376281738, -0.5606571435928345, -0.3295648694038391, -0.09901054948568344, -0.3286350667476654, -0.2958657145500183, -0.14731557667255402, 0.05687392130494118, -0.7851919531822205, 0.15819549560546875, -0.030393140390515327, -0.25295504927635193, 0.20909851789474487, -0.37908899784088135, -0.08613670617341995, -0.5455816388130188, 0.7007429003715515, 0.43280690908432007, -0.6073523163795471, -0.11312788724899292, 0.44035208225250244, -0.30217263102531433, 0.2985517978668213, 0.1717800348997116, 0.6239439249038696, -0.08312611281871796, 0.05506669357419014, -0.6729128360748291, 0.565893292427063, 0.27966398000717163, -0.049779657274484634, -0.18830153346061707, 0.4277326762676239, -0.30983278155326843, -0.07554455101490021, 0.3441266715526581, -0.2947324514389038, -0.08399245887994766, 0.1825595200061798, 0.938109815120697, -0.21136574447155, -0.09448130428791046, -0.7144513130187988, -0.17345651984214783, 0.2350236475467682, 0.2906225621700287, -0.25485730171203613, -0.2990761399269104, 0.5332297086715698, -0.273702472448349, 0.24430438876152039, -0.4973156154155731, -0.4364382326602936, -0.9541724324226379, -0.1294400691986084, 0.02169554866850376, 0.604162871837616, 0.3586527407169342, -0.340464323759079, 0.4851064383983612, 0.5441074371337891, 0.8167862892150879, 0.16254296898841858, -0.4933326542377472, -0.4786835014820099, 0.07468001544475555, -0.5585376620292664, 0.3287704885005951, 0.6652669906616211, 0.19002178311347961, -0.09653455764055252, 0.09023960679769516, -0.36521655321121216, 0.744330108165741, -0.03903370350599289, 0.012508338317275047, -0.07136847078800201, 0.4750042259693146, 0.0032494524493813515 ]
210635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Trusted%20Computer%20Product%20Evaluation%20Criteria	Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria	The Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria (CTCPEC) is a computer security standard published in 1993 by the Communications Security Establishment to provide an evaluation criterion on IT products. It is a combination of the TCSEC (also called Orange Book) and the European ITSEC approaches. CTCPEC led to the creation of the Common Criteria standard. The Canadian System Security Centre, part of the Communications Security Establishment was founded in 1988 to establish a Canadian computer security standard. The Centre published a draft of the standard in April 1992. The final version was published in January 1993. References External links Computer security standards	[ 0.3240891695022583, 0.7724342346191406, 0.28884345293045044, 0.3784196972846985, -0.15467379987239838, -0.5444446802139282, -0.13986890017986298, 0.07893523573875427, -0.10165853798389435, 0.023873379454016685, -0.427937388420105, 0.53379225730896, 0.33528223633766174, -0.21011850237846375, 0.03183829411864281, 0.6351689100265503, 0.5515193343162537, 0.5366981625556946, 0.2414843589067459, -0.39471420645713806, -0.4277619421482086, -0.2688934803009033, 0.3552255630493164, -0.022662445902824402, -0.2557612359523773, 0.672234058380127, 0.35852697491645813, -0.21127916872501373, -0.3032844662666321, -0.033705733716487885, 0.5806493759155273, 0.4869752526283264, -0.010692799463868141, -0.22930686175823212, 0.3868257403373718, 0.47869691252708435, -0.003861811710521579, 0.03636064752936363, -0.45165079832077026, -0.7941446900367737, 0.3914656639099121, -0.17302283644676208, 0.09383133053779602, 0.6825225949287415, 0.003272777423262596, -0.2850978672504425, -1.2210566997528076, -0.17243966460227966, -0.5408090949058533, 0.03507687896490097, -0.3266131579875946, 0.7353425025939941, -0.7007687091827393, 0.03437529504299164, 0.33922818303108215, 0.49082258343696594, -0.25490227341651917, -0.5825051665306091, -0.02753840759396553, -0.24451211094856262, 0.5441228151321411, -0.21497201919555664, 0.20377136766910553, 0.2935916781425476, 0.41576799750328064, 0.5335187315940857, 0.16023463010787964, 0.30501991510391235, -0.1642066389322281, -0.23476830124855042, -0.08659475296735764, -0.27256542444229126, 0.009936463087797165, -0.05237705633044243, -0.22493013739585876, 0.10661140829324722, -0.04395453259348869, -0.3395932912826538, 0.4097237288951874, 0.4051084816455841, 0.024020586162805557, 0.3989419639110565, -0.08128470927476883, -0.3950130343437195, 0.523810863494873, 0.45094022154808044, 0.06862402707338333, 0.24878618121147156, -0.15534822642803192, 0.6319563984870911, -0.11221066117286682, -0.2655617892742157, 0.8475426435470581, 0.2327665090560913, 0.2399122565984726, -0.15827473998069763, -0.3677748143672943, -0.15248216688632965, 0.33457979559898376, 0.11892593652009964, -0.0012289234437048435, 0.2610947787761688, -0.43619421124458313, -0.15297044813632965, -0.5512505769729614, -0.27497464418411255, -0.7075793743133545, -0.6678721308708191, -0.2462347000837326, -0.20710423588752747, -0.04924426227807999, -0.024545546621084213, -0.20253534615039825, 0.47662922739982605, -0.08525628596544266, 0.6352376937866211, 0.20649854838848114, -0.18218690156936646, -0.004081804305315018, 0.5582250952720642, 0.3392084240913391, 0.8388603925704956, -0.4651390612125397, -0.18390914797782898, 0.4287301301956177, 0.1802295297384262, 0.7358129620552063, 0.29326924681663513, -0.16829398274421692, 0.2832111418247223, -0.09425248950719833, 0.6466171741485596, -0.0986071452498436, 0.17346936464309692, -0.5729049444198608, 0.06461666524410248, 0.6185262799263, -0.31689122319221497, -0.36823222041130066, 0.2876625061035156, -0.6999180316925049, -1.0407460927963257, -0.22801940143108368, -0.774385929107666, -0.260547012090683, -0.010908921249210835, 0.05471820384263992, -0.0020314506255090237, -0.2607092559337616, -0.1891704499721527, 0.595029890537262, -0.3534415364265442, -0.0921970084309578, -0.2395620495080948, -0.15844297409057617, 0.5662615895271301, 0.3918949067592621, 0.15232916176319122, -0.24151356518268585, 0.04868260398507118, 0.22519922256469727, 0.3409455418586731, -0.50296950340271, -0.07920298725366592, 0.6809781789779663, 0.12432743608951569, -0.34529924392700195, -0.011559556238353252, 0.6599944233894348, 0.36226487159729004, 0.06887680292129517, 0.011104593984782696, -0.025937989354133606, -0.70334392786026, -0.12033616751432419, -0.20162545144557953, 0.5827182531356812, 0.7146645784378052, 0.3609349727630615, -0.07219662517309189, -0.7083870768547058, 0.4324136972427368, -0.3445266783237457, -0.5322293639183044, 0.5125198364257812, 0.6998189687728882, 0.7195053100585938, -0.38349467515945435, -0.4411484897136688, 0.26259031891822815, -0.5158664584159851, -0.49353545904159546, 0.5203847289085388, -1.4482730627059937, 1.5806362628936768, -0.25640633702278137, -0.16909296810626984, 1.4764591455459595, -0.35423725843429565, 0.07540613412857056, -0.2774324417114258, 0.5460267066955566, 0.8099864721298218, -0.22211791574954987, -0.49271348118782043, 0.32139700651168823, -0.3293627202510834, 0.11070415377616882, -0.16128908097743988, 0.13148358464241028, 0.3366377651691437, -0.2745681405067444, -0.29980796575546265, -0.19145825505256653, 0.09995334595441818, -0.2859007716178894, -0.2665661573410034, 0.6837007403373718, 0.09457563608884811, -0.4336226284503937, 0.6929359436035156, -0.22121655941009521, -0.0630231648683548, 0.9239258766174316, -0.7140964865684509, 0.22396394610404968, 0.23557566106319427, -0.2042882889509201, 0.7474113702774048, 0.027828969061374664, 0.223333939909935, -0.18106511235237122, 0.9278363585472107, -0.6997802257537842, -0.3832085132598877, -0.3043515384197235, -0.5653226971626282, -0.2954401969909668, 0.19738495349884033, 0.6294445991516113, -0.16169492900371552, 0.06376428157091141, -0.49050459265708923, 0.1408126950263977, 0.0022125595714896917, -0.0875745341181755, 0.026020953431725502, 0.37763142585754395, 0.28726840019226074, 0.557949423789978, 0.8849800825119019, 0.6783204078674316, 0.21531927585601807, -0.08105581998825073, 0.13285647332668304, 0.269247829914093, -0.06167019158601761, -0.1371658891439438, -0.3711365759372711, -0.2543283998966217, 0.2343653440475464, -0.018869133666157722, -0.21030989289283752, 0.2906578779220581, 0.5401363968849182, -0.8915356397628784, -0.16736403107643127, -0.31065037846565247, 0.01679992862045765, 0.6302962899208069, -0.0644865557551384, -0.4935169816017151, -0.20117181539535522, 0.08430137485265732, 0.12631471455097198, -0.2609700858592987, 0.27852141857147217, 0.9021031856536865, -0.6287106275558472, -0.589851975440979, -0.2500908076763153, 0.35646992921829224, 0.022813227027654648, -0.8578944206237793, 0.3158561885356903, -0.07047414779663086, -0.2726493179798126, -0.46389245986938477, -0.07724182307720184, -0.5251280069351196, -0.019811579957604408, 0.039684493094682693, -0.11732050031423569, 0.08586511760950089, 0.509795606136322, 0.13650523126125336, 0.008081710897386074, 0.4469667077064514, 0.5284973978996277, -0.026708023622632027, -0.1398891657590866, 0.16770707070827484, -0.03187006339430809, -0.07733280956745148, 0.4216771721839905, -0.03577015548944473, -0.25906527042388916, -0.3525109589099884, -5.50721549987793, -0.17721547186374664, -0.013266543857753277, -0.38627612590789795, 0.012287111021578312, 0.2951214909553528, 0.9708452224731445, -0.2941584885120392, -0.030585013329982758, -0.10476774722337723, 0.013227519579231739, 0.1929415464401245, -0.11828617751598358, 0.931429386138916, 0.4602278172969818, 0.4497816860675812, 0.3612707257270813, -0.291184663772583, 0.4038622975349426, -0.055428646504879, 0.45130300521850586, -0.271260142326355, -0.04778730869293213, -0.5866723656654358, 0.2241351157426834, 0.9358165860176086, -0.736259937286377, 0.9456229209899902, -0.14171220362186432, 0.3084190785884857, 0.3311540484428406, -0.07365068048238754, -0.4138277471065521, -0.14049802720546722, -0.24586300551891327, -0.32346805930137634, 0.6457884907722473, 0.3631260097026825, 0.3246384561061859, 0.05010669305920601, -0.04990032687783241, -0.041798606514930725, 0.416598916053772, -0.07755833864212036, 0.07386521995067596, -0.37786194682121277, -0.05718527361750603, 0.1427379995584488, -0.03542926162481308, 0.7569127678871155, -0.264045774936676, 0.04614727571606636, 0.09015970677137375, 0.322965145111084, -0.3503502607345581, -0.5307403802871704, 0.5754706859588623, -0.1695418357849121, -0.9023571014404297, 0.4602033197879791, -0.08650094270706177, -0.313970685005188, 0.43190905451774597, -0.8945343494415283, -0.1695743352174759, -0.09062932431697845, -1.0523154735565186, -0.6979464888572693, 0.2534535527229309, 0.057029303163290024, 0.0771966502070427, 0.1498570591211319, -0.5191980600357056, -0.8590862154960632, -0.18912403285503387, -0.7454253435134888, 0.43210187554359436, 0.40200984477996826, 0.061562731862068176, 0.09287726134061813, 0.6199259757995605, 0.10975658148527145, -0.618628203868866, 0.38564035296440125, 0.0028466626536101103, -0.21916314959526062, 0.25200164318084717, 0.7676031589508057, -0.14155633747577667, -0.4401545524597168, 0.4036442041397095, -0.21231433749198914, 0.20638816058635712, 0.5272237658500671, -0.17808088660240173, -0.2897155284881592, 0.6943645477294922, 0.25051751732826233, 0.33168745040893555, -0.6724311709403992, 0.00028332043439149857, -0.24813814461231232, 0.04511512815952301, -1.3646049499511719, -0.7638863325119019, -0.2229742556810379, -0.6727994680404663, -0.33652758598327637, 0.26020973920822144, -0.148630753159523, -0.3950260877609253, -0.32341650128364563, -0.3390812575817108, -0.008115263655781746, 0.12520548701286316, 0.39047279953956604, -0.32286614179611206, 0.055710338056087494, 0.14649979770183563, -0.041980087757110596, 0.6522535085678101, 0.5809248089790344, 0.15634380280971527, 0.2908298075199127, -0.2266363799571991, -0.4614926278591156, -0.18503904342651367, 0.08084031194448471, -0.3393012285232544, -0.03639227896928787, 0.17164526879787445, 0.5356385707855225, -0.2728918492794037, 0.22933341562747955, 0.6105815172195435, 0.017723174765706062, -0.629111111164093, 0.37363171577453613, 0.22512172162532806, 0.04671480134129524, 0.2520810663700104, -0.1421515941619873, -0.1813638061285019, 0.3638491928577423, 0.6744155287742615, -0.06962716579437256, 0.30867281556129456, 0.08895944803953171, -0.17486503720283508, 0.3910999000072479, 0.06779538094997406, -0.37060680985450745, 0.5585881471633911, 0.0254239272326231, -0.0426848903298378, 0.25643685460090637, 0.5247244238853455, 0.3321455121040344, 0.03895960748195648, -1.0835500955581665, 0.6411563158035278, 0.26993516087532043, -0.9115427732467651, -0.46074992418289185, 0.6296375393867493, -0.7691805958747864, -0.8727226853370667, -0.06759829819202423, -0.30429115891456604, 0.6056698560714722, 0.22839120030403137, -0.05051601678133011, -0.4529343545436859, -0.13595716655254364, 0.2090628445148468, 0.25629952549934387, 0.08038832247257233, -0.7103309631347656, 0.0744125097990036, -0.029673980548977852, 0.2578951418399811, -0.6995323300361633, -0.5486384630203247, 0.2261098474264145, 0.45892512798309326, -0.27137500047683716, -0.08242407441139221, -0.223440483212471, 0.14956159889698029, -0.15171369910240173, 0.06537498533725739, 0.016104331240057945, 0.4886641800403595, 0.20110949873924255, -0.46537262201309204, -0.30588817596435547, -0.08475108444690704, 0.256828635931015, -0.36907243728637695, -0.8863037824630737, 0.4161110818386078, 0.869299054145813, -0.026837168261408806, 0.2583160996437073, -0.14352434873580933, -0.5201472640037537, 0.11411754786968231, 0.1715429127216339, -0.9267382621765137, 0.5021177530288696, -0.09113729745149612, -0.027153199538588524, 0.28590643405914307, 0.36276450753211975, -0.4605088233947754, -0.4437532126903534, -0.14432784914970398, 0.19183628261089325, -0.6605188846588135, 0.04992291331291199, -0.4592675566673279, 0.2734624445438385, -0.01779809035360813, -0.26500481367111206, -0.6008360981941223, 0.48517146706581116, 0.7524192333221436, -0.2878482937812805, 0.1590127944946289, 0.0644332617521286, -0.557353675365448, -0.6664445996284485, 0.1404617577791214, -0.5211700201034546, -0.2675529718399048, 0.19508738815784454, -0.6727298498153687, 0.39183881878852844, -0.1935981810092926, 0.1891402155160904, -0.34931352734565735, 0.32623690366744995, 0.4723655581474304, -1.3269625902175903, -0.4208328425884247, 0.6798012852668762, 0.7686581015586853, -0.3344305157661438, -0.45822590589523315, -0.1674802154302597, -0.08084291219711304, -0.181009441614151, -0.8594241738319397, -0.27752628922462463, 1.441633939743042, 0.206553116440773, -0.3577263057231903, -0.2361496090888977, -0.053520333021879196, -0.010892397724092007, -0.06486233323812485, 0.2059798687696457, -0.4844478368759155, 0.3626534342765808, 0.02272251434624195, 0.39385780692100525, 0.04878941550850868, -0.33440637588500977, -0.6008859872817993, -0.40685275197029114, 0.3213885724544525, -0.3686048686504364, 0.603459894657135, 1.27619469165802, 0.17796573042869568, -0.8843500018119812, -0.1295071840286255, -0.6415075659751892, 0.1975029855966568, -0.1361149102449417, -0.15060709416866302, -0.11143993586301804, 0.3859037160873413, -0.24239331483840942, 0.05041610822081566, -0.7258288264274597, -0.12390276789665222, 0.24659879505634308, -0.42053231596946716, -0.501360297203064, -0.6597682237625122, 0.4558456242084503, -0.43265408277511597, -0.44471514225006104, -0.4665820002555847, -0.23864053189754486, -0.2396536022424698, 0.31210359930992126, -0.09106452018022537, 0.15376688539981842, -0.6824290156364441, 0.6763632297515869, 0.7990882396697998, -1.086334466934204, 0.17369313538074493, 0.6680237650871277, 0.041654665023088455, -0.05501849576830864, 0.20898963510990143, 0.011523055844008923, -0.1405436247587204, -0.33445829153060913, -0.0848640501499176, -0.04607298970222473, -0.5260540843009949, -0.7526981234550476, 0.20790183544158936, -0.8974156975746155, 0.38197576999664307, 0.32551711797714233, 0.09315947443246841, 0.38034123182296753, 1.1385599374771118, 0.4453558623790741, -0.5232658386230469, 0.6090626120567322, -0.6163817644119263, 0.19707033038139343, 0.22677838802337646, -0.06489154696464539, 0.19162309169769287, 0.16139905154705048, -0.42054855823516846, 0.2670435309410095, -0.35331687331199646, 0.26673510670661926, -0.2205647975206375, -0.3382764160633087, -0.6086026430130005, 0.4188997447490692, -0.07560645788908005, 0.5086153745651245, 0.12039702385663986, -0.32064321637153625, -0.7859473824501038, 0.7448241710662842, -0.12920300662517548, -0.017639193683862686, 0.5803541541099548, 0.2407376766204834, 0.40608102083206177, -0.1718253195285797, 0.1597541868686676, -0.09595689177513123, -0.08044420927762985, -0.14787182211875916, 0.29295748472213745, -0.08487292379140854, 0.29686468839645386, -0.1160702258348465, -0.4687979817390442, 0.2862206995487213, 0.3741644024848938, 0.6435908079147339, -0.4058411419391632, -0.13525620102882385, 0.6218678951263428, -0.052972011268138885, 0.23010171949863434, 0.29301175475120544, -0.27636483311653137, -0.02318604290485382, -0.22186650335788727, 0.9448217153549194, -0.09987849742174149, -0.042494677007198334, -0.32734861969947815, 0.19906334578990936, 0.33427584171295166, 0.6293430328369141, -0.1609198898077011, 0.1379009336233139, -0.43826615810394287, -0.5069897174835205, -0.09045681357383728, 0.11100570857524872, -0.2045082151889801, 0.21762683987617493, 0.40197715163230896, -0.17352503538131714, -0.6025804281234741, -0.4166482090950012, -0.2217480093240738, 0.518224835395813, -0.39674994349479675, 0.17375785112380981, -0.12865878641605377, 0.3018931448459625, 0.27662554383277893, 0.31306859850883484, -0.24378468096256256, -0.2569309175014496, 0.17467638850212097, 0.37946176528930664, -0.40644463896751404, 0.3357250392436981, -0.3588736653327942, 0.8450188040733337, -0.6410979628562927, 0.0049536628648638725, -0.4165630042552948, 0.49947428703308105, -0.3606840968132019, 0.18027245998382568, -0.25553518533706665, -0.19031815230846405, 0.5118864178657532, -0.35677826404571533, 0.024144785478711128, -0.12627814710140228, -0.7418392300605774, -0.5983016490936279, 0.5108270645141602, 0.3213749825954437, 0.004203857854008675, 0.23897065222263336, 0.2137955129146576, 0.21899668872356415, -0.2332492619752884, 0.36143243312835693, -0.220284566283226, -0.784427285194397, -0.4793451130390167, 0.6426087021827698, -0.38195449113845825, -0.3618389368057251, 0.10377771407365799, 0.37265729904174805, 0.3049979507923126, -0.21106696128845215, 0.3620270788669586, -0.4508362114429474, 0.10854258388280869, -0.3377329707145691, -0.2534961998462677, -0.03571774810552597, -0.3494131565093994, -0.4326002299785614, -0.6324293613433838, 0.028782067820429802, 0.16346551477909088, -0.7250469923019409, 0.023791154846549034, -0.6504003405570984, -0.12697377800941467, -0.22954361140727997, 0.3137736916542053, -0.18122877180576324, 0.10936687141656876, 0.5126996040344238 ]
210640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor%20%28warship%29	Monitor (warship)	A monitor was a relatively small warship which was neither fast nor strongly armored but carried disproportionately large guns. They were used by some navies from the 1860s, during the First World War and with limited use in the Second World War. During the Vietnam War they were used by the United States Navy. The Brazilian Navy's Parnaíba is the last monitor in service. The original monitor was designed in 1861 by John Ericsson, who named it . They were designed for shallow waters and served as coastal ships. The term also encompassed more flexible breastwork monitors, and was sometimes used as a generic term for any turreted ship. The term "monitor" also encompasses the strongest of riverine warcraft, known as river monitors. In the early 20th century, it was revived for shallow-draught armoured shore bombardment vessels, particularly those of the Royal Navy: the s carried guns firing heavier shells than any other warship ever has, seeing action (albeit briefly) against German targets during World War I. The Lord Clive vessels were scrapped in the 1920s. Nineteenth century American Civil War In Latin, a monitor is someone who admonishes: that is, reminds others of their duties—which is how USS Monitor was given its name. She was designed by John Ericsson for emergency service in the Federal navy during the American Civil War (1861–65) to blockade the Confederate States from supply at sea. Ericsson designed her to operate in shallow water and to present as small a target as possible, the water around her acting as protection. Nathaniel Hawthorne described Monitor thus: The Battle of Hampton Roads (March 1862), between Monitor and , was the first engagement between ironclad vessels. Several such battles took place during the course of the American Civil War, and the dozens of monitors built for the United States Navy reflected a ship-to-ship combat role in their designs. However, fortification bombardment was another critical role that the early monitors played, though one that these early designs were much less capable in performing. Three months after the Battle of Hampton Roads, John Ericsson took his design to his native Sweden, and in 1865 the first Swedish monitor was built at Motala Warf in Norrköping, taking the engineer's name. She was followed by 14 more monitors. One of them, Kanonbåten Sölve, served until 1922 and is today preserved at the Maritiman marine museum in Gothenburg. Ericsson and others experimented greatly during the years of the American Civil War. Vessels constructed included a triple-turreted monitor, a class of paddlewheel-propelled monitors, a class of semi-submersible monitors, and a class of monitors armed with spar torpedoes. 1866 to 1878 In the 1860s and 1870s several nations built monitors that were used for coastal defense and took the name monitor as a type of ship. Those that were directly modelled on Monitor were low-freeboard, mastless, steam-powered vessels with one or two rotating, armoured turrets. The low freeboard meant that these ships were unsuitable for ocean-going duties and were always at risk of swamping, flooding and possible loss. However, it greatly reduced the cost and weight of the armour required for protection, and in heavy weather the sea could wash over the deck rather than heeling the ship over. Attempts were made to fit monitors with sails, but the provision of masts interfered with the turrets' ability to operate in a 360-degree arc of fire and the weight of masts and sails aloft made the ships less stable. One ship, , which combined turret and sails with a low freeboard, was lost in heavy weather. War of the Pacific A late example of a vessel modeled on Monitor was , designed by Captain Cowper P. Coles, the advocate and developer of turret ships for the Royal Navy. Huáscar was one of many monitor designs to be equipped with a ram. She was built and launched in 1865 for the Peruvian Navy at Birkenhead, England. Huáscar, under the command of Rear Admiral Miguel Grau, fought with distinction during the War of the Pacific. Huáscar successfully raided enemy sea lanes for several months and delayed an invasion of the Chilean Army into Peruvian territory until she was captured by the Chilean Navy at the Battle of Angamos in 1879. Once in Chilean hands, Huáscar fought a small battle with the Peruvian monitor Manco Capac, during the bombardment of Arica, where she was damaged; after the land battle was lost, the crew scuttled BAP Manco Capac to prevent capture. Over the years, both Chile and Peru came to venerate the ship and the officers from both sides that died on her deck, either commanding her or boarding her, as national heroes. Huáscar is currently commissioned in the Chilean Navy, has been restored to a near-original condition and, as a museum ship, is open to visitors at its berth in Talcahuano. 1884–1897 In an effort to produce a more seaworthy vessel that was more capable in ship-to-shore combat, a type called the breastwork monitor became more common in the later nineteenth century. These ships had raised turrets and a heavier superstructure on a platform above the hull. They were still not particularly successful as seagoing ships, because of their short sailing range and the poor reliability of their steam engines. The first of these ships was , built between 1868 and 1870. She was later sunk and used as a breakwater near Melbourne, Australia and is still visible there, as her upper works project from the water. Spanish–American War Monitors were used frequently during the Spanish–American War in 1898. Notable United States Navy monitors which fought in the war were , , , and . These four monitors fought at battles or campaigns such as the Bombardment of San Juan, the Battle of Fajardo, and the Philippines Campaign. Other monitors also participated in the conflict, including original Civil War ships. These were reactivated for coastal defence to allay fears about surprise Spanish raids, but this was pure political posturing as the ships were too slow and obsolete to have any military value. Twentieth century World War I During World War I, the Royal Navy developed several classes of ships which were designed to give close support to troops ashore. Termed "monitors", they owed little to the monitors of the 19th century, though they shared the characteristics of poor seaworthiness, shallow draft and heavy armament in turrets. The first class, the , had been laid down as large river gunboats for the Brazilian navy. Later monitor classes were equally makeshift; they were often designed for carrying whatever spare guns were available from ships scrapped or never built, with the hulls quickly designed and built in "cheap and cheerful" fashion. They were broad beamed for stability (beam was about 1/3 of the overall length) which together with a lack of emphasis on speed made them extremely slow, and they were not suitable for naval combat or any sort of work on the high seas. Monitors of the Royal Navy played a part in consolidating the left wing of the Western Front during the Race to the Sea in 1914. In addition to these ships, several monitors were built during the course of the war. Their armament typically consisted of a turret taken from a de-commissioned pre-dreadnought battleship. These monitors were designed to be resilient against torpedo attacks—waterline bulges were incorporated into the of 1915. As the war settled to its longer course, these heavier monitors formed patrols along with destroyers on either side of the Straits of Dover to exclude enemy surface vessels from the English Channel and keep the enemy in port. The monitors could also operate into the river mouths. , one of the Lord Clive-class monitors, which had a single gun added in 1918, was able to shell a bridge away near Ostend. Other RN monitors served in the Mediterranean. The dimensions of the several classes of monitor varied greatly. Those of the Abercrombie class were by in the beam and drew compared to the s of 1915 that were only long, and the of 1916, which were long. The largest monitors carried the heaviest guns. By this point the United States Navy had largely stopped using monitors. Only a few still existed, and only seven were still in service, all of which had been relegated to being submarine tenders. This would be the last war in which United States monitor-type vessels would see commissioned service. The last original American monitor, , renamed USS Cheyenne in 1908, was stricken from the Navy List in 1937. The Austro-Hungarian Navy had also invested heavily in the construction of river monitors to patrol its internal river systems such as the Danube and its tributaries. These vessels were among the first to fire on Serbian territory at the start of the First World War, and took part in the bombardment of Belgrade, as well as other Balkan campaigns against Serbia and Romania. At the end of the war, the surviving vessels were parceled out to the navies of the new state of Yugoslavia and Romania as war prizes. Several would see action in World War II as well. The Italian Navy also constructed some monitors including the Faa di Bruno, using the main gun barrels for the cancelled Francesco Caracciolo-class battleships. World War II The smaller Royal Navy monitors were mostly scrapped following World War I, though and survived to fight in World War II. When the requirement for shore support returned, two large new s, Roberts and Abercrombie, were constructed and fitted with guns from older battleships. Royal Navy monitors saw service in the Mediterranean in support of the British Eighth Army's desert and Italian campaigns. They were part of the offshore bombardment for the Invasion of Normandy in 1944. They were also used to clear the German-mined River Scheldt by the British to utilize the port of Antwerp. Roberts and Abercrombie were to form part of the British East Indies Fleet in support of Operation Mailfist, the planned liberation of Singapore in late 1945, which was cancelled following the Japanese surrender. The former Italian WWI monitor Faa di Bruno had been redesignated as floating battery by the beginning of WW2, in which role she continued to play until the capitulation of Italy. She was then captured by the Germans and served as monitor Biber in Genoa, until the German surrender. She was scrapped after the war. The German, Yugoslav, Croatian and Romanian navies all operated river monitors on the Danube, which saw various combats during the war. Soviet river monitors The Soviets built many monitors before World War II, and used them mostly on rivers and lakes. After experiences during WWI, the Russian Civil War and the Manchukuo Imperial Navy raids in the Far East, the Soviets developed a new monitor class for their river flotillas. The lead ship of the new series was Zheleznyakov, laid down in the Kiev factory "Lenin's Smithy" in the fall of 1934. Currently, Zheleznyakov is preserved as a museum and monument on the Dnieper. 1946–1964 The Royal Navy still had (completed 1943) and (1941) in reserve in 1953. They were typical monitors, trunk-decked vessels, some long overall, in the beam and with an mean draught carrying two guns. The Brazilian Navy presently operates the last true "monitor" as part of their inland waterway force, . Vietnam War The Vietnam War was the U.S. Navy's second riverine war, after the American Civil War. On 18 December 1965, the U.S. Navy, for the second time in a hundred years, authorized the reactivation of a brown-water navy, this time in South Vietnam. After studies were conducted, plans were drawn up by the U.S. Naval Advisory Group in February 1966, and by the summer of 1966 Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara authorized the U.S. Navy a Mobile Riverine Force (MRF). Although U.S. Navy Patrol Craft Fast (Swift Boats), Patrol Boat River (PBRs) and assorted gunboats had been performing counter-insurgency operations in country prior to 1966, the allies were not gaining success in the Mekong Delta region. A stronger naval force was needed, one that was heavily armored, and heavily gunned. The U.S. Navy's MRF initially consisted of River Assault Flotilla One, under Program 4 in 1967, and consisted of four River Assault Divisions: RAD-91 which contained 3 Monitors; RAD-92 contained 2 Monitors; RAD-111 had 3 Monitors; and RAD-112 operated 2 Monitors. These "river battleships", as they were known by the men, operated in conjunction with the CCB (Command Control Boat—also a monitor), ATCs Armored Troop Carrier (ATC) and the Assault Support Patrol Boats (ASPBs) which were also assigned to each RAD. Vietnam Monitors were originally converted from World War II long all-steel Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) Mark 6s. They were constructed under two phases: Programs 4 and 5. Under Program 4, 10 Monitors were armed with one 40 mm cannon and then fielded. Program 5 Monitors would correct any deficiencies from the previous vessels, and were fielded as the Monitor (H) 105 mm (Howitzer) and the Monitor (F) (Flamethrower). The Program 4 monitors mounted their single barrel 40 mm cannon in a Mk 52 turret; while the Program 5 monitors mounted their 105 mm cannon in a T172 turret, and the six flamethrowers were mounted in M8 cupola turrets (one on each side of the vessel's 40 mm turret). Because the U.S. Marine Corps was also using the M49 105 mm howitzer, there was a shortage, and only 8 Monitor (H) versions could be procured for the brown-water navy. As fielded, the 24 monitors of the U.S. Navy in Vietnam averaged about 10 tons of armor, were about long, had two screws, were powered by two 64NH9 diesel engines, (maximum speed), wide, draft, and were normally manned by 11 crewmen. When South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975, all monitors fell into the enemy's hands; leaving only one survivor, a training monitor, that never left the US. "Training" monitor #C-18 is on display, along with one Swift Boat and one PBR at the U.S. Naval Amphibious Base in Coronado, California. Similar vessels River monitors The monitor, by proving the efficacy of turrets over fixed guns, played a part in development of the dreadnought battleship from the ironclad. As a shallow draft vessel it also led to the river gunboats which were used by imperial powers to police their colonial possessions; indeed the largest and most heavily armed river gunboats became known as river monitors. They were used by several navies, including those of the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan. Submarine gunboats USS Monitor had had very little freeboard so as to bring the mass of the gun turret down, thereby increasing stability and making the boat a smaller and therefore harder target for gunfire. At the end of the American Civil War, the U.S. Navy -class monitors had large ballast tanks that allowed the vessels to partially submerge during battle. This idea was carried further with the concept of the Royal Navy's R class of submarine gunboats. The British M-class submarines were initially designed for shore bombardment, but their purpose was changed to attacking enemy merchant vessels as their gun would be more effective at long range than a torpedo against a moving target. Only one, , entered service before the end of World War 1; she was lost in the English Channel after the war in 1925 after being accidentally rammed while submerged: her gun came free of its mount and she was completely flooded. Derivative uses of the name To overcome the stability problems arising from the heavy turret mounted high in monitors, their hulls were designed to reduce other top weight. After Ericsson's ships, monitors developed the trunk deck design as the upper deck had to be heavily armoured against plunging shells. Because of the weight high in the hull, its breadth was minimized, giving rise to a vessel broad-beamed at the waterline, but with a narrow upper deck. The term for this sort of construction was tumblehome. Ships which were far narrower at the deck than the waterline were said to have a "pronounced tumblehome". By analogy, nineteenth century railway coaches with clerestory roofs to accommodate ventilators and lamps above the heads of standing passengers in the centre while lower to the sides where passengers were seated were called monitors or monitor cars in the U.S.; the raised part of the roof was known as a turret. In ship design of around 1900, a turret deck was a more austere version of the trunk deck. Surviving vessels The Russian Strelets is an Uragan-class monitor built in 1864. The ship was identified as still afloat in St. Petersburg, Russia in 2015, and as of 2017 attempts are being made to restore her. The Peruvian is a monitor built in England originally for Peru in 1865, which is still afloat in original condition in Talcahuano, Chile. , launched in 1868, was scuttled as a breakwater off the Australian coast in 1926. Work for her preservation is proceeding. (1868) and (1868) are Dutch ramming ship monitors preserved as museum ships. (now "Lajta Monitor Múzeumhajó") is an Austro-Hungarian monitor built in 1871. Currently a museum ship. is a Swedish monitor built in 1875 and designed by John Ericsson the "father" of all monitors. Currently in a Maritime Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden SMS Bodrog is an Austro-Hungarian monitor built 1904, said to have fired the first shots of the First World War. Currently a museum ship in Belgrade, Serbia. is an of the Royal Navy built in 1915; she is preserved at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in the United Kingdom. is a river monitor currently in service with the Brazilian navy. See also List of monitors of the Royal Navy . HMS Abercrombie mentioned above was of the later Roberts class. An example of this class is . Gunboat The Dover Patrol Coastal defence ship List of monitors of the United States Navy List of monitors of the Swedish Navy List of monitors of the Netherlands List of monitors of the Second World War List of coastal defence ships of the Second World War Notes References Anon. Jane's Fighting Ships 1953-54 (1953) Carrico, John M. Vietnam Ironclads, A Pictorial History of U.S. Navy River Assault Craft, 1966–1970. (2007) Brown Water Enterprises. . Churchill, W.S. The World Crisis 1911–1918 (1938) Chapter XVI Friedman, Norman. U.S. Small Combatants: An Illustrated Design History. (1987) U.S. Naval Institute Press. . Konstam, Angus The Duel of the Ironclads (2003) External links HMS Monitor M33 at Portsmouth Naval Dockyard Photos aboard USS Monitor Pictures of early twentieth century monitors The service record of M33 M (monitor) class submarines Erebus class statistics The trunk-deck design of HMS Roberts shows clearly in this photograph USS Monitor Center at The Mariners' Museum Ship types Battle of Hampton Roads	[ -0.316459596157074, 0.027598576620221138, -0.38089215755462646, 0.32120198011398315, -0.4128294587135315, 0.04563670977950096, 0.7399503588676453, 0.0026298894081264734, -0.595596969127655, -0.18906119465827942, -0.20707489550113678, 0.2689560055732727, -0.21140094101428986, 0.24780245125293732, 0.04380222037434578, 0.5365016460418701, 0.11712409555912018, 0.8345555663108826, 0.1434517502784729, -0.6484120488166809, 0.025954831391572952, -0.07099857926368713, 0.4990459978580475, -0.21817390620708466, 0.054201237857341766, -0.2752228081226349, 0.7383642196655273, -0.18138211965560913, 0.35386738181114197, 0.1736413687467575, 0.6044065356254578, 0.6335752606391907, -0.3818785548210144, 0.4472644627094269, 0.20398277044296265, -0.07674778997898102, 0.14192268252372742, 0.010940929874777794, -0.34792017936706543, -1.0319151878356934, -0.20546701550483704, -0.3843781650066376, 0.5288992524147034, 1.16542387008667, -0.5491029620170593, -0.5744359493255615, -1.7542182207107544, -0.17483170330524445, -0.03532393276691437, 0.15698790550231934, -0.2539471983909607, 0.3313872516155243, 0.644980788230896, 0.6192107796669006, -0.4262550175189972, 0.56837397813797, -0.5642033219337463, 0.30262866616249084, 0.1899583339691162, -0.3067121207714081, 0.4324633479118347, 0.059690989553928375, 0.5186342597007751, 0.22638322412967682, 0.4844602942466736, -0.13655008375644684, -0.3986000120639801, 0.1715470552444458, -0.09537532180547714, -0.23266342282295227, -0.21107174456119537, -0.7071359157562256, 0.38826465606689453, 0.04183663800358772, -0.6592949628829956, 0.23430794477462769, -0.13388754427433014, -0.6203554272651672, 0.34446656703948975, 0.06264644116163254, 0.326204389333725, 0.28010138869285583, 0.547081470489502, 0.08362165838479996, -0.2914290428161621, 0.553678035736084, -0.597342848777771, 0.11879429966211319, -0.3540892004966736, 0.5798752903938293, 0.23336157202720642, -0.16194933652877808, 0.2808082401752472, 0.6046523451805115, 0.1212436854839325, 0.8006598949432373, -0.480678528547287, 0.1527545303106308, 0.08571042120456696, -0.06726456433534622, -0.013095160014927387, 0.2850329875946045, 0.6011248826980591, -0.11875610053539276, -0.45492735505104065, -0.528695285320282, -0.36259204149246216, -0.11660327762365341, -0.6086840033531189, -0.5131967663764954, -0.2985290288925171, 0.16288526356220245, -0.36877554655075073, 0.023584453389048576, -0.27183809876441956, 0.27256089448928833, 0.1501813381910324, -0.04514705389738083, -0.3418846130371094, -0.010046692565083504, 0.4758850038051605, 0.8013813495635986, -0.2624571919441223, -0.21414819359779358, -0.019947603344917297, -0.08674023300409317, 0.6590192914009094, 0.6159136891365051, -0.5508542656898499, 0.25887244939804077, 0.1117677167057991, 1.1849464178085327, -0.344281941652298, 0.2807562053203583, -0.8566098213195801, -0.346046507358551, 0.39142438769340515, 0.41361236572265625, 0.36397063732147217, 0.38266322016716003, -0.6436914205551147, -0.7181633710861206, -0.764575183391571, -0.6075261235237122, 0.6171756982803345, -0.3630567789077759, 0.41959041357040405, -0.5399308800697327, -0.5769250988960266, -0.32630473375320435, 0.1080862432718277, -0.21164819598197937, -0.08712111413478851, 0.26708340644836426, -0.43994367122650146, -0.4606083333492279, 0.1971007138490677, -0.5786194205284119, 0.5586759448051453, 0.4528272747993469, -0.48779743909835815, 0.3249726891517639, -0.35959592461586, -0.10811352729797363, -0.09216086566448212, 0.007615662179887295, 0.49793434143066406, -0.019356418401002884, 0.3622745871543884, -0.2789739966392517, -0.321623295545578, 0.4844961166381836, -0.04444892331957817, 0.4143645167350769, 0.09148842096328735, 0.23033615946769714, 0.9915380477905273, 0.4949762523174286, 1.0973496437072754, -1.0025599002838135, -0.5924075841903687, 0.21792402863502502, 0.7808480262756348, -0.33962199091911316, 0.4431062340736389, 0.33373385667800903, 0.8211657404899597, 0.032386936247348785, -0.7229326367378235, -0.35898807644844055, 0.06612712144851685, -0.24251557886600494, -0.10996389389038086, -0.20463836193084717, 1.4668724536895752, -0.28093433380126953, -0.5771850347518921, -0.18487387895584106, 0.31977277994155884, 0.36893755197525024, 0.38758835196495056, 0.07752864807844162, 0.010024971328675747, -0.12871311604976654, -0.8822635412216187, 0.8802605271339417, 0.3940727710723877, 0.23822247982025146, -0.2967562675476074, 0.5149350166320801, 0.14979059994220734, -0.9032865166664124, 0.3313369154930115, -0.14945088326931, 0.014632966369390488, 0.17827053368091583, -0.16403822600841522, -0.04027903825044632, 0.10704062879085541, -0.4073845446109772, 0.5659416913986206, -0.3011225163936615, -0.10253860056400299, 0.6567426323890686, -0.2095431387424469, -0.37794774770736694, 0.16603116691112518, 0.5475239753723145, -0.254116028547287, -1.064041018486023, -0.06943697482347488, 0.1583823561668396, -0.42213472723960876, -0.11123237013816833, -0.3926975429058075, -0.09159106761217117, -0.19434887170791626, -0.17038503289222717, 0.43420612812042236, 0.07122576236724854, -0.016628248617053032, -0.11325708031654358, -0.13170044124126434, 0.6623880863189697, 0.1078185960650444, -0.36503952741622925, 0.42195650935173035, -0.31499403715133667, -0.002304961672052741, -0.9758285284042358, 0.5648298859596252, 0.6102508902549744, 0.33984866738319397, -0.6304242014884949, 0.07111646980047226, -0.5866236090660095, 0.031274907290935516, -0.3501274883747101, 0.1832096129655838, 0.07443942874670029, -0.2994258999824524, 0.44779640436172485, 0.2791762948036194, 0.23270055651664734, 0.27428463101387024, -0.41810399293899536, -0.18736222386360168, -0.6395828723907471, 0.013690807856619358, 0.3943515717983246, 0.4594237208366394, 0.17000837624073029, -0.15353211760520935, -1.4028741121292114, 0.23389023542404175, -0.41583460569381714, 0.14624419808387756, 0.4189828038215637, -0.4851415455341339, 0.04860357567667961, 0.6661391258239746, 0.8297221064567566, 0.4037227928638458, -0.4406987130641937, -0.6912063956260681, -0.5034170746803284, 0.5752171874046326, -0.38532593846321106, 0.12818710505962372, -0.556381106376648, -0.36919212341308594, -0.23588675260543823, -0.29431071877479553, 0.2653895616531372, -0.13012468814849854, 0.7888687252998352, -0.23591679334640503, -0.09284039586782455, -0.01396107766777277, 0.13905148208141327, -0.46174028515815735, 0.4666338264942169, 0.01304722111672163, -0.23627029359340668, 0.13471916317939758, -0.07158789038658142, -0.41994497179985046, 0.27977117896080017, -5.243206977844238, 0.01831110194325447, -0.3480207026004791, -0.330471932888031, -0.17016734182834625, 0.23615752160549164, 0.26016998291015625, -0.30891430377960205, -0.3836857080459595, -0.37872636318206787, 0.6664140224456787, 0.6117619872093201, -0.13256801664829254, 0.009819303639233112, 0.8106992244720459, 0.2548433840274811, 1.2279421091079712, 0.09248465299606323, 0.4066597521305084, -0.21689192950725555, -0.21479244530200958, 0.2501015067100525, 0.3097703754901886, 0.25725501775741577, 0.9290899038314819, 0.06926760822534561, -0.13472644984722137, -0.09368927776813507, -0.22890904545783997, -0.13027672469615936, -0.3275371789932251, 0.19021566212177277, -0.38310834765434265, -0.39040622115135193, 0.3841290771961212, -0.08200544863939285, 0.7228705883026123, 0.9569992423057556, 0.34932488203048706, -0.5639172792434692, -0.27802538871765137, 0.35056355595588684, 0.13680177927017212, 0.19916756451129913, 0.028478868305683136, -0.4932534098625183, -0.009981466457247734, 0.3132774829864502, -0.033403512090444565, 0.6732892990112305, 0.21179157495498657, 0.13772855699062347, 0.5599389672279358, 0.35589784383773804, 0.04087131470441818, -0.02919735759496689, 0.2917155623435974, 0.31104883551597595, -0.24631746113300323, -0.1380150020122528, 0.20158109068870544, -0.4508497714996338, -0.29280826449394226, -0.18940763175487518, 0.5647264122962952, -0.11822566390037537, -0.24995724856853485, -0.14204011857509613, 0.29320788383483887, 0.623650312423706, 0.03563349321484566, 1.1588544845581055, 0.44036534428596497, -0.9151805639266968, 0.5945854187011719, -0.08758736401796341, 0.08572091907262802, 0.06405184417963028, -0.006852808408439159, 0.06311608105897903, -0.07590965181589127, -0.04353206977248192, -0.2617485225200653, 1.0414453744888306, 0.4504263401031494, -0.3333234190940857, -0.23834416270256042, 0.39356160163879395, -0.35626792907714844, -0.2855690121650696, 0.4804011583328247, -0.04184648394584656, 0.5325564742088318, 0.4421599805355072, 0.7444398403167725, -0.1746072918176651, 0.1705884486436844, -0.07905810326337814, 1.0040267705917358, -0.8146225214004517, 0.17317967116832733, 0.39288681745529175, 0.44673511385917664, -0.24574308097362518, -0.2727654278278351, -0.05785539746284485, -0.8995620012283325, 0.32698071002960205, 0.7301552295684814, -0.14987368881702423, -0.32816803455352783, -0.6068675518035889, -0.3439609110355377, -0.45790332555770874, 0.938806414604187, 0.3034275770187378, -0.047731220722198486, 0.7748211026191711, 0.5723860263824463, 0.00809642393141985, -0.005691859405487776, 0.24706119298934937, -0.6210882067680359, -0.4564940631389618, -0.22999422252178192, -0.41228288412094116, 0.4094029664993286, -0.03785458579659462, -0.4714323580265045, 0.06104953959584236, 0.3210754096508026, 0.28401264548301697, -0.13456597924232483, -0.3042505383491516, 0.02441270835697651, -0.5070565342903137, -0.3554750680923462, 0.2262965589761734, 0.34414517879486084, 0.05941819027066231, -0.7147452235221863, -0.362020343542099, -0.41750219464302063, 0.13526679575443268, 0.8624781370162964, 0.43967002630233765, 0.6698489785194397, 0.042053915560245514, 0.20517899096012115, 0.6788631081581116, -0.8808746337890625, -0.7233718037605286, 0.28581899404525757, -0.9029517769813538, 0.33875223994255066, -0.10281399637460709, 0.8196501135826111, 0.09031831473112106, -0.46454182267189026, -0.40640461444854736, 0.09117745608091354, -0.1735706627368927, -0.5952861905097961, -0.3951111435890198, 0.5275774598121643, 0.10837451368570328, -0.2810893654823303, -0.4426976442337036, -0.07435944676399231, 0.68023282289505, 0.01596991904079914, -0.45013028383255005, -0.9373323917388916, 0.27364861965179443, 0.27517127990722656, 0.46706676483154297, -0.5497778654098511, 0.021491819992661476, 0.0350334495306015, -0.39681434631347656, 0.47735679149627686, -0.3438088297843933, 0.19992183148860931, 0.4851813018321991, 0.132215216755867, 0.015926934778690338, -0.5536644458770752, 0.20825400948524475, -0.34159788489341736, -0.13366515934467316, -0.14137041568756104, -0.10538223385810852, 0.22490467131137848, -0.2562885284423828, -0.6933070421218872, 0.2562539875507355, -0.3177473545074463, 0.5752232670783997, 0.4334164559841156, -0.9978912472724915, 0.5429097414016724, 0.4881689250469208, -1.097656011581421, 0.2655945122241974, -0.2994994819164276, -0.362796425819397, 0.23990902304649353, -0.016124188899993896, -0.4348636269569397, 0.5297238826751709, -0.045105110853910446, -0.5688679814338684, -0.10091844201087952, 0.9037461876869202, -0.6833329200744629, -0.14713069796562195, -0.07945282012224197, 0.05723128467798233, -0.30846959352493286, -0.4392109215259552, -0.294864684343338, -0.19251932203769684, -0.20551367104053497, -0.04946064576506615, -0.4616169035434723, 0.3270025849342346, 0.42904549837112427, -0.1407483071088791, -0.02626577764749527, -0.061808422207832336, -0.4774320125579834, 0.01678655296564102, 0.29214999079704285, -0.5741088390350342, 0.3954990804195404, -0.2722353935241699, -0.02542225643992424, -0.34599071741104126, -0.06653652340173721, 0.32991933822631836, 0.38834723830223083, 1.122201681137085, -0.04118791222572327, 0.010039754211902618, 0.2220151573419571, 0.2461586594581604, 0.3368467092514038, -0.655654788017273, -0.8792555928230286, -0.22744156420230865, 0.2677638530731201, -0.7987068891525269, -0.7464931011199951, -0.6287732124328613, 0.8286157250404358, -0.3477020263671875, 0.19825339317321777, 0.2691912353038788, 0.18721367418766022, 0.3628820776939392, -0.3014679551124573, 0.23561736941337585, -0.6291697025299072, 0.08233200013637543, 0.4275738298892975, 0.0541548877954483, -0.4826238751411438, 0.27703678607940674, 0.1079506203532219, -0.268805593252182, -0.16206857562065125, 0.39891305565834045, 0.34171655774116516, 0.4219818115234375, 0.4716837704181671, -0.19694429636001587, 0.02378750406205654, -0.4683719277381897, 0.49950534105300903, 0.08586784452199936, 0.0899539440870285, -0.04654572904109955, 0.3703565001487732, -1.0591658353805542, -0.03766689822077751, -0.5355384945869446, -0.12530189752578735, -0.24057741463184357, 0.02932257205247879, -0.017233630642294884, 0.14378879964351654, -0.41708794236183167, -0.36970412731170654, 0.28898167610168457, -0.1954205334186554, 0.5794186592102051, -0.5968891382217407, -0.5505510568618774, 0.003883671946823597, 0.7193906307220459, -0.6373303532600403, 0.7136053442955017, -0.3866404891014099, -0.1564767062664032, 1.0178723335266113, 0.4111879765987396, 0.20017243921756744, -0.3272080421447754, -0.10114364326000214, -0.37870004773139954, -0.42970049381256104, -0.22046275436878204, 0.17372934520244598, 0.46872496604919434, -0.3621920049190521, -0.6732273697853088, 0.4697414040565491, -0.3867092430591583, 0.19765472412109375, 0.2654947340488434, -0.025425439700484276, 0.36700892448425293, 0.2087281346321106, 0.3888721466064453, -0.634719729423523, 0.17903804779052734, -0.6576669812202454, -0.24331507086753845, 0.1750125288963318, 0.9034454226493835, 0.16706451773643494, 0.6418368816375732, -0.6369203925132751, 0.48527219891548157, -0.4176531434059143, 0.050145912915468216, 0.5137797594070435, -0.5905263423919678, -0.2615022361278534, 0.616629421710968, 0.22806094586849213, -0.04724860563874245, -0.013486348092556, -0.16416804492473602, -0.5992178916931152, 0.5503975749015808, -0.08157308399677277, -0.290747731924057, -0.2532784342765808, 0.25258100032806396, 0.3586452305316925, 0.16403095424175262, 0.23799163103103638, 0.176326185464859, -0.289631187915802, -0.0009199522319249809, 0.6627412438392639, -0.5698429942131042, -0.014478069730103016, -1.3108164072036743, -0.32783737778663635, -0.2033132165670395, 0.10552781075239182, -0.46395573019981384, -0.2812809646129608, 0.4832492470741272, 0.23778240382671356, -0.2645248472690582, -0.03971324488520622, -0.23604615032672882, 0.14773932099342346, 0.054132815450429916, 0.11201143264770508, -0.08598154783248901, 0.5194496512413025, 0.1544332653284073, 0.6817923784255981, 0.024145793169736862, 0.728359580039978, -0.7498314380645752, -0.1922077089548111, 0.46535050868988037, -0.04217201843857765, -0.7941603064537048, -0.0603218749165535, -0.22803086042404175, -0.5024344325065613, 0.004561716690659523, 0.3608649671077728, -0.16112712025642395, 0.39126062393188477, -0.11077249050140381, -0.02819293923676014, -0.3065635859966278, -0.9549753665924072, -0.2265535444021225, -0.047410644590854645, 0.8073915839195251, 0.2197762429714203, 0.09980955719947815, -0.632416844367981, 0.3691399395465851, -0.5919188261032104, 0.1680145263671875, -0.1365957409143448, 0.2942412197589874, -0.4063608646392822, 0.12477584183216095, -0.563747763633728, 0.3667154908180237, -0.05371610447764397, -0.8304234743118286, -0.0001421905035385862, 0.18585440516471863, -0.16273365914821625, 0.08302570879459381, 0.400391548871994, -0.6990058422088623, -0.4644564688205719, -0.20285135507583618, 0.4580550193786621, -0.15396325290203094, 0.18865013122558594, -0.2623651921749115, -0.7203831672668457, -0.7824162244796753, 0.016162805259227753, -0.3765326142311096, 0.13746191561222076, 0.24804070591926575, -0.1389704942703247, 0.2649601101875305, -0.7089036107063293, -0.18162395060062408, -0.06735385954380035, 0.5014150738716125, 0.2781858444213867, 0.5286318063735962, 0.4812633693218231, -0.16758765280246735, 0.08055604994297028, -0.6712400913238525, 0.0655282661318779, 0.4085443913936615, -1.9170100688934326, -0.28243860602378845, -0.3609127104282379, -0.24432069063186646, 0.2398120015859604, 0.5773821473121643, 0.31581181287765503, -0.2597314715385437, 0.16696245968341827, -0.2539297938346863, 0.06260401010513306, 0.031434573233127594, 0.5124697089195251, -0.8672754764556885, -0.17268773913383484, 0.1952720731496811 ]
210647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Spencer%2C%205th%20Earl%20Spencer	John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer	John Poyntz Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, KG, KP, PC (27 October 1835 – 13 August 1910), known as Viscount Althorp from 1845 to 1857 (and also known as the Red Earl because of his distinctive long red beard), was a British Liberal Party politician under, and close friend of, British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. He was twice Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Background and education Spencer was the son of Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer, by his first wife Georgiana, daughter of William Poyntz. The prominent Whig politician John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer, was his uncle and Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer, his half-brother. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1857. Political career, 1857–1885 Almost immediately after leaving Cambridge Spencer was elected to parliament for South Northamptonshire as a Liberal, before departing for a tour of North America. He returned in December 1857, and within a few days his father died, leaving him as the new Earl Spencer. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1859 and made a Knight of the Garter in 1864. Spencer split from other whiggish aristocratic Liberals in 1866 on the issue of Russell's reform bill, which he supported, and his loyalty was rewarded by his appointment as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland when Gladstone returned to power in 1868. Ireland came to be a major preoccupation of the remainder of Spencer's long political career. In this first tenure as Lord Lieutenant, he had to deal with implementation of the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1869 and of the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870, both of which measures he strongly supported. Spencer, in fact, went further than most of his ministerial colleagues, including Gladstone himself, in arguing for the setting up of government tribunals to enforce fair rents on Irish landlords (a reform which would eventually be introduced by the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881). Spencer, along with the successive Chief Secretaries for Ireland, Chichester Fortescue and Spencer's own cousin, Lord Hartington, supported coercive legislation to deal with the increase in agrarian crime, but at the same time supported a policy of releasing Fenian prisoners when possible. Spencer also had to deal during his tenure with Gladstone's Irish Universities Bill. In spite of Spencer's efforts to secure the support of the Catholic hierarchy for the bill, they opposed it, and it went down to defeat in the commons in March 1873. The government lingered on for a further year, until the election defeat of February 1874, when Spencer found himself out of office. When Gladstone returned to power for his second government in 1880, Spencer joined the Cabinet as Lord President of the Council, having responsibility for education policy, and was partially responsible for several major educational reforms of the period. The increasingly tense situation in Ireland, however, commanded an increasing portion of Spencer's time. In May 1882, Gladstone's decision to release the Irish Nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell from prison led to the resignation of the hardline Chief Secretary for Ireland, W. E. Forster. As a result, Spencer, while retaining his seat in the cabinet and position as Lord President, was again appointed Lord Lieutenant to take charge of the government's Irish policy. Spencer and his new chief secretary, Gladstone's nephew and Hartington's brother Lord Frederick Cavendish, crossed to Ireland on 5 May, but Cavendish and the permanent under-secretary, Thomas Henry Burke, were murdered by extremist Irish nationalists the next day in Phoenix Park, Dublin, while walking to the Viceregal Lodge where Spencer was staying. Spencer, assisted by George Trevelyan, his new secretary, was now faced with the difficult task of pacifying Ireland. Spencer acted quickly to reform the Irish police forces and destroy the secret societies which had been responsible for the murders. He attracted heavy criticism for his poor handling of a group of murders in Maamtrasna - one of the supposed criminals, Myles Joyce, had been hanged while still proclaiming his innocence, leading to a great deal of condemnation of Spencer from Irish Nationalist sources. The end of Spencer's second tenure as viceroy saw the successful visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Ireland, but Spencer's efforts to get the Queen to agree to the creation of a royal residence in Ireland were unsuccessful. Political career, 1885–1905 By 1885, Gladstone's second government was in a very weak position, largely as a result of the death of Charles Gordon, and Spencer's efforts to renew the Irish Crimes Act and secure passage of a land purchase bill ran into opposition from the radicals in the Cabinet - Joseph Chamberlain and Sir Charles Dilke - who hoped to use the opportunity of the legislation to pass a greater measure of local self-government for Ireland. The issue remained up in the air when Gladstone's government fell in early June. During the interval between the fall of Gladstone's second government and the beginning of his third, in February 1886, Spencer became a convert to Irish Home Rule, unlike most of the other leading Whigs, who deserted to Liberal Unionism. Spencer would serve as Lord President in Gladstone's third government, and was instrumental in the formulation of Gladstone's home rule legislation. After the defeat of the bill, Spencer joined his chief in opposition. Spencer's position on home rule led to his social ostracism by other members of his class, including the Queen herself, and spent much of his period in opposition getting his personal finances in order. He also acted from 1888 as chairman of the Northamptonshire County Council, and continued to work with Gladstone and other liberal leaders in determining the shape of a home rule bill in the next liberal government. When the Liberals returned to power in August 1892, Spencer was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Gladstone's opposition to Spencer's policy, following the recommendations of the Sea Lords, of naval expansion, led to Gladstone's final resignation in March 1894. Gladstone himself nonetheless hoped that Spencer would be his successor, but the Queen did not seek his advice, and chose Lord Rosebery instead. Spencer continued to serve under Rosebery, and went out when the Liberal government fell in June 1895. In his later years, Spencer remained active in politics. Spencer was a key support for the Liberal leader in the Commons, Henry Campbell-Bannerman (who had previously been Spencer's Chief Secretary at the end of his second vice-regency) during the Boer War, holding to the Liberal leader's middle course between the active anti-war position of the Radicals and the pro-war position of Rosebery's Liberal Imperialists. Following Lord Kimberley's death in 1902, Spencer was elected Liberal leader in the House of Lords. Despite health problems, he was rumoured as late as February 1905 to be a potential candidate for Liberal prime minister should the Liberals soon return to power, as by then seemed likely as a result of the Unionist split over tariff reform. However, on 11 October of that year he suffered a major stroke which ended his political career, only two months shy of the Liberals' return to power. Rifle Volunteers An invasion scare in 1859 led to a War Office decision to call for local Volunteer Corps to be established. The War Office issued a Circular Letter on 12 May inviting volunteers, and within three days Spencer had offered to raise a company from his tenants at Althorp. It became the 1st (Althorp Rifles) Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps with Spencer appointed to command in the rank of captain on 29 August 1859. The 1st Northampton RVC sang a song to the tune of The British Grenadiers: Now every man of sense, Sir,Should welcome with three cheersAnd rally round Lord Spencerand the Althorp Volunteers. After the separate Northamptonshire RVCs were formed into an administrative battalion the following year, Spencer was promoted to major on 2 April 1861. When the battalion held its annual camp at Althorp in 1864, Spencer's hospitality included providing his own cook to direct the officers' mess. Also in 1859, Spencer was a leading member of the committee that established the National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom, and hosted the committee's meetings at Spencer House, London. The Association's first competitive meetings were held at Wimbledon Common, part of Spencer's manor of Wimbledon. In 1867 he served on a War Office committee to investigate breech-loading rifles. Lord Spencer was appointed to the honorary colonelcy of the Northamptonshire Imperial Yeomanry (later the Northamptonshire Yeomanry) on 21 May 1902. Other public appointments In 1865 Spencer chaired a royal commission on cattle plague, alongside Lord Cranborne, Robert Lowe and Lyon Playfair. Lord Spencer was Chancellor of Manchester's Victoria University. During a visit to Exeter on 12 July 1902, he was presented with the Freedom of the Borough of Exeter. Courtier Spencer served, for most of the period from 1859 to 1866, in the royal household, as a groom first to Prince Albert and then to the Prince of Wales. In 1876 he hosted Empress Elisabeth of Austria who had come to Northamptonshire for a hunting party. The empress stayed at Easton Neston, which she rented through her sister, ex-queen Maria of the Two Sicilies. Personal life Lord Spencer married Charlotte Seymour, daughter of Frederick Charles William Seymour and granddaughter of Lord Hugh Seymour, on 8 July 1858. The marriage was recorded as childless. Lady Spencer died in October 1903, aged 68. Spencer died at Althorp in August 1910, aged 74, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Charles. In 1864, Spencer, as lord of the manor of Wimbledon through his ownership of Wimbledon House, attempted to get a private parliamentary bill to enclose Wimbledon Common for the creation of a new park with a house and gardens and to sell part for building. In a landmark decision for English common land, and following an enquiry, permission was refused and a board of conservators was established in 1871 to take ownership of the common and preserve it in its natural condition. Coat of arms Ancestry Notes References Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, . Gordon, Peter, "Spencer, John Poyntz, fifth Earl Spencer (1835–1910)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004–2007. Lt-Col Russell Gurney, History of the Northamptonshire Regiment 1742–1934, Aldershot: Gale & Polden, 1935. Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, . External links John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer 05 First Lords of the Admiralty Knights of the Garter Althorp, John Spencer, Viscount Lord-Lieutenants of Northamptonshire Lord Presidents of the Council Lords Lieutenant of Ireland Althorp, John Spencer, Viscount Spencer, E5 Presidents of the Girls' Day School Trust Members of Northamptonshire County Council 1835 births 1910 deaths People educated at Harrow School Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Grooms of the Stool	[ -0.34861263632774353, 0.009409135207533836, -0.28388383984565735, -0.19599948823451996, -0.11610247194766998, 0.76402348279953, 0.5511136054992676, -0.08878839761018753, -0.3593873381614685, -0.29360032081604004, -0.3940056264400482, 0.30355724692344666, -0.49204400181770325, 0.39933937788009644, 0.33361923694610596, 0.6552804708480835, -0.3468979597091675, 0.02270023711025715, -0.24477705359458923, -0.15541288256645203, 0.0465204119682312, 0.0178272295743227, -0.08728150278329849, -0.05371008440852165, 0.8484624028205872, -0.5406181812286377, 0.3136569857597351, -0.31869444251060486, 0.04067414626479149, 0.16685347259044647, 0.33634254336357117, 0.09969887882471085, -0.054482314735651016, 0.03468070551753044, -0.350527822971344, -0.6092328429222107, -0.4511350095272064, -0.9341890215873718, -0.057508401572704315, 0.39594951272010803, -0.4902021586894989, 0.07612890005111694, 0.21080340445041656, -0.013724574819207191, -0.6280626058578491, -0.2734529674053192, -1.5704604387283325, 0.12524157762527466, 0.16727887094020844, -0.2459414154291153, 0.19637173414230347, 0.713482677936554, 0.1296379417181015, -0.2829612195491791, 0.024496376514434814, 0.3201342523097992, -0.5127829313278198, -0.09057330340147018, -0.01100208144634962, -0.6561766862869263, 0.21326187252998352, -0.3349658250808716, 0.5862382054328918, 0.42724552750587463, 0.20375241339206696, 0.3843608796596527, -0.13606059551239014, -0.2635044753551483, -0.8327850103378296, 0.6888163089752197, 0.41206100583076477, -0.04452252388000488, 0.27025318145751953, 0.7380933165550232, 0.09955976158380508, 0.3259715437889099, -0.34926721453666687, 0.3941580057144165, 0.5116735696792603, 0.23263832926750183, 0.43710392713546753, -0.7172166705131531, 0.462776780128479, 0.4094677269458771, -0.1198028102517128, 0.3024596571922302, 0.24301356077194214, 1.0082992315292358, -0.2797142565250397, -0.378754585981369, -0.38426586985588074, 0.1027352586388588, 0.4744352698326111, -0.3750414252281189, -0.15806937217712402, -0.5621235966682434, 0.18495672941207886, -0.27741533517837524, -0.7278448343276978, -0.3615646958351135, -0.10210362821817398, -0.07350251823663712, -0.060755904763936996, -0.07083010673522949, -1.0815140008926392, 0.32829415798187256, -0.02229134738445282, 0.012259193696081638, 0.09138219803571701, 0.2533879280090332, -0.3197154402732849, 0.3067813813686371, -0.13427110016345978, 0.17382077872753143, -0.3019999861717224, -0.02370251901447773, 0.07769595831632614, -0.6376857757568359, -0.029496418312191963, -0.1634252816438675, -0.060023486614227295, 0.21083934605121613, 0.08952265232801437, 0.33285799622535706, -0.10377255827188492, -0.34434565901756287, 0.2537602484226227, -0.21372929215431213, -0.31036117672920227, 0.22848938405513763, 0.34004947543144226, 0.8470532298088074, -0.38492631912231445, -0.06552839279174805, -0.38613754510879517, -0.28340229392051697, -0.4644945561885834, -0.385768860578537, 0.3080892264842987, 0.3905644714832306, -0.23592233657836914, 0.068857342004776, -0.7574021220207214, -0.17361769080162048, 0.10152365267276764, -0.20716769993305206, -0.2923955023288727, -0.26692426204681396, -0.1587924212217331, -0.04290447011590004, -0.24164605140686035, -0.2812737226486206, -0.025089023634791374, -0.6048809885978699, 0.17123202979564667, 0.27851974964141846, 0.4664962887763977, -0.21891501545906067, 0.6049531698226929, 0.20561429858207703, -0.4512026906013489, -0.005302252247929573, 0.07325782626867294, 0.2207781970500946, 0.7883332371711731, -0.05812595412135124, -0.05890278518199921, -0.07630332559347153, -0.3960527181625366, 0.17072473466396332, -0.2356577217578888, 0.6192383766174316, 0.9862609505653381, 0.4152374863624573, 0.09275469183921814, 1.0345802307128906, 0.28254806995391846, -0.10979725420475006, 0.03522274270653725, -0.493874192237854, -0.8810828924179077, -0.11246742308139801, 0.15226878225803375, 0.1397293508052826, 0.43572720885276794, 0.07426192611455917, -0.041650351136922836, -0.28886502981185913, 0.4453011453151703, -0.6297698616981506, -0.09114457666873932, -0.7437000274658203, -0.43788811564445496, -0.5272660851478577, 0.5148352980613708, 0.2086026966571808, -0.0688885822892189, -0.007071663159877062, 0.37510260939598083, 1.0591955184936523, 0.5010420083999634, -0.31092894077301025, 0.2722714841365814, -0.37778225541114807, -0.25821253657341003, 0.08318854868412018, -0.24342907965183258, 0.2662122845649719, 0.32685962319374084, 0.6262667179107666, 0.17603302001953125, -0.3530328869819641, 0.006231806706637144, 0.19256030023097992, 0.10844574123620987, -0.47908079624176025, 0.4090929329395294, -0.3993491232395172, -0.19019605219364166, -0.22586838901042938, 0.3634537160396576, 0.37416014075279236, -0.13222645223140717, 0.6315107345581055, -0.2263909876346588, 0.6164154410362244, 0.05569314584136009, 0.03477492183446884, -0.5191264152526855, -1.0284762382507324, 0.026732496917247772, -0.0006941870669834316, 0.23779794573783875, -0.3121563494205475, 0.23895791172981262, 0.3134453296661377, -0.028569836169481277, -0.1345142424106598, 0.061815667897462845, -0.4692964255809784, -0.01279988419264555, 0.06078707054257393, -0.09131606668233871, 0.4685961902141571, 0.2840569317340851, 0.43092018365859985, 0.2289624810218811, 0.663399338722229, -0.4938506782054901, -0.43125393986701965, 0.2801136076450348, 0.21378162503242493, 0.3238880932331085, 0.3277501165866852, -0.11279340833425522, -0.5129100680351257, 0.44483891129493713, 0.37072253227233887, 0.1620457023382187, 0.7382507920265198, -0.1009732112288475, 0.4878513813018799, -0.15048335492610931, 0.4843869209289551, 0.2631559669971466, 0.21825820207595825, 0.5746663808822632, -0.16323143243789673, 0.6485320329666138, 0.08696544915437698, -0.018211204558610916, -0.04843781515955925, -0.60150545835495, 0.013926706276834011, 0.19360552728176117, -0.42052894830703735, -0.07847121357917786, 0.5841372609138489, -0.11082387715578079, -0.7217581272125244, 0.09737572818994522, 0.7262588739395142, -0.5924015641212463, 0.12909461557865143, -0.2880556285381317, -0.40108412504196167, -0.6022236347198486, -0.32734593749046326, 0.2816466689109802, 0.08035854995250702, -0.26884588599205017, 0.3885447382926941, -0.44094347953796387, -0.02488027513027191, -0.7870010137557983, 0.41415050625801086, -0.20166830718517303, -0.3154872953891754, -0.05962387099862099, -0.6831868290901184, -0.5849613547325134, 0.21281257271766663, 0.10684709995985031, 0.19041794538497925, 1.0348201990127563, 0.6780906915664673, -0.019868504256010056, -0.23326127231121063, -5.705429553985596, 0.42197588086128235, 0.2926230728626251, -0.2988506257534027, 0.2403048276901245, 0.23843449354171753, 0.3714226186275482, -0.41595762968063354, 0.11485771089792252, -0.3827105164527893, 0.45329201221466064, 0.02254573628306389, 0.06322755664587021, 0.3077112138271332, 0.5884111523628235, 0.3913670480251312, 0.6264409422874451, 0.19478739798069, 0.20238563418388367, 0.29716652631759644, -0.6624588966369629, 0.46816471219062805, 0.1883702278137207, 0.4240284562110901, 0.7621327042579651, 0.2884310781955719, -0.08423008769750595, -0.28441837430000305, -0.5635411143302917, -0.6615929007530212, 0.14385737478733063, 0.13542309403419495, 0.3462654650211334, 0.13562682271003723, -0.1726662963628769, -0.3181207478046417, 0.368610680103302, -0.12893080711364746, -0.09241092950105667, 0.44155171513557434, 0.1415785849094391, 0.082846499979496, -0.4905572831630707, 0.17861822247505188, -0.03774189576506615, -0.18292245268821716, -0.4004725217819214, 0.25047561526298523, 0.04098831117153168, -0.10937827825546265, -0.23671668767929077, 0.6272775530815125, -0.16225577890872955, 0.24163572490215302, -0.13626626133918762, 0.9260506629943848, -0.1217741072177887, 0.2673424482345581, -0.8101409077644348, 0.1109175980091095, 0.2551155686378479, -0.5986875295639038, -0.040422458201646805, 0.8707185387611389, -0.1788703203201294, 0.04315172880887985, 0.09605145454406738, 0.31662455201148987, 0.32203298807144165, 0.04808099567890167, -0.114654041826725, 0.34001362323760986, 0.3057878911495209, -0.8564063906669617, -0.21581847965717316, -0.3911847174167633, -0.24294571578502655, 0.4087856113910675, -0.2789062261581421, -0.18993420898914337, -0.17745475471019745, -0.2160900980234146, -0.019538087770342827, 0.719944953918457, -0.1363069862127304, -0.6658024191856384, -0.06859701871871948, 0.35717132687568665, 0.094539113342762, 0.18631258606910706, 0.17938320338726044, -0.7009985446929932, -0.6421638131141663, -0.06425076723098755, 0.3019551932811737, -0.46550458669662476, -0.04422402381896973, 0.5577862858772278, 0.09113094210624695, 0.3050186038017273, -0.4199272692203522, 0.19328626990318298, -0.09628353267908096, -0.4432424008846283, 0.07698062807321548, -0.1870596557855606, -0.0766790509223938, 0.5525354743003845, 0.6822580695152283, -0.1865343600511551, 0.388045072555542, 0.30212318897247314, -0.25560012459754944, -0.06782421469688416, 0.21296623349189758, 0.0009571154369041324, -0.030525850132107735, -0.09986362606287003, 0.6690872311592102, 0.16172225773334503, -0.42849281430244446, 0.26811715960502625, -0.8835756182670593, 0.0693366527557373, -0.16765852272510529, 0.5499094128608704, 0.4241204857826233, -0.8357701897621155, -0.49498501420021057, 0.12823638319969177, 0.6320326328277588, -0.013552543707191944, -0.16587033867835999, -0.0013598197838291526, 0.24705608189105988, -0.41572853922843933, -0.152845099568367, -0.4394994378089905, 0.2276930809020996, -0.15713033080101013, -0.10945285111665726, -0.1105363517999649, -0.13362754881381989, 0.5674779415130615, 0.5773640275001526, 0.14526908099651337, -0.039229247719049454, -0.20575405657291412, 0.2543157637119293, 0.3418427109718323, -0.4468456506729126, 0.1570930927991867, 0.27279460430145264, -0.4571857154369354, -0.11249931901693344, -0.046699538826942444, -0.4744912385940552, -0.024115148931741714, -0.7060880661010742, -0.4095114469528198, -0.507769763469696, 0.1980820596218109, -0.7162052989006042, -0.6011106967926025, 0.30330929160118103, -0.08185536414384842, -0.7036610841751099, -0.3094300329685211, -0.22871868312358856, 0.5487095713615417, -0.03759000822901726, -0.4163540303707123, 0.004937103483825922, -0.4544891119003296, 0.0006292655016295612, -0.11826473474502563, -0.06819000095129013, 0.16434217989444733, 0.13772104680538177, 0.20989267528057098, 0.20264115929603577, 0.17662617564201355, -0.22077158093452454, 0.16551977396011353, 0.5968566536903381, -0.11524652689695358, -0.8474770784378052, 0.013455751352012157, -0.03374969959259033, 0.09207215905189514, -0.40452197194099426, -0.27297231554985046, 0.1657474935054779, 0.8216769695281982, -0.6421501636505127, 0.023669207468628883, 0.15478280186653137, 0.15602026879787445, -0.08280804008245468, -0.3853377103805542, -0.37072643637657166, 0.20035195350646973, 0.14968301355838776, -0.9118542075157166, -0.11851061880588531, -0.3854072690010071, 0.08324141055345535, -0.35376206040382385, -0.08994895219802856, 1.1092709302902222, -0.13988301157951355, -0.9866675734519958, -0.09016822278499603, 0.6657171249389648, 0.3085128366947174, 0.5986153483390808, -0.31426796317100525, 0.021870221942663193, -0.25526610016822815, -0.436007559299469, -0.29856565594673157, -0.028919514268636703, -0.3331238031387329, -0.09653814136981964, -0.1943013221025467, -0.026291945949196815, 0.4467674791812897, -0.364918977022171, 0.8011301755905151, -0.039513036608695984, 0.35014286637306213, -0.2042199671268463, -0.2976408004760742, 1.1266628503799438, -0.19828183948993683, 0.18370383977890015, 0.5044360756874084, 0.017739448696374893, 0.035318177193403244, -0.23723344504833221, 0.8925617337226868, 1.217253565788269, 0.18421992659568787, -0.46715739369392395, -0.2218560129404068, 0.18635906279087067, -0.26795968413352966, -0.14087997376918793, -0.21740388870239258, 0.588930606842041, 0.4686668813228607, -0.059258073568344116, -0.5329534411430359, -0.07270152866840363, -0.08346409350633621, -0.5630001425743103, 0.0859917402267456, 0.08833180367946625, -0.07342612743377686, 0.5628315806388855, -0.23046983778476715, 0.5644018650054932, 0.5756999850273132, 0.07624858617782593, 0.1763852834701538, 0.0957457646727562, -0.4324580729007721, -0.16363243758678436, 0.005824159365147352, -0.2937254011631012, -0.5331902503967285, -0.004749109502881765, -0.4835343360900879, 0.12215227633714676, -0.35408711433410645, 0.258291631937027, 0.04367504641413689, -0.5983063578605652, 0.0835714265704155, -0.12190001457929611, -0.952775776386261, -0.38712579011917114, 0.2378968596458435, -0.8420092463493347, -0.5820863842964172, -0.9268282651901245, -0.07849087566137314, -0.03141159936785698, 0.004805790260434151, -0.12883488833904266, -0.20626027882099152, -0.1104215607047081, 0.05971437320113182, -0.110025554895401, 0.035761602222919464, 0.15379486978054047, -0.3535320460796356, 0.28795385360717773, -0.48107630014419556, 0.08471322804689407, -0.6064813137054443, 0.6374989748001099, 0.6435364484786987, 0.24274542927742004, -0.024729110300540924, 0.37466445565223694, 0.16819393634796143, -0.09425751119852066, -0.10576912015676498, -0.25505223870277405, 0.13333207368850708, -0.1043914183974266, -0.1427033394575119, 0.2137305736541748, -0.4445757567882538, -0.39161360263824463, 0.6025079488754272, 0.22332116961479187, 0.23977398872375488, -0.18828842043876648, -0.3761090040206909, 0.1335168182849884, -0.3155548572540283, -0.1896311193704605, -0.04960765317082405, 0.4062381386756897, -0.18691489100456238, 0.65651935338974, 0.0027642720378935337, 0.9401177167892456, -0.09717433899641037, -0.38650989532470703, -0.5841134190559387, 0.6864228844642639, -0.2659669816493988, -0.2957507073879242, 0.630447506904602, -0.6383820176124573, 0.3100525438785553, 0.1837259978055954, 0.6346418261528015, 0.7805008888244629, -0.46835413575172424, 0.1595618724822998, 0.04682420566678047, 0.39059919118881226, -0.0922548696398735, 0.15172462165355682, -0.03340665251016617, 0.24607498943805695, 0.6106215119361877, 0.14287133514881134, 0.07833008468151093, -0.6633078455924988, 0.5735750794410706, 0.609855592250824, 0.4000541567802429, -0.38930514454841614, -0.5434190034866333, -0.08468619734048843, -0.17927327752113342, -0.026829959824681282, 0.2836512327194214, 0.14091436564922333, -0.34258460998535156, 0.2229197472333908, 0.5180205702781677, -0.13964173197746277, 0.45005059242248535, 0.2921594977378845, 0.16534198820590973, -0.5385060906410217, -0.15231022238731384, -0.4755551517009735, 0.38601505756378174, 0.4753173589706421, 0.6646862030029297, -0.09362135827541351, -0.041486311703920364, 0.04692896455526352, -0.40592020750045776, -0.0951269343495369, 0.16561996936798096, -0.5171229243278503, 0.0658528208732605, 0.2101207673549652, -0.30664297938346863, 0.013935004360973835, -0.8773830533027649, -0.22896252572536469, 0.20017969608306885, -0.3900749683380127, -0.2862762212753296, 0.33054056763648987, -0.5917364954948425, -0.4639723598957062, -0.32013562321662903, 0.9578912854194641, 0.6140449643135071, -0.8104155659675598, -0.472033828496933, 0.3129418194293976, -0.42183059453964233, -0.03964335098862648, -0.2182406485080719, 0.5459364652633667, 0.35852840542793274, -0.7914620041847229, -0.8240487575531006, 0.1643187701702118, -0.12070063501596451, 0.02937249094247818, -0.5160714387893677, 0.7574772238731384, -0.39033082127571106, -0.169266015291214, 0.40201327204704285, -0.24962639808654785, -0.262058824300766, -0.4347344636917114, 0.28764018416404724, -0.0011959713883697987, 0.03810431435704231, -0.20349468290805817, 0.28182652592658997, 0.11804650723934174, 0.25698691606521606, 0.4509451985359192, -0.6930409073829651, 0.47440215945243835, -0.6744612455368042, -0.2525767982006073, -0.65034019947052, -0.016875654458999634, -0.3850628733634949, -0.20531654357910156, 0.10400811582803726, 0.7933254837989807, -0.32189449667930603, 0.4877372980117798, 0.3179719150066376, 0.3815172016620636, 0.4928961992263794, 0.07534594088792801, 0.41440510749816895, 0.5102685689926147, -0.47480255365371704, -0.10543990880250931, -0.02826583944261074, 0.037145793437957764, 0.37698572874069214, 0.1430758684873581, 0.40408608317375183, -0.3204420208930969, 0.7550910115242004, -0.8599602580070496, -0.421256959438324, -0.38612234592437744, 0.3069249391555786, -0.15376237034797668 ]
210648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative%20programming	Declarative programming	In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow. Many languages that apply this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what the program must accomplish in terms of the problem domain, rather than describe how to accomplish it as a sequence of the programming language primitives (the how being left up to the language's implementation). This is in contrast with imperative programming, which implements algorithms in explicit steps. Declarative programming often considers programs as theories of a formal logic, and computations as deductions in that logic space. Declarative programming may greatly simplify writing parallel programs. Common declarative languages include those of database query languages (e.g., SQL, XQuery), regular expressions, logic programming, functional programming, and configuration management systems. Definition Declarative programming is often defined as any style of programming that is not imperative. A number of other common definitions attempt to define it by simply contrasting it with imperative programming. For example: A high-level program that describes what a computation should perform. Any programming language that lacks side effects (or more specifically, is referentially transparent) A language with a clear correspondence to mathematical logic. These definitions overlap substantially. Declarative programming is a non-imperative style of programming in which programs describe their desired results without explicitly listing commands or steps that must be performed. Functional and logical programming languages are characterized by a declarative programming style. In logical programming languages, programs consist of logical statements, and the program executes by searching for proofs of the statements. In a pure functional language, such as Haskell, all functions are without side effects, and state changes are only represented as functions that transform the state, which is explicitly represented as a first-class object in the program. Although pure functional languages are non-imperative, they often provide a facility for describing the effect of a function as a series of steps. Other functional languages, such as Lisp, OCaml and Erlang, support a mixture of procedural and functional programming. Some logical programming languages, such as Prolog, and database query languages, such as SQL, while declarative in principle, also support a procedural style of programming. Subparadigms Declarative programming is an umbrella term that includes a number of better-known programming paradigms. Constraint programming Constraint programming states relations between variables in the form of constraints that specify the properties of the target solution. The set of constraints is solved by giving a value to each variable so that the solution is consistent with the maximum number of constraints. Constraint programming often complements other paradigms: functional, logical, or even imperative programming. Domain-specific languages Well-known examples of declarative domain-specific languages (DSLs) include the yacc parser generator input language, QML, the Make build specification language, Puppet's configuration management language, regular expressions, and a subset of SQL (SELECT queries, for example). DSLs have the advantage of being useful while not necessarily needing to be Turing-complete, which makes it easier for a language to be purely declarative. Many markup languages such as HTML, MXML, XAML, XSLT or other user-interface markup languages are often declarative. HTML, for example, only describes what should appear on a webpage - it specifies neither control flow for rendering a page nor the page's possible interactions with a user. , some software systems combine traditional user-interface markup languages (such as HTML) with declarative markup that defines what (but not how) the back-end server systems should do to support the declared interface. Such systems, typically using a domain-specific XML namespace, may include abstractions of SQL database syntax or parameterized calls to web services using representational state transfer (REST) and SOAP. Functional programming Functional programming languages such as Haskell, Scheme, and ML evaluate expressions via function application. Unlike the related but more imperative paradigm of Procedural programming, functional programming places little emphasis on explicit sequencing. For example, in Scheme, the order of evaluation of many kinds of sub-expressions is undefined or implicit. Instead, computations are characterised by various kinds of recursive higher-order function application and composition, with explicit references to I/O and data appearing sparingly, and state mutation avoided or encapsulated wherever possible. Hybrid languages Makefiles, for example, specify dependencies in a declarative fashion, but include an imperative list of actions to take as well. Similarly, yacc specifies a context free grammar declaratively, but includes code snippets from a host language, which is usually imperative (such as C). Logic programming Logic programming languages such as Prolog state and query relations. The specifics of how these queries are answered is up to the implementation and its theorem prover, but typically take the form of some sort of unification. Like functional programming, many logic programming languages permit side effects, and as a result are not strictly declarative. Modeling Models, or mathematical representations, of physical systems may be implemented in computer code that is declarative. The code contains a number of equations, not imperative assignments, that describe ("declare") the behavioral relationships. When a model is expressed in this formalism, a computer is able to perform algebraic manipulations to best formulate the solution algorithm. The mathematical causality is typically imposed at the boundaries of the physical system, while the behavioral description of the system itself is declarative or acausal. Declarative modeling languages and environments include Analytica, Modelica and Simile. See also Comparison of programming paradigms Inductive programming List of declarative programming languages References External links Frans Coenen. Characteristics of declarative programming languages. 1999. Robert Harper. What, If Anything, Is A Declarative Language?. 2013. There Is Such A Thing As A Declarative Language, and It’s The World’s Best DSL. 2013. Olof Torgersson. A Note on Declarative Programming Paradigms and the Future of Definitional Programming. 1996. Programming paradigms	[ 0.041521649807691574, 0.33485886454582214, -0.4967261552810669, 0.31934186816215515, -0.5920907258987427, 0.20367629826068878, 0.48229530453681946, 0.28915324807167053, 0.1908315122127533, -0.14453154802322388, -0.6395876407623291, 0.5514281392097473, -0.3127099871635437, 0.032656505703926086, -0.22418923676013947, 0.2959628403186798, 0.5261200666427612, -0.03273008018732071, 0.53253573179245, -0.002242811257019639, -0.3311062753200531, 0.08782080560922623, -0.2819845676422119, -0.5243474245071411, 0.25273311138153076, -0.08651099354028702, 0.33931824564933777, -0.16510099172592163, -0.7745845317840576, -0.05377565696835518, 0.04952191561460495, 0.5347172021865845, -0.0003944316413253546, -0.5958723425865173, -0.023863056674599648, 0.2439982295036316, 0.004840722307562828, -0.03357274457812309, -0.23764273524284363, -0.13981950283050537, 0.42984363436698914, -0.3788020610809326, 0.2345469892024994, -0.3196260631084442, -0.5732882022857666, -0.25956711173057556, -1.3600577116012573, 0.01943237893283367, -0.8512498736381531, -0.1537403166294098, -0.8939409852027893, 0.11285627633333206, 0.22424821555614471, 0.06677304208278656, -0.3965127766132355, 0.6164596080780029, -0.22470873594284058, -0.6480130553245544, 0.03562100976705551, -0.3520604968070984, 0.1966153085231781, 0.1365576982498169, -0.04804202914237976, -0.023501651361584663, 0.24937215447425842, 0.12864241003990173, -0.45021751523017883, -0.14710630476474762, -1.0592262744903564, -0.5932459235191345, -0.2968745827674866, -0.24397094547748566, -0.40692782402038574, 0.35474690794944763, -0.37570229172706604, -0.31956160068511963, 0.0724300816655159, 0.003148128977045417, -0.45716091990470886, -0.4478254020214081, -0.5638179183006287, 0.9752255082130432, 0.5435547232627869, 0.03604002669453621, 0.6448253989219666, 0.13817153871059418, -0.22586143016815186, 0.5588487386703491, -0.2846824824810028, 0.2845397889614105, -0.009336831048130989, -0.1638164073228836, 0.21099016070365906, -0.004409396555274725, -0.03158937394618988, 0.1979464888572693, 0.3429090678691864, 0.2915794551372528, -0.08735130727291107, 0.6868103742599487, -0.042537543922662735, -0.39313802123069763, 0.6820735931396484, 0.025072576478123665, 0.009507688693702221, -0.4179445803165436, -0.12903138995170593, -0.4793238639831543, -0.11101307719945908, 0.13058635592460632, -0.3336305320262909, 0.34632793068885803, 0.10582732409238815, 0.1014864519238472, -0.6547517776489258, 0.11357427388429642, 0.3327999413013458, 0.5311322808265686, -0.5699203610420227, 0.48914629220962524, 0.2910850942134857, 0.4217391610145569, 0.06265963613986969, -0.47239887714385986, -0.20142731070518494, -0.10003598034381866, 0.37136542797088623, 1.011345386505127, -0.6121506094932556, -0.30815330147743225, -0.003917707595974207, 0.6555038690567017, 0.020410025492310524, -0.019930733367800713, -0.5306257009506226, -0.15521249175071716, 0.45009514689445496, -0.4155381917953491, -0.05028929561376572, 0.2290133535861969, -0.3950115442276001, -0.41680434346199036, -0.17014040052890778, -0.6114674210548401, 0.4314880669116974, -0.24169446527957916, 0.48183026909828186, 0.0837593749165535, 0.006546597462147474, -0.0215766504406929, -0.022952940315008163, 0.23705852031707764, -0.45581504702568054, 0.014517438597977161, 0.3326023519039154, 0.537966787815094, 0.2928006947040558, 0.16279737651348114, -0.46730363368988037, 0.5443244576454163, -0.26595941185951233, -0.10437735915184021, -0.7248599529266357, -0.3116159737110138, 0.25140053033828735, -0.6229620575904846, 0.5742090344429016, 0.4272957742214203, 0.21762889623641968, 0.38627415895462036, -0.41009119153022766, -0.3647216558456421, 0.45687490701675415, -0.43958207964897156, 0.05932701751589775, -0.1417856365442276, -0.047919582575559616, -0.1883736103773117, 0.800888180732727, 0.12135713547468185, -0.7176867127418518, 0.475468248128891, 0.24807283282279968, -0.09403356164693832, 0.22243671119213104, -0.14155231416225433, 0.3968909680843353, -0.6138566732406616, -0.17169153690338135, -0.2095162570476532, -0.4910692274570465, -0.03231975436210632, 0.018812254071235657, -0.5372161269187927, 0.8366839289665222, 0.18298281729221344, -0.7358959317207336, 1.373509407043457, -0.32127171754837036, 0.8514558672904968, -0.07533179968595505, -0.23258830606937408, -0.049271948635578156, -0.07715196907520294, -0.27890703082084656, 0.3893708288669586, 0.47042936086654663, 0.2884390354156494, -0.06547227501869202, 0.7603719830513, 0.21703755855560303, 0.09194368869066238, 0.2569785416126251, -0.06670304387807846, -0.22250346839427948, -0.035398222506046295, -0.27063247561454773, -0.007424779701977968, -0.31567904353141785, -0.47189539670944214, 0.5352603197097778, -0.1831662654876709, -0.3818351924419403, 0.8039000034332275, -0.7439910769462585, 0.47313448786735535, 0.6188945770263672, 0.38783586025238037, 0.6751853823661804, -0.6853921413421631, 0.2505376636981964, 0.020157119259238243, 0.362620085477829, -0.5447967052459717, -0.5188547968864441, 0.5371426939964294, 0.21007350087165833, 0.036811619997024536, 0.23538881540298462, -0.28008440136909485, 0.2319667488336563, -0.10569777339696884, -0.1912861317396164, 0.16531291604042053, 0.21891380846500397, -0.2009630799293518, -0.18572910130023956, 0.4657401144504547, -0.23603026568889618, 0.17504821717739105, -0.06839565932750702, 0.4325934648513794, 0.441984623670578, -0.4558917284011841, -0.21190668642520905, 0.0342010073363781, -0.13806793093681335, 0.010480047203600407, 0.20032061636447906, 0.4702795147895813, -0.28393709659576416, -0.06549270451068878, -0.0680849701166153, -0.4511580169200897, -0.1158583015203476, -0.5345562100410461, 0.090131476521492, 0.07798715680837631, 0.03159603849053383, 0.404678076505661, -0.1900622397661209, -0.5041876435279846, -0.7221267819404602, 0.28119146823883057, -0.6293894052505493, -0.820897102355957, 0.06032712757587433, 0.15601888298988342, -0.9781442284584045, -0.18755289912223816, -0.32128646969795227, 0.22887961566448212, 0.10487104952335358, -0.6198193430900574, -0.5550259351730347, -0.17809073626995087, 0.326728880405426, -0.45812997221946716, -0.01501977164298296, 0.15243874490261078, -0.2697179913520813, -0.14314106106758118, -0.3865659534931183, 0.03363759443163872, 0.2818320691585541, 0.2715888023376465, 0.17347437143325806, -0.5037049651145935, 0.04492773488163948, -0.23800671100616455, -0.35217905044555664, 0.1681382954120636, 0.21362297236919403, 0.34852492809295654, -0.196974977850914, 0.012196719646453857, -0.08437208086252213, 0.485395222902298, -5.818062782287598, -0.3305298388004303, -0.24231228232383728, -0.19133691489696503, -0.10588783770799637, 0.5261919498443604, 0.5976177453994751, -0.19560183584690094, -0.22804230451583862, -0.10127308964729309, -0.22909747064113617, -0.13282015919685364, -0.2913767099380493, 1.019897699356079, 0.5773741006851196, -0.3559572398662567, 0.24535450339317322, -0.4542449116706848, -0.04044616222381592, 0.599756121635437, 0.18941812217235565, -0.09385378658771515, 0.2399502396583557, 0.5215010046958923, -0.21782520413398743, -0.0723990947008133, -0.5483728051185608, 0.5813709497451782, -0.22071008384227753, -0.09550873190164566, 0.0010570018785074353, 0.0936543345451355, -0.17473118007183075, -0.21739278733730316, -0.2604115903377533, 0.8800848722457886, 0.740790843963623, 0.10475539416074753, 0.38120564818382263, -0.12635786831378937, 0.349479615688324, 0.09170427918434143, 0.5014093518257141, 0.2096988409757614, 0.2617972195148468, 0.3836764395236969, -0.4899303615093231, -0.3333844542503357, -0.5347415804862976, 0.5413858294487, -0.566240668296814, 0.08692771196365356, 0.3944821059703827, 0.06408156454563141, 0.19374679028987885, -0.27489474415779114, 1.0126523971557617, -0.6573319435119629, -0.48095571994781494, 0.09980124235153198, 0.6977709531784058, -0.5421549677848816, 0.15659527480602264, -0.6637648344039917, -0.25980186462402344, -0.3104459345340729, -0.7298201322555542, -0.29821455478668213, 0.40269234776496887, 0.33662453293800354, -0.49508601427078247, 0.6762714385986328, 0.03513873368501663, -0.9086279273033142, 0.4368872046470642, -0.5785874724388123, 0.12639659643173218, 0.06586765497922897, 0.46919170022010803, 0.5504223108291626, -0.1490638256072998, -0.24670125544071198, -0.6089848279953003, 0.1835225522518158, 0.21279874444007874, -0.07831468433141708, 0.03014891967177391, 0.5225158929824829, -0.5213985443115234, -0.022746508941054344, 0.7081592679023743, 0.12856876850128174, 0.20854942500591278, -0.15000905096530914, 0.10852345079183578, 0.4437723457813263, 0.3755568861961365, 0.035169340670108795, 0.6167750954627991, -0.4243149161338806, 0.046583808958530426, 0.015003222040832043, 0.028286034241318703, -0.3324604630470276, 0.10828229039907455, -0.08318991214036942, -1.0485618114471436, 0.6635388731956482, 0.4209187626838684, 0.017618604004383087, -0.2627727687358856, 0.6014645099639893, -0.18109390139579773, 0.04674718528985977, -0.1161278784275055, 0.7620312571525574, -0.5694043636322021, 0.07716666162014008, 0.23782697319984436, -0.22637589275836945, -0.10414682328701019, -0.14017538726329803, -0.27230095863342285, 0.33394381403923035, -0.09180966764688492, -0.5907561779022217, 0.007418602705001831, 0.34565842151641846, 0.15918709337711334, 0.1728333830833435, 0.5284987688064575, 0.2888028621673584, -0.033210039138793945, -0.00527345621958375, 0.27015992999076843, -0.45276695489883423, 0.19875861704349518, 0.5688227415084839, -0.463456928730011, -0.7522553205490112, 0.8741308450698853, -0.2804504334926605, 0.2903255522251129, -0.14253902435302734, 0.38141947984695435, -0.025494419038295746, 0.013660332188010216, -0.3131532073020935, -0.20701217651367188, 0.5210760831832886, 0.10306349396705627, -0.18800435960292816, 0.06099250540137291, -0.4481848478317261, 0.33397024869918823, 0.1839788258075714, 0.09515894949436188, 0.2942313551902771, 0.03944198042154312, -0.1298786699771881, 0.251690149307251, 0.16265800595283508, -0.9624933004379272, -0.7784245014190674, -0.08581626415252686, 0.052756812423467636, -0.9275532960891724, -0.24548645317554474, -0.1345844566822052, 0.15310359001159668, -0.25325748324394226, -0.2542771100997925, -0.4103621542453766, -0.3691352903842926, 0.7412334680557251, -0.17832303047180176, 0.39817243814468384, 0.20903128385543823, -0.07981075346469879, -0.2581285834312439, 0.00297722895629704, -0.7442917227745056, -0.26007920503616333, 0.6254788041114807, 0.6910123229026794, -0.5673205852508545, 0.3547784090042114, 0.5910906791687012, -0.7863889932632446, -0.23588204383850098, 0.03663941100239754, -0.04363040626049042, 0.6905658841133118, -0.06286916881799698, -0.05000554397702217, -0.3094431459903717, 0.37028929591178894, 0.7859604954719543, -0.28034764528274536, -0.7623650431632996, 0.2710803151130676, 0.622500479221344, -0.3510451316833496, 0.07568322867155075, 0.4435794949531555, -0.7084811925888062, 0.434684157371521, -0.11010736972093582, -0.5006993412971497, 0.53206866979599, -0.44643184542655945, -0.2904594838619232, -0.4321087598800659, -0.5872403979301453, -0.3269557058811188, 0.0045776753686368465, 0.15806691348552704, -0.317202627658844, -0.6512033939361572, 0.1305330991744995, 0.28257042169570923, -0.36877310276031494, -0.31893929839134216, 0.08060117065906525, -0.16309408843517303, -0.08970430493354797, 0.03548002243041992, -0.37183791399002075, 0.6924434304237366, 0.17164897918701172, 0.07472945749759674, -0.10232522338628769, 0.2660122811794281, 0.07655990868806839, -0.10801908373832703, -0.8467605710029602, -0.4253562092781067, 0.7684090733528137, -0.6625028252601624, -0.4497753083705902, 0.33885055780410767, 0.775394856929779, 0.17943307757377625, -0.35957100987434387, 0.07045962661504745, 0.009511678479611874, 0.35344550013542175, -0.3349929451942444, -0.6114817261695862, 0.5042275190353394, 0.22184878587722778, 0.18797990679740906, -0.3647298514842987, -0.04720155894756317, 0.5133641958236694, -0.060475531965494156, -0.14997778832912445, -0.37306949496269226, 0.15578924119472504, 0.306167334318161, 0.24948327243328094, -0.6157358288764954, -0.27589917182922363, 0.09393610060214996, 0.05835727974772453, 0.2335485816001892, 0.11901920288801193, 0.1675647646188736, 0.5956730842590332, -0.25060155987739563, 0.12121514976024628, -0.4345913231372833, 0.2576538026332855, 0.5787952542304993, 0.290149062871933, -0.3741076588630676, -0.07623960822820663, -0.022566644474864006, 0.10962987691164017, -0.1903599500656128, -0.09029222279787064, 0.1152443140745163, 0.030425868928432465, -0.6109924912452698, 0.14018391072750092, -0.5315384268760681, 0.5210253000259399, 0.3539990186691284, -0.3887501358985901, -0.08087584376335144, -0.9400001764297485, 0.22926673293113708, 0.10020819306373596, 0.5431702733039856, -0.5188463926315308, -0.011416825465857983, -0.0504852794110775, 0.38748618960380554, -0.33150699734687805, -0.4319351315498352, -0.10574119538068771, -0.05046427994966507, 0.12836715579032898, -0.7856001853942871, 0.2405257523059845, 0.22185373306274414, 0.10956558585166931, -0.4472822844982147, -0.25583869218826294, 0.328193336725235, -0.1578342765569687, 0.3205327093601227, 0.6183549165725708, 0.43603402376174927, -0.04919743537902832, 0.18730005621910095, 0.13469170033931732, -0.3879629969596863, 0.40415939688682556, 0.3920893967151642, -0.22205132246017456, -0.5947090983390808, 0.523256242275238, -0.6055803298950195, -0.32749876379966736, 0.39255088567733765, -0.24728228151798248, -0.03071228414773941, 0.02709626592695713, 0.15880225598812103, 0.5016574859619141, 0.1386827528476715, -0.30908823013305664, 0.2519749402999878, -0.5730838775634766, -0.5704478025436401, 0.18442539870738983, -0.2456192821264267, 0.12382326275110245, -0.0765424519777298, 0.7680594325065613, 0.3473779261112213, -0.14006677269935608, 0.3712941110134125, -0.14225983619689941, 0.10091841220855713, 0.7268974184989929, 0.5696582198143005, -0.5780078172683716, 0.45629310607910156, 0.3252602815628052, 0.008627917617559433, 0.8071733713150024, -0.02102910354733467, 0.37879741191864014, -0.5711381435394287, 0.2325635701417923, -0.015951303765177727, 0.12434975802898407, -0.11672385782003403, -0.2635270357131958, 0.4925698935985565, 0.039682332426309586, -0.31056585907936096, 0.40964561700820923, 0.07549070566892624, 0.8561422228813171, 0.11758214980363846, 0.11636639386415482, 0.14101295173168182, -0.10650605708360672, 0.2806062400341034, -0.13508622348308563, 0.3257070779800415, 0.4121195673942566, -0.4335171580314636, 0.8169507384300232, 0.394244909286499, -0.037833016365766525, -0.4148296117782593, -0.03934425115585327, 0.033526867628097534, -0.307921439409256, -0.50872802734375, -0.059439416974782944, 0.19558149576187134, 0.12922435998916626, 0.29060614109039307, -0.39804601669311523, -0.023877719417214394, -0.31768086552619934, -0.41104158759117126, -0.15386658906936646, 0.17541319131851196, -0.08550518751144409, 0.2995496094226837, -0.1274506151676178, 0.8915589451789856, 0.515055775642395, -0.1213587075471878, -0.20624610781669617, -0.10011458396911621, 0.01811027340590954, -0.21984829008579254, -0.6447915434837341, -0.07050509750843048, 0.019960997626185417, 0.03353229537606239, -0.3930858373641968, 0.2015400379896164, 0.3732411563396454, -0.2617094814777374, -0.44051218032836914, 0.5746662616729736, -0.26465070247650146, 0.14893585443496704, 0.25066789984703064, -0.35065481066703796, 0.488259494304657, -0.3533465266227722, 0.025436541065573692, 0.5715567469596863, 0.7060160636901855, 0.40105390548706055, -0.21022354066371918, 0.07074397802352905, 0.34352511167526245, 0.24231061339378357, -0.35226863622665405, -0.07927658408880234, -0.18122710287570953, -0.07239587604999542, -0.2579288184642792, 0.8561223149299622, -0.06535627692937851, -0.21774519979953766, 0.2122250199317932, 0.2698803246021271, 0.4602443277835846, -0.42759621143341064, 0.16354136168956757, 0.1795790195465088, -0.21814903616905212, 0.12531678378582, -0.7223222255706787, 0.5762999057769775, -0.3398609459400177, -0.29491379857063293, 0.008580095134675503, 0.02113090269267559, 0.4455674886703491, -0.1533699333667755, -0.16792897880077362, -0.05969064682722092, -0.32228726148605347, 0.13091184198856354, 0.12689009308815002, -0.6371777653694153, -0.247653067111969, 0.47884440422058105 ]
210657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix%20Park%20Murders	Phoenix Park Murders	The Phoenix Park Murders were the fatal stabbings of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland, on 6 May 1882. Cavendish was the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Burke was the Permanent Under-Secretary, the most senior Irish civil servant. The assassination was carried out by members of the rebel group Irish National Invincibles, a more radical breakaway from the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Murders The Irish National Invincibles failed numerous times to kill Chief Secretary "Buckshot" Forster before he resigned his office in protest at the Kilmainham Treaty. The group then settled on a plan to kill the Permanent Under-Secretary Thomas Henry Burke at the Irish Office. Newly installed Chief Secretary Lord Frederick Cavendish, on the very day of his arrival to Ireland, was walking with Burke to the Viceregal Lodge, the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The first assassination was committed by Joe Brady, who stabbed Burke with a 12-inch knife, followed in short order by Tim Kelly, who stabbed Cavendish. Both men used surgical knives, delivered by Mary Ann Byrne, in order to avoid making a lot of noise while carrying out the killings. Cavendish was not a target and his presence was happenstance. Thomas Myles, resident surgeon at the nearby Dr Steevens' Hospital, was summoned to render medical assistance to the victims. The Lord Lieutenant, Lord Spencer, described hearing screams before witnessing a man running to the Lodge grounds shouting, "Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke are killed!" The assailants were driven away in a cab by James Fitzharris, who served as a getaway driver. Investigation The hunt for the perpetrators was led by Superintendent John Mallon, a Catholic who came from Armagh. Mallon had a pretty shrewd idea of who was involved, suspecting a number of former Fenian activists. A large number of suspects were arrested and kept in prison by claiming they were connected with other crimes. By playing off one suspect against another Mallon got several of them to reveal what they knew. The case was successfully prosecuted by the Attorney General, Solicitor General James Murphy QC (later Mr Justice Murphy), and Peter O’Brien, before Justice William O’Brien. Invincibles' leader James Carey, Michael Kavanagh and Joe Hanlon agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were convicted of the murder, and were hanged by William Marwood in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 9 June 1883. Others, convicted as accessories to the crime, were sentenced to serve long prison terms. Fitzharris was acquitted of murder but retried as an accessory and convicted. Only the case of Kelly gave any real difficulty. He was 19 and generally said to look much younger, and by referring to him as "a child" his defence counsel created enough unease for two juries to disagree. Only after an unprecedented third trial was he found guilty. Implications Charles Stewart Parnell's policy of allying his Irish Parliamentary Party to Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone's Liberal Party in 1886 to enable Home Rule was undone by the murders. Gladstone's Minister Lord Hartington was the elder brother of Lord Frederick Cavendish. Infuriated by the manner of his brother's early death, Hartington split with Gladstone on the Home Rule bills of 1886 and 1893 and led the breakaway Liberal Unionist Association, which allied itself to Lord Salisbury's Conservative governments. In the ensuing 1886 general election the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists swept the board. This delayed Home Rule by 28 years until the Government of Ireland Act 1914, which was technically passed but which was never effected. Reaction Parnell made a speech condemning the murders in 1882, increasing his already huge popularity in both Britain and Ireland. He had just enabled some reforms under the Kilmainham Treaty four days before the murders. Parnell's reputation increased in Ireland, being seen as a more moderate reformer who would never excuse such tactics. In March 1887, The Times printed letters purportedly from Parnell claiming sympathy with the murderers and that his public denunciation of them was insincere. It emerged that the letters were forgeries written by journalist Richard Pigott, and Parnell was personally vindicated by the Parnell Commission in 1888–89. Memorial There is a cross cut into the grass at the location of the killings. It is long, filled with a small amount of gravel and cut thinly. References Bibliography External links Podcast about the Irish National Invincibles and the Fenian Dynamite Campaign with Dr. Shane Kenna. Description of the Phoenix Park Murders by author Senan Molony. 1882 crimes 1882 in Ireland 1880s in Dublin (city) 1880s murders in Ireland Murder in 1882 Assassinations in Ireland Murder in Ireland Murder in the United Kingdom History of Ireland (1801–1923) History of County Dublin Phoenix Park Assassinations in the United Kingdom Anti-imperialism in Europe	[ 0.4793936610221863, -0.009993487037718296, -0.5274637937545776, -0.33345481753349304, 0.25666067004203796, 0.5176530480384827, 0.8589756488800049, -0.027763409540057182, -0.10018345713615417, -0.05440190061926842, -0.20625656843185425, 0.3793645203113556, -0.6052080392837524, 0.4778389632701874, 0.12298596650362015, 0.003283795202150941, 0.17375332117080688, -0.4142102301120758, 0.26375284790992737, -0.36564359068870544, 0.2802724838256836, 0.07448138296604156, -0.03709021210670471, 0.4396570920944214, 0.24150434136390686, -0.25280439853668213, 0.20138958096504211, -0.3897574841976166, -0.1370396763086319, 0.20891131460666656, 0.4968317747116089, 0.18673668801784515, 0.34488987922668457, -0.3921418786048889, -0.3094882071018219, -0.3841077983379364, -0.5235880017280579, -0.30682921409606934, 0.062166906893253326, 0.45506587624549866, -0.13867725431919098, -0.382212370634079, 0.012525681406259537, -0.12056738883256912, -0.1568605601787567, 0.16136452555656433, -1.4037654399871826, 0.16149501502513885, -0.325880229473114, -0.1879328489303589, -0.020487498492002487, 0.5812088847160339, 0.47421228885650635, 0.28957653045654297, 0.33584362268447876, 0.6325802206993103, -0.4405723810195923, -0.6069731712341309, 0.2915162742137909, -0.888472855091095, 0.07624407112598419, 0.2894744277000427, 0.5578969120979309, -0.2542289197444916, -0.17265428602695465, 0.21515758335590363, 0.6831681132316589, 0.6562305092811584, 0.21545137465000153, -0.11389534920454025, 0.6668756604194641, 0.6061868071556091, 0.310712069272995, 0.7181896567344666, -0.4750099778175354, -0.2073398232460022, -0.08136322349309921, -0.21858473122119904, 0.29783934354782104, 0.27461230754852295, 0.032316770404577255, -0.4655602276325226, 0.29591190814971924, 0.42131727933883667, 0.11921623349189758, 0.30256399512290955, -0.6345615983009338, -0.21488738059997559, 0.02515247091650963, 0.5954681634902954, -0.592942476272583, 0.21814599633216858, 0.1459631323814392, 0.21538294851779938, -0.13298720121383667, -0.058764077723026276, 0.30523616075515747, 0.12771080434322357, -0.38092994689941406, -0.15981963276863098, -0.1212899461388588, -0.18014506995677948, 0.07541020959615707, 0.05847984924912453, 0.2464478760957718, -0.17948482930660248, -0.036233436316251755, -0.20053480565547943, 0.20295603573322296, -0.7267226576805115, -0.17660462856292725, -0.3949582576751709, -0.048550043255090714, -0.087204709649086, -0.47031471133232117, 0.31408706307411194, 0.07802492380142212, -0.6817631125450134, -0.2855737805366516, -0.2962900698184967, -0.36791300773620605, -0.0803488940000534, -0.19988004863262177, 0.5241012573242188, -0.9893304109573364, -0.06919171661138535, 0.5181384086608887, 0.14267803728580475, -0.13433963060379028, -0.12158842384815216, -0.2916449010372162, 0.7118619084358215, -0.4530225694179535, -0.4499798119068146, 0.16525453329086304, -0.34415343403816223, -0.1978297382593155, -0.2796710133552551, -0.1567007303237915, 0.6456469893455505, 0.2726597189903259, -0.16044160723686218, 0.21172647178173065, -0.035141997039318085, 0.8741112351417542, -0.4889496862888336, -0.2071804255247116, -0.523384153842926, -0.05721499025821686, -0.8447008728981018, 0.14324231445789337, 0.28484565019607544, -0.3332802653312683, -0.3179641366004944, 0.06875384598970413, 0.6667527556419373, 0.3469468951225281, -0.4252934157848358, 0.24679966270923615, -0.24413591623306274, 0.38422054052352905, 0.3357137441635132, -0.038902152329683304, 0.06195628270506859, -0.3638906180858612, -0.12807072699069977, 0.38165953755378723, -0.243549183011055, -0.11460006237030029, -0.34035804867744446, -0.32469549775123596, 0.4296989142894745, 0.4634307324886322, -0.13512898981571198, -0.5620085597038269, 0.7186031937599182, -0.26235783100128174, -0.10836388170719147, 0.2664636969566345, -0.08737742155790329, -0.33595994114875793, -0.1334667205810547, -0.14318004250526428, 0.2987614870071411, 0.1690579652786255, -0.05914667993783951, 0.6118518710136414, 0.11785980314016342, -0.28699254989624023, 0.30077144503593445, -0.5165581107139587, -0.2574455142021179, 0.48778676986694336, 0.05235140398144722, 1.2738072872161865, -0.4885738492012024, -0.009790235199034214, 0.3095245957374573, 0.09454808384180069, 0.8654696941375732, -0.23861902952194214, -0.05503836274147034, 0.7162294387817383, -0.44531702995300293, -0.47354814410209656, -0.4221523404121399, -0.5361709594726562, 0.19670014083385468, 0.14040090143680573, 0.6798209547996521, 0.1863221973180771, -0.8249071836471558, 0.6231638193130493, 0.5979800224304199, -0.017818216234445572, 0.3046824038028717, -0.556976318359375, 0.25930848717689514, 0.757904052734375, -1.1148858070373535, 0.23143784701824188, 0.6560841202735901, 0.4387628436088562, 0.32694414258003235, 0.33022695779800415, 1.5521693229675293, 0.19350118935108185, -0.1635059267282486, 0.024150965735316277, -1.3735554218292236, -0.001849151449277997, 0.4918229579925537, 0.20372579991817474, 0.23381875455379486, 0.24733991920948029, 0.2089465707540512, -0.1699875295162201, -0.5248335003852844, -0.5186940431594849, -0.3045732378959656, 0.9410296082496643, 0.18980185687541962, 0.06833692640066147, 0.5547866821289062, 0.2611091136932373, 0.0286495890468359, -0.11710964888334274, 0.2700015902519226, -0.030149897560477257, 0.23088473081588745, 0.04744749888777733, 0.31585055589675903, -0.22151625156402588, 0.39942169189453125, 0.3241925835609436, -0.4919503629207611, 0.5916156768798828, -0.2126985639333725, -0.04326019808650017, 0.14819468557834625, -0.18140162527561188, 0.38306403160095215, -0.0827803909778595, 0.7930185198783875, 0.10752557218074799, 0.15236985683441162, -0.17632989585399628, -0.28763577342033386, 0.49298468232154846, 0.2275570034980774, 0.6953716278076172, -0.08975212275981903, -0.617741048336029, 0.6628004312515259, -0.2740541398525238, -0.1353074610233307, -0.19704604148864746, 0.2444620430469513, -0.3256348967552185, -0.04699837788939476, -0.12208863347768784, -0.14307691156864166, -0.1076216995716095, -0.7980338335037231, -0.21268904209136963, -0.22805123031139374, -0.4265974760055542, -0.29213231801986694, -0.7083079814910889, -0.09497029334306717, -0.4492585062980652, 0.08211628347635269, 0.055207084864377975, -0.16574466228485107, -0.5886197686195374, -0.6743895411491394, -0.10474947094917297, 0.16815638542175293, 0.3511396646499634, -0.0435168519616127, -0.4069020450115204, 0.5022038221359253, -0.6884790658950806, -0.3276103436946869, 0.6880373954772949, -0.19046437740325928, -0.25651416182518005, 0.0715358704328537, -5.493059158325195, 0.29922664165496826, -0.1306171417236328, -0.10628985613584518, 0.02249465323984623, 0.24850189685821533, 0.5047191977500916, -0.4862463176250458, -0.09233861416578293, -0.5489490628242493, 0.2325228601694107, -0.48838865756988525, 0.059677351266145706, -0.6495654582977295, 0.16491742432117462, -0.03644021973013878, 0.35264602303504944, -0.7335521578788757, 0.43853169679641724, 0.4334490895271301, 0.07070352882146835, -0.298196017742157, -0.04594557359814644, 0.05316687375307083, -0.04858879745006561, 0.2690260708332062, -0.07041367888450623, -0.4740937352180481, -0.4202076196670532, -0.20377327501773834, 0.26315295696258545, 0.005832793656736612, -0.10624082386493683, 0.13570505380630493, -0.5628516674041748, 0.25952768325805664, 0.6758226752281189, -0.2700203061103821, -0.22992876172065735, -0.5758872628211975, -0.08123373240232468, -0.15430545806884766, -0.231562539935112, -0.24525786936283112, 0.7419441938400269, -0.6039384603500366, -0.5967686176300049, 0.5894726514816284, -0.8007075190544128, -0.003445705631747842, 0.525100588798523, 0.3146713078022003, -0.08950452506542206, 0.6474435925483704, -0.3165819048881531, -0.08034612238407135, -0.45787936449050903, -0.45837822556495667, -0.44601866602897644, 0.24598544836044312, 0.7929317355155945, -0.12072337418794632, 0.38665103912353516, -0.06145407259464264, -0.015803435817360878, -0.22198334336280823, 0.4590068459510803, 0.2105996161699295, -0.09175962954759598, -0.12211853265762329, 0.5709927678108215, 0.3086487352848053, 0.01761675626039505, -0.9688500761985779, -0.5308341979980469, -0.24884647130966187, -0.0025888155214488506, -0.46624383330345154, -0.2073604315519333, -0.0037560900673270226, 0.05526629090309143, -0.0384245328605175, -0.2553750276565552, 0.2691861391067505, 0.9634869694709778, -0.27038559317588806, -1.0809838771820068, 0.6421859264373779, 0.22928765416145325, -0.7958860397338867, 0.4170123338699341, -0.21537527441978455, 0.11351723223924637, 0.4674341678619385, -0.03561302274465561, 0.49766236543655396, -0.06851167231798172, 0.5911799073219299, 0.1617637276649475, 0.5090027451515198, 0.42221373319625854, -0.12102891504764557, 0.5303244590759277, -0.20449063181877136, -0.09964964538812637, -0.42401424050331116, 0.2635912597179413, 0.772159993648529, 0.262661874294281, -0.049204882234334946, 0.36395424604415894, -0.6338258981704712, -0.012556778267025948, -0.10859168320894241, 0.08073443174362183, -0.9121108651161194, 0.2600134313106537, 0.1700495183467865, 0.8950720429420471, 0.05703336000442505, -0.6847657561302185, 0.5365287065505981, -0.7893317937850952, 0.4420897960662842, -0.17308403551578522, -0.4098656177520752, -0.2078142613172531, -0.53736412525177, 0.2481837421655655, -0.008240882307291031, 0.12372919172048569, 0.5722461342811584, -0.1740931272506714, 0.22281275689601898, -0.7025498747825623, -0.17312826216220856, -0.14313139021396637, -1.1505489349365234, 0.17456944286823273, 0.9190535545349121, 0.2986038625240326, 0.017247648909687996, -0.07565001398324966, 0.32759881019592285, 0.5569611191749573, 0.29502010345458984, -0.49510902166366577, -0.5990822315216064, -0.43821701407432556, 0.4230918288230896, -0.4451702833175659, 0.026780281215906143, 0.5136471390724182, -0.5178021192550659, -0.13541214168071747, 0.07065632194280624, -0.0632801353931427, 0.28778308629989624, -1.1431348323822021, 0.4558917284011841, 0.11922489106655121, -0.4555615484714508, -0.5760867595672607, -0.0812692791223526, -0.5504058599472046, -0.012625452131032944, -0.4781475067138672, -0.6965668797492981, -0.7570418119430542, 0.45250242948532104, -0.21420694887638092, -0.43933433294296265, -0.34356722235679626, 0.09386083483695984, 0.13040493428707123, 0.30811965465545654, -0.6638990640640259, 0.1741074025630951, -0.12997214496135712, -0.535033643245697, -0.23014084994792938, 0.26323196291923523, 0.036313921213150024, 0.6257031559944153, 0.6710352897644043, 0.2147301882505417, -0.7118921875953674, -0.359488308429718, -0.02923417277634144, -0.13446728885173798, -0.18470816314220428, -0.249187171459198, 0.20608919858932495, 0.5210758447647095, -0.5462454557418823, -0.7542303800582886, 0.09255944192409515, 0.33642974495887756, -0.026855845004320145, 0.3057849109172821, -0.20516139268875122, 0.1252967268228531, -0.09428741782903671, -0.14416927099227905, 0.3486071825027466, -0.44082126021385193, -0.0743965208530426, -0.15946683287620544, -0.30954164266586304, 0.5481756925582886, -0.047387637197971344, -0.46960142254829407, -0.07195223867893219, 0.7246975898742676, -0.024732248857617378, 0.2733616530895233, -0.021882670000195503, -0.09726673364639282, -0.4088301658630371, -0.4245522916316986, -0.19914664328098297, 0.2949391007423401, -0.43048492074012756, -0.24083048105239868, -0.3456191122531891, 0.5988476276397705, -0.17572711408138275, -0.4290122389793396, 0.8127538561820984, 0.11705151945352554, -0.46964380145072937, 0.41130509972572327, -0.15820549428462982, 0.25276848673820496, 0.2618730068206787, 0.2652897536754608, 0.8366957306861877, 0.09754473716020584, -0.5570706725120544, 0.1459869146347046, 0.4309157729148865, 1.3203036785125732, 0.45252788066864014, -0.10313345491886139, -0.17551903426647186, 0.2774465084075928, 0.2393026351928711, -0.1418977677822113, -0.24590952694416046, 0.2210242748260498, -0.03873240947723389, 0.036453668028116226, 0.022310197353363037, -0.0967276319861412, 0.06363439559936523, -0.32440921664237976, 0.45129847526550293, -0.25530797243118286, 0.34946635365486145, 0.34198325872421265, 0.23743152618408203, 0.02815815806388855, 0.30180874466896057, 0.016390200704336166, 0.17151984572410583, 0.4091460108757019, -0.2915424108505249, -0.4112834334373474, 0.4302649199962616, -0.01073502004146576, 0.050091274082660675, 0.19407689571380615, -0.44042301177978516, 0.09417423605918884, -0.04122867435216904, 0.5837454199790955, -0.04804715886712074, 0.007716597989201546, -0.1016010120511055, -0.577796220779419, -0.11241425573825836, -0.12003666907548904, -0.3966389000415802, -0.7998031377792358, -0.08877771347761154, -0.6149684190750122, -0.019806774333119392, -0.03325589746236801, -0.4429885745048523, 0.1678820699453354, -0.5314468741416931, 0.07330594211816788, 0.5300858616828918, 0.2893454134464264, 0.15458422899246216, 0.9247519969940186, -0.255741685628891, 0.9496771693229675, -0.18587198853492737, -0.05659179016947746, -0.05730671435594559, 0.4739636480808258, -0.2584799528121948, -0.46195274591445923, -0.12486013770103455, -0.17648667097091675, -0.04453378543257713, -0.880935788154602, -0.3310953378677368, -0.29730668663978577, 0.5081774592399597, 0.061074838042259216, -0.11153136193752289, -0.04886439070105553, -1.1120591163635254, -0.24973492324352264, 0.5429938435554504, -0.011082516983151436, -0.8493131399154663, 0.2917802333831787, -0.07650602608919144, 0.857614278793335, 0.9030267596244812, -0.35048744082450867, 0.5971118211746216, 0.6165448427200317, -0.15578167140483856, 0.5086649060249329, 0.008721101097762585, 0.33886200189590454, -0.1229545846581459, -0.7415293455123901, -1.009040117263794, 0.9807927012443542, 0.12517021596431732, -0.36778631806373596, 0.08312626928091049, -1.0851998329162598, -0.1560816764831543, -0.1299934983253479, 0.7917875647544861, 0.5776284337043762, -0.2920956015586853, 0.18425440788269043, -0.2980765998363495, 0.06576836109161377, 0.39843547344207764, 0.1988585740327835, 0.04602914676070213, 0.6181849837303162, 0.4341135025024414, 0.20047497749328613, -0.06928423047065735, -0.6785855293273926, 0.6325417160987854, 0.32476454973220825, -0.4236942231655121, 0.4164295494556427, -0.5568944215774536, -0.09059315174818039, -0.46395227313041687, -0.15825492143630981, 0.949173629283905, -0.7005314826965332, -0.4784409701824188, -0.1846034973859787, -0.4982622563838959, 0.3611571192741394, -0.45591267943382263, 0.42384713888168335, 0.4144420325756073, 0.11117345839738846, 0.018831854686141014, -0.5869839787483215, -0.04381945729255676, -0.1041591614484787, 0.5585145950317383, 0.44700807332992554, 0.1769084930419922, -0.26919177174568176, -0.2556034028530121, -0.11454495787620544, -0.18882299959659576, -0.29985716938972473, -0.08676020056009293, -0.4531233608722687, -0.19312556087970734, 0.2340976446866989, -0.13932597637176514, -0.655543863773346, 0.8253861665725708, 0.2841772139072418, 0.30104440450668335, -0.18473847210407257, 0.4831252992153168, 0.0028892895206809044, -0.1522977501153946, 0.5406197905540466, 0.23271748423576355, 0.18551945686340332, 0.15275219082832336, 0.06830095499753952, -0.22808410227298737, -0.16520079970359802, -0.3274146020412445, 0.9922586679458618, -0.13931156694889069, -0.3470722436904907, -0.06122340261936188, 0.3792475163936615, -0.013943720608949661, -0.663644015789032, -0.31294894218444824, 0.08685939013957977, -1.0359753370285034, 0.26705503463745117, 0.15726220607757568, -0.06545589864253998, -0.2698329985141754, -0.273269921541214, 0.09361417591571808, 0.19319464266300201, 0.38798651099205017, -0.1545257717370987, -0.3887346088886261, 0.2348809689283371, 0.45761799812316895, -0.04380427300930023, 0.45130282640457153, 1.0148897171020508, 0.23363012075424194, 0.11414503306150436, 0.3001571297645569, -0.14687316119670868, -0.3074447810649872, -0.9610099792480469, 0.2763673663139343, 0.6666159629821777, -0.4013274610042572, 0.19582106173038483, 0.6679288148880005, 0.16212011873722076, 0.04185391589999199, -0.005291410721838474, 0.9281278848648071, 0.2564978301525116, -0.29106464982032776, -0.8017154335975647, 0.17492853105068207, -0.11847516894340515, 0.1577281653881073, -0.06727106869220734, -0.055692121386528015, -0.45352673530578613, 0.23519249260425568, -0.045499853789806366, -0.2541417181491852, -1.058280110359192, -0.2115437090396881, -0.19790087640285492 ]
210661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20manipulation	Media manipulation	Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular interests. Such tactics may include the use of logical fallacies, manipulation, outright deception (disinformation), rhetorical and propaganda techniques, and often involve the suppression of information or points of view by crowding them out, by inducing other people or groups of people to stop listening to certain arguments, or by simply diverting attention elsewhere. In Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, Jacques Ellul writes that public opinion can only express itself through channels which are provided by the mass media of communication – without which there could be no propaganda. It is used within public relations, propaganda, marketing, etc. While the objective for each context is quite different, the broad techniques are often similar. As illustrated below, many of the more modern mass media manipulation methods are types of distraction, on the assumption that the public has a limited attention span. Contexts Activism Activism is the practice or doctrine that has an emphasis on direct vigorous action especially supporting or opposing one side of a controversial matter. It is quite simply starting a movement to affect or change social views. It is frequently started by influential individuals but is done collectively through social movements with large masses. These social movements can be done through public rallies, strikes, street marches and even rants on social media. A large social movement that has changed public opinion through time would be the 'Civil Rights March on Washington', where Martin Luther King Jr. performed his 'I Have a Dream' speech attempting to change social views on Non-White Americans in the United States of America, 28 August 1963. Most of King's movements were done through non-violent rallies and public speeches to show the white American population that they were peaceful but also wanted change in their community. In 1964, the 'Civil Rights Acts' commenced giving Non-White Americans equality with all races. Advertising Advertising is the action of attracting public attention to something, especially through paid announcements for products and services. This tends to be done by businesses who wish to sell their product by paying media outlets to show their products or services on television breaks, banners on websites and mobile applications. These advertisements are not only done by businesses but can also be done by certain groups. Non-commercial advertisers are those who spend money on advertising in a hope to raise awareness for a cause or promote specific ideas. These include groups such as interest groups, political parties, government organizations and religious movements. Most of these organizations intend to spread a message or sway public opinion instead of trying to sell products or services. Advertising can not only be found on social media, but it is also evident on billboards, newspapers, magazines and even word of mouth. Hoaxing A hoax is something intended to deceive or defraud. When a newspaper or the news reports a fake story, it is known as a hoax. Misleading public stunts, scientific frauds, false bomb threats and business scams are examples of hoaxes. A common aspect that hoaxes have is that they are all meant to deceive or lie. For something to become a hoax, the lie must have something more to offer. It must be outrageous, dramatic but also has to be believable and ingenious. Above all, it must be able to attract attention from the public. Once it has done that then a hoax is in full effect. An example of a hoax can be found in a video from 2012, paid for by Greenpeace and made by Yes Men, that went viral. The video, purported to be footage from a cell phone filmed at a Shell party to celebrate the beginning of Arctic drilling operations, shows a drinking fountain that is designed to look like an oil platform malfunction and spray a dark beverage (similar to the appearance of oil) over a lady. This causes a commotion, with employees seen rushing to mop up the mess, and security guards attempting to confiscate the filmed footage. The hoax continued further through the distribution of fake legal messages from Shell that threatened legal action against the activists who supposedly pulled off the stunt, and even a fake website designed to look like Shell's, with copy such as "Birds are like sponges … for oil!" Propagandizing Propagandizing is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is commonly created by governments, but some forms of mass communication created by other powerful organizations can be considered propaganda as well. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes. While the term propaganda has justifiably acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples (e.g. Nazi propaganda used to justify the Holocaust), propaganda in its original sense was neutral, and could refer to uses that were generally benign or innocuous, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to the police, among others. Propaganda uses societal norms and myths that people hear and believe. Because people respond to, understand and remember more simple ideas this is what is used to influence people's beliefs, attitudes and values. Psychological warfare Psychological warfare is sometimes considered synonymous with propaganda. The principal distinction being that propaganda normally occurs within a nation, whereas psychological warfare normally takes place between nations, often during war or cold war. Various techniques are used to influence a target's values, beliefs, emotions, motives, reasoning, or behavior. Target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. This tactic has been used in multiple wars throughout history. During World War II, the western Allies, expected for the Soviet Union would drop leaflets on the US and England. During the conflict with Iraq, American and English forces dropped leaflets, with many of the leaflets telling the people how to surrender. In the Korean War both sides would use loud speakers from the front lines. In 2009 people in Israel in the Gaza war received text messages on their cell phones threatening them with rocket attacks. The Palestinian people were getting phone calls and leaflets warning them that they were going to drop rockets on them. These phone calls and leaflets were not always accurate. Public relations Public relations (PR) is the management of the flow of information between an individual or an organization and the public. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. PR is generally created by specialized individuals or firms at the behest of already public individuals or organizations, as a way of managing their public profile. Techniques Internet manipulation Astroturfing Astroturfing is when there is an intent and attempt to create the illusion of support for a particular cause, person, or stance. While this is mainly connected to and seen on the internet, it has also happened in newspapers during times of political elections. Corporations and political parties try to imitate grassroots movements in order to sway the public to believing something that isn't true. Clickbait Clickbait refers to headlines of online news articles that are sensationalized or sometimes completely fake. It uses people's natural curiosity to get people to click. In some cases clickbait is simply used to generate income, more clicks means more money made with advertisers. But these headlines and articles can also be used to influence a group of people on social media. They are constructed to appeal to the interest group's pre-existing biases and thus to be shared within filter bubbles. Propaganda laundering Propaganda laundering is a method of using a less trusted or less popular platform to publish a story of dubious origin or veracity for the purposes of reporting on that report, rather than the story itself. This technique serves to insulate the secondary more established media from having to issue a retraction if the report is false. Generally secondary reports will report that the original report is reporting without verifying or making the report themselves. The news and entertainment site Buzzfeed.com has been used to originate several via their BuzzFeed News section. Search engine marketing In search engine marketing websites use market research, from past searches and other sources, to increase their visibility in search engine results pages. This allows them to guide search results along the lines they desire, and thereby influence searchers. Business have many tactics to lure customers into their websites and to generate revenue such as banner ads, search engine optimization and pay-per-click marketing tools. They all serve a different purpose and use different tools that appeal to multiple types of users. Banner ads appear on sites that then redirect to other sites that are similar. Search engine optimization is changing a page to seem more reliable or applicable than other similar pages. Pay-per-click involves certain words being highlighted because they were bought by advertisers to then redirect to a page containing information or selling whatever that word pertained to. By using the internet, users are susceptible to these type of advertisements without a clear advertising campaign being viewed. Distraction Distraction by major events Commonly known as "smoke screen", this technique consists of making the public focus its attention on a topic that is more convenient for the propagandist. This particular type of media manipulation has been referenced many times in popular culture. Some examples are: The movie Wag the Dog (1997), which illustrates the public being deceitfully distracted from an important topic by presenting another that whose only quality is that of being more attractive. In the U.S. TV series House of Cards, when protagonist Frank Underwood finds himself trapped in a media rampage, he addresses the viewer and says: "From the lion's den or a pack of wolves. When you're fresh meat, kill and throw them something fresher". Politicians distract the public by showing them "shiny object" issues through the use of TV and other media. Sometimes they can be as simple as a politician with a reality show, like Sarah Palin had for a short time back in 2009, which aired on TLC. Distracting the public This a mere variation of the traditional arguments known, in logic, as ad hominem and ad populum but applied to countries instead of individuals. This technique consists on refuting arguments by appealing to nationalism or by inspiring fear and hate towards a foreign country or to all the foreigners. It has the potential of being important since it gives the propagandists the power to discredit any information coming from other countries. Some examples are: Q: "What do you think about Khokara's politic on X matter?" A: "I think they've been wrong about everything for the last 20 years or so..." Q: "Your idea is quite similar to the one proposed in Falala." A: "Are you suggesting Falala is a better country than ours?" Straw man fallacy An informal fallacy. The "straw man" consists of appearing to refute the opponent's argument while actually attacking another topic. For it to work properly the topic that was actually refuted and the one that should have been refuted need to be similar. Distraction by scapegoat This is a combination of the straw man fallacy and the ad hominem argument. It is often used to incriminate someone in order to argument the innocence of someone else. Photo manipulation Visual media can be transformed through photo manipulation, commonly called "photoshopping." This can make a product, person, or idea seem more appealing. This is done by highlighting certain features on the product and using certain editing tools to enlarge the photo, to attract and persuade the public. Video manipulation Video manipulation is a new variant of media manipulation that targets digital video using a combination of traditional video processing and video editing techniques and auxiliary methods from artificial intelligence like face recognition. In typical video manipulation, the facial structure, body movements, and voice of the subject are replicated in order to create a fabricated recording of the subject. The applications of these methods range from educational videos to videos aimed at (mass) manipulation and propaganda, a straightforward extension of the long-standing possibilities of photo manipulation. This form of computer-generated misinformation has contributed to fake news, and there have been instances when this technology was used during political campaigns. Compliance professionals A compliance professional is an expert that utilizes and perfects means of gaining media influence. Though the means of gaining influence are common, their aims vary from political, economic, to personal. Thus the label of compliance professional applies to diverse groups of people, including propagandists, marketers, pollsters, salespeople and political advocates. Techniques Means of influence include, but are not limited to, the methods outlined in Influence: Science and Practice: Reciprocation Commitment and consistency Social proof Authority Scarcity Additionally, techniques like framing and less formal means of effective obfuscation, such as the use of logical fallacies, are used to gain compliance. See also Related topics Agnotology Concentration of media ownership Consumer confusion Consumer psychology Consumer science Crowd manipulation Deception Disinformation Demagogy Fake news Front organization Gatekeeping (communication) Guerrilla marketing Outline of public relations Ideocracy Ideology Indoctrination Internet manipulation McCarthyism Media regulation Media transparency Meme News management Propaganda Promotion (marketing) Spin (public relations) The True Believer Under color of authority Viral marketing Notable compliance experts Edward Bernays Ryan Holiday Ivy Lee Frank Luntz Notable media manipulation theorists Edward Bernays Noam Chomsky Edward S. Herman Ryan Holiday Michael Moore Michael Parenti References Further reading Overviews Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S., Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. Cialdini, Robert B., Influence: Science and Practice, 4th Edition New Jersey: Allyn & Bacon, 2000. Ewen, Stuart, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976. Ewen, Stuart, PR! A Social History of Spin, New York: Basic Books, 1996. Ewen, Stuart; Ewen, Elizabeth, Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. Ellul, Jacques. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1965. New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973 Jamieson, H. K, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction and Democracy Oxford University Press, 1992. Jowett, Garth S.; O'Donnell, Victoria, Propaganda and Persuasion, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1999. . Parenti, M., Monopoly Media Manipulation, Mediterranean Quarterly, Spring 2002. Lutz, William D., Doublespeak, New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1990. . Rushkoff, Douglas, "They Say", in Coercion: Why We Listen to What "They" Say, New York: Riverhead Books, 1999. Case studies Beeston, R., Bin Laden Heads List of Suspects, Terror in America Times, 12 September 2001. Bohannon, J., I Fooled Millions of People into Thinking Chocolate Helps Weight Loss, Here's How IO9, Gizmodo, Debunkery, 27 May 2015. Braddock J., Historian says US backed "efficious terror" in 1965 Indonesian Massacre, World Socialist Website, 7 July 2009. Cashmore, E.; McLaughlin, E., Out of Order: Policing Black People, Routledge, 1991. Hodges, D., West Africans Are Streaming Across the U.S. Southern Border Carrying the Ebola Virus, The Common Sense Show, 3 August 2014. Howard, Philip N.; Ganesh, Bharath; Liotsiou, Dimitra; Kelly, John; François, Camille, The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018. Computational Propaganda Research Project, 17 December 2018. Kellner, D., 9/11, Spectacles of terror, and media manipulation, Miscellany, 15 August 2006. Ostrow, J., Politics in Russia: A Reader, Sage Publications, 26 June 2012. Sniffen, Michael J., Libby case witness details art of media manipulation, Boston Globe, 28 January 2007. Turner-Sadler, J., African American History: An Introduction, Peter Lang Publishing, 2009. External links "The Persuaders" Frontline "Understanding Jargon: A Short Bibliography" by Philip E. Agre Media manipulation Consumer behaviour Influence (social and political) Manipulation Articles containing video clips	[ 0.511265754699707, 0.03688715025782585, -0.2597639858722687, 0.38179758191108704, -0.2416606843471527, -0.028260866180062294, -0.07501495629549026, 0.3447078466415405, -0.03408533334732056, -0.3678149878978729, -0.523850679397583, 0.6216190457344055, -0.2911888659000397, 0.5402548909187317, -0.627409815788269, 0.4982364773750305, -0.11242756247520447, 0.4438251852989197, 0.19676169753074646, -0.07729753851890564, -0.30633047223091125, -0.2085030972957611, -0.3652947247028351, -0.16810214519500732, 0.011545690707862377, -0.06985625624656677, 0.6069211363792419, -0.28238335251808167, 0.027655187994241714, 0.4058454632759094, 0.23218341171741486, 0.27540451288223267, 0.06069953739643097, -0.010027063079178333, -0.19345413148403168, -0.2184879332780838, 0.06348326802253723, -0.15590263903141022, -0.0896814614534378, -0.2040843367576599, 0.0621362142264843, -0.15639416873455048, 0.20888341963291168, 0.42409223318099976, -0.055342696607112885, -0.7339717149734497, -1.6084243059158325, 0.44659459590911865, -0.48050612211227417, 0.20577862858772278, -0.6368756294250488, 0.4469713866710663, 0.22960197925567627, 0.5495436787605286, 0.034790102392435074, 0.8473124504089355, -0.22478240728378296, -0.08083292841911316, 0.4298476576805115, -0.5749260783195496, 0.06819404661655426, 0.1421779841184616, 0.31004393100738525, -0.4358614385128021, 0.08471076190471649, -0.37223702669143677, 0.04313993081450462, 0.4773135483264923, -0.6940946578979492, -1.0399218797683716, -0.38391584157943726, -0.22858324646949768, 0.37707823514938354, 0.14580926299095154, -0.38195541501045227, 0.21822810173034668, 0.18119242787361145, 0.08442691713571548, -0.1586005985736847, -0.0689789280295372, -0.12626583874225616, 0.5285781025886536, -0.11909963935613632, -0.09304353594779968, 0.42748892307281494, 0.011962796561419964, -0.1496909260749817, 0.8637998700141907, -0.04178934171795845, 0.004962577018886805, 0.37649571895599365, -0.06125746667385101, 0.6982110738754272, 0.2074233740568161, 0.2406407594680786, 0.22217091917991638, 0.7359933853149414, -0.26242709159851074, -0.006946017034351826, 0.22969950735569, 0.11280177533626556, 0.10850673168897629, 0.9921900033950806, -0.26029109954833984, -0.044827140867710114, -0.21475356817245483, 0.08558031916618347, -0.7025370001792908, 0.0319390594959259, -0.8942962884902954, -0.32632431387901306, 0.467327743768692, -0.6885548233985901, -0.13753481209278107, -0.9015624523162842, 0.03471189737319946, -0.09240856766700745, 0.09487180411815643, -0.13818934559822083, 0.2342759221792221, 0.36976733803749084, 0.9094356894493103, -0.27555742859840393, 0.19995510578155518, -0.25334954261779785, -0.04614100605249405, 0.3695138096809387, 0.6820055842399597, -0.7020887136459351, 0.22090603411197662, 0.27080464363098145, 0.6701104640960693, -0.27630406618118286, 0.07101764529943466, -0.04361499473452568, -0.2535392940044403, 0.7253289222717285, 0.0914531797170639, 0.3805610239505768, -0.13546346127986908, -0.6871649026870728, -0.7525837421417236, -0.8676432371139526, 0.08907637000083923, 0.3768217861652374, -0.22700099647045135, 0.028484052047133446, -0.331674724817276, -0.14040690660476685, -0.5063292384147644, 0.19607822597026825, -0.15728381276130676, 0.2310938686132431, 0.19620080292224884, 0.04005792737007141, 0.17710420489311218, 0.7748669385910034, -0.8011372685432434, 0.37153518199920654, 0.28213611245155334, 0.3299421966075897, -0.6067262291908264, -0.4177217483520508, -0.15186849236488342, -0.07473721355199814, -0.5673650503158569, 0.13445952534675598, 0.7780458927154541, 0.12211547046899796, 0.15055836737155914, -0.44455045461654663, 0.6106580495834351, 0.3046502470970154, -0.4117702543735504, 0.40713444352149963, 0.5907636880874634, -0.6657634973526001, 0.3346799910068512, 0.6316630244255066, 0.4088599383831024, -0.6738414764404297, 0.2458476722240448, -0.0600932277739048, -0.21931134164333344, -0.020271923393011093, -0.044522278010845184, 0.5425395369529724, -0.07169149070978165, -0.01588461734354496, -0.1135789081454277, -0.834650993347168, -0.24928665161132812, -0.19924791157245636, -0.8833190202713013, 1.1656006574630737, -0.14169378578662872, -0.49477431178092957, 1.0295765399932861, 0.3260120749473572, 0.10353698581457138, 0.09828422218561172, -0.5295029878616333, 0.19041112065315247, -0.14517956972122192, -0.6418413519859314, 0.7376862168312073, 0.45675545930862427, 0.11945313215255737, -0.13334187865257263, 0.530063807964325, 0.1643364280462265, -0.04587622731924057, -0.018476452678442, -0.2602301239967346, 0.13455136120319366, 0.5430188179016113, -1.0171643495559692, 0.377144455909729, -0.2475397139787674, 0.18460917472839355, 0.4509029686450958, -0.49026820063591003, -0.13785770535469055, 0.7795425653457642, -0.17194053530693054, 0.9038925766944885, 0.3542075753211975, 0.3318236470222473, 0.5692470073699951, -0.7891861796379089, -0.05533662065863609, 0.7430751323699951, 0.3015693724155426, -0.4741426110267639, -0.5185984969139099, -0.12533551454544067, 0.409955769777298, 0.02204708755016327, 0.3446296453475952, -0.4832119941711426, 0.3858069181442261, 0.2469041645526886, -0.11672579497098923, 0.30582815408706665, 0.07165588438510895, 0.2214406281709671, -0.5619826316833496, 0.7379392385482788, -0.2453693002462387, 0.13976390659809113, 0.049113597720861435, 0.44167038798332214, 0.2496751844882965, -0.8741974234580994, 0.42330804467201233, -0.04330381378531456, -0.21383678913116455, -0.06852632015943527, 0.16254402697086334, -0.13732068240642548, -0.060943976044654846, 0.13162857294082642, -0.6458834409713745, 0.06205110251903534, -0.022432105615735054, -0.301774263381958, -0.19527097046375275, 0.21127571165561676, -0.12459579855203629, 0.10984818637371063, 0.8968653082847595, -0.042567018419504166, -0.6522578597068787, -0.8273289203643799, -0.1910908967256546, -0.2583427429199219, 0.11131394654512405, 0.2325352430343628, -0.46254172921180725, -0.7072043418884277, -0.18540364503860474, 0.0846698209643364, 0.6983463764190674, -0.143253356218338, -0.36088213324546814, -0.5093814134597778, -0.017176026478409767, -0.2971302568912506, 0.037239920347929, -0.027797041460871696, -0.4404235780239105, 0.5787447690963745, 0.17325842380523682, 0.1035894900560379, 0.030538735911250114, 0.49222713708877563, -0.2998301386833191, 0.36837518215179443, 0.28693777322769165, -0.3504343628883362, -0.20545536279678345, -0.14651738107204437, -0.3505297899246216, -0.3640403151512146, -0.298509806394577, -0.35850515961647034, -0.06823500245809555, 0.09625813364982605, -5.648992538452148, 0.2570304274559021, -0.2185213267803192, 0.05550076439976692, -0.26131656765937805, -0.16439086198806763, 0.4882272779941559, -0.5905802845954895, -0.3769027292728424, -0.07411908358335495, -0.24404677748680115, 0.293887734413147, -0.1754249930381775, 0.45365220308303833, 0.3291148841381073, 0.26842594146728516, 0.46786800026893616, -0.047562237828969955, 0.47380855679512024, 0.5141472816467285, -0.22781626880168915, 0.6073532104492188, -0.00981189776211977, 0.44416460394859314, 0.33600038290023804, -0.012157628312706947, -0.19889147579669952, -0.2371189296245575, 0.114317387342453, 0.10175841301679611, 0.009753406047821045, -0.4381773769855499, 0.09062935411930084, -0.02912750467658043, 0.16890092194080353, 0.11880187690258026, 0.5389283299446106, 0.051710229367017746, -0.5019001364707947, -0.4703376293182373, -0.25097769498825073, 0.5831558108329773, -0.010402938351035118, 0.37825921177864075, 0.7961744666099548, 0.23897729814052582, -0.15069368481636047, -0.3243262767791748, -0.5194671154022217, 0.273682177066803, 0.08400772511959076, -0.11887148767709732, 0.7169662714004517, 0.3661806881427765, 0.02490805834531784, 0.28405991196632385, 0.901384174823761, -0.49390286207199097, -0.6614882349967957, 0.04643378406763077, 0.26499924063682556, -0.7227889895439148, -0.012333851307630539, -0.01167776994407177, -0.2105495184659958, -0.13920347392559052, -0.4162922501564026, -0.8343989253044128, 1.0015043020248413, -0.23722708225250244, -0.19182342290878296, 0.5037420392036438, 0.6375468969345093, -0.6046647429466248, 0.323578417301178, -0.4905286431312561, -0.4609699845314026, 0.15252603590488434, 0.22092552483081818, 0.4144749939441681, -0.5123456120491028, -0.14572173357009888, -0.4542165696620941, -0.3364318311214447, 0.15892145037651062, -0.3869856595993042, 0.40553075075149536, 0.20386084914207458, -0.3350152373313904, 0.027916163206100464, 0.6545127034187317, 0.02204817719757557, 0.021132130175828934, 0.4818752110004425, 0.4162774384021759, 0.7016028165817261, 0.4084511697292328, 0.055628713220357895, 0.23023322224617004, -0.0384717732667923, -0.026283910498023033, -0.5774126648902893, -0.1475672870874405, -0.8684834837913513, 0.16359233856201172, -0.2116166353225708, -0.2318355143070221, 0.4631524980068207, 0.6025897860527039, -0.5673020482063293, 0.5520859956741333, 0.6773290634155273, -0.5907629728317261, 0.07085815817117691, 0.31887567043304443, 0.06713218986988068, -0.3190976083278656, 0.5403776168823242, 0.4638722836971283, -0.5416992902755737, 0.28943872451782227, 0.18952371180057526, -0.9183214902877808, -0.017690371721982956, -0.5462097525596619, -0.6281682848930359, 0.01682392880320549, 0.13820011913776398, -0.34848907589912415, -0.11367416381835938, 0.458808958530426, 0.12850549817085266, -0.18716634809970856, -0.235660582780838, 0.09871478378772736, -0.1716242879629135, 0.08242040127515793, 0.21321596205234528, -0.2263668030500412, -0.4513133764266968, 0.13851651549339294, -0.2492622584104538, -0.17807899415493011, 0.14377565681934357, 0.3442659080028534, 0.054044075310230255, -0.44335034489631653, -0.09690248221158981, -0.2427884042263031, 0.4563433527946472, -0.2713053822517395, -0.15613122284412384, -0.026706848293542862, -0.14389699697494507, 0.5986566543579102, 0.12280792742967606, -0.0063118101097643375, -0.37245768308639526, 0.2681327760219574, -0.25758469104766846, -0.0905611589550972, 0.13540147244930267, -1.0699952840805054, -0.14079667627811432, -0.07282490283250809, -0.25181683897972107, -1.130503535270691, -0.10497191548347473, 0.11058264225721359, 0.48302826285362244, -0.3602752387523651, -0.15731918811798096, -0.4876466393470764, -0.12053730338811874, 0.3243420124053955, -0.036659736186265945, 0.029790999367833138, 0.3094335198402405, -0.04610284045338631, 0.14452016353607178, 0.005136869382113218, -0.07483787089586258, -0.43228477239608765, 0.3069073557853699, 0.323645681142807, -0.07865869998931885, -0.1294862926006317, 0.3993956744670868, -0.5680850148200989, -0.06856990605592728, -0.02368350327014923, 0.2650470435619354, 0.45110249519348145, -0.09286671131849289, 0.06863164901733398, -0.009808562695980072, -0.47129887342453003, -0.1987876296043396, 0.12459288537502289, -0.4909221827983856, 0.3087431490421295, 0.8830352425575256, -0.6010944843292236, -0.007011186331510544, -0.24628615379333496, -0.04578142613172531, 0.32278871536254883, -0.07478366047143936, -0.4840060770511627, 0.46032389998435974, -0.3882404565811157, -0.0031719887629151344, -0.6489471197128296, 0.4484359622001648, -0.3253946304321289, -0.2737206816673279, 0.26308247447013855, -0.3454842269420624, -0.18319496512413025, 0.08986872434616089, 0.8187149167060852, -0.6328116059303284, -0.39532899856567383, 0.15960069000720978, -0.22486425936222076, 0.1190439835190773, 0.2390260249376297, -0.7423645257949829, 0.7101316452026367, 0.17866046726703644, -0.08435077965259552, 0.12864887714385986, 0.16723021864891052, 0.4585976302623749, -0.375684529542923, -0.10018264502286911, -0.09798836708068848, 0.7264862656593323, -0.16946451365947723, -0.2593899667263031, 0.8214489221572876, 0.6537917852401733, -0.1740129292011261, -0.17901311814785004, -0.02031864784657955, 0.7188240885734558, 0.25717034935951233, -0.17417217791080475, -0.6527513265609741, -0.4330064654350281, 0.2042815089225769, -0.2670324444770813, -0.6316375136375427, 0.031293876469135284, 0.6020082235336304, -0.4256437420845032, 0.07837872952222824, -0.1845121681690216, 0.20677360892295837, 0.2545301020145416, 0.16295351088047028, -0.510045051574707, -0.18729910254478455, -0.004462491255253553, 0.5256623029708862, 0.005555544514209032, 0.05679462105035782, 0.2838843762874603, -0.23017580807209015, -0.25671038031578064, -0.03568747639656067, 0.17262887954711914, 0.00940501969307661, 0.9564175605773926, 0.4110964238643646, 0.1416366547346115, -0.09509213268756866, -0.33555078506469727, -0.39824700355529785, -0.25986215472221375, 0.4575653076171875, -0.7140733003616333, 0.3061841130256653, -0.805863618850708, 0.27335843443870544, -0.4640738368034363, 0.7798271775245667, -0.1460905224084854, -0.34801536798477173, -0.7680860757827759, -0.31482404470443726, -0.2569691240787506, 0.4366796910762787, 0.09249953180551529, -0.054198991507291794, -0.005116564221680164, 0.0021289114374667406, -0.26964715123176575, -0.22496384382247925, -0.2697030305862427, -0.727504551410675, -0.1568848043680191, -0.1455012410879135, -0.8454495668411255, 0.9958581924438477, -0.06933342665433884, -0.2770445644855499, -0.8020685911178589, 0.3111509084701538, -0.37257930636405945, 0.04814675822854042, -0.04168257117271423, -0.006054338067770004, -0.08349070698022842, -0.215323343873024, 0.12903815507888794, 0.26665693521499634, -0.22144927084445953, 0.5207288861274719, 0.09409046173095703, 0.3165304362773895, -0.050411373376846313, 0.8643773794174194, -0.00912080705165863, 0.3063744008541107, 0.21542200446128845, -0.18941743671894073, -0.06785958260297775, 0.32995712757110596, -0.7299663424491882, 0.5092419385910034, 0.6797446608543396, -0.5873743295669556, 0.33643317222595215, 0.037416890263557434, -0.8451952934265137, 0.1975797712802887, -0.05563764274120331, -0.015525111928582191, 0.5508300065994263, 0.14616240561008453, 0.34836915135383606, 0.12347137182950974, 0.3086744546890259, -0.3224693536758423, 0.17394860088825226, 0.1263609528541565, 0.40287700295448303, -0.7787994742393494, 0.1830272227525711, 0.3827555775642395, -0.3678421378135681, 0.03494499623775482, -0.4879743754863739, 0.311259001493454, -0.46409720182418823, 0.39153000712394714, -0.06197277083992958, -0.3087018132209778, -0.6202196478843689, 0.22656568884849548, 0.27113327383995056, -0.2774645984172821, -0.17561136186122894, 0.49597421288490295, 0.40040287375450134, 0.20297811925411224, -0.2369588166475296, -0.1957826465368271, 0.14575359225273132, 0.39369699358940125, -0.15186379849910736, 0.2180197685956955, 0.10925756394863129, 0.10558576136827469, -0.08976618945598602, 0.5401577353477478, 0.03824177756905556, -0.33389726281166077, -0.29545921087265015, 0.13636159896850586, -0.06472267210483551, 0.026931438595056534, -0.09478746354579926, -0.031589578837156296, -0.032051824033260345, -0.09966076910495758, 0.2618398368358612, -0.012507155537605286, -0.16462688148021698, -0.17091962695121765, -0.45072007179260254, -0.020339854061603546, 0.25123661756515503, -0.3868771493434906, 0.33386456966400146, -0.043454330414533615, 0.5209250450134277, -0.037173010408878326, -0.07703830301761627, -0.25407901406288147, 0.5595698952674866, -0.16042450070381165, 0.34806904196739197, -0.49755311012268066, -0.006443500053137541, -0.9855594635009766, -0.36956319212913513, -1.031161904335022, 0.5191304087638855, 0.6594586968421936, -0.6212210059165955, -0.08821455389261246, 0.2568678557872772, -0.25287294387817383, 0.5546732544898987, 0.46807926893234253, -0.11614158004522324, 0.2303667664527893, 0.25580868124961853, 0.19671432673931122, -0.032281823456287384, 0.31878307461738586, 0.4201577305793762, -0.35789987444877625, 0.09667670726776123, 0.5049651265144348, 0.27697834372520447, -0.2269914597272873, 0.234165221452713, -0.7225894927978516, 0.4407118558883667, -0.34731510281562805, 0.5922557711601257, -0.19829539954662323, -0.17816154658794403, 0.12059658765792847, 0.6733600497245789, 0.37311869859695435, -0.44734567403793335, 0.1584726721048355, -0.5772261619567871, 0.3546695411205292, -0.2284647673368454, -2.034346103668213, -0.02673705667257309, 0.09485107660293579, 0.32409563660621643, 0.20228630304336548, 0.3696524500846863, 0.27896881103515625, -0.39843499660491943, 0.2308630347251892, -0.24730579555034637, -0.28956371545791626, 0.6909323334693909, 0.30735504627227783, -0.7724409103393555, -0.4509580731391907, 0.46664929389953613 ]
210677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Park%20jogger%20case	Central Park jogger case	The Central Park jogger case (events also referenced as the Central Park Five case) was a criminal case in the United States over the aggravated assault and rape of a woman in Manhattan's Central Park on April 19, 1989, occurring at the same time as an unrelated string of other attacks in the park the same night. Five black and Latino youths were convicted of assaulting the woman, and served sentences ranging from six to twelve years. All later had their charges vacated after a prison inmate confessed to the crime. From the outset the case was a topic of national interest. Initially, it fueled public discourse about New York City's perceived lawlessness, criminal behavior by youths, and violence toward women. After the exonerations, the case became a prominent example of racial profiling, discrimination, and inequality in the legal system and the media. All five defendants subsequently sued the City of New York for malicious prosecution, racial discrimination and emotional distress; the City settled the suit in 2014 for $41 million. Attacks At 9 p.m. on April 19, 1989, a group of an estimated 30 to 32 teenagers who lived in East Harlem entered Manhattan's Central Park at an entrance in Harlem, near Central Park North. Some of the group committed several attacks, assaults, and robberies against people who were either walking, biking, or jogging in the northernmost part of the park and near the reservoir, and victims began to report the incidents to police. Within the North Woods, between 105th and 102nd streets, they were reported as attacking several bicyclists, hurling rocks at a cab, and attacking a pedestrian, whom they robbed of his food and beer, and left unconscious. The teenagers roamed south along the park's East Drive and the 97th Street transverse, between 9 and 10 p.m. Police attempted to apprehend suspects after crimes began to be reported between 9 and 10 p.m. At least some of the group traveled further south to the area around the reservoir, where four men jogging were attacked by several youths. Among the victims was John Loughlin, a 40-year-old schoolteacher, who was severely beaten and robbed between 9:40 and 9:50. He was hit in the head with a pipe and stick, knocking him briefly unconscious. At a pre-trial hearing in October 1989, a police officer testified that when Loughlin was found, he was bleeding so badly that he "looked like he was dunked in a bucket of blood". It was not until 1:30 a.m. that night that a female jogger was found in the North Woods area of the park. She had been pulled to the north some 300 feet off the path known as the 102nd Street Crossing; the path of her feet dragged through the grass was marked so clearly that it could be photographed. It was 18" wide. There was no evidence in the grass of footprints of multiple perpetrators. She was brutally beaten, suffering major blood loss and skull fractures; she was later revealed to have been raped. After her discovery, the police increased the intensity of their effort to identify suspects in this attack and took more teenagers into custody. The jogger was not identified for about 24 hours, and it took days for the police to retrace her movements of that night. By the time of the trial of the first three suspects in June 1990, The New York Times characterized the attack on the jogger as "one of the most widely publicized crimes of the 1980s". Assault on Trisha Meili Trisha Meili was going for a regular run in Central Park shortly before 9 p.m. While jogging in the park, she was knocked down, dragged nearly off the roadway, and violently assaulted. She was raped and beaten almost to death. About four hours later at 1:30 am, she was found naked, gagged, and tied, and covered in mud and blood, in a shallow ravine in a wooded area of the park about 300 feet north of the path called the 102nd Street Crossing. The first policeman who saw her said: "She was beaten as badly as anybody I've ever seen beaten. She looked like she was tortured." Meili was so badly injured that she was in a coma for 12 days. She suffered severe hypothermia, severe brain damage, severe hemorrhagic shock, loss of 75–80 percent of her blood, and internal bleeding. Her skull had been fractured so badly that her left eye was dislodged from its socket, which in turn was fractured in 21 places, and she also suffered facial fractures. The initial medical prognosis was that Meili would die of her injuries. She was given the last rites. Because of this, the police treated the attack as a probable homicide. Alternatively, doctors thought that she might remain in a permanent coma due to her injuries. She came out of her coma after 12 days. She was then treated for seven weeks in Metropolitan Hospital in East Harlem. When Meili first emerged from her coma, she was unable to talk, read, or walk. In early June, Meili was transferred to Gaylord Hospital, a long-term acute care center in Wallingford, Connecticut, where she spent six months in rehabilitation. She did not walk until mid-July 1989. She returned to work eight months after the attack. She largely recovered, with some lingering disabilities related to balance and loss of vision. As a result of the severe trauma, she had no memory of the attack or any events up to an hour before the assault, nor of the six weeks following the attack. During the trial of the defendants, Meili was not cross-examined due to the amnesia caused by her assault. At a time of concern about crime in general in the city, which was suffering high rates of assaults, rapes, and homicides, these attacks provoked great outrage, particularly the brutal rape of the female jogger. It took place in the public park that is "mythologized as the city's verdant, democratic refuge". New York Governor Mario Cuomo told the New York Post: "This is the ultimate shriek of alarm." Earlier violent incidents that night As identified by the Morgenthau report and The New York Times in a 2002 review of the case, several acts of violence were perpetrated that night by a group of more than 30 teenagers. These were: Michael Vigna, a competitive bike rider hassled about 9:05 p.m. by the group, one of whom tried to punch him. Antonio Diaz, a 52-year-old man walking in the park near 105th Street, was knocked to the ground by teenagers about 9:15 p.m., who stole his bag of food and bottle of beer. He was left unconscious but soon found by a policeman. Gerald Malone and Patricia Dean, riding on a tandem bike, were attacked on East Drive south of 102nd Street about 9:15 p.m. by boys who tried to stop them and grab Dean; the couple called police after reaching a call box. The remaining victims were attacked by members of the large group while jogging near the reservoir: David Lewis, banker, attacked and robbed about 9:25–9:40 Robert Garner, attacked about 9:30 p.m. David Good, attacked about 9:47 p.m. John Loughlin, the 40-year-old teacher, severely beaten and kicked about 9:40–9:50 p.m. near the reservoir and left unconscious. He was also robbed of a Walkman and other items. Three of the victims were black or Hispanic, like most of the suspects, complicating any narrative attributing the attacks solely to racial factors. Trisha Meili Patricia Ellen Meili was born on June 24, 1960 in Paramus, New Jersey, and raised in Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. She is the daughter and youngest of three children of John Meili, a Westinghouse senior manager, and his wife Jean, a school board member. She attended Upper St. Clair High School, graduating in 1978. Meili was a Phi Beta Kappa economics major at Wellesley College, where she received a B.A. in 1982. The chairman of Wellesley's economics department said: "She was brilliant, probably one of the top four or five students of the decade." In 1986, she earned an M.A. from Yale University and an M.B.A. in finance from the Yale School of Management. She worked from the summer of 1986 until the attack as an associate and then a vice president in the corporate finance department and energy group of Salomon Brothers, an investment bank. Meili lived on East 83rd Street between York and East End avenues in the Yorkville section of the Upper East Side of Manhattan. At the time of the attack, she was 28 years old. In most media accounts of the incident at that time, Meili was simply referred to as the "Central Park Jogger", but two local TV stations violated the media policy of not publicly identifying the victims of sex crimes and released her name in the days immediately following the attack. Two newspapers aimed at the African-American community—The City Sun and the Amsterdam News—and the black-owned talk radio station WLIB continued to cover the case as it progressed. Their editors said this was in response to the media having publicized the names and personal information about the five suspects, who were all minors before they were arraigned. The Open Line hosts on WRKS were credited with helping continue to cover the case until the convicted youths were cleared in 2002 of the crime. In 2003, Meili publicly revealed her identity as the jogger in her memoir “I Am the Central Park Jogger: A Story of Hope and Possibility.” Arrests and investigation Arrests of youths The police were dispatched at 9:30 pm and responded with scooters and unmarked cars. Through the night, they apprehended about 20 teenagers. They took custody of Raymond Santana, 14; and Kevin Richardson, 14; along with three other teenagers at approximately 10:15 pm on Central Park West and 102nd Street. Steven Lopez, 14, was arrested with this group within an hour of the several attacks that were first reported to police. He was also interrogated. The severely beaten Meili was not found until 1:30 a.m. on April 20. Her discovery increased the urgency of police efforts to apprehend suspects. Antron McCray, 15; Yusef Salaam, 15; and Korey Wise (then known as Kharey Wise), 16, were brought in for questioning later that day (April 20), after having been identified by other youths in the large group as participants in or present at some of the attacks on other victims. Korey Wise said he had not been involved, and accompanied Salaam because they were friends. These were the six suspects indicted for the attack on the female jogger (later identified as Meili). They took into custody 14 or more other suspects over the next few days and arrested a total of ten suspects who were ultimately tried for the attacks. Among them were four African American and two Hispanic American teenagers who were indicted on May 10 on charges of assault, robbery, riot, rape, sexual abuse, and the attempted murders of Meili and an unrelated man, John Loughlin. The police arrested additional suspects over 48 hours after the night of April 19 and interrogated numerous others. Among these was Clarence Thomas, 14, who was arrested on April 21, 1989, on charges related to the rape of the female jogger. After further investigation, he was never indicted, and all charges were dismissed against him on October 31, 1989. Also arrested in this period on charges of attacks against other persons in the park, and later indicted, was Jermaine Robinson, 15; Antonio Montalvo, 18; and Orlando Escobar, 16. The videotaped confessions started on April 21, after the detectives finished unrecorded interrogations during which the five suspects were in custody for at least seven hours. Santana, McCray, and Richardson made video statements in the presence of parents. Wise made several statements unaccompanied by any parent, guardian or counsel. Lopez was interviewed on videotape in the presence of his parents on April 21, 1989, beginning at 3:30 a.m. He named others of the group by first names in the group attacks on other persons but denied any knowledge of the female jogger. None of the six had defense attorneys during the interrogations or videotape process. When taken into custody, Salaam told the police he was 16 years old and showed them identification to that effect. If a suspect had reached 16 years of age, his parents or guardians no longer had a right to accompany him during police questioning, or to refuse to permit him to answer any questions. After Salaam's mother arrived at the station, she insisted that she wanted a lawyer for her son, and the police stopped the questioning. He neither made a videotape nor signed the earlier written statement, but the court ruled to accept it as evidence before his trial. Salaam allegedly made verbal admissions to the police. He confessed to being present at the rape only after the detective falsely told him that fingerprints had been found on the victim's clothing and if his matched, he would be charged with rape. He said years later, "I would hear them beating up Korey Wise in the next room", and "they would come and look at me and say: 'You realize you're next.' The fear made me feel really like I was not going to be able to make it out." The prosecutor planned to try the defendants in two groups and then scheduled the sixth defendant to be tried last. The latter pleaded guilty in January 1991 on lesser charges and received a reduced sentence. Prosecution of the five remaining defendants—Kevin Richardson, Antron McCray, Raymond Santana, Korey Wise, and Yusef Salaam—in the rape and assault case was based primarily on confessions which they had made after lengthy police interrogations. None of the defendants had legal counsel during questioning. Many consider the interrogation techniques to have been coercive and they have been subject to wide criticism. Within weeks, they each withdrew their confessions, pleaded not guilty, and refused plea deals on the rape and assault charges. None of the suspects' DNA matched the DNA collected from the crime scene: two semen samples that both belonged to one unidentified man. No substantive physical evidence connected any of the five teenagers to the rape scene, but each was convicted in 1990 of related assault and other charges. Subsequently, known as the Central Park Five, they received sentences ranging from 5 to 15 years. Four of the defendants appealed their convictions, but these were affirmed by appellate courts. The four juvenile defendants served 6–7 years each; the 16-year-old was tried and sentenced as an adult and served 13 years in an adult prison. The five other defendants, indicted for assaults of other victims, pleaded guilty to reduced charges and received less severe sentences. April 21 press conference and media coverage On April 21, senior police investigators held a press conference to announce having apprehended about 20 suspects in the attacks of a total of nine people in Central Park two nights before and began to offer their theory of the attack and rape of the female jogger. Her name was withheld as a victim of a sex crime. The police said up to 12 youths were believed to have attacked the jogger. The main suspects were a sub-group within the loose gang of 30 to 32 teenagers who had assaulted strangers in the park as part of an activity that the police said the teenagers referred to as "wilding". New York City senior detectives said the term was used by the suspects when describing their actions to police. The police described the attacks as "random" and "motiveless", saying they had "terrorized" people in the park. This account of the term "wilding" was soon disputed by investigative reporter Barry Michael Cooper, who said that it originated in a police detective's misunderstanding of the suspects' use of the phrase "doing the wild thing", lyrics from rapper Tone Loc's hit song "Wild Thing". There was massive media coverage of the conference, with the rape and beating of the female jogger especially recounted in dramatic, inflammatory language. Normal police procedures stipulated that the names of criminal suspects under the age of 16 were to be withheld from the media and the public. But this policy was ignored when the names of the arrested juveniles were released to the press before any of them had been formally arraigned or indicted. For example, the name of Kharey Wise (he later adopted the use of Korey as his first name) was published in an April 25, 1989 article in the Philadelphia Daily News about the attack on the female jogger. By that time, more information had been published about the primary suspects in the rape, who did not seem to satisfy typical profiles of perpetrators. Common factors had been ruled out. Reporters had found that some came from stable, financially secure families; police had ruled out drugs or major robbery, and most had no criminal records. On April 26, 1989, The New York Times published a cautionary editorial against the use of labels and questioning why such "well-adjusted youngsters" could have committed such a "savage" crime. After the major media's decisions to print the names, photos, and addresses of the juvenile suspects, they and their families received serious threats. Other residents living at the Schomburg Plaza, where four suspects lived, were also threatened. Because of this, editors of The City Sun and the Amsterdam News chose to use Meili's name in their continuing coverage of the events. Reverend Calvin O. Butts of the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, who came to support the five suspects, said to The New York Times, "The first thing you do in the United States of America when a white woman is raped is round up a bunch of black youths, and I think that's what happened here." On May 1, 1989, Donald Trump, then a real estate magnate, called for the return of the death penalty for murder in full-page advertisements published in all four of the city's major newspapers. Trump said he wanted the "criminals of every age ... to be afraid". The advertisement, which cost an estimated , said, in part, Mayor Koch has stated that hate and rancor should be removed from our hearts. I do not think so. I want to hate these muggers and murderers. They should be forced to suffer ... Yes, Mayor Koch, I want to hate these murderers and I always will. ... How can our great society tolerate the continued brutalization of its citizens by crazed misfits? Criminals must be told that their CIVIL LIBERTIES END WHEN AN ATTACK ON OUR SAFETY BEGINS! According to a contemporaneous article in the New York Amsterdam News, the ad was "widely condemned,” including by then-Mayor Koch. Colin Moore, one of the attorneys defending one of the Central Park defendants, said that the ad "proved that anything is possible in America," and that "even a fool can become a multi-millionaire." According to defendant Yusef Salaam, quoted in a February 2016 article in The Guardian, Trump "was the fire starter" in 1989, as "common citizens were being manipulated and swayed into believing that we were guilty." Salaam said his family received death threats after papers ran Trump's full-page ad urging the death penalty. Indictments May 4, 1989 Michael Briscoe, 17, was initially arrested for the rape of the female jogger, but his indictment was for riot and assault related to the attack of David Lewis, one of the four male joggers near the reservoir. In a plea deal arranged in June 1990, he pleaded guilty to assault and was immediately sentenced to a year in prison, with credit for time served. Jermaine Robinson, 15, was indicted on multiple counts of robbery and assault in the attacks on Lewis and John Loughlin, another jogger near the reservoir. In a plea deal, he pleaded guilty on October 5, 1989, to the robbery of Loughlin and was sentenced to a year in a juvenile facility. May 10, 1989 Six youths were indicted with attempted murder and other charges in the attack on and rape of the female jogger, and additional charges related to the attack of David Lewis, the attack and robbery of John Loughlin, and riot: Steve Lopez, 14, Antron McCray, 15 Kevin Richardson, 14, Yusef Salaam, 15, Raymond Santana, 14, Korey Wise, 16. Each of the youths pleaded "Not guilty." The families of Lopez, Richardson, and Salaam were able to make the $25,000 bail imposed by the court. The two other youths under 16 were returned to a juvenile facility to be held there until trial. Classified as an adult at 16, Korey Wise was separated from the others from the first and held in an adult jail at Rikers Island until trial. Four of the six youths who were indicted for the rape lived at the Schomburg Plaza, 1309 Fifth Avenue, at the northeast corner of Central Park near 110th Street; two lived further north of there. The ones at Schomburg included friends Salaam and Wise, who lived in the northwest tower, and Kevin Richardson and Steve Lopez who lived elsewhere in the complex. They had seen each other in the neighborhood. The Schomburg was a large, mixed-income complex with two 35-story towers and an associated multi-story rectangular building. Designed for families, the complex was built in 1974 and was partially subsidized by the city and federal government; it had 600 households, in apartments ranging in size from studios to five bedrooms. January 10, 1990 Orlando Escobar, 16, was indicted for three counts of robbery, two counts of assault, and one count of riot-related to the attack on John Loughlin. In a plea deal, he pleaded guilty on March 14, 1991, to attempted robbery in second degree, and was sentenced to 6 months' incarceration and 4½ years' probation. Antonio Montalvo, 18, was charged with two counts of robbery and one of assault, related to the attack on Antonio Diaz. In a plea deal, he pleaded guilty on January 29, 1991, to a robbery in second degree, and was sentenced to 1 year. Pretrial evidence Four of the five had confessed to police about other attacks in the park in other areas on the night of April 19, including the assault and robbery of John Loughlin, to which they said they were witnesses or participants. Salaam's unsigned statement also covered the range of actions and crimes. According to The New York Times, their accounts of these other attacks were accurate, unlike their confessions to the assault on the jogger. Only Wise made any statement about the different times and locations of the jogger attack, and detectives had taken him to the park to the crime scene before he made his videotaped confession. Each of the suspects had made different errors in time and place about the jogger attack in their confessions, with most placing it near the reservoir. None of the five said that he had raped the jogger, but each confessed to having been an accomplice to the rape. Each youth said that he had only helped restrain the jogger, or touched her, while one or more others had raped her. Their confessions varied as to who they identified as having participated in the rape, including naming several youths who were never questioned. In his untaped confession, Salaam claimed to have struck the jogger with a pipe at the beginning of the incident. Although four suspects (all except Salaam) confessed on videotape in the presence of a parent or guardian (who had generally not been present during the interrogations), each of the four retracted his statement within weeks. Together they claimed that they had been intimidated, lied to, and coerced by police into making false confessions. While the confessions were videotaped, the hours of interrogation that preceded the confessions were not. Numerous pretrial hearings were conducted by Judge Thomas B. Galligan of the State Supreme Court of Manhattan, who had been assigned the case. Since 1986 judges were generally assigned by lottery, but the court administrator assigned him to this case. In one of the pre-trial hearings, on February 23, 1990, Galligan ruled that he would accept the videotaped confessions and Salaam's unsigned statement as prosecution evidence at trial, despite defense counsel's objections. He said that Salaam's statement was being admitted as evidence because Salaam had lied to police about his age and showed them false identification. Analysis indicated that none of the suspects' DNA matched either of the two DNA samples collected from the crime scene (from the jogger's cervix and running sock), but results were reported as "inconclusive" by the police. Trials In 1990 the six suspects (including Steve Lopez) indicted in the attack on the female jogger and other crimes were scheduled for trial. The prosecution arranged to try the six defendants in the Meili case in two separate groups. This enabled them to control the order in which certain evidence would be introduced to the court. Lopez was scheduled to be tried in January 1991, after the two other groups of defendants in the rape and assault case. He had denied any knowledge of the rape in his videotaped confession, but was implicated by other defendants' statements. Like the five others, he was also indicted on charges related to the attack and robbery of Loughlin. First trial In the first trial, which began June 25 and ended on August 18, 1990, defendants Antron McCray, Yusef Salaam, and Raymond Santana were tried. Each of the teenagers had his own defense counsel. The jury consisted of four white Americans, four black Americans, three Hispanic Americans, and one Asian American. Meili testified at the trial, but her identity was not given to the court. None of the three defense attorneys cross-examined her. The jury deliberated for 10 days before rendering its verdict on August 18. Each of the three youths was acquitted of attempted murder, but convicted of assault and rape of the female jogger, and convicted of assault and robbery of John Loughlin, a male jogger who was badly beaten that night in Central Park. Salaam and McCray were 15 years old, and Santana 14 years old, at the time of the crime. As such, they were each sentenced by Judge Thomas B. Galligan to the maximum allowed for juveniles, 5–10 years each in a youth correctional facility. Second trial The second trial, of Kevin Richardson and Korey Wise, began October 22, 1990 and also lasted about two months, ending in December. Kevin Richardson, 14 years old at the time of the crime, had been free on $25,000 bail before the trial. Assistant District Attorney Elizabeth Lederer had a lengthy opening statement, and Wise broke down at the defense table after it, weeping and shouting that she had lied. He was removed temporarily from the courtroom. Richardson's defense counsel made a motion for a mistrial, because of the potential effect on the jury, but the judge rejected it. The trial proceeded. The defense attorneys noted that each youth had limited intellectual ability and said that neither was capable of preparing the written statements or videotaped confessions submitted by the prosecution as evidence. They contended that the confessions had been coerced from youths vulnerable to pressure because of their age and their intellectual capacity. Meili testified again at this trial; again, her name was not given in court. This time one of the defense counsels, Wise's lawyer, cross-examined her. She later said in an interview on Oprah: "I'll tell you what—I didn't feel wonderful about the boys' defense attorneys, especially the one who cross-examined me. He was right in front of my face and, in essence, calling me a slut by asking questions like 'When's the last time you had sex with your boyfriend?'" Wise's lawyer had also asked her whether she had ever been assaulted by men in her life, suggested that a man she knew may have attacked her, and implied that her injuries were not as severe as they had been presented. Richardson was the only one of the five defendants to be convicted of attempted murder of Meili, in addition to sodomy and assault of her, and robbery and riot in the attack on John Loughlin, another jogger in the park. He was sentenced to 5–10 years in a juvenile facility. Korey Wise, 16 years old at the time of the crime, was acquitted of rape and attempted murder. At trial, Melody Jackson—the sister of one of Wise's friends—testified that while incarcerated in the Rikers Island he had told her that he had restrained and fondled the jogger. Wise was convicted of lesser charges of sexual abuse, assault, and riot in the attack on the female jogger and on Loughlin. Because of his age and the violent nature of the felony charge, he was tried and sentenced as an adult, receiving 5–15 years in adult prison. After the verdict, Wise shouted at the prosecutor: "You're going to pay for this. Jesus is going to get you. You made this up." Jurors who agreed to interviews after the trials said that they were not convinced by the youths' confessions, but were impressed by the physical evidence introduced by the prosecutors: semen, grass, dirt, and two hairs described as "consistent with" the victim's hair that were recovered from Richardson's underpants. According to an FBI expert who gave evidence at the trial, all five defendants could be excluded as being the man who had left the semen samples inside Meili and on a sock. In total, 14 men were tested, including the defendants and Meili's former boyfriend, and all were excluded. The semen belonged to another, unidentified male. Years later, more advanced DNA testing also revealed that the hairs in Richardson's clothes did not match the victim. Sentencing and appeals After the guilty verdicts, the judge sentenced the defendants to the maximum for the charges and their ages. The four youths under 16 were sentenced to 5–10 years each. They had been held in a juvenile facility since their arrest. Wise at 16 was tried and sentenced as an adult because of the nature of the violent felony charges against him, under the Juvenile Offender Law of 1978. He was sentenced to 5–15 years. Four of the five youths appealed their convictions in the rape case the following year, but Santana did not appeal. Each of the convictions was upheld. The sentences each of them served is as follows: Yusef Salaam served 6 years and 8 months in juvenile detention from 1990 to 1996 and was released on parole. Raymond Santana served 6 years and 8 months in juvenile detention from 1990 to 1996 and was released on parole. In 1998, he violated his parole and was sentenced to 3½–7 years' prison on drug charges. He was released and exonerated in 2002. Kevin Richardson served 7 years in juvenile detention from 1990 to 1997 and was released on parole. Antron McCray was sentenced to 5–10 years in juvenile detention. He served 6 years from 1990 to 1996 and was released on parole. Korey Wise was sentenced to 6–15 years in prison on sexual abuse, assault and riot. He served 13 years and 8 months in multiple state prisons: Rikers' Island Prison in 1990, Attica Correctional Facility in 1991, Wende State Penitentiary in 1993 and Auburn State Correctional Facility in 2001. In this prison, Wise met Matias Reyes, who was later found to have had actually assaulted and raped Meili. Reyes confessed and Wise was released in 2002. On appeal, Salaam's attorneys charged that he had been held by police without access to parents or guardians. The majority appellate court decision upheld his conviction, noting that Salaam had initially lied to police about his age, claiming to be 16 and backing up his claim with a forged transit pass that, falsely, indicated that he was 16. This was the age at which a suspect could be questioned without a parent or guardian present. When Salaam informed police of his true age, they allowed his mother entry to the interrogation room. Biases affecting the convictions In a 2016 Guardian article, defense counsel William Warren was reported saying that he thought Trump's ads in 1989 had played a role in securing conviction by the juries, saying that "he poisoned the minds of many people who lived in New York City and who, rightfully, had a natural affinity for the victim." He noted, "Notwithstanding the jurors' assertions that they could be fair and impartial, some of them or their families, who naturally have influence, had to be affected by the inflammatory rhetoric in the ads." In 2019 Time magazine also assessed Trump's ads in 1989 as having adversely affected the case for the defendants. In a 1991 New York Review of Books article, which was the first mainstream piece arguing that the Five's convictions had been wrongful, Joan Didion suggested the verdicts stemmed from a cultural crisis, writing that "So fixed were the emotions provoked by this case that the idea that there could have been, for even one juror, even a moment's doubt in the state's case… seemed, to many in the city, bewildering, almost unthinkable: the attack on the jogger had by then passed into narrative, and the narrative was ... about what was wrong with the city and about its solution". January 1991 plea bargain for Lopez Although Assistant District Attorney Elizabeth Lederer had said she would not accept a plea deal for any of the defendants indicted in the rape case, she did come to agreement with Steve Lopez and his attorney in the court on January 30, 1991, prior to a new jury being selected for his trial. He was considered the final of the six defendants in the jogger trial. Because Lopez had not acknowledged participating at all in the rape in his statement to police, and prosecution witnesses had withdrawn from testifying, based on what they said was fear of self-recrimination or "fear of their own safety", according to Lederer, the prosecution's case was extremely weak. Although some of the five defendants who had been convicted had accused Lopez in their statements of the most severe violence against the jogger, these could not be used against him because of their convictions. After agreeing to the plea deal, Judge Galligan allowed Lopez to remain free on $25,000 bail until sentencing. He was sentenced in March 1991 to 1½ to 4½ years, after pleading guilty to the mugging of jogger John Loughlin. Because Lopez was younger than 16 at the time of the crime, he was sentenced to serve his time in a juvenile facility. Serving time The four youngest of the five convicted defendants each served between six and seven years in juvenile facilities. Richardson, Salaam, and Santana attended classes. Each earned a GED and also completed an associate degree while there. Richardson and Salaam were released in 1997. Afterward Salaam talked about how important family was. He was part of an Islamic community and served as a spiritual leader at his youth facility, but talked about how important his mother's visits had been. He was held at a juvenile facility in upstate New York about five miles from the Canadian border and hours from New York City, but she came to see him three times a week. Wise had to serve all of his time in adult prison, and encountered so much personal violence that he asked to stay in isolation for extended periods. He was held at four different prisons, having asked for transfers in the hope of improving his situation. He was released in August 2002, the last of the five men to leave prison. Through this period, each of the five continued to maintain their innocence in the rape and attack of Meili, including at hearings before parole boards. While they acknowledged "witnessing or participating in other wrongdoing" in the park, they each maintained innocence in the attack of Meili. Convictions vacated in 2002 Assailant In 2001, convicted serial rapist and murderer Matias Reyes was serving a life sentence in New York state. He had never been identified as a suspect in the Central Park attack on Meili, although he had been at large at the time. Reyes was believed to have raped another woman in the same area of the park during the day on April 17, two days before the attack on Meili. Initially the Meili case was investigated as a homicide, and the April 17 rape was investigated as a rape assault, which resulted in a lack of comparison of the DNA recovered in the two cases. The NYPD did not have a DNA database until 1994; after that, detectives and prosecutors had access to common information about DNA from evidence and taken from suspects in certain crimes. During the summer of 1989, Reyes raped four more women, killing one, and was interrupted after robbing a fifth. In 2001 Reyes met Wise when they were held at the Auburn Correctional Facility in upstate New York. That year, Reyes informed a corrections officer that he had raped Meili. In 2002, Reyes told officials that on the night of April 19, 1989, he had assaulted and raped the female jogger. He was 17 years old at the time of the assault and said that he had committed it alone. He also said that he had intended to burglarize the victim's apartment. Reyes was then working at an East Harlem convenience store on Third Avenue and 102nd Street, and living in a van on the street. District Attorney Robert Morgenthau's office was notified of the confession in 2002. Morgenthau appointed a team led by Assistant District Attorneys Nancy Ryan and Peter Casolaro to investigate the case, based on Reyes's confession and a review of evidence. Reyes provided officials with a detailed account of the attack, details of which were corroborated by other evidence which the police held. In addition, his DNA matched the DNA evidence at the scene, confirming that he was the sole source of the semen found in and on the victim "to a factor of one in 6,000,000,000 people". Reyes' DNA matched the semen found on Meili, and he provided other confirmatory evidence. In announcing these facts, Morgenthau also said that the perpetrator had tied up Meili with her T-shirt in a distinctive fashion that Reyes used again on later victims in crimes for which he was convicted. Based on interviews and other evidence, the team believed that Reyes had acted alone: The rape appeared to have taken place in the North Woods area after the main body of the thirty teenagers had moved well to the south, and the timeline reconstruction of events made it unlikely that he was joined by any of the defendants. In addition, Reyes was not known to have been associated with any of the six indicted defendants. He lived at 102nd Street, in what locals considered another neighborhood. None of the six defendants in the rape mentioned him by name in association with the rape. Reyes' confession occurred after the statute of limitations had passed and the Central Park Five had already served their sentences. Reyes claimed he came forward because "it was the right thing to do". At the time of his confession, Reyes had been convicted and sentenced to life in state prison for raping and robbing four other women in the summer of 1989, murdering one of them and robbing another. In a plea deal, he pleaded guilty to the top counts in each of the five cases on November 1, 1991. DNA analysis of the strands of hair found on the clothing of two of the defendants, conducted with advanced technology not available at the time of their trial, established that the hair did not belong to the victim, despite what the prosecution had testified to at trial. Based on the newly discovered evidence, each of the five men who had been convicted of charges related to the rape of Meili filed motions to have their convictions set aside and for the court "to grant whatever further relief may be just and proper." After an investigation into the defendants' innocence was conducted in 2002 by Robert Morgenthau, District Attorney for New York County, the city withdrew all charges against the men, and the defendants' sentences were vacated. In 2003, the five men sued the City of New York for malicious prosecution, racial discrimination, and emotional distress; they reached a $41 million settlement with the city government in 2013, and an additional $3.9 million in monetary compensation from the state in 2016. Convictions vacated In late 2002, as a result of his team's review, the confession by Reyes, and DNA testing that confirmed Reyes was the sole source of semen, District Attorney Robert Morgenthau recommended vacating the convictions of the five defendants who had been convicted and sentenced to prison. The DA's office questioned the veracity of the confessions, pointing to the many inconsistencies between them and their lack of correspondence to established facts. Nancy Ryan, an ADA in Morgenthau's office, filed an affirmation supporting motions by the defendants to vacate their convictions in December, 2002: A comparison of the statements reveals troubling discrepancies. ... The accounts given by the five defendants differed from one another on the specific details of virtually every major aspect of the crime—who initiated the attack, who knocked the victim down, who undressed her, who struck her, who held her, who raped her, what weapons were used in the course of the assault, and when in the sequence of events the attack took place. ... In many other respects the defendants' statements were not corroborated by, consistent with, or explanatory of objective, independent evidence. And some of what they said was simply contrary to established fact. In addition to the confessions, the filing noted that a "reconstruction of the events in the park has bared a significant conflict, one that was hinted at but not explored in depth at the trials: at the time the jogger was believed to have been attacked, the teenagers were said to be involved—either as spectators or participants—in muggings elsewhere in the park." Ryan continued: "Ultimately, there proved to be no physical or forensic evidence recovered at the scene or from the person or effects of the victim which connected the defendants to the attack on the jogger, or could establish how many perpetrators participated." In light of the "extraordinary circumstances" of the case, the affirmation further recommended that the court also vacate the convictions for the other crimes, including robbery and assault, to which the defendants had confessed. Given that the defendants' confessions to the other crimes were made at the same time and in the same statements as those related to the attack on Meili, the DA's office argued that, had the newly discovered evidence been available at the original trials, it could have caused juries to question the defendants' confessions in those crimes as well. The DA's recommendation to vacate the convictions was, and continues to be strongly opposed by lead detectives on the case and other members of the police department. Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly complained at the time that Morgenthau's staff had denied his detectives access to "important evidence" needed to conduct a thorough investigation. Linda Fairstein, who directed the original prosecution, agreed with the decision to vacate the rape charges but said the separate assault charges should have remained. Morgenthau would later express regret assigning the case to Fairstein, saying "I had complete confidence in Linda Fairstein. Turned out to be misplaced. But we rectified it." The five defendants' convictions were vacated by New York Supreme Court Justice Charles J. Tejada on December 19, 2002. As Morgenthau recommended, Tejada's order vacated the convictions for all the crimes of which the defendants had been convicted. All five of the defendants had completed their prison sentences at the time of Tejada's order; their names were cleared in relation to this case. This also enabled them being removed from New York State's sex offender registry. In addition to having had difficulty getting employment or renting housing, as registered offenders, they had been required to report to authorities in person every three months. The city government also withdrew all charges against the men. Meili later commented that she wished the matter would have been retried, rather than settled out of court, and that she believed her attack was not the result of a single person. Aftermath Lawyers for the five defendants repeated their assessment that Trump's advertisements in 1989 had inflamed public opinion about the case. After Reyes confessed to the crime and said he acted alone, defense counselor Michael W. Warren said, "I think Donald Trump at the very least owes a real apology to this community and to the young men and their families." Protests were held outside Trump Tower in October 2002 with protestors chanting, "Trump is a chump!" Trump did not apologize. Armstrong Report Following these events, in 2002, New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly commissioned a panel to review the case, "To determine whether the new evidence [from the Reyes affidavit and related evidence, and Morgenthau's investigation] indicated that police supervisors or officers acted improperly or incorrectly, and to determine whether police policy or procedures needed to be changed as a result of the Central Park jogger case." The panel was chaired by attorney Michael F. Armstrong, the former chief counsel to the Knapp Commission, which in 1972 had documented widespread corruption in the NYPD. Two other attorneys were included: Jules Martin, a former police officer and now New York University Vice President; and Stephen Hammerman, deputy police commissioner for legal affairs. The panel issued a 43-page report in January 2003. In its January 2003 Armstrong Report, the panel "did not dispute the legal necessity of setting aside the convictions of the five defendants based on the new DNA evidence that Mr. Reyes had raped the jogger." But it disputed acceptance of Reyes's claim that he alone had raped the jogger. It said there was "nothing but his uncorroborated word" that he acted alone. Armstrong said the panel believed "the word of a serial rapist killer is not something to be heavily relied upon." The report concluded that the five men whose convictions had been vacated had "most likely" participated in the beating and rape of the jogger and that the "most likely scenario" was that "both the defendants and Reyes assaulted her, perhaps successively." The report said Reyes had most likely "either joined in the attack as it was ending or waited until the defendants had moved on to their next victims before descending upon her himself, raping her and inflicting upon her the brutal injuries that almost caused her death." Despite the analysis conducted by the District Attorney's Office, New York City detectives supported the 2003 Armstrong Report by the police department. The panel said there had been "no misconduct in the 1989 investigation of the Central Park jogger case." As to the five defendants, the report said: We believe the inconsistencies contained in the various statements were not such as to destroy their reliability. On the other hand, there was a general consistency that ran through the defendants' descriptions of the attack on the female jogger: she was knocked down on the road, dragged into the woods, hit and molested by several defendants, sexually abused by some while others held her arms and legs, and left semiconscious in a state of undress. Lawsuits against New York City In 2003, Kevin Richardson, Raymond Santana Jr., and Antron McCray sued the City of New York for malicious prosecution, racial discrimination, and emotional distress. The other two defendants later joined the lawsuit. Under Michael Bloomberg's mayoral administration, the City refused to pursue a settlement for the lawsuits based on a conclusion that the defendants had had a fair trial. Speaking at a news conference in 2002, Bloomberg spoke of his confidence regarding the actions of the police department. ''As far as I can tell, the N.Y.P.D. did exactly what they should have done a number of years ago when the terrible incident took place...If we see any reason to think that we acted inappropriately, [Police] Commissioner Kelly will certainly take appropriate measures. But so far we believe that the N.Y.P.D. did act appropriately.'' In 2011, Celeste Koeleveld, then New York City's Executive Assistant Corporation Counsel for Public Safety, gave a public statement on behalf of the city in 2011 after receiving public criticism from Councilman Charles Barron for failing to resolve the lawsuits:"The charges against the plaintiffs and other youths were based on abundant probable cause, including confessions that withstood intense scrutiny, in full and fair pretrial hearings and at two lengthy public trials... Nothing unearthed since the trials, including Matias Reyes's connection to the attack on the jogger, changes that fact." After a change in City administration, with the election of Mayor Bill de Blasio (who had run on a campaign promise to resolve the matter), the city settled in 2014 with the five defendants for $41 million. At a press conference in 2014, de Blasio made a public statement about the settlements."An injustice was done and we have a moral obligation to respond to that injustice...I think that the way we've proceeded was [with] an understanding that that had to be rectified, in a way that made sense and a way that was mindful and careful, but I think we're on the right track...And I think the moral issue is quite clear and obviously was made clear by the court decisions in recent years."In 2016, the five men received an award of $3.9 million against the State of New York for additional damages caused by the economic and emotional devastation caused by their incarceration.The original lawsuit had requested $51 million in addition to the previously awarded $41 million. Settlements Under newly elected Mayor Bill de Blasio, New York City announced a settlement in June 2014 in the case for about $40 million. Santana, Salaam, McCray, and Richardson each received around $7.1 million from the city for their years in prison, while Wise received $12.2 million because he had served six additional years. The city did not admit to any wrongdoing in the settlement. The settlement averaged roughly $1 million for each year of imprisonment that each of the men had served. As of December 2014, the five men were pursuing an additional $52 million in damages from New York State in the New York Court of Claims, before Judge Alan Marin. Speaking of the second suit, against the state, Santana said: "When you have a person who has been exonerated of a crime, the city provides no services to transition him back to society. The only thing left is something like this—so you can receive some type of money so you can survive." They received a total settlement of $3.9 million from the state in 2016, with varying amounts related to the period of time that each man had served in prison. Trisha Meili publishes book Meili returned to work at the investment bank. In April 2003, Meili confirmed her identity to the media when she published a memoir entitled I Am the Central Park Jogger. She began a career as an inspirational speaker. She also works with victims of sexual assault and brain injury in the Mount Sinai Hospital sexual assault and violence intervention program. She had resumed jogging in 1989 three or four months after the attack, and over the years added a variety of other exercise and yoga practice. She continues to manifest some after-effects of the assault, including memory loss. Settlement and exonerations disputed In 2014, after New York City had settled the wrongful conviction suit, some figures returned to the media to dispute the court's 2002 decision to vacate the convictions. Also retired New York City detective Edward Conlon, who had been involved with the case, in an article published in October 2014 in The Daily Beast, quoted incriminatory statements allegedly made by some of the youths after they had been taken into custody by police in April 1989. Similarly, two doctors who had treated Meili after the attack said in 2014, after the settlement, that some of her injuries appeared to be inconsistent with Reyes's claim that he had acted alone. But a forensic pathologist who testified at the 1990 trial said that it was impossible to tell from the victim's injuries how many people had participated in the assault, as did New York City's chief medical examiner in 2002. Meili, who had no memory of what happened, said at the time of the settlement that she believed there had been more than one attacker and expressed her regret that the case had been settled. Donald Trump also returned to the media, writing a 2014 opinion article for the New York Daily News. He said the settlement was "a disgrace", and that the men were likely guilty: "Settling doesn't mean innocence. ... Speak to the detectives on the case and try listening to the facts. These young men do not exactly have the pasts of angels." During his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump again said that the Central Park Five were guilty and that their convictions should not have been vacated. The men of the Central Park Five criticized Trump at the time for his statement, stating they had falsely confessed under police coercion. Other critics included U.S. Senator John McCain, who said that Trump's responses were "outrageous statements about the innocent men in the Central Park Five case." He cited this as among his reasons to retract his endorsement of the candidate. In June 2019 Trump stated he would not apologize, saying the Central Park 5 "admitted their guilt." Legislative and other justice reforms Because of the great publicity surrounding the case, the exoneration of the Central Park Five highlighted the issue of false confession. The issue of false confessions has become a major topic of study and efforts at criminal justice reform, particularly for juveniles. Juveniles have been found to make false confessions and guilty pleas at a much higher rate than adults. Advances in DNA analysis and the work of non-profit groups such as the Innocence Project have resulted in 343 people being exonerated of their crimes from as of July 31, 2016 due to DNA testing. This process has revealed the strong role of false confessions in wrongful convictions. According to a 2016 study by Craig J. Trocino, director of the Miami Law Innocence Clinic, 27 percent of those persons had "originally confessed to their crimes." Members of the Five have been among activists who have advocated for videotaped interrogations and related reforms to try to prevent false confessions. Since 1989, New York and some 24 other states have passed laws requiring "electronic records of full interrogations". In some cases, this requirement is limited to certain types of crimes. Lives of the men after vacated judgment Antron McCray was the first to move away from New York. He is married, has six children, and lives and works in Georgia. Kevin Richardson is married and lives with his family in New Jersey. According to the Innocence Project, he has acted as an advocate with Santana and Salaam to reform New York State's criminal justice practices, advocating methods to prevent false confessions and eyewitness misidentifications. Among their goals was required videotaping of interrogations by law enforcement; such a law was passed by the New York State legislature and went into effect on April 1, 2018. Yusef Salaam has been an advocate for reform in the criminal justice system and prisons, particularly for juveniles. He has spoken against practices leading to false confessions and eyewitness misidentifications, which can lead to wrongful convictions. He also works as a motivational speaker. Living in Georgia, he is married with ten children. He serves as a board member of the Innocence Project. As noted, Salaam was an advocate for the law passed in New York in 2018 requiring videotaping of accused subjects in all custodial interrogations for serious crimes. In 2016, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from President Barack Obama. Raymond Santana had been out of prison for six months before he was found guilty of possessing of crack cocaine in 1998 and reincarcerated for a term of 3.5 to 7 years. He was released in 2002 when the prosecutor, agreeing that his sentence had been higher due to his subsequently vacated conviction for raping Meili, reduced it to the 18-48 months that would typically have been given to a first-time offender. He currently lives in Georgia, not far from McCray. He serves as a criminal justice advocate with the Innocence Project and spoke in New York to audiences with Richardson and Salaam to advocate passage of the New York State justice reform law that passed in 2017. He has also appeared with other involved men in presentations at local schools and colleges. In 2018 he started a clothing company, Park Madison NYC, named for the avenues near his former home in New York. Some of his merchandise commemorates the men of the Central Park Five. Korey Wise (who changed his first name from Kharey after being released from prison) still lives in New York City, where he works as a speaker and justice reform activist. He donated $190,000 of his 2014 settlement to the chapter of the Innocence Project at the University of Colorado Law School, to aid other wrongfully convicted people to gain exoneration. They renamed the project in his honor as the Korey Wise Innocence Project. Contemporaneous cases compared by the media The Central Park events, which were attributed at the time to members of the large group of youths who attacked numerous persons in the park, including whites, blacks and Hispanics, were covered as an extreme example of the violence that was occurring in the city, including assaults and robberies, rapes and homicides. Focusing on rapes in the same week as the one in Central Park, The New York Times reported on April 29, 1990, on the "28 other first-degree rapes or attempted rapes reported across New York City". The fourth one, on April 17, took place during the day in the park and is now tied to Reyes. Later after the Central Park rape, when public attention was on the theory of a gang of young suspects, a brutal attack took place in Brooklyn on May 3, 1989. A 30-year-old black woman was robbed, raped and thrown from the roof of a four-story building by three young men. She fell 50 feet, suffering severe injuries. The incident received little media coverage in May 1989, when the focus was on the Central Park case. The woman's injuries required extensive hospitalization and rehabilitation. The New York Times continued to report on the case, and followed up on prosecution of suspects. Tyrone Prescott, 17, Kelvin Furman, 22, and another young man, Darren Decotea (name corrected a few days later as Darron Decoteau), 17, were apprehended within two weeks and prosecuted for the crimes. They arranged plea deals with the prosecution in October 1990 before trial; the first two were sentenced to 6 to 18 years in prison. Decoteau had made a plea deal in February in which he agreed to testify against the other two. He was sentenced on October 10, 1990 to four to twelve years in prison. Social justice activists and critics have pointed to the lack of extensive coverage of the attack of the woman in Brooklyn as showing the media's racial bias; they have accused it of overlooking violence against minority women. Representation in other media Ken Burns, Sarah Burns and her husband David McMahon premiered their The Central Park Five, a documentary film about the case, at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2012. Documentarian Ken Burns said he hoped the material of the film would push the city to settle the men's case against it. On September 12, 2012, attorneys for New York City subpoenaed the production company for access to the original footage in connection with its defense of the 2003 federal civil lawsuit brought against the city by three of the convicted youths. Celeste Koeleveld, the city's executive assistant corporation counsel for public safety, justified the subpoena on the grounds that the film had "crossed the line from journalism to advocacy" for the wrongfully convicted men. In February 2013, U.S. Judge Ronald L. Ellis quashed the city's subpoena. On May 31, 2019, When They See Us, a four-episode miniseries, was released on Netflix. Ava DuVernay co-wrote and directed the drama. Its release and wide viewing on Netflix prompted renewed discussion of the case, the criminal justice system, and of the lives of the five men. An opera, also called The Central Park Five, premiered in Long Beach, California, performed by the Long Beach Opera Company, on June 15, 2019. The music is by composer Anthony Davis and the libretto by Richard Wesley. Davis won the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Music for this work. An earlier version, Five, had premiered in Newark, New Jersey, by the Trilogy Company. An episode of the TLC series, American Justice, featured the Central Park Five and aired in 1999, which was before the Five were officially cleared of any wrongdoing in the case. It attempts to get viewers to sympathize with the victim and portrays the Five as the actual attackers. It was not until five years after this episode aired that Reyes confessed to the crime (and was proven guilty through DNA evidence). The episode is now on YouTube but the series has not been aired on TV since the mid 2000s at least. See also List of wrongful convictions in the United States Scottsboro Boys Martinsville Seven Willie McGee (convict) References Further reading Michael F. Armstrong, et al. (January 27, 2003) "NYPD Review of the Central Park Jogger Case" , opinion article by NYPD retired detective who disagreed with the exoneration and settlement Kassin, Saul (November 1, 2002). False confessions and the jogger case. The New York Times, p. A31. Ryan, Nancy E. (December 5, 2002) "Affirmation in Response to Motion to Vacate Judgement of Conviction". Prosecution's detailed summary of the case after investigation following confession by Matias Reyes. Editorials: "11 Years is Too Long to Wait for Resolution", The Buffalo News, April 9, 2013 External links , court records including videos of confessions Case docket: In re McRay, Richardson, Santana, Wise and Salaam Litigation, December 2003 filing of lawsuit against NYC , 1 hr, 28 minutes 1980s crimes in New York City 1989 crimes in the United States 1989 in New York City 1990s controversies in the United States 1990s trials 1980s in Manhattan African-American history in New York City African-American-related controversies April 1989 crimes April 1989 events in the United States Jogger case Crimes in Manhattan Donald Trump controversies False confessions Incidents of violence against women Mass media-related controversies in the United States Media bias controversies Overturned convictions in the United States People wrongfully convicted of rape Race and crime in the United States Race-related controversies in the United States Rape in the 1980s Rape trials in the United States Rapes in the United States Robberies in the United States Trials in the United States History of women in New York City Women in New York City	[ -0.11594794690608978, -0.5375654697418213, -0.252077579498291, -0.004149260930716991, 0.18389667570590973, 0.1387905776500702, 0.056909047067165375, 0.213962584733963, -0.10538531094789505, 0.05945487692952156, 0.25089263916015625, 0.16825400292873383, -0.37202316522598267, 0.3841572701931, -0.5370911359786987, -0.20535063743591309, 0.472451388835907, -0.13506591320037842, -0.00986827164888382, -0.7495622634887695, -0.13207149505615234, -0.5111217498779297, 0.19297929108142853, -0.058030761778354645, 0.04997434839606285, -0.0873422920703888, -0.042341478168964386, 0.15328091382980347, 0.11564252525568008, 0.5483401417732239, 0.607387900352478, 0.5065496563911438, 0.8596841096878052, -0.3475813567638397, -0.3631291091442108, -0.3115413784980774, -0.48721471428871155, -0.5244795680046082, -0.34865742921829224, -0.4240679144859314, -0.229625403881073, -0.06212123483419418, -0.28332528471946716, 0.49353885650634766, 0.9276203513145447, 0.7410868406295776, -1.1801373958587646, -0.1702650636434555, -0.2635757029056549, -0.017336739227175713, -0.29236334562301636, 0.33396026492118835, 0.3096630573272705, 0.8146085739135742, 0.20664696395397186, 0.28045642375946045, -0.6473662853240967, -0.7459440231323242, 0.5663396120071411, -0.9567739963531494, 0.08390271663665771, -0.21811005473136902, 0.8932985067367554, -0.549171507358551, -0.2915332019329071, 0.4043177664279938, 0.40973228216171265, 1.2821907997131348, 0.09031952172517776, -0.44485875964164734, 0.4360130727291107, 0.23184221982955933, -0.04860285669565201, 0.36088669300079346, -0.16207677125930786, 0.15086346864700317, 0.4497168958187103, -0.7987154722213745, -0.35011765360832214, -0.17914755642414093, -0.43932560086250305, 0.08081163465976715, 0.5071731805801392, -0.0029885191470384598, 0.14409339427947998, -0.37368735671043396, -0.760398805141449, -0.030230607837438583, -0.010839955881237984, 1.023028016090393, -0.6930888295173645, 0.49191156029701233, 0.5062736868858337, 0.402239590883255, -0.30474892258644104, 0.5745790600776672, 0.4100605249404907, 0.3064988851547241, 0.256735235452652, -0.15229129791259766, 0.0521097369492054, 0.3941342532634735, -0.09497682005167007, 0.5089114308357239, -0.22135940194129944, -0.3974999785423279, 0.3462844789028168, -0.3572630286216736, 0.8279337882995605, -0.47814565896987915, 0.02864760346710682, 0.20740243792533875, 0.04472356289625168, -0.056317757815122604, -0.21793459355831146, 0.80097895860672, 0.32224610447883606, -0.4637880027294159, -0.3990733027458191, -0.35863280296325684, -0.31096261739730835, -0.39113369584083557, -0.3292846381664276, 0.2892582416534424, -0.2647339403629303, -0.121188685297966, 0.3071056604385376, -0.00834584515541792, -0.26366546750068665, -0.10500185191631317, -0.37712857127189636, 0.6981388330459595, 0.1962140053510666, -0.42516350746154785, -0.005099852103739977, -0.41951093077659607, 0.3431786894798279, 0.3332465887069702, 0.12706869840621948, -0.04000138118863106, -0.14256560802459717, -0.1255396157503128, -0.22372394800186157, -0.22399654984474182, 0.4795283377170563, -0.3341323733329773, 0.46197521686553955, -0.004305863752961159, -0.09941958636045456, -0.10353200137615204, 0.29148244857788086, -0.1702396720647812, -0.43324896693229675, -0.47956421971321106, 0.04118965566158295, 0.36321794986724854, -0.04752066358923912, -0.143720343708992, -0.22212004661560059, 0.423532634973526, 0.204927459359169, 0.1223653256893158, -0.5046054720878601, 0.041087280958890915, -0.13932739198207855, -0.14657095074653625, -0.14107829332351685, -0.5998708605766296, -0.20578241348266602, 0.04938996210694313, -0.3500142991542816, 0.07340341061353683, 0.19673581421375275, -0.4757342040538788, 0.005730887874960899, 0.5152768492698669, -0.1410956233739853, -0.5316183567047119, -0.0140852564945817, 0.4901682436466217, -0.32012954354286194, 0.19208694994449615, 0.019477974623441696, 0.3174065351486206, 0.13957804441452026, -0.17500151693820953, 0.18665488064289093, -0.03044629655778408, -0.3772130310535431, 0.22334203124046326, -0.1714724749326706, -0.45778152346611023, 0.5876302719116211, 0.2246849685907364, 1.3423999547958374, -0.05675693601369858, -0.31117746233940125, 0.3807689845561981, -0.051494237035512924, 0.1642734855413437, -0.5341185331344604, -0.07155069708824158, 0.9613879919052124, -0.0346524678170681, -0.5430288910865784, -0.3251180350780487, -0.18274356424808502, -0.3042161166667938, 0.1735403686761856, 0.7339866161346436, -0.09460940957069397, -0.39727023243904114, 0.2604869306087494, 0.22049467265605927, 0.17736268043518066, 0.3156798779964447, -0.22254924476146698, 0.6736913919448853, 0.2627604007720947, -0.6861370801925659, 0.2265501171350479, 0.34945160150527954, 0.11572080105543137, -0.05404912307858467, -0.1315373331308365, 0.7627721428871155, -0.3129480183124542, 0.5238394737243652, 0.31383052468299866, -0.6568712592124939, 0.19624565541744232, 1.0393431186676025, -0.22696268558502197, -0.1902705579996109, -0.11139567196369171, 0.04614175111055374, 0.17677724361419678, -0.6220393776893616, -0.09477085620164871, -0.4507330656051636, 0.4299461245536804, 0.30558615922927856, -0.49677738547325134, 0.7002676725387573, -0.1252700835466385, -0.27421408891677856, -0.203301802277565, 0.6124511957168579, -0.3364901840686798, -0.13096018135547638, -0.11300427466630936, 0.7776561379432678, 0.08217724412679672, -0.25283288955688477, 0.37598878145217896, 0.3436259627342224, 0.5475229620933533, -0.4028203785419464, 0.49207794666290283, -0.27301138639450073, 0.7032208442687988, 0.2866508960723877, -0.08379673212766647, 0.2926335334777832, -0.21510517597198486, 0.04809559881687164, -0.1631595343351364, 0.25662484765052795, -0.18380106985569, 0.16068056225776672, 0.35317936539649963, -0.2078096717596054, -0.5224441289901733, 0.14934684336185455, -0.09494652599096298, 0.12136669456958771, -0.6792765259742737, 0.23674394190311432, -0.14275960624217987, 0.02166721224784851, -0.46976718306541443, 0.23629599809646606, 0.5837012529373169, -0.889452338218689, 0.6078402996063232, -0.04322707653045654, -0.07680990546941757, -0.09266462922096252, -0.9844534993171692, -0.16772344708442688, -0.19040708243846893, -0.1665469855070114, 0.22111111879348755, 0.15756118297576904, -0.32273128628730774, 0.2679827809333801, -0.34918686747550964, 0.5276191830635071, 0.5454050302505493, 0.549594521522522, -0.09607580304145813, 0.3830774426460266, -0.5373144745826721, -0.34843483567237854, 0.04804036393761635, -0.3177492618560791, -0.4338890612125397, 0.11664488911628723, -5.624897480010986, 0.8522205352783203, -0.6557353734970093, -0.047794271260499954, -0.7496392726898193, 0.16513775289058685, 0.49845123291015625, -0.2220625877380371, -0.23448792099952698, -0.24654527008533478, -0.22320352494716644, -0.6440624594688416, -0.00037375057581812143, -0.1287958025932312, 0.22122369706630707, -0.48788943886756897, 0.1602039784193039, -0.7072663307189941, 0.03263779357075691, -0.0012202397920191288, -0.1478642225265503, -0.49199753999710083, -0.6036288142204285, -0.08398009091615677, -0.22627218067646027, 0.3220635950565338, -0.33436742424964905, -0.32911914587020874, -0.3561721444129944, -0.1485425978899002, 0.5391976833343506, -0.09456116706132889, -0.46931755542755127, 0.007843943312764168, -0.23105083405971527, 0.3366296589374542, 0.5856916308403015, -0.8102367520332336, -0.37305712699890137, -0.483183890581131, -0.14240914583206177, -0.19140206277370453, -0.17628979682922363, 0.10354514420032501, 1.0511890649795532, 0.6167674660682678, -0.4168567657470703, -0.2550525665283203, -0.8209545612335205, 0.2308577299118042, 0.6570694446563721, 0.04209745675325394, 0.1924523264169693, 0.548326849937439, 0.2620982825756073, -0.1040738895535469, -0.47382852435112, -0.5845399498939514, 0.120286725461483, -0.4129754900932312, 0.5591170191764832, -0.4120464622974396, 0.82783043384552, -0.7246432304382324, -0.16250167787075043, -0.4251914918422699, 0.23930850625038147, -0.10385531187057495, 0.24882765114307404, 0.30901363492012024, 0.3708125054836273, 0.9908051490783691, -0.03065895102918148, -1.1334284543991089, 0.3111667335033417, 0.11312859505414963, -0.31881627440452576, -0.25102561712265015, 0.28703242540359497, -0.054460156708955765, -0.016168834641575813, -0.0311244148761034, -0.3347536325454712, 0.12295510619878769, 0.2243632823228836, -0.8346053957939148, 0.008763061836361885, 0.30262845754623413, -0.16046537458896637, -0.17849278450012207, 0.47393471002578735, 0.2538797855377197, -0.13305895030498505, 0.3947741389274597, -0.22069399058818817, 0.42744123935699463, -0.25470778346061707, 0.7886979579925537, -0.09724429994821548, 0.36876657605171204, 0.31149962544441223, -0.16039814054965973, -0.1085059642791748, -0.3261868357658386, -0.09873341768980026, -0.4116019904613495, 0.03299086540937424, -0.04039495810866356, 0.14650101959705353, 0.12774986028671265, 0.29436126351356506, -0.5372763872146606, -0.17198841273784637, -0.6227425336837769, 0.45706817507743835, -0.42422908544540405, 0.3731740415096283, 0.43535488843917847, 0.6141594648361206, -0.06479694694280624, 0.3144416809082031, 0.3752174973487854, -0.36039039492607117, 0.18273630738258362, -0.1318601667881012, -0.15076027810573578, -0.1806727647781372, -0.2311970740556717, -0.3617343008518219, 0.4906359314918518, 0.044960085302591324, 0.9166664481163025, -0.16058675944805145, 0.27394792437553406, -0.016099700704216957, -0.07138766348361969, -0.478929340839386, -1.089190125465393, -0.29353854060173035, 0.7580661177635193, 0.18528862297534943, 0.20185711979866028, -0.13055454194545746, -0.2488277703523636, 0.13446751236915588, 0.22171716392040253, -0.2067892700433731, -0.6955227255821228, -0.7056318521499634, 0.7350976467132568, -0.2472093254327774, -0.4775562286376953, 0.3330213129520416, 0.24836914241313934, -0.19389860332012177, -0.022745201364159584, 0.3718760907649994, 0.4405507743358612, -0.7559577822685242, 0.6527297496795654, 0.05379348620772362, -0.5445705652236938, -0.5679254531860352, -0.05955716222524643, -0.36736562848091125, -0.2686257064342499, -0.4819265305995941, -0.653969943523407, -0.21759089827537537, 0.5837486982345581, -0.12853793799877167, -0.6015761494636536, -0.5730599164962769, 0.4880785346031189, 0.5228607058525085, 0.3772805631160736, -0.18975277245044708, 0.04640861600637436, -0.014470984227955341, -0.34791114926338196, 0.14270620048046112, 0.012132547795772552, -0.45687323808670044, 0.8129560947418213, 1.1465997695922852, -0.3334290087223053, -0.5416983366012573, -0.08566000312566757, -0.1611991971731186, 0.23229074478149414, 0.43776482343673706, -0.3346015512943268, 0.12420512735843658, 0.40629440546035767, -0.6216532588005066, -0.5546767711639404, 0.16938209533691406, 0.33601605892181396, -0.3922629952430725, 0.1606937199831009, -0.553571879863739, 0.36754730343818665, -0.2753257751464844, 0.1521456241607666, 0.11679050326347351, -0.7576128244400024, 0.10862254351377487, 0.019293662160634995, -0.42364493012428284, 0.35985222458839417, -0.054611314088106155, -0.09339327365159988, 0.12792707979679108, 0.034269899129867554, -0.07094595581293106, -0.09004927426576614, -0.04800194129347801, -0.6843252182006836, -0.49827420711517334, -0.017453547567129135, -0.11303448677062988, 0.4941955506801605, -0.7971527576446533, -0.3393717110157013, -0.6181552410125732, 0.6155439615249634, -0.21554340422153473, -0.18293753266334534, 0.3448654115200043, 0.3066593408584595, -0.46007412672042847, -0.02277267351746559, 0.0576123483479023, 0.27212202548980713, 0.010085600428283215, -0.2593851685523987, 0.5303577780723572, 0.004400425590574741, -0.07722404599189758, 0.755454421043396, 0.6882535219192505, 0.3702112138271332, 0.21112248301506042, -0.5631221532821655, 0.3048016130924225, -0.06518532335758209, 0.17565196752548218, 0.06898792088031769, -0.06483789533376694, 0.6666329503059387, 0.20617184042930603, -0.458428293466568, -0.02155628427863121, -0.6488061547279358, 0.6795029044151306, -0.2417502999305725, -0.22105011343955994, -0.7778001427650452, 0.38005271553993225, 0.010245097801089287, -0.04723617807030678, 0.25073572993278503, -0.29756468534469604, 0.1304730474948883, -0.1472911387681961, 0.33187517523765564, 0.08191331475973129, -0.6889724135398865, 0.024383557960391045, -0.30098798871040344, 0.6089587211608887, -0.3363443911075592, 0.09736528992652893, 0.194264754652977, -0.6894350051879883, 0.2554304897785187, -0.144530788064003, -0.4199943244457245, 0.15881331264972687, -0.7353972792625427, -0.26394614577293396, -0.09228256344795227, -0.8023552894592285, -0.08956650644540787, 0.34709709882736206, 0.08634497970342636, 0.06658990681171417, 0.012771638110280037, -0.594488799571991, -0.14670225977897644, -0.16660481691360474, 0.6407772302627563, 0.4142632484436035, -0.18549831211566925, 0.006269630044698715, 0.559194028377533, 0.520274817943573, 0.7183113098144531, -0.2735889256000519, -0.1360936015844345, -0.8151471018791199, 0.4882841408252716, 0.1615416556596756, -0.7765595316886902, 0.32867923378944397, 0.08725717663764954, 0.07176746428012848, -0.6437711715698242, 0.0762721374630928, -0.12145208567380905, 0.6197683215141296, -0.08271647989749908, 0.014288975857198238, 0.6551711559295654, -1.2347546815872192, 0.21815979480743408, 0.16604562103748322, 0.11994489282369614, 0.009561684913933277, -0.0016148341819643974, -0.01304064504802227, 0.8920856714248657, 1.0680906772613525, 0.08443905413150787, 0.6005598306655884, 0.26404112577438354, 0.2675860524177551, 0.40898337960243225, 0.11479813605546951, 0.2956182658672333, 0.1730053722858429, -0.8037863373756409, -0.7117304801940918, 0.1786334216594696, 0.31305238604545593, -0.15913204848766327, -0.17255403101444244, -0.7901483178138733, -0.48858359456062317, 0.217445969581604, 0.7078842520713806, 0.5435260534286499, 0.02238180860877037, 0.20801915228366852, 0.08814108371734619, 0.3699394166469574, 0.5516805052757263, 0.03159915655851364, 0.5811176896095276, 0.49805986881256104, 0.06205035373568535, -0.19001536071300507, 0.02800694666802883, -0.5504079461097717, 0.6745847463607788, -0.08135569095611572, -0.11301873624324799, 0.2372039407491684, -0.4773125946521759, 0.20099280774593353, -0.2568245530128479, -0.0705462396144867, 0.7118284106254578, -0.5979952216148376, -0.01770431362092495, -0.08265528082847595, -0.5741710662841797, 0.19045884907245636, -0.09447488188743591, 0.4827868938446045, 0.13809125125408173, 0.2766551673412323, -0.5590038895606995, -0.18555320799350739, 0.06279147416353226, -0.01053706742823124, 0.7346481680870056, 0.08397117257118225, 0.17938193678855896, 0.2759123146533966, -0.27504920959472656, -0.18034830689430237, -0.3023878335952759, -0.22073765099048615, -0.08883624523878098, -0.09826284646987915, -0.046295687556266785, 0.7041853070259094, -0.13022786378860474, -0.9348732233047485, 0.6629834771156311, -0.37448740005493164, 0.4382582902908325, 0.1180061474442482, 0.36269548535346985, 0.07174613326787949, -0.2692391574382782, 0.733598530292511, 0.3030279874801636, 0.43701431155204773, -0.05121906101703644, -0.019667109474539757, -0.4444315433502197, 0.049783919006586075, -0.9435555338859558, 0.8856937289237976, -0.233114555478096, -0.7851942777633667, 0.1745445430278778, 0.8621997833251953, -0.49564701318740845, 0.004452011082321405, -0.036924999207258224, 0.31827110052108765, -0.29757049679756165, 0.48642534017562866, 0.9210348725318909, -0.06541857868432999, -0.8922408819198608, -0.36603426933288574, -0.35583895444869995, 0.08852673321962357, -0.0314737893640995, 0.47526660561561584, -0.3563721179962158, -0.028582695871591568, 0.25898873805999756, -0.420338898897171, 0.344195693731308, 0.6551761031150818, 0.040693070739507675, -0.14288771152496338, -0.061650849878787994, -0.003694382030516863, 0.09358549118041992, -0.3712083399295807, 0.6510354280471802, 0.3787495791912079, 0.28431370854377747, -0.13241367042064667, 0.46448877453804016, -0.7738835215568542, -0.18953509628772736, -0.28153085708618164, 0.14854136109352112, 0.15274323523044586, 0.03756009042263031, -0.14520332217216492, 0.07302560657262802, -0.1798202395439148, 0.059285178780555725, -0.1468610018491745, -0.14263147115707397, -0.11831739544868469, -0.08300182968378067, -0.42126673460006714, -0.234281986951828, -0.810392439365387, -0.040725868195295334, -0.1139468401670456 ]
210679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-guided%20missile	Wire-guided missile	A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behind it (command guidance). This guidance system is most commonly used in anti-tank missiles, where its ability to be used in areas of limited line-of-sight make it useful, while the range limit imposed by the length of the wire is not a serious concern. The longest range wire-guided missiles in current use are limited to about . History Electrical wire guidance dates back to the early 20th century with an early example being the Lay Torpedo. A prototype ground-based electrical wire-guided torpedo was built by the Germans during World War II. The pair of deployed German guided air-delivered ordnance designs, the Fritz X and Henschel Hs 293, both used the Kehl-Straßburg radio guidance system for control. However, the British proved to be able to develop countermeasures to interfere with the Germans' use of the Kehl-Straßburg ordnance guidance system, rushed projects were started in 1944 in order to develop alternatives. The first system to be modified in this fashion was the Henschel Hs 293B anti-ship missile. Other examples included the X-4 air-to-air missile, and the X-7 anti-tank version of the X-4. The X-7 influenced other military thinkers after the war. By the early 1950s a number of experimental systems had been developed (for example, Malkara missile), leading to their widespread deployment in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Large numbers of Israeli tanks were destroyed using wire-guided AT-3 Sagger missiles during the Yom Kippur War of 1973. Wire guidance has remained the main system for most smaller weapons although newer systems such as laser beam riding have come into use in anti-aircraft and some anti-tank use roles (such as the US Hellfire missile and the Russian 9M133 Kornet). Some torpedoes can be wire-guided, such as the U.S. Mk 48 Advanced Capability (ADCAP) torpedo, Russian UGST torpedo, or the Swedish Torped 613, which is guided by an insulated wire. Timeline This is a timeline of notable early wire-guided missiles. 1945 X-4 missile in production in Germany. 1955 SS.10 enters service with the French army. 1956 Vickers Vigilant enters service with the British army and SS.11 with the French army. 1957 ENTAC enters service with the French army and Cobra (missile) with the West German army. 1958 Malkara missile an Australian missile enters service with the British. 1960 AT-1 Snapper / 3M6 Shmel enters service in the Soviet Union. 1960 Swingfire 1963 AT-3 Sagger / 9M14 Malyutka enters service in the Soviet Union. 1970 BGM-71 TOW enters service with the US Army. 1972 MILAN is accepted for service with the French Army. See also Guided missile Missile guidance Semi automatic command line of sight Manual command line of sight References Missile guidance Missile operation Missile types	[ 0.32970961928367615, 0.12215494364500046, -0.12056689709424973, 0.4626332223415375, 0.08998898416757584, -0.2129344493150711, 0.09864391386508942, -0.28581365942955017, -0.006909333635121584, 0.08272099494934082, -0.8003090620040894, 0.8606401085853577, -0.24854618310928345, -0.04949367418885231, -0.39610555768013, 0.021578004583716393, 0.48826754093170166, -0.03839211165904999, 0.20752504467964172, -0.05168183147907257, -0.2946911156177521, 0.05521576851606369, 0.24985167384147644, -0.3674043118953705, 0.05522589758038521, 0.2875469923019409, 0.388244092464447, 0.002079502446576953, 0.19083906710147858, 0.17374378442764282, 0.3567080795764923, 0.027198312804102898, -0.4072198271751404, -0.21961478888988495, 0.15577726066112518, 0.3969564437866211, -0.1325412541627884, 0.24915534257888794, -0.492425799369812, -0.9406949281692505, -0.1778477430343628, 0.1933099776506424, -0.17400740087032318, 0.7388429641723633, -0.17782704532146454, -0.45411837100982666, -0.9543183445930481, 0.6215344071388245, 0.09856140613555908, -0.05348965525627136, -0.4420017600059509, 0.008680107071995735, 0.129923477768898, 0.3743896782398224, 0.5991982817649841, 0.5088361501693726, -0.50054532289505, -0.43855687975883484, 0.07857310771942139, -0.09730600565671921, -0.14466343820095062, -0.0036986253689974546, -0.021433237940073013, 0.4357527196407318, 0.2090172916650772, 0.08747202157974243, -0.1337026208639145, 0.0929315835237503, -0.35311228036880493, -0.46338218450546265, -0.031716421246528625, -0.5791923403739929, -0.05545014515519142, 0.42659991979599, -0.49813443422317505, -0.26325422525405884, 0.20558275282382965, -0.31642234325408936, -0.16977375745773315, 0.2605805993080139, 0.16501423716545105, 0.49045926332473755, 0.2529609799385071, -0.22012975811958313, 0.12339314073324203, -0.06833887845277786, -0.4595757722854614, 0.6951826810836792, -0.8009012937545776, 0.46038728952407837, -0.020621566101908684, 0.015222388319671154, 0.3662618100643158, 0.5816988348960876, 0.16869397461414337, -0.15126681327819824, -0.07286015897989273, 0.5897209644317627, 0.3768477439880371, 0.21230655908584595, 0.5133634209632874, 0.273476243019104, 0.6175652146339417, -0.7632348537445068, -0.4867624342441559, -0.18341442942619324, -0.30932024121284485, -0.7444702982902527, -0.6014396548271179, 0.3883133828639984, -0.6489701271057129, -0.11116627603769302, -0.08475181460380554, -0.15921765565872192, -0.6909448504447937, 0.5064593553543091, 0.02188839577138424, 0.3993317782878876, 0.1615152806043625, -0.024865224957466125, 0.6167145371437073, 0.9958485960960388, -0.4016532003879547, -0.0140041159465909, 0.2959400713443756, 0.6858044862747192, 0.7672069072723389, 1.0346418619155884, -0.6594350934028625, -0.04163970798254013, 0.05181801691651344, 1.2184317111968994, -0.5058807134628296, 0.5253689289093018, -0.4084055423736572, -0.20211349427700043, 0.7077041268348694, -0.027496812865138054, 0.4939906895160675, 0.43016287684440613, -0.9605728983879089, -0.27923065423965454, -0.05930167809128761, -0.49182450771331787, 0.19933170080184937, -0.023921359330415726, 0.16752323508262634, -0.6373977661132812, -0.5254312753677368, 0.12038401514291763, -0.262366384267807, -0.1597985476255417, -0.2968180477619171, 0.08569861203432083, -0.7968707084655762, -0.24060595035552979, 0.08937026560306549, 0.3642227351665497, -0.1873241811990738, 0.09008302539587021, 0.38792914152145386, -0.00607447000220418, -0.38982877135276794, 0.4196299612522125, -0.01757287234067917, -0.2619776725769043, 0.3474659323692322, 0.049836549907922745, 0.6548348665237427, 0.09080565720796585, -0.2911972999572754, 0.2878703773021698, 0.10060259699821472, 0.16777560114860535, 0.035643238574266434, -0.09738652408123016, 0.19945013523101807, 0.062025148421525955, 0.6405248641967773, -0.15869449079036713, -0.5567680597305298, 0.04932868480682373, 0.2952287793159485, -0.44583556056022644, 0.040118735283613205, 0.0966433584690094, 0.29352036118507385, -0.2282397449016571, -0.375561386346817, 0.0058469995856285095, -0.47696658968925476, -0.19222573935985565, 0.04030919075012207, -0.6721641421318054, 1.2435184717178345, -0.37249669432640076, -0.372289776802063, 0.7641029953956604, -0.12572774291038513, 0.6564996838569641, 0.2532501518726349, -0.07267557829618454, 0.38694819808006287, -0.25947222113609314, -0.6107886433601379, 0.01983637362718582, 0.5078161954879761, 0.016547681763768196, 0.41966789960861206, -0.21100790798664093, 0.48091164231300354, -0.4620525538921356, -0.17592540383338928, -0.47348788380622864, -0.08303001523017883, 0.38296619057655334, -0.6626219749450684, 0.8184574246406555, 0.12453039735555649, -0.19968260824680328, 0.6472382545471191, -0.19055309891700745, -0.5359177589416504, 0.42041251063346863, -0.2988945543766022, 0.8180685639381409, -0.06408397108316422, 0.12046990543603897, 0.26967886090278625, -0.3118094801902771, -0.14319445192813873, -0.3709595799446106, 0.2329127937555313, -0.15323995053768158, -0.31265464425086975, -0.05618801340460777, -0.12594856321811676, -0.5133521556854248, 0.13620662689208984, -0.08690112829208374, 0.2472827136516571, 0.43800613284111023, -0.5003523230552673, 0.2895483076572418, -0.036379650235176086, -0.0725296214222908, 0.287782222032547, -0.14552868902683258, 0.01655276119709015, -0.07093363255262375, -0.07025603204965591, 0.21513208746910095, 0.6820191740989685, -0.569397509098053, -0.43173450231552124, 0.05612090229988098, -0.5349811911582947, 0.25249630212783813, -0.07635191082954407, 0.2062755823135376, -0.3029700219631195, 0.37488237023353577, 0.11679951101541519, 0.1710876226425171, -0.47231632471084595, -0.5628781318664551, -0.23379996418952942, -0.06786110997200012, 0.5535168051719666, 0.8712560534477234, 0.6803160309791565, -0.0983341708779335, -0.25355613231658936, -0.16971372067928314, -0.19379441440105438, -0.688883364200592, 0.3247394561767578, 0.6137017607688904, -0.16063964366912842, -0.39993762969970703, 0.2263670265674591, 0.6119522452354431, 0.7107554078102112, -0.12177082896232605, -0.279816597700119, -0.28587743639945984, 0.17886261641979218, -0.18555495142936707, -0.44580113887786865, -0.2746034264564514, -0.6570519208908081, 0.10304122418165207, -0.5311272144317627, 0.286600261926651, -0.11929066479206085, 0.638718843460083, -0.1558414101600647, -0.4339860677719116, 0.6727989912033081, -0.42981618642807007, -0.3986979126930237, 0.3652791380882263, -0.6091554164886475, 0.23484542965888977, -0.12713675200939178, -0.0963936597108841, -0.19496974349021912, 0.39800143241882324, -5.723901271820068, -0.03945931792259216, -0.21738266944885254, -0.8635068535804749, 0.5216083526611328, 0.3325255513191223, 0.4471176862716675, -0.37521082162857056, -0.2447003573179245, -0.04136146232485771, -0.04272564500570297, 0.5135456323623657, 0.33079618215560913, -0.012258492410182953, 0.991038978099823, -0.26245391368865967, 0.19043157994747162, -0.4456658661365509, 0.7620548009872437, -0.12471384555101395, 0.508883535861969, 0.12195204198360443, 0.03874862566590309, 0.4510194957256317, -0.2963918149471283, 0.1544218361377716, -0.20128290355205536, -0.2357921302318573, -0.0756777673959732, -0.10869670659303665, 0.03960557281970978, -0.2664240896701813, -0.303998738527298, 0.07602736353874207, -0.059079837054014206, -0.23981712758541107, 0.7826141119003296, 0.10663125663995743, -0.018952831625938416, -0.11435859650373459, 0.14953912794589996, 0.5338612198829651, 0.3985089361667633, 0.2931578457355499, 0.6068519353866577, -0.6948866844177246, -0.024409644305706024, -0.11635274440050125, 0.12901592254638672, 0.639651894569397, 0.031415995210409164, 0.1367228627204895, 0.8251599073410034, -0.02962365373969078, 0.03746306151151657, -0.38862502574920654, 0.3033333420753479, -0.3331429660320282, -0.532948911190033, 0.4565199315547943, -0.06051727011799812, 0.005237096454948187, -0.3345765471458435, -1.0272903442382812, 0.07612443715333939, 0.23495684564113617, -0.49027207493782043, -0.7617275714874268, 0.30610641837120056, 0.4313276410102844, -0.5705651640892029, 0.3716162145137787, -0.11523086577653885, -0.47227758169174194, 0.9188193082809448, -0.3738948404788971, 0.19857239723205566, -0.45033082365989685, 0.23367443680763245, 0.03535880148410797, -0.053856391459703445, -0.2560309171676636, -0.18763525784015656, 0.14165663719177246, 0.055301275104284286, -0.4462670683860779, -0.2244454324245453, -0.2907519042491913, 0.07621970772743225, -0.36431774497032166, 1.539399266242981, 0.04650120809674263, 0.5644845366477966, 0.2211882472038269, 0.12059372663497925, -0.05161963030695915, -0.19900871813297272, 0.12340353429317474, 1.0834554433822632, -0.47627270221710205, 0.11076587438583374, 0.11100592464208603, 0.44266214966773987, -0.593001663684845, -0.3498341143131256, -0.6055565476417542, 0.03861590847373009, 0.11409889906644821, 0.752822756767273, -0.07156180590391159, 0.09467673301696777, 0.16995379328727722, -0.5015624761581421, -0.36044350266456604, -0.13123130798339844, -0.22672252357006073, -0.4910746216773987, 0.2803800702095032, 0.2633797824382782, -0.351534366607666, -0.14676423370838165, -0.006220936309546232, -0.12938863039016724, -0.2736237049102783, -0.14132018387317657, -0.9451737999916077, -0.3043360710144043, -0.009197408333420753, 0.05661344528198242, -0.3149060308933258, 0.5751093029975891, 0.9934563636779785, 0.09770651161670685, 0.01754390448331833, -0.08523690700531006, -0.4967601001262665, -0.3926493227481842, 0.03550982102751732, -0.05098361521959305, -0.23221515119075775, -0.17549821734428406, -0.18165892362594604, -0.3510066270828247, 0.20041610300540924, 0.7198085784912109, 0.10563766956329346, -0.3297921419143677, 0.4690713584423065, 0.14761383831501007, 0.40322133898735046, -0.22348405420780182, 0.07788165658712387, 0.24457642436027527, -0.44835829734802246, 0.022409843280911446, 0.2334020882844925, 0.3867643475532532, -0.020158663392066956, 0.052982136607170105, -0.37537896633148193, 0.1400948017835617, 0.15621641278266907, -0.7254982590675354, 0.3212219774723053, 0.1198410913348198, 0.30579668283462524, -0.8062210083007812, -0.34633302688598633, 0.506342887878418, 0.47470030188560486, -0.15736107528209686, -0.7165197730064392, -0.5232415795326233, -0.17458152770996094, 0.2316024899482727, 0.1646357625722885, -0.14748448133468628, 0.17996592819690704, -0.44179022312164307, -0.4616071283817291, 0.13514003157615662, -0.36128243803977966, -0.15261299908161163, 0.7550904750823975, 0.26339635252952576, -0.6178594827651978, -0.6884241700172424, 0.008455490693449974, -0.4102329909801483, -0.34530702233314514, 0.3265717625617981, 0.29604852199554443, 0.3243626356124878, -0.10707167536020279, -0.16152755916118622, -0.09540218114852905, 0.006496768910437822, 0.7093952298164368, -0.19541245698928833, -0.677220344543457, 0.029673829674720764, 0.4889599084854126, -0.6282274723052979, 0.46278655529022217, -0.23335960507392883, -0.37008190155029297, 0.32125192880630493, 0.32833734154701233, 0.4219188690185547, 0.0622377023100853, -0.32372960448265076, -1.0014399290084839, 0.19645577669143677, 0.5921998023986816, -0.43351319432258606, -0.11868460476398468, -0.12716832756996155, -0.12377947568893433, -0.07417228817939758, 0.05451217666268349, -0.044971078634262085, 0.12966835498809814, -0.3320322334766388, 0.17519989609718323, -0.4548906981945038, 0.5768675208091736, -0.019748033955693245, -0.62860506772995, 0.4689755141735077, -0.07873499393463135, -0.3703096807003021, 0.08808717876672745, -0.06139994412660599, -0.3490006625652313, 0.049752335995435715, -0.17299149930477142, -0.3954111337661743, -0.07987227290868759, -0.33481067419052124, 0.26210203766822815, 0.19994276762008667, 0.8068839311599731, 0.039033953100442886, 0.23319360613822937, -0.1826687455177307, 0.3147735893726349, 0.8033028244972229, -0.9593924880027771, -1.0988458395004272, 0.17062924802303314, 0.3554845154285431, 0.13889719545841217, -0.9167341589927673, -0.3495658338069916, 0.9711946845054626, 0.1139376237988472, -0.40496793389320374, -0.3871016204357147, 0.21375800669193268, 0.45005109906196594, -0.41031888127326965, 0.06373411417007446, -0.8319729566574097, -0.054061371833086014, 0.34877222776412964, -0.13072222471237183, -0.16476543247699738, -0.3407648801803589, 0.24801889061927795, -0.2878984212875366, -0.05095008388161659, -0.0949200764298439, 0.9270203709602356, 0.7712198495864868, 0.3828829824924469, 0.17144560813903809, 0.3246166408061981, 0.1530027538537979, 0.058247413486242294, 0.24719086289405823, -0.31770750880241394, 0.11362093687057495, 0.2962050139904022, -0.6921834945678711, 0.17885559797286987, -0.0002797188062686473, 0.493582159280777, -0.2648404836654663, 0.09887699037790298, -0.17305248975753784, -0.390177845954895, 0.05952492356300354, -0.47200408577919006, 0.8463022708892822, -0.16150808334350586, 0.4113101363182068, -0.22890979051589966, 0.28078699111938477, -0.1306648850440979, 0.5031350255012512, -0.6073744297027588, 0.15528063476085663, 0.23197242617607117, -0.84733647108078, 0.45685845613479614, 0.12051986902952194, 0.3845992386341095, -0.44354259967803955, 0.3550384044647217, 0.2052668035030365, -0.17070084810256958, -0.0007812580442987382, -0.09244061261415482, 0.5842796564102173, -0.1682371199131012, -0.0006264321855269372, 0.6419548988342285, -0.14556637406349182, 0.1378704309463501, 0.11226225644350052, 0.23265142738819122, 0.2963305413722992, 0.3278290927410126, 0.16961528360843658, -0.4279365539550781, 0.3184373378753662, -0.508273720741272, -0.6904928088188171, 0.0964493453502655, -0.33059078454971313, 0.6432209014892578, 0.012055282481014729, 0.009430782869458199, 0.4368576407432556, -0.18412703275680542, -0.07736575603485107, 0.3361738920211792, -0.28417959809303284, -0.5139791965484619, 0.5229568481445312, -0.10424413532018661, 0.12254020571708679, -0.07465747743844986, 0.017423098906874657, -0.32853442430496216, 0.7198390960693359, 0.5832999348640442, 0.7706961631774902, -0.3862687647342682, 0.2627560496330261, 0.026612380519509315, 0.1455620974302292, 0.382216215133667, -0.13097549974918365, -0.012905976735055447, -0.1935400664806366, 0.37825751304626465, -0.10880833119153976, 0.08151920884847641, -0.09149280935525894, 0.032462071627378464, 0.313780277967453, 0.4323301911354065, -0.214968740940094, 0.29958152770996094, 0.0013496956089511514, -0.028570186346769333, -1.2180752754211426, 0.4374687671661377, 0.3798464238643646, 0.1072048470377922, 0.5163304209709167, -0.6662188172340393, 0.3633537292480469, -0.4639182388782501, -0.2347453534603119, 0.09668750315904617, 0.2788263261318207, -0.19243445992469788, -0.4544296860694885, -0.43097031116485596, 0.2179567515850067, -0.24948963522911072, -0.6947960257530212, -0.3150704801082611, -0.260000079870224, -0.38492563366889954, 0.095267653465271, 0.2747373580932617, 0.00543901976197958, 0.6940571665763855, -0.41342470049858093, -0.1147291511297226, -0.44997090101242065, 0.15126070380210876, 0.15320177376270294, 0.1524229496717453, 0.24884763360023499, -0.016858503222465515, 0.8093565106391907, -0.22998490929603577, 0.7833436131477356, -0.05433071777224541, -0.040822021663188934, -0.23360615968704224, 0.09335795789957047, -0.1093258261680603, 0.5012855529785156, -0.7951257824897766, 0.07203344255685806, 0.49315306544303894, -0.4581218659877777, 0.4602157771587372, -0.26064151525497437, 0.07736484706401825, -0.19315624237060547, 0.38493654131889343, -0.894717812538147, 0.25320711731910706, -0.34158068895339966, -0.05930990353226662, -0.7809945344924927, -0.2660374939441681, 0.1970619559288025, -0.4594869315624237, -0.45372891426086426, 0.7865655422210693, -0.02567880041897297, -0.8400763273239136, -0.12376062572002411, -0.02058338187634945, -0.1356586217880249, -0.4753475487232208, 0.2420649528503418, -0.16542723774909973, -0.5572803616523743, 0.0672341138124466, 0.6852601170539856, 0.45967137813568115, -0.20669151842594147, 0.26024243235588074, -0.343890905380249, -0.13746437430381775, -0.17506654560565948, -0.22887618839740753, -0.6306819915771484, -0.3325718641281128, -0.07098185271024704, -0.809151828289032, 0.9197806715965271, 0.06984272599220276, -0.7116880416870117, 0.116702139377594, -0.3996533751487732, -0.26509833335876465, 0.2614763677120209, 0.22890427708625793, -0.5975946187973022, -0.6234138011932373, 0.47727537155151367 ]
210681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spede%20Pasanen	Spede Pasanen	Pertti Olavi "Spede" Pasanen (10 April 1930 – 7 September 2001) was a Finnish film director and producer, comedian, and inventor. During his career he directed, wrote, produced or acted in about 50 movies and participated in numerous TV productions, including the comedy Spede Show and the game-show Speden Spelit. Much of his more commercial work was in collaboration with Vesa-Matti Loiri (whose most popular character created by Pasanen was Uuno Turhapuro; first in TV sketches and then in a long-lasting series of motion pictures) and Simo Salminen. Pasanen's films and TV shows, often made quickly and on a low budget, usually received little critical recognition but were popular among Finnish audiences from the 1960s onwards. He was the owner of his own film production company, Filmituotanto Spede Pasanen Ky. Childhood and youth Pertti Olavi Pasanen was born in April 1930 in Kuopio. He was the eldest child of Kusti and Helmi Pasanen (née Rantala). His father was a forestry technician and worked as the district chief of the paper company Ahlström. Other children in the family included Pertti's little sister Virpi and little brother Risto. Pasanen's family lived in the Linnanpelto district. By Kuopio standards, the family was of upper middle class. The nickname "Spede" comes from an earlier nickname "Speedy" which he got from playing ice hockey, and was given to him at an early age. The nickname "Speedy" came from the fictional mouse character Speedy Gonzales, the hero of Warner Brothers' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies. Pasanen's interests at school age included entertainment, sports, various games and inventions. He was the star of the Kuopio Lyceum's evening programs, played ice hockey with passion and performed chemical experiments in his home's basement. However, he did badly at school. In spring 1948 he got a report card with five 4 grades (failing grade in the Finnish school system) and stayed behind in his class after spending most of the spring by building a custom scooter from parts he had found from junk shops. After Pertti Pasanen had ended up in arguments with most of his teachers, his parents sent him to another school. In autumn 1950 Spede Pasanen moved to the Iisalmi lyceum, from where he matriculated in the Olympic spring of 1952. He spent the next year doing his military service and completed it with the rank of Sub-lieutenant in the anti-aircraft branch. In the military he also performed in the entertainment parade of the defence forces, which circulated between barracks entertaining soldiers. In autumn 1953 Pasanen moved to Helsinki and started his studies at the Faculty of State Politics at the University of Helsinki. Instead of studying, he concentrated on social life at the Nation of Savonia, where he usually acted as host and master of ceremonies at parties. Pasanen's student indoctrinations and initiations of new students gained fame throughout the university. In the university he also met Jukka Virtanen and Matti Kuusla who became important partners for him. Kuusla, working at Fennada-Filmi as a studio assistant got him a background role in the 1954 film Laivan kannella. He appeared in the film as a man at a bar. Radio career During the late 1950s and early 1960s Spede was a noted presence as a radio comedian. He applied to work at Yleisradio twice in 1956 and again in 1959 as an entertainment provider (ajanvietetoimittaja) and was hired on his second try. Spede's most popular program was Ruljanssiriihi which combined sketch-comedy and musical performances. The program eventually developed into the program Hupiklubi. Spede and actor Leo Jokela also created the break-out character G. Pula-Aho (voiced by Jokela), a smart-talking, Helsinki slang using parrot who would insult Spede on Ruljanssiriihi. Spede's other programs included Tervahöyry Hyrskynmyrskyn suvisilla laineilla, Hyvää iltaa – tulkaa mukaan and Kesäterässä. Film career After playing several supporting roles throughout the 1950s Spede made his first starring appearance in 1964's X-Paroni which he wrote and co-directed with his on-screen co-star Jaakko Pakkasvirta. The movie's success led to the creation of Milli Pilleri which also introduced moviegoers to Simo Salminen who became a fixture of Spede's acting troupe, often playing the side-kick to Spede's own characters. It was also the first movie Spede co-directed with Jukka Virtanen and Ere Kokkonen who would alternate directing Spede's future motion pictures, while Spede focused more on writing and producing. 1967's period-comedy Noin Seitsemän Veljestä was a parody of Robin Hood which Spede had worked on since the 1950s and introduced Vesa-Matti Loiri as an adult actor (having made his on-screen debut years earlier as a child actor in Pojat). The success of these movies led to Spede producing and releasing three movies in 1969, Näköradiomiehen ihmeelliset siekailut, Leikkikalugangsteri as well as his first colour feature Pohjan Tähteet. Näköradiomies performed well despite being a more serious movie but it and Pohjan Tähteet underperformed in comparison to the more typically comical Leikkikalugangsteri. Despite Pohjantähteet winning a shared Jussi Award for Kari Sohlberg in the category of best cinematography (with Spede's own Leikkikalugangsteri and Jörn Donner's Sixtynine 69), Pasanen did not produce another colour feature until the late 1970s. Spede continued to experience success with Speedy Gonzales – noin 7 veljeksen poika and the tragic comedy Jussi Pussi both released in 1970. Speedy Gonzales performed well, despite Vesa-Matti Loiri being absent due to a leg injury just prior to shooting (he instead received a writing credit). Spede had to finance most of his films during this period due to his poor relations with the Finnish Film Foundation. In 1971, Spede released three motion-pictures, Kahdeksas Veljes (his debut as a solo director) and Hirttämättömät (the sequel to Speedy Gonzales) both starring himself as well as Saatanan Radikaalit, which was co-directed by its four starring actors Paavo Piironen, Heikki Nousiainen, Timo Nissi and Heikki Huopainen. Spede only produced this movie which was intended to give its four stars a chance to complete a motion-picture on their own. All three movies under-performed though which led to Spede taking a two-year hiatus from film-making during which he focused exclusively on his TV work. Regardless, Spede won the 1971 Producers' Jussi Award for all three movies. In 1973, Spede released the first Uuno Turhapuro movie based on the popular skit-character by the same name. To save costs, Spede filmed and edited the movie entirely on video and had it transferred to film for theatrical distribution. Uuno became a hit and a further four Uuno films were finished during the 1970s. Spede resumed filming small budget comedies with 1974's Viu-Hah-Hah-Taja, directed by Ere Kokkonen and mostly starring Spede's TV actors. Spede only appeared in a cameo and went uncredited as the film's writer. In 1979, he released Koeputkiaikuinen ja Simon enkelit, his first colour feature since Pohjantähteet. The movie was a surprise hit and led to a sequel Tup Akka Lakko being released the following year. In the 1980s, the Uuno series peaked in popularity with 1984's Uuno Turhapuro armeijan leivissä breaking the record of the most popular Finnish domestic film. Spede cranked out movies on an annual basis, using his stock actors and frequently utilizing the popular skit characters for movies such as Kliffaa Hei, Pikkupojat, Fakta Homma and Onks Viljoo Näkyny. The last of these skit-comedy films is considered to be 1990s Rampe & Naukkis - Kaikkien aikojen superpari, which was lampooned on the popular characters created by Pirkka-Pekka Petelius and Aake Kalliala for the TV show Pulttibois. During the 1990s, Spede focused almost exclusively on producing rather than writing or directing films with TV work taking more and more of his time. By this point his relationship with the Finnish Film Foundation had improved and he received grants for most of his films. The final movie directed by Pasanen was Naisen Logiikka, released in 1999 though production of it began in 1992. The film was hastily completed for release to prevent Pasanen from having to pay back his grant for the movie. TV career Starting from 1964, Spede began making live 15-minute sketch programming for Yleisradio. The show which alternated between the titles Spedevisio, Speden Saluuna as well as Spede Show established many of the tropes and core actors whom Spede would use in his films. Most of the early skit work is now lost due to live broadcasts not being routinely recorded. Spede appeared on TV continuously until 1976 when he started to focus primarily on film work. Starting from 1981, Spede once again put priority on TV work. First airing surviving black and white skits on the recently established independent Mainos-TV channel, Spede, Simo Salminen and Vesa-Matti Loiri began producing new skits. Hannele Lauri also joined as a regular cast-member. The new Spede Show continued to air until 1987 when Spede and Loiri had a mock-feud which led to the launch of Vesa-Matti Loiri's own TV sketch show, Vesku Show. Throughout the 1980s, Spede also produced other programs such as the comedy program Fakta Homma and the competition show Kymppitonni with host Riitta Väisänen. By the 1990s, Spede was himself tired of sketch-work but produced Aake Kalliala's and Pirkka-Pekka Petelius's Pulttibois and Tsa Tsa Tsaa as well as the sporty competition show Speden Spelit. Pasanen also produced more drama-programming such as Hynttyyt Yhteen, Blondi tuli taloon (The Blonde That Came to the House), and Ihmeiden tekijät (as well as its follow-up, Parhaat Vuodet). Many of these shows became stables of MTV3 with many of them airing for several seasons. Spede also approved the production of the dramedy-series Kuumia Aaltoja, which aired in 2003 (two years after his death). Influences and comedy Spede Pasanen named Bob Hope as one of his biggest comedy influences. Spede Pasanen is considered emblematic of Savonian ironic humor varying between the fullest extremes of understatement and hyperbole. As he himself explained: "A Savonian never tells a thing exactly like it is." Spede's comedy denounced elitism and he explicitly sought to write and perform comedy for the largest possible audience. His early films in particular, featured elements uncommon to Finnish cinema such as fist-fights, car chases, other elaborate stunt-work as well as unconventional special effects. Many of his movies also featured unconventional settings (such as the medieval period or the wild west), though his later films focused almost entirely on poking fun at Finnish stereotypes. His Uuno Turhapuro movies can be considered conventional farces. An unemployed slacker will, with comically incredible luck, a father-in-law who is rich and connected but unlucky (mainly due to Uuno), and with slick charm, end up in roles of minister, general officer, or rich man, usually causing havoc in the father-in-law's businesses. Other achievements Pasanen was also an inventor and jack-of-all-trades; he had over 50 patents registered to his name, and many of his films include Rube Goldberg-style gadgets. Besides gadgets involved with industrial production, his inventions include: The Ski jumping sling A Boat ski (to alleviate bumps in aquaplaning boat) A self-extinguishing, one-size-fits-all candlestick. For a period of time Pasanen was also obsessed with inventing a perpetual motion device. His crude drawings of it also appeared in his sketches shows and films. Once he became convinced that perpetual motion is theoretically impossible, he openly ridiculed himself in the character of Härski Hartikainen in one of the Uuno Turhapuro movies. Personal life Spede married Pirjo Vainimäki, the leading lady of his first starring picture X-Paroni, in 1965. Spede's first and only child, Pirre Pasanen, was born later that year. The couple separated in the early 1980s and divorced later. A family private individual, Pasanen did not discuss his personal relationships in public. He had a long relationship with the 1976 Miss Europe, Riitta Väisänen. Pasanen valued loyalty and friendship, and even after separation, kept employing and financially supporting previous companions. During and after relationships, he vouchsafed confidentiality and privacy for all involved in his private life. His good relations with the media might have helped with this. Pasanen's nickname "Spede" came from an earlier nickname "Speedy", referring to his prowess as an ice hockey player during his childhood. Death On 7 September 2001 Pasanen was playing a round of golf at the Sarfvik golf course in Kirkkonummi, Finland. At the 9th hole he began to feel ill and was taken to the club house, where his condition rapidly deteriorated. Despite resuscitation by a doctor and a rapid response of emergency medical services Pasanen died. His death was attributed to advanced coronary artery disease. Notable collaborators Ere Kokkonen Jukka Virtanen Simo Salminen Vesa-Matti Loiri Leo Jokela Riitta Väisänen Pentti Siimes Olavi Ahonen Juhani Kumpulainen Hannele Lauri Marita Nordberg Filmography Writer, director or producer X-Paroni (directed with Jaakko Pakkasvirta, 1964), in English The X-baron Millipilleri (1966) Pähkähullu Suomi (1967), in English The nutty Finland Noin seitsemän veljestä (1968), in English About seven Brothers Näköradiomiehen ihmeelliset siekailut (1969) Leikkikalugangsteri (1969), in English The Toy Gangster Pohjan tähteet (1969) Jussi Pussi (1970) Speedy Gonzales – noin 7 veljeksen poika (1970) Saatanan radikaalit (1971) (Producer only) Kahdeksas veljes (1971), in English The Eighth Brother Hirttämättömät (1971) Uuno Turhapuro (1973) Viu-hah hah-taja (1974) Professori Uuno D.G. Turhapuro (1975), in English Professor Uuno D.G. Turhapuro Lottovoittaja UKK Turhapuro (1976) Häpy Endkö? Eli kuinka Uuno Turhapuro sai niin kauniin ja rikkaan vaimon (1977) Rautakauppias Uuno Turhapuro, presidentin vävy (1978) Koeputkiaikuinen ja Simon enkelit (1979) Tup-akka-lakko (1980) Uuno Turhapuron aviokriisi (1981) Pölhölä (1981) Uuno Turhapuro menettää muistinsa (1982), in English Uuno Turhapuro loses his memory Uuno Turhapuron muisti palailee pätkittäin (1983) Lentävät luupäät (1984), in English The Flying Boneheads Uuno Turhapuro armeijan leivissä (1984) Uuno Epsanjassa (1985), in English Uuno in Spain Kliffaa hei! (1985) Uuno Turhapuro muuttaa maalle (1986) Liian iso keikka (1986), in English A Gig Too Big Pikkupojat (1986) Uuno Turhapuro – kaksoisagentti (1987) Fakta homma! (1987) Tupla-Uuno (1988), in English Double Uuno Onks' Viljoo näkyny? (1988), in English Have Ya Seen Viljo? Rampe & Naukkis (1990) Uunon huikeat poikamiesvuodet maaseudulla (1990) Uuno Turhapuro, herra Helsingin herra (1991) Uuno Turhapuro, Suomen tasavallan herra presidentti (1992) Uuno Turhapuron poika (1993), in English The Son of Uuno Turhapuro Romanovin kivet (1993) Pekko ja Poika (1994) Uuno Turhapuron veli (1994) Johtaja Uuno Turhapuro – pisnismies (1998) Naisen logiikka (1999), in English The Logic of the Women Actor Laivan kannella (1954) Sankarialokas (1955) Säkkijärven polkka (1955) Villi Pohjola (1955) Tyttö tuli taloon (1956) Tyttö lähtee kasarmiin (1956) Rintamalotta (1956) Anu ja Mikko (1956) Pekka ja Pätkä ketjukolarissa (1957) Vääpelin kauhu (1957) Pekka ja Pätkä sammakkomiehinä (1957) Asessorin naishuolet (1957) Pekka ja Pätkä Suezilla (1958) Ei ruumiita makuuhuoneeseen (1959) Mullin mallin (1961) Taape tähtenä (1962) Hopeaa rajan takaa (1963) Pohjan tähteet (1969) Tup-akka-lakko (1980) Koeputkiaikuinen ja Simon enkelit (1981) (Hei kliffaa hei! (1985) Pikkupojat (1986) Naisen logiikka (1999) In the Uuno Turhapuro series, Pasanen played the role of Härski-Hartikainen, a car repairman with a cunning and ribald character, who often participated in Uuno's farcical adventures. His sidekick was Sörsselssön – earlier known as Lörssön (played by Simo Salminen). Television series Spede is considered the father of modern Finnish television sketch-humour. Starting his career on Yleisradio he later jumped camps to the competing MTV3 network. However, his work on both has been extremely popular. Apart from starring in these series he was also the main producer for many of the popular shows on MTV3, such as the game-show Kymppitonni and the cult-hit show Pulttibois. Yle Spede Show (1964, 1971–1976, 1982 ja 1984-1987) Speden saluuna (1965) Spedevisio (1965–1967) 50 pientä minuuttia (1967–1971) Robin Hood ja hänen iloiset vekkulinsa Sherwoodin pusikoissa (1974) MTV3 Kymppitonni (1985–2005) Uuno Turhapuro armeijan leivissä (1986) (the film as a TV series) Vesku Show (1988–1991) Spede Special (1988–1990) Pulttibois (1989–1991) Spedestroikka (1990) Junnutonni (1991) Speden sallitut leikit (1990–1992) Speden tee-se-itse TV (1991–1992) Hynttyyt yhteen (1991–1995) Speden spelit (1992–2002) Tsa Tsa Tsaa (1993–1994) Blondi tuli taloon (1994–1995), in English The Blonde That Came to the House Uuno Turhapuro (TV series) (1996) Ihmeidentekijät (1996–1998) Parhaat vuodet (2000–2002) Kuumia aaltoja (2003) Named after Spede Pasanen SPEDE (Spacecraft Potential, Electron and Dust Experiment), an instrument attached to the SMART-1 lunar probe. References External links 1930 births 2001 deaths People from Kuopio Finnish film producers Finnish film directors Finnish writers Finnish male actors Finnish inventors Finnish male comedians 20th-century comedians	[ 0.009023184888064861, 0.09309253841638565, -0.32706716656684875, 0.606611430644989, -0.27440139651298523, 0.94354647397995, 0.4718146026134491, -0.1413963884115219, -0.29397907853126526, 0.22489245235919952, -0.375517874956131, 0.007999667897820473, -0.279286652803421, 0.3378336727619171, 0.21254406869411469, -0.391131728887558, -0.7895607948303223, 0.1640508770942688, 0.03186798468232155, 0.22859854996204376, -0.4638536870479584, -0.05272546783089638, 0.4749349057674408, 0.09108824282884598, -0.7597959041595459, -0.267563134431839, -0.08531007915735245, 0.579971194267273, 0.24250870943069458, -0.022998468950390816, 0.2578739523887634, 0.6120392084121704, 0.10253899544477463, -0.013259364292025566, -0.08271279186010361, 0.3278261423110962, -0.1502051204442978, -0.623353898525238, -0.03836970403790474, 0.3077394366264343, -0.5766233205795288, 0.3666311204433441, -0.5149208307266235, -0.42866072058677673, -0.11105474829673767, -0.7926658987998962, -1.2509229183197021, 0.8672246336936951, -0.7298927903175354, -0.2526136338710785, -0.2671054005622864, -0.18746277689933777, 0.5343457460403442, 0.7070249915122986, 0.28049346804618835, 0.7551268339157104, -0.5033743977546692, 0.0289504025131464, -0.28118619322776794, 0.10324361175298691, 0.2886650860309601, -0.25239264965057373, 0.5523869395256042, 0.27883782982826233, 0.2599397897720337, 0.38234856724739075, 0.20001621544361115, 0.2574622333049774, 0.5271226763725281, -0.5643504858016968, -0.017031071707606316, 0.447750449180603, 0.3198758661746979, 0.39312389492988586, 0.12612493336200714, -0.9648661017417908, 0.42256441712379456, -0.23483791947364807, -0.3328550159931183, -0.3010554611682892, 0.084816575050354, -0.08841466903686523, 0.8404468894004822, 1.0599491596221924, 0.35427728295326233, 0.23023433983325958, -0.3222741484642029, -0.23768049478530884, -0.26447659730911255, -0.289940744638443, -0.5467133522033691, -0.9275935292243958, 0.05675937235355377, -0.1618548482656479, -0.24883933365345, 0.3960067331790924, -0.032320063561201096, 0.619796633720398, 0.013098908588290215, -0.10652072727680206, 0.17566917836666107, 0.35855016112327576, -0.07732518017292023, -0.1536356508731842, -0.2016226053237915, -0.06579690426588058, 0.20656463503837585, -0.7082675695419312, 0.23318426311016083, -0.0504598505795002, -0.44002267718315125, 0.27925580739974976, 0.23858855664730072, 0.10361363738775253, 0.03643406182527542, 0.7141081690788269, -0.11050038039684296, -0.27590784430503845, -0.5057812929153442, 0.23411613702774048, -0.6167399287223816, 0.07548437267541885, 0.06825769692659378, -0.3124452531337738, -1.1254550218582153, 0.6982178092002869, 0.21791335940361023, 0.3132680058479309, -0.445022314786911, 0.1897444725036621, 0.5294502973556519, 0.7291311621665955, -0.963308572769165, -0.056328434497117996, -0.16476018726825714, -0.5817539691925049, 0.09396731108427048, 0.3368251323699951, -0.40823936462402344, 0.11963291466236115, -0.22445790469646454, -0.20986391603946686, -0.08159197121858597, -0.19393013417720795, 0.2595933675765991, -0.0855318009853363, 0.037770893424749374, -0.16454540193080902, -0.5504556894302368, -0.2814194858074188, 0.07174094021320343, 0.07225744426250458, 0.31385335326194763, -0.9510382413864136, 0.008458343334496021, 1.1390312910079956, 0.4082332253456116, 0.1288052201271057, -0.2041807621717453, 0.10928253084421158, 0.49611636996269226, 0.214955672621727, -0.6858076453208923, 0.15612086653709412, -0.16133463382720947, -0.06852349638938904, 0.4954175353050232, 0.5820009112358093, 0.07174725830554962, 0.5782229900360107, 0.1465436965227127, 0.18452906608581543, 0.5335354208946228, -0.17018966376781464, 0.04625794664025307, 0.3471284806728363, 0.8345277309417725, 0.293611079454422, 0.11996640264987946, -0.5867531299591064, -0.6412699222564697, -0.16251777112483978, -0.13559873402118683, 0.5738515853881836, -0.1388458013534546, -0.3713114559650421, 0.6473159790039062, -0.3547184467315674, 0.16284596920013428, -0.2560670077800751, -0.28115615248680115, -0.5649290084838867, -0.03295726329088211, -0.7883526682853699, 1.0221073627471924, 0.09106812626123428, -0.5544922351837158, -0.0018042175797745585, -0.04191293939948082, 0.42120522260665894, -0.741369903087616, -0.28601503372192383, 0.4716104567050934, -0.28977030515670776, -0.15981297194957733, 0.40263667702674866, 0.5116844177246094, 0.12621428072452545, -0.02619769796729088, 0.5389396548271179, 0.32741546630859375, -0.7215671539306641, 0.30256539583206177, -0.013767892494797707, -0.0847838968038559, -0.3087412416934967, -1.0154443979263306, 0.007611215580254793, 0.6087808609008789, 0.11933324486017227, 0.48512205481529236, -0.03451896458864212, -0.34042540192604065, 0.4065397381782532, 0.6172479391098022, 0.8396157622337341, 0.3809487819671631, 0.16065570712089539, 0.10289052873849869, -0.6402497291564941, 0.09304042905569077, 0.21963822841644287, -0.23306025564670563, -0.3283625841140747, -0.33585646748542786, 0.025521662086248398, 0.5495039820671082, 0.15138034522533417, 0.7000837922096252, -0.5053396821022034, 0.49563074111938477, 0.6822096109390259, -0.5925295948982239, -0.06098184362053871, 0.5668520331382751, -0.18079622089862823, -0.04477675259113312, -0.17471852898597717, -0.2960226535797119, -0.290617972612381, 0.26021844148635864, 0.5773338675498962, 0.06229407712817192, -0.770862340927124, 0.21090927720069885, 0.18343494832515717, 0.5081997513771057, -0.5752266049385071, 0.3268526792526245, 0.1075286790728569, 0.284413605928421, 0.30735838413238525, 0.8110904693603516, 0.3108493387699127, 0.3068517744541168, -0.7295319437980652, 0.1689942330121994, -0.7194548845291138, -0.48767709732055664, 0.07947251945734024, -0.18612465262413025, -0.15103010833263397, 0.01277354545891285, 0.20437319576740265, 0.5008656978607178, -0.533349335193634, -0.20352600514888763, -0.06957545876502991, -0.6278455853462219, 0.016179336234927177, 0.6738744974136353, 0.6359528303146362, -0.3178555369377136, -0.6017639636993408, -0.5075222253799438, 0.3973741829395294, -0.5176005363464355, 0.7865676879882812, 0.2473745495080948, 0.054489776492118835, 0.26942315697669983, 0.7872838973999023, -0.9434845447540283, 0.4112113118171692, -0.051457859575748444, 0.4221549332141876, -0.8212741613388062, -0.37374550104141235, 0.44777822494506836, 0.2117871791124344, -0.9878538250923157, 0.582512617111206, -0.40510016679763794, -0.18009035289287567, -0.039042990654706955, 0.542917013168335, -0.021739259362220764, -0.31660833954811096, -5.2365922927856445, 0.1910242736339569, -0.44339263439178467, -0.4280118942260742, 0.2737913429737091, 0.13986915349960327, 0.13577231764793396, -0.02623034454882145, 0.8409852981567383, -0.24603459239006042, 0.11785504966974258, -0.17507600784301758, -0.1492178589105606, 1.1786320209503174, 0.3955119252204895, 0.501254141330719, 0.3846379518508911, 0.15201246738433838, -0.14395613968372345, 0.403019517660141, -0.4248776137828827, -0.14832568168640137, 0.006585223134607077, 0.1547221839427948, -0.1347934901714325, -0.24908055365085602, -0.7189698815345764, 0.12172068655490875, -1.501603364944458, -0.3920454978942871, -0.08255065232515335, -0.15227194130420685, -0.22530978918075562, -0.09304151684045792, -0.09271964430809021, -0.15868380665779114, 0.2601495683193207, 0.5445184111595154, -0.07422515749931335, -0.0017804903909564018, -0.03618672862648964, 0.26072102785110474, -0.25364673137664795, -0.28356778621673584, 0.6454317569732666, -0.14407476782798767, -0.8194233775138855, 0.14777061343193054, -0.019401870667934418, 0.5929145812988281, 0.5030272006988525, 0.06654967367649078, -0.13184194266796112, 0.2682514488697052, 0.09143698960542679, -0.32234472036361694, 0.4650438725948334, -0.5081592798233032, -0.6580514907836914, 0.40419602394104004, 0.26665323972702026, -0.42688798904418945, -0.12581701576709747, -0.4854726195335388, -0.06186638027429581, 0.1960175782442093, -0.014835984446108341, -0.6560849547386169, -0.42844367027282715, -0.12624038755893707, -0.07474339008331299, 1.3827918767929077, 0.2630124092102051, -1.5379528999328613, -0.36458590626716614, -0.06404701620340347, 0.1727396845817566, 0.1625308096408844, -0.43441998958587646, 0.034851737320423126, -0.144538015127182, -0.6978994607925415, -0.419019877910614, 0.34619954228401184, 0.8267519474029541, 0.6143694519996643, -0.4208528697490692, 0.0803995430469513, 0.03311307728290558, 0.10355431586503983, 0.5819780230522156, -0.7542941570281982, 0.052617400884628296, 0.24127353727817535, -0.11642549186944962, -0.12102092057466507, -0.2963491678237915, 0.540368378162384, 0.30338308215141296, -0.5329082608222961, -0.41883453726768494, -0.3447478115558624, -0.5853641629219055, -0.1071745753288269, -0.21037770807743073, 0.17306290566921234, 0.24731378257274628, -0.11296180635690689, 0.7326806783676147, -0.16228672862052917, 0.155302956700325, 0.2998807430267334, -0.18240129947662354, -0.06343863159418106, 0.7220032215118408, -0.32296615839004517, -0.0724000334739685, 0.8652557730674744, 0.6586875319480896, -0.15622110664844513, -0.38460177183151245, 0.09415756911039352, 0.19904296100139618, -0.2661815881729126, 0.3154904842376709, 0.11322696506977081, -0.1967654973268509, -0.3512333035469055, -0.08376447856426239, 0.34895092248916626, -0.7384303212165833, 0.8662558794021606, 0.18014071881771088, -0.37722140550613403, 0.17567381262779236, -0.7941218614578247, -0.7708674073219299, 0.4479416012763977, 0.29609790444374084, -0.3811472952365875, 0.28790855407714844, -0.07023303210735321, 0.4696309268474579, 0.2084779441356659, -0.08454135805368423, 0.15041854977607727, -0.07569796591997147, -0.07282610982656479, -0.4871963560581207, -0.5482768416404724, -0.1554841697216034, -0.44650039076805115, 0.051719117909669876, -0.3725205957889557, -0.4455491006374359, -0.03346365690231323, -0.2676461338996887, 0.09136117249727249, -0.467792809009552, -0.3322255611419678, 1.156658411026001, -0.27818790078163147, -1.3547759056091309, -0.03488847240805626, 0.1828957051038742, 0.19937337934970856, -0.2699938714504242, -0.5159408450126648, -0.9992324709892273, 0.4658471345901489, -0.015561730600893497, -0.7482442259788513, -0.7264097929000854, -0.242551788687706, -0.28332802653312683, 0.2600597143173218, -0.542384147644043, -0.06095166131854057, -0.8346771597862244, 0.1291443109512329, -0.23176859319210052, 0.6824361085891724, -0.31745946407318115, -0.020265888422727585, 0.29465973377227783, -0.38788172602653503, -0.23893575370311737, -0.3043792247772217, -0.45669832825660706, 0.27161264419555664, -0.5645436644554138, 0.46324586868286133, 0.48978540301322937, 0.15902183949947357, -0.501173198223114, -0.9680070877075195, -0.7514781355857849, 0.31631001830101013, -0.3654310405254364, -0.5630785226821899, 0.07485146075487137, 0.1251930594444275, 0.2154334932565689, -0.13352413475513458, 0.6980908513069153, -0.5638815760612488, -0.09256555140018463, 1.0245397090911865, 0.1884279102087021, 0.5800247192382812, -0.8954238891601562, -0.8687822222709656, -0.28012815117836, -0.21785953640937805, -0.5273446440696716, 0.4683939516544342, 0.43545666337013245, 0.054195091128349304, -0.5492445826530457, -0.41793349385261536, -0.6202266216278076, -0.5280296206474304, -0.5685542225837708, -0.4484214782714844, -0.9017888903617859, -0.2558397650718689, 0.16879509389400482, -0.2296229898929596, 0.8920340538024902, -0.5629829168319702, -0.0989239513874054, -0.33976173400878906, 0.16334125399589539, 0.14032073318958282, -0.3953731656074524, -0.20827516913414001, -0.17495256662368774, 0.6314491629600525, 0.25999218225479126, 0.09994165599346161, 0.5091513395309448, 0.9222531318664551, 0.4248872697353363, 0.5691063404083252, 0.4284816384315491, 0.43010905385017395, -0.36129146814346313, -0.15554597973823547, -0.39350223541259766, 0.027332542464137077, -0.13842648267745972, 0.435219943523407, -0.7812209129333496, -0.27891671657562256, 0.8198721408843994, -0.26484301686286926, 0.5540228486061096, 0.2989853620529175, 0.4330401122570038, 0.32039764523506165, -0.27536287903785706, 0.1370462030172348, -0.26341092586517334, 0.01531819999217987, -0.2886275351047516, 0.49129393696784973, -0.2570328712463379, -0.02928783744573593, 0.2627175450325012, -0.5315453410148621, 0.1423572301864624, -0.5687502026557922, 0.016841791570186615, 0.5568938255310059, -0.3997187614440918, 0.1903434842824936, 0.4901469051837921, -0.05470370501279831, 0.506135880947113, -0.8019075393676758, -0.6451464891433716, 0.6137645244598389, 0.5666258931159973, -0.08575907349586487, -0.5582735538482666, -0.31777772307395935, 0.10075240582227707, -0.35839661955833435, -0.16385439038276672, 0.749113142490387, -0.5377897620201111, 0.4028297960758209, -0.48978811502456665, 0.48137959837913513, 0.22128716111183167, -0.18749180436134338, -0.2014731913805008, 0.8704656958580017, -0.3277329206466675, 0.20237645506858826, 0.2742125988006592, -0.3055689036846161, 0.4993363618850708, -0.31122031807899475, -0.1603328138589859, -0.21670661866664886, 0.1503753364086151, -0.3768511116504669, -0.05868358537554741, 0.08109824359416962, 0.2271241992712021, 0.07796820253133774, -0.14086568355560303, 0.8845312595367432, -0.47431135177612305, -0.09443871676921844, 0.699134886264801, -0.5591884255409241, -0.39245912432670593, -0.11632971465587616, 0.5272843241691589, 0.1127578467130661, 0.44082412123680115, -1.1303550004959106, -0.13070344924926758, 0.5349557995796204, 0.4581751525402069, 0.10498782992362976, -0.19445835053920746, 0.7186114192008972, -0.21378536522388458, -0.7504234910011292, 0.15817131102085114, 0.6685776114463806, 0.11148376017808914, 0.2011939138174057, -0.01774420216679573, -0.4989633560180664, 0.1602872908115387, -0.2569265067577362, 0.18904368579387665, 0.7435430884361267, 0.21867351233959198, 0.3080488443374634, 0.4400804340839386, 0.2689509689807892, 0.12315406650304794, 0.38725385069847107, -0.3504672646522522, 0.30189049243927, 0.4309329390525818, 0.006783238612115383, 0.0913502499461174, -0.22988830506801605, 0.4003775119781494, -0.2633734345436096, 0.30927735567092896, -0.36863312125205994, 0.3064132034778595, 0.367358535528183, 0.18006952106952667, -0.6121744513511658, 0.6874709129333496, 0.2526782155036926, 0.31819793581962585, -0.6948686242103577, 0.25224408507347107, -0.09714575856924057, 0.1804368495941162, -0.18295103311538696, -0.02886793576180935, 0.45332711935043335, -0.6542719602584839, -0.15029188990592957, 0.0753849670290947, 0.4232095777988434, 0.8144060373306274, -0.1518808752298355, -0.009381179697811604, -0.4114718735218048, -0.33890804648399353, 0.5070854425430298, 0.36180853843688965, -0.39416536688804626, -0.2926214933395386, -0.26497939229011536, -0.3781154155731201, -0.2434697151184082, 0.7949329018592834, -0.3773750364780426, 0.3442319333553314, -0.5502502918243408, 0.29345589876174927, 0.7103362679481506, -1.083667516708374, -0.3853859603404999, -0.7485488653182983, 0.23148056864738464, 0.2813739776611328, 0.28983449935913086, 0.12000706046819687, -0.16236455738544464, -0.13309703767299652, 0.4461818337440491, 0.35665881633758545, 0.2810385525226593, -0.3018973171710968, 0.56254643201828, -0.10210772603750229, 0.6918813586235046, -0.04046400636434555, -0.0794893354177475, 0.3328181803226471, 0.2763289213180542, 0.0753411203622818, 0.047381412237882614, 0.628784716129303, -0.19453424215316772, -0.04132487252354622, -0.483772337436676, 0.1627354472875595, -0.006247071083635092, 0.34857428073883057, -0.18568597733974457, -0.14213049411773682, -0.14530499279499054, 0.043845828622579575, -0.09342765808105469, -0.06632502377033234, -0.028829768300056458, -0.5672385096549988, 0.6451367735862732, -0.6906102299690247, -0.4562348425388336, 0.06716054677963257, -0.8879137635231018, 0.6027185916900635, 0.5514712333679199, 0.7344930768013, -0.6495316028594971, 0.42042985558509827, 0.43262556195259094, 0.3433037996292114, -0.430195152759552, 0.59209805727005, 0.10864324867725372, 0.008337014354765415, 0.2907639443874359, -0.4560351073741913, 0.09655211865901947, -0.3028421401977539, -0.22504007816314697, 0.589322030544281, -0.6466427445411682, -0.303250789642334, 0.6504638195037842, -0.4107668399810791, -0.4886082112789154, 0.39487940073013306, 0.09971743822097778 ]
210682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB	BB	BB, Bb, or similar, may refer to: In arts and entertainment BB, abbreviation for a catalogue of works by Béla Bartók BB (album), by Mod Sun (2017) "BB Talk", 2015 song by Miley Cyrus BB (Transformers), a character in the franchise BB, pseudonym of author and artist Denys Watkins-Pitchford Les B.B., a Canadian band from Quebec BattleBots, a robot combat TV show Beast Boy, a comic book character Beyond Birthday, a character from the novel Death Note Another Note: The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four) or BB in Orwell's novel Big Brother (TV series), home living reality TV popularity contest show BB, the production code for the 1966 Doctor Who serial The War Machines Balloon Boy, an animatronic character in Five Nights At Freddy's BB-8, a robot in the Star Wars franchise Businesses and organisations BB 2000 Ltd, publisher of British Birds BB Bloggingsbooks, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing BB Microlight, a Hungarian ultralight aircraft manufacturer Balair (IATA airline code) Banco do Brasil S.A., largest Brazilian and Latin American bank by assets Bavarian Peasants' League or BB, a former German political party BlackBerry Limited (stock ticker BB), Canadian technology company Boys' Brigade, a Christian youth organization Seaborne Airlines, IATA airline code People Brigitte Bardot (born 1934), French actress Benazir Bhutto (1953–2007), former Pakistani prime minister Denys Watkins-Pitchford (1905–1990), British children's author's pseudonym Places BB postcode area, Blackburn, England Barbados (ISO and NATO 2-letter country code BB) .bb, the top-level domain for Barbados Bourbon County, Kansas (state county code) Brandenburg, Germany (ISO 3166-2 code BB) Science Branch and bound, a general algorithm for finding optimal solutions Busy beaver class in computing theory, a type of Turing Machine Beta blocker, medication used to manage arrhythmias and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack Transportation BB Microlight, a Hungarian ultralight aircraft manufacturer Bürgenstock-Bahn, a funicular railway in the Swiss canton of Nidwalden Toyota bB, a car sold in Japan NZR Bb class, a New Zealand locomotive class Balair (IATA airline code) Seaborne Airlines (IATA airline code: BB) Buckingham Branch Railroad (reporting mark BB) Battleship, a U.S. Navy hull classification symbol B (New York City Subway service), known as BB before 1967 B-B, a classification of AAR wheel arrangement of railway locomotives Other uses BB (ammunition), ammunition for a BB gun Base on balls in baseball, commonly known as a walk BB cream, a type of cosmetic Bed and breakfast or B&B, a style of accommodation BBCode, a lightweight markup language used to format posts in many message boards See also B♭, B-flat (disambiguation) B&B (disambiguation) Bebe (disambiguation) Bibi (disambiguation)	[ 0.8856728672981262, 0.3738349378108978, -0.5728775858879089, -0.06412991136312485, -0.20654891431331635, 0.23744304478168488, 0.04420798271894455, 0.09896416962146759, -0.279180645942688, 0.021341374143958092, -0.6123464703559875, 0.44422921538352966, -0.18999136984348297, 0.2014087736606598, -0.2312292605638504, 0.37050947546958923, 0.44085580110549927, -0.07364383339881897, -0.5136138200759888, -0.4423668086528778, 0.1572677195072174, -0.0432443767786026, 0.6615927815437317, -0.036567557603120804, -0.1025938093662262, 0.4992239475250244, -0.24440763890743256, 0.445602685213089, -0.56299889087677, 0.1054258868098259, -0.245101198554039, -0.09294956177473068, 0.6370978951454163, -0.24164175987243652, 0.11500261723995209, 0.17380110919475555, -0.3234609067440033, -0.35555461049079895, -0.16572526097297668, -0.5495315194129944, 0.3645772337913513, -0.4400421977043152, 0.32956743240356445, 0.266188383102417, -0.46636849641799927, 0.0868307426571846, -1.3320865631103516, 0.23322360217571259, -0.8631646037101746, -0.18813039362430573, 0.3000732958316803, 0.42612624168395996, 0.3253342807292938, 0.2882549464702606, 0.16825851798057556, 0.04636537656188011, -0.06391709297895432, -0.7289407253265381, -0.145933598279953, -0.40818995237350464, 0.2595093250274658, 0.09221095591783524, 0.16571778059005737, 0.06707388162612915, 0.2506009340286255, -0.025248149409890175, -0.27055248618125916, -0.039380401372909546, -0.006499515846371651, -0.05570670962333679, -0.060275476425886154, 0.21076476573944092, -0.18620918691158295, -0.16940373182296753, -0.5264548063278198, -0.11192110925912857, 0.7237805724143982, 0.17980825901031494, 0.6372479200363159, 0.5045997500419617, 0.417021781206131, -0.09825350344181061, 0.7107470631599426, 0.11605764925479889, -0.03187324479222298, 0.11720619350671768, -0.09883899986743927, -0.26974883675575256, -0.3639896512031555, -0.33914536237716675, -0.3023346960544586, -0.8178005814552307, 0.23032943904399872, 0.648478627204895, -0.38566911220550537, -0.2991354465484619, 0.18277552723884583, -0.4882921874523163, 0.26910650730133057, -0.19534499943256378, 0.15432454645633698, 0.046547599136829376, 0.05375966802239418, 0.015771064907312393, -0.288334459066391, -0.038267187774181366, -0.0009348641033284366, -0.2964513301849365, 0.10049482434988022, 0.4682607352733612, 0.18759003281593323, -0.04595265910029411, 0.01626812107861042, 0.14940498769283295, 0.45004552602767944, -0.23171550035476685, -0.3819912075996399, -0.23725904524326324, -0.38598358631134033, 0.26453709602355957, 0.1828409731388092, 0.6423119306564331, 0.13822950422763824, -0.19556893408298492, -0.0916762501001358, -0.2479410618543625, 0.211496040225029, 0.10112310200929642, 0.056743305176496506, 0.05335235595703125, 0.09295768290758133, 0.4523147940635681, -0.19485604763031006, -0.16295775771141052, 0.08989749103784561, -0.52789705991745, -0.09774789959192276, 0.0006682107341475785, -0.19944152235984802, 0.3682023882865906, -0.409587025642395, -0.2635140120983124, -0.16286560893058777, -0.509332001209259, 0.6463420391082764, -0.38069018721580505, -0.3115910291671753, 0.26195740699768066, -0.1999671906232834, 0.0011006208369508386, -0.08195339888334274, -0.05102917179465294, -0.37514546513557434, -0.4838564395904541, -0.5002022981643677, -0.029858391731977463, 0.05740801617503166, 0.1055951863527298, -0.06475627422332764, 0.006647669710218906, 0.18031732738018036, 0.3111259341239929, 0.08114079385995865, -0.18437735736370087, 0.07183710485696793, -0.4029281437397003, 0.1996261030435562, 0.3955537676811218, -0.32116320729255676, -0.18310950696468353, -0.49473708868026733, -0.1546991765499115, -0.2517906725406647, -0.0935048907995224, -0.07386977970600128, 0.42497989535331726, 0.8383313417434692, 0.25658151507377625, 0.4698609411716461, 0.1760738492012024, -0.32611531019210815, 0.06522276997566223, 0.06211855635046959, -0.705269455909729, 0.4541846513748169, -0.013759802095592022, -0.06584293395280838, 0.03153647109866142, 0.6057738661766052, 0.04075491800904274, -0.39343464374542236, -0.628541111946106, 0.7920189499855042, -0.37256577610969543, 0.814099907875061, -0.3182377517223358, -0.23839649558067322, 0.30587682127952576, 0.23929177224636078, 0.38300129771232605, 0.2672748565673828, 0.1115422248840332, 0.06370154768228531, -0.387058287858963, -0.1348874717950821, -0.0903313010931015, 0.502058744430542, -0.1318753957748413, 0.026491088792681694, -0.43395859003067017, 0.5310978293418884, -0.13623318076133728, 0.057556893676519394, -0.1496303677558899, 0.011081913486123085, -0.554474413394928, -0.8460586667060852, 0.3754378855228424, -0.40173354744911194, -0.22590792179107666, 0.4764921963214874, 0.004266816191375256, -0.2697420120239258, 0.10244350135326385, -0.08049559593200684, 1.1936936378479004, -0.07409830391407013, -0.25609827041625977, -0.012016164138913155, -0.07593496888875961, 0.18912380933761597, 0.4284198582172394, -0.6597151756286621, 0.0014100917614996433, 0.005801611579954624, 0.5157692432403564, 0.3539726138114929, -0.10744862258434296, 0.7499435544013977, -0.19863422214984894, -0.39142289757728577, -0.054741695523262024, -0.5381319522857666, 0.013427326455712318, 0.1707175225019455, -0.2607167065143585, -0.46762463450431824, 0.11657199263572693, -0.4669185280799866, 0.09347216039896011, -0.09226203709840775, 0.30354565382003784, 0.3884299695491791, 0.8255962133407593, 0.07456333935260773, 0.003320057177916169, -0.3860468864440918, -0.33832427859306335, 0.3436659574508667, 0.19312313199043274, -0.5574240684509277, -0.3331054449081421, 0.1919822245836258, -0.3927278518676758, -0.1194128543138504, -0.2578839361667633, 0.11953672021627426, 0.046268731355667114, 0.41057446599006653, -0.05463412404060364, -0.24539399147033691, 0.459194540977478, -0.2082071304321289, 0.3489561378955841, 0.025132417678833008, -0.2320701628923416, 0.16052505373954773, -0.19291262328624725, 0.20177368819713593, -1.1577823162078857, -0.31865394115448, 0.6340592503547668, 0.12609276175498962, -0.4500870704650879, -0.46930766105651855, -0.16658461093902588, 0.05987080559134483, -0.23226219415664673, 0.4574498236179352, 0.2694459557533264, -0.3362509310245514, 0.660935640335083, -0.05531271919608116, 0.09392644464969635, 0.4722483158111572, 0.38457462191581726, -0.025495620444417, -0.04781267046928406, -0.19966667890548706, -0.1179344430565834, 0.008004344068467617, 0.22296537458896637, 0.029164938256144524, 0.14632833003997803, 0.7992504835128784, -0.06467122584581375, -0.4052790403366089, 0.1383204311132431, -6.278111934661865, 0.30381709337234497, -0.48421886563301086, -0.3855328857898712, -0.09460749477148056, 0.46119314432144165, 0.16188064217567444, -0.09037525206804276, -0.16499002277851105, -0.26914989948272705, -0.557470977306366, 0.2976604402065277, 0.14524123072624207, 0.44092339277267456, -0.04443854093551636, 0.08326824009418488, -0.1656389683485031, 0.21525698900222778, -0.1580457091331482, 0.4622354209423065, 0.3548019230365753, -0.05715059116482735, 0.2714430093765259, 0.013390273787081242, 0.2879848778247833, -0.1755482405424118, -0.4516344368457794, 0.6656789779663086, 0.366936594247818, -0.08063589036464691, 0.3188002109527588, -0.11712941527366638, -0.16664011776447296, -0.4764445424079895, 0.3360602855682373, 0.23485708236694336, -0.08349057286977768, -0.04352966323494911, 0.5180639624595642, 0.29630720615386963, 0.2511975169181824, 0.21075651049613953, 0.20731820166110992, -0.7380158305168152, -0.07129521667957306, 0.34458309412002563, -0.30136534571647644, 0.21450304985046387, -0.37123507261276245, 0.2803618907928467, 0.33076196908950806, -0.15715160965919495, -0.015994127839803696, -0.12097007036209106, 0.24150921404361725, -0.34754660725593567, 0.10787983983755112, -0.10457472503185272, 0.02101982571184635, 0.1198161393404007, 0.4161053001880646, -0.29325950145721436, 0.05284644663333893, -0.5419495105743408, -0.060170404613018036, 0.021575307473540306, -0.41268905997276306, -0.17540571093559265, 0.525439441204071, 0.5569005608558655, -0.22066207230091095, -0.4426897466182709, -0.21952542662620544, -0.8361164927482605, -0.21547219157218933, -0.3887181282043457, -0.1381477415561676, 0.6326115131378174, -0.06968183815479279, 0.25053101778030396, -0.2364552915096283, -0.3068560063838959, -0.010049506090581417, 0.06069395691156387, -0.2739776372909546, -0.5699313879013062, -0.5615241527557373, 0.16882307827472687, -0.5081716775894165, 0.05613147094845772, 0.30713436007499695, -0.4201585650444031, -0.4331590533256531, 0.06519295275211334, 0.541790783405304, 0.028411809355020523, 0.02764812670648098, 0.34838739037513733, 0.3505834639072418, 0.18123933672904968, -0.09724204987287521, -0.3278113305568695, 0.18158811330795288, -0.6198004484176636, 0.29420849680900574, -0.5127973556518555, -0.17015093564987183, -0.3533395826816559, 0.4506363272666931, -0.3248579204082489, -0.22765211760997772, -0.18560248613357544, -0.26980099081993103, -0.4994526207447052, 0.4638480842113495, -0.30554789304733276, 0.6051605939865112, 0.31594401597976685, 0.4219953417778015, -0.4774233102798462, -0.2610156536102295, 0.40547704696655273, 0.12633828818798065, -0.2057422697544098, -0.10923919081687927, 0.048369187861680984, -0.29180672764778137, -0.040468230843544006, -0.1254129707813263, 0.03887791931629181, 0.17248517274856567, 0.11215425282716751, 0.08252887427806854, 0.019478948786854744, -0.007947304286062717, -0.4882899224758148, -0.37456074357032776, 0.4589281678199768, -0.28436607122421265, -0.3689807653427124, 0.005424465052783489, -0.5203348994255066, 0.42579349875450134, 0.3753991723060608, 0.2747480273246765, 0.09426998347043991, 0.32457464933395386, -0.13047854602336884, -0.13530948758125305, -0.04275975748896599, 0.6097936034202576, 0.09593050181865692, 1.1453455686569214, 0.015038715675473213, 0.29283010959625244, -0.18214353919029236, -0.11977717280387878, -0.14986248314380646, 0.002836865372955799, -0.3331505060195923, 0.5364943742752075, -0.5483191609382629, -0.6107078790664673, -0.18941284716129303, -0.18629679083824158, -0.06875486671924591, -0.28322818875312805, -0.49362966418266296, 0.2789507806301117, -0.25431886315345764, 0.5706902742385864, -0.2470720112323761, -0.24322642385959625, 0.0524931363761425, 0.1214519739151001, 0.24905073642730713, 0.19749906659126282, -0.47699248790740967, 0.3290784955024719, 0.039514198899269104, 0.13851942121982574, -0.2423146665096283, 0.20155663788318634, -0.14006072282791138, 0.4126414954662323, 0.1913008987903595, -0.07409733533859253, 0.05964498966932297, -0.3488880395889282, -0.009892200119793415, -0.003596503986045718, -0.2601609528064728, 0.5692461729049683, -0.22710475325584412, 0.22982819378376007, -0.04219522327184677, 0.4325392246246338, 0.49929097294807434, -0.3561882972717285, -0.28612250089645386, 0.04395148158073425, -0.06228208541870117, -0.5232205390930176, -0.17916934192180634, 0.5824218988418579, -0.532925009727478, 0.2932741343975067, -0.29238393902778625, -0.45883217453956604, 0.15707293152809143, -0.01936393231153488, 0.051492806524038315, 0.22673101723194122, -0.2835095524787903, -0.3565528094768524, 0.4293188452720642, 0.21000370383262634, 0.021488269791007042, -0.25164279341697693, -0.28127521276474, 0.10273726284503937, 0.083034448325634, -0.38480138778686523, 0.34587427973747253, -0.35772836208343506, 0.06402155011892319, 0.192759707570076, -0.3320159316062927, 0.03717854619026184, -0.43033698201179504, -0.521023690700531, 0.12172681838274002, -0.26263463497161865, 0.18705229461193085, -0.34686723351478577, -0.10358994454145432, -0.48785582184791565, 0.17721349000930786, 0.39782342314720154, 0.2729693353176117, 0.424153208732605, 0.15986765921115875, 0.2461346536874771, -0.14028646051883698, -0.37592482566833496, 0.5540609955787659, -0.029326830059289932, 0.2948795557022095, -0.46269792318344116, -0.06830482929944992, 0.3755906820297241, -0.4068918228149414, -0.2507498860359192, -0.14154352247714996, 0.5695411562919617, -0.3280068337917328, -0.10683176666498184, -0.4541294574737549, -0.12357710301876068, 0.4656955301761627, 0.030691122636198997, 0.1307227462530136, -0.2340501993894577, 0.024256404489278793, 0.002159616444259882, 0.41307905316352844, -0.2533935010433197, -0.3560475707054138, -0.4717980623245239, -0.2227565348148346, -0.18046827614307404, 0.5217809677124023, 0.44543591141700745, 0.9770985841751099, 0.14211930334568024, -0.18274442851543427, 0.03679641708731651, -0.28685668110847473, 0.05031880736351013, 0.09764537960290909, 0.07553631067276001, 0.2526029348373413, -0.22264182567596436, -0.4918353855609894, 0.6354366540908813, -0.474948525428772, 0.0879601389169693, -0.4095545709133148, 0.37691885232925415, -0.23904232680797577, -0.29155465960502625, 0.35435751080513, 0.42214828729629517, 0.15143826603889465, -0.2737409770488739, 0.4108489751815796, 0.4878537356853485, 0.04857286438345909, 0.6950926184654236, -0.40204498171806335, -0.35492098331451416, 0.3835962414741516, 0.48866626620292664, -0.17935870587825775, 0.1861572265625, 0.16934843361377716, 0.12453871220350266, -0.5276479125022888, -0.2908843159675598, 0.28812557458877563, 0.41068384051322937, 0.18487204611301422, -0.06525842845439911, 0.8141676187515259, 0.005921998061239719, -0.20561151206493378, 0.6170555353164673, -0.47245272994041443, 0.22081145644187927, 0.38674312829971313, 0.1934661716222763, 0.2736111581325531, 0.5211249589920044, 0.156740203499794, -0.009746011346578598, -0.24968363344669342, 0.025623098015785217, -0.27361711859703064, 0.3607659637928009, 0.28388094902038574, 0.530015230178833, -0.021918155252933502, 0.28772541880607605, 0.5037686824798584, -0.18669281899929047, -0.07170926779508591, -0.08307909965515137, 0.2997087240219116, -0.2291455864906311, 0.3479602634906769, 0.06648308783769608, -0.1122119203209877, -0.18175137042999268, 0.3032553195953369, 0.06736916303634644, 0.07390206307172775, 0.0168056171387434, 0.1083936020731926, -0.3323167860507965, 0.3084105849266052, -0.44629886746406555, 0.7860162854194641, -0.10708896815776825, -0.7965127825737, -0.035312771797180176, -0.2597481310367584, 0.041546646505594254, 0.08193238079547882, 0.4981677830219269, -0.16462969779968262, 0.2342364341020584, 0.25866633653640747, 0.49608999490737915, -0.29749077558517456, -0.40056952834129333, -0.12938256561756134, 0.17023968696594238, 0.04665720462799072, 0.2758316099643707, 0.10881344228982925, -0.34572213888168335, 0.40010154247283936, -0.6409363150596619, 0.126604825258255, -0.40689584612846375, -0.398527592420578, 0.4997421205043793, 0.36248940229415894, 0.14882421493530273, 0.22875283658504486, -0.1184580996632576, -0.3137286305427551, -0.335521936416626, -0.42104294896125793, 0.6681160926818848, -0.22764621675014496, -0.3038913905620575, 0.08509959280490875, -0.7184271216392517, -0.25930875539779663, 0.0300979595631361, -0.588087797164917, 0.05362555757164955, -0.17151649296283722, -0.1304047554731369, -0.7105947136878967, -0.1024433821439743, 0.6260528564453125, -0.12439435720443726, 0.33256107568740845, 0.3982013165950775, 0.1912301480770111, 0.49434784054756165, 0.2962774634361267, -0.05115503817796707, 0.1546320617198944, -0.6581330299377441, -0.10209273546934128, -0.5188847780227661, 0.22209532558918, -0.12289518117904663, -0.028575407341122627, -0.20885437726974487, 0.13974957168102264, 0.3086133897304535, -0.014161081984639168, 0.21566133201122284, -0.002229083562269807, -0.03485427051782608, -0.5587041974067688, 0.20993202924728394, -0.02234315685927868, 0.11862601339817047, 0.2794005870819092, -0.2888552248477936, 0.14580801129341125, 0.33676356077194214, -0.3303241431713104, -0.30795443058013916, 0.31313997507095337, -0.15190789103507996, -0.223886638879776, -0.2656090259552002, -0.030796214938163757, -0.24813073873519897, -0.45273929834365845, 0.8961085081100464, 0.3658868074417114, -0.09404793381690979, -0.6565649509429932, -0.12230797111988068, 0.4960280954837799, 0.1925169676542282, -0.18348105251789093, -0.4891069531440735, 0.24502941966056824, 0.2305213212966919, -0.11968032270669937, -1.0431082248687744, 0.3739786148071289, 0.11124850809574127, -0.030097194015979767, 0.3034418225288391, -0.02188059873878956, 0.444176584482193, -0.5752835273742676, 0.2359527349472046, 0.3885786831378937, 0.18113888800144196, -0.3316776752471924 ]
210683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonio%20Selwart	Tonio Selwart	Antonio Franz Theus "Tonio" Selmair-Selwart (June 9, 1896 – November 2, 2002) was a German actor and stage performer. Biography Selwart was born in Wartenberg, Bavaria, Germany, and raised in Munich. After studying medicine like his father (a well known surgeon), he decided instead to become an actor, following a lifelong interest in theater. Selwart thereafter studied acting and appeared in many plays throughout Europe. He appeared in a variety of stage productions, including classics such as Shakespeare and modern popular works like Heinrich von Kleist's romantic dream play, The Prince of Homburg, in which he played the title role. After further honing his skills as a director, Selwart decided to try his luck in the United States of America. His luck panned out in New York City, where he landed the lead part in Lawrence Langner's and Armina Marshall's play The Pursuit of Happiness for the Theatre Guild in 1930. The comedy proved to be his first big success in America, running from 1933 to 1934, and made him, as he often put it, "a matinee idol for a whole year!" Riding high on this success, Selwart decided to emigrate permanently and became an American citizen. Selwart was himself an officer and fought in World War I on the Austro-Hungarian side, as a lieutenant in the cavalry. He derived his nickname "Tonio" from his first name and from his family background – his parents were Austrian, and he had an Italian grandmother. He was familiar with the novella Tonio Kröger, which dealt with a half-German, half-Italian young artist in pre-World War I Germany and was written by Thomas Mann (a friend of his) and had a tape recording of the story being read by Mann himself. His wife, Claire Volkhart, a painter and sculptor, died in Germany in 1935 and his longtime companion, Ilse Jennings, a Paris-born Spanish artist, died in 1967. He died at the age of 106 in New York City. Acting career Film Selwart made a total of 21 film appearances. His debut was in Fritz Lang's Hangmen Also Die! (1943), as a Nazi Gestapo chief. In The Barefoot Contessa (1954),he appeared as the Pretender King, with Ava Gardner and Humphrey Bogart. His last film appearance, The Other Side of the Wind for Orson Welles, was left unreleased for decades. According to Welles in a letter to Selwart, it contains an excellent performance by this actor as the Baron. Selwart was much concerned that this "swan song" of his had never been released and even in 1992, at the age of 95, regretted that he would probably never see it. This was not only because of his age but because of his gradual loss of sight. The film was released in 2018 after Selwart's death at 106. Other titles include: Anzio (1968) by Edward Dmytryk, his last Hollywood film appearance; The North Star (1943), directed by Lewis Milestone with a script by playwright Lillian Hellman, with Erich von Stroheim; Edge of Darkness (1943), also by Milestone, his first film role, where he played his first film German soldier role, opposite Judith Anderson; Wilson (1944), where he played the German ambassador to Washington, D.C. during World War I, Count von Bernstorff; The Cross of Lorraine (1943), with Gene Kelly; The Hitler Gang (1944), playing the Nazi official Alfred Rosenberg and Romanoff and Juliet (1961), written, directed and starring Peter Ustinov, and an Italian-American adaptation of Homer's Iliad, Helen of Troy (1956), directed by Robert Wise, with Rossanna Podesta, Jacques Sernas, and in two featured roles, Selwart played opposite a then almost unknown Brigitte Bardot, in 1956. While he played only supporting roles in English-language cinema, Selwart starred in Italian and French films, including Lupo della Frontiere (Wolf of the Frontier, 1951), during the 1950s; he never appeared in a German film. He also made a brief speaking part appearance in Luchino Visconti's Italian film Senso (1954), at the beginning opera house scene, as an Austrian officer. He spoke fluent Italian, English and French, which helped him with roles in several countries. Starting from the late 1940s until the 1950s and 1960s, he also appeared on American television, making guest appearances in drama programs, including The Fifth Column for Buick-Electra Playhouse on CBS in 1960, playing an almost-deaf Nazi officer in a group of fifth columnists operating behind the lines in Madrid during the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s (the program was adapted from a story by Ernest Hemingway and directed by John Frankenheimer). Stage Selwart appeared on stage around the country (including Broadway) and in Canada. His performances included: The Pursuit of Happiness (touring with it across the U.S. and England), Candle in the Wind by Maxwell Anderson with Helen Hayes (where he played his first German Nazi officer role, a type of character he came to specialize in), The Laughing Woman with Helen Menken, Autumn Crocus, Seeds in the Wind, Liliom by Ferenc Molnár (in which Selwart played the title role), and The Hidden River in 1957, among many others. Selwart's last American stage appearances were with the Lotte Lenya in the 1964 tour of Brecht on Brecht and in the 1965 Carnegie Hall performance of Die Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera). He studied at the Actors Studio in New York and with Michael Chekhov in California. Selwart had referred to Chekov as "My best teacher in America." As a member of Eva Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory he appeared in Peter Pan, Alice in Wonderland, and Frank Wedekind's Spring's Awakening—a tragedy about adolescence which he also directed. Writer and poet May Sarton appeared in this production—one of her earliest stage roles. In 1995, now legally blind, Selwart was interviewed by William F. Powers for his book, Alive and Well: The Emergence of the Active Nonagenarian (Rutledge Books, 1996). In the interview, Selwart reflected: "If I died today, I could say only that I had lived a very beautiful and charmed life. Even when it looked at times like something bad had happened, it soon turned back again to something positive. The loss of my eyesight, although difficult, did not make me bitter. I figured that at my age I have to expect something and remembered all those poor people who suffer from cancer and are in terrible pain. I say to myself that I may have trouble seeing, but I don't suffer any physical, mental, or emotional pain." Filmography References External links Tonio Selwart papers, 1927-circa 1964, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts 1896 births 2002 deaths 20th-century American male actors Male actors from New York City American centenarians American male film actors American male stage actors Blind people from the United States German centenarians People from Erding (district) German male film actors German people of Austrian descent German people of Italian descent German male stage actors Bavarian emigrants to the United States Male actors from Munich Male Shakespearean actors Men centenarians	[ -0.19056160748004913, 0.4867139756679535, -0.30344533920288086, -0.5782075524330139, 0.29070138931274414, 0.8814623355865479, 0.47526758909225464, 0.02529788203537464, -0.3359290063381195, 0.011357408948242664, -0.11898048222064972, 0.02043193206191063, -0.38305604457855225, 0.169565349817276, 0.25172680616378784, -0.0006486584898084402, 0.1361689418554306, 0.21076233685016632, -0.5574599504470825, -0.1572825312614441, -0.464787095785141, -0.12512081861495972, 0.5209757685661316, 0.5099853277206421, -0.3463861644268036, 0.6471762657165527, 0.39705225825309753, -0.07892055809497833, 0.19797182083129883, 0.17826607823371887, 0.22765949368476868, 0.08389095216989517, 0.3714100122451782, -0.26731857657432556, -0.8745972514152527, 0.4630318880081177, -0.48515722155570984, -0.0856487974524498, 0.03686961159110069, 0.09597073495388031, -0.35772770643234253, 0.2661416828632355, 0.13788336515426636, -0.21775220334529877, -0.6420758366584778, -0.49648669362068176, -1.220097303390503, 0.5172258019447327, -0.7803614735603333, -0.3922220468521118, -0.1909758448600769, -0.05878381058573723, 0.697964072227478, 0.3469705283641815, 0.3208618462085724, -0.7599507570266724, -0.3744432032108307, -0.289434015750885, -0.03026593290269375, -0.3787517249584198, 0.4655074179172516, 0.24449379742145538, 0.37977391481399536, -0.8929862380027771, 0.5337656736373901, 0.2972024083137512, -0.10172363370656967, 0.32906413078308105, -0.5464394092559814, -0.06546743214130402, -0.2540019750595093, 1.054871678352356, 0.20415621995925903, -0.3384857475757599, 0.7392566800117493, -0.37946248054504395, 0.3005569279193878, 0.5092305541038513, -0.1267852485179901, 0.36704131960868835, -0.4717673063278198, -0.3752201199531555, 0.8191832900047302, 0.810199499130249, 0.10970780998468399, -0.2425043135881424, -0.4259040951728821, 0.7134576439857483, -0.234581857919693, -0.7022061347961426, -0.5753841996192932, -0.641157865524292, 0.013751162216067314, 0.305254191160202, 0.10423443466424942, 0.40648555755615234, -0.1396297812461853, 0.2575405240058899, 0.06283334642648697, 0.005002228077501059, 0.5606399774551392, -0.09774446487426758, 0.4634779095649719, -0.6500694751739502, -0.08689650893211365, 0.12531019747257233, 0.045567288994789124, 0.3983946740627289, -0.3442480266094208, 0.15100827813148499, -0.7389143109321594, -0.08220556378364563, -0.05700058490037918, -0.14921636879444122, -0.0703403577208519, 0.3619680106639862, -0.25600484013557434, -0.5526388883590698, -0.9122246503829956, 0.03629063069820404, -0.03038766048848629, 0.46670421957969666, -0.022475723177194595, 0.40924254059791565, -0.6936706304550171, -0.020258363336324692, -0.5254145264625549, 0.7952048182487488, -0.5203498005867004, 0.31524866819381714, 0.7717978358268738, 1.0163111686706543, 0.2012905478477478, -0.12547360360622406, -0.8082428574562073, 0.08538282662630081, 0.6752504706382751, 0.24024567008018494, 0.11571723967790604, -0.09507614374160767, -0.49955615401268005, 0.18920543789863586, -0.5400788187980652, 0.06994756311178207, 0.39392250776290894, -0.2833806276321411, -0.04179674759507179, -0.023704247549176216, 0.2524963617324829, -0.42574256658554077, -0.5002369284629822, -0.05217505246400833, 0.4380951225757599, -0.7885209321975708, -0.5647285580635071, 0.16312967240810394, 0.5848421454429626, -0.35144171118736267, 0.6804689168930054, -0.35829031467437744, 0.5305464267730713, -0.06904464960098267, -0.6895594000816345, 0.04128861799836159, 0.7825714349746704, -0.22678421437740326, -0.1752040535211563, -0.7571635246276855, -0.06701318174600601, 0.378077894449234, 0.04977124556899071, 0.5611962080001831, 0.08061220496892929, -0.0904509574174881, -0.7102440595626831, 0.3006793260574341, 0.014103799127042294, 0.31885668635368347, -0.21969468891620636, -1.120476484298706, -0.8035556077957153, -0.07136739045381546, -0.2075812667608261, 0.00503145856782794, 0.12610454857349396, 0.21418632566928864, 0.6267940998077393, -0.19197404384613037, 0.27963787317276, -0.21077865362167358, -0.5139994621276855, -0.2914944589138031, 0.5375800728797913, -0.06421015411615372, 1.347747802734375, -0.18693147599697113, -0.20986250042915344, 0.05297515168786049, -0.01358597632497549, 0.20298735797405243, -0.5781125426292419, -0.6001296639442444, 0.544816792011261, 0.6671963334083557, 0.11326568573713303, 0.15135416388511658, 0.28515350818634033, 0.14580026268959045, 0.5384562015533447, 0.1071535050868988, 0.5376327037811279, -1.1464163064956665, 0.3616412281990051, 0.17735198140144348, -0.14841412007808685, -0.6459818482398987, -0.8372877240180969, -0.199086531996727, 0.2228608876466751, -0.15522146224975586, 0.2654121220111847, -0.08668039739131927, -0.710361659526825, 0.3527009189128876, 0.03711813688278198, 0.7405006289482117, 0.12335827201604843, -0.3195319175720215, 0.26827749609947205, 0.08521143347024918, 0.10206940025091171, 0.21400006115436554, -0.015013461001217365, -0.587975263595581, 0.004828648176044226, -0.5085820555686951, 0.27618148922920227, -0.1824590563774109, -0.2565971612930298, -0.561438798904419, 0.5545641779899597, 0.4192430078983307, -1.1977733373641968, 0.06332722306251526, 0.15779706835746765, 0.16265107691287994, 0.21323977410793304, 0.21639733016490936, -0.01459876261651516, 0.04396889731287956, 0.24059909582138062, 0.20283615589141846, -0.03826063498854637, -0.34626829624176025, -0.2924944758415222, 0.09992470592260361, 0.40074029564857483, 0.018918190151453018, 0.670758843421936, 0.29740095138549805, 0.6320592164993286, -0.09492763876914978, 0.28126025199890137, -0.06326643377542496, -0.3073153495788574, 0.16822560131549835, 0.2767634689807892, -0.5381430983543396, -0.39102864265441895, -0.12144236266613007, 0.5047818422317505, -0.4399567246437073, -0.4754863679409027, 0.36336734890937805, 0.15973128378391266, 0.29138731956481934, -0.28924673795700073, -0.37971413135528564, -0.40290167927742004, -0.4239252209663391, 0.26956456899642944, 0.3888486921787262, -0.14868496358394623, -0.37656959891319275, -0.2051478624343872, -0.09248171001672745, -0.4668733775615692, -0.005246753804385662, 0.45174458622932434, -0.07365602254867554, 0.08232559263706207, 1.1350377798080444, -0.24114719033241272, -0.09368081390857697, -0.4448697865009308, 0.08044832199811935, -0.11814460903406143, -0.19574792683124542, 0.5181492567062378, 0.01137042511254549, -0.6896231174468994, 0.30713027715682983, -0.4857482612133026, 0.3740696609020233, 0.30453306436538696, 0.07596360892057419, -0.4565454125404358, -0.27868032455444336, -5.303867340087891, 0.0747261494398117, 0.316990464925766, -0.2711712121963501, 0.29473209381103516, 0.2803579270839691, -0.008543480187654495, -0.4280155301094055, -0.05588138476014137, -0.10669544339179993, -0.3491579592227936, 0.005469261668622494, -0.14548705518245697, 0.763380765914917, 0.5614649653434753, 0.1366579681634903, 0.21694321930408478, -0.28981921076774597, 0.26872876286506653, 0.33697009086608887, 0.017792275175452232, -0.09637313336133957, 0.047382742166519165, 0.002446216531097889, 0.5494804382324219, 0.39262381196022034, -0.7391020655632019, 0.33513087034225464, -0.4182898700237274, -0.8024253845214844, -0.24809487164020538, -0.4634598195552826, -0.5694561004638672, -0.2634662687778473, -0.07887943089008331, -0.052522655576467514, 0.561578631401062, 0.3574596047401428, -0.505272626876831, -0.29856517910957336, 0.05447272211313248, 0.37129682302474976, -0.868338942527771, 0.23218943178653717, 0.45795321464538574, 0.18396221101284027, -0.7309134006500244, -0.3620843291282654, -0.18611016869544983, 0.5707904100418091, 0.22419807314872742, -0.6523236632347107, 0.10733058303594589, -0.12730790674686432, 0.6326898336410522, 0.31284070014953613, 0.45400166511535645, 0.14381438493728638, -0.4188297986984253, 0.3719234764575958, -0.27381211519241333, 0.1263323426246643, -0.5771876573562622, -0.21618051826953888, -0.2264638990163803, 0.07147147506475449, 0.1987072378396988, 0.53831946849823, 0.6779386401176453, -0.7579323649406433, 0.09412844479084015, 0.6961093544960022, 0.3031492829322815, -0.9013136625289917, 0.09443074464797974, -0.17200921475887299, -0.008224626071751118, -0.5062276124954224, -0.6858523488044739, 0.35826683044433594, -0.40879935026168823, 0.030987827107310295, -0.2695605158805847, 0.5641154050827026, 1.187129020690918, 0.5004416108131409, -0.1730494648218155, 0.31821200251579285, -0.015889158472418785, -0.3044077157974243, -0.009924273937940598, -0.7483438849449158, -0.6098466515541077, 0.3411543667316437, 0.32715120911598206, 0.10643979907035828, -0.4287940263748169, 0.3250521123409271, 0.2429620772600174, 0.4285643994808197, 0.3789033591747284, 0.10252146422863007, -0.002576366998255253, -0.20532988011837006, 0.8844779133796692, -0.02399216592311859, 0.21013814210891724, 0.04124954342842102, 0.6279516816139221, 0.33235853910446167, 0.2552809417247772, 0.7325336933135986, -0.598380446434021, 0.03805505856871605, 0.4095486104488373, -0.6406911611557007, -0.29568442702293396, 0.647774338722229, -0.05292242765426636, 0.4952481985092163, -0.2854047417640686, 0.06295235455036163, 0.04921481013298035, -0.18356482684612274, -0.2740984261035919, -0.01588546298444271, 0.09603071957826614, -0.5961652994155884, -0.3737841248512268, -0.26459118723869324, -0.6686158776283264, 0.7251952290534973, -0.12170100212097168, 0.23390989005565643, 0.8172889351844788, -0.28589633107185364, -0.1281442940235138, -0.6791996359825134, 0.4960808753967285, -0.16476185619831085, -0.22867535054683685, -0.3834874629974365, 0.18624547123908997, 0.41669270396232605, 0.6032845377922058, -0.15427522361278534, -0.04010654240846634, 0.27839386463165283, -0.45972976088523865, 0.5435502529144287, 0.3247739374637604, 0.19892945885658264, 0.7409116625785828, -0.3874838352203369, -0.4549620747566223, 0.41001561284065247, -0.16826027631759644, -0.017419103533029556, -0.0409955196082592, 0.1517249494791031, 0.08393177390098572, -0.29118624329566956, -0.5331884026527405, 0.4727746546268463, 0.30671635270118713, -0.08138059079647064, -0.42451736330986023, 0.0974666178226471, -0.44569432735443115, 0.4972369968891144, -0.3875141739845276, -0.8286459445953369, -0.6018581986427307, 0.5695690512657166, 0.48877742886543274, 0.07476188987493515, -0.6340399980545044, -0.17766210436820984, -0.1857866495847702, 0.1171855628490448, -0.0391925610601902, 0.14522197842597961, -1.163856029510498, 0.20136569440364838, 0.9633785486221313, -0.10705269873142242, -0.8626711368560791, -0.18097099661827087, -0.06924761086702347, -0.4916262924671173, 0.1873566061258316, -0.21162594854831696, 0.2612144649028778, 0.18773072957992554, -0.4525814950466156, -0.6380505561828613, 0.07227405905723572, -0.4228611886501312, 0.334796667098999, -0.3646693527698517, 0.018924541771411896, -0.1803799271583557, -0.31730639934539795, -0.31617507338523865, 0.5768526196479797, -0.5705023407936096, -0.007426264230161905, 0.10746322572231293, -0.37654364109039307, 0.8754013180732727, -0.5280402302742004, -0.9014033079147339, 0.012183671817183495, 0.7794575095176697, -0.47081589698791504, 0.5869016647338867, 0.5359541177749634, 0.05679241567850113, -0.35376182198524475, -0.19393989443778992, -0.8083644509315491, -0.8397316932678223, -0.36671313643455505, -0.017529096454381943, -0.5669224858283997, -0.07689563930034637, 0.3590310513973236, -0.07094107568264008, 0.33956581354141235, -0.6109888553619385, 0.5302211046218872, -0.2500762343406677, 0.3349856734275818, -0.1919144093990326, -0.4075394570827484, -0.14601054787635803, 0.19172637164592743, 0.09631761163473129, -0.18912683427333832, 0.6756905913352966, 0.6943446397781372, 0.985258162021637, 0.4824617803096771, -0.250980943441391, 0.3904103934764862, 0.591664731502533, 0.3171626627445221, -0.5110739469528198, -0.1600620150566101, -0.1834501028060913, 0.351609468460083, 0.2318475991487503, -0.7904534339904785, 0.14031502604484558, 0.8652539253234863, -0.5989974141120911, 0.17000001668930054, 0.3242986798286438, -0.058259349316358566, 0.396401047706604, -0.2852635085582733, 0.3869350552558899, 0.4255372881889343, -0.18526485562324524, -0.33579719066619873, 0.07403315603733063, -0.42896154522895813, -0.04376513883471489, 0.5666899681091309, 0.1019798219203949, -0.3588376045227051, 0.0953427106142044, 0.21256659924983978, 0.09268801659345627, -0.45195144414901733, 0.3935721516609192, 0.46370190382003784, -0.2811301350593567, -0.3369999825954437, -0.013797752559185028, -0.6899322271347046, 0.11866559088230133, -0.023462984710931778, -0.7558969259262085, -0.4499102830886841, -0.6604639887809753, -0.21493439376354218, -0.3703857958316803, -0.17406143248081207, 0.545325756072998, -0.7510005235671997, 0.03051035664975643, -0.3317343294620514, 0.014248245395720005, -0.3369390666484833, 0.13273340463638306, -0.4292634129524231, 0.5219910740852356, -0.1316644549369812, -0.30424848198890686, 0.2023279070854187, 0.36717507243156433, 0.6574111580848694, 0.19126521050930023, 0.36607709527015686, 0.049963150173425674, 0.03131356090307236, -1.1491519212722778, -0.4379695951938629, 0.014420092105865479, 0.5046749711036682, -0.14359447360038757, 0.06771834194660187, 0.563247561454773, -0.4182276129722595, -0.0007408560486510396, 0.6975418329238892, -0.026815544813871384, -0.45055076479911804, -0.1892888844013214, 0.3142748475074768, -0.32243606448173523, 0.8529782891273499, -0.7341752052307129, 0.09981552511453629, 0.6088160276412964, 1.0320391654968262, -0.19473721086978912, -0.4085569679737091, 0.32915574312210083, -0.07024828344583511, -0.40187254548072815, 0.4111805260181427, 0.3583294451236725, 0.1367143839597702, -0.4296756982803345, 0.6664600968360901, -0.13184727728366852, -0.07996071875095367, 0.3622877299785614, -0.5080519318580627, 1.3297450542449951, -0.45320793986320496, 0.044882532209157944, 0.38140660524368286, -0.1205638125538826, -0.32051441073417664, 0.7809489369392395, -0.33978986740112305, 0.27489590644836426, 0.23600570857524872, 0.01555896271020174, 0.104495570063591, -0.16561156511306763, 0.40501734614372253, 0.4532807171344757, 0.6443647146224976, -0.508517324924469, 0.022135121747851372, 0.6946757435798645, 0.28550267219543457, 0.12181301414966583, 1.2043778896331787, 0.13388119637966156, -0.6173260807991028, 0.3810238242149353, -1.0275540351867676, -0.8338095545768738, 0.13313327729701996, 0.23607906699180603, 0.4502047896385193, -0.46359413862228394, -0.29305481910705566, 0.2148904651403427, 0.4480064809322357, 0.13824039697647095, 0.7143495082855225, -0.5059764981269836, -0.6271989941596985, 0.484919935464859, -0.49232059717178345, 0.087063729763031, 0.1628119945526123, 0.1885826587677002, 0.4060327708721161, -0.5025899410247803, -0.3410276174545288, -0.33250176906585693, 0.3179779052734375, -0.30337807536125183, 0.2346179485321045, -0.8889584541320801, 0.4496742784976959, 0.23526817560195923, -0.6094523072242737, -0.44416600465774536, -0.15398108959197998, 0.4228830337524414, 0.28639549016952515, -0.4514704942703247, 0.22016280889511108, 0.5775969624519348, 0.19143733382225037, 0.06044367700815201, -0.01619216427206993, 0.14711792767047882, -0.7615940570831299, 0.12245432287454605, -0.4932897984981537, 0.4638146460056305, 0.42467525601387024, -0.03658962622284889, -0.4024040699005127, 0.6508364677429199, -0.4060479402542114, 0.42550694942474365, -0.10471054911613464, 0.08777488768100739, -0.485100120306015, 0.09897536039352417, 0.12489592283964157, -0.09299100190401077, 0.20876364409923553, -0.4791620373725891, -0.3845200538635254, 0.7259038686752319, 0.18960213661193848, -0.403339147567749, -0.5042544603347778, 0.004248274955898523, -0.5981677174568176, 0.24468502402305603, -0.10108643025159836, -0.029701393097639084, -0.27098432183265686, -0.22505125403404236, 0.41945722699165344, 0.5248590111732483, 0.7511553764343262, -0.867324709892273, 0.8712221384048462, 0.11179545521736145, 0.3660004138946533, -0.08897057920694351, 0.4130079448223114, -0.2251213937997818, -0.2545447051525116, -0.43193018436431885, -0.02919808216392994, 0.22677363455295563, -0.24811875820159912, -0.5214515924453735, 0.9687315821647644, -0.6302463412284851, -0.28687116503715515, 0.010776330716907978, -0.26334279775619507, -0.23563046753406525, 0.5010131597518921, -0.677715539932251 ]
210684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine%20de%20Sta%C3%ABl	Germaine de Staël	Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein (; ; 22 April 176614 July 1817), commonly known as Madame de Staël ( , ), was a French woman of letters and political theorist, the daughter of banker and French finance minister Jacques Necker. She was a voice of moderation in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era up to the French Restoration. She was present at the Estates General of 1789 and at the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Her intellectual collaboration with Benjamin Constant between 1794 and 1810 made them one of the most celebrated intellectual couples of their time. She discovered sooner than others the tyrannical character and designs of Napoleon. For many years she lived as an exile – firstly during the Reign of Terror and later due to personal persecution by Napoleon. In exile, she became the centre of the Coppet group with her unrivalled network of contacts across Europe. In 1814 one of her contemporaries observed that "there are three great powers struggling against Napoleon for the soul of Europe: England, Russia, and Madame de Staël". Known as a witty and brilliant conversationalist, and often dressed in daring outfits, she stimulated the political and intellectual life of her times. Her works, whether novels, travel literature or polemics, which emphasised individuality and passion, made a lasting mark on European thought. De Staël spread the notion of Romanticism widely by its repeated use. Childhood Germaine (or Minette, "kitty") was the only child of Suzanne Curchod, who hosted in Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin one of the most popular salons of Paris and prominent banker and statesman Jacques Necker, who was the Director-General of Finance under King Louis XVI of France. Mme Necker wanted her daughter educated according to the principles of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and endow her with the intellectual education and Calvinist discipline instilled in her by her pastor father. On Fridays she regularly brought Germaine as a young child to sit at her feet in her salon, where the guests took pleasure in stimulating the brilliant child. At the age of 13, she read Montesquieu, Shakespeare, Rousseau and Dante. This exposure probably contributed to a nervous breakdown in adolescence, but the seeds of a literary vocation had been sown. Her father "is remembered today for taking the unprecedented step in 1781 of making public the country’s budget, a novelty in an absolute monarchy where the state of the national finances had always been kept secret, leading to his dismissal in May of that year." The family eventually took up residence in 1784 at Château Coppet, an estate her father purchased on Lake Geneva. The family returned to the Paris region in 1785, and Mlle Necker continued to write miscellaneous works, including the three-act romantic drama Sophie (1786) and the five-act tragedy, Jeanne Grey (1787). Marriage Aged 11, Germaine had suggested to her mother that she marry Edward Gibbon, a visitor to her salon, whom she found most attractive. Then, she reasoned, he would always be around for her. In 1783, at seventeen, she was courted by William Pitt the Younger and by the fop Comte de Guibert, whose conversation, she thought, was the most far-ranging, spirited and fertile she had ever known. When she did not accept their offers Germaine's parents became impatient. With the help of Marie-Charlotte Hippolyte de Boufflers, a marriage was arranged with Baron Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, a Protestant and attaché of the Swedish legation to France. It took place on 14 January 1786 in the Swedish embassy at 97, Rue du Bac; Germaine was 20, her husband 37. On the whole, the marriage seems to have been workable for both parties, although neither seems to have had much affection for the other. The baron, also a gambler, obtained great benefits from the match as he received 80,000 pounds and was confirmed as lifetime ambassador to Paris, although his wife was almost certainly the more effective envoy. Revolutionary activities In 1788, de Staël published Letters on the works and character of J.J. Rousseau. In this panegyric, written initially for a limited number of friends (in which she considered his housekeeper Thérèse Levasseur as unfaithful), she demonstrated evident talent, but little critical discernment. De Staël was at this time enthusiastic about the mixture of Rousseau's ideas about love and Montesquieu's on politics. In December 1788 her father persuaded the king to double the number of deputies at the Third Estate in order to gain enough support to raise taxes to defray the excessive costs of supporting the revolutionaries in America. This approach had serious repercussions on Necker's reputation; he appeared to consider the Estates-General as a facility designed to help the administration rather than to reform the government. In an argument with the king, whose speech on 23 June he didn't attend, Necker was dismissed and exiled on 11 July. On Sunday, 12 July the news became public, and an angry Camille Desmoulins suggested storming the Bastille. On 16 July he was reappointed; Necker entered Versailles in triumph. His efforts to clean up public finances were unsuccessful and his idea of a National Bank failed. Necker was attacked by Jean-Paul Marat and Count Mirabeau in the Constituante, when he did not agree with using assignats as legal tender. He resigned on 4 September 1790. Accompanied by their son-in-law, her parents left for Switzerland, without the two million livres, half of his fortune, loaned as an investment in the public treasury in 1778. The increasing disturbances caused by the Revolution made her privileges as the consort of an ambassador an important safeguard. Germaine held a salon in the Swedish embassy, where she gave "coalition dinners", which were frequented by moderates such as Talleyrand and De Narbonne, monarchists (Feuillants) such as Antoine Barnave, Charles Lameth and his brothers Alexandre and Théodore, the Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, Pierre Victor, baron Malouet, the poet Abbé Delille, Thomas Jefferson, the one-legged Minister Plenipotentiary to France Gouverneur Morris, Paul Barras, a Jacobin (from the Plain) and the Girondin Condorcets. "The issue of leadership, or rather lack of it, was central to de Staël's preoccupations at this stage of her political reflections. She experienced the death of Mirabeau, accused of royalism, as a sign of great political disorientation and uncertainty. He was the only man with the necessary charisma, energy, and prestige to keep the revolutionary movement on a path of constitutional reform." Following the 1791 French legislative election, and after the French Constitution of 1791 was announced in the National Assembly, she resigned from a political career and decided not to stand for re-election. "Fine arts and letters will occupy my leisure." She did, however, play an important role in the succession of Comte de Montmorin the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in the appointment of Narbonne as minister of War and continued to be centre stage behind the scenes. Marie Antoinette wrote to Hans Axel Fersen: "Count Louis de Narbonne is finally Minister of War, since yesterday; what a glory for Mme de Staël and what a joy for her to have the whole army, all to herself." In 1792 the French Legislative Assembly saw an unprecedented turnover of ministers, six ministers of the interior, seven ministers of foreign affairs, and nine ministers of war. On 10 August 1792 Clermont-Tonnere was thrown out of a window of the Louvre Palace and trampled to death. De Staël offered baron Malouet a plan of escape for the royal family. As there was no government, militant members of the Insurrectionary Commune were given extensive police powers from the provisional, executive council, " to detain, interrogate and incarcerate suspects without anything resembling due process of law". She helped De Narbonne, dismissed for plotting, to hide under the altar in the chapel in the Swedish embassy, and lectured the sans-culottes from the section in the hall. On Sunday 2 September, the day the Elections for the National Convention and the September massacres began, she fled herself in the garb of an ambassadress. Her carriage was stopped and the crowd forced her into the Paris town hall, where Robespierre presided. That same evening she was conveyed home, escorted by the procurator Louis Pierre Manuel. The next day the commissioner to the Commune of Paris Jean-Lambert Tallien arrived with a new passport and accompanied her to the edge of the barricade. Salons at Coppet and Paris After her flight from Paris, Germaine moved to Rolle in Switzerland, where Albert was born. She was supported by de Montmorency and the Marquis de Jaucourt, whom she had previously supplied with Swedish passports. In January 1793, she made a four-month visit to England to be with her then-lover, the Comte de Narbonne at Juniper Hall. (Since 1 February France and Great Britain were at war.) Within a few weeks, she was pregnant; it was apparently one of the reasons for the scandal she caused in England. According to Fanny Burney, the result was that her father urged Fanny to avoid the company of de Staël and her circle of French Émigres in Surrey. De Staël met Horace Walpole, James Mackintosh, Lord Sheffield, a friend of Edward Gibbon, and Lord Loughborough, the new Lord Chancellor. She was not impressed with the condition of women in English society. Individual freedom was as important to her as were abstract political liberties. In the summer of 1793, she returned to Switzerland probably because De Narbonne had cooled towards her. She published a defence of the character of Marie Antoinette, entitled, Réflexions sur le procès de la Reine, 1793 ("Reflections on the Queen's trial"). In de Staël's view, France should have adapted from an absolute to a Constitutional monarchy as was the case in England. Living in Jouxtens-Mézery, farther away from the French border than Coppet, Germaine was visited by Adolph Ribbing. Count Ribbing was living in exile, after his conviction for taking part in a conspiracy to assassinate the Swedish king, Gustav III. In September 1794 the recently divorced Benjamin Constant visited her, wanting to meet her before he committed suicide. In May 1795 she moved to Paris, now with Constant in tow, as her protégé and lover. De Staël rejected the idea of the right of resistance – which had been introduced into the never implemented French Constitution of 1793, but was removed from the Constitution of 1795. In 1796 she published Sur l'influence des passions, in which she praised suicide, a book which attracted the attention of the German writers Schiller and Goethe. Still absorbed by French politics, Germaine reopened her salon. It was during these years that Mme de Staël arguably exerted most political influence. For a time she was still visible in the diverse and eccentric society of the mid-1790s. However, on the 13 Vendémiaire the Comité de salut public ordered her to leave Paris after accusations of politicking, and put Constant in detention for one night. Germaine spent that autumn in the spa of Forges-les-Eaux. She was considered a threat to political stability and mistrusted by both sides in the political conflict. The couple moved to Ormesson-sur-Marne where they stayed with Mathieu Montmorency. In Summer 1796 Constant founded the "Cercle constitutionnel" in Luzarches with de Staël's support. In May 1797 she was back in Paris and eight months pregnant. She succeeded in getting Talleyrand from the list of Émigrés and on his return from the United States to have him appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in July. From the coup of 18 Fructidor it was announced that anyone campaigning to restore the monarchy or the French Constitution of 1793 would be shot without trial. Germaine moved to Saint-Ouen, on her father's estate and became a close friend of the beautiful and wealthy Juliette Récamier to whom she sold her parents' house in the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. De Staël completed the initial part of her first most substantial contribution to political and constitutional theory, "Of present circumstances that can end the Revolution, and of the principles that must found the republic of France". On 6 December 1797 she had the first meeting with Napoleon Bonaparte in Talleyrand's office and met him again on 3 January 1798 during a ball. She made it clear to him she did not agree with his planned invasion of Switzerland. He ignored her opinions and would not read her letters. Conflict with Napoleon In January 1800 Napoleon appointed Benjamin Constant a member of the Tribunat but, not long after, Constant became the first consul's enemy. Two years later Napoleon forced him into exile on account of his speeches which he took to be actually written by Mme de Staël. In August 1802 Napoleon was elected first consul for life. This put de Staël into opposition to him both for personal and political reasons. In her view Napoleon had begun to resemble Machiavelli; while for Napoleon, Voltaire, J.J. Rousseau and their followers were the cause of the French Revolution. This view was cemented when Jacques Necker published his "Last Views on Politics and Finance" and his daughter, her "De la littérature considérée dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales". It was her first philosophical treatment of the Europe question: it dealt with such factors as nationality, history, and social institutions. Napoleon started a campaign against her latest publication. He did not like her cultural determinism and generalizations, in which she stated that "an artist must be of his own time". In his opinion a woman should stick to knitting. He said about her, according to the Memoirs of Madame de Rémusat, that she "teaches people to think who had never thought before, or who had forgotten how to think". It became clear that the first man of France and de Staël were not likely ever to get along together. De Staël published a provocative, anti-Catholic novel Delphine, in which the femme incomprise (misunderstood woman) living in Paris between 1789 and 1792, is confronted with conservative ideas about divorce after the Concordat of 1801. In this tragic novel, influenced by Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther and Rousseau's Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, she reflects on the legal and practical aspects on divorce, the arrests and the September Massacres, and the fate of the émigrés. The main characters have traits of the unstable Benjamin Constant, and Talleyrand is depicted as an old woman, herself as the heroine with the liberal view of the Italian aristocrat and politician Melzi d'Eril. When Constant moved to Maffliers in September 1803 de Staël went to see him and let Napoleon know she would be wise and cautious. Thereupon her house immediately became popular again among her friends, but Napoleon, informed by Madame de Genlis, suspected a conspiracy. "Her extensive network of connections – which included foreign diplomats and known political opponents, as well as members of the government and of Bonaparte's own family – was in itself a source of suspicion and alarm for the government." Her protection of Jean Gabriel Peltier – who plotted the death of Napoleon – influenced his decision on 13 October 1803 to exile her without trial. Years of exile For ten years de Staël was not allowed to come within 40 leagues (almost 200 km) of Paris. She accused Napoleon of "persecuting a woman and her children". On 23 October she left for Germany "out of pride", in the hope of gaining support and to be able to return home as soon as possible. German travels With her children and Constant she stopped off in Metz and met Kant's French translator Charles de Villers. In mid-December, they arrived in Weimar, where she stayed for two and a half months at the court of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and his mother Anna Amalia. Goethe who had become ill hesitated about seeing her. After meeting her, Goethe went on to refer to her as an "extraordinary woman" in his private correspondence. Schiller complimented her intelligence and eloquence, but her frequent visits distracted him from completing William Tell. De Staël was constantly on the move, talking and asking questions. Constant decided to abandon her in Leipzig and return to Switzerland. De Staël travelled on to Berlin, where she made the acquaintance of August Schlegel who was lecturing there on literature. She appointed him on an enormous salary to tutor her children. On 18 April they all left Berlin when the news of her father's death reached her. Mistress of Coppet On 19 May she arrived in Coppet and found herself its wealthy and independent mistress, but her sorrow for her father was deep. She spent the summer at the chateau sorting through his writings and published an essay on his private life. In April 1804 Friedrich Schlegel married Dorothea Veit in the Swedish embassy. In July Constant wrote about her, "She exerts over everything around her a kind of inexplicable but real power. If only she could govern herself, she might have governed the world." In December 1804 she travelled to Italy, accompanied by her children, Schlegel, and the historian Sismondi. There she met the poet Monti and the painter, Angelica Kauffman. "Her visit to Italy helped her to develop her theory of the difference between northern and southern societies..." She returned to Coppet in June 1805, moved to Meulan (Château d'Acosta), and spent nearly a year writing her next book on Italy's culture and history. In Corinne, ou L'Italie (1807), her own impressions of a sentimental and intellectual journey, the heroine appears to have been inspired by the Italian poet Diodata Saluzzo Roero.<ref>The novel prompted, none too inspiringly, The Corinna of England, and a Heroine in the Shade (1809) by E. M. Foster, in which retribution is wreaked on a shallowly portrayed version of the French author's heroine.</ref> She combined romance with travelogue, showed all of Italy's works of art still in place, rather than plundered by Napoleon and taken to France. The book's publication acted as a reminder of her existence, and Napoleon sent her back to Coppet. Her house became, according to Stendhal, "the general headquarters of European thought" and was a debating club hostile to Napoleon, "turning conquered Europe into a parody of a feudal empire, with his own relatives in the roles of vassal states". Madame Récamier, also banned by Napoleon, Prince Augustus of Prussia, Charles Victor de Bonstetten, and Chateaubriand all belonged to the "Coppet group". Each day the table was laid for about thirty guests. Talking seemed to be everybody's chief activity. For a time she lived with Constant in Auxerre (1806), Rouen (1807), Aubergenville (1807). Then she met Friedrich Schlegel, whose wife Dorothea had translated Corinne into German. The use of the word Romanticism was invented by Schlegel but spread more widely across France through its persistent use by Madame de Staël. Late in 1807 she set out for Vienna and visited Maurice O'Donnell. She was accompanied by her children and August Schlegel who gave his famous lectures there. In 1808 Benjamin Constant was afraid to admit to her that he had married Charlotte von Hardenberg in the meanwhile. "If men had the qualities of women", Staël wrote, "love would simply cease to be a problem." De Staël set to work on her book about Germany – in which she presented the idea of a state called "Germany" as a model of ethics and aesthetics and praised German literature and philosophy. The exchange of ideas and literary and philosophical conversations with Goethe, Schiller, and Wieland had inspired de Staël to write one of the most influential books of the nineteenth century on Germany. Return to France Pretending she wanted to emigrate to the United States, de Staël was given permission to re-enter France. She moved first into the Château de Chaumont (1810), then relocated to Fossé and Vendôme. She was determined to publish De l'Allemagne in France, a book in which she called French political structures into question, so indirectly criticizing Napoleon. Constrained by censorship, she wrote to the emperor a letter of complaint. The minister of police Savary had emphatically forbidden her to publish her “un-French" book. In October 1810 de Staël was exiled again and had to leave France within three days. August Schlegel was also ordered to leave the Swiss Confederation as an enemy of French literature. She found consolation in a wounded veteran officer named Albert de Rocca, twenty-three years her junior, to whom she got privately engaged in 1811 but did not marry publicly until 1816. East European travels The operations of the French imperial police in the case of Mme de Staël are rather obscure. She was at first left undisturbed, but by degrees, the chateau itself became a source of suspicion, and her visitors found themselves heavily persecuted. François-Emmanuel Guignard, De Montmorency and Mme Récamier were exiled for the crime of visiting her. She remained at home during the winter of 1811, planning to escape to England or Sweden with the manuscript. On 23 May 1812, she left Coppet under the pretext of a short outing, but journeyed through Bern, Innsbruck and Salzburg to Vienna, where she met Metternich. Thereafter some trepidation and trouble, she received the necessary passports to go on to Russia. During Napoleon's invasion of Russia de Staël, her two children and Schlegel, travelled through Galicia in the Habsburg empire from Brno to Łańcut where Rocca, having deserted the French army and having been searched by the French gendarmerie, was waiting for her. The journey continued to Lemberg. On 14 July 1812 they arrived in Volhynia. In the meantime, Napoleon, who took a more northern route, had crossed the Niemen River with his army. In Kyiv, she met Miloradovich, governor of the city. De Staël hesitated to travel on to Odessa, Constantinople, and decided instead to go north. Perhaps she was informed of the outbreak of plague in the Ottoman Empire. In Moscow, she was invited by the governor Fyodor Rostopchin. According to de Staël, it was Rostopchin who ordered his mansion in Italian style near Winkovo to be set on fire. She left only a few weeks before Napoleon arrived there. Until 7 September, her party stayed in Saint Petersburg. According to John Quincy Adams the ambassador in Russia her sentiments appeared to be as much the result of personal resentment against Bonaparte as of general views of public affairs. She complained that he will not let her live in peace anywhere, merely because she had not praised him in her works. She met twice with the tsar Alexander I of Russia who "related to me also the lessons a la Machiavelli which Napoleon had thought proper to give him." For de Staël that was a vulgar and vicious theory. General Kutuzov sent her letters from the Battle of Tarutino; before the end of that year he succeeded, aided by the extreme weather, in chasing the Grande Armée out of Russia. After four months of travel, she arrived in Sweden. In Stockholm, she began writing her "Ten Years' Exile", detailing her travels and encounters. She did not finish the manuscript and after eight months, she set out for England, without August Schlegel, who meanwhile had been appointed secretary to the Crown Prince Carl Johan, formerly French Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte (She supported Bernadotte as the new ruler of France, as she hoped he would introduce a constitutional monarchy). In London she received a great welcome. She met Lord Byron, William Wilberforce, the abolitionist, and Sir Humphry Davy, the chemist and inventor. According to Byron, "She preached English politics to the first of our English Whig politicians ... preached politics no less to our Tory politicians the day after." In March 1814 she invited Wilberforce for dinner and devoted the remaining years of her life to the fight for the abolition of the slave trade. Her stay was severely marred by the death of her son Albert, who as a member of the Swedish army had fallen in a duel with a Cossack officer in Doberan as a result of a gambling dispute. In October John Murray published De l'Allemagne both in French and English translation, in which she reflected on nationalism and suggested a re-consideration on cultural rather than on natural boundaries. In May 1814, after Louis XVIII had been crowned (Bourbon Restoration) she returned to Paris. She wrote her Considérations sur la révolution française, based on Part One of "Ten Years' Exile". Again her salon became a major attraction both for Parisians and foreigners. Restoration and death When news came of Napoleon's landing on the Côte d'Azur, between Cannes and Antibes, early in March 1815, she fled again to Coppet, and never forgave Constant for approving of Napoleon's return. Although she had no affection for the Bourbons she succeeded in obtaining restitution for the huge loan Necker had made to the French state in 1778 before the Revolution (see above). In October, after the Battle of Waterloo, she set out for Italy, not only for the sake of her own health but for that of her second husband, Rocca, who was suffering from tuberculosis. In May her 19-year-old daughter Albertine married Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie in Livorno. The whole family returned to Coppet in June. Lord Byron, at that time in debt, left London in great trouble and frequently visited Mme. de Staël during July and August. For Byron, she was Europe's greatest living writer, but "with her pen behind her ears and her mouth full of ink". "Byron was particularly critical of de Staël's self-dramatizing tendencies". Byron was a supporter of Napoleon, but for de Staël Bonaparte "was not only a talented man but also one who represented a whole pernicious system of power", a system that "ought to be examined as a great political problem relevant to many generations." "Napoleon imposed standards of homogeneity on Europe that is, French taste in literature, art and the legal systems, all of which de Staël saw as inimical to her cosmopolitan point of view." Byron wrote she was "sometimes right and often wrong about Italy and England – but almost always true in delineating the heart, which is of but one nation of no country, or rather, of all." Despite her increasing ill-health, she returned to Paris for the winter of 1816–17, living at 40, rue des Mathurins. Constant argued with de Staël, who had asked him to pay off his debts to her. A warm friendship sprang up between Madame de Staël and the Duke of Wellington, whom she had first met in 1814, and she used her influence with him to have the size of the Army of Occupation greatly reduced. She had become confined to her house, paralyzed since 21 February 1817. She died on 14 July 1817. Her deathbed conversion to Roman Catholicism, after reading Thomas à Kempis, was reported but is subject to some debate. Wellington remarked that, while he knew that she was greatly afraid of death, he had thought her incapable of believing in the afterlife. Wellington makes no mention of de Stael reading Thomas à Kempis in the quote found in Elizabeth Longford's biography of the Iron Duke. Furthermore, he reports hearsay, which may explain why two modern biographies of de Staël – Herold and Fairweather – discount the conversion entirely. Herold states that "her last deed in life was to reaffirm in her "Considerations, her faith in Enlightenment, freedom, and progress." Fairweather makes no mention of the conversion at all. Rocca survived her by little more than six months. Offspring Besides two daughters, Gustava Sofia Magdalena (born July 1787) and Gustava Hedvig (died August 1789), who died in infancy, she had two sons, Ludwig August (1790–1827), Albert (November 1792 – July 1813), and a daughter, Albertine, baroness Staël von Holstein (June 1797 – 1838). It is believed Louis, Comte de Narbonne-Lara was the father of Ludvig August and Albert, and Benjamin Constant the father of red-haired Albertine. With Albert de Rocca, de Staël then aged 46, had one son, the disabled Louis-Alphonse de Rocca (April 1812 – 1842), who married Marie-Louise-Antoinette de Rambuteau, daughter of Claude-Philibert Barthelot de Rambuteau, and granddaughter of De Narbonne. Even as she gave birth, there were fifteen people in her bedroom. After the death of her husband, Mathieu de Montmorency became the legal guardian of her children. Like August Schlegel he was one of her intimates until the end of her life. Legacy Albertine Necker de Saussure, married to her cousin, wrote her biography in 1821, published as part of the collected works. Auguste Comte included Mme de Staël in his 1849 Calendar of Great Men. Her political legacy has been generally identified with a stout defence of "liberal" values: equality, individual freedom, and the limitation of state power by constitutional rules. "Yet although she insisted to the Duke of Wellington that she needed politics in order to live, her attitude towards the propriety of female political engagement varied: at times she declared that women should simply be the guardians of domestic space for the opposite sex, while at others, that denying women access to the public sphere of activism and engagement was an abuse of human rights. This paradox partly explains the persona of the “homme-femme” she presented in society, and it remained unresolved throughout her life." Comte's disciple Frederic Harrison wrote about de Staël that her novels "precede the works of Walter Scott, Byron, Mary Shelley, and partly those of Chateaubriand, their historical importance is great in the development of modern Romanticism, of the romance of the heart, the delight in nature, and in the arts, antiquities, and history of Europe." Precursor of feminism Recent studies by historians, including feminists, have been assessing the specifically feminine dimension in de Staël's contributions both as an activist-theorist and as a writer about the tumultuous events of her time. She has been called a precursor of feminism. In popular culture Republican activist Victor Gold quoted Madame de Staël when characterizing American Vice President Dick Cheney, "Men do not change, they unmask themselves." De Staël is credited in Tolstoy's epilogue to War and Peace as a factor of the 'influential forces' which historians say led to the movement of humanity in that era. The popular wrestling compilation series Botchamania has referenced her on several occasions saying One must choose in life, between boredom and suffering which is normally followed by a humorous joke. Mme de Staël is used several times to characterize Mme de Grandet in Stendhal's Lucien Leuwen. Mme de Staël is mentioned several times, always approvingly, by Russia's national poet, Alexander Pushkin. He described her in 1825 as a woman whose persecution distinguished her and who commanded respect from all of Europe, and gave her a positive portrayal in his unfinished 1836 novel Roslavlev. Her high stature in Russia is attested by Pushkin's warning to a critic: "Mme de Staël is ours, do not touch her!" Pushkin's friend Pyotr Vyazemsky was also an admirer of her life and works. Mme de Staël is frequently quoted by Ralph Waldo Emerson and she is credited with introducing him to recent German thought. Herman Melville considered de Staël among the greatest women of the century and Margaret Fuller consciously adopted de Staël as her role model. Danish radical Georg Brandes gave pride of place to de Staël in his survey of Emigrantlitteraturen and highly esteemed her novels, particularly Corinne, which was also admired by Henrik Ibsen and used as a guidebook for his travels through Italy. Talleyrand observed with his customary cynicism that Germaine enjoyed throwing people overboard simply to have the pleasure of fishing them out of the water again. Sismondi accused De Staël of a lack of tact, when they were travelling through Italy and wrote Mme De Staël was easily bored if she had to pay attention to things. For Heinrich Heine she was the "grandmother of doctrines". For Byron she was "a good woman at heart and the cleverest at bottom, but spoilt by a wish to be — she knew not what. In her own house she was amiable; in any other person's, you wished her gone, and in her own again". WorksJournal de Jeunesse, 1785Sophie ou les sentiments secrets, 1786 (published anonymously in 1790)Jane Gray, 1787 (published in 1790)Lettres sur le caractère et les écrits de J.-J. Rousseau, 1788Éloge de M. de GuibertÀ quels signes peut-on reconnaître quelle est l'opinion de la majorité de la nation?Réflexions sur le procès de la Reine, 1793Zulma : fragment d'un ouvrage, 1794Réflexions sur la paix adressées à M. Pitt et aux Français, 1795Réflexions sur la paix intérieureRecueil de morceaux détachés (comprenant : Épître au malheur ou Adèle et Édouard, Essai sur les fictions et trois nouvelles : Mirza ou lettre d'un voyageur, Adélaïde et Théodore et Histoire de Pauline), 1795 Essai sur les fictions, translated by Goethe into German De l'influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, 1796Des circonstances actuelles qui peuvent terminer la Révolution et des principes qui doivent fonder la République en FranceDe la littérature dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales, 1799Delphine, 1802 deals with the question of woman's status in a society hidebound by convention and faced with a Revolutionary new orderVie privée de Mr. Necker, 1804Épîtres sur NaplesCorinne, ou l'Italie, 1807 is as much a travelogue as a fictional narrative. It discusses the problems of female artistic creativity in two radically different cultures, England and Italy.Agar dans le désertGeneviève de BrabantLa SunamiteLe capitaine Kernadec ou sept années en un jour (comédie en deux actes et en prose)La signora FantasticiLe mannequin (comédie)SaphoDe l'Allemagne, 1813, translated as Germany 1813.Réflexions sur le suicide, 1813Morgan et trois nouvelles, 1813De l'esprit des traductionsConsidérations sur les principaux événements de la révolution française, depuis son origine jusques et compris le 8 juillet 1815, 1818 (posthumously)Dix Années d'Exil (1818), posthumously published in France by Mdm Necker de Saussure. In 1821 translated and published as Ten Years' Exile. Memoirs of That Interesting Period of the Life of the Baroness De Stael-Holstein, Written by Herself, during the Years 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813, and Now First Published from the Original Manuscript, by Her Son. Essais dramatiques, 1821Oeuvres complètes 17 t., 1820–21 Volume 1 Volume 2 Correspondence in French Lettres de Madame de Staël à Madame de Récamier, première édition intégrale, présentées et annotées par Emmanuel Beau de Loménie, éditions Domat, Paris, 1952. Lettres sur les écrits et le caractère de J.-J. Rousseau. – De l'influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations. – De l'éducation de l'âme par la vie./Réflexions sur le suicide. – Sous la direction de Florence Lotterie. Textes établis et présentés par Florence Lotterie. Annotation par Anne Amend Söchting, Anne Brousteau, Florence Lotterie, Laurence Vanoflen. 2008. . Correspondance générale. Texte établi et présenté par Béatrice W. Jasinski et Othenin d'Haussonville. Slatkine (Réimpression), 2008–2009. Volume I. 1777–1791. . Volume II. 1792–1794. . Volume III. 1794–1796. . Volume IV. 1796–1803. . Volume V. 1803–1805. . Volume VI. 1805–1809. . Volume VII. date:15 May 1809–23 May 1812. . Madame de Staël ou l'intelligence politique. Sa pensée, ses amis, ses amants, ses ennemis…, textes de présentation et de liaison de Michel Aubouin, Omnibus, 2017. commentaire biblio, Lettres de Mme de Staël, extraits de ses textes politiques et de ses romans, textes et extraits de lettres de Chateaubriand, Talleyrand, Napoléon, Benjamin Constant. This edition contains extracts from her political writings and from letters addressed to her by Chateaubriand, Talleyrand, Napoleon and Benjamin Constant. See also Contributions to liberal theory Liberalism Women in the French Revolution References Sources Further reading Bredin, Jean-Denis. Une singulière famille: Jacques Necker, Suzanne Necker et Germaine de Staël. Paris: Fayard, 1999 () Fairweather, Maria. Madame de Staël. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005 (hardcover, ); 2006 (paperback, ); London: Constable & Robinson, 2005 (hardcover, ); 2006 (paperback, ). Hilt, Douglas. "Madame De Staël: Emotion and Emancipation". History Today (Dec 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 12, pp 833–842, online. Winegarten, Renee. Germaine de Staël & Benjamin Constant: A Dual Biography. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008 (). Winegarten, Renee. Mme. de Staël. Dover, NH: Berg, 1985 (). External links Stael and the French Revolution Introduction by Aurelian Craiutu BBC4 In Our Time on Germaine de Staël Madame de Staël and the Transformation of European Politics, 1812–17 by Glenda Sluga. In: The International history review 37(1):142–166 · November 2014 Stael.org, with detailed chronology BNF.fr (Searching "stael"). "Staël, Germaine de" in The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: 2001–05. The Great de Staël by Richard Holmes from The New York Review of Books'' http://www.dieterwunderlich.de/madame_Germaine_de_Stael.htm is a painting by Baron Gerard with illustrative verse by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, which shows Madame de Staël as Corinne. The poem includes a translation of part of Corinne's song at Naples. by Felicia Hemans has two versions of the poem. 1766 births 1817 deaths Writers from Paris Writers from the Republic of Geneva People of the French Revolution People of the First French Empire 18th-century French women writers 18th-century French writers 18th-century philosophers 18th-century Swiss writers 18th-century letter writers 19th-century letter writers 19th-century French women writers 19th-century French novelists 19th-century Swiss people 19th-century Swiss women 19th-century philosophers French philosophers French Roman Catholics French women philosophers French literary critics French novelists French feminists French expatriates in Italy French expatriates in England French expatriates in Switzerland French travel writers French women novelists Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism Coppet group Swiss feminists Swiss writers in French Swedish nobility Swedish expatriates in Switzerland Women literary critics Women historical novelists Women travel writers Conversationalists Romanticism	[ -0.3837006390094757, 0.009136935696005821, 0.05261560156941414, -0.05925849825143814, -0.28090333938598633, 0.7934332489967346, 0.23407624661922455, -0.21073119342327118, -0.3693617582321167, -0.27792873978614807, -0.008112676441669464, -0.1302153319120407, -0.06534963846206665, 0.4958020746707916, 0.11506833136081696, -0.257769376039505, 0.1505170315504074, 0.15973000228405, -0.5624454617500305, -0.45577892661094666, -0.02857528068125248, -0.15590332448482513, 0.3354046642780304, 0.3377818763256073, -0.0596008375287056, -0.2407827526330948, 0.31132012605667114, -0.454740047454834, 0.5011132955551147, 0.19266609847545624, 0.3861697018146515, 0.5912614464759827, 0.5058515071868896, 0.08180439472198486, -0.5507987141609192, 0.24084150791168213, -0.40420976281166077, -0.15748246014118195, -0.004919871222227812, -0.06882139295339584, -0.422495573759079, -0.07943233102560043, 0.04339856654405594, 0.1382175236940384, -0.5046724081039429, -0.7036088705062866, -1.6165441274642944, 0.31482192873954773, -0.9173216223716736, -0.5566205382347107, 0.23300649225711823, -0.21187233924865723, 0.7212506532669067, 0.8075201511383057, -0.008598767220973969, -0.0979706197977066, -1.3608421087265015, -0.03732873499393463, 0.3896094262599945, -0.04309854656457901, 0.4646909832954407, -0.08309435844421387, 0.6088427305221558, 0.21339119970798492, 0.42776334285736084, -0.02873515896499157, -0.19443002343177795, 0.2949807047843933, -0.6582675576210022, -0.28415611386299133, 0.13114973902702332, 0.57909095287323, 0.14681567251682281, 0.47209665179252625, 0.28995493054389954, 0.21967415511608124, -0.25101059675216675, -0.03685636818408966, 0.9643635749816895, 0.13932429254055023, -0.08626151084899902, -0.08171901106834412, 0.7334882616996765, 0.20853939652442932, 0.4702547490596771, 0.22318215668201447, -0.21893718838691711, 0.32282641530036926, -0.3313753008842468, -0.15265531837940216, -0.22958789765834808, 0.20213590562343597, 0.3716081380844116, -0.34938985109329224, -0.2928817868232727, 0.40917864441871643, 0.47000232338905334, 0.10130464285612106, -0.18125401437282562, -0.3501116931438446, 0.41881322860717773, -0.012670714408159256, -0.004436558578163385, 0.003355952212586999, -0.3504713475704193, -0.2993584871292114, 0.18671230971813202, -0.3796338737010956, -0.11816607415676117, 0.0168085228651762, -0.5660624504089355, 0.3684600591659546, -0.22079212963581085, -0.22840207815170288, -0.007492624688893557, -0.16790370643138885, 0.050419729202985764, -0.706788182258606, -0.07455985993146896, -0.14572378993034363, 0.2396942675113678, -0.13472701609134674, 0.48072579503059387, -0.0834418386220932, -0.10065203905105591, -0.15272504091262817, -0.18982002139091492, 0.5207477807998657, -0.6441898941993713, 0.3624502718448639, 0.29579687118530273, 0.6507561802864075, -0.5033511519432068, -0.03747598081827164, -0.4197947084903717, -0.19760926067829132, 0.31837892532348633, 0.19629740715026855, 0.6378403902053833, 0.40423136949539185, -0.9628276824951172, 0.20227405428886414, -0.262635201215744, -0.32222282886505127, -0.16063359379768372, -0.010431093163788319, 0.14814572036266327, -0.033264439553022385, 0.015883350744843483, -0.217981219291687, -0.2579021453857422, -0.10373075306415558, 0.0881865918636322, -0.502657949924469, -0.4551963806152344, -0.15346930921077728, 0.3555140197277069, 0.6394616365432739, 0.1043848842382431, 0.6180750727653503, -0.007967457175254822, 0.37742429971694946, -0.19014540314674377, 0.419836163520813, 0.5968214869499207, -0.3720688223838806, 0.21425661444664001, 0.2528143525123596, -0.3418286144733429, 0.0012770103057846427, -0.24602310359477997, -0.04318462312221527, 0.2689112722873688, 0.11247777193784714, -0.4083766043186188, 1.1487703323364258, -0.5050778388977051, -0.18972119688987732, -0.05219229310750961, -0.5133221745491028, -0.5781004428863525, 0.6266613602638245, 0.2566245198249817, 0.07035358995199203, 0.44626471400260925, 0.5868907570838928, -0.03383675962686539, -0.11793754249811172, 0.30759283900260925, -0.42330366373062134, -0.610638439655304, -0.7147945761680603, 0.44080981612205505, 0.20094488561153412, 0.6346560716629028, 0.1650475710630417, -0.0006699437508359551, 0.38348233699798584, -0.3591479957103729, 0.08607696741819382, -0.3900986313819885, -0.6715244054794312, -0.040676575154066086, 0.14893560111522675, -0.13756029307842255, 0.1613573282957077, -0.23188310861587524, -0.06783601641654968, 0.44668203592300415, 0.6594792604446411, 0.5078212022781372, -1.0835832357406616, 0.5726904273033142, 0.6746970415115356, -0.5911830067634583, -0.8358879685401917, -0.5924749374389648, 0.11445184051990509, 0.20062889158725739, 0.3631589412689209, -0.1017133817076683, 0.26164382696151733, -0.45302310585975647, 1.0238738059997559, -0.598345935344696, 0.10690177232027054, -0.08431426435709, 0.399232417345047, -0.09601219743490219, -0.5856866836547852, 0.21424128115177155, -0.13691666722297668, 0.7599510550498962, -0.758882462978363, 0.4111461341381073, 0.0029445295222103596, 0.09675510227680206, -0.15190653502941132, -0.0694267526268959, -0.7053234577178955, 0.3086431324481964, 0.4538881778717041, -0.12959600985050201, 0.8746166825294495, 0.1075880154967308, 0.7935168147087097, -0.43660011887550354, 0.26302680373191833, 0.13620737195014954, -0.30386626720428467, 0.09458525478839874, 0.975257396697998, -0.1938827931880951, 0.0062319012358784676, -0.3818809390068054, -0.7845423221588135, 0.5386540293693542, 0.9079874157905579, 0.7678113579750061, 0.8557543158531189, 0.2976316809654236, -0.11554184556007385, 0.15593896806240082, 0.5800740122795105, 0.1304444819688797, -0.09851693361997604, 0.3329356908798218, -0.5414447784423828, 0.485005646944046, 0.24676567316055298, 0.6435868144035339, -0.7253780364990234, -0.6240221261978149, 0.0139423543587327, -0.16694588959217072, -1.0020204782485962, -0.148444265127182, 0.6644548773765564, -0.5280609726905823, -0.7460991740226746, -0.5030386447906494, 0.8162505626678467, -0.5174688100814819, -0.08033240586519241, 0.2294595092535019, 0.04467358440160751, 0.35476863384246826, -0.00574870640411973, 0.3023601770401001, 0.11896033585071564, 0.05763911455869675, 0.3912690579891205, -0.48244190216064453, -0.3671349585056305, 0.39176371693611145, 0.3676559031009674, -0.9691674709320068, -0.2268470674753189, 0.20269626379013062, 0.07975584268569946, -0.6337214708328247, 0.19039474427700043, 0.26021069288253784, 0.4851350784301758, 0.1823190450668335, -0.18038149178028107, 0.16358038783073425, 0.20547029376029968, -5.365475654602051, 0.41104844212532043, 0.30538055300712585, -0.24906063079833984, 0.005677486304193735, -0.07946492731571198, 0.42639580368995667, 0.15358799695968628, -0.22423356771469116, -0.1361648291349411, 0.39242029190063477, -0.28510162234306335, -0.33637088537216187, 0.49430686235427856, 0.31581997871398926, 0.1962980031967163, 0.41806402802467346, -0.9628543257713318, 0.18555307388305664, 0.16460223495960236, -0.18206427991390228, 0.2630196213722229, 0.22812868654727936, 0.8195058703422546, 0.5186617374420166, -0.26537054777145386, 0.2976655662059784, -0.8278659582138062, -0.945090115070343, -1.067221999168396, -0.40600261092185974, 0.2273656576871872, 0.1769031137228012, 0.010116024874150753, 0.4602827727794647, -0.5421956181526184, 0.17484979331493378, 0.3815617859363556, -0.49352341890335083, -0.0758175253868103, 0.582105815410614, 0.6659031510353088, -0.07208536565303802, 0.27609047293663025, -0.3812407851219177, -0.19875243306159973, -0.7472532987594604, 0.1950634866952896, -0.2563115656375885, 0.2495121955871582, -0.0419699065387249, -0.30272430181503296, -0.026782462373375893, -0.3775441348552704, -0.22467486560344696, 0.3355258107185364, -0.06458146125078201, -0.007078993134200573, -1.342212200164795, 0.3486502468585968, 0.6231439709663391, -0.14301574230194092, 0.6068796515464783, 0.031018754467368126, -0.08028049767017365, -0.16463340818881989, -0.5493272542953491, 0.3266803026199341, 0.30942097306251526, -0.09721042215824127, 0.00793982669711113, 0.549393892288208, 0.5169634222984314, -1.2319183349609375, -0.2834100127220154, -0.7116341590881348, -0.5868033766746521, -0.023044640198349953, -0.11178801953792572, -0.45617005228996277, 0.23277722299098969, -0.038995757699012756, 0.2317986786365509, 1.1464802026748657, 0.6656886339187622, -0.4625512957572937, -0.27472206950187683, 0.1392093300819397, -0.673434853553772, 0.2870127558708191, -0.4552123546600342, -0.3729856014251709, -0.08325528353452682, 0.3979945480823517, -0.3142099976539612, 0.23441065847873688, -0.5573387742042542, -0.10147445648908615, 0.1807733029127121, 0.21451495587825775, 0.09607748687267303, 0.26583293080329895, -0.023096518591046333, -0.1994997262954712, 0.7297459244728088, 0.04376780986785889, 0.13545583188533783, 0.03903062641620636, 0.5621886849403381, -0.27324196696281433, -0.006754150148481131, 0.7416000962257385, 0.199667289853096, -1.272135615348816, 0.1908528059720993, -0.5752487778663635, -0.42499467730522156, 0.5393186807632446, 0.8012716770172119, -0.23942787945270538, -0.42730122804641724, 0.3056652247905731, -0.5892035961151123, -0.6168602705001831, -0.06729382276535034, 0.05778305232524872, 0.2128022313117981, -0.6526883244514465, -0.5103827118873596, 0.3890022039413452, -0.18129582703113556, 0.15259841084480286, -0.23202136158943176, -0.7780471444129944, 0.20583219826221466, -0.46891656517982483, -0.21227557957172394, -0.6070185899734497, -0.29717546701431274, 0.046300631016492844, 0.07173989713191986, 0.11465205252170563, 0.016035640612244606, 0.45224323868751526, 0.2780900001525879, 0.10661834478378296, 0.298033744096756, 0.25808238983154297, -0.28459060192108154, 0.651685357093811, -0.39308756589889526, 0.1934869885444641, 0.8598740100860596, 0.011119836010038853, -0.12232328206300735, 0.34020811319351196, 0.5975340604782104, 0.08977968245744705, 0.11824051290750504, -0.12446928024291992, -0.34233760833740234, -0.31325018405914307, -1.137805700302124, -0.3499811887741089, 0.08444464206695557, 0.13901594281196594, -0.36898720264434814, 0.07932554185390472, -0.42740142345428467, 0.630568265914917, -0.23742623627185822, -0.5619488954544067, -0.001998140709474683, 0.4485728144645691, -0.2072964608669281, -0.04740168899297714, -0.04398278892040253, 0.5149697661399841, 0.40274176001548767, -0.3945024013519287, -0.2094936966896057, -0.3256860375404358, -0.4689365327358246, 0.541814386844635, 0.5414413213729858, 0.2537195086479187, -0.4420197010040283, 0.09190867841243744, -0.4130374491214752, 0.29189157485961914, 0.24427750706672668, -0.3929290175437927, -0.2900618612766266, 0.5225792527198792, -0.24030734598636627, 0.12123335897922516, -0.16363036632537842, 0.014995141886174679, 0.030464665964245796, -0.14652784168720245, 0.04392935335636139, 0.9497675895690918, 0.35848483443260193, -0.31310907006263733, 0.12909777462482452, -0.8787835836410522, 0.06215858459472656, -0.10509855300188065, 0.1803944706916809, 1.0155770778656006, -0.5098438262939453, -0.026802286505699158, 0.47740671038627625, 0.9219416975975037, -0.3493637144565582, 0.3819056451320648, 0.4692581295967102, -0.146230548620224, -0.28987738490104675, -0.3655378520488739, -0.21079590916633606, -0.1682964563369751, -0.5572101473808289, -0.5744717121124268, -0.15585383772850037, 0.5469359755516052, 0.850284993648529, 0.12442081421613693, 0.8209523558616638, 0.09362509101629257, -0.5649919509887695, 0.3592793047428131, 0.11517079919576645, 0.4042642414569855, -0.47149041295051575, -0.830604612827301, 0.8524484038352966, 0.36291491985321045, -0.23465172946453094, 0.15667228400707245, 0.7481412291526794, 0.11368577927350998, -0.02548152022063732, -0.30198392271995544, 0.1587165892124176, 0.7900354266166687, 0.36751657724380493, -0.36872753500938416, -0.30459582805633545, 0.025371400639414787, 0.10576905310153961, -0.2176176756620407, -0.989370584487915, -0.21261341869831085, 0.6420203447341919, -0.2212124764919281, -0.02356303110718727, 0.7565364837646484, 0.18341773748397827, 0.04052724316716194, -0.6526044607162476, 0.12341933697462082, -0.18699991703033447, -0.018060248345136642, 0.12044566124677658, 0.6453573107719421, -0.2753846049308777, 0.17793306708335876, -0.2847183346748352, -0.007173220627009869, 0.005398596171289682, -0.5841878652572632, -0.159733846783638, -0.054580822587013245, -0.10739827901124954, 0.216683030128479, -0.34617742896080017, -0.4955091178417206, 0.740896463394165, -0.5672455430030823, -1.1263402700424194, -0.17093388736248016, 0.5179024338722229, -0.36253470182418823, -0.04362332820892334, -0.7163762450218201, -0.48623329401016235, -0.28061074018478394, -0.1695927232503891, 0.10778840631246567, -0.26343491673469543, -0.07233858853578568, 0.25209736824035645, -0.11086540669202805, -0.37518009543418884, 0.7887488603591919, -0.24566081166267395, 0.34419217705726624, -0.4706494212150574, -0.33047905564308167, -0.5920236706733704, 0.09735133498907089, 0.8979215025901794, 0.08564243465662003, 0.11399701982736588, 0.35143157839775085, 0.04989546537399292, -0.6921166777610779, -0.27687007188796997, 0.3792499601840973, 0.534121572971344, 0.029622714966535568, 0.16156738996505737, -0.08950557559728622, -0.3276046812534332, 0.2698400020599365, -0.04451976716518402, -0.426581472158432, -0.30680224299430847, -0.05450352281332016, -0.31900477409362793, 0.3302590548992157, 0.5069290399551392, -0.22193323075771332, -0.011177393607795238, 0.4322205185890198, 0.3474254608154297, 0.5583524107933044, -0.3150269687175751, 0.06322634965181351, -0.0033349127043038607, 0.5016404986381531, -0.5255460739135742, 0.8505629897117615, 0.15133753418922424, -0.14898110926151276, -0.1696654111146927, -0.6033087372779846, 0.3632621765136719, 0.1098966896533966, 0.36957108974456787, 1.480573296546936, -0.7630800008773804, -0.07295104116201401, -0.26048925518989563, 0.23311462998390198, -0.19467788934707642, 0.9053435325622559, -0.2519262433052063, -0.015592661686241627, 0.3054504990577698, -0.28698262572288513, -0.07527334243059158, -1.2810027599334717, 0.3991052508354187, 0.7248429656028748, 0.48364853858947754, -0.4397883713245392, -0.07386335730552673, 0.17473377287387848, -0.5671114921569824, -0.7072432637214661, 0.6373408436775208, -0.07472898066043854, -0.07644439488649368, -0.22404275834560394, 0.07333062589168549, -0.2173614352941513, 0.20073676109313965, -0.5058709383010864, 0.09774979203939438, -0.5866124629974365, -0.14456358551979065, -0.3750028908252716, 0.24522551894187927, 0.10973599553108215, 0.6472225189208984, -0.46284154057502747, 0.12534548342227936, 0.17093181610107422, -0.736897349357605, -0.3575664460659027, 0.22680826485157013, 0.05574788153171539, 0.05713554099202156, -0.20567375421524048, -0.09968174993991852, -0.5006396174430847, 0.09361821413040161, -0.46919122338294983, 0.7799845337867737, -0.4965737760066986, 0.14372804760932922, -0.25392070412635803, -0.4498177170753479, 0.5280008912086487, -0.2617097795009613, 0.9047439098358154, 0.27572810649871826, -0.39365482330322266, -0.711491584777832, 0.21952573955059052, -0.3199833631515503, -0.36641013622283936, 0.12583506107330322, 0.6372016072273254, 0.2593749761581421, -0.15320706367492676, -0.9413681030273438, 0.13821527361869812, -0.09982362389564514, -0.39135003089904785, -0.35197708010673523, 0.3413923978805542, -0.08449573814868927, 0.028823746368288994, 0.511257529258728, 0.048856932669878006, -0.6082848310470581, 0.19448581337928772, 0.26005789637565613, -0.26135823130607605, 0.059310153126716614, -0.2251281887292862, -0.1688384860754013, 0.09190274029970169, -0.14061976969242096, -0.4160521924495697, -0.012709884904325008, 0.059231486171483994, -0.27645909786224365, -0.009259533137083054, -0.4302442669868469, 0.09327659010887146, -0.49878957867622375, 0.5593134760856628, 0.5983443260192871, 0.4053815007209778, 0.052119843661785126, -0.27684199810028076, 0.29020318388938904, 0.050027091056108475, 0.35672882199287415, 0.040243737399578094, 0.34559857845306396, 0.7172324657440186, -0.37622398138046265, 0.13881099224090576, -0.3235509693622589, 0.0113094886764884, -0.3785974383354187, -0.07754842936992645, 0.4065559506416321, -0.8030204176902771, 0.17856331169605255, -0.5830371975898743, -0.0013092071749269962, -0.6571459174156189, 0.5423296689987183, 0.30824267864227295 ]
210689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan%20province	Gilan province	Gilan Province (, Ostān-e Gīlān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It lies along the Caspian Sea, in Iran's Region 3, west of the province of Mazandaran, east of the province of Ardabil, and north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin. It borders Azerbaijan (Astara District) in the north. The northern part of the province is part of the territory of South (Iranian) Talysh. At the center of the province is the main city of Rasht. Other towns in the province include Astara, Astaneh-e Ashrafiyyeh, Fuman, Lahijan, Langarud, Masouleh, Manjil, Rudbar, Rudsar, Shaft, Hashtpar, and Sowme'eh Sara. The main harbor port is Bandar-e Anzali (previously Bandar-e Pahlavi). History In antiquity, this area was a province of Persia known as Daylam (sometimes Daylaman, Dailam or Delam). The Daylam region corresponds to the modern region of Gīlān. Paleolithic Early humans were present at Gilan since Lower Paleolithic.Darband Cave is the earliest known human habitation site in the Gilan Province which is located in a deep tributary canyon of the Siahrud River and contains evidence for the earliest prehistoric human cave occupation during the Lower Paleolithic in Iran. Stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered by a group of Iranian archaeologists that dates back to the late Middle Pleistocene period. Yarshalman is a Middle Paleolithic shelter that was probably occupied by Neanderthals about 40,000 to 70,000 years ago.. Later Paleolithic sites in Gilan are Chapalak Cave and Khalvasht shelter. Early history It seems that the Gelae, or Gilites, entered the region south of the Caspian coast and west of the Amardos River (later Safidrud) in the second or first century B.C.E. Pliny identifies them with the Cadusii who were living there previously. It is more likely that they were a separate people, had come from the region of Dagestan, and taken the place of the Kadusii. That the native inhabitants of Gilan have some originating roots in the Caucasus is supported by genetics and language, as the Y-DNA of Gilaks most closely resemble that of Georgians and other South Caucasus peoples, while their mtDNA closely resembles other Iranian groups. Their languages shares typologic features with Caucasian languages. Medieval history Gilan Province was the place of origin of the Buyid dynasty in the mid-10th century. Previously, the people of the province had a prominent position during the Sassanid dynasty through the 7th century, so that their political power extended to Mesopotamia. The first recorded encounter between Gilanis/Deylamite warlords and invading Muslim Arab armies was at the Battle of Jalula in 637 AD. Deylamite commander Muta led an army of Gils, Deylamites, Persians and people of the Rey region. Muta was killed in the battle, and his defeated army managed to retreat in an orderly manner. However, this appears to have been a Pyrrhic victory for the Arabs, since they did not pursue their opponents. Muslim Arabs never managed to conquer Gilan as they did with other provinces in Iran. Gilanis and Deylamites successfully repulsed all Arab attempts to occupy their land or to convert them to Islam. In fact, it was the Deylamites under the Buyid king Mu'izz al-Dawla who finally shifted the balance of power by conquering Baghdad in 945. Mu'izz al-Dawla, however, allowed the Abbasid caliphs to remain in comfortable, secluded captivity in their palaces. The Church of the East began evangelizing Gilan in the 780s, when a metropolitan bishopric was established under Shubhalishoʿ. In the 9th and 10th centuries AD, Deylamites and later Gilanis gradually converted to Zaidite Shi'ism. Several Deylamite commanders and soldiers of fortune who were active in the military theaters of Iran and Mesopotamia were openly Zoroastrian (for example, Asfar Shiruyeh a warlord in central Iran, and Makan, son of Kaki, the warlord of Rey) or were suspected of harboring pro-Zoroastrian (for example Mardavij) sentiments. Muslim chronicles of Varangian (Rus', pre-Russian Norsemen) invasions of the littoral Caspian region in the 9th century record Deylamites as non-Muslim. These chronicles also show that the Deylamites were the only warriors in the Caspian region who could fight the fearsome Varangian Vikings as equals. Deylamite mercenaries served as far away as Egypt, Islamic Spain, and in the Khazar Kingdom. The Buyids established the most successful of the Deylamite dynasties of Iran. In the 9th–11th century AD, there were repeated military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus'. Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged the westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Gilan and Mazandaran, taking slaves and goods. The Turkish invasions of the 10th and 11th centuries CE, which saw the rise of Ghaznavid and Seljuk dynasties, put an end to Deylamite states in Iran. From the 11th century CE to the rise of Safavids, Gilan was ruled by local rulers who paid tribute to the dominant power south of the Alborz range but ruled independently. In 1307 the Ilkhan Öljeitü conquered the region. This was the first time the region came under the rule of the Mongols after the Ilkhanid Mongols and their Georgian allies failed to do it in the late 1270s. After 1336, the region seemed to be independent again. Before the introduction of silk production (date unknown but a pillar of the economy by the 15th century AD), Gilan was a poor province. There were no permanent trade routes linking Gilan to Persia. There was a small trade in smoked fish and wood products. It seems that the city of Qazvin was initially a fortress-town against marauding bands of Deylamites, another sign that the economy of the province did not produce enough on its own to support its population. This changed with the introduction of the silk worm in the late Middle Ages. Early modern and modern history Gilan recognized twice, for brief periods, the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire without rendering tribute to the Sublime Porte, in 1534 and 1591. The Safavid emperor, Shah Abbas I ended the rule of Khan Ahmad Khan (the last semi-independent ruler of Gilan) and annexed the province directly to his empire. From this point onward, rulers of Gilan were appointed by the Persian Shah. In the Safavid era, Gilan was settled by large numbers of Georgians, Circassians, Armenians, and other peoples of the Caucasus whose descendants still live or linger across Gilan. Most of these Georgians and Circassians are assimilated into the mainstream Gilaks. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi, the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi, and the Circassian settlements by Pietro Della Valle, among other authors. The Safavid empire became weak towards the end of the 17th century CE. By the early 18th century, the once-mighty empire was in the grips of civil war and uprisings. The ambitious Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) sent a force that captured Gilan and many of the Iranian territories in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, as well as other territories in northern mainland Iran, through the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) and the resulting Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723). Gilan and its capital of Rasht, which was conquered between late 1722 and late March 1723, stayed in Russian possession for about ten years. Qajars established a central government in Persia (Iran) in the late 18th century CE. They lost a series of wars to Russia (Russo-Persian Wars 1804–1813 and 1826–28), resulting in an enormous gain of influence by the Russian Empire in the Caspian region, which would last up to 1946. The Gilanian cities of Rasht and Anzali were all but occupied and settled by Russians and Russian forces. Most major cities in the region had Russian schools and significant traces of Russian culture can be found today in Rasht. Russian class was mandatory in schools and the significant increase of Russian influence in the region lasted until 1946 and had a major impact on Iranian history, as it directly led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution. Gilan was a major producer of silk beginning in the 15th century CE. As a result, it was one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Safavid annexation in the 16th century was at least partially motivated by this revenue stream. The silk trade, though not the production, was a monopoly of the Crown and the single most important source of trade revenue for the imperial treasury. As early as the 16th century and until the mid 19th century, Gilan was the major exporter of silk in Asia. The Shah farmed out this trade to Greek and Armenian merchants and, in return, received a handsome portion of the proceeds. In the mid-19th century, a fatal epidemic among the silk worms paralyzed Gilan's economy, causing widespread economic distress. Gilan's budding industrialists and merchants were increasingly dissatisfied with the weak and ineffective rule of the Qajars. Re-orientation of Gilan's agriculture and industry from silk to production of rice and the introduction of tea plantations were a partial answer to the decline of silk in the province. After World War I, Gilan came to be ruled independently of the central government of Tehran and concern arose that the province might permanently separate. Before the war, Gilanis had played an important role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran. Sepahdar-e Tonekaboni (Rashti) was a prominent figure in the early years of the revolution and was instrumental in defeating Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. In the late 1910s, many Gilanis gathered under the leadership of Mirza Kuchik Khan, who became the most prominent revolutionary leader in northern Iran in this period. Khan's movement, known as the Jangal movement of Gilan, had sent an armed brigade to Tehran that helped depose the Qajar ruler Mohammad Ali Shah. However, the revolution did not progress the way the constitutionalists had strived for, and Iran came to face much internal unrest and foreign intervention, particularly from the British and Russian empires. During and several years after the Bolshevik Revolution, the region saw another massive influx of Russian settlers (the so-called White émigrées). Many of the descendants of these refugees are in the region. During the same period, Anzali served as the main trading port between Iran and Europe. The Jangalis are glorified in Iranian history and effectively secured Gilan and Mazandaran against foreign invasions. However, in 1920 British forces invaded Bandar-e Anzali, while being pursued by the Bolsheviks. In the midst of this conflict, the Jangalis entered into an alliance with the Bolsheviks against the British. This culminated in the establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (commonly known as the Socialist Republic of Gilan), which lasted from June 1920 until September 1921. In February 1921 the Soviets withdrew their support for the Jangali government of Gilan and signed the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921) with the central government of Tehran. The Jangalis continued to struggle against the central government until their final defeat in September 1921 when control of Gilan returned to Tehran. Administrative divisions Geography and climate Gilan has a humid subtropical climate with, by a large margin, the heaviest rainfall in Iran: reaching as high as in the southwestern coast and generally around . Rasht, the capital of the province, is known internationally as the "City of Silver Rains" and in Iran as the "City of Rain". Rainfall is heaviest between September and December because the onshore winds from the Siberian High are strongest, but it occurs throughout the year though least abundantly from April to August. Humidity is very high because of the marshy character of the coastal plains and can reach 90 percent in summer for wet bulb temperatures of over . The Alborz range provides further diversity to the land in addition to the Caspian coasts. The coastline is cooler and attracts large numbers of domestic and international tourists. Large parts of the province are mountainous, green and forested. The coastal plain along the Caspian Sea is similar to that of Mazandaran and mainly used for rice paddies. Due to successive cultivation and selection of rice by farmers, several cultivars including Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, and Gharib have been bred. In June 1990 large parts of the province were destroyed by a severe earthquake, in which about 45,000 people died. Abbas Kiarostami made his films Life, and Nothing More... and Through the Olive Trees based on this event. Demographics Gilan is overwhelmingly Gilak and Talesh, with a minority of Azerbaijanis, Persians and smaller groups of Georgians, Armenians, Circassians and others. Five Iranian languages are spoken in Gilan — Gilaki, Taleshi, Persian, and, to a smaller extent, Tati and Kurdish. All (excluding Persian) belong to the northwestern branch of Iranian languages. Non-Iranian languages are mainly Azerbaijani, Georgian, Armenian, Circassian, and some Gypsy (Romany). Three million people speak Gilaki as their first or second language. Culture Considering Gilan is mostly inhabited by Gilaks, a Gilaki Iranian culture is present in the province that is not much different from other Iranian traditions. The biggest differences are seen in foods, traditional songs, traditional clothes, rural areas and their every-day life, and other traditions such as the Gilaki Calendar and the Gilaki New Year called "Nouruz Bel" which is during the summer. This new year is distinct from the more popular Iranian New Year as it relates to the people of Gilan and their mostly agricultural life. Gilan's position on the Tehran-Baku trade route has established the cities of Bandar-e Anzali and Rasht as ranking amongst the most important commercial centers in Iran. As a result, the merchant and middle classes comprise a significant percentage of the population. The province has an annual average of 2 million tourists, mostly domestic. Although Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 211 sites of historical and cultural significance in the province, the main tourist attraction in Gilan is the small town of Masouleh in the hills southeast of Rasht. It is built similar to the Pueblo settlements, with the roof of one house being the courtyard of the house above. Gilan has a strong culinary tradition, from which several dishes have come to be adopted across Iran. This richness derives in part from the climate, which allows for a wide variety of fruit, vegetables and nuts to be grown in the province. Seafood is a particularly strong component of Gilani (and Mazandarani) cuisine. Sturgeon, often smoked or served as kebab, and caviar are delicacies along the whole Caspian littoral. Other types of fish such as mahi sefid, kuli, kulmeh, Caspian salmon, mahi kapur and many others are consumed. Fish roe, or ashpal, is widely used in Gileki cuisine. Traditional Persian stews such as ghalieh mahi (fish stew) and ghalieh maygu (shrimp stew) are featured and prepared in a uniquely Gilani fashion. More specific to Gilan are a distinctive walnut-paste and pomegranate-juice sauce, used as a marinade for 'sour' kebab (Kabab Torsh) and as the basis of Fesenjān, a rich stew of duck, chicken or lamb. Mirza ghasemi is an aubergine and egg dish with a smoky taste that is often served as a side dish or appetizer. Other such dishes include pickled garlic, olives with walnut paste, and smoked fish. The caviar and smoked fish from the region are widely prized and sought-after specialties in domestic and foreign gourmet markets. See also Cuisine of Iran. Languages The Gilaki language is a Caspian language, and a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gīlān Province. Gilaki is one of the main languages spoken in the province of Gilan and is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki, and Galeshi (in the mountains of Gilan). The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid Roud. Although Gilaki is the most widely spoken language in Gilan, the Talysh language is also spoken in the province. There are only two cities in Gilan where Talyshi is exclusively spoken: Masal and Masoleh (although other cities speak Talyshi alongside Gilaki) while Talyshi is spoken mostly in the city of Astara, Hashtpar and surrounding towns. Persian is also spoken in the province of Gilan as it is Iran's official language, requiring everyone to know Persian. Notable people Abdul Qadir Gilani Haj Agha Koutchesfahani (founder of Rasth Telephone Company ) Ebrahim Pourdavoud Mohammad Ali Mojtahedi Gilani, founder of Sharif University of Technology Ardeshir Mohassess, cartoonist Mirza Kuchek Khan, founder of Constitutionalist movement of Gilan Arsen Minasian Hazin Lahiji, poet Mohammad Taghi Bahjat Foumani, Twelver Shi'a Marja Al-Jilani Mahmoud Behzad Majid Samii, brain surgeon in Germany Fazlollah Reza, second head of Sharif University of Technology Mohammad Moin, prominent Iranian scholar of Persian literature and Iranology Sirous Ghayeghran, former captain of Iranian national football team Ghafour Jahani, footballer Pejman Nouri, football player Hushang Ebtehaj, contemporary poet Mardavij, former king of Iran Khosrow Golsorkhi, journalist, poet, and communist activist Abul-Hasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bashahri Gilani, mathematician, geographer, and astronomer Anoushiravan Rohani, pianist and composer Shardad Rohani, composer, violinist/pianist, and conductor Shahin Najafi, musician, singer, songwriter and political activist Colleges and universities University of Guilan Islamic Azad University of Astara Islamic Azad University of Bandar Anzali Islamic Azad University of Rasht Islamic Azad University of Lahijan Gilan University of Medical Sciences Institute of Higher Education for Academic Jihad of Rasht Technical & Vocational Training Organization of Gilan Islamic Azad University of Talesh Payam-e-Noor University – Talesh See also Biah Pish Constitutionalist movement of Gilan Soviet Republic of Gilan Gill (clan) Gilani people Rudkhan Castle Aroos-Gooleh References External links Guilan.net Association of Guilan Supporters Official website (in Persian only) Gilan entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica Gilan University of Medical Sciences Health Information Center (in English) Gilan Cultural Heritage Organization (An excellent source of info in Persian) Masouleh Village Official website (inaccessible to English readers) Shapour Bahrami, Masouleh, Iran, Photo Set, flickr. Gilan Province Office of Tourism (Bibliography) Gilan Province Department of Education (in Persian) Two Gilani folk-songs sung by Shusha Guppy in the 1970s: The Rain, Darling Leila. Āhā Bugu (Oh, say it!), a Gilaki folk-song: (4 min 54 sec). Hamid-Reza Hosseini, Rural Heritage, in Persian, Jadid Online, 17 November 2008, . A shortened version in English with the title Gilan's Rural Geritage Museum, Jadid Online, 22 January 2009: . A slide show of Gilan's Rural Heritage Museum with English subtitles, Jadid Online, 22 January 2009: (5 min 41 sec). Mohammad-Taqi Pourahmad Jacktaji, Gilan Midsummer Nowruz, in English, Jadid Online, 1 October 2009, (in Persian: ). An audio slideshow with English subtitles: (4 min 38 sec). Provinces of Iran	[ -0.35087060928344727, 0.1831597089767456, 0.10269509255886078, 0.05180396884679794, -0.5868086814880371, -0.2644064426422119, 0.22640350461006165, 0.5418921113014221, -0.5971420407295227, -0.20486918091773987, 0.12435460090637207, -0.5307904481887817, -0.7894397974014282, 0.580453634262085, -0.9325023889541626, 0.979202926158905, 0.33205536007881165, 0.14673076570034027, 0.0074855913408100605, -0.8286844491958618, -0.01044414471834898, -0.2884517014026642, 0.21054551005363464, -0.13025544583797455, 0.22949126362800598, 0.12653909623622894, 0.35195013880729675, 0.6207045316696167, 0.2607227861881256, -0.0530879832804203, -0.2451772540807724, 0.11593449115753174, -0.48478129506111145, 0.00237925979308784, 0.5716440677642822, 0.3223092257976532, -0.04572301730513573, -0.3929603695869446, -0.18276138603687286, -0.3533020615577698, -0.03017612174153328, 0.10961631685495377, -0.33506086468696594, 0.8833709955215454, 0.3851773142814636, -1.1054118871688843, -0.8435629606246948, 1.4595335721969604, 0.2421417385339737, -0.04998045787215233, -1.0101426839828491, 0.2802766263484955, 0.0024834966752678156, -0.43548116087913513, 0.14535601437091827, 0.28013211488723755, -0.7844444513320923, 0.17068105936050415, -0.4138953983783722, 0.10434459894895554, -0.13278041779994965, 1.0440268516540527, 0.1626826971769333, 0.4474467933177948, 0.0441991351544857, 0.20104911923408508, 0.047725412994623184, 0.4560967683792114, 0.3044602572917938, -0.2706531882286072, -0.22190062701702118, 0.6702646017074585, 0.07556477189064026, -0.17852845788002014, 0.17884336411952972, -0.3912401497364044, -0.3804427683353424, -0.6512573957443237, 0.2581206262111664, 0.29081517457962036, 0.23132145404815674, -0.4768497049808502, 0.4117583632469177, -0.09877486526966095, 0.8918821811676025, -0.015593085438013077, -0.7640618085861206, 0.01367819495499134, -0.5727924108505249, -0.04297254607081413, -0.2895093262195587, -0.33750081062316895, 0.29635563492774963, 0.2761651277542114, -0.08622778207063675, -0.6830049753189087, -0.4710271656513214, 0.07912615686655045, -0.5176148414611816, 0.6121503114700317, 0.09399925172328949, 0.7483654618263245, 0.17731469869613647, 0.12107691913843155, -0.32152384519577026, -0.102680504322052, -0.3893613815307617, -0.5059606432914734, -0.3054526150226593, 0.35530510544776917, -1.0025168657302856, -0.11678627878427505, -0.2705412209033966, -0.11911336332559586, 0.023018253967165947, 0.137176513671875, 0.03958408907055855, -0.2920827269554138, 0.5924598574638367, 0.299434095621109, -0.35386332869529724, 0.87548828125, -0.8305755853652954, 0.5539841651916504, 0.26755082607269287, -0.12072238326072693, 0.5699928998947144, -0.20055130124092102, -0.0887141302227974, 0.6131072044372559, 0.06155424937605858, 0.4443635642528534, -0.19965723156929016, 0.43834543228149414, -0.053509533405303955, -0.23793023824691772, -0.3971782922744751, 0.17396870255470276, 0.07553751021623611, 0.4028485119342804, -1.3426085710525513, -0.13928115367889404, -0.13739816844463348, -0.32591861486434937, 0.24734435975551605, -0.5443127155303955, 0.24102291464805603, -0.5881994366645813, -0.4601741433143616, -0.3122652471065521, -0.010530687868595123, 0.27017277479171753, -0.2317860722541809, 0.4831514060497284, -0.8273623585700989, -0.17711278796195984, 0.0635145902633667, -0.10063793510198593, 1.0801335573196411, -0.27570536732673645, 0.21920989453792572, -0.4107322096824646, 0.16767460107803345, -0.07663512974977493, -0.15992063283920288, 0.0937407836318016, 0.5800060629844666, 0.764889657497406, -0.1510622799396515, 0.22603750228881836, -1.1893113851547241, -0.1272716373205185, 0.01454883348196745, -0.49596911668777466, 0.1287391036748886, -0.06728873401880264, -0.20355817675590515, 0.06699463725090027, 0.37364476919174194, -0.2851239740848541, -0.6350234150886536, -0.1710628718137741, -0.08364049345254898, 0.6761589646339417, -0.022554855793714523, 0.6019186973571777, 0.09615296870470047, -0.3337692320346832, -0.17709249258041382, -0.5464349389076233, 0.2715032398700714, -0.35991132259368896, -0.04312647506594658, -0.3398541212081909, 0.8933619260787964, -0.13444654643535614, -0.03510134667158127, 0.22904083132743835, -0.6439599394798279, 0.8667863607406616, 0.05183608457446098, -0.5634031891822815, 0.19289898872375488, 0.25316333770751953, 0.376015841960907, 0.3623519539833069, 0.042187631130218506, 0.2976343333721161, 0.37351763248443604, 0.43408283591270447, 0.11314444243907928, -0.39673373103141785, 0.018709616735577583, 0.2907734215259552, -0.19778327643871307, -0.17840227484703064, -0.16721704602241516, 0.5572897791862488, 0.20776204764842987, 0.08669690787792206, 0.9995128512382507, -0.3983208239078522, -0.11494190990924835, 1.1500451564788818, -0.5204614996910095, 0.5332024693489075, 0.7571501135826111, 0.5693524479866028, -0.20013615489006042, -0.2792285680770874, 0.08852016925811768, 0.17567025125026703, 0.7983670830726624, -0.2590427100658417, -0.7256885766983032, -0.37856078147888184, -0.18138621747493744, -0.20104627311229706, 0.36186060309410095, -1.331386923789978, -0.25003552436828613, 0.40327176451683044, 0.22756622731685638, 0.14338651299476624, 0.5340651869773865, 0.3371073305606842, -1.051797866821289, 1.1204233169555664, 0.2551723122596741, -0.2373664379119873, -0.055357981473207474, -0.007249061483889818, 0.344066321849823, -0.7102899551391602, -0.3389555811882019, -0.006052657030522823, 0.29124024510383606, -0.004101104103028774, 0.5586720108985901, 0.37558579444885254, -0.5255044102668762, 0.5033177137374878, -0.019848661497235298, -0.035064976662397385, -0.31492090225219727, 0.1745830923318863, 0.19619137048721313, -0.735734760761261, 0.27012884616851807, 0.1360468566417694, 0.2784600853919983, 0.127250537276268, -0.0763309970498085, 0.282774955034256, -0.1480255126953125, 0.056086163967847824, 0.015605797059834003, 0.3004668653011322, -1.0541424751281738, -0.14077302813529968, -0.194967120885849, 0.9073949456214905, 0.3364476263523102, 0.08497033268213272, -0.9414156079292297, -0.8580275774002075, -0.3767397999763489, -0.6100541353225708, -0.019419219344854355, -0.29251211881637573, -0.37886297702789307, 0.35889342427253723, -0.3877086937427521, 0.2106330245733261, -0.8169013261795044, 0.07580967992544174, -0.010141503997147083, 0.06189539656043053, 0.9925257563591003, -0.553847074508667, -1.065746545791626, -0.2450564056634903, -0.16654813289642334, 0.432929664850235, -0.18125441670417786, -0.22324560582637787, -0.5246217846870422, 0.567440390586853, -4.974443435668945, -0.269884318113327, -0.5548902153968811, -0.630668044090271, 0.21653982996940613, -0.4089299142360687, 0.1458164006471634, -0.5719807147979736, 0.2331087589263916, 0.43686264753341675, -0.06299277395009995, -0.00951472669839859, -0.20490169525146484, 0.6364873051643372, 0.6254625916481018, 0.9825623035430908, -0.018920615315437317, 0.11451999098062515, 0.6802380681037903, -0.47830551862716675, -0.636444091796875, 0.13539943099021912, -0.563656210899353, 0.6331796050071716, 1.0613433122634888, 1.1593475341796875, -0.24465924501419067, -0.8414701819419861, -0.5904629230499268, -0.13035452365875244, -0.1748179942369461, -0.30755850672721863, 0.004293046426028013, 0.536582350730896, 0.03531475365161896, -0.3692530393600464, 1.2202792167663574, 0.3828981816768646, 0.1833769530057907, 0.039778172969818115, -0.13263925909996033, 1.0173097848892212, -0.3087194561958313, 0.2662774324417114, 0.7469160556793213, -0.7458068132400513, -0.7407228946685791, -0.12443404644727707, -0.678010106086731, 0.17943373322486877, 0.5957288146018982, -0.35219606757164, 0.4624583423137665, 0.05348796024918556, 0.2298945039510727, 0.32952287793159485, 0.6414675116539001, -0.8646263480186462, -0.1097664013504982, 1.1440844535827637, 0.35132232308387756, -0.2044893354177475, -0.8115760087966919, -0.7564488649368286, -0.2949414849281311, 0.026345446705818176, 0.3716922104358673, -0.28415587544441223, 0.39979761838912964, 0.10132348537445068, -0.9593878984451294, -0.13678066432476044, -0.5057066679000854, -0.6942970752716064, 0.06203600764274597, 0.033145833760499954, -0.5753649473190308, 0.35151180624961853, 0.13810478150844574, -0.10279906541109085, -0.29321128129959106, -0.1369049996137619, -0.20086799561977386, 0.6176033020019531, -0.4824380576610565, -0.4725008010864258, 0.14835277199745178, 0.06283833086490631, 0.25676843523979187, 0.0553598627448082, 0.4748547673225403, -0.4582551419734955, 0.9653018712997437, -0.13459843397140503, -0.07243773341178894, 1.1704174280166626, 0.19257546961307526, 0.11652573943138123, -0.20648908615112305, -1.0241492986679077, 0.7049893140792847, 0.01448935829102993, 0.5048753619194031, -0.18923600018024445, 0.05188065394759178, -0.8299239873886108, 0.6388373374938965, 0.5387373566627502, 0.7705047726631165, -0.2515081465244293, -0.2495580017566681, 0.23298300802707672, -0.6747367978096008, -0.6513100862503052, 0.3372773826122284, -0.6939758062362671, -0.18655984103679657, 0.7498003840446472, 0.013110491447150707, 0.9377251267433167, -0.06358537077903748, 0.39831113815307617, -0.3500470817089081, 0.12945875525474548, -1.0267747640609741, -0.596235454082489, -0.06462894380092621, 0.17661871016025543, 0.7401305437088013, -0.4234006702899933, -0.0258798711001873, -0.18917782604694366, 0.20018421113491058, -0.5461901426315308, -0.14653140306472778, 0.4693163335323334, -0.0882626622915268, -0.6097373962402344, -0.08220686763525009, -0.4434645473957062, 0.2218402475118637, -0.25134795904159546, -0.6478676199913025, 0.48177334666252136, -0.3135729730129242, 0.29245126247406006, 0.2635314166545868, 0.6341726779937744, -0.8307071328163147, 0.577768087387085, -0.2952932119369507, -0.12996311485767365, -0.018470399081707, 0.33198800683021545, -0.13951243460178375, 0.11327670514583588, -0.014366256073117256, 0.3551762104034424, 0.49174660444259644, -0.2776258587837219, -0.008199370466172695, -0.8489473462104797, -0.4907069802284241, 0.5049123167991638, 0.7710661888122559, -0.39377954602241516, -0.3866984248161316, 0.008661638014018536, -0.24904167652130127, 1.3393499851226807, 0.0019041445339098573, -0.47105926275253296, -0.3667982816696167, -0.6798300743103027, -0.08631483465433121, -0.1515181064605713, 0.02654644474387169, -0.36352720856666565, -0.48079779744148254, 0.17229388654232025, 0.15922966599464417, -0.7903537750244141, -0.12510786950588226, 0.673316478729248, 0.454426646232605, -0.5767419934272766, -0.5096611380577087, -0.7690457701683044, -0.2861201763153076, -0.011358343064785004, 0.7742684483528137, 0.027908343821763992, -0.09803934395313263, 0.04400857537984848, 0.29277196526527405, -0.836067795753479, -0.1996585577726364, 0.4027809500694275, -0.4580412209033966, -0.44705042243003845, 0.22346986830234528, 0.38083767890930176, -0.3081658184528351, 0.4290800094604492, 0.052428826689720154, -0.2905726134777069, 0.6946883201599121, 0.07439965009689331, -0.5853321552276611, 0.06481196731328964, -0.3158615529537201, -0.7555246949195862, -0.2735523283481598, 0.25355643033981323, -0.24649366736412048, 0.27222752571105957, 0.32457396388053894, -0.29210275411605835, -0.06950834393501282, 0.31534281373023987, -0.5203240513801575, -0.49322056770324707, -0.22380049526691437, -0.5022858381271362, -0.4650786221027374, 0.4625420570373535, -0.05018458142876625, -0.6349135041236877, 0.24940051138401031, 0.4294251799583435, 0.12687481939792633, -0.3536352217197418, 0.5335391163825989, 0.08126089721918106, -0.5557611584663391, -0.2629747688770294, 0.3218015134334564, 0.43853530287742615, 0.08453437685966492, 0.4355238676071167, 0.6000064611434937, 0.3205893933773041, 0.33331578969955444, 0.07195094227790833, -0.09218152612447739, -0.23286981880664825, 0.3276616930961609, -0.503656804561615, -0.4339680075645447, -0.04696422442793846, 0.6596584320068359, -0.3656921684741974, -0.4403635561466217, 0.09335010498762131, 0.8587178587913513, -0.5875669121742249, 0.09657841175794601, 0.8672418594360352, 0.19785650074481964, 0.0816299095749855, -0.5015795826911926, 0.09611992537975311, -0.1348808854818344, -0.11740981042385101, -0.02763168327510357, -0.13987846672534943, -0.5211310982704163, -0.5596311092376709, 0.910862147808075, -0.3482326567173004, -0.5661798119544983, -0.2268795520067215, 0.6621080040931702, 0.46452298760414124, -0.4414638876914978, 0.013259806670248508, -0.3070557713508606, 0.1714172065258026, -0.17057673633098602, 0.2463260442018509, -0.8373133540153503, -0.1733875721693039, -0.2201983630657196, -0.4541190266609192, -0.3849082291126251, -0.5314549803733826, 0.02486315742135048, 0.1638728827238083, -0.691900372505188, 0.045604147017002106, 0.2748923897743225, -0.6028233170509338, -0.12712548673152924, -0.055056847631931305, 0.015599976293742657, 0.05903365835547447, -0.35569441318511963, 0.3101470172405243, -0.29469287395477295, 0.5793611407279968, -0.5575827360153198, 0.4328702986240387, -0.14244572818279266, -0.2775344252586365, -0.04167313501238823, 0.03732344135642052, 0.1364743858575821, -0.5348420143127441, -0.02266489341855049, 0.23307347297668457, 0.08011442422866821, 0.08505862951278687, 0.7886382341384888, 0.1483466625213623, -0.3051757514476776, 0.6833147406578064, 1.1227186918258667, -0.5009372234344482, -0.021049827337265015, 0.35463187098503113, 0.7961580753326416, 0.4638451337814331, 0.008276776410639286, 0.5780591368675232, 0.1848839819431305, 0.8282561302185059, -0.0026930132880806923, -0.0966777428984642, 0.12284299731254578, -0.416251003742218, 0.23324353992938995, -0.3617147207260132, -0.8087723255157471, 0.21870476007461548, -0.11989983916282654, -0.16177017986774445, 0.0972423404455185, -0.5341162085533142, -0.21370576322078705, 0.6531593799591064, 0.9297380447387695, 0.940077006816864, -0.2256995141506195, -0.08488327264785767, -0.5316143035888672, 0.32243022322654724, 0.676756739616394, 0.25988808274269104, -0.05774988234043121, -0.48451778292655945, 0.002818336244672537, 0.44856587052345276, -0.039712924510240555, -0.7464264631271362, 0.13898028433322906, 0.2741241157054901, 0.2577209174633026, -0.11706294864416122, -0.24731388688087463, -0.11714062839746475, 0.28291213512420654, -0.13270387053489685, 0.23637092113494873, 0.055762842297554016, 0.1970652937889099, 0.007331344299018383, 0.3379695415496826, -0.5802368521690369, -0.801358699798584, 0.6044744849205017, -0.3315575420856476, -0.27829137444496155, 0.5589114427566528, -0.043401312083005905, -0.16818897426128387, 0.8160634636878967, -0.2647843360900879, 0.6006392240524292, -0.037190768867731094, 0.4120273292064667, 0.3219020664691925, -0.23870961368083954, 0.456205815076828, -0.6831446290016174, -0.046895597130060196, 0.219335675239563, 0.4188353419303894, 0.4518033564090729, -0.24207459390163422, 0.040865909308195114, -0.018407534807920456, 0.16771754622459412, 0.09881269186735153, 0.1276603639125824, 0.3865832984447479, -0.9847060441970825, -0.07030315697193146, 0.9049326777458191, 0.5992932915687561, -0.014437464065849781, 0.6398782730102539, -0.38396379351615906, 0.2140188068151474, 0.2139248251914978, -0.08240799605846405, 0.3966483771800995, -0.6554937958717346, 0.3578534424304962, -0.4998762607574463, -0.08098631352186203, 0.4311506450176239, -0.20634737610816956, -0.003907434176653624, -0.1642814725637436, -0.4203002452850342, 0.4335470497608185, 0.6657158136367798, -0.9348258376121521, 0.4114919602870941, -0.9792776107788086, -0.05254495143890381, -0.12098469585180283, 0.3019047975540161, 1.1774755716323853, 0.0023653749376535416, -0.2139824777841568, 0.6069383025169373, 0.01565784588456154, -0.3715672492980957, 0.49170970916748047, -0.0014363081427291036, -0.9627591371536255, -0.5845638513565063, -0.47681087255477905, 0.03198639675974846, -0.06563542783260345, 0.4683651328086853, 0.8973702788352966, 0.6793383359909058, -0.07378895580768585, 0.14212650060653687, -0.039124615490436554, 0.7415100336074829, 0.0909009799361229, -0.09380488097667694, -0.11855167895555496, -0.8864008784294128, -0.5854741334915161, -0.681978166103363, 0.728299081325531, -0.02726743556559086, -0.2520771324634552, 0.8793638348579407, -0.03431685268878937, -0.12286397069692612, 0.1570623517036438, 0.0011193316895514727, -1.2208367586135864, 0.0908546894788742, 0.0024663598742336035 ]
210704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadr%20City	Sadr City	Sadr City (), formerly known as Al-Thawra () and Saddam City (), is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1959 by Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim and later unofficially renamed Sadr City after Ayatollah Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr. Sadr City – or more accurately Thawra District () – is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad. A public housing project neglected by Saddam Hussein, Sadr City holds around 1 million residents. History Sadr City was built in Iraq in 1959 by Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim in response to grave housing shortages in Baghdad. At the time named Revolution City (), it provided housing for Baghdad's urban poor, many of whom had come from the countryside and who had until then lived in appalling conditions. Naziha al-Dulaimi was instrumental in turning the vast slums of eastern Baghdad into a massive public works and housing project that came to be known as Revolution City. It quickly became a stronghold of the Iraqi Communist Party, with resistance to the Baathist-led coup of 1963 becoming prevalent within the city itself. The development was devised by the Greek planner Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis, who also designed Islamabad and Riyadh. In 1982, the district was renamed Saddam City. In the 1980s, the district became known for poverty and communist organizing, with illegal documents and, in some cases, people themselves being hidden from the authorities in overflowing septic tanks. The proliferation of communism in the district was seen by some as ironic, given how Doxiadis's design had been considered "anticommunist" with the view that it promoted a village atmosphere in an effort to ease the transition of rural migrants to the city. After the Saddam Hussein was removed from power in April 2003, the district was unofficially renamed Sadr City after deceased shiite leader Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr. 2003 In April, 2003, the US Army 2d Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment established their headquarters at the abandoned Sumer cigarette factory located on the eastern side of Sadr City. In honor of the history of the factory, the military named their new camp Camp Marlboro. During the fall and winter of 2003, American forces focused on rebuilding civilian infrastructure and training local leaders in democracy. District and neighborhood councils were established, giving the residents of Sadr City representation in the new Iraqi government. The municipal building became the centerpiece of the reconstruction effort, and it was the site of a forward outpost of American soldiers that met daily with council members and citizens. Progress was slow due to escalating tensions and violence, and attacks against the American military increased significantly in late 2003. On October 9, 2003, the Mahdi Army in Sadr City ambushed an American convoy, inflicting multiple casualties. The Combat Patrol, made up of vehicles from the 2/2 ACR was attacked by approximately 100 men with several improvised explosive devices, RPGs and automatic weapons fire from the surrounding rooftops and streets killing and injuring soldiers from E Trp 2/2 ACR. The Mahdi Army attempted to capture several soldiers during the ambush, but they were ultimately unsuccessful in their efforts to obtain hostages. On November 9, 2003, a violent confrontation erupted between the chairman of the District Council, elements of the 2d ACR, and a team from the 490th Civil Affairs Battalion. The chairman refused to surrender a pistol during security screening and was shot by an American soldier during a shoving match. The death of the chairman caused a serious setback to reconstruction efforts and led to increased violence. 2004 Throughout March 2004 through July 2004, FOB IronHorse, in Sadr City, elements of the 1st Brigade Combat Team and the 13th Signal Battalion were hit almost daily with Mortars and RPGs. TF Lancer was located at FOB War Eagle, northern side of Sadr City. There was no American media in the area to report the multiple mortar and RPG fire which hit both FOBs almost daily. In late March, 2004, Task Force Lancer, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Gary Volesky arrived at Camp War Eagle on the north-east corner of Sadr City, to assume responsibility for the governance and security of Sadr City. Task Force Lancer consisted primarily of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment from the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division under the command of Colonel Robert B. Abrams. On April 4, 2004 the Mahdi Army ambushed a U.S. Army patrol in Sadr City, killing eight American soldiers, and wounding 57 more. This sparked fierce urban fighting between the Mahdi Army and newly arrived soldiers of the B Company 20th Engineer Battalion 2–5, C Battery 1-82 Field Artillery, 2-8 and 1-12 CAV of the 1st Cavalry Division (1CD); alongside the just-relieved 1st Squadron, 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment and elements from 2-37 AR of the 1st Armored Division. In late 2004 the Mahdi Army enacted a cease-fire with U.S. troops, and offered to help repair and rebuild the city's main infrastructure which was leaving millions without electricity, water or sewage. On October 10, Camp Marlboro was hit by three mortars launched from within the city, which saw the U.S. beef up security and attach an additional 28 tanks and 14 Bradley Fighting Vehicles to the camp. The following day, on October 11, the Weapons Handover Program began in the city, which was designed to purchase weapons from militants. 2005 On May 15, 2005 the bodies of 13 Iraqis were discovered in a shallow grave, each blindfolded, tied and shot multiple times in the back of the head. They had been hastily buried in a vacant lot. On May 18, gunmen shot and killed Ali Mutib Sakr, a Transport Ministry driver. On May 23, a car bomb exploded outside a crowded restaurant, killing eight Iraqis and wounding an additional 89. On March 12 three car bombs exploded, killing thirty-five people. On July 1 a car bomb exploded in an open-air market killing 77 and wounding 96. In August 2005 the Iraqi government and the U.S. Army locked down Sadr City for three days to search houses for hostages and death squads. Some hostages were found and freed. Multiple death squad leaders were arrested. In these three days, the number of murders in Baghdad reached the lowest level ever compared to the average of the previous months of the U.S.-led war. 2006 On October 24, 2006, the U.S. Army locked down Sadr City while searching for a kidnapped U.S. soldier. During the lock down, deaths dropped by 50%. When Prime Minister al-Maliki demanded the end of the blockade, the murder rate returned to previous levels. On November 23, 2006, a series of car bombs exploded, followed by mortar attacks, which killed at least 215 people. See 23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings for further details. 2007 Surge As the U.S. began a surge of forces into Iraq, Operation Imposing Law was implemented in Sadr City. On station US army units included 82nd Airborne DIV 2/325 INF White Falcons and 2nd INF DIV C- CO 2/3 INF SBCT. 2008 fighting In March 2008, during the Battle of Basra, clashes erupted in Sadr City between U.S. forces and the Mahdi Army. At that time, Sadr City was secured with the use of Strykers from the 1st Squadron, 2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment led by LTC Daniel Barnett. The fighting grew so intense that armored vehicles including M2A3 Bradley IFVs and M1A1/2 Abrams MBTs were called in for assistance. The Mahdi Army relied heavily in the use of improvised explosive devices allegedly smuggled from Iran and engaged U.S. forces with sniper fire and intense small arms engagements in the heavily congested urban area. The U.S. launched at least one air strike, killing 10 reported militants. As of March 29, 2008, about 75 Iraqis have been killed and 500 injured. The Iraq Health Ministry claims these are all civilians, but the U.S. disputes this. The Mahdi Army intensified rocket attacks on the Green Zone and other U.S. bases, killing at least three American soldiers and several civilians. On April 6 Iraqi and U.S. forces moved into the southern third of Sadr City to prevent rocket and mortar fire being launched from the area. 1st Squadron, 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment then took control of southern Sadr City and hosted Charlie Company, 1-64 Armor, Bravo Company, 1-14 Infantry and Delta Company, 4-64 Armor along with U.S. combat engineers from the 3rd Brigade Heavy Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division. 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, the headquarters brigade for the operation, began construction of a concrete barrier along Al-Quds street to seal the southern third of the city off and allow reconstruction to take place. C/1-68, a tank and mechanized infantry company team under command and control of 1-68 Armor Combined Arms Battalion, and D/4-64, a tank and mechanized infantry company team, attached to 1-2 SCR, were the primary wall build company level organizations. On May 1, 2008, D/4-64 and B/1-14 killed 28 Mahdi Fighters just north of the concrete barrier. Over the next month, the Mahdi Army launched a number of attacks on the troops building the barrier, but sustained heavy losses. On May 3, 2008 soldiers from Charlie Company, 2-30 Infantry, 10th Mountain Division placed additional barriers along the eastern boundary of Sadr City to isolate the militants' stronghold, but met heavy resistance as Mahdi Fighters attacked the soldiers with RPGs, IEDs, and small arms fire. The Mahdi fighters were able to destroy two HMMWVs and two MRAPs, however, the unit responded with combined air and ground strikes and used tanks, attack helicopters, and heavy weapons to repel the assault while claiming the deaths of nearly 30 militants. On May 10, a ceasefire was ordered by Muqtada Al-Sadr, allowing Iraqi troops into all of Sadr City. On May 20, in an entirely Iraqi-planned and executed operation, six battalions of Iraqi troops, including troops from the 1st (Quick Reaction Force) division stationed in Al-Anbar and armored forces from the 9th Division based in Taji, operating without the involvement of U.S. ground forces, (except Marines from 1st ANGLICO, SALT B Provided over watch) pushed deep into Sadr City. The Iraqi Security Forces met little resistance in moving through Sadr City and took up positions formerly occupied by the Mahdi Army, including the Imam Ali and Al-Sadr hospitals and Al-Sadr's political office. Sadr City then became the main base for Shi'a Insurgent group Kata'ib Hezbollah, an offshoot of the Mahdi Army. 2009 After a year of relative calm, Sadr City was struck by a massive bomb blast on June 24, 2009 when a bomb-laden vegetable cart or motorcycle was detonated in the Muraidi Market of the town, killing at least 69 civilians and wounding over 150. Voters in Sadr City allowed the Iraqi National Alliance to make huge gains in provincial elections in 2009 and parliamentary elections in 2010. Reconstruction efforts In 2010, a Turkish consortium of contractors won the bid for the reconstruction of Baghdad's Sadr City, offering to complete the massive project for $11.3 billion. The project involves construction of a modern city of 75,000 housing units to accommodate up to 600,000 people. See also 2015 Baghdad market truck bomb List of places in Iraq List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad References External links Shiites take over Baghdad district—an Associated Press article on Saddam City in The Globe and Mail Sadr City on GlobalSecurity.org Sadr City Psychosocial Report (May 23, 2008; PDF) by the International Medical Corps and UNICEF 1959 establishments in Iraq Administrative districts in Baghdad Populated places established in 1959	[ 0.20857976377010345, 0.5324311852455139, 0.04850952327251434, -0.5093183517456055, -0.6515920162200928, 0.10002143681049347, 0.2745552957057953, 0.13588249683380127, -0.13229122757911682, -0.12753379344940186, -0.9288976192474365, -0.1322658658027649, -0.6630895137786865, 0.540544867515564, 0.2309960126876831, 0.4580755829811096, -0.12624311447143555, 0.07395005971193314, 0.34268516302108765, 0.02953934296965599, -0.1449221819639206, -0.37964990735054016, 0.15239495038986206, -0.41337263584136963, 0.3506069779396057, -0.1053885892033577, 0.5100431442260742, 0.5017002820968628, -0.5112618803977966, 0.07146845757961273, -0.005130996461957693, 0.22578023374080658, -0.5659154653549194, -0.35210391879081726, 0.037095632404088974, 0.3743077218532562, 0.007984096184372902, -0.4248732328414917, -0.3389611542224884, -0.6028028726577759, -0.36581262946128845, -0.4863879382610321, 0.12444409728050232, 0.05046924948692322, -0.49618297815322876, -1.1724883317947388, -1.032318115234375, 0.39746710658073425, -0.917351484298706, -0.6016725897789001, -0.27472439408302307, 0.04529246687889099, 0.3187101483345032, -0.34914758801460266, 0.2882188558578491, 0.26952651143074036, -0.5704015493392944, 0.1015445664525032, 0.21365049481391907, -0.18793852627277374, 0.7621296048164368, 0.3574221730232239, 0.06208506599068642, -0.01997346803545952, 0.2771361768245697, 0.5877687335014343, 0.09914298355579376, -0.006824697833508253, -0.04692830145359039, 0.3469506502151489, -0.6949078440666199, -0.1738952249288559, -0.008210841566324234, -0.11386270076036453, -0.1148286908864975, 0.15625505149364471, -0.5363282561302185, -0.3805718719959259, 0.019666239619255066, 0.3894927501678467, 0.47737693786621094, -0.5610997080802917, 0.8384294509887695, -0.17031773924827576, 0.864490270614624, -0.3030589818954468, -0.6065577268600464, 0.19654574990272522, -0.3495187759399414, 0.3178049921989441, -0.6414159536361694, 0.2093755602836609, 0.30718520283699036, 0.20098140835762024, -0.051499124616384506, -0.4687560796737671, -0.4275793731212616, 0.44405242800712585, -0.6623812317848206, 0.19430722296237946, -0.1310935914516449, 1.0123108625411987, 0.41173234581947327, 0.19005078077316284, -0.5158084630966187, -0.2543640732765198, -0.16898518800735474, -0.16713152825832367, -0.22894033789634705, -0.4389798641204834, -0.0893527939915657, 0.5313727259635925, -0.218004047870636, -0.15062083303928375, -0.10429120808839798, 0.1828794777393341, 0.02754221297800541, 0.4130840003490448, 0.1628037542104721, -0.023507600650191307, -0.6336748003959656, 0.572065532207489, -0.4953000545501709, 0.1599998027086258, -0.09337782114744186, -0.1114468201994896, -0.1086215004324913, 0.15247076749801636, -0.8807535171508789, 0.8635866045951843, 0.10699694603681564, 0.8459237217903137, -0.13700789213180542, 0.973379373550415, 0.3609616756439209, -0.9612606763839722, -0.07975494861602783, -0.08336401730775833, 0.9259175658226013, 0.021372688934206963, -0.6504395008087158, 0.13486695289611816, -0.6122466325759888, -0.30580076575279236, 0.171836256980896, -0.628150999546051, -0.0023306894581764936, -0.7216522693634033, -0.14634688198566437, -0.32283613085746765, -0.0650157555937767, 0.05806228891015053, -0.3723864257335663, -0.24682514369487762, 0.05023903772234917, 0.02061806432902813, 0.12511631846427917, -0.01786048710346222, 0.8727351427078247, 0.15646252036094666, -0.34249547123908997, 0.2134690135717392, 0.5078166723251343, 0.18006670475006104, -0.0521329864859581, -0.32202965021133423, 0.34763669967651367, -0.2677954435348511, 0.5441408753395081, 0.18663179874420166, -0.9162720441818237, -0.2573460638523102, 0.42905718088150024, -0.29708367586135864, 0.7447447180747986, -0.20226290822029114, 1.0916764736175537, 0.29114842414855957, 0.3537599742412567, -0.31221190094947815, -0.6600598692893982, -0.3388807773590088, -0.05193532630801201, 0.9580630660057068, 0.639266848564148, -0.2798229455947876, 0.16238023340702057, -0.24652162194252014, -0.010125374421477318, 0.342227965593338, -0.3413523733615875, -0.3414747416973114, -0.11795932799577713, 0.029990851879119873, 0.6294361352920532, 0.6168245673179626, -0.24064140021800995, 0.33903977274894714, 0.0677097737789154, 1.2423242330551147, -0.43017253279685974, -0.5957965850830078, 0.8355350494384766, -0.5735613703727722, -0.15938130021095276, 0.15901973843574524, 0.26434677839279175, 0.454857736825943, 0.0426371805369854, 0.718066394329071, 0.38564035296440125, -0.33437052369117737, -0.22280272841453552, 0.3259727656841278, 0.0957467183470726, -0.6897033452987671, -0.1914554238319397, 0.12873578071594238, -0.17890416085720062, -0.16107065975666046, 0.36176231503486633, -0.011816557496786118, -0.40671974420547485, 0.35831335186958313, -0.1766054630279541, -0.2482689917087555, 0.389305979013443, -0.10974006354808807, -0.06835564970970154, -0.13641853630542755, 0.7358056902885437, 0.6315926909446716, 0.08816759288311005, -0.1725701093673706, -0.3043794333934784, -0.27111366391181946, -0.1488642543554306, -0.1874474287033081, 0.06835010647773743, -0.3008050322532654, -0.018755093216896057, 0.22480717301368713, -0.08572521060705185, -0.11036770790815353, 0.6484177112579346, 0.05251118168234825, 0.1544649749994278, 0.4658403694629669, -0.448489785194397, 0.482745498418808, -0.2829105854034424, 0.48135116696357727, 0.5540140867233276, -0.6248115301132202, 0.4272088408470154, -0.12082159519195557, 0.10445096343755722, 0.254652738571167, 0.31653842329978943, -0.1460745930671692, -1.1485440731048584, 0.30371609330177307, -0.2349219024181366, 0.42709237337112427, -0.43709346652030945, 0.41837915778160095, 0.1285749226808548, -0.34773704409599304, -0.20700699090957642, 0.32700422406196594, 0.10292554646730423, -0.06252157688140869, -0.03543821722269058, 0.572069525718689, -0.1117064580321312, -0.14555633068084717, -0.6105626821517944, 0.11606250703334808, -0.22629359364509583, 0.019343389198184013, 0.7103031277656555, 0.8911451101303101, 0.01788366213440895, -0.7652843594551086, -0.8381706476211548, -0.2823335826396942, -0.2361934781074524, -0.39974936842918396, -0.34006044268608093, -0.28239139914512634, -0.849724292755127, 0.05281919986009598, 0.19348832964897156, 0.6453860998153687, -0.6133133172988892, -0.3998526632785797, 0.11909358948469162, -0.2475787252187729, 0.583721399307251, -0.44097647070884705, -1.2350207567214966, 0.6726848483085632, -0.8189572691917419, 0.04861687868833542, 0.2159637063741684, 0.037642404437065125, -0.5076072216033936, -0.004732927307486534, -5.340733051300049, 0.3142995536327362, 0.023656897246837616, -0.12507647275924683, 0.492632657289505, -0.12246564775705338, 0.43766897916793823, -0.9195924997329712, -0.20241089165210724, 0.05669451132416725, -0.7019550800323486, -0.061174649745225906, 0.45240896940231323, 0.796672523021698, 0.8225061893463135, 0.2905614376068115, 0.43652796745300293, 0.1452445387840271, 0.19708777964115143, 0.005507407709956169, -0.20508119463920593, 0.028843168169260025, -0.6449421048164368, 0.43204495310783386, 0.5591930747032166, 0.3930746614933014, 0.0356903076171875, -0.5073105096817017, -1.4684780836105347, -0.46821683645248413, 0.2866578698158264, 0.07490932196378708, -0.2817622721195221, 0.4773351848125458, 0.12187571823596954, 0.5961426496505737, 0.8470673561096191, -0.13138200342655182, 0.25254058837890625, -0.5513069033622742, 0.11634257435798645, 0.27279138565063477, -0.29175063967704773, -0.986144483089447, 0.4675881862640381, -0.32302504777908325, -1.0630123615264893, -0.23640389740467072, -0.17048005759716034, 0.3166505992412567, 0.5708004832267761, -0.028361400589346886, 0.4376019537448883, 0.5969406962394714, -0.4149377942085266, -0.22125020623207092, 0.7701411247253418, -0.12526080012321472, -0.1482083797454834, 0.4508221447467804, 0.616197407245636, -0.4142436683177948, -0.1628095656633377, -0.4777258038520813, 0.2855142652988434, -0.5617319345474243, 0.5873655676841736, -0.15634703636169434, 0.3619237542152405, 0.5513783693313599, -0.08220630884170532, -0.18343031406402588, -0.7878583669662476, -0.8257001042366028, -0.24854393303394318, -0.45522022247314453, -0.5429785251617432, -0.030925828963518143, -0.5756287574768066, 0.23744887113571167, -0.02783268876373768, -0.24348688125610352, 0.40449410676956177, 0.20861072838306427, -0.2496456354856491, -0.7750992774963379, 0.7494614124298096, 0.6661907434463501, 0.06757565587759018, -0.4219866394996643, 0.33756303787231445, -0.6627152562141418, 0.9507436156272888, -0.3595753312110901, -0.08705591410398483, 0.598033607006073, -0.07040902972221375, 0.16285046935081482, 0.4235881567001343, -0.16227737069129944, 0.5517883896827698, -0.4191683232784271, 0.12168092280626297, 0.6123916506767273, 0.019563205540180206, -0.5262544751167297, 0.1819969266653061, 0.41594988107681274, 0.5679960250854492, -0.6873518228530884, 0.12184181064367294, 0.1356641948223114, -0.015352907590568066, -0.32995688915252686, 0.9627981781959534, -0.2606436014175415, -0.2226375937461853, 0.8561601042747498, 0.14642319083213806, 0.987252414226532, 0.1399407535791397, -0.06598750501871109, -0.34437716007232666, 0.4720970392227173, -0.1435980200767517, 0.20436039566993713, -0.2765464782714844, 0.08730130642652512, -0.16894450783729553, -0.28703558444976807, 0.5605832934379578, -0.30821606516838074, -0.0333111397922039, -0.4355488419532776, 0.12090332061052322, -0.2866705060005188, -0.6765357851982117, -0.6437584757804871, 0.10715039074420929, 0.3467922508716583, 0.41035908460617065, 0.0031443603802472353, 0.2587856650352478, 0.46005624532699585, 0.40714216232299805, 0.47241640090942383, 0.03156173601746559, 0.0071328189224004745, -0.3907441198825836, -0.20995262265205383, -0.3182428777217865, -0.405204176902771, -0.013512596487998962, -0.1021411344408989, -0.4386592209339142, 0.04345674812793732, 0.6679524779319763, 0.7912614941596985, -0.18546834588050842, -0.19385232031345367, 0.21918407082557678, -0.7797474265098572, -0.6519231200218201, 0.14353813230991364, 0.24229654669761658, -0.07624366134405136, 0.3016945421695709, -0.3118681311607361, 0.20532692968845367, 0.9109968543052673, 0.07228107005357742, -0.4938153624534607, -0.699363112449646, -0.26319101452827454, 0.47244471311569214, -0.5004027485847473, 0.2528812885284424, 0.18829572200775146, 0.5323429107666016, -0.3594920337200165, -0.28260496258735657, -0.0020778717007488012, -0.28295546770095825, 0.46806201338768005, 0.5061669945716858, 0.08057824522256851, -0.7730204463005066, -0.47004586458206177, -0.5903149843215942, -0.47761401534080505, 0.8236486315727234, -0.5088163018226624, -0.017032628878951073, 0.16525669395923615, 0.18937627971172333, -1.1886675357818604, 0.2847147583961487, 0.42335689067840576, -0.38797804713249207, -0.20457039773464203, 0.20222145318984985, 0.4971601068973541, -0.7092443108558655, 0.5948447585105896, 0.06553567200899124, -0.6346387267112732, 0.8462184071540833, 0.35737594962120056, -0.7047832012176514, 0.21865417063236237, -0.3026740252971649, -0.6741745471954346, -0.13501562178134918, 0.5860902070999146, -0.6509370803833008, -0.03481129929423332, 0.023527219891548157, -0.3494877517223358, -0.2708388566970825, -0.2128201574087143, -0.4585421085357666, -0.4497261345386505, -0.07193399965763092, -0.21159352362155914, -0.6489746570587158, 0.33830466866493225, -0.06454421579837799, -1.090387225151062, -0.18560625612735748, 0.09550612419843674, 0.2539271414279938, 0.4905746281147003, 0.8866400122642517, 0.4150266945362091, -0.05961674824357033, -0.41123446822166443, -0.020238278433680534, -0.13605545461177826, -0.30835750699043274, -0.03220783919095993, 0.16158097982406616, 0.41360417008399963, 0.16443733870983124, -0.5839186310768127, -0.03021080605685711, 0.12674817442893982, 0.12098474055528641, 0.0006278743967413902, -0.8000987768173218, 0.39271098375320435, 0.43433186411857605, 0.07874235510826111, -0.7176645994186401, 0.2854372560977936, 0.3482205867767334, -0.6900533437728882, -0.03722839802503586, 0.15343858301639557, 0.10678386688232422, 0.5446434617042542, -0.15241962671279907, 0.06084910407662392, 0.398743212223053, 0.2680967450141907, 0.2771710455417633, -0.18370428681373596, -0.23281735181808472, -0.7210777997970581, 0.30443307757377625, -0.5554600358009338, -0.7898223400115967, 0.17588886618614197, 1.2463088035583496, 0.3956373631954193, 0.21776223182678223, -0.1807228922843933, 0.18696023523807526, -0.1779395192861557, -0.26893150806427, -0.10672283172607422, -0.35463815927505493, -0.033714063465595245, -0.1620289534330368, -0.6768043637275696, 0.1660774201154709, -0.7492189407348633, 0.11080959439277649, 0.47476518154144287, -0.5731908679008484, 0.37322327494621277, -0.5147613286972046, -0.18329447507858276, -0.2967699468135834, 0.6354625821113586, -0.2645891010761261, 0.13970088958740234, 0.625461757183075, 0.7502867579460144, -0.6567181944847107, -0.08769172430038452, -0.5617908835411072, 0.23024708032608032, -0.18778304755687714, 0.030387049540877342, 0.4602070450782776, -0.23997826874256134, 0.5436963438987732, 0.03885135427117348, 0.34623998403549194, 0.041181016713380814, -0.011469915509223938, 0.04729915410280228, 0.46729758381843567, 0.8570516109466553, -0.5829600691795349, 0.3516266942024231, 0.9174968600273132, -0.49192190170288086, 0.3133104145526886, 0.45052096247673035, 0.0040102810598909855, -0.1865377277135849, 0.35414814949035645, 0.6414312124252319, -0.0142395393922925, 0.7587774395942688, 0.30408135056495667, -0.03675347939133644, 0.45034918189048767, 0.007398276589810848, 0.07794467359781265, -0.5556754469871521, -0.4009290933609009, 0.35087141394615173, -0.42683568596839905, -0.6532215476036072, 0.0008210514206439257, -0.18775835633277893, -0.0837889239192009, 0.04836469888687134, 0.49884745478630066, 0.4380719065666199, -0.23325352370738983, 0.26677167415618896, 0.2807638943195343, 0.20465105772018433, 0.2523879110813141, 0.024572433903813362, 0.5086312890052795, 0.06814901530742645, -0.23327846825122833, 0.2965863049030304, -0.3241184651851654, -0.5517770648002625, 0.040856167674064636, -0.39999979734420776, 0.43010833859443665, 0.12430839985609055, 0.18431800603866577, 0.557441771030426, 0.203905388712883, 0.0893281027674675, 0.31595924496650696, 0.002938345540314913, 0.36886879801750183, -0.13543032109737396, 0.23342327773571014, -0.3945450186729431, -0.21845278143882751, 0.5454583168029785, 0.19850748777389526, 0.20479683578014374, -0.47811391949653625, -0.2900577485561371, 0.6164190769195557, 0.2450171560049057, 0.3095332384109497, 0.21734170615673065, -0.416765421628952, 0.7452133297920227, 0.28127723932266235, 0.2461368292570114, 0.2812122702598572, -0.06430445611476898, 0.2681538760662079, 0.12377825379371643, -0.5298554301261902, 0.17588913440704346, -0.7418487668037415, -0.34173205494880676, -0.30618295073509216, 0.11691250652074814, -0.5122016072273254, -0.21521346271038055, -0.07631096988916397, -0.7004974484443665, -0.07179715484380722, 0.5008899569511414, 0.35429924726486206, -0.24905042350292206, 0.6102628707885742, 0.15546104311943054, -0.32177096605300903, 0.2611980140209198, -0.4802187383174896, 0.16214071214199066, -0.38922980427742004, 0.041028596460819244, -0.4553408622741699, 0.5294744968414307, 0.1921759396791458, 0.21987755596637726, -0.0632336363196373, 0.5616503357887268, -1.0058414936065674, 0.5659855604171753, 0.3278942108154297, -0.3293195068836212, 0.1937473714351654, -0.5902043581008911, 0.2703656852245331, 0.08527197688817978, -0.16651035845279694, 0.3695809245109558, 0.01494470052421093, -0.27034392952919006, 0.14857183396816254, 0.10026824474334717, -0.4990234375, 0.31119781732559204, 0.18003880977630615, -0.4414290189743042, -0.3927792012691498, -0.11765298992395401, -0.7619966268539429, 0.12485173344612122, 0.7674946784973145, 0.8611119985580444, 0.3706270754337311, -0.22435148060321808, -0.06078729405999184, -0.2745378911495209, 0.35304298996925354, -0.3223053812980652, 0.052309829741716385, 0.14275164902210236, -1.1091084480285645, -0.17575374245643616, -0.30890098214149475, 0.9580562114715576, 0.3937435746192932, -0.17599374055862427, 0.12091455608606339, -0.2083483338356018, -0.16479720175266266, -0.6615703701972961, -0.47090402245521545, -0.7391918897628784, 0.6733307838439941, -0.12586024403572083 ]
210708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20in%20Islam	Isaac in Islam	The biblical patriarch Isaac ( or ) is recognized as a prophet and messenger of God by Muslims. As in Judaism and Christianity, Islam maintains that Isaac was the son of the patriarch and prophet Abraham from his wife Sarah. Muslims hold Isaac in deep veneration because they believe that both Isaac and his older half-brother Ishmael continued their father's spiritual legacy through their subsequent preaching of the message of God after the death of Abraham. Isaac is mentioned in fifteen passages of the Quran. Along with being mentioned several times in the Quran, Isaac is held up as one of Islam's prophets. Early life Because of God’s grace and covenant with Abraham, Sarah was gifted with a child in her old age. Isaac was the age of 10 when his half-brother Ishmael went out from Abraham’s house into the desert. While in the desert Ishmael took a wife of the daughters of Moab named ‘Ayeshah. In the Quran Isaac is mentioned fifteen times by name in the Quran, often with his father and his son, Jacob (Yaʿqūb). The Quran states that Abraham received "good tidings of Isaac, a prophet, of the righteous", and that God blessed them both (37: 112). "And We gave him glad tidings of Isaac, a prophet from among the righteous. And We blessed him and Isaac. And among their progeny are the virtuous and those who clearly wrong themselves" In a fuller description, when angels came to Ibrahim to tell him of the future punishment to be imposed on Sodom and Gomorrah, his wife, Sarah, "laughed, and We gave her good tidings of Isaac, and after Isaac of (a grandson) Jacob" (11: 71-74); and it is further explained that this event will take place despite Abraham and Sarah's old age. Several verses speak of Isaac as a "gift" to Abraham (6: 84; 19: 49-50), and 29: 26-27 adds that God made "prophethood and the Book to be among his offspring", which has been interpreted to refer to Abraham's two prophetic sons, his prophetic grandson Jacob, and his prophetic great-grandson Joseph. In the Quran, it later narrates that Abraham also praised God for giving him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age (XIV: 39-41). Elsewhere in the Quran, Isaac is mentioned in lists: Joseph follows the religion of his forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (12: 38) and speaks of God's favor to them (12: 6); Yaʿqūb's sons all testify their faith and promise to worship the God that their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", worshiped (2: 127); and the Quran commands Muslims to believe in the revelations that were given to "Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Patriarchs" (2: 136; III: 84). Burial site His tomb and that of his wife Rebekah is considered to be in the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, West Bank, known in Islam as the Ibrahim-i-Mosque ("Mosque of Abraham"). Alongside Isaac's tomb are those of some of the other Qur'anic/Biblical patriarchs and their wives: Abraham and Sarah and Jacob and Leah. See also Biblical narratives and the Quran Prophets of Islam Stories of The Prophets Footnotes () is the traditional Quranic spelling after vocalizing with a super script . In Modern Standard Arabic, it is normally written (); IPA: . Bibliography C.H. Becker, Islamstudien, i, 47 ZDMG, xxxii, 359, ii Encyclopedia of Islam, W. M. Watt, Ishak Stories of the Prophets, Kisa'i; Ibn Kathir, The Story of Isaac and Jacob References Islam Hebrew Bible prophets of the Quran	[ 0.019578594714403152, 0.9444283843040466, -0.5291731953620911, -0.8360017538070679, -0.592154860496521, 0.0502852164208889, 0.7820525765419006, 0.1175159215927124, -0.4435591399669647, -0.35901689529418945, -0.6890540719032288, 0.058788951486349106, -0.6407482624053955, 0.07733886688947678, 0.0012869418133050203, 0.6550052762031555, 0.25890254974365234, 0.6807663440704346, -0.4135419428348541, -0.22191907465457916, 0.20656800270080566, -0.4683789014816284, 0.3016727566719055, -0.31229475140571594, 0.40992575883865356, -0.024466976523399353, 0.7109774351119995, -0.08890675008296967, -0.4612785279750824, 0.2708912789821625, 0.43290576338768005, 0.19493268430233002, 0.16764794290065765, -0.2417191118001938, 0.1376040130853653, -0.06572403758764267, 0.1838810294866562, 0.04291258379817009, 0.09746646136045456, -0.5375017523765564, 0.297036737203598, -0.5356751084327698, 0.29449474811553955, 0.541872501373291, 0.11297234147787094, -0.691122829914093, -1.2820945978164673, 0.4433063268661499, -0.5412321090698242, -0.06497492641210556, -0.2783290445804596, 0.10708719491958618, -0.35724982619285583, 0.4364900588989258, 0.3205083906650543, 0.48718366026878357, -0.8735553026199341, -0.06893838942050934, 0.5706095695495605, 0.12075575441122055, 0.9066928029060364, 0.11964625120162964, 0.5597037672996521, 0.07952869683504105, 0.5047117471694946, -0.0008644193294458091, -0.49916476011276245, 0.3697490990161896, -0.20520934462547302, 0.1398227959871292, -0.39241549372673035, -0.23475424945354462, -0.3889380693435669, -0.22808602452278137, -0.24461539089679718, -0.3302420675754547, -0.1941699981689453, -0.1501082479953766, 0.27855539321899414, -0.100743368268013, -0.10390568524599075, 0.23311160504817963, 0.06228266656398773, 0.5364654064178467, -0.3419599235057831, 0.16224469244480133, -0.015284701250493526, -0.04400281235575676, -0.1406385749578476, -0.2855467200279236, 0.0230147372931242, 0.3229984939098358, 0.0038232484366744757, 0.22498133778572083, -0.3258751332759857, -0.008014807477593422, -0.4132421016693115, 0.059356365352869034, -0.34755194187164307, -0.08955060690641403, 0.30136093497276306, 0.8419026136398315, 0.2783750891685486, -0.11285925656557083, 0.17094705998897552, -0.09249285608530045, -0.22062137722969055, -0.2819230556488037, -0.08102647960186005, 0.2188907414674759, -0.29816436767578125, 0.6617125272750854, -0.16457419097423553, 0.008738917298614979, -0.19741415977478027, 0.5036506652832031, -0.17260538041591644, -1.0932222604751587, -0.45259442925453186, -0.14615529775619507, -0.5586730241775513, 0.5809481739997864, -0.005244346335530281, 0.42852216958999634, -0.1107838973402977, -0.8621442914009094, 0.4350935220718384, 1.0793185234069824, -0.8912266492843628, 0.28412193059921265, 0.27054324746131897, 0.4011332392692566, 0.152423694729805, -0.06543276458978653, -0.223006010055542, -0.34219494462013245, -0.32651931047439575, -0.12903864681720734, 0.420658677816391, 0.2026960253715515, -1.1401214599609375, -0.4103252589702606, -0.31608057022094727, -0.16918829083442688, 0.2100374698638916, -0.5424796342849731, 0.08898365497589111, -0.10575339198112488, -0.42229798436164856, -0.0424201600253582, -0.0890696719288826, -0.11050022393465042, 0.08396957814693451, -0.36757922172546387, -0.0452960766851902, 0.0755307525396347, 0.08584342151880264, 0.07156862318515778, -0.126667782664299, 0.14656475186347961, -0.1242164820432663, -0.2690449655056, 0.3834034502506256, -0.38911667466163635, 0.20804554224014282, -0.08299335092306137, 0.40446728467941284, -0.041328202933073044, 0.38593024015426636, -0.6486442685127258, -0.4319297671318054, -0.5038541555404663, -0.0672684907913208, -0.39598897099494934, 0.23489180207252502, -0.13033786416053772, 0.6487083435058594, -0.05207323655486107, 0.28646865487098694, -0.19141830503940582, -0.6246417760848999, -0.009206273593008518, -0.3035268783569336, -0.286736398935318, 0.38871002197265625, 0.4160756766796112, -0.12998750805854797, 0.35335081815719604, -0.37947431206703186, -0.31259235739707947, -0.5413497686386108, -0.3050151467323303, -0.21352292597293854, -0.03490305319428444, 0.832264244556427, -0.22412605583667755, -0.4497278332710266, 0.4002320468425751, 0.21702253818511963, 0.8515810966491699, -0.2309078723192215, 0.04200975224375725, 0.16290956735610962, 0.02505950629711151, -0.5552524328231812, 0.6045951247215271, 0.04535575211048126, 0.3233305811882019, 0.644146740436554, 0.5465170741081238, 0.5669583082199097, -0.5114867687225342, -0.401670902967453, -0.04350508376955986, 0.008294547908008099, 0.23218707740306854, -0.3148001432418823, 0.09883445501327515, -0.3530679941177368, 0.006194687448441982, 0.4732781648635864, -0.15673162043094635, -0.27825668454170227, 0.17487014830112457, -0.5224620699882507, 0.4044777750968933, -0.08895403146743774, 0.3802111744880676, -0.3439358174800873, 0.19690993428230286, 0.25410300493240356, 0.24652759730815887, 0.463699072599411, -0.16958461701869965, -0.8892072439193726, -0.39420995116233826, 0.2632651925086975, -0.2965499758720398, 0.7217922806739807, 0.3965349793434143, 0.4277639389038086, 0.4092848002910614, -0.5433992743492126, -0.2452571988105774, 0.27272218465805054, -0.24586863815784454, -0.33974364399909973, -0.36307889223098755, -0.3505317270755768, -0.009948741644620895, 0.3306184709072113, 0.1288774311542511, 0.5441427826881409, -0.6142144799232483, 0.624569833278656, -0.055770132690668106, 0.007909257896244526, 0.41110318899154663, 0.6470447182655334, 0.3860762119293213, -0.02897767163813114, 0.2917000651359558, -0.03949457034468651, -0.29605287313461304, -0.19039833545684814, -0.27521827816963196, -0.03545369207859039, 0.2619754672050476, 0.1061406061053276, 0.3059261739253998, 0.8792480230331421, -0.28883299231529236, -0.5461806058883667, 0.1408597081899643, 0.07235763221979141, -0.2951561212539673, 0.33357715606689453, 0.5108949542045593, -0.0585007481276989, -0.4709988832473755, -0.22234754264354706, 0.3561159670352936, 0.27088892459869385, -0.22622112929821014, -0.112160325050354, -0.638113260269165, -0.3323573172092438, -1.0496221780776978, -0.005533909425139427, -0.11698459088802338, 0.11593945324420929, 0.7847108840942383, 0.48542964458465576, 0.03550899773836136, 0.023623736575245857, 0.5005587339401245, 0.270452618598938, -0.21074803173542023, -0.020739130675792694, -0.4832916259765625, -0.07671256363391876, 0.18859921395778656, 0.13691845536231995, 0.010704809799790382, 0.376894474029541, 0.506881594657898, -0.3327066898345947, 0.36085060238838196, -5.8344855308532715, -0.1751074641942978, -0.2401825487613678, -0.43151119351387024, 0.21963632106781006, -0.10449960082769394, 0.9643009901046753, -0.7100456953048706, 0.30660614371299744, 0.12461139261722565, -0.23294857144355774, 0.0020222405437380075, 0.34209468960762024, 0.08304859697818756, 0.14680632948875427, 0.5401384234428406, 0.8594275712966919, -0.6775469183921814, 0.4923771023750305, 0.3308761417865753, 0.27301520109176636, -0.3310537040233612, -0.5037117600440979, 0.6780272722244263, 0.07500878721475601, 0.2593627870082855, -0.22644007205963135, 0.5818154811859131, -0.18796002864837646, 0.04094820097088814, 0.1923380196094513, -0.4999893307685852, -0.2632156014442444, -0.43138325214385986, -0.29718685150146484, 0.16438055038452148, 0.6409527063369751, 0.14326462149620056, 0.3365708887577057, -0.38735127449035645, -0.20186345279216766, -0.2026955634355545, 0.12522685527801514, 0.15540243685245514, 0.26194652915000916, -0.011402479372918606, -0.24276871979236603, -0.3147698640823364, -0.08888685703277588, 0.36995163559913635, -0.13187551498413086, -0.2642148435115814, 0.33452409505844116, -0.28246936202049255, 0.3108152449131012, -0.0056448825635015965, 0.4674527049064636, 0.20763497054576874, 0.10997912287712097, 0.24373731017112732, 0.520112931728363, -0.673394501209259, -0.049688320606946945, -0.36742424964904785, 0.3704181909561157, -0.048462651669979095, -0.2578783333301544, -0.35566723346710205, 0.21914340555667877, 0.23912964761257172, -0.7926495671272278, 0.2478281408548355, 0.030694397166371346, -0.9123966097831726, 0.3928295373916626, -0.06812021136283875, -0.317891389131546, 0.38923707604408264, -0.2587284743785858, -0.10667341202497482, -0.47191715240478516, -0.5277073383331299, 0.018316831439733505, 0.16360004246234894, 0.3898383378982544, -0.12778329849243164, 0.020922036841511726, -0.07044252753257751, -0.14511829614639282, -0.3353170156478882, 0.7012683153152466, -0.9084622859954834, 0.2487625628709793, 0.18430159986019135, -0.04889862984418869, 0.8260822892189026, -0.062050774693489075, 0.14276163280010223, 0.7275264859199524, 0.010166347958147526, 0.013711315579712391, -0.07006406038999557, 0.14385972917079926, -0.11590521037578583, 0.2420659363269806, 0.3331131339073181, -0.14301912486553192, 0.37915217876434326, 0.23769314587116241, 0.053123973309993744, -0.106226347386837, -0.1786659210920334, -0.5548080205917358, -0.2308630645275116, 0.4827733635902405, 0.04243462160229683, 0.05166342854499817, 0.5372294187545776, 0.5856205821037292, 0.7227506637573242, 0.05576193705201149, 0.3030898869037628, -0.590187668800354, 0.010018723085522652, -0.7868397831916809, 0.021437402814626694, -0.1687164157629013, -0.018912693485617638, -0.16544340550899506, -0.4280869960784912, 0.8181403279304504, -0.026409484446048737, 0.11213963478803635, 0.1993456780910492, -0.04828331992030144, -0.34039759635925293, 0.05318150296807289, -0.6876599788665771, -0.3391648530960083, -0.4243602454662323, -0.5711911916732788, -0.2993687391281128, -0.1274799108505249, 0.4295963943004608, 0.3946572244167328, 0.23952721059322357, 0.47371038794517517, 0.532555341720581, -0.48409000039100647, 0.668510913848877, 0.1782630980014801, -0.023159487172961235, 0.7461979985237122, 0.09210909903049469, -0.3810349702835083, 0.6689122319221497, 0.4588489532470703, 0.4891586899757385, -0.751489520072937, -0.2883271872997284, -0.15198981761932373, -0.35104092955589294, -0.703671395778656, 0.1041528582572937, 0.16150549054145813, 0.32522308826446533, 0.009652327746152878, 0.32105958461761475, -0.13042627274990082, 0.22889097034931183, -0.052382055670022964, -0.2718266546726227, -0.7223964333534241, 0.025132490321993828, 1.0529546737670898, 0.10797721147537231, 0.4991033673286438, 0.5416188836097717, -0.15561218559741974, -0.0214911587536335, -0.1061360090970993, -0.20634739100933075, -0.27095410227775574, 0.5540456175804138, 0.6662741899490356, -0.18251362442970276, -0.14199048280715942, -0.543558657169342, -0.7343855500221252, -0.07406388223171234, 0.6443203091621399, 0.1390155702829361, -0.2684090733528137, 0.08390679955482483, -0.2660875618457794, -0.24726209044456482, 0.589203417301178, -0.37852901220321655, 0.2977491617202759, -0.496204674243927, 0.166563481092453, 0.34890255331993103, -0.2734929323196411, 0.5806449055671692, -0.4766049087047577, -0.5311358571052551, 0.6625020503997803, -0.018156355246901512, -0.7875198125839233, -0.08577442914247513, 0.07010223716497421, -0.6288327574729919, 0.0765066146850586, 0.5799255967140198, -0.6427982449531555, -0.13318586349487305, 0.1837952584028244, 0.15531913936138153, -0.43246889114379883, -0.09874456375837326, 0.19851720333099365, -0.662922203540802, 0.3009083867073059, 0.14861884713172913, 0.29745709896087646, 0.7162795662879944, 0.3328527510166168, -0.12195505946874619, 0.2265220731496811, 0.12916657328605652, 0.16956135630607605, 0.03266485407948494, 0.30616092681884766, 0.42593279480934143, -0.6025155186653137, -0.36701032519340515, -0.3410348892211914, 0.2200309932231903, -0.5054869651794434, 0.22438973188400269, 0.3223070204257965, 0.28443384170532227, -0.0729711651802063, -0.6537277102470398, -0.22802402079105377, 0.6266940832138062, -0.5036543607711792, -0.42747393250465393, 0.17633463442325592, 0.10156698524951935, 0.1272290050983429, 0.7304765582084656, -0.23844575881958008, 0.02640802040696144, 0.4483714997768402, -0.059901900589466095, -0.41908860206604004, -0.07695253193378448, -0.3298972547054291, -0.35643285512924194, 0.2826176881790161, -0.13372774422168732, -0.5120427012443542, 0.17134644091129303, -0.15791256725788116, -0.1664348989725113, -0.4179803431034088, 0.05270438641309738, 0.31585317850112915, 0.2077871412038803, -1.2127994298934937, -0.7398533821105957, 0.25653108954429626, 1.029950737953186, -0.568115770816803, -0.04555407166481018, -0.6060693264007568, -0.2987023890018463, -0.06288941204547882, 0.4084051847457886, -1.256340742111206, -0.40561264753341675, 0.08405333012342453, -0.1003875881433487, 0.27981117367744446, -0.6586403250694275, -0.012065987102687359, 0.30291664600372314, 0.2561565637588501, -0.49412038922309875, -0.4402723014354706, -0.4063013195991516, -0.09993914514780045, 0.3940896689891815, -0.3022756278514862, 0.3839467763900757, 0.39576655626296997, 0.17636725306510925, -0.24493329226970673, -0.3513462245464325, -0.4993875324726105, 0.3222586512565613, 0.665053129196167, -0.040780551731586456, 0.18099205195903778, 0.14562319219112396, -0.08325110375881195, 0.0035339961759746075, 0.15174908936023712, 0.14827480912208557, 0.1288195103406906, 0.015116815455257893, 0.5393767952919006, 0.517740786075592, -0.3284972906112671, -0.15179236233234406, 0.555367648601532, -0.0176264476031065, -0.1743796318769455, 0.2553575336933136, -0.059553682804107666, -0.05345498025417328, 0.18847808241844177, 0.2200452834367752, -0.23656439781188965, 0.07752323895692825, 0.5046815276145935, -0.3758367896080017, -0.12937936186790466, 0.21798911690711975, 0.5913380980491638, 0.18473811447620392, -0.5591093301773071, 0.15172448754310608, 0.18730196356773376, -0.017282476648688316, -0.10319835692644119, -0.20419567823410034, -0.1734408587217331, 0.7321469187736511, 0.412147581577301, 0.3656850755214691, -0.6520954966545105, 0.25205764174461365, -0.1915801614522934, 0.4048035144805908, -0.2808062732219696, 0.27533772587776184, 0.568875253200531, 0.2804875671863556, 0.19689877331256866, 0.16256296634674072, 0.35059234499931335, -0.617773711681366, -0.16590452194213867, 0.0535341240465641, 0.26979318261146545, -0.029332155361771584, -0.5548126101493835, 0.04564734920859337, -0.12191838771104813, -0.06470461189746857, 0.6826220750808716, -0.07492060959339142, 0.33948567509651184, 0.4890827536582947, -0.018681254237890244, -0.7550656199455261, -0.1960376352071762, 0.10750314593315125, -0.04749660938978195, -0.018383605405688286, -0.5615919232368469, 0.2509772479534149, 0.39451780915260315, 0.2836129069328308, 0.28318583965301514, 0.1799715757369995, 0.06940080970525742, 0.14360566437244415, 0.4154524803161621, -0.6326962113380432, -0.21688412129878998, -1.0794198513031006, -0.33135727047920227, 0.49524879455566406, -0.4117090106010437, 0.10896411538124084, -1.099909782409668, 0.14761947095394135, -0.04703153297305107, -0.2977631390094757, 0.04979097470641136, -0.062297575175762177, -0.3703933656215668, -0.0915059894323349, -0.3153594732284546, 0.8928619027137756, -0.23379816114902496, -0.16026078164577484, -0.02424936555325985, -0.05575467646121979, -0.07254519313573837, 0.2898660898208618, -0.10361342877149582, -0.01605885662138462, -0.4010936915874481, -0.5039780139923096, -1.030401587486267, 0.10936413705348969, 0.6459057331085205, -0.0069785709492862225, 0.35844364762306213, -0.12072896957397461, 0.08474290370941162, -0.1443091332912445, 0.09229548275470734, -0.5673091411590576, 0.14537784457206726, 0.11501511186361313, 0.029618723317980766, -0.1442830115556717, -0.1967599242925644, 0.7799519300460815, -0.404617577791214, -0.0010848335223272443, 0.5783654451370239, 0.10963853448629379, -0.7107750773429871, 0.20581534504890442, 0.24724718928337097, -0.22213882207870483, -0.20948700606822968, -0.32490596175193787, 0.061664827167987823, -0.2020912617444992, 0.7584893107414246, 0.428179532289505, 0.05880512669682503, -0.25043192505836487, 0.30927202105522156, -0.37021657824516296, -0.03205648809671402, -0.03544270619750023, -0.6244031190872192, -0.08720583468675613, -0.41978561878204346, -0.5680150985717773, -0.030173633247613907, 0.5178261399269104, 0.6531018018722534, -0.029793407768011093, 0.006259485613554716, -0.03477512300014496, 0.3155309557914734, -0.21031098067760468, 0.18552125990390778, -0.5596352815628052, 0.517331600189209, -0.40743425488471985 ]
210710	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Russia	History of the Jews in Russia	The history of the Jews in Russia and areas historically connected with it goes back at least 1,500 years. Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious and ethnic diaspora; the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, while also facing periods of anti-Semitic discriminatory policies and persecutions. Some have described a 'renaissance' in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century. Today Russia's Jewish population is still among the largest in Europe. Overview and background The largest group among Russian Jews are Ashkenazi Jews, but the community also includes a significant proportion of other non-Ashkenazi from other Jewish diaspora including Mountain Jews, Sephardi Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Bukharan Jews and Georgian Jews. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471. During the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Alexander III escalated anti-Jewish policies. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of anti-Jewish pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States and what is today the State of Israel. The Pale of Settlement took away many of the rights that the Jewish people of the late 17th century Russia had enjoyed. At this time, the Jewish people were restricted to an area of what is current day Belarus, Lithuania, eastern Poland and Ukraine. Where Western Europe was experiencing emancipation at this time, in Russia the laws for the Jewish people were getting more strict. They were allowed to move further east, towards a less crowded population, though it was only a minority of Jews who took to the migration. The sporadic and often impoverished communities formed were known as Shtetls. Before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917; thousands joined after the Revolution. The chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922, 125,000 of them in Ukraine, 25,000 in Belarus. The pogroms were mostly perpetrated by anti-communist forces; sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. Anton Denikin's White Army was a bastion of anti-Semitism, using "Strike at the Jews and save Russia!" as its motto. The Bolshevik Red Army, although individual soldiers committed anti-Semitic abuses, had a policy of opposing anti-Semitism, and as a result, it won the support of much of the Jewish population. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals and even disbanding the army units whose men had attacked Jews. Although pogroms were still perpetrated after this, mainly by Ukrainian units of the Red Army during its retreat from Poland (1920), in general, the Jews regarded the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them. The Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, strengthening the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, and dissolved many Jewish communities. The Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language "reactionary" and "elitist" and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks. Following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik government's policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. The Soviet government outlawed all expressions of anti-Semitism, with the public use of the ethnic slur жид ("Yid") being punished by up to one year of imprisonment, and tried to modernize the Jewish community by establishing 1,100 Yiddish-language schools, 40 Yiddish-language daily newspapers and by settling Jews on farms in Ukraine and Crimea; the number of Jews working in the industry had more than doubled between 1926 and 1931. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population but 12–15 percent of all university students. In 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East. This region never came to have a majority Jewish population. The JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast and, outside of Israel, the world's only Jewish territory with an official status. The observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Party's Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalin's purges as "counterrevolutionaries" and "reactionary nationalists", although in the 1930s the Jews were underrepresented in the Gulag population. The share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, "We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, previously held by the Germans in tsarist Russia". In the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command: Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich (Commander of the Soviet Air Forces) and Grigori Shtern (Commander-in-Chief in the war against Japan and Commander at the front in the Winter War). During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish; about 200,000 were killed in battle. About 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country. More than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many Soviet Jews took the opportunity of liberalized emigration policies, with more than half of the population leaving, most for Israel and the West: Germany, the United States, Canada and Australia. For many years during this period, Russia had a higher rate of immigration to Israel than any other country. Russia's Jewish population is still the third biggest in Europe, after France and United Kingdom. In November 2012, the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, one of the world's biggest museums of Jewish history, opened in Moscow. Early history Jews have been present in contemporary Armenia and Georgia since the Babylonian captivity. Records exist from the 4th century showing that there were Armenian cities possessing Jewish populations ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 along with substantial Jewish settlements in the Crimea. The presence of Jewish people in the territories corresponding to modern Belarus, Ukraine, and the European part of Russia can be traced back to the 7th–14th centuries CE. Under the influence of the Caucasian Jewish communities, Bulan, the Khagan Bek of the Turkic Khazars, and the ruling classes of Khazaria (located in what is now Ukraine, southern Russia and Kazakhstan), may have adopted and/or converted to Judaism at some point in the mid-to-late 8th or early 9th centuries. After the conquest of the Khazarian kingdom by Sviatoslav I of Kiev (969), the Khazar Jewish population may have assimilated or migrated in part. Kievan Rus' In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population may have been restricted to a separate quarter in Kiev, known as the Jewish Town (Old East Slav: Жидове, Zhidovye, i.e. "The Jews"), the gates probably leading to which were known as the Jewish Gates (Old East Slavic: Жидовская ворота, Zhidovskaya vorota). The Kievan community was oriented towards Byzantium (the Romaniotes), Babylonia and Palestine in the 10th and 11th centuries, but appears to have been increasingly open to the Ashkenazim from the 12th century on. Few products of Kievan Jewish intellectual activity exist, however. Other communities, or groups of individuals, are known from Chernigov and, probably, Volodymyr-Volynskyi. At that time, Jews were probably found also in northeastern Russia, in the domains of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169–1174), although it is uncertain to which degree they would have been living there permanently. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Although northeastern Russia had a low Jewish population, countries just to its west had rapidly growing Jewish populations, as waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. Expelled en masse from England, France, Spain and most other Western European countries at various times, and persecuted in Germany in the 14th century, many Western European Jews migrated to Poland upon the invitation of Polish ruler Casimir III the Great to settle in Polish-controlled areas of Eastern Europe as a third estate, although restricted to commercial, middleman services in an agricultural society for the Polish king and nobility between 1330 and 1370, during the reign of Casimir the Great. After settling in Poland (later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and Hungary (later Austria-Hungary), the population expanded into the lightly populated areas of Ukraine and Lithuania, which were to become part of the expanding Russian Empire. In 1495, Alexander the Jagiellonian expelled Jewish residents from Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but reversed his decision in 1503. In the shtetls populated almost entirely by Jews, or in the middle-sized town where Jews constituted a significant part of population, Jewish communities traditionally ruled themselves according to halakha, and were limited by the privileges granted them by local rulers. (See also Shtadlan). These Jews were not assimilated into the larger eastern European societies, and identified as an ethnic group with a unique set of religious beliefs and practices, as well as an ethnically-unique economic role. Tsardom of Russia Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jews in Muscovite Russia is first found in the chronicles of 1471. The relatively small population of them were subject to discriminatory laws, but these laws do not appear to have been enforced at all times. Jews residing in Russian and Ukrainian towns suffered numerous religious persecutions. Converted Jews occasionally rose to important positions in the Russian State, for example Peter Shafirov, vice-chancellor under Peter the Great. Shafirov came, as most Russian Jews after the fall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, from a Jewish family of Polish origin. He had extraordinary knowledge of foreign languages and served as the chief translator in the Russian Foreign Office, subsequently he began to accompany Tsar Peter on his international travels. Following this, he was raised to the rank of vice-chancellor because of his many diplomatic talents and skills, but was later imprisoned, sentenced to death, and eventually banished. Russian Empire Their situation changed radically, during the reign of Catherine II, when the Russian Empire acquired rule over large Lithuanian and Polish territories which historically included a high proportion of Jewish residents, especially during the second (1793) and the third (1795) Partitions of Poland. Under the Commonwealth's legal system, Jews endured economic restrictions euphemised as "disabilities", which also continued following the Russian occupation. Catherine established the Pale of Settlement, which included Congress Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, and the Crimea (the latter was later excluded). Jewish people were restricted to residence within the Pale and were required to obtain special permission to immigrate into other parts of Russia. Within the Pale, the Jewish residents were given right of voting in municipal elections, but their vote was limited to one third of the total number of voters, even though their proportion in many areas was much higher, even a majority. This served to provide an aura of democracy, while institutionalizing conflict amongst ethnic groups on a local level. Jewish communities in Russia were governed internally by local administrative bodies, called the Councils of Elders (Qahal, Kehilla), constituted in every town or hamlet possessing a Jewish population. The Councils of Elders had jurisdiction over Jews in matters of internal litigation, as well as fiscal transactions relating to the collection and payment of taxes (poll tax, land tax, etc.). Later, this right of collecting taxes was much abused; in 1844 the civil authority of the Councils of Elders over its Jewish population was abolished. Under Alexander I and Nicholas I, decrees were put forth requiring a Russian-speaking member of a Jewish community to be named to act as an intermediary between his community and the Imperial government to perform certain civil duties, such as registering births, marriages, and divorces. This position came to be known as the crown rabbi although they were not always rabbis and often were not respected by members of their own communities because their main job qualification was fluency in Russian, and they often had no education in, or knowledge of Jewish law. The beginning of the 19th century was marked by intensive movement of Jews to Novorossiya, where towns, villages and agricultural colonies rapidly sprang up. Forcible conscription of Jewish cantonists The 'decree of August 26, 1827' made Jews liable for military service, and allowed their conscription between the ages of twelve and twenty-five. Each year, the Jewish community had to supply four recruits per thousand of the population. However, in practice, Jewish children were often conscripted as young as eight or nine years old. At the age of twelve, they would be placed for their six-year military education in cantonist schools. They were then required to serve in the Imperial Russian army for 25 years after the completion of their studies, often never seeing their families again. Strict quotas were imposed on all communities and the qahals were given the unpleasant task of implementing conscription within the Jewish communities. Since the merchant-guild members, agricultural colonists, factory mechanics, clergy, and all Jews with secondary education were exempt, and the wealthy bribed their way out of having their children conscripted, fewer potential conscripts were available; the adopted policy deeply sharpened internal Jewish social tensions. Seeking to protect the socio-economic and religious integrity of Jewish society, the qahals did their best to include “non-useful Jews” in the draft lists so that the heads of tax-paying middle-class families were predominantly exempt from conscription, whereas single Jews, as well as "heretics" (Haskalah influenced individuals), paupers, outcasts, and orphaned children were drafted. They used their power to suppress protests and intimidate potential informers who sought to expose the arbitrariness of the qahal to the Russian government. In some cases, communal elders had the most threatening informers murdered (such as the Ushitsa case, 1836). The zoning rule was suspended during the Crimean War, when conscription became annual. During this period the qahals leaders would employ informers and kidnappers (Russian: "", , ), as many potential conscripts preferred to run away rather than voluntarily submit. In the case of unfulfilled quotas, younger Jewish boys of eight and even younger were frequently taken. The official Russian policy was to encourage the conversion of Jewish cantonists to the state religion of Orthodox Christianity and Jewish boys were coerced to baptism. As kosher food was unavailable, they were faced with the necessity of abandoning of Jewish dietary laws. Polish Catholic boys were subject to similar pressure to convert and assimilate as the Russian Empire was hostile to Catholicism and Polish nationalism. Haskalah in the Russian Empire The cultural and habitual isolation of the Jews gradually began eroding. An ever-increasing number of Jewish people adopted Russian language and customs. Russian education was spread among the Jewish population. A number of Jewish-Russian periodicals appeared. Alexander II was known as the "Tsar liberator" for the 1861 abolition of serfdom in Russia. Under his rule Jewish people could not hire Christian servants, could not own land, and were restricted in travel. Alexander III was a staunch reactionary and an antisemite (influenced by Pobedonostsev) who strictly adhered to the old doctrine of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. His escalation of anti-Jewish policies sought to ignite "popular antisemitism", which portrayed the Jews as "Christ-killers" and the oppressors of the Slavic, Christian victims. A large-scale wave of anti-Jewish pogroms swept Ukraine in 1881, after Jews were scapegoated for the assassination of Alexander II. In the 1881 outbreak, there were pogroms in 166 Ukrainian towns, thousands of Jewish homes were destroyed, many families reduced to extremes of poverty; large numbers of men, women, and children were injured and some killed. Disorders in the south once again recalled the government attention to the Jewish question. A conference was convened at the Ministry of Interior and on May 15, 1882, so-called Temporary Regulations were introduced that stayed in effect for more than thirty years and came to be known as the May Laws. The repressive legislation was repeatedly revised. Many historians noted the concurrence of these state-enforced antisemitic policies with waves of pogroms that continued until 1884, with at least tacit government knowledge and in some cases policemen were seen inciting or joining the mob. The systematic policy of discrimination banned Jewish people from rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people, even within the Pale, assuring the slow death of many shtetls. In 1887, the quotas placed on the number of Jews allowed into secondary and higher education were tightened down to 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale, except Moscow and Saint Petersburg, held at 3%, even though the Jewish population was a majority or plurality in many communities. It was possible to evade this restrictions upon secondary education by combining private tuition with examination as an "outside student". Accordingly, within the Pale such outside pupils were almost entirely young Jews. The restrictions placed on education, traditionally highly valued in Jewish communities, resulted in ambition to excel over the peers and increased emigration rates. Special quotas restricted Jews from entering profession of law, limiting number of Jews admitted to the bar. In 1886, an Edict of Expulsion was enforced on the historic Jewish population of Kiev. Most Jews were expelled from Moscow in 1891 (except few deemed useful) and a newly built synagogue was closed by the city's authorities headed by the Tsar's brother. Tsar Alexander III refused to curtail repressive practices and reportedly noted: "But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood." In 1892, new measures banned Jewish participation in local elections despite their large numbers in many towns of the Pale. The Town Regulations prohibited Jews from the right to elect or be elected to town Dumas. Only a small number of Jews were allowed to be members of a town Duma, through appointment by special committees. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire had not only the largest Jewish population in the world, but actually a majority of the world's Jews living within its borders. In 1897, according to Russian census of 1897, the total Jewish population of Russia was 5,189,401 persons of both sexes (4.13% of total population). Of this total, 93.9% lived in the 25 provinces of the Pale of Settlement. The total population of the Pale of Settlement amounted to 42,338,367—of these, 4,805,354 (11.5%) were Jews. About 450,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Russian Army during World War I, and fought side by side with their Slavic fellows. When hundreds of thousands of refugees from Poland and Lithuania, among them innumerable Jews, fled in terror before enemy invasion, the Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist. Most of the education restrictions on the Jews were removed with the appointment of count Pavel Ignatiev as Minister of Education. Mass emigration Even though the persecutions provided the impetus for mass emigration, there were other relevant factors that can account for the Jews' migration. After the first years of large emigration from Russia, positive feedback from the emigrants in the U.S. encouraged further emigration. Indeed, more than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920. While a large majority emigrated to the United States, some turned to Zionism. In 1882, members of Bilu and Hovevei Zion made what came to be known the First Aliyah to Palestine, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. The Tsarist government sporadically encouraged Jewish emigration. In 1890, it approved the establishment of "The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine" (known as the "Odessa Committee" headed by Leon Pinsker) dedicated to practical aspects in establishing agricultural Jewish settlements in Palestine. Jewish members of the Duma In total, there were at least twelve Jewish deputies in the First Duma (1906–1907), falling to three or four in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907–1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912. Converts to Christianity like Mikhail Herzenstein and Ossip Pergament were still considered as Jews by the public (and antisemitic) opinion and are most of the time included in these figures. At the 1906 elections, the Jewish Labour Bund had made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (Trudoviks), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (non-Bundist) candidates in the Lithuanian provinces: Dr. Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilnius province and Leon Bramson for the Kaunas province. Among the other Jewish deputies were Maxim Vinaver, chairman of the League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia (Folksgrupe) and cofounder of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets), Dr. Nissan Katzenelson (Courland province, Zionist, Kadet), Dr. Moisei Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky (Grodno province), attorney Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum (Minsk province, Zionist, Kadet), Mikhail Isaakovich Sheftel (Ekaterinoslav province, Kadet), Dr. Grigory Bruk, Dr. Benyamin Yakubson, Zakhar Frenkel, Solomon Frenkel, Meilakh Chervonenkis. There was also a Crimean Karaim deputy, Salomon Krym. Three of the Jewish deputies, Bramson, Chervonenkis and Yakubson, joined the Labour faction; nine others joined the Kadet fraction. According to Rufus Learsi, five of them were Zionists, including Dr. Shmaryahu Levin, Dr. Victor Jacobson and Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum. Two of them, Grigori Borisovich Iollos (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein (b. 1859, d. 1906 in Terijoki), both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by the Black Hundreds antisemite terrorist group. "The Russkoye Znamya declares openly that 'Real Russians' assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials, and expresses regret that only two Jews perished in crusade against revolutionaries. The Second Duma included seven Jewish deputies: Shakho Abramson, Iosif Gessen, Vladimir Matveevich Gessen, Lazar Rabinovich, Yakov Shapiro (all of them Kadets) and Victor Mandelberg (Siberia Social Democrat), plus a convert to Christianity, the attorney Ossip Pergament (Odessa). The two Jewish members of the Third Duma were the Judge Leopold Nikolayevich (or Lazar) Nisselovich (Courland province, Kadet) and Naftali Markovich Friedman (Kaunas province, Kadet). Ossip Pergament was reelected and died before the end of his mandate. Friedman was the only one reelected to the Fourth Duma in 1912, joined by two new deputies, Meer Bomash, and Dr. Ezekiel Gurevich. Jews in the revolutionary movement Many Jews were prominent in Russian revolutionary parties. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was attractive to many members of the Jewish intelligentsia because of the oppression of non-Russian nations and non-Orthodox Christians within the Russian Empire. For much the same reason, many non-Russians, notably Latvians or Poles, were disproportionately represented in the party leaderships. In 1897 General Jewish Labour Bund (The Bund), was formed. Many Jews joined the ranks of two principal revolutionary parties: Socialist-Revolutionary Party and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party—both Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. A notable number of Bolshevik party members were ethnically Jewish, especially in the leadership of the party, and the percentage of Jewish party members among the rival Mensheviks was even higher. Both the founders and leaders of Menshevik faction, Julius Martov and Pavel Axelrod, were Jewish. Because some of the leading Bolsheviks were Ethnic Jews, and Bolshevism supports a policy of promoting international proletarian revolution—most notably in the case of Leon Trotsky—many enemies of Bolshevism, as well as contemporary antisemites, draw a picture of Communism as a political slur at Jews and accuse Jews of pursuing Bolshevism to benefit Jewish interests, reflected in the terms Jewish Bolshevism or Judeo-Bolshevism. The original atheistic and internationalistic ideology of the Bolsheviks (See proletarian internationalism, bourgeois nationalism) was incompatible with Jewish traditionalism. Bolsheviks such as Trotsky echoed sentiments dismissing Jewish heritage in place of "internationalism". Soon after seizing power, the Bolsheviks established the Yevsektsiya, the Jewish section of the Communist party in order to destroy the rival Bund and Zionist parties, suppress Judaism and replace traditional Jewish culture with "proletarian culture". In March 1919, Vladimir Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pogroms" on a gramophone disc. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of antisemitism in Marxist terms. According to Lenin, antisemitism was an "attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews". Linking antisemitism to class struggle, he argued that it was merely a political technique used by the tsar to exploit religious fanaticism, popularize the despotic, unpopular regime, and divert popular anger toward a scapegoat. The Soviet Union also officially maintained this Marxist-Leninist interpretation under Joseph Stalin, who expounded Lenin's critique of antisemitism. However, this did not prevent the widely publicized repressions of Jewish intellectuals during 1948–1953 when Stalin increasingly associated Jews with "cosmopolitanism" and pro-Americanism. Jews were prominent in the Russian Constitutional Democrat Party, Russian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks) and Socialist-Revolutionary Party. The Russian Anarchist movement also included many prominent Jewish revolutionaries. In Ukraine, Makhnovist anarchist leaders also included several Jews. The attempts of the socialist Bund to be the sole representative of the Jewish worker in Russia had always conflicted with Lenin's idea of a universal coalition of workers of all nationalities. Like some other socialist parties in Russia, the Bund was initially opposed to the Bolsheviks' seizing of power in 1917 and to the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly. Consequently, the Bund suffered repressions in the first months of the Soviet regime. However, the antisemitism of many Whites during the Russian Civil War caused many if not most Bund members to readily join the Bolsheviks, and most of the factions eventually merged with the Communist Party. The movement did split in three; the Bundist identity survived in interwar Poland, while many Bundists joined the Mensheviks. Dissolution and seizure of Jewish properties and institutions In August 1919 Jewish properties, including synagogues, were seized and many Jewish communities were dissolved. The anti-religious laws against all expressions of religion and religious education were imposed upon the Jewish population, just like on other religious groups. Many Rabbis and other religious officials were forced to resign from their posts under the threat of violent persecution. This type of persecution continued on into the 1920s. In 1921, a large number of Jews opted for Poland, as they were entitled by peace treaty in Riga to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish population of Poland. The chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Civil War were fertile ground for the antisemitism that was endemic to tsarist Russia. During the World War, Jews were often accused of sympathizing with Germany and often persecuted. Pogroms were unleashed throughout the Russian Civil War, perpetrated by virtually every competing faction, from Polish and Ukrainian nationalists to the Red and White Armies. 31,071 civilian Jews were killed during documented pogroms throughout the former Russian Empire; the number of Jewish orphans exceeded 300,000. A majority of pogroms in Ukraine during 1918–1920 were perpetrated by the Ukrainian nationalists, miscellaneous bands and anti-Communist forces. Soviet Union Before World War II Continuing the policy of the Bolsheviks before the Revolution, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party strongly condemned the pogroms, including official denunciations in 1918 by the Council of People's Commissars. Opposition to the pogroms and to manifestations of Russian antisemitism in this era were complicated by both the official Bolshevik policy of assimilationism towards all national and religious minorities, and concerns about overemphasizing Jewish concerns for fear of exacerbating popular antisemitism, as the White forces were openly identifying the Bolshevik regime with Jews. Lenin recorded eight of his speeches on gramophone records in 1919. Only seven of these were later re-recorded and put on sale. The one suppressed in the Nikita Khrushchev era recorded Lenin's feelings on antisemitism: Lenin was supported by the Labor Zionist (Poale Zion) movement, then under the leadership of Marxist theorist Ber Borochov, which was fighting for the creation of a Jewish workers' state in Palestine and also participated in the October Revolution (and in the Soviet political scene afterwards until being banned by Stalin in 1928). While Lenin remained opposed to outward forms of antisemitism (and all forms of racism), allowing Jewish people to rise to the highest offices in both party and state, certain historians such as Dmitri Volkogonov argue that the record of his government in this regard was highly uneven. A former official Soviet historian (turned staunch anti-communist), Volkogonov claims that Lenin was aware of pogroms carried out by units of the Red Army during the war with Poland, particularly those carried out by Semyon Budyonny's troops, though the whole issue was effectively ignored. Volkogonov writes that "While condemning anti-Semitism in general, Lenin was unable to analyze, let alone eradicate, its prevalence in Soviet society". Likewise, the hostility of the Soviet regime towards all religion made no exception for Judaism, and the 1921 campaign against religion saw the seizure of many synagogues (whether this should be regarded as antisemitism is a matter of definition—since Orthodox churches received the same treatment). In any event, there was still a fair degree of tolerance for Jewish religious practice in the 1920s: in the Belarusian capital Minsk, for example, of the 657 synagogues existing in 1917, 547 were still functioning in 1930. According to Zvi Gitelman: "Never before in Russian history—and never subsequently has a government made such an effort to uproot and stamp out antisemitism." By contrast with the situation after the beginning of forced collectivization and breakneck industrialization at the end of the 1920s, the New Economic Policy of 1921–1928 also offered economic opportunities to Soviet Jewish traders and artisans. Because most non-Jewish capitalists had fled during the civil war, Jews played a disproportionate role among the 'Nepmen' who constituted the private sector in the 1920s. From the 1930s, however, Soviet laws offered hardly any economic independence to artisans, and none whatever to traders. For many Jewish artisans and tradesmen, Soviet policies led to loss of their property and trade. According to the census of 1926, the total number of Jews in the USSR was 2,672,398—of whom 59% lived in Ukrainian SSR, 15.2% in Byelorussian SSR, 22% in Russian SFSR and 3.8% in other Soviet republics. Russian Jews were long considered to be a non-native Semitic ethnic group among the Slavic Russians, and such categorization was solidified when ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union were categorized according to ethnicity (). In his 1913 theoretical work Marxism and the National Question, Stalin described Jews as "not a living and active nation, but something mystical, intangible and supernatural. For, I repeat, what sort of nation, for instance, is a Jewish nation which consists of Georgian, Daghestanian, Russian, American and other Jews, the members of which do not understand each other (since they speak different languages), inhabit different parts of the globe, will never see each other, and will never act together, whether in time of peace or in time of war?!" According to Stalin, who became the People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs after the revolution, to qualify as a nation, a minority was required to have a culture, a language, and a homeland. Yiddish, rather than Hebrew, would be the national language, and proletarian socialist literature and arts would replace Judaism as the quintessence of culture. The use of Yiddish was strongly encouraged in the 1920s in areas of the USSR with substantial Jewish populations, especially in the Ukrainian and Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republics. Yiddish was one of the Belarusian SSR's four official languages, alongside Belarusian, Russian, and Polish. The equality of the official languages was taken seriously. A visitor arriving at main train station of the Belarusian capital Minsk saw the city's name written in all four languages above the main station entrance. Yiddish was a language of newspapers, magazines, book publishing, theater, radio, film, the post office, official correspondence, election materials, and even a Central Jewish Court. Yiddish writers like Sholem Aleichem and Mendele Mocher Seforim were celebrated in the 1920s as Soviet Jewish heroes. Minsk had a public, state-supported Yiddish-language school system, extending from kindergarten to the Yiddish-language section of the Belarusian State University. Although Jewish students tended to switch to studying in Russian as they moved on to secondary and higher education, 55.3 percent of the city's Jewish primary school students attended Yiddish-language schools in 1927. At its peak, the Soviet Yiddish-language school system had 160,000 students in it. Such was the prestige of Minsk's Yiddish scholarship that researchers trained in Warsaw and Berlin applied for faculty positions at the university. All this leads historian Elissa Bemporad to conclude that this “very ordinary Jewish city” was in the 1920s “one of the world capitals of Yiddish language and culture." Jews also played a disproportionate role in Belarusian politics and Soviet politics more generally in the 1920s, especially through the Bolshevik Party's Yiddish-language branch, the Yevsekstsia. Because there were few Jewish Bolsheviks before 1917 (with a few prominent exceptions like Zinoviev and Kamenev), the Yevsekstia's leaders in the 1920s were largely former Bundists, who pursued as Bolsheviks their campaign for secular Jewish education and culture. Although for example only a bit over 40 percent of Minsk's population was Jewish at the time, 19 of its 25 Communist Party cell secretaries were Jewish in 1924. Jewish predominance in the party cells was such that several cell meetings were held in Yiddish. In fact, Yiddish was spoken at citywide party meetings in Minsk into the late 1930s. To offset the growing Jewish national and religious aspirations of Zionism and to successfully categorize Soviet Jews under Stalin's definition of nationality, an alternative to the Land of Israel was established with the help of Komzet and OZET in 1928. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast with its center in Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East was to become a "Soviet Zion". Despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign, however, the Jewish population in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast never reached 30% (in 2003 it was only about 1.2%). The experiment ground to a halt in the mid-1930s, during Stalin's first campaign of purges. In fact the Bolshevik Party's Yiddish-language Yevsekstia was dissolved in 1930, as part of the regime's overall turn away from encouraging minority languages and cultures and towards Russification. Many Jewish leaders, especially those with Bundist backgrounds, were arrested and executed in the purges later in the 1930s, and Yiddish schools were shut down. The Belasusian SSR shut down its entire network of Yiddish-language schools in 1938. In his January 12, 1931, letter "Antisemitism: Reply to an Inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States" (published domestically by Pravda in 1936), Stalin officially condemned antisemitism: In answer to your inquiry: National and racial chauvinism is a vestige of the misanthropic customs characteristic of the period of cannibalism. Antisemitism, as an extreme form of racial chauvinism, is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism. Antisemitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at capitalism. Antisemitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle. Hence Communists, as consistent internationalists, cannot but be irreconcilable, sworn enemies of antisemitism. In the U.S.S.R. antisemitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system. Under U.S.S.R. law active antisemites are liable to the death penalty. The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact—the 1939 non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany—created further suspicion regarding the Soviet Union's position toward Jews. According to the pact, Poland, the nation with the world's largest Jewish population, was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939. While the pact had no basis in ideological sympathy (as evidenced by Nazi propaganda about "Jewish Bolshevism"), Germany's occupation of Western Poland was a disaster for Eastern European Jews. Evidence suggests that some, at least, of the Jews in the eastern Soviet zone of occupation welcomed the Russians as having a more liberated policy towards their civil rights than the preceding antisemitic Polish regime. Jews in areas annexed by the Soviet Union were deported eastward in great waves; as these areas would soon be invaded by Nazi Germany, this forced migration, deplored by many of its victims, paradoxically also saved the lives of several hundred thousand Jewish deportees. Jews who escaped the purges include Lazar Kaganovich, who came to Stalin's attention in the 1920s as a successful bureaucrat in Tashkent and participated in the purges of the 1930s. Kaganovich's loyalty endured even after Stalin's death, when he and Molotov were expelled from the party ranks in 1957 due to their opposition to destalinization. Beyond longstanding controversies, ranging from the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact to anti-Zionism, the Soviet Union did grant official "equality of all citizens regardless of status, sex, race, religion, and nationality". The years before the Holocaust were an era of rapid change for Soviet Jews, leaving behind the dreadful poverty of the Pale of Settlement. Forty percent of the population in the former Pale left for large cities within the USSR. Emphasis on education and movement from countryside shtetls to newly industrialized cities allowed many Soviet Jews to enjoy overall advances under Stalin and to become one of the most educated population groups in the world. Because of Stalinist emphasis on its urban population, interwar migration inadvertently rescued countless Soviet Jews; Nazi Germany penetrated the entire former Jewish Pale—but were kilometers short of Leningrad and Moscow. The migration of many Jews farther East from the Jewish Pale, which would become occupied by Nazi Germany, saved at least 40 percent of the Pale's original Jewish population. By 1941, it was estimated that the Soviet Union was home to 4.855 million Jews, around 30% of all Jews worldwide. However, the majority of these were residents of rural western Belarus and Ukraine—populations that suffered greatly due to the German occupation and the Holocaust. Only around 800,000 Jews lived outside the occupied territory, and 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 Jews were eventually evacuated eastwards. Of the three million left in occupied areas, the vast majority is thought to have perished in German extermination camps. World War II and the Holocaust Over two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust, second only to the number of Polish Jews to have fallen victim to Hitler. Among some of the larger massacres in 1941 were: 33,771 Jews of Kiev shot in ditches at Babi Yar; 100,000 Jews and Poles of Vilnius killed in the forests of Ponary, 20,000 Jews killed in Kharkiv at Drobnitzky Yar, 36,000 Jews machine-gunned in Odessa, 25,000 Jews of Riga killed in the woods at Rumbula, and 10,000 Jews slaughtered in Simferopol in the Crimea. Although mass shootings continued through 1942, most notably 16,000 Jews shot at Pinsk, Jews were increasingly shipped to concentration camps in German Nazi-occupied Poland. Local residents of German-occupied areas, especially Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and Latvians, sometimes played key roles in the genocide of other Latvians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Slavs, Romani, homosexuals and Jews alike. Under the Nazi occupation, some members of the Ukrainian and Latvian Nazi police carried out deportations in the Warsaw Ghetto, and Lithuanians marched Jews to their death at Ponary. Even as some assisted the Germans, a significant number of individuals in the territories under German control also helped Jews escape death (see Righteous Among the Nations). In Latvia, particularly, the number of Nazi-collaborators was only slightly more than that of Jewish saviours. It is estimated that up to 1.4 million Jews fought in Allied armies; 40% of them in the Red Army. In total, at least 142,500 Soviet soldiers of Jewish nationality lost their lives fighting against the German invaders and their allies The typical Soviet policy regarding the Holocaust was to present it as atrocities against Soviet citizens, not emphasizing the genocide of the Jews. For example, after the liberation of Kiev from the Nazi occupation, the Extraordinary State Commission (Чрезвычайная Государственная Комиссия; Chrezv'chaynaya Gosudarstvennaya Komissiya) was set out to investigate Nazi crimes. The description of the Babi Yar massacre was officially censored as follows: Stalinist antisemitic campaigns The revival of Jewish identity after the war, stimulated by the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, was cautiously welcomed by Stalin as a means to put pressure on Western imperialism in the Middle East, but when it became evident that many Soviet Jews expected the revival of Zionism to enhance their own aspirations for separate cultural and religious development in the Soviet Union, a wave of repression was unleashed. In January 1948 Solomon Mikhoels, a popular actor-director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater and the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, was killed in a suspicious car accident. Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture followed under the banners of campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans" and anti-Zionism. On August 12, 1952, in the event known as the Night of the Murdered Poets, thirteen of the most prominent Yiddish writers, poets, actors and other intellectuals were executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin, among them Peretz Markish, Leib Kvitko, David Hofstein, Itzik Feffer and David Bergelson. In the 1955 United Nations General Assembly's session a high Soviet official still denied the "rumors" about their disappearance. The Doctors' Plot allegation in 1953 was a deliberately antisemitic policy: Stalin targeted "corrupt Jewish bourgeois nationalists", eschewing the usual code words like "rootless cosmopolitans" or "cosmopolitans". Stalin died, however, before this next wave of arrests and executions could be launched in earnest. A number of historians claim that the Doctors' Plot was intended as the opening of a campaign that would have resulted in the mass deportation of Soviet Jews had Stalin not died on March 5, 1953. Days after Stalin's death the plot was declared a hoax by the Soviet government. These cases may have reflected Stalin's paranoia, rather than state ideology—a distinction that made no practical difference as long as Stalin was alive, but which became salient on his death. In April 1956, the Warsaw Yiddish language Jewish newspaper Folkshtimme published sensational long lists of Soviet Jews who had perished before and after the Holocaust. The world press began demanding answers from Soviet leaders, as well as inquiring about the current condition of the Jewish education system and culture. The same autumn, a group of leading Jewish world figures publicly requested the heads of Soviet state to clarify the situation. Since no cohesive answer was received, their concern was only heightened. The fate of Soviet Jews emerged as a major human rights issue in the West. The Soviet Union and Zionism Marxist anti-nationalism and anti-clericalism had a mixed effect on Soviet Jews. Jews were the immediate benefactors, but they were also long-term victims, of the Marxist notion that any manifestation of nationalism is "socially retrogressive". On one hand, Jews were liberated from the religious persecution of the Tsarist years of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality". On the other, this notion was threatening to Jewish cultural institutions, the Bund, Jewish autonomy, Judaism and Zionism. Political Zionism was officially stamped out as a form of bourgeois nationalism during the entire history of the Soviet Union. Although Leninism emphasizes the belief in "self-determination", this fact did not make the Soviet state more accepting of Zionism. Leninism defines self-determination by territory or culture, rather than by religion, which allowed Soviet minorities to have separate oblasts, autonomous regions, or republics, which were nonetheless symbolic until its later years. Jews, however, did not fit such a theoretical model; Jews in the Diaspora did not even have an agricultural base, as Stalin often asserted when he attempted to deny the existence of a Jewish nation, and they certainly did not have a territorial unit. Marxist notions even denied the existence of a Jewish identity beyond the existence of a religion and caste; Marx defined Jews as a "chimerical nation". Lenin, who claimed to be deeply committed to egalitarian ideals and the universality of all humanity, rejected Zionism as a reactionary movement, "bourgeois nationalism", "socially retrogressive", and a backward force that deprecates class divisions among Jews. Moreover, Zionism entailed contact between Soviet citizens and westerners, which was dangerous in a closed society. Soviet authorities were likewise fearful of any mass-movement which was independent of the monopolistic Communist Party, and not tied to the state or the ideology of Marxism-Leninism. Without changing his official anti-Zionist stance, from late 1944 until 1948 Joseph Stalin adopted a de facto pro-Zionist foreign policy, apparently believing that the new country would be socialist and hasten the decline of British influence in the Middle East. In a May 14, 1947 speech during the UN Partition Plan debate, published in Izvestiya two days later, the Soviet ambassador Andrei Gromyko announced: Soviet approval in the United Nations Security Council was critical to the UN partitioning of the British Mandate of Palestine, which led to the founding of the State of Israel. Three days after Israel declared its independence, the Soviet Union legally recognized it de jure. In addition, the USSR allowed Czechoslovakia to continue supplying arms to the Jewish forces during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, even though this conflict took place after the Soviet-supported Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948. At the time, the U.S. maintained an arms embargo on both sides in the conflict. See Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949. By the end of 1957 the USSR switched sides in the Arab–Israeli conflict and throughout the course of the Cold War unequivocally supported various Arab regimes against Israel. The official position of the Soviet Union and its satellite states and agencies was that Zionism was a tool used by the Jews and Americans for "racist imperialism". As Israel was emerging as a close Western ally, the specter of Zionism raised fears of internal dissent and opposition. During the later parts of the Cold War, Soviet Jews were suspected of being possible traitors, Western sympathisers, or a security liability. The Communist leadership closed down various Jewish organizations and declared Zionism an ideological enemy. Synagogues were often placed under police surveillance, both openly and through the use of informers. As a result of the persecution, both state-sponsored and unofficial, antisemitism was ingrained in the society and remained for years: ordinary Soviet Jews often suffered hardships, epitomized by often not being allowed to enlist in universities, work in certain professions, or participate in government. However, it should be mentioned that this was not always the case and this kind of persecution varied depending on the region. Still many Jews felt compelled to hide their identities by changing their names. The word "Jew" was also avoided in the media when criticising undertakings by Israel, which the Soviets often accused of racism, chauvinism etc. Instead of Jew, the word Israeli was used almost exclusively, so as to paint its harsh criticism not as antisemitism but anti-Zionism. More controversially, the Soviet media, when depicting political events, sometimes used the term 'fascism' to characterise Israeli nationalism (e.g. calling Jabotinsky a 'fascist', and claiming 'new fascist organisations were emerging in Israel in the 1970s' etc.). 1967–1985 According to the census of 1959 the Jewish population of the city Leningrad numbered 169,000 and the Great Choral synagogue was open in the 1960s with some 1,200 seats. The rabbi was Avraham Lubanov. This synagogue has never been closed. The great majority of the Leningrad Jews were not religious, but several thousand used to visit the synagogue on great holidays, mostly on Simchat Torah. A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing numbers of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in the period following the 1967 Six-Day War, many were formally refused permission to leave. A typical excuse given by the OVIR (ОВиР), the MVD department responsible for the provisioning of exit visas, was that persons who had been given access at some point in their careers to information vital to Soviet national security could not be allowed to leave the country. After the Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair in 1970 and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota. From 1960 to 1970, only 4,000 people left the USSR; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000. In 1972, the USSR imposed the so-called "diploma tax" on would-be emigrants who received higher education in the USSR. In some cases, the fee was as high as twenty annual salaries. This measure was possibly designed to combat the brain drain caused by the growing emigration of Soviet Jews and other members of the intelligentsia to the West. Although Jews now made up less than 1% of the population, some surveys have suggested that around one-third of the emigrating Jews had achieved some form of higher education. Furthermore, Jews holding positions requiring specialized training tended to be highly concentrated in a small set of specialties, including medicine, mathematics, biology and music. Following international protests, the Kremlin soon revoked the tax, but continued to sporadically impose various limitations. Besides, an unofficial Jewish quota was introduced in the leading institutions of higher education by subjecting Jewish applicants to harsher entrance examinations. At first almost all of those who managed to get exit visas to Israel actually made aliyah, but after the mid-1970s, most of those allowed to leave for Israel actually chose other destinations, most notably the United States. Glasnost and end of the USSR In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR, of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel. At first, American policy treated Soviet Jews as refugees and allowed unlimited numbers to emigrate, but this policy eventually came to an end. As a result, more Jews began moving to Israel, as it was the only country willing to take them unconditionally. In the 1980s, the liberal government of Mikhail Gorbachev allowed unlimited Jewish emigration, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. As a result, a mass emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union took place. Since the 1970s, over 1.1 million Russians of Jewish origin immigrated to Israel, of whom 100,000 emigrated to third countries such as the United States and Canada soon afterward and 240,000 were not considered Jewish under Halakha, but were eligible under the Law of Return due to Jewish ancestry or marriage. Since the adoption of the Jackson–Vanik amendment, over 600,000 Soviet Jews have emigrated. Modern-day Russia Judaism today is officially designated as one of Russia's four "traditional religions", alongside Orthodox Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Jews make up about 0.16% of the total population of Russia, which would be 232,267 people, according to the 2002 census. Most Russian Jews are secular and identify themselves as Jews via ethnicity rather than religion, although interest about Jewish identity as well as practice of Jewish tradition amongst Russian Jews is growing. The Lubavitcher Jewish Movement has been active in this sector, setting up synagogues and Jewish kindergartens in Russian cities with Jewish populations. In addition, most Russian Jews have relatives who live in Israel. There are several major Jewish organizations in the territories of the former USSR. The central Jewish organization is the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS under the leadership of Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar. A linguistic distinction remains to this day in the Russian language where there are two distinct terms that correspond to the word Jew in English. The word еврей ("yevrey" – Hebrew) typically denotes a Jewish ethnicity, as "Hebrew" did in English up until the early 20th century. The word иудей ("iudey" – Judean, etymologically related to the English Jew) is reserved for denoting a follower of the Jewish religion, whether he or she is ethnically Jewish or ethnically Gentile; this term has largely fallen out of use in favor of the equivalent term иудаист ("iudaist"-Judaist). For example, according to a 2012 Russian survey, евреи account for only 32.2% of иудаисты in Russia, with nearly half (49.8%) being Ethnic Russians (русские),. An ethnic slur, жид (borrowed from the Polish Żyd, Jew), also remains in widespread use in Russia. Antisemitism is one of the most common expressions of xenophobia in post-Soviet Russia, even among some groups of politicians. Despite stipulations against fomenting hatred based on ethnic or religious grounds (Article 282 of Russian Federation Penal Code), In 2002, the number of anti-Semitic neo-Nazi groups in the republics of the former Soviet Union, led Pravda to declare in 2002 that "Anti-Semitism is booming in Russia". In January 2005, a group of 15 Duma members demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned from Russia. In 2005, 500 prominent Russians, including some 20 members of the nationalist Rodina party, demanded that the state prosecutor investigate ancient Jewish texts as "anti-Russian" and ban Judaism. An investigation was in fact launched, but halted after an international outcry. Overall, in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s, levels of anti-semitism in Russia have been reportedly low, and steadily decreasing. The government of Vladimir Putin takes a stand against antisemitism, although some political movements and groups in Russia are antisemitic. Indiana University researcher Ilya Yablokov also noted in 2019 that Russian media still promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories. In Russia, both historical and contemporary antisemitic materials are frequently published. For example, a set (called Library of a Russian Patriot) consisting of twenty five antisemitic titles was recently published, including Mein Kampf translated to Russian (2002), which although was banned in 2010, The Myth of Holocaust by Jürgen Graf, a title by Douglas Reed, Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and others. Antisemitic incidents are mostly conducted by extremist, nationalist, and Islamist groups. Most of the antisemitic incidents are against Jewish cemeteries and building (community centers and synagogues) such as the assault against the Jewish community's center in Perm in March 2013 and the attack on Jewish nursery school in Volgograd in August 2013. Nevertheless, there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in 2006 when a neo-Nazi stabbed 9 people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue, the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in 1999. Attacks against Jews made by extremist Islamic groups are rare in Russia although there has been increase in the scope of the attacks mainly in Muslim populated areas. On July 25, 2013 the rabbi of Derbent was attacked and badly injured by an unknown person near his home, most likely by a terrorist. The incident sparked concerns among the local Jews of further acts against the Jewish community. After the passage of some anti-gay laws in Russia in 2013 and the incident with the "Pussy-riot" band in 2012 causing a growing criticism on the subject inside and outside Russia a number of verbal anti-Semitic attacks were made against Russian gay activists by extremist activists and anti-Semitic writers such as Israel Shamir who viewed the "Pussy-riot" incident as the war of Judaism on the Christian Orthodox church. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast continues to be an autonomous oblast of the Russian state. The Chief Rabbi of Birobidzhan, Mordechai Scheiner, says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city. Governor Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov has stated that he intends to "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations". The Birobidzhan Synagogue opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the regions founding in 1934. Today, the Jewish population of Russia is shrinking due to small family sizes, and high rates of assimilation and intermarriage. This shrinkage has been slowed by some Russian-Jewish emigrants having returned from abroad, especially from Germany. The great majority of up to 90% of children born to a Jewish parent are the offspring of mixed marriages, and most Jews have only one or two children. The majority of Russian Jews live in the Moscow metropolitan area, with another 20% in the Saint Petersburg area, and the rest in large cities with a population of at least 1 million. The Jewish population in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast of the Russian Far East in 2002 was 2,327 (1.22%). The Bukharan Jews, self-designating as Yahudi, Isroel or Banei Isroel, live mainly in Uzbek cities. The number of Central Asian Jews was around 20,800 in 1959. Before mass emigration, they spoke a dialect of the Tajik language. The Georgian Jews numbered about 35,700 in 1964, most of them living in Georgia. The Caucasian Mountain Jews, also known as Tats or Dagchufuts, live mostly in Israel and the United States, with a scattered population in Dagestan and Azerbaijan. In 1959, they numbered around 15,000 in Dagestan and 10,000 in Azerbaijan. Their Tat language is a dialect of Middle Persian. The Crimean Jews, self-designating as Krymchaks, traditionally lived in the Crimea, numbering around 5,700 in 1897. Due to a famine, a number emigrated to Turkey and the U.S. in the 1920s. The remaining population was virtually annihilated in the Holocaust during the Nazi occupation of the Crimea, but Krymchaks re-settled the Crimea after the war, and in 1959, between 1,000 and 1,800 had returned. The EuroStars young adults program provides Jewish learning and social activities in 32 cities across Russia. Some have described a 'renaissance' in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century. Historical demographics a The Jewish population data for all of the years includes Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Bukharan Jews (or Central Asian Jews), Krymchaks (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and Tats. b The data is from 1925. c The data is from 1941. d The data is from 2009. e The data is from 2011. Russian Jewish aliyah and immigration to countries outside Israel Israel In present times, the largest number of Russian Jews are olim (עוֹלים) and sabras. In 2011 Russians were around 15% of Israel's 7.7 million population (including Halakhally non-Jews who constituted about 30% of immigrants from the former Soviet Union). The Aliyah in the 1990s accounts for 85–90% of this population. The population growth rate for Former Soviet Union (FSU)-born olim were among the lowest for any Israeli groups, with a Fertility rate of 1.70 and natural increase of just +0.5% per year. The increase in Jewish birth rate in Israel during the 2000–2007 period was partly due to the increasing birth rate among the FSU olim, who now form 20% of the Jewish population of Israel. 96.5% of the enlarged Russian Jewish population in Israel is either Jewish or non-religious, while 3.5% (35,000) belong to other religions (mostly Christianity) and about 10,000 identifying as Messianic Jews separate from Jewish Christians. The Total Fertility Rate for FSU-born olim in Israel is given in the table below. The TFR increased with time, peaking in 1997, then slightly decreased after that and then again increased after 2000. In 1999, about 1,037,000 FSU-born olim lived in Israel, of whom about 738,900 made aliyah after 1989. The second largest oleh (עוֹלֶה) group (Moroccan Jews) numbered just 1,000,000. From 2000 to 2006, 142,638 FSU-born olim moved to Israel, while 70,000 of them emigrated from Israel to countries like the U.S. and Canada—bringing the total population to 1,150,000 by January 2007. The natural increase was around 0.3% in the late 1990s. For example, 2,456 in 1996 (7,463 births to 5,007 deaths), 2,819 in 1997 (8,214 to 5,395), 2,959 in 1998 (8,926 to 5,967) and 2,970 in 1999 (9,282 to 6,312). In 1999, the natural growth was +0.385%. (Figures only for FSU-born olim moved in after 1989). An estimated 45,000 illegal immigrants from the Former Soviet Union lived in Israel at the end of 2010, but it is not clear how many of them are actually Jews. In 2013, 7,520 people, nearly 40% of all olim, made aliyah from the Former Soviet Union. In 2014 4,685 Russian citizens relocated to Israel, more than double than usual in any of the previous 16 years. In 2015, nearly 7,000 or just over twenty percent of all olim came from the former Soviet Union. Recent olim and olot (עוֹלות) from the Former Soviet Union include notables such as Anna Zak, Natan Sharansky, Yuri Foreman, Yuli-Yoel Edelstein, Ze'ev Elkin, Nachman Dushanski, Boris Gelfand, Natasha Mozgovaya, Avigdor Lieberman, Roman Dzindzichashvili, Anastassia Michaeli, Haim Megrelashvili, Victor Mikhalevski, Evgeny Postny, Maxim Rodshtein, Tatiana Zatulovskaya, Maria Gorokhovskaya, Katia Pisetsky, Aleksandr Averbukh, Anna Smashnova, Jan Talesnikov, Vadim Alexeev, Michael Kolganov, Alexander Danilov, Evgenia Linetskaya, Marina Kravchenko, David Kazhdan, Leonid Nevzlin, Vadim Akolzin, Roman Bronfman, Michael Cherney, Arcadi Gaydamak, Sergei Sakhnovski, Roman Zaretski, Alexandra Zaretski, Larisa Trembovler, Boris Tsirelson, Ania Bukstein, and Margarita Levieva. United States The second largest Russian Jewish population is in the United States. According to RINA, there is a core Russian Jewish population of 350,000 in the U.S. The enlarged Russian Jewish population in the U.S. is estimated to be 700,000. Notable Russia, Imperial Russia, Soviet Union, and former Soviet Union, born Jewish Americans (living and deceased) include Alexei Abrikosov, Isaac Asimov, Leonard Blavatnik, Sergey Brin, Joseph Brodsky, Sergei Dovlatov, Anthony Fedorov, Israel Gelfand, Emma Goldman, Vladimir Horowitz, Gregory Kaidanov, Avi Kaplan, Anna Khachiyan, Jan Koum, Savely Kramarov, Mila Kunis, Leonid Levin, Lev Loseff, Alexander Migdal, Eugene Mirman, Alla Nazimova, Ayn Rand, Markus Rothkovich (Mark Rothko), Dmitry Salita, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Yakov Sinai, Mikhail Shifman, Mikhail Shufutinsky, Regina Spektor, Willi Tokarev, and Arkady Vainshtein. Large Russian Jewish communities include Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay in the Brooklyn Borough of New York City; Fair Lawn and nearby areas in Bergen County, New Jersey; Bucks and Montgomery Counties near Philadelphia; Pikesville, Maryland, a predominantly-Jewish suburb of Baltimore; Washington Heights in the Sunny Isles Beach neighborhood of South Florida; Skokie and Buffalo Grove, suburbs of Chicago; and West Hollywood, California. Germany The fourth largest Russian-Jewish community exists in Germany with a core Russian-Jewish population of 119,000 and an enlarged population of 250,000. In the 1991–2006 period, approximately 230,000 ethnic Jews from the FSU immigrated to Germany. In the beginning of 2006, Germany tightened the immigration program. A survey conducted among approximately 215,000 enlarged Russian Jewish population (taking natural decrease into consideration) indicated that about 81% of the enlarged population was religiously Jewish or Atheist, while about 18.5% identified as Christian. That gives a core Russian Jewish population of 111,800 (religiously Jewish, 52%) or 174,150 (religiously Jewish or Atheist). Notable Russian Jews in Germany include Valery Belenky, Maxim Biller, Friedrich Gorenstein, Wladimir Kaminer, Lev Kopelev, Elena Kuschnerova, Alfred Schnittke, Vladimir Voinovich, and Lilya Zilberstein. Canada The fifth largest Russian Jewish community is in Canada. The core Russian Jewish population in Canada numbers 30,000 and the enlarged Russian Jewish population numbered 50,000+, mostly in Montreal and Toronto. Notable Russian Jewish residents include judoka Mark Berger, ice hockey player Eliezer Sherbatov, voice actress Tara Strong, and the musical group Tasseomancy. Australia Jews from the former Soviet Union settled in Australia in two migration waves in the 1970s and 1990s. About 5,000 immigrated in the 1970s and 7,000 to 8,000 in the 1990s. The estimated population of Jews from the former Soviet Union in Australia is 10,000 to 11,000, constituting about 10% of the Australian Jewish population. About half of the Jews from the former Soviet Union are from the Ukraine and a third from the Russian Federation. Finland Hundreds of Russian Jews have moved to Finland since 1990 and have helped to stem the negative population growth of the Jewish community there. The total number of Jews in Finland have grown from 800 in 1980 to 1,200 in 2006. Of all the schoolgoing Jewish children, 75% have at least one Russian born parent. Other countries Austria, Belgium, Britain, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Switzerland also have small populations of Russian Jews. The addition of Russian Jews have neutralized the negative Jewish population trends in some European countries like the Netherlands and Austria. Notable Russian Jews in France include Léon Bakst, Marc Chagall, Leon Poliakov, Evgeny Kissin, Alexandre Koyré, Ida Rubinstein, Lev Shestov, and Anatoly Vaisser. Some other notable Russian Jews are Roman Abramovich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Boris Berezovsky, and Maxim Vengerov (United Kingdom), Gennadi Sosonko (Netherlands), Viktor Korchnoi (Switzerland), and Maya Plisetskaya (Spain). Russian Prime Ministers of Jewish origin Sergey Kiriyenko, Prime Minister of Russia (1998) Yevgeny Primakov, Prime Minister of Russia (1998–1999) Mikhail Fradkov, Prime Minister of Russia (2004–2007) Mikhail Mishustin, Prime Minister of Russia (2020–present) See also Israel–Russia relations Jewish Autonomous Oblast Antisemitism Religious antisemitism Antisemitism in Christianity Christianity and Judaism Christian–Jewish reconciliation Jewish history and Jewish diaspora History of the Jews in Central Asia History of the Jews in Europe Antisemitism in Europe Antisemitism in the Russian Empire Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism Antisemitism in Russia Antisemitism in the Soviet Union History of antisemitism History of the Jews in Armenia History of the Jews in Azerbaijan History of the Jews in Georgia History of the Jews in Ukraine History of the Jews in Belarus History of the Jews in Bessarabia History of the Jews in Estonia History of the Jews in Latvia History of the Jews in Lithuania History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia History of the Jews in Poland Jewish Cossacks Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast Jewish ethnic divisions – Ashkenazi Jews – Eastern European Jewry – Krymchaks – Lithuanian Jews – Galician Jews – Georgian Jews – Bukharan Jews – Mountain Jews Sect of Skhariya the Jew Timeline of antisemitism Timeline of Jewish History Timeline of the Holocaust World Jewish Congress Regional histories History of Asia History of Central Asia History of Europe History of the Caucasus History of Armenia History of Azerbaijan History of Georgia (country) Baltic States History of Estonia History of Latvia History of Lithuania History of Poland History of Russia History of the Soviet Union History of Ukraine List of Jews from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus Notes References Further reading Gitelman, Zvi. A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present (2001) Goldenweiser, E.A. "Economic Conditions of the Jews in Russia," Publications of the American Statistical Association 9#70 (1905), pp. 238–248 online Polonsky, Antony. The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History (2013) External links Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS Chabad-Lubavitch centers in Russia Russian Jews Face Continual Challenges As Country Seeks To Be A Global Player by Karina Ioffee, The Huffington Post, July 13, 2009 RJCF – Russian Jewish Community Foundation Genesis Philanthropy Group's movie – Russian Jews: Trilogy by Leonid Parfenov / English Subtitles, on YouTube Collected news and commentary at The Times of Israel	[ 0.16681715846061707, 0.46127694845199585, -0.8685423135757446, -0.3983490467071533, -0.2758059501647949, 0.7993811368942261, 0.9712334871292114, 0.6643792986869812, -0.4258560538291931, -0.47748515009880066, -0.0029562250711023808, -0.5393608212471008, -0.3082166314125061, 0.7889471054077148, -0.7248401641845703, 0.5465437173843384, 0.4689503312110901, 0.4015005826950073, 0.15607094764709473, -0.32090893387794495, -0.1635519415140152, 0.17069539427757263, 0.6057296991348267, 0.4900837242603302, -0.3377532660961151, -0.564752459526062, 0.6022630929946899, -0.016300328075885773, -0.2902512550354004, 0.05993520841002464, -0.4452953338623047, 0.1776583194732666, 0.18334771692752838, -0.25859686732292175, -0.12296804785728455, 0.22056129574775696, -0.007780326995998621, 0.21304656565189362, -0.12387724220752716, -0.6329205632209778, 0.16171014308929443, 0.5203825831413269, 0.5175629258155823, 0.35944515466690063, -0.03573017194867134, -0.9239376187324524, -1.221887469291687, 0.8737455606460571, -0.029343096539378166, -0.348471462726593, -0.24538400769233704, -0.7055685520172119, 0.49669602513313293, 0.10973019152879715, -0.18815788626670837, 0.4316587746143341, -1.3321006298065186, 0.37161126732826233, 0.39914336800575256, 0.9658355712890625, 0.6637001633644104, 0.6937407851219177, 0.4960889220237732, -0.28156745433807373, 0.3386535942554474, -0.3482283353805542, 0.06586415320634842, 0.7903466820716858, 0.21043427288532257, -0.6650848984718323, 0.05011063814163208, -0.35599514842033386, -0.09434033930301666, -0.6451271176338196, -0.36483731865882874, -0.9760899543762207, 0.043487370014190674, 0.01387445442378521, 0.2806319296360016, 0.12570707499980927, -0.3360777497291565, 0.28260737657546997, 0.3616548478603363, 0.25628137588500977, 0.46517378091812134, -0.6125031113624573, -0.4014175236225128, -0.11898733675479889, -0.6673967242240906, 0.37555068731307983, 0.33609136939048767, 0.17592746019363403, 0.609271764755249, -0.3515557646751404, -0.6607346534729004, 0.15537139773368835, -0.16509702801704407, 0.6966363191604614, 0.09393393248319626, 0.41665980219841003, -0.1389254927635193, 0.8018860816955566, 0.1480344533920288, -0.3643694519996643, -0.00773631501942873, -0.2393205612897873, 0.10377564281225204, 0.1326531022787094, -0.17900702357292175, 0.06910203397274017, -0.5356712341308594, 0.2975200116634369, -0.341846227645874, 0.24268434941768646, -0.5704956650733948, 0.7557154297828674, 0.04414181411266327, -1.2073248624801636, 0.11955463141202927, 0.06844739615917206, -0.34164661169052124, 0.4355839490890503, -0.6097135543823242, 0.5970936417579651, -0.3667964041233063, 0.007312835194170475, 0.926068902015686, 0.1430845558643341, -0.3374955952167511, 0.4751257598400116, 0.242338165640831, 0.9221238493919373, 0.0949343591928482, 0.12436076253652573, -0.016163254156708717, 0.39246121048927307, 0.43910837173461914, 0.0771869644522667, -0.1705143004655838, -0.34773534536361694, -0.7767539024353027, -0.3148353099822998, -0.4174096882343292, 0.39419025182724, -0.0196869857609272, -0.4565604627132416, 0.17043110728263855, -0.5310309529304504, -0.6230304837226868, -0.47417566180229187, -0.15501649677753448, -0.49592986702919006, -0.028225025162100792, 0.21797317266464233, -0.382262259721756, 0.05875559523701668, 0.2844051718711853, -0.2967820465564728, 0.5160070657730103, 0.49146467447280884, 0.03045787662267685, -0.14333082735538483, 0.44948112964630127, 0.1384238302707672, -0.2667297124862671, -0.057296544313430786, 0.04969603940844536, 0.5652697086334229, -0.01831231638789177, 0.10736259818077087, -0.8737848401069641, 0.3826230466365814, 0.07636231184005737, -0.29160961508750916, -0.21600931882858276, 0.17512068152427673, 0.2920346260070801, 0.36633917689323425, -0.4247755706310272, -0.4068029522895813, -0.8650011420249939, 0.03528432175517082, -0.23763325810432434, 0.09203262627124786, 0.3707210421562195, 0.6660008430480957, -0.005772592034190893, 0.01776970364153385, -0.029084809124469757, -0.13109318912029266, 0.2426358163356781, -0.5674312114715576, 0.13122251629829407, -0.582888126373291, 1.5591493844985962, 0.23540610074996948, -0.34500083327293396, 0.3498721718788147, -0.036231208592653275, 0.9623751044273376, -0.6425949931144714, -0.268181711435318, -0.28960540890693665, 0.170095294713974, -0.11345984041690826, 0.4834689795970917, -0.5395833253860474, 0.2767091393470764, 0.9485616683959961, 0.43230006098747253, 0.5073320865631104, -0.2641564607620239, 0.4213342070579529, 0.0627586841583252, -0.022835781797766685, 0.21565599739551544, -0.41720542311668396, 0.2192450761795044, -0.25825199484825134, -0.06702243536710739, 0.8598164319992065, -0.5898945331573486, -0.01730271615087986, 0.020302066579461098, -0.23060724139213562, 0.2401753067970276, 0.22221596539020538, 0.33278557658195496, 0.37529289722442627, -0.5504041314125061, 0.13592931628227234, 0.00034969422267749906, 0.5215504765510559, -0.3322479724884033, -0.5323874950408936, -0.289216548204422, -0.1107633039355278, -0.5631048679351807, 0.06954433768987656, 0.11025381088256836, 0.6190873384475708, 0.23134303092956543, 0.25675585865974426, -0.3596477806568146, 0.01033337228000164, -0.039539217948913574, -0.19667968153953552, -0.3385913074016571, -0.04938213527202606, -0.6981983184814453, -0.01656404323875904, 0.08518549054861069, 0.1557486355304718, -0.4561733901500702, 0.24109238386154175, -0.16282711923122406, 0.22884713113307953, -0.4419488310813904, 0.41098588705062866, -0.019103679805994034, 0.4275633990764618, 0.31427961587905884, -0.03157144412398338, -0.09571702778339386, 0.40278589725494385, -0.579139232635498, -0.13554371893405914, -0.06342639029026031, 0.6472216248512268, 0.15657632052898407, 0.9830693006515503, -0.221141517162323, -0.47157755494117737, -0.34731894731521606, 0.3408486247062683, -0.3632037043571472, 0.10893994569778442, 0.25351718068122864, -0.008086328394711018, -0.27601903676986694, -0.6079739332199097, 0.48276934027671814, 0.0029173032380640507, -0.22908902168273926, -0.38333508372306824, -0.12534268200397491, -0.16713981330394745, -0.22330038249492645, 0.11212902516126633, 0.09416156262159348, 0.18731923401355743, -0.2990211248397827, -0.44268274307250977, -0.2097206860780716, -0.10967833548784256, 0.655752420425415, -0.5408133268356323, 0.26842811703681946, 0.2676927149295807, -0.3865790069103241, -0.9404150247573853, 0.06599292904138565, -0.987838089466095, -0.48351797461509705, 0.07587404549121857, -0.10525624454021454, -0.7912901043891907, -0.14676359295845032, -5.274728298187256, -0.06289210170507431, -0.7338548302650452, -0.23854415118694305, 0.011463397182524204, -0.2252737134695053, 0.646182119846344, -0.1204521581530571, -0.21050608158111572, 0.1749390959739685, -0.045814238488674164, 0.06560851633548737, -0.3871932923793793, 0.3481708765029907, 0.5444064736366272, 0.6676951050758362, 0.4854290187358856, -0.13607832789421082, -0.11369682103395462, -0.15280815958976746, -0.18581421673297882, -0.15927061438560486, -0.6387340426445007, 0.7829944491386414, 0.44324249029159546, 0.5266636610031128, 0.04198996350169182, -0.23868422210216522, -0.5771622061729431, -0.21872644126415253, -0.438681960105896, -0.4839526414871216, 0.3424569070339203, -0.31751832365989685, 0.3095901906490326, -0.27378222346305847, 0.5876876711845398, 0.4887675940990448, 0.4134255051612854, -0.32489264011383057, -0.4097530245780945, -0.07219329476356506, -0.28317728638648987, 0.20365281403064728, 0.1194872260093689, -0.28145354986190796, -0.3533379137516022, 0.5773730874061584, -0.7080911993980408, 0.7258355021476746, 0.2759470045566559, 0.1094285249710083, 0.3879651427268982, 0.12156727910041809, 0.07281816005706787, -0.3567729592323303, 0.6164844632148743, -0.08679768443107605, 0.012099947780370712, 0.6498796939849854, 0.43123385310173035, -0.40712133049964905, 0.2906446158885956, -0.43271055817604065, 0.7836786508560181, -0.657559335231781, -0.6259346008300781, -0.4143701195716858, -0.09832067042589188, 0.3201358914375305, -0.24839842319488525, 0.6999300122261047, -0.5941733717918396, -1.1299630403518677, 0.3185948431491852, -0.16075818240642548, -0.815335750579834, -0.06303295493125916, 0.0025570071302354336, 0.5967735648155212, 0.2754952907562256, -0.5070479512214661, -0.5584788918495178, 0.5814973711967468, 0.4038677513599396, 0.055491380393505096, 0.06609722971916199, 0.05378049239516258, -1.2218047380447388, -0.25999265909194946, 0.8648205995559692, -0.682597279548645, 0.25095951557159424, 0.4525875747203827, -0.1558215469121933, 0.660017728805542, 0.17957578599452972, -0.1691364049911499, 0.01983271911740303, -0.13769367337226868, 0.22528469562530518, 0.08931627869606018, -0.2821764647960663, -0.6940129995346069, 0.19431224465370178, -0.34029754996299744, -0.6923163533210754, 0.7170280814170837, 0.9167327880859375, 0.07886330038309097, 0.22930994629859924, -0.4753744304180145, -0.21431636810302734, -0.46088725328445435, 0.883729100227356, -0.24631883203983307, 0.3635846972465515, 0.6199926137924194, 0.18140117824077606, 0.8839817643165588, 0.1433589607477188, -0.10708246380090714, -0.592162013053894, 0.6495034694671631, 0.05148855224251747, 0.2289704978466034, 0.17170140147209167, 0.30876073241233826, -0.07618024945259094, 0.13069918751716614, 0.38573041558265686, -0.31792864203453064, -0.2593172788619995, 0.34841102361679077, 0.018486684188246727, 0.7057808041572571, -0.3397657573223114, -1.0405763387680054, 0.2163856327533722, -0.24836808443069458, -0.3143305480480194, -0.3187260329723358, 0.3675515949726105, 0.37434542179107666, 0.21917098760604858, 0.8436508178710938, 0.17963853478431702, -0.4506642520427704, -0.27418676018714905, 0.24302630126476288, -0.5740289688110352, 0.03041442111134529, 0.3365921378135681, 0.21100343763828278, -0.0785585269331932, -0.07261333614587784, 0.6928415894508362, 0.3641278147697449, -0.24651847779750824, -0.2962004244327545, -0.0625946894288063, -0.19959141314029694, -0.8240893483161926, 0.11006961762905121, 0.442810982465744, -0.19907893240451813, -0.25309914350509644, 0.11952894926071167, 0.07501479238271713, 1.3878005743026733, 0.1407027542591095, -0.18149656057357788, -0.26961055397987366, 0.1727777123451233, 0.7505719065666199, -0.1398272067308426, -0.03198450431227684, 0.8068899512290955, -0.45011869072914124, -0.4414938688278198, 0.16964900493621826, 0.25008904933929443, 0.0865946114063263, 0.5439697504043579, 0.3969123065471649, 0.04355112835764885, -0.06885222345590591, -0.4072314500808716, -0.36931684613227844, -0.5057263970375061, -0.21140901744365692, 0.012529601342976093, -0.3933461010456085, 0.2354157418012619, -0.3294423222541809, -0.890575110912323, 0.24658825993537903, 0.08534465730190277, -0.3487207293510437, -0.4675526022911072, 0.6283975839614868, 0.5258846282958984, -0.2117615044116974, -0.060797691345214844, 0.13439862430095673, -0.1952737718820572, 0.8158461451530457, 0.6064935922622681, -0.29695841670036316, 0.08592133969068527, 0.3422638177871704, -0.4807720184326172, -0.8142569065093994, 0.6069211363792419, -0.5438279509544373, 0.3523194193840027, 0.4280148148536682, -0.4736640453338623, -0.47822991013526917, -0.14780478179454803, 0.005164464469999075, -0.34239962697029114, 0.02775592915713787, -0.1924499124288559, -0.6171814203262329, 0.4944173991680145, 0.18623550236225128, -0.643763542175293, -0.7391589283943176, -0.41586434841156006, 0.35779866576194763, -0.4446094036102295, 0.4169626235961914, -0.6652559041976929, -0.31391385197639465, 0.1711883395910263, 0.2279922515153885, -0.19282706081867218, -0.2806740403175354, 0.6178663372993469, 0.4943719506263733, 0.7571083307266235, -0.021531375125050545, -0.15993443131446838, 0.37094706296920776, 0.08786658942699432, 0.011386562138795853, -0.1632092297077179, -0.043590299785137177, 0.4140889048576355, -0.3672124445438385, -0.1967153698205948, -0.48530450463294983, -0.607822060585022, 0.7191806435585022, 0.20710961520671844, -0.40575599670410156, 0.20965413749217987, 0.15923091769218445, 0.25407248735427856, -0.3260660469532013, -0.1074526235461235, -0.7808907628059387, -0.4589768946170807, 0.00906019750982523, -0.0991344004869461, -0.0031450248789042234, -0.09081362932920456, 0.0024039919953793287, -0.36038869619369507, -0.09060318768024445, -0.9487889409065247, 0.28866228461265564, 0.3487183451652527, -0.5458953380584717, 0.45111697912216187, 0.049527887254953384, -0.2972134053707123, -0.17094609141349792, -0.04688302427530289, -0.7560226321220398, -0.40622037649154663, 0.03470006212592125, 0.17419417202472687, -0.012199374847114086, -0.8753371238708496, -0.3312137722969055, -0.08761277049779892, -0.0989939272403717, -0.23024362325668335, -0.7708514928817749, -0.237751305103302, -0.008832047693431377, 0.7719247341156006, 0.2750687003135681, -0.5174481272697449, -0.14963971078395844, -0.02209819294512272, -0.1426672637462616, 0.18933458626270294, -0.6685248613357544, 0.5466257333755493, 0.4137212932109833, 0.11069023609161377, 0.7415715456008911, 1.0462146997451782, 0.17995421588420868, 0.37869420647621155, -0.32466280460357666, 0.21019743382930756, 0.7860458493232727, -0.25322723388671875, 0.4652923345565796, 0.24703052639961243, -0.23582342267036438, -0.17815983295440674, 0.6226388216018677, -0.5932552814483643, 0.04490237310528755, -0.3225134015083313, 0.45958998799324036, -0.07242655754089355, 0.40767642855644226, 0.19099651277065277, -0.3831280767917633, 0.6162519454956055, -0.03681965544819832, -0.3852296769618988, -0.1295938491821289, 0.21655414998531342, 0.43373775482177734, 0.2959722876548767, -0.6203655004501343, 0.11109035462141037, 0.21845890581607819, -0.4413233697414398, -0.5512124300003052, -0.08053575456142426, -0.12238772213459015, 1.2819744348526, 0.46133726835250854, 0.41028621792793274, -0.6586968898773193, 0.20455843210220337, 0.17799271643161774, 0.46546775102615356, 0.3842633068561554, -0.015182712115347385, 0.28717124462127686, -0.3160473108291626, 0.9635505080223083, -0.18390533328056335, 0.4029790461063385, 0.11921171844005585, 0.23938901722431183, -0.22438205778598785, 0.4766313135623932, -0.4364610016345978, -0.25926852226257324, -0.24594616889953613, 0.5775648951530457, -0.5208935737609863, 0.34264445304870605, -0.29771655797958374, -0.211599662899971, 0.015468437224626541, 0.05670379102230072, -0.9852904677391052, -0.17616090178489685, -0.35996463894844055, 0.20609894394874573, 0.02901093102991581, -0.12083680182695389, 0.10368334501981735, 0.1731882393360138, 0.6084198951721191, 0.6472895741462708, 0.15953676402568817, 0.2814837396144867, -0.22302871942520142, 0.09413404762744904, 0.27854788303375244, 0.11859215050935745, -1.2111921310424805, -0.10493354499340057, -0.15446585416793823, 0.04285455495119095, -0.2746189832687378, -0.14805027842521667, -0.3835221827030182, -0.4698091447353363, -0.9133577942848206, 0.37195563316345215, 0.09346666187047958, -0.35484418272972107, 0.07522384822368622, -0.788480281829834, 0.38083240389823914, 0.18271489441394806, 0.14977028965950012, 0.19821637868881226, 0.3958187997341156, 0.24845993518829346, 0.24375557899475098, -0.7460439205169678, 0.9310312867164612, -0.7177798748016357, -0.4338393211364746, -0.28811633586883545, 1.2032597064971924, 0.25009042024612427, 0.1735733151435852, 0.12331932783126831, -0.24596543610095978, -0.16395579278469086, 0.1724994033575058, 0.7914424538612366, -0.5294457077980042, 0.15650758147239685, -0.3095955550670624, 0.02931285835802555, -0.6980746388435364, -0.1511896699666977, 0.274470716714859, -0.43085557222366333, -0.5561169981956482, -0.028883598744869232, 0.3586456775665283, -0.6348408460617065, 0.18323466181755066, 0.0035370090045034885, 0.20911085605621338, 0.0839230865240097, 0.07191124558448792, -0.37456461787223816, 0.018660377711057663, 0.6046572327613831, 0.686511218547821, 0.605435311794281, -0.9717189073562622, 0.17393891513347626, -0.45593610405921936, 0.35658419132232666, 0.30096685886383057, 0.10506952553987503, -0.16904057562351227, -0.35830679535865784, -0.4323655068874359, -0.7024721503257751, 0.8740271329879761, -0.1773277074098587, -0.29407569766044617, 0.36420559883117676, 0.01527458056807518, 0.47996342182159424, -0.7224063873291016, 0.18970176577568054, -1.0806761980056763, 0.24830155074596405, -0.15267613530158997 ]
210716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20d%27Infanterie%20de%2037%20mod%C3%A8le%201916%20TRP	Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP	The Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP (37mm mle.1916) was a French infantry support gun, first used during World War I. TRP stands for tir rapide, Puteaux ("fast-firing", designed by the Puteaux arsenal). The tactical purpose of this gun was the destruction of machine gun nests. It was also used on aircraft such as the Beardmore W.B.V and the Salmson-Moineau. Fighter ace René Fonck used a 37mm mle.1916 on a SPAD S.XII. Description The modèle 1916 gun's 37mm caliber was the smallest allowed for explosive shells under the 1899 Hague Convention and hence was used by many nations for small guns. The guns were fitted to a tripod, to which wheels could be attached for transport. The guns could also be carried by four soldiers, after being broken down into two loads: the gun and recoil mechanism, and the trails, each of which could be carried by two soldiers. Some were equipped with a gun shield. The breech-block of the gun was essentially a smaller version of that fitted to the well-known French 75 gun. The guns could be crewed by two soldiers, a loader and an aimer, and had a maximum rate of fire of around 35 rounds per minute. They were equipped with a removable APX telescopic sight. for direct fire, and a quadrant sight for indirect fire. In U.S. service, each gun was assigned an ammunition limber, which carried 14, sixteen-round boxes of ammunition as well as tools and accessories. The gun and its limber were normally together towed by a single horse or mule, but were manhandled forward if contact with the enemy was expected. U.S. high explosive ammunition for the TRP was the Mark II HE shell with a projectile weighing and a TNT bursting charge of 27.2 grams. The French Army used the Obus explosif Mle1916 HE round with a projectile weighing and a bursting charge of 30 grams. Captured rounds of this type were designated Sprgr 147(f) by the German military in World War II. Service history During the First World War, the guns saw widespread use with both French and United States forces and were designated the 37mm M1916 in U.S. service. In combat they were found to be wanting, and it was found their intended task of destroying gun emplacements was better done by mortars. As well as infantry use, the guns were also fitted to the M1917 light tank, the first mass-produced U.S. tank. These tanks entered service too late for World War I, and none ever saw action. During the interwar years the U.S. Army organized its infantry regiments with "howitzer companies," armed, with among other heavy infantry weapons for want of actual infantry support howitzers, 37 mm M1916 guns. The Regular Army could not afford to maintain full companies (instead using platoons), but the National Guard could. The Army adopted a .22 caliber sub-caliber device as an economic measure that allowed training with the guns on indoor ranges. By 1941, the howitzer companies of regiments were disbanded and converted to antitank platoons; the Army put most of the M1916 guns into storage, scrapped them, or converted their mechanisms for use as sub-caliber training devices for heavy guns. Some were used in the Philippines campaign in 1941-42 as antitank weapons due to shortages of the 37 mm gun M3. The Japanese Type 11 37 mm infantry gun was based on this design. The French Army still had the cannon in service in 1940 as a substitute for the 25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun, which was in short supply. After the defeat of France by Germany, the Wehrmacht began using the TRP under the designation 3.7 cm IG 152(f). Some were used by the Việt Minh at the beginning of the First Indochina War. Aircraft use The prototype Beardmore W.B.V shipborne fighter was fitted with a 37mm for use against airships but considered dangerous and removed. See also List of infantry guns List of aircraft artillery Similar weapons 3.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz M.15 37 mm trench gun M1915 37 mm Infantry Gun Model 1917 3.7 cm TAK 1918 Type 11 37 mm infantry gun Puteaux SA 18 References Citations Bibliography TM 9-2005 volume 3 Ordnance Materiel-General dated 1942 FM 23-75 TM 9-2300 standard artillery and fire control material. dated 1944 SNL A-7 SNL C-33 External links (1918) War Department Document No. 758 Provisional Instruction for the 37 Mm Gun Model 1916 R.F. www.landships.freeservers.com Artillery of France Aircraft artillery World War I infantry guns of France World War II weapons of France World War I artillery of the United States 37 mm artillery Weapons of the Philippine Army	[ -0.7801499962806702, 0.4342985153198242, -0.5429915189743042, 0.12082724273204803, -0.14762663841247559, 0.847899317741394, 1.228880763053894, -0.4040277600288391, -0.7393661737442017, -0.10238201171159744, -0.35788190364837646, 0.27986693382263184, 0.10567920655012131, 0.24606521427631378, 0.5536959171295166, 0.4667012095451355, -0.049193304032087326, 0.2879508435726166, -0.038627877831459045, -0.3201090693473816, -0.0666348785161972, -0.5214508771896362, 0.14658115804195404, -0.05102718248963356, -0.48522502183914185, -0.25938937067985535, 0.8491426706314087, 0.2835235893726349, 0.5257508754730225, 0.005552077200263739, -0.2070908546447754, 0.8117656111717224, -0.017893562093377113, -0.6425624489784241, -0.07327732443809509, -0.3709237575531006, -0.026839017868041992, -0.02136293239891529, 0.5216890573501587, -0.7550774812698364, -0.5407121777534485, 0.7661352157592773, 0.2602047324180603, -0.23425643146038055, -0.01838635839521885, -0.8353074789047241, -2.1718249320983887, -0.39413928985595703, -0.00911446288228035, 0.04067346453666687, 0.3261844515800476, -0.19518539309501648, 0.8123611211776733, 0.1465635746717453, -0.21583817899227142, 0.898318886756897, -1.1310086250305176, -0.589880108833313, 0.5447176098823547, 0.39759787917137146, 0.47711649537086487, -0.08919081836938858, 0.18306230008602142, -0.5295461416244507, -0.04719239100813866, 0.3182014226913452, -0.837652862071991, 0.9755889177322388, -0.5523460507392883, 0.13346359133720398, -0.10862251371145248, -0.04075212404131889, 1.4706459045410156, 0.24424922466278076, 0.11463950574398041, -0.007242521271109581, -0.36706286668777466, -0.06384845823049545, -0.40706610679626465, -0.6211695075035095, 0.1919727772474289, -0.02546675130724907, 1.1378226280212402, -0.5509058833122253, 0.09117617458105087, 1.0544172525405884, -0.41051167249679565, -0.9462078809738159, -0.08027797192335129, 0.7861414551734924, -0.603440523147583, -0.4230227470397949, 0.2684093713760376, 1.0985177755355835, -0.06857237964868546, 0.6837812662124634, -0.7716671228408813, 0.12182886153459549, -0.4699171185493469, 0.43663519620895386, 0.9111239910125732, 1.285650372505188, 0.7521588802337646, 0.3737822473049164, -0.6250728368759155, 0.722287118434906, -0.5982685089111328, -0.8860998749732971, 0.1300927847623825, -0.26853108406066895, -0.43369123339653015, 0.3299391567707062, -0.6862972974777222, -0.1348889321088791, -0.19436489045619965, 0.008338271640241146, 1.0208947658538818, -0.5155562162399292, 0.3155670762062073, 0.3536655604839325, 0.15591071546077728, 0.33546069264411926, -0.15870338678359985, 0.4785510003566742, -0.526822030544281, 1.1359888315200806, 0.6470997929573059, 0.14566457271575928, 0.3906324505805969, 0.3039754331111908, 0.3756249248981476, 1.1718473434448242, 0.2510455250740051, -0.4726952612400055, -0.4858326315879822, -0.07618165016174316, 0.9440298080444336, 0.7326768040657043, -0.41564682126045227, 0.07005942612886429, -0.8791317939758301, -0.3316273093223572, -1.1865296363830566, -0.06211009994149208, 0.6754149794578552, 0.11412536352872849, -0.3644746243953705, -0.40526965260505676, -0.08341832458972931, -0.5324121117591858, 0.48784855008125305, -1.4902950525283813, 0.3491898477077484, 0.05439447984099388, -0.28837040066719055, 0.8971086740493774, -0.7241545915603638, -0.40560588240623474, 0.28948235511779785, 0.5181771516799927, 0.27549752593040466, 0.2769545018672943, -0.5135443210601807, 0.741126537322998, -0.21196968853473663, 0.12520113587379456, 0.4051598012447357, -0.4600091874599457, 0.17709442973136902, -0.15131667256355286, -0.8147059082984924, 0.27564236521720886, 0.07504682242870331, -0.5952496528625488, -0.022104497998952866, 0.16941791772842407, 0.43843865394592285, 0.5520262122154236, 0.7134177088737488, -0.7517610788345337, -0.6158837676048279, -0.16386710107326508, 0.7752546072006226, -0.10515447705984116, 0.8153701424598694, 0.8573691844940186, 1.0879571437835693, -0.23994451761245728, -0.9196003675460815, -0.0655382052063942, -1.0651061534881592, -0.6196140646934509, 0.3322613835334778, -0.349784255027771, 2.007009744644165, -0.31338825821876526, -0.5749893188476562, -0.20080570876598358, 0.6327821612358093, 1.1284477710723877, 0.37435203790664673, -0.2115667462348938, 0.3576961159706116, 0.07335817068815231, -1.046272873878479, 1.2158751487731934, -0.4782254695892334, 0.0011483022244647145, 0.571612536907196, 1.100152611732483, 0.6803743839263916, -0.24121567606925964, -0.41906052827835083, -0.17924021184444427, -0.17018765211105347, -0.48941269516944885, 0.10047778487205505, -0.2518616020679474, -0.6251426339149475, -0.06662634015083313, 0.054687295109033585, -0.5037990212440491, -0.7072907090187073, 0.4938829243183136, -0.22782374918460846, 0.3376779556274414, -0.29555681347846985, 0.3708839416503906, -0.8703543543815613, -1.1512752771377563, 0.8137181997299194, -0.030061038210988045, -0.44886812567710876, 0.041960086673498154, -0.6236042380332947, 0.11793822050094604, -0.8086943030357361, -0.7566934823989868, -0.18265245854854584, -0.0780545026063919, 0.23837202787399292, 0.9716843962669373, -0.5050587058067322, 0.05856999009847641, -0.4175698757171631, 0.30376574397087097, -0.1689133197069168, 0.5432079434394836, 0.012742707505822182, -0.6380794048309326, 0.04258036985993385, 0.6040639877319336, 0.26312732696533203, -0.7604082822799683, -0.17745037376880646, -0.20747379958629608, 0.08903827518224716, -0.35631462931632996, 0.12335152924060822, -0.251464307308197, 0.5693705081939697, 0.2613084614276886, 1.078673243522644, 0.29796576499938965, -0.07519268244504929, -0.775993824005127, -0.3767552077770233, -0.162607803940773, -0.21734623610973358, 0.0648537203669548, 0.3030702471733093, -0.29845380783081055, -0.0015441183932125568, -1.0724356174468994, 0.734145998954773, 0.2215103954076767, -0.1817004382610321, 0.5108237862586975, -1.0081384181976318, 0.1303810328245163, 0.24828782677650452, 1.0734074115753174, 0.10996746271848679, -0.27645376324653625, -0.39662301540374756, 0.7661221027374268, 0.09098929166793823, 0.024396145716309547, 0.2736329734325409, -0.8409193754196167, 0.09926190227270126, 0.05183735117316246, -0.6219876408576965, 0.12562808394432068, -0.8160209655761719, -0.2958158850669861, -0.5802056789398193, -0.4043519198894501, 0.2524567246437073, 0.1736476570367813, -1.2355940341949463, 0.4313356578350067, 0.12416446954011917, -0.001356270513497293, -0.14009973406791687, -0.12378795444965363, -0.4830890893936157, 0.7887282967567444, -2.982874870300293, 0.1551169753074646, -0.2264525592327118, -0.3436191976070404, 0.1153181791305542, -0.038798920810222626, 0.9326276183128357, -0.22794941067695618, -0.8509520292282104, -0.3463411331176758, 0.17941796779632568, -0.5510085225105286, -0.11683865636587143, 0.5744010806083679, 0.5252580642700195, 0.5266237854957581, 0.678848385810852, -0.589543342590332, 0.9720543026924133, -0.010584781877696514, -0.3631956875324249, 0.06355249136686325, -0.007731623016297817, -0.5351650714874268, 1.188279151916504, -0.3225748538970947, -0.0643288791179657, 0.18430426716804504, -0.5495463609695435, -0.19194819033145905, 0.09084320813417435, 0.12880970537662506, 0.01635025441646576, -0.3557482361793518, -0.489533931016922, -0.6331453919410706, 1.6278691291809082, 0.355528324842453, 0.7416198253631592, -0.7590317726135254, -0.27098405361175537, -0.013578344136476517, 0.009927076287567616, 0.5185109376907349, 0.20418010652065277, 0.06373220682144165, -0.14565326273441315, -0.0032026050612330437, -0.309765487909317, 0.47484710812568665, 0.22953073680400848, -0.7205120921134949, 0.49941396713256836, 0.15685157477855682, 0.11912400275468826, -1.1708495616912842, 0.1880602091550827, -0.8067523837089539, -0.1992424875497818, -0.26078829169273376, 0.8866552710533142, -0.40908554196357727, -0.24489916861057281, -0.24145959317684174, 0.23561996221542358, -1.1581850051879883, -0.5082609057426453, -0.07597380131483078, 0.010989326052367687, 0.9232693314552307, -0.24648647010326385, 1.1308250427246094, -0.4704383611679077, -0.5289865136146545, 0.5223786234855652, 0.17720858752727509, 0.16756576299667358, 0.11086297780275345, -0.061334025114774704, 0.479036808013916, -0.05993511155247688, -0.5407369136810303, -0.40119239687919617, 1.0095274448394775, 0.17096880078315735, 0.06118686497211456, -0.018793202936649323, -0.21931059658527374, -0.5286763310432434, -0.766080915927887, -0.15719249844551086, -0.11647076159715652, 0.7392442226409912, 0.49202731251716614, -0.6757006645202637, -0.7645784020423889, 0.5146127343177795, -0.47773659229278564, -0.0131568294018507, -0.4815632998943329, -0.31188198924064636, 0.045685481280088425, -0.06183430552482605, -0.23151341080665588, -1.4466251134872437, -0.6383679509162903, -0.184182271361351, 0.3100357949733734, 0.15783488750457764, 0.3277586102485657, -0.5773834586143494, -0.1499573141336441, -1.0157804489135742, -0.030070384964346886, 0.8538920283317566, -0.5888088345527649, -0.24033382534980774, 0.3946000039577484, 0.2637862265110016, 0.6040728688240051, -0.32200637459754944, 0.6682676672935486, -0.635054886341095, -1.2039505243301392, -0.2832430601119995, -0.10246245563030243, 0.3516262173652649, -0.26748865842819214, -0.9736155867576599, -0.5333391427993774, -0.09100162237882614, -0.0469001941382885, -0.03453095629811287, 0.39174073934555054, -0.29352426528930664, -0.5706052780151367, -0.3216584324836731, 0.8529194593429565, 0.5775023698806763, -0.1702958047389984, -0.34453412890434265, 0.09860432893037796, -0.5506706833839417, 0.24451105296611786, 0.7678646445274353, 0.6308660507202148, 1.225388526916504, -0.36310866475105286, -1.055967926979065, 0.6951495409011841, -0.8594479560852051, -1.2257046699523926, 0.22211311757564545, -0.7498335242271423, -0.2979392409324646, 0.1539585292339325, 0.1193794459104538, 0.3426015377044678, -0.32182610034942627, -1.2522248029708862, -0.08787345141172409, 0.25026407837867737, -0.7530285120010376, 0.29088056087493896, 0.6652374267578125, -0.4837753176689148, 0.7635825276374817, -0.6555174589157104, -0.1711551547050476, 0.8090582489967346, -0.660298228263855, -0.07656242698431015, -1.052634358406067, -0.402170330286026, 0.5692732930183411, 0.2061627358198166, -0.09430276602506638, -0.04061276838183403, -0.5109641551971436, -0.1572670191526413, -0.2845440208911896, 0.45921948552131653, -0.1343366652727127, 0.32223740220069885, 0.030917100608348846, 0.07655882835388184, -0.5943942070007324, 0.2811755836009979, -0.6136478781700134, -0.034389350563287735, -0.04458105191588402, 0.5908671617507935, 0.01609024778008461, 0.3823482394218445, -1.0434445142745972, -0.9479989409446716, -0.19182395935058594, 0.7697998881340027, 0.09339513629674911, -0.7247584462165833, 0.7945947647094727, 0.7410836815834045, -0.1446949690580368, 0.7948063015937805, -0.08045199513435364, -0.2736627161502838, 0.27972787618637085, 0.5394757390022278, -1.2210333347320557, 0.822340190410614, 0.5019045472145081, -1.3540886640548706, 0.38364943861961365, 0.3913086950778961, -0.4952065944671631, -0.2764807641506195, 0.8961008191108704, 0.5170310139656067, -1.2814630270004272, -0.01947728730738163, -0.08362574130296707, -0.660904049873352, -0.2890033423900604, -0.5441809296607971, -1.5980947017669678, 0.03256986290216446, 0.41828301548957825, -0.11516770720481873, 1.167617917060852, -0.965348482131958, -0.49793973565101624, 0.5903080105781555, 0.5101873874664307, -0.20758779346942902, -0.13101261854171753, 0.5243886709213257, -0.6745522618293762, -0.13687501847743988, -0.029184948652982712, 0.5440158247947693, 0.13175489008426666, 0.6550103425979614, 0.45503169298171997, -0.5207310318946838, -1.3050639629364014, 0.6821587085723877, 0.5066909193992615, -0.29920825362205505, -0.3237055242061615, 0.4736516773700714, 0.5032856464385986, -1.0614423751831055, -1.2016276121139526, -0.6146361231803894, 1.1288422346115112, 0.014390704222023487, -1.0710114240646362, 0.6554273366928101, 0.34905701875686646, 0.9472578763961792, -0.2397880256175995, 0.7972694635391235, -0.5885347127914429, 0.28635501861572266, 0.6867712140083313, 0.6498801708221436, 0.8412236571311951, -0.25694337487220764, 0.5768628716468811, -0.05019755661487579, -0.20389720797538757, -0.3993346393108368, -0.7158896327018738, -0.34565985202789307, 0.22000417113304138, -0.4948931038379669, -0.228716179728508, -0.8910790681838989, 0.45236364006996155, -0.46506544947624207, -0.1474384367465973, 0.2786502242088318, 1.2871787548065186, 0.13347682356834412, -0.02046644315123558, -0.38512885570526123, -0.6165000796318054, 0.18228331208229065, -0.5317544341087341, 0.7270327210426331, -0.08813010901212692, -0.12179810553789139, -0.5377341508865356, 0.3173121213912964, 0.5425993204116821, 0.7181338667869568, -0.762463390827179, -0.22205977141857147, -0.12086339294910431, 0.9019353985786438, -0.6661930680274963, 1.088624119758606, 0.7191876173019409, -0.2703403830528259, 0.2354428768157959, 0.9008702635765076, 0.43876612186431885, -0.5369954705238342, 0.03494248911738396, 0.45826369524002075, 0.0002791985752992332, 0.37326309084892273, 0.21161186695098877, 0.9855965375900269, -0.8645715713500977, -0.2094765305519104, 0.42482268810272217, -0.0990108996629715, -0.8693944811820984, 0.46460187435150146, -0.15892550349235535, 0.03315892443060875, 0.48261988162994385, 0.04004509747028351, -0.8435169458389282, 0.9699328541755676, -0.6037119030952454, -0.9647942185401917, 1.255746841430664, 0.3173306882381439, 0.11582788079977036, 0.31796446442604065, -1.2223237752914429, 1.4506317377090454, -0.4911598861217499, 0.7975860834121704, 1.0002655982971191, -0.6873816847801208, 0.5978404879570007, 0.5386198163032532, 0.6244907975196838, 0.2827354371547699, -0.46994683146476746, -0.9342765808105469, -0.5786751508712769, 0.3485730290412903, -0.2866644859313965, 0.2413358986377716, 0.7926424741744995, -0.18821881711483002, 0.4467947781085968, 0.8651377558708191, 0.48348841071128845, 0.07492835074663162, 0.0985465943813324, -0.16406837105751038, 0.22010068595409393, -0.2369665503501892, -0.37148353457450867, 0.11686748266220093, -0.42783617973327637, -0.17147602140903473, 0.562265157699585, -0.5432932376861572, -0.7471593022346497, -0.1655881553888321, 0.15932707488536835, 0.00726275984197855, -0.04489926993846893, 0.3602849841117859, 0.3625154197216034, -0.15126559138298035, 0.23166538774967194, -0.3395336866378784, 0.8507419228553772, -0.364521324634552, 0.17730596661567688, -0.09407131373882294, 0.16294695436954498, -0.21214547753334045, -0.3083730936050415, 0.5130266547203064, -0.7448172569274902, -0.6856832504272461, 0.6540274620056152, -0.19974981248378754, -0.630469024181366, 0.4307745695114136, 0.5030735731124878, -0.6010297536849976, 0.4702375531196594, -0.5352352857589722, 0.24127840995788574, -0.13110174238681793, -1.0034379959106445, -0.15385061502456665, -0.16179025173187256, -0.013322326354682446, -0.11087299138307571, 0.0070619178004562855, 0.2976990044116974, 0.7342355847358704, -0.11644603312015533, 0.36560046672821045, 0.6464961171150208, 0.3853805363178253, -0.3373693823814392, 0.6912424564361572, 0.5847637057304382, 0.45989447832107544, -0.916617751121521, 0.14299477636814117, 0.09983059763908386, 0.6920802593231201, -0.6282636523246765, 0.011110079474747181, 0.5370094180107117, -1.011818289756775, -0.8771096467971802, -0.6312637329101562, -0.17194563150405884, -0.8621426224708557, 0.027379756793379784, 0.16940036416053772, -0.4122406542301178, -0.8377463817596436, 0.48809826374053955, -0.39609408378601074, 0.25633254647254944, 0.5086655020713806, 0.2385515570640564, 0.7735169529914856, -0.15776140987873077, -0.8280755281448364, -0.6370503902435303, 0.3078722059726715, 0.6935483813285828, 1.2793149948120117, 0.5475984811782837, 0.0009919358417391777, 0.3360404372215271, -0.7647693157196045, 0.9153835773468018, 0.24794383347034454, -1.1020759344100952, -0.13877320289611816, -0.6012387871742249, -0.45115241408348083, -0.16560743749141693, -0.13709592819213867, 0.6539459228515625, -0.3204899728298187, 0.4346943795681, -0.8285914063453674, 0.38188982009887695, 0.12413904070854187, 0.47394388914108276, -1.1527156829833984, 0.12099099159240723, -0.4175433814525604 ]
210717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1916	M1916	Under the old Model-year nomenclature system many different Pieces of equipment had the same Model number. a U.S. Army Version Of Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP 75 mm Gun M1916 U.S. Rifle, 7.62 mm, Model of 1916, the U.S. adoption of the Mosin-Nagant See also M1915 (disambiguation) M1917 (disambiguation)	[ -0.16209213435649872, 0.5133450627326965, -0.5822654962539673, -0.03511056303977966, -0.08561684191226959, 0.4187810719013214, 0.48207369446754456, -0.6347042918205261, -0.7398513555526733, 0.1856720745563507, -0.07100176811218262, 0.13188524544239044, -0.318046510219574, 0.49514564871788025, -0.0534224733710289, 0.7323691248893738, 0.36251211166381836, 0.2749471068382263, -0.09072107076644897, -0.30147993564605713, 0.0692451223731041, -0.38504713773727417, 0.7482319474220276, -0.6401692032814026, -0.14973819255828857, 0.25509804487228394, 0.7532058358192444, 0.06991405040025711, 0.22090333700180054, 0.07536709308624268, -0.19186903536319733, 0.18413762748241425, 0.34374502301216125, 0.24280405044555664, 0.061118755489587784, -0.010444268584251404, -0.1305418163537979, -0.21176113188266754, 0.004670863505452871, -0.28853103518486023, 0.22279182076454163, -0.20446540415287018, -0.5362825393676758, 0.8948844075202942, 0.1607004702091217, -0.23724862933158875, -1.8051238059997559, -0.032106272876262665, 0.35829827189445496, 0.030160581693053246, 0.029568372294306755, 0.03719088435173035, 0.26455336809158325, 0.34626489877700806, 0.5120516419410706, 0.43025118112564087, -0.4969767928123474, -0.5970351099967957, 0.5909309983253479, 0.01012953370809555, 0.21732090413570404, -0.1769717037677765, 0.11055423319339752, 0.3963431119918823, -0.5036733746528625, 0.3837936222553253, -0.31971752643585205, 0.4853004217147827, -0.40976575016975403, 0.07733724266290665, 0.16536980867385864, -0.5174420475959778, 0.08492283523082733, -0.22768045961856842, -0.10235626250505447, -0.2143850326538086, -0.2003905177116394, -0.4264718294143677, 0.10637182742357254, 0.39216992259025574, 0.0822637602686882, 0.013245093636214733, 0.42704010009765625, -0.06833186745643616, 0.35803601145744324, 0.4006510078907013, -0.28541117906570435, 0.16669124364852905, 0.07963009178638458, 0.7329049110412598, 0.037390533834695816, -0.3002564609050751, 0.5895039439201355, 0.20244380831718445, -0.21904776990413666, 0.02515827864408493, -0.6122180819511414, 0.24790938198566437, 0.24675224721431732, 0.281566321849823, 0.11472294479608536, 0.5285495519638062, -0.04084974527359009, -0.08551980555057526, -0.5751917362213135, -0.2043614387512207, 0.27689048647880554, -0.4935380816459656, -0.14399762451648712, -0.23535564541816711, -0.29547733068466187, -0.040087830275297165, -0.29780519008636475, -0.18328088521957397, 0.09825543314218521, 0.06829312443733215, 0.21826498210430145, -0.004163017496466637, 0.5225954055786133, 0.7195655107498169, -0.06523447483778, 0.38937050104141235, -0.02069959230720997, 0.1356576681137085, 0.31121036410331726, 0.40630632638931274, 0.012984645552933216, 0.6709334254264832, -0.7008792161941528, -0.0547221340239048, -0.3021045923233032, 0.6911373138427734, 0.09070410579442978, 0.1836964190006256, -0.32676994800567627, 0.05958427116274834, -0.24891316890716553, 0.1408308744430542, -0.07401183992624283, 0.2566550374031067, -0.25874364376068115, 0.06965029239654541, -0.6336545348167419, -0.27406933903694153, -0.05227648839354515, 0.02200683392584324, -0.17184092104434967, 0.20290230214595795, -0.46786460280418396, -0.19278298318386078, 0.23731479048728943, -0.5292424559593201, 0.21053507924079895, 0.16363903880119324, -0.3221713900566101, -0.18619096279144287, -0.631338357925415, 0.10129444301128387, -0.31107309460639954, 0.154801607131958, -0.20220716297626495, 0.06213448941707611, -0.9139896035194397, 0.28742659091949463, 0.01338842324912548, 0.2538274824619293, 0.2037164866924286, -0.13006030023097992, 0.2651696503162384, -0.6285186409950256, -0.2898532748222351, -0.5552324056625366, 0.20046688616275787, -0.35483911633491516, -0.32902052998542786, 0.5181292295455933, 0.6269260048866272, 0.15101072192192078, 0.46261247992515564, -0.3432358503341675, -0.2920748293399811, -0.44940683245658875, 0.0439019501209259, -0.07236707955598831, 0.4241292178630829, 0.6065435409545898, 0.38106417655944824, -0.2037077099084854, -0.8412776589393616, -0.12899868190288544, -0.2072889804840088, -0.2721949517726898, 0.44237273931503296, -0.6134670972824097, 1.27873694896698, -0.8399026393890381, -0.20508494973182678, -0.47318482398986816, 0.04312179237604141, 0.5665865540504456, 0.2062927782535553, -0.14975059032440186, 0.36684566736221313, -0.16822464764118195, -0.5078712701797485, 0.7624448537826538, -0.24513836205005646, -0.017294351011514664, 0.3261234760284424, 0.0028827758505940437, 0.40651649236679077, -0.5129831433296204, 0.005094725172966719, -0.1445680856704712, 0.04052864760160446, 0.4035038650035858, 0.32612892985343933, -0.08465693145990372, 0.02252434939146042, -0.17881439626216888, 0.1274680644273758, -0.45239296555519104, -0.02893822267651558, 0.30360475182533264, -0.7674304842948914, -0.07840599119663239, -0.04075351357460022, 0.5125448107719421, 0.20970533788204193, -1.0169727802276611, 0.1471399962902069, -0.17986223101615906, -0.06766663491725922, 0.014204591512680054, -0.13161824643611908, 0.17109107971191406, -0.04008510336279869, 0.19670319557189941, 0.12446369975805283, -0.5610966086387634, -0.17556019127368927, 0.5539259910583496, 0.08295629173517227, 0.206328883767128, -0.23661762475967407, -0.3851167559623718, 0.20902672410011292, 0.4190240800380707, -0.23855118453502655, -0.29398202896118164, 0.33235031366348267, 0.19880186021327972, 0.5832616686820984, 0.1292801946401596, -0.583699643611908, -0.05370345711708069, 0.12463133782148361, -0.5180556178092957, 0.2692846655845642, 0.4142571687698364, 0.07043386995792389, 0.05220114439725876, -0.09535808116197586, 0.13483621180057526, 0.02034877985715866, -0.34603044390678406, -0.3237869441509247, -0.36213213205337524, 0.5162858366966248, 0.21768121421337128, 0.03204844146966934, 0.12913058698177338, -0.282058984041214, -1.0349527597427368, 0.3745555281639099, 0.16859902441501617, 0.3405989706516266, 0.5473014116287231, 0.19090546667575836, 0.0818842351436615, -0.3020339608192444, 0.4349612891674042, 0.8528867959976196, -0.028950514271855354, -0.005255967378616333, -0.3676671087741852, 0.09344127774238586, -0.19991816580295563, -0.11461791396141052, -0.5259448289871216, -0.0656697005033493, 0.19684767723083496, -0.32442399859428406, 0.2444617748260498, 0.39235180616378784, -0.017155403271317482, -0.7974597811698914, 0.06923933327198029, 0.7232126593589783, 0.2613697350025177, -0.17256136238574982, 0.6364405155181885, -0.4126702547073364, -0.23298372328281403, -0.08360446989536285, -0.02468675561249256, -0.677467942237854, 0.02192861959338188, -5.897569179534912, 0.14710158109664917, -0.47136110067367554, -0.03549856320023537, -0.02459152787923813, 0.1336946338415146, 0.7163118124008179, -0.3948874771595001, 0.10062868148088455, -0.3631773591041565, 0.3181425929069519, 0.4536106288433075, -0.03780072554945946, 0.09556333720684052, -0.4313410222530365, 0.05103572830557823, 0.39566388726234436, -0.2453835904598236, 0.6517120599746704, 0.1188737004995346, 0.27554944157600403, -0.27842414379119873, -0.11426544189453125, -0.24294321238994598, 0.23984183371067047, -0.18943463265895844, -0.6022675633430481, 0.42329511046409607, -0.3895523250102997, 0.1998416632413864, 0.11191007494926453, -0.24295814335346222, -0.4095163941383362, -0.11136224120855331, -0.05199858173727989, -0.21869634091854095, 0.10620728135108948, 0.1597961187362671, 0.3334266245365143, 0.0011901861289516091, 0.10143493115901947, 0.32247716188430786, 0.8279989361763, 0.10283002257347107, 0.5505741834640503, 0.23972198367118835, -0.35922971367836, -0.24931643903255463, -0.030866850167512894, 0.44355711340904236, -0.03282429650425911, 0.25935593247413635, 0.6454460024833679, -0.06586990505456924, 0.33082956075668335, -0.31628283858299255, 0.3029089868068695, -0.07680844515562057, -0.1129264086484909, -0.12769730389118195, 0.22132375836372375, -0.3962048292160034, -0.33776727318763733, -0.48384734988212585, -0.6961199045181274, -0.4213401675224304, -0.5750935673713684, -0.10591382533311844, -0.26468169689178467, 0.10209330171346664, -0.5676785707473755, 0.8043133616447449, 0.1827152818441391, -1.111201286315918, 0.6105626225471497, 0.36355581879615784, 0.011207026429474354, 0.08601977676153183, -0.2049589604139328, 0.18276220560073853, -0.09151183068752289, -0.49181920289993286, -0.22550921142101288, -0.00015200968482531607, 0.24370859563350677, -0.2762386202812195, 0.09785095602273941, 0.22793768346309662, 0.1424025297164917, 0.34879663586616516, 0.9185428619384766, -0.22628572583198547, 0.21520020067691803, -0.1581948846578598, 0.23135845363140106, -0.2068932056427002, 0.20020006597042084, 0.1874861866235733, 0.2952582538127899, -0.1199851930141449, -0.16568337380886078, -0.2922343313694, -0.0032450733706355095, -0.8672019243240356, -0.3955320119857788, -0.24789685010910034, -0.7206584811210632, 0.07542642205953598, 1.1914693117141724, -0.2767665386199951, 0.13273857533931732, -0.7647526264190674, -0.6848554611206055, -0.4559820592403412, 0.43652966618537903, -0.37993553280830383, 0.485104501247406, 0.16050338745117188, 0.6321571469306946, -0.4766954183578491, -0.4962921738624573, 0.7172447443008423, -0.431497722864151, -0.10619624704122543, -0.34517040848731995, -0.12778747081756592, 0.07656055688858032, 0.09525857865810394, -0.4999595880508423, -0.047283485531806946, -0.19346731901168823, 0.7343409657478333, -0.4489685595035553, -0.14189396798610687, -0.15758518874645233, 0.020136253908276558, 0.12387489527463913, 0.8473752737045288, 0.3342874050140381, -0.4765784442424774, 0.0023445358965545893, -0.3832956552505493, 0.21930471062660217, 0.056211162358522415, 0.7927407026290894, 0.42420148849487305, 0.6484922170639038, 0.04094047471880913, -0.6487478613853455, 0.10995721817016602, 0.18385687470436096, -0.7650527954101562, 0.49932193756103516, 0.40803396701812744, -0.06816983968019485, 0.1282217800617218, 0.17832006514072418, 0.11000864207744598, -0.5116503834724426, -0.5514333248138428, 0.37048202753067017, -0.15781371295452118, -0.6162744164466858, -0.22401724755764008, 0.7935134172439575, 0.031069226562976837, 0.5794827938079834, -0.2640247941017151, -0.03210565820336342, 0.6820816993713379, -0.1026308685541153, -0.41327428817749023, -0.6069619655609131, 0.0018028657650575042, -0.015449626371264458, 0.2823176085948944, -0.18683530390262604, -0.5377967953681946, -0.17685867846012115, 0.2220926433801651, 0.4724512994289398, -0.23264800012111664, 0.1901252716779709, 0.3644759953022003, 0.1971045881509781, -0.5021582841873169, -0.4900502562522888, 0.1982657015323639, 0.0232163704931736, -0.3228539526462555, -0.037100501358509064, -0.2785920202732086, 0.4219147264957428, 0.25865599513053894, -0.23954471945762634, -0.20934802293777466, -0.11076344549655914, 0.7726214528083801, -0.2938728630542755, -0.4149826765060425, -0.10708896815776825, 0.76332688331604, -0.485478013753891, 0.09241721034049988, 0.29493793845176697, -0.25250908732414246, 0.45002177357673645, -0.22362981736660004, -0.2944352328777313, 0.10247102379798889, -0.2689267694950104, -1.13420832157135, -0.5387048721313477, 0.23748329281806946, 0.025352727621793747, 0.23646104335784912, -0.07397744059562683, 0.7328076362609863, -0.35122665762901306, -0.4633904695510864, -0.3730219304561615, 0.04426472634077072, -0.12846800684928894, -0.0800475999712944, -0.3378836214542389, 0.5755074620246887, 0.04453344643115997, -0.5636085867881775, 0.6741067171096802, 0.26581063866615295, -0.170265793800354, -0.3974725902080536, 0.293314665555954, 0.1983371526002884, -0.19474220275878906, -0.7475541830062866, -0.6839056611061096, -0.0033231242559850216, -0.09532035887241364, 0.8290331959724426, -0.15315772593021393, 0.27755212783813477, -0.1893729269504547, -0.33556321263313293, -0.5438865423202515, -0.5559023022651672, 0.27366867661476135, -0.41879501938819885, -0.09948847442865372, 0.09584245085716248, -0.1479753851890564, 0.07776045054197311, -0.21921464800834656, -0.14371183514595032, 1.1718851327896118, -0.15845230221748352, -0.3320160508155823, -0.19581325352191925, 0.21451877057552338, 0.28784194588661194, -0.4384760558605194, 0.2750474214553833, -0.25115472078323364, 0.06357313692569733, 0.03187686949968338, 0.6768800616264343, -0.04615529254078865, -0.2500917315483093, 0.33952784538269043, 0.027024583891034126, -0.4926624298095703, 0.29155007004737854, 0.35223713517189026, 0.8695724010467529, -0.25947389006614685, -0.26271140575408936, -0.19145283102989197, 0.03310446813702583, 0.48712265491485596, 0.14790889620780945, 0.2580520212650299, 0.23063097894191742, 0.19540536403656006, -0.20351631939411163, -0.23907306790351868, -0.04400737211108208, 0.32088321447372437, -0.23164872825145721, 0.0404188297688961, -0.0979289636015892, 0.0008301850175485015, 0.41504979133605957, -0.6516273617744446, 0.3465625047683716, -0.4311541020870209, 0.36736828088760376, 0.04139285534620285, 0.07055464386940002, 0.08942869305610657, 0.6016682386398315, -0.3271508812904358, 0.7590873837471008, 0.4930395483970642, -0.1775844246149063, -0.192527636885643, 0.11661823838949203, 0.11120340973138809, 0.32923224568367004, -0.4015595614910126, -0.06430842727422714, -0.09839453548192978, -0.3268573582172394, 0.4473321735858917, 0.4308525025844574, -0.2701103091239929, -0.4413517117500305, 0.450860857963562, -0.25866755843162537, -0.8301451206207275, 0.002822115318849683, 0.29157754778862, 0.6165043711662292, 0.10439574718475342, 0.3674560487270355, -0.6883898973464966, 0.5772991180419922, -0.40280207991600037, -0.42943814396858215, -0.261035293340683, 0.28962352871894836, 0.031615305691957474, -0.6238959431648254, -0.28850147128105164, 0.6726974844932556, 0.06088816747069359, 0.11789111793041229, 0.366527259349823, -0.39050379395484924, -0.18014739453792572, 0.49866607785224915, 0.3294926583766937, 0.1871839165687561, -0.1002207025885582, 0.13404175639152527, 0.054648637771606445, 0.6248512268066406, -0.13926908373832703, -0.5432047843933105, 0.6579833030700684, 0.2154332548379898, -0.03633692115545273, 0.18081948161125183, 0.23420734703540802, 0.478911429643631, -0.4929291903972626, 0.19274361431598663, -0.045025285333395004, -0.2991344630718231, -0.6476569771766663, -0.8186299204826355, -0.3149793744087219, -0.039450086653232574, 0.018340718001127243, -0.162423238158226, -0.293954461812973, 0.3053611218929291, -0.11237423866987228, 0.034476008266210556, 0.3986838757991791, 0.2552109658718109, 0.1055712103843689, 0.4635993242263794, -0.01803050935268402, -0.21431377530097961, -0.11819524317979813, -0.13404890894889832, 0.7114589810371399, 0.04142524302005768, -0.16048146784305573, -0.08111894130706787, -0.382957398891449, 0.5261912941932678, -0.40780073404312134, -0.6727563738822937, -0.17409737408161163, -0.24053196609020233, 0.06814836710691452, 0.21161675453186035, -0.057364169508218765, -0.2662057876586914, 0.5845857858657837, -0.6973659992218018, -0.01878489926457405, -0.18908870220184326, -0.6472954154014587, -0.5382598638534546, -0.10355006903409958, 0.5229983329772949, 0.5419687628746033, 0.7651463747024536, -0.06795606017112732, -0.3050590753555298, -0.23293009400367737, 0.19289596378803253, -0.34956854581832886, -0.049794819205999374, 0.25354769825935364, 0.15213428437709808, 0.0037264060229063034, 0.39887624979019165, 0.537487268447876, 0.023127013817429543, 0.4759475588798523, 0.06108643114566803, -0.23297414183616638, -0.11557290703058243, 0.37883952260017395, -0.6080227494239807, -0.1274324208498001, -0.26925745606422424, 0.44589728116989136, -0.5369189977645874, 0.4507211148738861, -0.1425429731607437, -0.39134395122528076, -0.08573654294013977, 0.8094609379768372, -0.30702340602874756, 0.4267323613166809, 0.35096317529678345, -0.23076237738132477, -0.20948390662670135, -0.35265856981277466, 0.10287575423717499, -0.4744313061237335, 0.009586552157998085, 1.0514158010482788, 0.005509234964847565, -0.06118679419159889, 0.3634633421897888, -0.12566639482975006, -0.343443363904953, 0.12521517276763916, 0.3800383508205414, -1.4667840003967285, 0.5383360981941223, -0.28912848234176636, -0.2433682382106781, -0.06536683440208435, 0.19363878667354584, 0.05743436515331268, -0.18061596155166626, 0.1191159337759018, -0.5204513669013977, 0.5536907315254211, -0.3058696985244751, 0.4937179386615753, 0.04904647916555405, 0.1017465889453888, 0.17161008715629578 ]
210719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Colbys	The Colbys	The Colbys (originally titled Dynasty II: The Colbys) is an American prime time television soap opera that originally aired on ABC from November 20, 1985, to March 26, 1987. Created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and Eileen and Robert Pollock and produced by Aaron Spelling, it is a spin-off of Dynasty and revolves around the Colbys, another vastly wealthy family who own a large multinational conglomerate and are connected to the Carringtons of Dynasty. Intended to surpass its predecessor in opulence, the series' producers were handed an immensely high budget for the era, and cast a handful of well-known movie stars among its leads. The Colbys stars Charlton Heston as tycoon Jason Colby, Barbara Stanwyck as his sister Constance, Stephanie Beacham as his wife Sable, Katharine Ross as Sable's sister and Jason's lover Francesca, and Ricardo Montalbán as Jason's business rival Zach Powers. John James and Emma Samms also star as their Dynasty characters Jeff Colby and Fallon Carrington. The Colbys was ultimately a ratings disappointment, and was cancelled after two seasons. Premise On Dynasty, presumed-dead heiress Fallon Carrington Colby (Emma Samms) reappears alive, suffering from amnesia and using the name Randall Adams. Drawn to California after recognizing the name "Colby", she meets playboy Miles Colby (Maxwell Caulfield), not realizing that he is the cousin of her ex-husband, Jeff (John James). A mutual business venture brings the Colbys of California to the Denver mansion of Fallon's father Blake Carrington (John Forsythe). Set in Los Angeles, The Colbys focuses on the extended Colby family as Jeff relocates to California to start his life anew—and comes face to face with Fallon, now married to his cousin Miles. A fierce rivalry is sparked between Jeff and Miles, and the love triangle spans the series. Miles's father, billionaire Jason Colby (Charlton Heston), has a rocky marriage to the manipulative Sable (Stephanie Beacham), and a longtime attraction to Sable's sister Francesca (Katharine Ross)—Jeff's estranged mother, and the former wife of Jason's deceased brother Philip. Other characters include Jason's powerful sister Constance Colby (Barbara Stanwyck), Miles's twin sister Monica (Tracy Scoggins) and their third sibling Bliss (Claire Yarlett). In addition to Forsythe's Blake, Dynasty characters Adam Carrington (Gordon Thomson), Steven Carrington (Jack Coleman), and Dominique Deveraux (Diahann Carroll) also made guest appearances on the show between 1985 and 1986. Characters Charlton Heston as Jason Colby Barbara Stanwyck as Constance Colby (season 1) John James as Jeff Colby Katharine Ross as Francesca Langdon Stephanie Beacham as Sable Colby Emma Samms as Fallon Carrington Colby Maxwell Caulfield as Miles Colby Tracy Scoggins as Monica Colby Claire Yarlett as Bliss Colby Ricardo Montalban as Zach Powers Ken Howard as Garrett Boydston Joseph Campanella as Henry Corrigan (season 1) Michael Parks as Philip Colby (season 2) Storylines The first season's storylines include the construction of an oil pipeline; Zach Powers' vendetta against the Colbys; the romance between Jason and his brother Philip's widow Francesca; the subsequent collapse of Jason's marriage to Sable; and eventually the revelation that Jason, not Philip, is in fact Jeff's father. There were initially a number of crossovers featuring members of the Dynasty cast, most notably Blake Carrington, his sons Adam and Steven, and half-sister Dominique Deveraux. At the end of the season, Fallon learns that Miles could be the father of her unborn child, Monica's plane crashes, and Sable has Jason arrested for assault and battery, claiming that he had inflicted the injuries she actually sustained by falling down a flight of stairs. In the second season, Jason manages to divorce Sable and plans to marry Francesca, but the presumed-dead Philip reappears alive. Previously romantically linked to both Zach's nephew and former stepson, Bliss falls in love with a Russian dancer watched by the KGB, the son Monica had given up eight years before re-enters her life, and Constance and Hutch are killed in a plane crash in India. At the end of the season, Miles's wife Channing phones to say she will abort their unborn baby; Sable kidnaps Monica's son; Francesca seemingly dies after a car crash involving herself and Philip; and Fallon, stranded in the desert, is seemingly abducted by aliens in the finale. The series' most infamous cliffhanger proved to be its last when the series was subsequently cancelled. Episodes Production and broadcast In early 1985, news outlets began reporting that ABC was developing a spin-off of Dynasty, then the #1 rated show in the US. Dynasty actors Rock Hudson, Ali MacGraw, Jack Coleman, Heather Locklear, and John James were mentioned as potential stars of the new series, tentatively titled The Colbys, and ABC was purportedly wooing Pamela Sue Martin to reprise her role as Fallon Carrington. It was also reported that Dynasty stars John Forsythe, Linda Evans, Joan Collins, and guest star Elizabeth Taylor would appear in the first two episodes of the spin-off, which would initially air after Dynasty on Wednesdays but would move to a time slot opposite Dallas on Fridays. In March 1985, ABC announced that its rumored Dynasty spin-off had been greenlighted, to debut the following season. The Colbys would star John James as his Dynasty character Jeff Colby, with General Hospital actress Emma Samms as Fallon Carrington. The project was originally titled Dynasty II: The Colbys of California, which was shortened to Dynasty II: The Colbys and ultimately simplified to The Colbys. In May 1985, ABC unveiled its fall 1985 schedule, which placed The Colbys into the Thursday 9 pm time slot, preceded by The Fall Guy and followed by 20/20. In June 1985, Dynasty co-creator Esther Shapiro approached Charlton Heston about the role of patriarch Jason Colby, the brother of Dynasty Cecil Colby (Lloyd Bochner). Doris Day was considered, and both Burt Lancaster and Katharine Hepburn reportedly turned down roles in the series. In early July 1985, it was reported that in addition to Heston, ABC was pursuing Barbara Stanwyck and Faye Dunaway for starring roles, as well as James Coburn to play Ben Carrington, the brother of Dynasty Blake Carrington (John Forsythe). On July 9, 1985, it was reported that The Colbys versions of Dynasty rivals Krystle Carrington (Linda Evans) and Alexis Colby (Joan Collins) were going to be called Anthea (later changed to Francesca) and Sabella (nicknamed "Sable"). Heston's casting was confirmed in July 1985, as producers were negotiating with Angie Dickinson to play his character's wife. Ultimately, Dunaway, Dickinson, Elizabeth Ashley, and Diana Rigg all turned down the role of Jason's wife Sable. In August 1985, producers cast British actress Stephanie Beacham, "a household name" in the UK who had starred in the title role of the ITV drama Connie. Stanwyck and Maxwell Caulfield joined the cast in July 1985 as Jason's sister Constance and son Miles, with Stanwyck having a clause in her contract that she would not be required to do press interviews. That month, Elizabeth Taylor made a statement that she would not be appearing on Dynasty or The Colbys, then or in the future. In August 1985, it was reported Heston would be paid $85,000 per episode and Stanwyck would be paid $75,000. The same month, Katharine Ross was cast as Francesca. In September 1985, it was reported that Ricardo Montalban would appear as a "conniving shipping tycoon" described as "ambitious and scheming, but with a kind of charm that can allow him to get away with almost anything." The final cast included Tracy Scoggins and Claire Yarlett as Jason and Sable's daughters, Monica and Bliss Colby. The 13 bedroom, 15,000 sqft Jay Paley House in Holmby Hills (at the time owned by Paris Hilton's grandfather Barron Hilton) featured as the family palatial Bel Air mansion, The Belvedere. The attached stables were filmed at the Will Rogers State Historic Park. The Colbys premiered at 10 pm on Wednesday, November 20, 1985, after Dynasty eighth episode of the season, and was a ratings success. The next episode of The Colbys was scheduled to air the next night, Thursday, November 21, in the show's own new time slot, but was preempted by a televised speech by US President Ronald Reagan. It was later reported that Heston, an old friend of Reagan's, had phoned the President to request the speech be rescheduled, to no avail. Episode two aired on Wednesday, November 27, 1985, before Dynasty, and then The Colbys moved to its new night on Thursday, November 28, 1985. Ratings for The Colbys dropped considerably in the new time slot, though a March 1986 episode featuring Jeff and Fallon's wedding garnered a high rating at a level not seen since the series' first two episodes. In January 1986, it was reported that Heston had extended his stay on The Colbys from 17 to 24 episodes, and Stanwyck ultimately extended from 13 to 24 episodes. ABC renewed The Colbys for a second season in March 1986, with Stanwyck stating she only wanted to appear in 6 or 7 episodes. The same month, Ron Miller of the Evening Independent suggested that The Colbys "appears to be so prohibitively expensive that future payoff in syndication seems very chancy." In June 1986, it was reported that Stanwyck would not be returning for season two. She had purportedly complained for some time about her character's development, and in leaving suggested that Constance be killed. In July 1986, Kim Morgan Greene was cast as magazine reporter Channing Carter. In December 1986, it was reported that Heston had sent co-star Caulfield a letter admonishing him for unprofessional behavior on set, while calling the rest of The Colbys team "the best I've worked with in 30 years." ABC cancelled The Colbys after its second season. Home media On May 12, 2015, Shout! Factory released The Colbys: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time. The 12-disc set features all 49 episodes of the series as well as all new cast interviews with Stephanie Beacham, John James and Maxwell Caulfield. On July 20, 2015, The Colbys was released in Germany (Region 2). The DVD is split in two, the first season and the second season. The DVDs have a German cover (Die Colbys - Das Imperium) but are spoken in English and dubbed in German. The series has also been released on DVD in Spain in four volumes (two per season). In the UK, it was released as a single boxset of 12 discs (identical to the US release) by the DVD distributor MediumRare Entertainment in 2018. The distribution rights to The Colbys, originally owned by Warner Bros. Pictures Distribution, transferred to CBS Paramount Network Television in 2006. Ratings and criticism The fifth season of Dynasty was ranked No. 1 in the Nielsen ratings in the United States. The Colbys debuted during Dynasty sixth season, which saw Dynasty drop to 7th in the ratings. Although The Colbys garnered high ratings for its premiere episode and won a 1986 People's Choice Award for New Dramatic TV Program, the first season finished in 35th place, in part due to competition with NBC's Cheers and Night Court on Thursday nights. The Colbys was renewed for a second season but, scheduled opposite Cheers and Night Court -- as well as a few weeks against rival soap Knots Landing on CBS -- The Colbys finished 64th for the year and was subsequently cancelled. Dynasty fell to No. 24 for its seventh season. Like Dynasty, the series employed the standard melodrama of soap operas and added well-known performers and elaborate sets and wardrobe. Lee Margulies of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It's not a spin-off, it's a clone—as close a replica as ABC and the Dynasty producers could concoct, right down to the credits." In their Directory To Primetime TV Shows, television historians Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh stated that the series likely failed because it was "too close a copy" of Dynasty. Barbara Holsopple of The Pittsburgh Press compared the scripts to Dick and Jane books for children, and criticized the acting. When Stanwyck opted to end her contract and leave the series after its first season in 1986, she reportedly called the show "a turkey", and told co-creator Esther Shapiro "This is the biggest pile of garbage I ever did" and that "It's one thing to know you're making a lot of money off vulgarity, but when you don't know it's vulgar—it's plain stupid." Conversely, Heston always supported the show and stated its cancellation "was premature" as "we were coming closer to being a creative production team that could make the kind of show we'd planned on from the beginning." Dynasty star Joan Collins categorically refused to make any appearances in The Colbys herself, believing it would have caused "massive confusion between the two shows". Aftermath Following the cancellation of The Colbys, the characters of Jeff and Fallon were immediately reintroduced into Dynasty during that series' eighth-season premiere, "The Siege – Part 1". Sable (now divorced from Jason, who was still involved with Frankie, who survived the car crash) and Monica (who no longer had contact with ex-lover Cash or their son Scott) also later reappeared on Dynasty for the series' ninth (and final) season in 1988–89. During the final season of Dynasty, it is revealed that Monica and her twin Miles might not have been Jason's children, as Sable had been raped around the time they were conceived. Miles (who refers to Jeff as his half-brother, leading to the assumption that Jason was his and Monica's father after all) later appears in the miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion (1991), reunited with Fallon, and participates in Jeff's rescue from the Consortium. The Jeff-Fallon-Miles love triangle is finally resolved, as Fallon leaves Miles for Jeff once again. References External links The Colbys – UltimateDynasty.net Die Colbys Der-Denver-Clan.de (German language) 1985 American television series debuts 1987 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company original programming American television soap operas American primetime television soap operas American television spin-offs Dynasty (franchise) English-language television shows Mass media portrayals of the upper class Television shows set in Los Angeles Television series by Spelling Television	[ -0.20277127623558044, -0.09295429289340973, 0.3543517589569092, 0.11652325093746185, 0.2461833655834198, -0.1646234393119812, 0.4846128821372986, 0.21862849593162537, -0.2806894779205322, 0.41367071866989136, 0.344477117061615, 0.8236549496650696, 0.12381026893854141, 0.8587917685508728, -0.7601966857910156, 0.20458124577999115, 0.3859948217868805, 0.005052161868661642, 0.30584901571273804, -0.9131069183349609, -0.06776323914527893, -0.15579327940940857, 0.6013679504394531, -0.5669654607772827, -0.5601454973220825, 0.47353067994117737, -0.5492342710494995, 0.06402501463890076, 0.09613992273807526, 0.4130287170410156, 0.04561341181397438, -0.3716506063938141, -0.014400329440832138, 0.14637935161590576, -0.4762270748615265, 0.3670276403427124, 0.08452565968036652, 0.1498694121837616, -0.398444265127182, -0.5500494241714478, -0.1130555048584938, -0.4708873927593231, -0.16861091554164886, -0.09809787571430206, -0.050322819501161575, -0.20540529489517212, -1.1768176555633545, -0.19893133640289307, -0.38558846712112427, -0.577989399433136, -0.4740704298019409, 0.49993953108787537, 0.3486572206020355, -0.041398122906684875, 0.0896967425942421, 0.5598466992378235, -0.02909657172858715, -0.4614487886428833, -0.26861146092414856, -0.03971708565950394, 0.026375696063041687, 0.22405686974525452, 0.2209627777338028, 0.25055646896362305, -0.28365397453308105, -0.13377965986728668, 0.07851791381835938, 0.42946887016296387, 0.40127429366111755, -0.32399627566337585, -0.07722164690494537, -0.11365187168121338, -0.07997078448534012, -0.02562660165131092, 0.40601906180381775, -0.07034174352884293, -0.14429660141468048, -0.13250994682312012, 0.697597861289978, 0.01984592154622078, -0.1622665822505951, 0.3853229284286499, 0.39002084732055664, 0.39931660890579224, 0.030936522409319878, 0.1879425197839737, 0.40025198459625244, -0.11096063256263733, -0.26484352350234985, 0.1268092393875122, -1.2368069887161255, 0.3519052267074585, 0.23149551451206207, 0.1197274699807167, -0.6657687425613403, -0.8690146207809448, 0.3009274899959564, -0.12368963658809662, 0.15191885828971863, -0.1122954934835434, 0.059923071414232254, 0.16997556388378143, 0.22656936943531036, -0.5714168548583984, -0.4284650385379791, -0.07605888694524765, 0.34274691343307495, -0.349751353263855, -0.30601972341537476, 0.206196129322052, -0.6095419526100159, 0.22326995432376862, 0.17163699865341187, 0.15519876778125763, 0.08774400502443314, 0.3745482861995697, 0.3445631265640259, -0.5317391753196716, -0.15564754605293274, 0.32011908292770386, 0.22748678922653198, -0.1367723047733307, -0.1720486581325531, 0.19550181925296783, -0.18087121844291687, 0.2664402425289154, -0.4185459613800049, 0.35632067918777466, -0.13751421868801117, -0.10732629895210266, 0.08244425058364868, 0.1654501110315323, -0.269056499004364, 0.15447717905044556, 0.20780953764915466, 0.15003091096878052, 0.19909103214740753, -0.7644615769386292, 0.22542980313301086, 0.5221001505851746, -0.4124101400375366, 0.006387747824192047, -0.7621325850486755, -0.641280472278595, -0.1075446605682373, -0.5986269116401672, 0.4372350871562958, -0.057604458183050156, -0.39274099469184875, -0.07624290883541107, -0.26990142464637756, -0.4235573410987854, 0.2906210720539093, -0.42073148488998413, -0.3346129357814789, -0.1097395271062851, 0.25657740235328674, 0.5033677816390991, 0.13038009405136108, 0.2995341122150421, -0.09582439810037613, 0.41651278734207153, 0.3182474970817566, -0.3015480637550354, -0.14412733912467957, -0.5046506524085999, 0.5059202909469604, -0.048271384090185165, -0.01367895770817995, -0.2235039621591568, -0.4184744954109192, 0.6154284477233887, 0.31363844871520996, 0.34604400396347046, -0.33625900745391846, 0.06659961491823196, 0.35144901275634766, 0.3308544456958771, 0.09876315295696259, -0.04642561823129654, -0.38568103313446045, 0.6832281947135925, 0.19462673366069794, -0.2032763659954071, 0.3531436622142792, -0.5424374938011169, 0.2496289312839508, 0.09534786641597748, -0.1604447215795517, -0.18343903124332428, -0.31311869621276855, 0.045458294451236725, -0.006111151538789272, 0.10519873350858688, 0.16773420572280884, -0.2857915461063385, -0.6522485017776489, 1.0552124977111816, -0.0643124058842659, 0.8309027552604675, 0.2517082095146179, -0.06555068492889404, -0.15803734958171844, 0.42169320583343506, -0.46534326672554016, 0.1295107752084732, 0.1380195915699005, -0.09313670545816422, 0.5707709193229675, 0.5334901213645935, -0.5503554940223694, -0.4032193124294281, 0.02352035976946354, 0.42501747608184814, -0.3096812963485718, -0.2844577133655548, -0.17810143530368805, 0.03512468934059143, 0.21332144737243652, -0.3752653896808624, 0.630094051361084, 0.11170095205307007, -0.10115213692188263, 0.2503655254840851, -0.3006391227245331, 0.7240183353424072, 0.16414567828178406, -0.2122284173965454, 0.13077302277088165, -0.003510239301249385, -0.11749688535928726, 0.5842545628547668, -0.041159000247716904, -1.0560188293457031, 0.05640554800629616, 0.8710347414016724, 0.07554224878549576, -0.6285258531570435, -0.02954942174255848, -0.4916849136352539, 0.6944745182991028, -0.01388182770460844, 0.0010063557419925928, 0.38861703872680664, 0.4061480760574341, 0.19773748517036438, -0.23665063083171844, 0.5839739441871643, -0.7822220921516418, -0.8099944591522217, -0.2541031837463379, 0.04083669185638428, 0.1126767247915268, 0.4218045473098755, -0.2261267602443695, 0.3086664080619812, -0.5501304864883423, -0.5001364946365356, 0.2170851230621338, 0.504330575466156, 0.4182208776473999, -0.007922789081931114, -0.024636046960949898, -0.530482292175293, -0.010544490069150925, -0.4615165591239929, -0.404659628868103, -0.7791159749031067, -0.16334518790245056, -0.3155266046524048, 0.13987812399864197, 0.17271509766578674, -0.613158643245697, 0.18480949103832245, 0.09685618430376053, -0.1556331217288971, -0.05378007888793945, 0.053170111030340195, -0.6399207711219788, -0.32062777876853943, 0.10165730118751526, -0.05162236467003822, 0.9399241209030151, -0.028438569977879524, -0.6412676572799683, -0.642647385597229, -0.37386342883110046, -0.8352629542350769, -0.04894246533513069, -0.3331418037414551, 0.31882303953170776, -0.06414039433002472, -0.317182332277298, 0.045088961720466614, -0.28609153628349304, -0.16358573734760284, 0.6971161365509033, 0.1188199520111084, 0.4395284354686737, 0.19120967388153076, -0.400723934173584, 0.1628853976726532, -0.41193968057632446, -0.05274854600429535, 0.30881384015083313, -0.03532972186803818, 0.22615398466587067, -0.7243726849555969, -5.863259315490723, -0.04929094761610031, -0.34243282675743103, -0.5431805849075317, 0.8324040174484253, -0.3471352756023407, 0.6318662166595459, -0.04044552147388458, 0.13708429038524628, 0.42474719882011414, 0.4807143807411194, -0.2108217477798462, -0.0638890191912651, -0.11627083271741867, 0.26191446185112, -0.057061996310949326, 0.5298316478729248, -0.14463099837303162, 0.2137702852487564, -0.1035810112953186, 0.006491734646260738, -0.5255765318870544, -0.2077765315771103, 0.43764474987983704, 0.2100345641374588, 0.7621347308158875, -0.40030327439308167, -0.23289720714092255, -0.7476743459701538, 0.5043209791183472, -0.5736796259880066, -0.17436151206493378, -0.13060176372528076, 0.1638270616531372, 0.2099870890378952, 0.11538653075695038, 0.26093974709510803, -0.8159799575805664, 0.5505437254905701, -0.46840447187423706, -0.38550901412963867, 0.07812821865081787, -0.036210428923368454, -0.1656600534915924, 0.38930922746658325, 0.0999947190284729, -0.16333679854869843, -0.08401819318532944, -0.30503013730049133, 0.600388765335083, 0.3190542757511139, 0.5400418639183044, 0.30080747604370117, -0.30245450139045715, -0.263185977935791, -0.2561979293823242, 0.06020943820476532, -0.1772032380104065, -0.5897256135940552, 0.3526541590690613, 0.3671189546585083, 0.045830488204956055, 0.23682716488838196, -0.3743003010749817, 0.2158624231815338, -0.4632447361946106, 0.18478147685527802, 0.6555164456367493, 0.9862456321716309, -0.13094347715377808, -0.13325905799865723, 0.2233104556798935, 0.1262843757867813, -0.8034703731536865, 0.3241319954395294, -0.2979516088962555, 0.11373947560787201, -0.058244530111551285, -0.29192593693733215, -0.0768091157078743, 0.7213558554649353, 0.31469374895095825, 0.16996338963508606, 0.28235429525375366, -0.034904055297374725, -0.7191513776779175, 0.14753656089305878, 0.18547023832798004, -0.51446533203125, -0.030019937083125114, 0.569817304611206, -0.13186727464199066, 0.27218541502952576, 0.09172601252794266, -0.09416626393795013, 0.9933398962020874, 0.331473171710968, 0.28647181391716003, -0.520648181438446, -0.08163033425807953, 0.024471040815114975, -0.07597518712282181, 1.0135444402694702, -0.32639279961586, -0.5323393940925598, -0.6268722414970398, 0.4109261631965637, 0.3391410708427429, 0.53017258644104, -0.2699636220932007, -0.27751582860946655, 0.25583869218826294, -0.4153566360473633, -0.07810057699680328, 0.44363489747047424, 0.01296426635235548, -0.4276367723941803, 0.4667016565799713, 0.010111197829246521, 0.6017608642578125, -0.21486252546310425, 0.2899394929409027, -0.3776504397392273, -0.33454737067222595, -0.8126286864280701, -0.478664368391037, 0.3341917097568512, 0.287529319524765, 0.575596034526825, 0.03757717087864876, 0.041785258799791336, 0.05357781797647476, 0.17373470962047577, 0.20106065273284912, -0.6195253133773804, 0.2811520993709564, -0.011403311975300312, -0.508946418762207, -0.15202626585960388, -0.22260653972625732, -0.22364141047000885, -0.07737135142087936, 0.026706410571932793, 0.32479915022850037, 0.2608017027378082, 0.016170363873243332, 0.07773291319608688, 0.0003713104815687984, -0.3329051434993744, 0.48841285705566406, 0.45138031244277954, 0.19524525105953217, 0.6386756300926208, -0.47438937425613403, 0.26730164885520935, 0.3341291844844818, 0.07372170686721802, -0.13750584423542023, -0.11829469352960587, -0.4269598424434662, -0.4002886414527893, -0.23996298015117645, -0.7655088305473328, 0.14745302498340607, 0.288805216550827, 0.27642640471458435, -0.2713872790336609, -0.5577564835548401, -0.1351366937160492, 0.12969547510147095, 0.1894189715385437, -0.5086652040481567, 0.014538566581904888, 0.2550714612007141, 0.8865432143211365, 0.28649166226387024, -0.3925057351589203, -0.6964433193206787, -0.25336703658103943, 0.002363532315939665, 0.37572920322418213, -0.15264420211315155, -0.31063851714134216, -0.12957385182380676, 0.3962605893611908, -0.3765645921230316, -0.2964233160018921, -0.33845987915992737, 0.12843957543373108, 1.0343739986419678, 0.6636817455291748, 0.2141808569431305, 0.5846815705299377, 0.33836793899536133, -0.4812275469303131, 0.24904298782348633, 0.1918959617614746, 0.8340433835983276, 0.07375846803188324, -0.36291733384132385, -0.4006175994873047, 0.30801713466644287, -0.3949027955532074, 0.15755945444107056, 0.4423620402812958, -0.5725611448287964, 0.2630881369113922, 0.16665643453598022, -0.26833054423332214, 0.15924744307994843, 0.17082512378692627, -0.10872446000576019, -0.15394502878189087, 0.5253473520278931, 0.5010015368461609, -0.01582091487944126, 0.1954166293144226, -0.5501726865768433, 0.15580950677394867, -0.5169612169265747, 0.39456072449684143, -0.47159552574157715, -0.49989020824432373, -0.20553366839885712, -0.8904821276664734, -0.09523211419582367, -0.13022799789905548, -0.6159206032752991, -0.4241785705089569, 0.1641715168952942, 0.19508057832717896, -0.30263423919677734, -0.11369741708040237, 0.06165454909205437, -0.4079938232898712, 0.11711802333593369, -0.16396042704582214, 0.38694146275520325, 0.5020796656608582, 0.2656096816062927, 0.5272535681724548, 0.7912779450416565, -0.2107488214969635, -0.4988849461078644, 0.285013884305954, -0.20716363191604614, -0.03302682936191559, 0.04244459792971611, 0.0690004900097847, 0.5301172137260437, 0.6412697434425354, -0.5323432683944702, -0.162065327167511, -0.08513550460338593, 0.2762046456336975, -0.8424274325370789, 0.11125648766756058, -0.0650578960776329, -0.3210221529006958, -0.30595946311950684, -0.048763975501060486, 0.14417517185211182, -0.750678300857544, 0.016900518909096718, -0.34586384892463684, 0.46262994408607483, -0.28824302554130554, -0.026635391637682915, 0.5201090574264526, -0.1863710582256317, 0.014653746038675308, 0.18856611847877502, -0.3850400447845459, 0.6423325538635254, 0.2297123670578003, 0.31941795349121094, 0.25154244899749756, -0.26603978872299194, -0.23096497356891632, 0.26912397146224976, -0.5596551299095154, 0.3136413097381592, -0.6129902601242065, -0.3650275766849518, -0.14843149483203888, -0.7213941216468811, -0.17276126146316528, 0.06270170211791992, -0.2420179843902588, 0.3526194393634796, 0.2194136381149292, 0.2828526794910431, 0.4285644292831421, -0.4243050515651703, 0.07306412607431412, -0.3435870409011841, 0.8801853656768799, 0.463591992855072, -0.22868914902210236, 0.49434682726860046, -0.3252693712711334, 0.23753489553928375, -0.06509006023406982, 0.039904408156871796, -0.19334256649017334, 0.000054104821174405515, -0.19118349254131317, 0.05950537696480751, -0.48952800035476685, 0.25058695673942566, 0.03996284306049347, -0.14396221935749054, 0.5521479249000549, 0.7567923665046692, -0.734329342842102, -0.46916019916534424, 0.2939196228981018, 0.1878758817911148, -0.5020050406455994, -0.011602970771491528, -0.12983791530132294, 0.6919681429862976, -0.09602098166942596, -0.30744293332099915, 0.20810258388519287, 0.6976248621940613, -0.19677704572677612, 0.15691518783569336, -0.00015684017853345722, -0.03561989217996597, 0.3026587665081024, -0.22582779824733734, -0.04077768325805664, 0.35768961906433105, -0.07504250109195709, -0.39310091733932495, 0.504863977432251, -0.07083798944950104, 0.3414575159549713, 0.6653172373771667, 0.3268040120601654, 0.06459525972604752, 0.5282601714134216, -0.4953882396221161, 0.23371058702468872, -0.0784434974193573, 0.039360761642456055, -0.6831242442131042, 0.48577961325645447, -0.688262939453125, 0.33101820945739746, -0.33271411061286926, 0.7193366289138794, -0.5615257620811462, 0.9270124435424805, -0.3896145224571228, -0.3400420844554901, -0.5041228532791138, -0.22024360299110413, -0.23786774277687073, -0.5693826675415039, -0.35249558091163635, 0.2914928197860718, -0.13046108186244965, -0.06671963632106781, 0.04546510428190231, 0.5658428072929382, -0.16231946647167206, 0.16635797917842865, 0.45609113574028015, 0.07579515129327774, 0.091038279235363, -0.20253881812095642, -0.0507073849439621, 0.42672199010849, 0.37176498770713806, 0.7638746500015259, 0.3987152874469757, -0.3720853626728058, 0.32902079820632935, 0.3218454122543335, -0.08579202741384506, -0.2813491225242615, -0.4093524217605591, -0.5156185626983643, 0.5812052488327026, -0.1033993810415268, -0.058143362402915955, -0.14638036489486694, -0.2914172112941742, 0.3799889087677002, -0.6072676777839661, -0.06178055703639984, 0.03425460308790207, 0.09150422364473343, 0.0543234646320343, -0.5671170949935913, 0.3035266697406769, 0.17597796022891998, 0.30225715041160583, 0.15713979303836823, 0.25065308809280396, 0.02625252865254879, 0.23036330938339233, -0.2005419284105301, -0.6149671077728271, -0.19352087378501892, 0.13939955830574036, -0.27251186966896057, 0.15705445408821106, 0.0011253434931859374, -0.182173490524292, 0.12369807809591293, 0.2542096674442291, -0.07443303614854813, -0.5102319121360779, 1.2231366634368896, 0.5783817768096924, -0.0671052560210228, -0.6859810948371887, -0.6092036366462708, -0.2512612044811249, -0.1281099021434784, 0.49488285183906555, -0.3784230053424835, 0.004042596090584993, 0.1640402376651764, 0.22668233513832092, -0.4256037771701813, 0.5706986784934998, -0.10155206173658371, -0.12623870372772217, -0.09461334347724915, 0.027137447148561478, -0.5117889642715454, -0.9540836811065674, 0.18268240988254547, 1.4139505624771118, 0.9747530817985535, -0.4043181836605072, 0.5719683170318604, -0.1574895977973938, 0.4090050756931305, -0.04754382371902466, 0.36979901790618896, -0.23573333024978638, 0.46815967559814453, 0.03419603779911995, -0.597724974155426, -0.07858704030513763, -0.4376186728477478, -0.21582722663879395, -0.2855229377746582, -0.3073366582393646, -0.07089285552501678, -0.4549683630466461, 0.13612790405750275, -0.5991883277893066, 0.3045426607131958, -0.17898520827293396 ]
210720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20de%2065%20M%20%28montagne%29%20modele%201906	Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906	The Canon de 65 M modele 1906 where M stands for "montagne", or briefly 65 mm Mle 1906 where "mle" stands for "modèle", was a French mountain gun which entered service with the régiments d'artillerie de montagne in 1906 and was one of the first soft-recoil guns in service. The carriage of the Mle 1906 was hinged and could be broken down into four mule loads for transport. By 1939, the weapon was generally used as an infantry support gun. After 1940, the Germans would use these as 6,5 cm GebK 221(f). The gun was also used by Israel (in 1948 Arab–Israeli War as Napoleonchik), Albania, Poland and Greece. Combat history France During World War I the French Armée d’Orient used the Mle 1906 against the forces of the Central Powers in the mountains of Macedonia. There were 72 Mle 1906 guns in service in the Balkans theatre during the allied breakout from the Salonica bridgehead on September 15–29, 1918. The initial success of this allied offensive led Bulgaria to capitulate on October 9, 1918, later in October 1918 Serbia was liberated and lastly Austria-Hungary capitulated in November 1918 when faced with invasion from Italian forces from the south. Still in service with the French Army in 1939-1940, a few were taken over by the Wehrmacht, as 6,5 cm Gebirgskanone 221 (f). Israel The Canon de 65 M (Montagne) Modèle 1906 was used by the Israel Defence Forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and was nicknamed Napoleonchik by the Israelis due to its old look. The first use of two of these cannons, lacking sights, was made in the Battle of Degania in northern Israel, which was also the first time the Israeli side employed field artillery. Subsequent uses were made in numerous major operations in the war, including Operation Bin Nun and Operation Pleshet. Gallery See also Weapons of comparable role, performance and era BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun approximate British equivalent QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun approximate British equivalent firing slightly larger shell Notes External links Canon de montagne de 65 mm Mle 1906 France guns Mountain artillery World War I mountain artillery of France World War II artillery World War II weapons of France Artillery of France World War II weapons of Greece 65 mm artillery World War I artillery of Greece	[ -0.4566536545753479, 0.5752370357513428, -0.14032484591007233, 0.09233192354440689, -0.17486882209777832, 0.5519577860832214, 1.1113512516021729, -0.8044692873954773, -0.8632871508598328, -0.1804606020450592, -0.286525160074234, 0.6955463886260986, -0.1425294280052185, 0.7190216183662415, 0.3358336389064789, 0.4334891736507416, 0.5979301929473877, -0.08480478823184967, -0.5764524936676025, -0.5479027032852173, 0.3647325038909912, -0.28978970646858215, 0.6790209412574768, 0.14723242819309235, -0.5379745960235596, 0.18938115239143372, 0.9224088191986084, 0.8358922004699707, 1.0762909650802612, 0.3760473430156708, -0.17227502167224884, 0.5074228048324585, 0.010650960728526115, -0.6149017214775085, -0.35480746626853943, -0.09262950718402863, 0.4051661193370819, 0.08212148398160934, 0.17945006489753723, -0.4666304290294647, -0.007797683123499155, 0.06803932785987854, -0.38149136304855347, 0.07168171554803848, -0.1798943132162094, -0.825656533241272, -1.4625245332717896, -0.4294712245464325, -0.015783976763486862, -0.10095031559467316, -0.03416913002729416, 0.6027865409851074, 0.34224623441696167, 0.41705140471458435, 0.06416069716215134, 0.7212955951690674, -0.9500132203102112, -0.5573990941047668, 0.15470388531684875, -0.17690995335578918, -0.024240558966994286, -0.09764858335256577, 0.42433685064315796, -0.4017871618270874, -0.8871224522590637, 0.05536844581365585, -0.2685452103614807, 0.3752780556678772, -0.12704741954803467, -0.27472224831581116, 0.06229228526353836, -0.047505561262369156, 0.5656664967536926, -0.07254914194345474, 0.3460184931755066, -0.31440719962120056, -0.17838212847709656, -0.5800768136978149, 0.03279101103544235, 0.23632466793060303, -0.3657979965209961, 0.04531240090727806, 0.8244066834449768, -0.6381381154060364, -0.1958838701248169, 0.9431782960891724, 0.12540534138679504, -0.14233054220676422, -0.5441706776618958, 0.7035817503929138, -0.5298499464988708, -0.8678156733512878, 0.7001172304153442, 0.5558870434761047, 0.04647846892476082, 0.21712493896484375, -0.1615760326385498, 0.31004077196121216, 0.2305544763803482, 0.33905744552612305, 0.6463910341262817, 0.8053470849990845, 0.15520423650741577, 0.5096042156219482, -0.872429609298706, 0.3525141179561615, -0.3624751567840576, -1.0608881711959839, -0.5935611128807068, 0.12739692628383636, -0.6606824398040771, 0.2561990022659302, -0.2883095443248749, -0.7240869998931885, 0.21637892723083496, -0.29518964886665344, 0.5207372903823853, -0.37271860241889954, 0.2243025302886963, 0.908837080001831, 0.20492243766784668, 0.4073348045349121, -0.07663749158382416, 0.4489639401435852, 0.08557025343179703, 0.4483095705509186, 0.6956444978713989, 0.40324103832244873, -0.5519863963127136, 0.2479342222213745, 0.6353682279586792, 0.5227042436599731, 0.09547757357358932, 0.27562129497528076, -0.31387045979499817, -0.2692761719226837, 0.32582977414131165, 0.2848722040653229, -0.6914180517196655, -0.013478423468768597, -0.7384475469589233, -0.026660017669200897, -0.4346025884151459, -0.20510321855545044, 0.06703635305166245, -0.07178112119436264, 0.02753438614308834, -0.2573026418685913, -0.3800801932811737, -0.4797741770744324, 0.24613919854164124, -0.5423274636268616, 0.3081413209438324, -0.2589428424835205, -0.38984328508377075, 1.184697151184082, -0.6332318186759949, 0.12811176478862762, 0.322966068983078, 0.022283675149083138, -0.043076954782009125, 0.353823721408844, -1.0373045206069946, 0.6095349788665771, 0.34911802411079407, 0.12160380929708481, -0.047430384904146194, -0.43121787905693054, 0.6042905449867249, 0.2286376804113388, -0.5655074715614319, 0.33202946186065674, 0.3050389587879181, -0.31669509410858154, -0.3617837131023407, 0.4199463725090027, 0.823280930519104, 0.5070550441741943, 0.41237935423851013, -0.16472075879573822, -0.4192371368408203, -0.7238649725914001, 0.7124288082122803, -0.009481442160904408, 0.7153359651565552, 1.0193065404891968, 0.965709924697876, -0.10623547434806824, -0.22674615681171417, -0.5437191724777222, -0.9287746548652649, -0.3283722996711731, 0.16403137147426605, -0.5816100835800171, 1.631048560142517, -0.2796928286552429, -1.0934109687805176, 0.8403252363204956, 0.3492790758609772, 0.809644341468811, 0.23031125962734222, -0.16178183257579803, 0.8474758267402649, 0.26053619384765625, -0.42395731806755066, -0.4338131248950958, -0.24619534611701965, 0.35040202736854553, 0.19208714365959167, 0.862478494644165, 0.4391501843929291, -0.6197468042373657, -0.14150579273700714, -0.18375937640666962, -0.3202608823776245, 0.7636902332305908, -0.6915916204452515, -0.020795445889234543, 0.04260161519050598, 0.2680303454399109, 0.48016783595085144, -0.5547005534172058, -0.7234236598014832, 0.6145055890083313, -0.34656208753585815, 0.3627590239048004, 0.4064043462276459, 0.48399603366851807, -0.071341872215271, -0.41290056705474854, 0.024638356640934944, -0.07271717488765717, 0.01474734116345644, 0.48341765999794006, 0.21049979329109192, 0.3604277968406677, -0.31405800580978394, -0.47326165437698364, -0.17131292819976807, -0.5029242634773254, 0.5589566826820374, 0.8359947204589844, -0.11932570487260818, 0.1571335643529892, -0.20794977247714996, 0.4114067554473877, 0.09361132234334946, 0.48834797739982605, -0.03742803633213043, -0.42407578229904175, 0.10280154645442963, 0.8993950486183167, 0.11971595138311386, 0.27145078778266907, -0.31659364700317383, -0.3183932304382324, 0.14681114256381989, -0.26691949367523193, 0.331997811794281, 0.35360005497932434, 0.27245032787323, -0.060612406581640244, 0.6166633367538452, 0.4627861976623535, -0.007665990386158228, -0.38411983847618103, 0.26740479469299316, -0.19115805625915527, 0.007084180600941181, 0.2269487828016281, -0.26015380024909973, 0.030996711924672127, -0.502772867679596, 0.21551741659641266, 0.5218411684036255, 0.04014579579234123, -0.6429721713066101, 0.7833390831947327, -0.552584707736969, -0.43964171409606934, -0.31144511699676514, 1.1165586709976196, 0.7859301567077637, -0.00879652239382267, -0.14317573606967926, 0.21220996975898743, -0.0026379148475825787, 0.040210142731666565, 0.12095070630311966, -0.6950355172157288, -0.20228514075279236, -0.1727939397096634, -0.6427156925201416, -0.13907527923583984, -0.297924667596817, 0.24636484682559967, -0.3979751169681549, 0.2086670845746994, 0.733889102935791, 0.215618297457695, -1.1314616203308105, -0.09377434104681015, -0.11521779745817184, 0.0015023708110675216, 0.231492280960083, -0.16693241894245148, 0.1949492245912552, 0.489982932806015, -4.743057727813721, -0.4365544617176056, 0.1251908391714096, -0.3266146183013916, -0.08854606747627258, 0.24468255043029785, 0.36925509572029114, -0.5664476156234741, -0.4970633387565613, -0.3603602647781372, 0.08816701173782349, -0.49037957191467285, 0.19468331336975098, 0.4095226228237152, 0.2448781132698059, 0.05297559127211571, 0.6392517685890198, -0.3934165835380554, 0.4128713011741638, 0.05836580693721771, 0.7801340818405151, 0.05018141120672226, -0.229032963514328, -0.24867916107177734, 0.656600832939148, -0.04580490663647652, -0.11376223713159561, 0.07876147329807281, -0.5242776274681091, -0.06698286533355713, 0.01087452843785286, -0.15473169088363647, -0.27368688583374023, -0.007920992560684681, -0.0440841019153595, -0.012905310839414597, 1.1154628992080688, 0.37505286931991577, 0.42047402262687683, -0.44703808426856995, -0.053856004029512405, 0.29146862030029297, 0.4348767101764679, -0.04697389900684357, 0.22275128960609436, -0.43706783652305603, -0.5269090533256531, 0.2800195515155792, 0.3610595464706421, 0.43763187527656555, 0.5932428240776062, -0.4654754102230072, 0.3754165768623352, 0.5476385951042175, 0.16604310274124146, -0.5181852579116821, -0.011450371704995632, -0.07422874867916107, -0.12363823503255844, 0.325630247592926, 0.3753596544265747, -0.13685518503189087, -0.14799237251281738, -1.1546207666397095, -0.045373089611530304, -0.45499321818351746, -0.6485008597373962, 0.28934600949287415, 0.2596646845340729, 0.40039992332458496, -0.15851259231567383, 0.7982272505760193, -0.28811052441596985, -0.7287353873252869, 0.6677532196044922, 0.08385317772626877, -0.242167666554451, -0.532802402973175, -0.6302198171615601, 0.6753315925598145, 0.3128061592578888, -0.47322943806648254, 0.031086141243577003, 0.20861618220806122, 0.10546539723873138, -0.8036572337150574, 0.06896230578422546, -0.03440312668681145, -0.3170711398124695, -0.3361561596393585, 0.3929845988750458, -0.3721122145652771, 0.6595305800437927, 0.07904574275016785, -0.2752652168273926, -0.3789674639701843, -0.09846333414316177, 0.3916027247905731, -0.012579493224620819, 0.18347519636154175, -0.33241191506385803, -0.2806713581085205, 0.4141383171081543, -0.17200522124767303, -0.9390469193458557, -0.19821257889270782, -0.28246021270751953, -0.09517943114042282, 0.8854790329933167, 0.6816849708557129, -0.4810030162334442, 0.03927317634224892, -0.641409158706665, 0.17641308903694153, 0.3894038498401642, -0.7013912796974182, -0.2563859522342682, -0.0961347445845604, -0.011317103169858456, -0.3216453194618225, -0.13294322788715363, 0.6253136992454529, -0.44565239548683167, -0.8251017928123474, 0.18566478788852692, -0.2294338196516037, 0.23358921706676483, -0.05027773231267929, -0.8302279114723206, -0.44212397933006287, -0.24872948229312897, 0.530308187007904, -0.09001071006059647, 0.13100354373455048, 0.10212603211402893, -0.35541751980781555, -0.19557960331439972, 0.4143751561641693, 0.3354555666446686, 0.15713274478912354, -0.19882775843143463, 0.08166833966970444, -0.7249279618263245, 0.361442893743515, 0.5956780314445496, 0.4625299870967865, 1.1910594701766968, -0.343177855014801, -0.7001770734786987, 0.7500033378601074, -0.8769539594650269, -0.4298042058944702, 0.7427529692649841, -0.0654170960187912, -0.08331312239170074, 0.040139734745025635, -0.1335226446390152, 0.3463943302631378, -0.10893280059099197, -1.0788278579711914, 0.06095213070511818, -0.3096456229686737, -0.7114981412887573, 0.0808272659778595, 0.2979765236377716, 0.022937221452593803, 0.3485930263996124, -0.5099990367889404, 0.50721675157547, 0.8794799447059631, 0.14114852249622345, -0.4503181278705597, -0.8930456638336182, -0.5271462202072144, -0.4121444821357727, -0.03063424490392208, -0.15082702040672302, -0.38969317078590393, -0.8292357921600342, -0.27863842248916626, 0.02964555099606514, 0.1935347020626068, 0.46210554242134094, 0.15075337886810303, 0.45641565322875977, -0.7815510630607605, -0.9871982932090759, 0.24094724655151367, -0.5542678833007812, -0.53398197889328, 0.03586938977241516, 0.2039690464735031, 0.010937181301414967, 0.4101506769657135, -0.42609190940856934, -0.5948704481124878, -0.5954599976539612, 0.298831582069397, -0.06057135388255119, -0.4982506334781647, -0.02792041376233101, 0.3025055229663849, -0.09339458495378494, 0.9983544945716858, 0.3112001419067383, -0.8023115396499634, 0.4278026521205902, -0.21692541241645813, -0.43008026480674744, 0.25255706906318665, -0.3487606644630432, -1.0490128993988037, 0.5136993527412415, 0.6235669851303101, -0.23309414088726044, 0.30767372250556946, 0.08716331422328949, 0.2803504765033722, -0.9280059337615967, -0.5402786731719971, -0.18783457577228546, -0.9113944172859192, -0.7837318181991577, -0.24737782776355743, -1.5981909036636353, 0.11339464783668518, 0.36399632692337036, 0.18550990521907806, 0.6713780164718628, -0.23818063735961914, -0.29308319091796875, -0.15768572688102722, 0.005391571670770645, -0.9303452372550964, 0.0920872688293457, -0.03788952901959419, -0.057189054787158966, -0.119388647377491, -0.30131271481513977, 0.8163008689880371, -0.1807878166437149, 1.2551367282867432, 0.1465907096862793, -0.3258470892906189, -0.4224467873573303, 0.30430224537849426, 0.5858269333839417, -0.7162145972251892, -0.3620264232158661, 0.4542337954044342, -0.4076429009437561, -0.6823645234107971, -0.44075554609298706, -0.3182486593723297, 1.1470324993133545, -0.06289693713188171, -1.131272554397583, -0.030321292579174042, 0.7261975407600403, 0.669917106628418, -0.07296730577945709, 0.7785305976867676, -0.6288890838623047, -0.33827561140060425, 0.38814327120780945, 0.4684080183506012, 0.1431947648525238, -0.611235499382019, 0.34931719303131104, -0.2838916480541229, -0.04377950355410576, -0.17027884721755981, -0.6035376787185669, 0.674776554107666, 0.19785305857658386, -0.34534525871276855, -0.6133570671081543, -1.0354446172714233, 0.6447536945343018, -0.5150531530380249, -0.8301142454147339, -0.08502725511789322, 0.5650492906570435, 0.22105348110198975, -0.2587713599205017, -0.7289614677429199, -0.5190426111221313, 0.03027212992310524, -0.6049858331680298, 0.6809029579162598, -0.31357720494270325, 0.2140948623418808, -0.5384203791618347, 0.19379404187202454, 0.37221187353134155, 0.58968585729599, -0.698839545249939, 0.17727257311344147, -0.19008943438529968, 1.013965129852295, 0.2752665579319, 0.676306962966919, 0.39983096718788147, -0.45406338572502136, 0.20070107281208038, 0.12085870653390884, 0.2425730675458908, -0.23231136798858643, 0.01101412158459425, -0.022744398564100266, 0.4184191823005676, 0.029592229053378105, -0.16917142271995544, 0.45580732822418213, -0.6031590104103088, -0.2919827997684479, -0.01577191986143589, 0.0812220349907875, -0.43931108713150024, -0.017354486510157585, 0.4626500606536865, 1.1264336109161377, 0.18041791021823883, 0.15992139279842377, -0.5047178864479065, 1.0463260412216187, -0.7023603320121765, -0.6441977620124817, 0.45080748200416565, 0.3215901851654053, 0.3155195116996765, -0.07395654916763306, -1.0857765674591064, 1.36017906665802, -0.19201317429542542, 0.256445974111557, -0.020367324352264404, -0.3877309262752533, 0.5114111304283142, 0.16030704975128174, 0.48377230763435364, 0.6885370016098022, -0.729081392288208, -0.7083209753036499, 0.044957537204027176, 0.43250107765197754, 0.06435806304216385, -0.375609427690506, 0.7246941328048706, -0.20270946621894836, 0.26879698038101196, 0.38834676146507263, 0.6091710925102234, -0.22364486753940582, -0.4503154456615448, 0.28527408838272095, -0.03536384180188179, -0.1445375233888626, -0.30962952971458435, 0.6115942001342773, 0.4948582351207733, -0.19944559037685394, 0.7281656265258789, -0.6035374999046326, -0.8176321983337402, -0.026877399533987045, -0.39662906527519226, -0.0024429841432720423, -0.0225346852093935, 0.031269632279872894, 0.210378959774971, -0.07010773569345474, 0.2330990433692932, 0.4712403118610382, 0.3410363793373108, 0.2537582516670227, 0.10460247099399567, 0.13473045825958252, -0.05331927537918091, 0.07014582306146622, 0.06091752648353577, 0.420433908700943, -0.5596186518669128, -0.08146810531616211, -0.1928793340921402, -0.39860305190086365, 0.48246678709983826, 0.6171222925186157, 0.684643566608429, -0.9946615695953369, 0.33341723680496216, -0.8100821375846863, -0.4101804792881012, -0.275132954120636, -0.4188450276851654, -0.17453698813915253, 0.013889024034142494, 0.48116424679756165, 0.3503309190273285, -0.04014623537659645, -0.07072491198778152, 0.24718675017356873, -0.08206112682819366, 0.30571892857551575, 0.3430028557777405, 0.054164107888936996, -0.3780674636363983, -0.1794014573097229, 0.20054510235786438, 0.24658924341201782, 0.10760227590799332, 0.048028137534856796, -0.18276917934417725, 0.017568178474903107, -0.29785460233688354, -0.3510902225971222, 0.5798786282539368, -1.0432208776474, -0.41367307305336, -0.8136075735092163, -0.06157981604337692, -0.8911935687065125, 0.5954489707946777, 0.3098514974117279, 0.0306034404784441, -0.739156186580658, 0.5017216801643372, -0.9422892928123474, 0.21161456406116486, 0.32251209020614624, 0.3344748616218567, 0.24087439477443695, -0.8609614372253418, 0.33787083625793457, -1.0517957210540771, 0.02307518571615219, 0.7505632042884827, 0.6784934997558594, 0.44739654660224915, -0.013386511243879795, -0.514972984790802, -0.7448595762252808, 0.3420925736427307, 0.04492708295583725, -0.2982458770275116, 0.037409648299217224, -0.01850619725883007, -0.15836045145988464, 0.14517225325107574, -0.044628072530031204, 0.0978429913520813, -0.11079997569322586, 0.48373815417289734, -1.2311054468154907, 0.1226596012711525, 0.3760005235671997, 0.5042426586151123, -0.6128448843955994, -0.46016925573349, -0.3595222532749176 ]
210721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB%20gun	BB gun	A BB gun is a type of air gun designed to shoot metallic spherical projectiles called BBs (not to be confused with similar-looking bearing balls), which are approximately the same size as BB-size lead birdshot used on shotguns ( in diameter). Modern BB guns usually have a smoothbore barrel with a caliber, and use steel balls that measure in diameter and in weight, usually zinc- or copper-plated for corrosion resistance. Some manufacturers still make the slightly larger traditional lead balls that weigh around , which are generally intended for use in rifled barrels (due to lead having better malleability and exerting less wear on riflings). The term "BB gun" is frequently used to describe airsoft guns, which shoot plastic pellets (also often incorrectly referred to as "BBs") that are larger (usually in diameter) but much less dense than metal BBs, and have significantly lower ballistic performance. The term is also sometimes used incorrectly to describe a pellet gun, which shoots diabolo-shaped (not spherical) lead projectiles at higher power and velocity. Although some BB guns can also shoot pellets, the reverse situation is not true: steel BB balls have greater stiffness and are not meant to be shot from pellet guns, whose barrels are typically rifled and thus can get stuck (similar to a squib load in firearms) and lead to a damage or mechanical failure within the gun. History The term BB originated from the nomenclature of the size of lead shots used in a smoothbore shotgun. Size "BB" shots were normally , but tended to vary considerably in size due to the loose tolerances in shotshells. The highest size shotgun pellet commonly used was named 00 or double ought and was used for hunting deer and thus called buckshot, while the smaller BB-sized shot was typically used to shoot small/medium-sized game birds and therefore was a birdshot. In 1886, the Markham Air Rifle Company in Plymouth, Michigan produced the first wooden-construct spring-piston air rifle design as a youth training gun, and used the BB-size birdshot as the chosen ammunition. Two years later, the neighbouring Plymouth Air Rifle Company (later renamed Daisy Manufacturing Company in 1895) introduced the first full-metal airgun that also fired BB shots – the Daisy BB Gun, which became a very popular household name due to its successful marketing. Around 1900, Daisy changed their BB-size bore diameter to , and began to market precision-made lead shot specifically for their BB guns. They called these "round shots", but the BB name was already well established, and most users continued calling their guns BB guns, and the projectiles as BB shots or just BBs. Subsequently, the term BB became generic, and is used loosely referring to any small spherical projectiles of various calibers and materials. This includes bearing balls often utilized by anti-personnel mines, .177 caliber lead/steel shots used by air guns, plastic round balls (such as the pellets used by airsoft guns), small marbles and many others. It has become ubiquitous to refer to any steel ball, such as a BB, as a "ball bearing". However, BBs should not be confused with a ball bearing, which is a mechanical component using small internal rolling balls to reduce friction between moving parts of machines. Operation BB guns can use any of the operating mechanisms used for air guns. However, due to the inherent limited accuracy and short effective range of the projectile, only the simpler and less expensive mechanisms are generally used for guns designed to fire only BBs. Because the strength of the steel BB does not allow it to be swaged with the low propelling force used to accelerate it through the barrel, BBs are slightly smaller () than the internal diameter of the barrel (). This limits accuracy because little spin is imparted on the BB. It also limits range, because some of the pressurized gas used to accelerate the BB leaks around it and reduces the overall efficiency. Since a BB will easily roll unhindered down the barrel, it is common to find guns that use a magnet in the loading mechanism to hold the BB at the rear of the barrel until it is fired. The traditional and still most common powerplant for BB guns is the spring-piston pump, usually patterned after a lever-action rifle or a pump-action shotgun. The lever-action rifle was the first type of BB gun, and still dominates the inexpensive youth BB gun market. The Daisy Model 25, modeled after a pump-action shotgun with a trombone pump-action mechanism, dominated the low-price, higher-performance market for over 50 years. Lever-action models generally have very low velocities, around , a result of the weak springs used to keep cocking efforts low for use by youths. The Daisy Model 25 typically achieved the highest velocities of its day, ranging from . Multiple-pump pneumatic guns are also common. Many pneumatic pellet guns provide the ability to use BBs as a cheaper alternative to lead shot. Some of these guns have rifled barrels, but the slightly undersized BBs do not swage in the barrel, so the rifling does not impart a significant spin. These are the types of guns that will benefit most from using precision lead BB shot. The pneumatic BB gun can attain much higher velocities than the traditional spring piston types. The last common type of power for BB guns is compressed gas, most commonly the Powerlet cartridges. The powerlet is a disposable metal gas cylinder containing of compressed carbon dioxide, with a self-contained valve to release the CO2 which expands to propel the BB. These are primarily used in BB pistols, and are capable of rapid firing unlike spring-piston or pneumatic types. A typical CO2 BB pistol uses a spring-loaded magazine to feed BBs, and a double-action trigger mechanism to chamber a BB and cock the hammer. However some guns (either to stay true to the original gun or to make the trigger pull easier) do have a single-action trigger. Either type of gun may also have blowback action, where CO2 will push the slide back in addition to firing a BB. When firing, the hammer strikes an internal valve linked to the CO2 source, which releases a measured amount of CO2 gas to fire the BB; this also gives it realistic recoil and muzzle report features. Many CO2 BB guns are patterned after popular firearms such as the Colt M1911, and can be used for training as well as recreation. Some gas-powered BB guns use a larger source of gas, and provide machine gun-like fire. These types, most notably the Shooting Star Tommy Gun (originally known as the Feltman) are commonly found at carnivals. The MacGlashan BB Gun was used to train antiaircraft gunners in the United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy during World War II. A popular commercial model was the Larc M-19, which used 1 pound (454 g) canisters of Freon-12 refrigerant. These types have very simple operating mechanisms, based on a venturi pump. The gas is released in a constant stream, and this is used to suck the BBs up into the barrel at rates as high as 3600 rounds per minute. Safety BB guns can shoot faster than , but are often less powerful than a conventional pellet airgun. Pellet airguns have the ability to fire considerably faster, even beyond . Although claims are often exaggerated, a few airguns can actually fire a standard 0.177 caliber lead pellet faster than , but these are generally not BB-firing guns. A BB with a velocity of has skin-piercing capability, and a velocity reaching can fracture bone. This is potentially lethal, and this potential increases with velocity, but also rapidly decreases with distance. The effective penetrating range of a BB gun with a muzzle velocity of is approximately . A person wearing jeans at this distance would not sustain serious injury. However, even at this distance a BB still might penetrate bare skin, and even if not, could leave a severe and painful bruise. The maximum range of a BB gun in the range is , provided the muzzle is elevated to the optimum angle. Steel BBs are also notably prone to ricochet off hard surfaces such as brick, concrete, metal, or wood end grain. Eye protection is essential when shooting BBs at these materials, more so than when shooting lead pellets, since a BB bouncing off a hard surface can retain a large portion of its initial energy (pellets usually flatten and absorb energy), and could easily cause serious eye damage. Quick Kill training The U.S. Army trained recruits in Quick Kill techniques using Daisy Model 99 BB guns to improve soldiers using their weapons in the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1973. The technique was developed for the Army by Bobby Lamar "Lucky" McDaniel and Mike Jennings. Legal status BB guns are often regulated as a typical air gun. Air gun laws vary widely by local jurisdiction. See also Airsoft gun Paintball marker List of air guns Pellet (air gun) References External links US Patent Ammunition Pneumatic weapons Hunting equipment Rifles Recreational weapons	[ 0.5979713797569275, 0.3698451817035675, -0.40145382285118103, 0.42840513586997986, -0.3024345934391022, 0.06185593456029892, 0.22138690948486328, -0.5998769402503967, -0.17951452732086182, 0.35523897409439087, -0.2744673788547516, 0.5806136727333069, -0.5662009716033936, 0.021243497729301453, -0.34363722801208496, 0.29072514176368713, 0.5237013101577759, -0.007745335344225168, -0.07534604519605637, -0.14435043931007385, -0.29498490691185, -0.4254615306854248, 0.5184857249259949, -0.10140647739171982, -0.1643591970205307, 0.519183874130249, 0.777178168296814, 0.5496842265129089, -0.3938556909561157, -0.12063024938106537, -0.10149582475423813, 0.0413224920630455, -0.13980244100093842, -0.5211774706840515, 0.15297240018844604, 0.23067662119865417, -0.026167193427681923, 0.1624196320772171, 0.2073606252670288, -0.8464788198471069, 0.06993212550878525, 0.17567658424377441, -0.059121645987033844, 0.5794669389724731, -0.6309368014335632, -0.5679244995117188, -1.3220807313919067, -0.0059346784837543964, -0.39551401138305664, 0.07369305938482285, 0.2618163824081421, 0.5374086499214172, -0.3821682929992676, 0.4962335228919983, 0.40078917145729065, 0.41471192240715027, 0.1663779616355896, -0.35089150071144104, 0.004217102658003569, -0.6591189503669739, -0.17541320621967316, -0.4610997438430786, -0.09029286354780197, 0.1205764040350914, 0.25358131527900696, 0.2629164457321167, -0.46977704763412476, 0.07860995829105377, -0.004191583022475243, -0.04433896765112877, -0.13600373268127441, -0.6656737327575684, -0.23236143589019775, 0.018740948289632797, -0.3586769104003906, 0.4870399832725525, -0.036719903349876404, -0.4792966842651367, 0.03915184736251831, 0.26293569803237915, 0.386068731546402, -0.022239742800593376, 0.4993991553783417, 0.0342177152633667, -0.10941002517938614, 0.3667230010032654, -0.28353139758110046, -0.16034425795078278, -0.14979280531406403, 0.7456761598587036, -0.1144103929400444, 0.1515159010887146, 0.2677978277206421, 0.8618725538253784, -0.1428147703409195, -0.27921536564826965, 0.3159480094909668, 0.42200538516044617, 0.6645792126655579, -0.1456739902496338, 0.30276140570640564, -0.4729588031768799, 0.48075154423713684, -0.20421960949897766, -0.6544407606124878, 0.03424237668514252, -0.6421062350273132, -0.701801061630249, -0.3047022521495819, 0.5309078693389893, -0.5840802192687988, 0.017700744792819023, 0.23952612280845642, -0.23440778255462646, -0.3324125409126282, -0.5816503167152405, 0.24247604608535767, 0.16510868072509766, 0.19465433061122894, 0.3573969304561615, 0.1487085521221161, 0.9147657752037048, -0.15213248133659363, -0.19144223630428314, 0.2762947976589203, 0.33298930525779724, 0.5224230885505676, 1.1339075565338135, -0.4826909899711609, -0.006602056324481964, 0.4132123589515686, 0.6171810030937195, -0.18836595118045807, 0.2574569582939148, -0.2751459777355194, -0.8035635948181152, 0.028473440557718277, -0.34537434577941895, 0.41342008113861084, -0.02661801129579544, -0.548306941986084, -0.41458040475845337, 0.053931619971990585, -0.7537537813186646, 0.25748154520988464, -0.2546447813510895, -0.012510673142969608, -0.6245612502098083, -0.37115219235420227, 0.30971065163612366, 0.015137816779315472, -0.10453031212091446, 0.30314913392066956, 0.15462274849414825, -0.7498539686203003, -0.49960440397262573, -0.22294113039970398, -0.2300906479358673, -0.3777885138988495, 0.09212876111268997, 0.19205109775066376, -0.15890373289585114, -0.6548527479171753, 0.278555303812027, 0.08201702684164047, 0.14127449691295624, 0.3997430205345154, -0.028724385425448418, 0.05045771598815918, -0.057603947818279266, -0.12038052827119827, 0.22862781584262848, -0.19402243196964264, -0.016294732689857483, -0.15558114647865295, -0.16886837780475616, 0.5339925289154053, 0.2803839147090912, 0.7811148762702942, -0.3575447201728821, -0.3598283529281616, 0.10887265205383301, 0.5842510461807251, -0.2586054801940918, 0.004268229939043522, 0.3948022425174713, 0.11067969352006912, -0.2560468018054962, 0.02329646237194538, -0.2325274497270584, -0.49083438515663147, -0.36903032660484314, -0.10203161835670471, -0.5548157095909119, 1.1205731630325317, -0.9951170086860657, -0.7645331621170044, 0.7203598618507385, 0.26839974522590637, 0.36743229627609253, 0.14719414710998535, 0.1825079321861267, 0.3079950511455536, -0.6687262654304504, -0.7005221247673035, -0.28213298320770264, 0.5972042083740234, 0.591464638710022, 0.44083815813064575, 0.2930942475795746, 0.8428733944892883, -0.2800678610801697, -0.25353923439979553, -0.6566848158836365, 0.00487867696210742, 0.46601641178131104, -0.4495737552642822, 0.7496311068534851, 0.30032622814178467, 0.013392758555710316, 0.5587809085845947, -0.3067086637020111, -0.47891148924827576, 0.6360225677490234, -0.47041547298431396, 0.9378309845924377, -0.04222212731838226, -0.25491300225257874, 0.2835657298564911, -0.8849011063575745, 1.112915277481079, 0.11580164730548859, 0.20694519579410553, -0.08390894532203674, -0.2031324952840805, -0.15013746917247772, 0.4312562644481659, -0.15707150101661682, 0.289014607667923, -0.1488398313522339, 0.16340294480323792, 0.428178608417511, -0.5165972113609314, 0.15916520357131958, 0.10754289478063583, -0.4158210754394531, -0.0859011635184288, -0.014336890541017056, -0.3726324141025543, -0.45290085673332214, 0.35153475403785706, 0.47335490584373474, 0.3077097237110138, 0.009188410826027393, 0.349660724401474, -0.18707866966724396, -0.4452276825904846, 0.13912804424762726, 0.2994673550128937, -0.2663189768791199, -0.6605381369590759, 0.34160465002059937, 0.18398864567279816, 0.4259745478630066, -0.39631015062332153, -0.3175658881664276, 0.004212597385048866, 0.028790827840566635, -0.2949771285057068, 0.7551308870315552, -0.050881192088127136, 0.5762009024620056, -0.15271598100662231, -0.20605409145355225, 0.1820715218782425, -0.24361903965473175, 0.1930115669965744, 0.31733763217926025, -0.4650372862815857, -0.45031657814979553, -0.10088172554969788, 0.4142667353153229, 0.7159114480018616, -0.185476154088974, -0.11424191296100616, -0.5969110131263733, 0.07700545340776443, -0.3669320344924927, -0.19585029780864716, 0.020862767472863197, -0.6418467164039612, 0.2991487383842468, -0.2891353964805603, 0.40622472763061523, 0.11247649043798447, 0.5198749899864197, -0.5871157050132751, -0.010107428766787052, 0.7546902894973755, -0.45397257804870605, -0.4582705497741699, 0.5004222393035889, -0.4082563817501068, 0.17569167912006378, -0.20071397721767426, -0.30854126811027527, -0.28968435525894165, 0.3544468283653259, -5.809118747711182, 0.2806529700756073, -0.6009235978126526, -0.3716115653514862, -0.0051335860043764114, 0.5499871373176575, 0.3215130865573883, -0.36598634719848633, -0.3676728904247284, -0.02956237830221653, 0.4103277027606964, 0.34621137380599976, 0.21233350038528442, -0.037432946264743805, 0.7021400928497314, 0.09602367132902145, 0.6235799193382263, -0.37191706895828247, 0.1847192794084549, -0.08079703897237778, 0.5123682022094727, 0.36900565028190613, 0.16671863198280334, 0.6963714361190796, 0.18294085562229156, -0.04041968658566475, -0.32029956579208374, 0.1214246079325676, 0.2025332748889923, -0.06114279478788376, 0.29503142833709717, 0.011887012049555779, -0.10803748667240143, -0.08552847057580948, 0.5022230744361877, 0.2558809816837311, 0.5048495531082153, -0.15629227459430695, 0.09481702744960785, -0.037030428647994995, 0.3204450011253357, 0.836712658405304, 0.3245887756347656, 0.2900313436985016, 0.5453463792800903, -0.9529241919517517, 0.2649195194244385, -0.0900145098567009, -0.5093635320663452, -0.19128118455410004, 0.14750397205352783, -0.1591867208480835, 0.11714396625757217, -0.3269249200820923, 0.14612977206707, -0.34571993350982666, 0.10244131088256836, 0.12174782902002335, -0.39045682549476624, -0.05648549273610115, 0.0026827629189938307, -0.1932101547718048, -0.5040008425712585, -0.021177668124437332, -0.48016732931137085, -0.33042463660240173, -0.6685345768928528, -0.11756186187267303, 0.7302337288856506, 0.4166889488697052, -0.6277781128883362, 0.2397424280643463, 0.017861459404230118, -0.7349632382392883, 0.8885127902030945, -0.3173479735851288, 0.30900758504867554, 0.1227944865822792, 0.05287943407893181, 0.13174404203891754, 0.29092997312545776, -0.18528147041797638, 0.19264264404773712, 0.27484560012817383, 0.021771429106593132, -0.6859220266342163, -0.43339306116104126, -0.06119926646351814, 0.01923437789082527, -0.024763211607933044, 0.795754611492157, -0.1588379591703415, 0.5257086753845215, 0.06222914531826973, 0.04622858762741089, 0.1209581196308136, -0.09492585808038712, -0.16203635931015015, 0.5180927515029907, -0.08888203650712967, 0.3851034939289093, 0.1702149212360382, -0.17521557211875916, -0.8753698468208313, -0.10875760018825531, -0.3787282705307007, 0.023641051724553108, 0.4196145534515381, 0.6765825748443604, -0.20881754159927368, 0.07900852710008621, -0.043949346989393234, -0.05493027716875076, -0.23902390897274017, 0.3479980230331421, -0.253899484872818, -0.17679424583911896, 0.3619789481163025, 0.03020116314291954, -0.4182574152946472, -0.09013909101486206, 0.6672578454017639, -0.3424075245857239, -0.5412456393241882, -0.25761011242866516, -0.41721922159194946, 0.15128496289253235, 0.3576160967350006, -0.06825560331344604, -0.3228803873062134, 0.19494764506816864, 0.5234581232070923, -0.1565607190132141, 0.22458438575267792, -0.05820092558860779, -0.06639339029788971, -0.40887683629989624, 0.01612824760377407, 0.023562058806419373, -0.07483071088790894, -0.05778010934591293, -0.2650288939476013, 0.1511811912059784, 0.2359669804573059, 0.7566026449203491, -0.021954817697405815, 0.12597061693668365, 0.2793590724468231, -0.02399096079170704, 0.47757065296173096, -0.2615419924259186, -0.42400726675987244, 0.6859992742538452, -0.7258241176605225, 0.034149374812841415, -0.2722601294517517, 0.25660741329193115, 0.6211570501327515, 0.18144482374191284, -1.0463871955871582, 0.7942761182785034, -0.1952577829360962, -0.9024326801300049, -0.13462716341018677, 0.04784265160560608, 0.5217141509056091, -0.3332739770412445, 0.06283789873123169, -0.12454365193843842, 0.4415467083454132, 0.2881667912006378, -0.5061162114143372, -0.5902972221374512, 0.05111268535256386, 0.17539969086647034, 0.18554061651229858, -0.2906307876110077, 0.016302606090903282, -0.07635108381509781, -0.45340675115585327, 0.39554738998413086, -0.4039191007614136, 0.02741621807217598, -0.3258616328239441, 0.4461878836154938, -0.3065928518772125, -0.3041747212409973, 0.4805298149585724, -0.5082537531852722, -0.3631965219974518, 0.3361924886703491, -0.44130322337150574, 0.7254422903060913, -0.1326608657836914, -0.1613578498363495, -0.3487844467163086, -0.3384200632572174, 0.7151435017585754, -0.5041369199752808, -0.3867266774177551, 0.07064665108919144, 0.45123231410980225, -1.2562237977981567, 0.3356362581253052, -0.056956611573696136, -0.020778721198439598, 0.4065721333026886, -0.5109410881996155, 0.138112872838974, 0.500785231590271, 0.1709299236536026, -0.6112720370292664, 0.42649585008621216, 0.5802887678146362, -0.22247326374053955, 0.22748565673828125, 0.20461612939834595, -0.1177465096116066, 0.11103814095258713, -0.3854261040687561, 0.12296339124441147, -0.11991606652736664, -0.33186402916908264, 0.3278304636478424, -0.528158962726593, 0.634956419467926, 0.2836759388446808, -0.46851158142089844, 0.1478867530822754, -0.07733060419559479, -0.4331684410572052, -0.11140221357345581, -0.011016054078936577, -0.5299251675605774, 0.39671099185943604, 0.08931980282068253, -0.06471412628889084, -0.025318820029497147, -0.11261488497257233, 0.0700048953294754, -0.013903464190661907, 0.6939534544944763, 0.0586305633187294, 0.09788373857736588, -0.45745784044265747, 0.24190038442611694, 0.6691285371780396, -0.9626685380935669, -0.9455205798149109, 0.24453002214431763, 0.37538963556289673, -0.4356144666671753, -0.3372986614704132, 0.26143568754196167, 0.27362993359565735, -0.5647695660591125, -0.3043699562549591, 0.09455685317516327, 0.17858275771141052, 1.0232020616531372, -0.08213581144809723, -0.08420361578464508, -0.9498920440673828, -0.2419106364250183, 0.03434700891375542, 0.17155030369758606, -0.5489091277122498, -0.3288329839706421, -0.05149583891034126, -0.28860560059547424, 0.40356817841529846, 0.9129946231842041, 0.7141448259353638, 0.42213836312294006, 0.3842722177505493, 0.14226940274238586, -0.35697656869888306, 0.07276958227157593, -0.25407296419143677, 0.36287790536880493, -0.10159184038639069, 0.0717184841632843, 0.20694775879383087, -0.3077898621559143, 0.013168826699256897, -0.04979170113801956, 0.06286666542291641, -0.29363763332366943, -0.1217309981584549, -0.29620325565338135, -0.4447004795074463, 0.26001664996147156, -0.36714598536491394, 0.042228978127241135, 0.08996637165546417, 0.467707097530365, 0.2741139531135559, 0.10950271785259247, 0.46300622820854187, 0.7308403849601746, -0.21582546830177307, 0.4543874263763428, 0.3831040859222412, -0.6135282516479492, 0.7065399289131165, -0.37961265444755554, 0.03014940768480301, -0.6946328282356262, -0.013798928819596767, -0.08937833458185196, -0.2343122512102127, -0.030097749084234238, 0.24799427390098572, 0.26518523693084717, -0.02988038770854473, -0.6038303971290588, 0.5770620703697205, 0.06130857765674591, 0.1693098098039627, 0.08609146624803543, 0.1402643322944641, 0.4006511867046356, 0.45072779059410095, 0.3246757388114929, -0.6686641573905945, 0.059388019144535065, -0.3750945031642914, -0.36844921112060547, 0.08805530518293381, -0.044076498597860336, 0.5661674737930298, -0.6946158409118652, -0.12345951050519943, 0.3844897747039795, -0.5332121849060059, 0.09533318877220154, 0.21446412801742554, -0.37311166524887085, -0.13176362216472626, 0.48319312930107117, 0.2581111490726471, 0.07211136817932129, -0.3062542676925659, -0.1585669368505478, -0.11160726845264435, 0.45874732732772827, 0.3735751807689667, -0.12868709862232208, 0.19884447753429413, 0.267191618680954, -0.056721750646829605, 0.2205793559551239, 0.34356725215911865, -0.36964914202690125, -0.18581470847129822, -0.5636481642723083, 0.2820793092250824, -0.31215640902519226, 0.06134134903550148, 0.09674536436796188, -0.18441425263881683, 0.014748463407158852, 0.5790571570396423, -0.5609356760978699, -0.25036361813545227, -0.053156234323978424, -0.1974940448999405, -0.17193296551704407, 0.3408356308937073, 0.1516953408718109, -0.555328369140625, 0.10596092790365219, -0.2660939693450928, 0.37521564960479736, 0.008854180574417114, -0.6530547142028809, 0.5081654191017151, 0.4341190457344055, 0.2507362365722656, 0.11313802003860474, -0.3977274000644684, 0.12936800718307495, -0.37033477425575256, -0.5119251012802124, 0.3008863031864166, -0.2805401086807251, -0.22139424085617065, 0.3912067711353302, -0.057797130197286606, -0.3399139642715454, 0.28917691111564636, -0.19496574997901917, -0.4552455544471741, -0.26713821291923523, 0.14515136182308197, -0.6988634467124939, 0.45533397793769836, 0.6953598260879517, -0.031920745968818665, 1.0990723371505737, -0.5529922842979431, 0.3598823547363281, 0.03495311737060547, -0.05370697006583214, -0.2941066026687622, -0.1200939267873764, -0.046938616782426834, 0.5731266736984253, -0.30219411849975586, 0.6083828210830688, 0.5394625663757324, -0.844611644744873, 0.14758363366127014, -0.14537853002548218, -0.2806433141231537, -0.5605896711349487, 0.6194458603858948, -0.4804835915565491, -0.16432133316993713, -0.6290966272354126, -0.014597652480006218, -1.024651050567627, 0.3767542243003845, -0.1751396507024765, 0.329241007566452, -0.3965417742729187, 0.5284349918365479, -0.6341862678527832, -0.39779001474380493, 0.21531206369400024, -0.19309990108013153, 0.09833233803510666, -0.668728768825531, 0.19581519067287445, -0.28288179636001587, -0.4039829671382904, 0.582490086555481, 0.4583837687969208, -0.004976243246346712, 0.08971600234508514, 0.045268505811691284, -0.06914933770895004, 0.08519261330366135, -0.5993234515190125, 0.17922919988632202, 0.30466607213020325, 0.13200116157531738, -0.036715149879455566, -0.4167509377002716, 0.6328766942024231, -0.589084804058075, -0.45498672127723694, 0.5253862142562866, -0.31540775299072266, -0.30098357796669006, 0.25125476717948914, 0.181168332695961, -0.6363280415534973, -0.5479748249053955, -0.03828096017241478 ]
210725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miike	Miike	Miike may refer to: The Miike coal mine, Japan Takashi Miike, Japanese filmmaker Miike Domain Miike District, Fukuoka Lake Miike See also Miike Snow, Swedish electronic band Japanese-language surnames	[ 0.29645493626594543, 0.3710787892341614, -0.336317241191864, -0.0383557491004467, -0.07403651624917984, 0.6422975659370422, 0.8762666583061218, 0.20463348925113678, -0.05221876502037048, -0.11807791888713837, -0.31695836782455444, -0.49106812477111816, 0.02073158696293831, 0.7174957394599915, -0.32557016611099243, 0.11491260677576065, 0.23380623757839203, 0.6720170378684998, -0.13084016740322113, -0.2314230501651764, -0.06423623859882355, -0.07651883363723755, 0.41538339853286743, -0.31127405166625977, 0.22926148772239685, -0.031380943953990936, 0.47243353724479675, 0.7100967168807983, 0.26659390330314636, 0.0033015296794474125, -0.37612178921699524, 0.63343745470047, 0.30297988653182983, -0.053226809948682785, 0.27735885977745056, -0.3066466450691223, 0.03145967796444893, 0.015646914020180702, -0.23780794441699982, -0.23726409673690796, 0.40567639470100403, 0.0797109454870224, 0.2910054326057434, 0.26911914348602295, 0.023844335228204727, -0.21078930795192719, -1.9776118993759155, 0.37221577763557434, -0.5727251768112183, -0.3115828335285187, -0.07758026570081711, 0.34273961186408997, 0.5313212275505066, 0.597050666809082, -0.08894547820091248, 0.9794008135795593, -0.6476263999938965, -0.03765234351158142, 1.0210702419281006, 0.06732336431741714, 0.36116454005241394, -0.0014745244989171624, 0.056174810975790024, 0.26767000555992126, -0.14395251870155334, 0.3507320284843445, 0.31126391887664795, -0.20651698112487793, -0.06365565955638885, -0.30736851692199707, 0.47602900862693787, 0.23321494460105896, 0.17085261642932892, 0.5431206822395325, -0.2630104720592499, -0.29857367277145386, -0.590181291103363, 0.12214525789022446, -0.09397967904806137, 0.014726588502526283, -0.32514578104019165, -0.2808324694633484, 0.6730057597160339, -0.21903572976589203, 0.7128177881240845, -0.09082885831594467, -0.1276838481426239, 0.38241609930992126, -0.2579822838306427, 0.6043747663497925, 0.13494236767292023, -0.20192666351795197, 0.2600002586841583, -0.01269193273037672, -0.0468316413462162, -0.10187352448701859, -0.10222277790307999, 0.5588637590408325, 0.325193852186203, 0.1614139825105667, -0.3254757523536682, 0.42825472354888916, 0.2074713259935379, 0.8743082284927368, -0.8486854434013367, -0.44509369134902954, -0.3854302167892456, 0.2715442180633545, 0.061840806156396866, -0.5791865587234497, -0.29746997356414795, -0.11127984523773193, -0.08916034549474716, 0.03155028820037842, 0.1079765036702156, -0.04862198978662491, -0.03252709284424782, -0.25246524810791016, -0.12385821342468262, 0.16228683292865753, 0.35136011242866516, 0.5695230960845947, -0.22585070133209229, -0.30308768153190613, -0.10027102380990982, 0.6514425873756409, 0.23938587307929993, 0.06591714918613434, -0.44216611981391907, 0.1734004020690918, 0.2104160636663437, 0.6281640529632568, 0.08537890762090683, 0.37999677658081055, 0.5837832689285278, -0.7477360367774963, 0.009549551643431187, -0.1611441671848297, 0.18874087929725647, -0.21187877655029297, -0.9044774770736694, 0.09553547203540802, -1.4321720600128174, 0.011402416042983532, 0.646863579750061, 0.06346558779478073, -0.6055507659912109, -0.8112135529518127, -0.044865380972623825, -0.09570696949958801, -0.16661106050014496, 0.38028600811958313, -0.09291768074035645, 0.33964410424232483, -0.24831822514533997, -0.012295262888073921, 0.22387215495109558, -0.20067265629768372, 0.41194623708724976, -0.21110475063323975, -0.4466404318809509, 0.237971231341362, -0.19725562632083893, 0.3073853552341461, -0.09207478910684586, -0.16388894617557526, 0.6821736097335815, 0.11133384704589844, -0.18433593213558197, 0.3865499198436737, -0.5375495553016663, -0.38538894057273865, 0.09581977128982544, -0.20858441293239594, 0.010757438838481903, 0.0840790793299675, 0.7351207137107849, 0.15567390620708466, -0.05195789784193039, -0.044054221361875534, -0.8780986070632935, -0.5945987105369568, -0.4259301424026489, -0.05901585519313812, 0.12890851497650146, 0.09977581351995468, 0.44309353828430176, 0.6189218163490295, -0.01453353464603424, -0.1297890543937683, -0.20611317455768585, -0.49486044049263, 0.49454888701438904, -0.6586129665374756, 0.9053471684455872, 0.6809081435203552, -0.09436419606208801, 0.017679549753665924, 0.2452344298362732, 0.7615529298782349, -0.44687995314598083, -0.6708213686943054, 0.2847230136394501, -0.16876940429210663, -0.4111379384994507, 0.9482626914978027, 0.3226526975631714, -0.25968262553215027, 0.10015896707773209, -0.21361838281154633, 0.2272656112909317, -0.06228454411029816, 0.509240448474884, -0.4904084801673889, -0.28791406750679016, -0.10569728165864944, -0.6543365716934204, -0.31738588213920593, 0.2536287009716034, -0.9596127867698669, 0.5724307298660278, 0.015866873785853386, -0.2807420492172241, 0.08393663913011551, 0.23295654356479645, 0.8795486092567444, 0.21775904297828674, 0.21955512464046478, -0.031949106603860855, -0.22508026659488678, 0.01979684829711914, -0.4742322862148285, 0.014963977038860321, 0.08961296826601028, -0.05683493614196777, 0.03944411873817444, 0.6166501641273499, -0.17537955939769745, 0.25244054198265076, -0.10614405572414398, 0.08107786625623703, 0.16333313286304474, -0.3384331464767456, -0.13585197925567627, 0.7547425031661987, 0.07526231557130814, 0.13589610159397125, 0.18201753497123718, -0.7686387300491333, -0.05934629216790199, 0.3672890365123749, 0.1343155950307846, 0.00997207872569561, -0.18850113451480865, 0.03941436484456062, -0.5640808939933777, 0.03897268325090408, 0.2754709720611572, -0.6267362236976624, 0.15718601644039154, -0.6673504710197449, 0.013032786548137665, 0.44506824016571045, 0.09109820425510406, -0.07698456197977066, 0.11971978843212128, 0.5608370900154114, -0.7402163743972778, 0.8809055089950562, -0.04314802587032318, 0.08767986297607422, -0.23680858314037323, -0.5880679488182068, -0.5650752186775208, -0.25517889857292175, -0.27538013458251953, -0.41845107078552246, 0.2251456081867218, -0.4262600541114807, 0.2694739103317261, 0.21284739673137665, 0.696142852306366, -0.3357645273208618, -0.7166428565979004, -0.5167489647865295, -0.1912631243467331, -0.4808328151702881, -0.08627556264400482, -0.47547653317451477, 0.3817552328109741, -0.2655869424343109, 0.329104483127594, -0.46053776144981384, 0.1692287027835846, -0.06625615060329437, 0.1535441130399704, -0.45297539234161377, -0.6879642605781555, 0.40933558344841003, -0.5397505164146423, -0.8093685507774353, 0.03950470685958862, -0.8553250432014465, -0.1187722235918045, 0.5973103046417236, 0.3118419647216797, -0.27751269936561584, 0.09025182574987411, -5.508605003356934, 0.26980990171432495, 0.07151307165622711, 0.04517779499292374, 0.6249495148658752, 0.0014108797768130898, 0.3998863995075226, -0.32075950503349304, 0.06592819839715958, -0.15013904869556427, 0.12368471175432205, 0.206340953707695, 0.4300583004951477, 0.47196272015571594, 0.0393875390291214, 0.1657528430223465, 0.506402313709259, 0.268984317779541, 0.27071088552474976, -0.3849441707134247, 0.1640927493572235, 0.3678314685821533, 0.14498111605644226, 1.022412657737732, 0.31993114948272705, 1.0172326564788818, -0.5136682987213135, 0.3698422312736511, -0.919630229473114, -0.40129217505455017, -0.19187062978744507, -0.5113324522972107, 0.04568033665418625, -0.01444398332387209, -0.5821163058280945, 0.36145132780075073, 0.24759624898433685, 0.453399658203125, 0.7130405902862549, -0.054512765258550644, 0.10289429128170013, 0.45136022567749023, -0.36799731850624084, -0.5691025853157043, 0.39399251341819763, -0.6689938902854919, -1.0582672357559204, 0.17298050224781036, 0.1080702468752861, 0.5595649480819702, 0.4115060269832611, -0.17514260113239288, 1.0630258321762085, 0.17048212885856628, 0.20438933372497559, -0.07563888281583786, 0.6823915839195251, -0.018905511125922203, -0.5505335927009583, 0.06049615889787674, -0.005987532436847687, -0.08760455995798111, 0.21028314530849457, -0.43663302063941956, 0.017200659960508347, -0.1294878125190735, 0.013616662472486496, -0.033193670213222504, -0.6442932486534119, 0.002939129713922739, -0.605217456817627, 0.1623706817626953, -0.18705031275749207, -1.3198959827423096, -0.2303720861673355, -0.14335432648658752, -0.4363299310207367, 0.16504046320915222, -0.49957966804504395, 0.3806358873844147, -0.49454644322395325, 0.19996437430381775, -0.2754378616809845, 0.6220946907997131, -0.08316288143396378, -0.5069116353988647, 0.0697965919971466, 0.0013138622744008899, 0.00150570017285645, -0.3295706510543823, 0.3525271415710449, -0.2705945670604706, 0.5240981578826904, 0.004003861453384161, 0.6945223808288574, 0.5291052460670471, 0.23671618103981018, 0.15806378424167633, 0.2746705114841461, -0.9330964088439941, 0.39200013875961304, -0.2940659523010254, -0.22751151025295258, -0.131459042429924, 0.1390347182750702, -0.4880047142505646, -0.04812132567167282, 0.3065461814403534, 0.6934859156608582, 0.23204919695854187, -0.1201937198638916, 0.02871997468173504, -0.7350592613220215, -0.6576095223426819, 0.7059715390205383, -0.5297025442123413, -0.6179912686347961, 0.3636728525161743, 0.6499719023704529, 0.2647939920425415, -0.15501147508621216, 0.3470887839794159, 0.10782546550035477, 0.13392916321754456, 0.3002990484237671, -0.13035374879837036, -0.5305533409118652, 0.1509474813938141, -0.15258322656154633, 0.6278441548347473, 0.1481935679912567, 0.4675554931163788, -0.022504286840558052, -0.19127343595027924, 0.11132906377315521, -0.6204809546470642, -0.5360172986984253, -0.8580244183540344, 0.08530858904123306, -0.3085024654865265, 0.7404749393463135, 0.15731734037399292, -0.5954826474189758, 0.4400632977485657, 0.2567537724971771, 0.7971394062042236, -0.5951471924781799, -0.3987922668457031, -0.39708223938941956, -0.011992638930678368, -0.284079372882843, -0.7657944560050964, 0.11128294467926025, -0.23445425927639008, -0.47607558965682983, 0.06702149659395218, -0.516106128692627, 0.7384722232818604, -0.2664472162723541, 0.27492228150367737, 0.34081166982650757, -0.20776532590389252, -1.094707727432251, 0.22425931692123413, -0.26040294766426086, -0.8695751428604126, -0.04226439446210861, -0.13653692603111267, -0.1190132200717926, 0.5434614419937134, 0.42367538809776306, -0.21313022077083588, -0.5511707067489624, -0.286645770072937, 0.27206405997276306, 0.16164995729923248, 0.5044081807136536, 0.6933416128158569, 0.11077526211738586, -0.28649023175239563, 0.27500250935554504, 0.4479037821292877, 0.4272346794605255, 1.0399683713912964, -0.12355836480855942, -0.14626747369766235, 0.16634243726730347, -0.3187011778354645, -0.285615473985672, -0.378470778465271, 0.008795159868896008, -0.17301392555236816, 0.15882764756679535, 0.24206608533859253, -0.2278226763010025, -0.770406186580658, 0.4644550085067749, 0.11702984571456909, -0.19204109907150269, 0.15657031536102295, -0.042057015001773834, 0.004889440257102251, -0.4097350239753723, 0.2666471004486084, 0.23483441770076752, -0.7499521374702454, -0.09050725400447845, 0.7641324996948242, -0.35388895869255066, -0.2503519356250763, -0.8323232531547546, -0.6265832185745239, 0.43544551730155945, -0.15648174285888672, -0.05566795542836189, -0.12164995074272156, 0.4332457184791565, 0.36512506008148193, -0.21537905931472778, -1.0098333358764648, -0.1245110034942627, 0.11532952636480331, 0.14669232070446014, -0.6673727631568909, -0.22385413944721222, 0.7032994031906128, 0.5277773141860962, -0.46096280217170715, -0.1464093029499054, -0.5517615675926208, -0.5122281312942505, 0.4078242778778076, 0.11067541688680649, 0.07453873008489609, 0.13825580477714539, -0.3002031743526459, -0.1255297064781189, -0.29732808470726013, 0.8115630745887756, 0.5769564509391785, 0.6286123991012573, 0.4790678918361664, 0.07329342514276505, 0.09357327222824097, -0.41398885846138, 0.45417478680610657, -0.016496187075972557, -0.2635418474674225, -0.5934089422225952, 0.5106182098388672, -0.19323180615901947, -0.4946106970310211, -0.39184027910232544, -0.41615286469459534, 1.10581636428833, -0.42156070470809937, 0.17524254322052002, 0.08060123771429062, 0.09025973081588745, 0.13178785145282745, -0.32063981890678406, 0.3453744053840637, 0.3116133511066437, 0.14857347309589386, -0.11829867959022522, 0.24047411978244781, -0.49494585394859314, 0.16634081304073334, 0.32324138283729553, -0.895443856716156, -0.26517459750175476, -0.026880012825131416, 0.5346490144729614, 0.5366554856300354, 0.19793815910816193, 0.3602887988090515, -0.37916597723960876, -0.1587548404932022, -0.49597877264022827, -0.44021862745285034, -0.4433453679084778, -0.004264453891664743, -0.01149788312613964, -0.4797932207584381, 0.280052125453949, -0.3120901882648468, 0.06434188038110733, 0.11293930560350418, -0.6258072257041931, 0.23729246854782104, -0.4938570261001587, -0.608870267868042, -0.03794169798493385, 0.1789257675409317, -0.40276747941970825, 0.0042891064658761024, -0.35349327325820923, 0.1272713840007782, -0.9420802593231201, 0.15704329311847687, -0.6377761960029602, -0.01585639826953411, 0.0828065425157547, -0.5874454379081726, 0.09995012730360031, 0.09246847778558731, 0.24348008632659912, -0.33354151248931885, -0.14517810940742493, -0.2275921255350113, 0.4780079126358032, 0.4859776198863983, 0.043939705938100815, 1.063966155052185, 0.04829604551196098, 0.2626354694366455, -0.39480072259902954, -0.44666141271591187, -0.1982780247926712, 0.07559370249509811, 0.5268263816833496, -0.5603011250495911, 0.43312937021255493, 0.31037598848342896, 0.24657633900642395, 0.6819444298744202, 0.4999062716960907, -0.40741875767707825, 0.02640455774962902, 0.12589696049690247, 0.41933929920196533, -0.4525310695171356, -0.3603849709033966, 0.36018553376197815, -0.39845266938209534, -0.07050810009241104, -0.1435561180114746, -0.6854313611984253, -0.18826867640018463, 0.113063745200634, 0.3000434935092926, 0.5332895517349243, -0.43459293246269226, -0.16531693935394287, 0.6401859521865845, -0.16854457557201385, 0.05323795601725578, 0.20936062932014465, 0.45100751519203186, -0.2479274868965149, -0.014360754750669003, 0.3810015022754669, 0.2083212435245514, -0.18618232011795044, -0.3649725914001465, 0.14352475106716156, -0.360835462808609, -0.7820696830749512, 0.015328318811953068, -0.4026004672050476, 0.12131062895059586, -0.25109338760375977, -0.05050232633948326, -0.024000484496355057, 0.20554925501346588, -0.2691590189933777, -0.39645054936408997, -0.4479805529117584, -0.14845281839370728, 0.41920894384384155, 0.6280426979064941, 0.501282811164856, -0.4354192316532135, -0.26585423946380615, 0.4252939522266388, 0.5666329264640808, 0.4866649806499481, 0.3040933609008789, 0.3457660675048828, -0.04609718173742294, 0.026182392612099648, 0.7270824313163757, 0.22570990025997162, -0.41980525851249695, 0.5043177008628845, -0.2411976158618927, 0.25983530282974243, 0.07272893190383911, -0.1595446616411209, -0.25077322125434875, 0.20665360987186432, -0.10415970534086227, -0.16539648175239563, 0.309255450963974, -0.38871750235557556, -0.3624299466609955, -0.3560121953487396, -0.07263397425413132, 0.7319051623344421, 0.021500777453184128, 0.22150619328022003, -0.31775376200675964, 0.3111262917518616, 0.34345921874046326, -0.7016466856002808, 0.3478720188140869, -0.514472246170044, 0.243773952126503, -0.7379155158996582, 0.8267155885696411, 0.736626923084259, 0.08427370339632034, 0.1900908648967743, 0.0022854977287352085, -0.12357351928949356, -0.19880613684654236, 0.5311429500579834, -0.34746429324150085, -0.033121101558208466, -0.24157623946666718, 0.2058456391096115, -0.2498159110546112, 0.3931194543838501, 0.3626793920993805, 0.04649624228477478, -0.4205854535102844, 0.20883619785308838, -0.26111143827438354, -0.12047826498746872, 0.14484579861164093, -0.05137632042169571, 0.05972054600715637, -0.13272397220134735, 0.2779630124568939, -0.1915246695280075, 0.12180531024932861, 0.6033408045768738, 0.6104114055633545, 0.7154443264007568, -0.5120677947998047, 0.22778859734535217, 0.09386817365884781, -0.5012282729148865, 0.07602875679731369, -1.8067562580108643, 0.5680095553398132, -0.23579326272010803, -0.6851449608802795, -0.3629176914691925, -0.121234230697155, 0.7423083782196045, -0.4062184989452362, 0.11754285544157028, 0.09649929404258728, 0.23161058127880096, -0.1361076533794403, 0.5257495045661926, -0.5636917948722839, 0.06841239333152771, -0.03447490930557251 ]
210728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20United%20States	History of the Jews in the United States	There have been Jewish communities in the United States since colonial times. Early Jewish communities were primarily Sephardi (Jews of Spanish and Portuguese descent), composed of immigrants from Brazil and merchants who settled in cities. Until the 1830s, the Jewish community of Charleston, South Carolina, was the largest in North America. In the late 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s, many Jewish immigrants arrived from Europe. For example, many German Jews arrived in the middle of the 19th century, established clothing stores in towns across the country, formed Reform synagogues, and were active in banking in New York. Immigration of Eastern Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, in 1880–1914, brought a large, poor, traditional element to New York City. They were Orthodox or Conservative in religion. They founded the Zionist movement in the United States, and were active supporters of the Socialist party and labor unions. Economically, they concentrated in the garment industry. Refugees arrived from diaspora communities in Europe after World War II and, after 1970, from the Soviet Union. Politically, American Jews have been especially active as part of the liberal New Deal coalition of the Democratic Party since the 1930s, although recently there is a conservative Republican element among the Orthodox. They have displayed high education levels, and high rates of upward social mobility. The Jewish communities in small towns have declined, with the population becoming increasingly concentrated in large metropolitan areas. In the 1940s, Jews comprised 3.7% of the national population. , at about 7.1 million, the population is 2% of the national total—and shrinking as a result of low birth rates and Jewish assimilation. The largest Jewish population centers are the metropolitan areas of New York (2.1 million), Los Angeles (), Miami (), Washington, D.C. (), Chicago () and Philadelphia (). Jewish immigration The Jewish population of the U.S. is the product of waves of immigration primarily from diaspora communities in Europe; emigration was initially inspired by the pull of American social and entrepreneurial opportunities, and later was a refuge from the peril of ongoing antisemitism in Europe. Few ever returned to Europe, although committed advocates of Zionism have made aliyah to Israel. Statistics demonstrate that there was a myth that no Jews returned to their previous diasporic lands, but while the rate was around 6%, it was much lower than for other ethnic groups. From a population of 1,000–2,000 Jewish residents in 1790, mostly Sephardic Jews who had immigrated to Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, the American Jewish community grew to about 15,000 by 1840, and to about 250,000 by 1880. Most of the mid-19th century Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants to the U.S. came from diaspora communities in German-speaking states, in addition to the larger concurrent indigenous German migration. They initially spoke German, and settled across the nation, assimilating with their new countrymen; the Jews among them commonly engaged in trade, manufacturing, and operated dry goods (clothing) stores in many cities. Between 1880 and the start of World War I in 1914, about 2,000,000 Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews immigrated from diaspora communities in Eastern Europe, where repeated pogroms made life untenable. They came from Jewish diaspora communities of Russia, the Pale of Settlement (modern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova), and the Russian-controlled portions of Poland. The latter group clustered in New York City, created the garment industry there, which supplied the dry goods stores across the country, and were heavily engaged in the trade unions. They immigrated alongside indigenous eastern and southern European immigrants, which was unlike the historically predominant American demographic from northern and western Europe; Records indicate between 1880 and 1920 that these new immigrants rose from less than five percent of all European immigrants to nearly 50%. This feared change caused renewed nativist sentiment, the birth of the Immigration Restriction League, and congressional studies by the Dillingham Commission from 1907 to 1911. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established immigration restrictions specifically on these groups, and the Immigration Act of 1924 further tightened and codified these limits. With the ensuing Great Depression, and despite worsening conditions for Jews in Europe with the rise of Nazi Germany, these quotas remained in place with minor alterations until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Jews quickly created support networks consisting of many small synagogues and Ashkenazi Jewish Landsmannschaften (German for "Territorial Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. Leaders of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture, and Jews quickly became part of American life. During World War II, 500,000 American Jews, about half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50, enlisted for service, and after the war, Jewish families joined the new trend of suburbanization, as they became wealthier and more mobile. The Jewish community expanded to other major cities, particularly around Los Angeles and Miami. Their young people attended secular high schools and colleges and met non-Jews, so that intermarriage rates soared to nearly 50%. Synagogue membership, however, grew considerably, from 20% of the Jewish population in 1930 to 60% in 1960. The earlier waves of immigration and immigration restriction were followed by the Holocaust that destroyed most of the European Jewish community by 1945; these also made the United States the home for the largest Jewish diaspora population in the world. In 1900 there were 1.5 million American Jews; in 2005 there were 5.3 million. See Historical Jewish population comparisons. On a theological level, American Jews are divided into a number of Jewish denominations, of which the most numerous are Reform Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Orthodox Judaism. However, roughly 25% of American Jews are unaffiliated with any denomination. Conservative Judaism arose in America and Reform Judaism was founded in Germany and popularized by American Jews. Colonial era Luis de Carabajal y Cueva, a Spanish conquistador and converso first set foot in what is now Texas in 1570. The first Jewish-born person to set foot on American soil was Joachim Gans in 1584. Elias Legarde (a.k.a. Legardo) was a Sephardic Jew who arrived at James City, Virginia, on the Abigail in 1621. According to Leon Huhner, Legarde was from Languedoc, France, and was hired to go to the Colony to teach people how to grow grapes for wine. Elias Legarde was living in Buckroe in Elizabeth City in February 1624. Legarde was employed by Anthonie Bonall, who was a French silk maker and vigneron (cultivator of vineyards for winemaking), one of the men from Languedoc sent to the colony by John Bonall, keeper of the silkworms of King James I. In 1628 Legarde leased on the west side of Harris Creek in Elizabeth City. Josef Mosse and Rebecca Isaake are documented in Elizabeth City in 1624. John Levy patented of land on the main branch of Powell's Creek, Virginia, around 1648, Albino Lupo who traded with his brother, Amaso de Tores, in London. Two brothers named Silvedo and Manuel Rodriguez are documented to be in Lancaster County, Virginia, around 1650. None of the Jews in Virginia were forced to leave under any conditions. Solomon Franco, a Jewish merchant, arrived in Boston in 1649; subsequently he was given a stipend from the Puritans there, on the condition that he leave on the next passage back to Holland. In September 1654, shortly before the Jewish New Year, twenty-three Jews from the Sephardic community in the Netherlands, coming from Recife, Brazil, then a Dutch colony, arrived in New Amsterdam (New York City). Governor Peter Stuyvesant tried to enhance his Dutch Reformed Church by discriminating against other religions, but religious pluralism was already a tradition in the Netherlands and his superiors at the Dutch West India Company in Amsterdam overruled him. In 1664 the English conquered New Amsterdam and renamed it New York. Religious tolerance was also established elsewhere in the colonies. The charter of the colony of South Carolina granted liberty of conscience to all settlers, expressly mentioning "Jews, heathens, and dissenters." As a result, Charleston, South Carolina has a particularly long history of Sephardic settlement, which in 1816 numbered over 600, then the largest Jewish population of any city in the United States. Sephardic Dutch Jews were also among the early settlers of Newport (where Touro Synagogue, the country's oldest surviving synagogue building, stands), Savannah, Philadelphia and Baltimore. In New York City, Shearith Israel Congregation is the oldest continuous congregation started in 1687 having their first synagogue erected in 1728, and its current building still houses some of the original pieces of that first. Revolutionary era By the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1776, around 2,000 Jews lived in the British North American colonies, most of them Sephardic Jews who immigrated from the Dutch Republic, Great Britain and the Iberian Peninsula. Many American Jews supported the Patriot cause, with some enlisting in the Continental Army; South Carolinian planter Francis Salvador became the first American Jew to be killed in action during the war, while businessman Haym Solomon joined the New York branch of the Sons of Liberty and became one of the key financiers to the Continental Army. The highest ranking Jewish officer in the Patriot forces was Colonel Mordecai Sheftall; whether or not Brigadier general Moses Hazen was Jewish is still the subject of debate among historians. Other American Jews, including David Franks, suffered from their association with Continental Army officer Benedict Arnold (Franks served Arnold as an aide-de-camp) during his defection to the British in 1780. U.S. President George Washington remembered the Jewish contribution when he wrote to the Sephardic congregation of Newport, Rhode Island, in a letter dated August 17, 1790: May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in the land continue to merit and enjoy the goodwill of the other inhabitants. While everyone shall sit safely under his own vine and fig-tree and there shall be none to make him afraid. A small Jewish community had developed in Newport over the 18th century; this included Aaron Lopez, a Jewish merchant who played a significant role in the town's involvement in the slave trade. In 1790, the approximate 2,500-strong American Jewish community faced a number of legal restrictions in various states that prevented non-Christians from holding public office and voting, though the state governments of Delaware, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Georgia soon eliminated these barriers, as did the U.S. Bill of Rights in 1791 more generally. Sephardic Jews became active in community affairs in the 1790s, after achieving "political equality in the five states in which they were most numerous." Other barriers did not officially fall for decades in the states of Rhode Island (1842), North Carolina (1868), and New Hampshire (1877). Despite these restrictions, which were often enforced unevenly, there were really too few Jews in 17th- and 18th-century America for anti-Jewish incidents to become a significant social or political phenomenon at the time. The evolution for Jews from toleration to full civil and political equality that followed the American Revolution helped ensure that antisemitism would never become as common as in Europe. 19th century Following traditional religious and cultural teachings about improving the lot of their brethren, Jewish residents in the United States began to organize their communities in the early 19th century. Early examples include a Jewish orphanage set up in Charleston, South Carolina in 1801, and the first Jewish school, Polonies Talmud Torah, established in New York in 1806. In 1843, the first national secular Jewish organization in the United States, the B'nai B'rith was established. Jewish Texans have been a part of Texas History since the first European explorers arrived in the 16th century. Spanish Texas did not welcome easily identifiable Jews, but they came in any case. Jao de la Porta was with Jean Laffite at Galveston, Texas in 1816, and Maurice Henry was in Velasco in the late 1820s. Jews fought in the armies of the Texas Revolution of 1836, some with Fannin at Goliad, others at San Jacinto. Dr. Albert Levy became a surgeon to revolutionary Texan forces in 1835, participated in the capture of Béxar, and joined the Texas Navy the next year. By 1840, Jews constituted a tiny, but nonetheless stable, middle-class minority of about 15,000 out of the 17 million Americans counted by the U.S. Census. Jews intermarried rather freely with non-Jews, continuing a trend that had begun at least a century earlier. However, as immigration increased the Jewish population to 50,000 by 1848, negative stereotypes of Jews in newspapers, literature, drama, art, and popular culture grew more commonplace and physical attacks became more frequent. During the 19th century, (especially the 1840s and 1850s), Jewish immigration was primarily of Ashkenazi Jews from Germany, bringing a liberal, educated population that had experience with the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. It was in the United States during the 19th century that two of the major branches of Judaism were established by these German immigrants: Reform Judaism (out of German Reform Judaism) and Conservative Judaism, in reaction to the perceived liberalness of Reform Judaism. Civil War During the American Civil War, approximately 3,000 Jews (out of around 150,000 Jews in the United States) fought on the Confederate side and 7,000 fought on the Union side. Jews also played leadership roles on both sides, with nine Jewish generals serving in the Union Army, the most notable of whom were brigadier generals Edward Solomon (who attained the rank at the age of 29) and Frederick Knefker. There were also twenty-one Jewish colonels who fought for the Union, including Marcus M. Spiegel of Ohio. and Max Friedman, who commanded the 65th Pennsylvania Regiment, 5th Cavalry, known as Cameron's Dragoons or the Cameron Dragoons, which had a sizable number of German Jewish immigrants from Philadelphia in its ranks. Several dozens of Jewish officers also fought for the Confederacy, most notably Colonel Abraham Charles Myers, a West Point graduate and quartermaster general of the Confederate Army. Judah P. Benjamin served as Secretary of State and acting Secretary of War of the Confederacy. Several Jewish bankers played key roles in providing government financing for both sides of the Civil War: Speyer and Seligman family for the Union, and Emile Erlanger and Company for the Confederacy. In December 1862 Major General Ulysses S. Grant, angry at the illegal trade in smuggled cotton, issued General Order No. 11 expelling Jews from areas under his control in western Tennessee, Mississippi and Kentucky: The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled ... within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order. Jews appealed to President Abraham Lincoln, who immediately ordered General Grant to rescind the order. Sarna notes that there was a "surge in many forms of anti-Jewish intolerance" at the time. Sarna, however, concludes that the long-term implications were highly favorable, for the episode: also empowered Jews with the knowledge that they could fight back against bigotry and win, even against a prominent general. The overturning of Grant's order, especially on top of the victory in the chaplaincy affair, appreciably strengthened the Jewish community and increased its self-confidence. The successes also validated an activist Jewish communal policy that based claims to equality on American law and values, while relying on help from public officials to combat prejudice and defend Jews' minority rights. Participation in politics Jews also began to organize as a political group in the United States, especially in response to the United States' reaction to the 1840 Damascus Blood Libel. The first Jewish member of the United States House of Representatives, Lewis Charles Levin, and Senator David Levy Yulee, were elected in 1845 (although Yulee converted to Episcopalianism the following year). Official government antisemitism continued, however, with New Hampshire only offering equality to Jews and Catholics in 1877, the last state to do so. Grant very much regretted his wartime order; he publicly apologized for it. When he became president in 1869, he set out to make amends. Sarna argues: Eager to prove that he was above prejudice, Grant appointed more Jews to public office than had any of his predecessors and, in the name of human rights, he extended unprecedented support to persecuted Jews in Russia and Romania. Time and again, partly as a result of this enlarged vision of what it meant to be an American and partly in order to live down General Orders No. 11, Grant consciously worked to assist Jews and secure them equality. ... Through his appointments and policies, Grant rejected calls for a 'Christian nation' and embraced Jews as insiders in America, part of "we the people." During his administration, Jews achieved heightened status on the national scene, anti-Jewish prejudice declined, and Jews look forward optimistically to a liberal epoch characterized by sensitivity to human rights and interreligious cooperation. Banking In the middle of the 19th century, a number of German Jews founded investment banking firms which later became mainstays of the industry. Most prominent Jewish banks in the United States were investment banks, rather than commercial banks. Important banking firms included Goldman Sachs (founded by Samuel Sachs and Marcus Goldman), Kuhn Loeb (Solomon Loeb and Jacob Schiff), Lehman Brothers (Henry Lehman), Salomon Brothers, and Bache & Co. (founded by Jules Bache). J. & W. Seligman & Co. was a large investment bank from the 1860s to the 1920s. By the 1930s, Jewish presence in the private investment banking had diminished dramatically. Western settlements In the nineteenth-century, Jews began settling throughout the American West. The majority were immigrants, with German Jews comprising most of the early nineteenth-century wave of Jewish immigration to the United States and therefore to the Western states and territories, while Eastern European Jews migrated in greater numbers and comprised most of the migratory westward wave at the close of the century. Following the California Gold Rush of 1849, Jews established themselves prominently on the West Coast, with important settlements in Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; and especially San Francisco, which became the second-largest Jewish city in the nation. Eisenberg, Kahn, and Toll (2009) emphasize the creative freedom Jews found in western society, unburdening them from past traditions and opening up new opportunities for entrepreneurship, philanthropy and civic leadership. Regardless of origin, many early Jewish settlers worked as peddlers before establishing themselves as merchants. Numerous entrepreneurs opened shop in large cities like San Francisco to service the mining industry, as well as in smaller communities like Deadwood, South Dakota and Bisbee, Arizona, which sprung up throughout the resource-rich West. The most popular specialty was clothing merchant, followed by the small-scale manufacturing and general retailing. For example, Levi Strauss (1829 – 1902) started as a wholesale dealer in with clothing, bedding, and notions; by 1873 he introduced the first blue jeans, an immediate hit for miners and also for informal urban wear. Everyone was a newcomer, and the Jews were generally accepted with few signs of discrimination, according to Eisenberg, Kahn, and Toll (2009). Though many Jewish immigrants to the West found success as merchants, others worked as bankers, miners, freighters, ranchers, and farmers. Otto Mears helped to build railroads across Colorado, while Solomon Bibo became the governor of the Acoma Pueblo Indians. Though these are by no means the only two Jewish immigrants to make names for themselves in the West, they help to showcase the wide variety of paths that Jewish settlers pursued. Organizations like the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Baron Maurice de Hirsch's Jewish Agricultural Society served as a conduit for connecting Jewish newcomers arriving from Europe with settlements in the Upper Midwest, Southwest, and Far West. In other cases, family connections served as the primary network drawing more Jews to the West. Jeanette Abrams argues persuasively that Jewish women played a prominent role in the establishment of Jewish communities throughout the West. For example, the first synagogue in Arizona, Tucson's Temple Emanu-El, was established by the local Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Society, as was the case for many synagogues in the West. Likewise, many Jewish activists and community leaders became prominent in municipal and state politics, winning election to public office with little attention paid to their Jewish identity. They set up Reform congregations, and generally gave little support to Zionism down to the 1940s. In the 20th century, Metropolitan Los Angeles became the second-largest Jewish base in the United States. The most dramatic cast of newcomers there were in Hollywood, where Jewish producers were the dominant force in the film industry after 1920. 1880–1925 Immigration of Ashkenazi Jews None of the early migratory movements assumed the significance and volume of that from Russia and neighboring countries. Between the last two decades of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century, there was a mass emigration of Jewish peoples from Eastern and Southern Europe. During that period, 2.8 million European Jews immigrated to the United States, with 94% of them coming from Eastern Europe. This emigration, mainly from diaspora communities in Russian Poland and other areas of the Russian Empire, began as far back as 1821, but did not become especially noteworthy until after German immigration fell off in 1870. Though nearly 50,000 Russian, Polish, Galician, and Romanian Jews went to the United States during the succeeding decade, it was not until the pogroms, anti-Jewish uprisings in Russia, of the early 1880s, that the immigration assumed extraordinary proportions. From Russia alone the emigration rose from an annual average of 4,100 in the decade 1871–80 to an annual average of 20,700 in the decade 1881–90. Antisemitism and official measures of persecution over the past century combined with the desire for economic freedom and opportunity have motivated a continuing flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia and Central Europe over the past century. The Russian pogroms, beginning in 1900, forced large numbers of Jews to seek refuge in the U.S. Though most of these immigrants arrived on the Eastern seaboard, many came as part of the Galveston Movement, through which Jewish immigrants settled in Texas as well as the western states and territories. In 1915, the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly Yiddish papers and the many magazines. Yiddish theater was very well attended and provided a training ground for performers and producers who moved to Hollywood in the 1920s. Response to Russian pogroms Repeated large-scale murderous pogroms in the late 19th and early 20th century increasingly angered American opinion. The well-established German Jews in the United States, although they were not directly affected by the Russian pograms, were well organized and convinced Washington to support the cause of Jews in Russia. Led by Oscar Straus, Jacob Schiff, Mayer Sulzberger, and Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, they organize protest meetings, issued publicity, and met with President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of State John Hay. Stuart E. Knee reports that in April, 1903, Roosevelt received 363 addresses, 107 letters and 24 petitions signed by thousands of Christians leading public and church leaders—they all called on the Tsar to stop the persecution of Jews. Public rallies were held in scores of cities, topped off at Carnegie Hall in New York in May. The Tsar retreated a bit and fired one local official after the Kishinev pogrom, which Roosevelt explicitly denounced. But Roosevelt was mediating the war between Russia and Japan and could not publicly take sides. Therefore Secretary Hay took the initiative in Washington. Finally Roosevelt forwarded a petition to the Tsar, who rejected it claiming the Jews were at fault. Roosevelt won Jewish support in his 1904 landslide reelection. The pograms continued, as hundreds of thousands of Jews fled Russia, most heading for London or New York. With American public opinion turning against Russia, Congress officially denounced its policies in 1906. Roosevelt kept a low profile as did his new Secretary of State Elihu Root. However in late 1906 Roosevelt did appoint the first Jew to the cabinet, Oscar Straus becoming Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Restricting immigration from Eastern Europe – 1924-1965 By 1924, 2 million Jews had arrived from Central and Eastern Europe. Anti-immigration feelings growing in the United States at this time resulted in the National Origins Quota of 1924, which severely restricted immigration from many regions, including Eastern Europe. The Jewish community took the lead in opposing immigration restrictions. In the 1930s they worked hard to allow in Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. They had very little success; the restrictions remained in effect until 1965, although temporary opportunities were given to refugees from Europe after 1945. Local developments Clarksburg, West Virginia In 1900, five of seven clothing merchants in Clarksburg, West Virginia, were Jewish, and into the 1930s the Jews here were primarily merchants. Because of the need to expand their synagogue, the Orthodox Jewish congregation merged with a smaller Reform group to form a compromise Conservative congregation in 1939, and Jewish community life in Clarksburg centered on this synagogue. The community, which reached a population peak of about three hundred in the mid-1950s, is still represented by about thirty families. Wichita, Kansas The Jews of Wichita, Kansas, fashioned an ethnoreligious world that was distinct, vibrant, and tailored to their circumstances. They had migrated west with capital, credit, and know-how, and their family-based businesses were extensions of family businesses in the east. They distinguished themselves in educational, leadership, and civic positions. Predominantly German Jews through the 1880s, their remoteness and small numbers encouraged the practice of Reform Judaism. The arrival of conservative Jews from Eastern Europe after the 1880s brought tension into the Wichita Jewish community, but also stirred an ethnoreligious revival. The German Jews were well respected in the Wichita community, which facilitated the integration of the Eastern European newcomers. The Jewish community was characterized by a "dynamic tension" between tradition and modernization. Oakland, California The Jewish community in Oakland, California, is representative of many cities. Jews played a prominent role, and were among the pioneers of Oakland in the 1850s. In the early years, the Oakland Hebrew Benevolent Society, founded in 1862, was the religious, social, and charitable center of the community. The first synagogue, the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland, was founded in 1875. The synagogue, also known as Temple Sinai, took over the religious and burial functions for the community. Jews from Poland predominated in the community, and most of them worked in some aspect of the clothing industry. David Solis-Cohen, the noted author, was a leader in the Oakland Jewish community in the 1870s. In 1879 Oakland's growing Jewish community organized a second congregation, a strictly orthodox group, Poel Zedek. Women's religious organizations flourished, their charitable services extending to needy gentiles as well as Jews. Oakland Jewry was part of the greater San Francisco community, yet maintained its own character. In 1881 the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland, elected Myer Solomon Levy as its rabbi. The London-born Levy practiced traditional Judaism. Oakland's Jews were pushed hard to excel in school, both secular and religious. Fannie Bernstein was the first Jew to graduate from the University of California at Berkeley, in 1883. First Hebrew Congregation sponsored a Sabbath school which had 75 children in 1887. Oakland Jewry was active in public affairs and charitable projects in the 1880s. Rabbi Myer S. Levy was chaplain to the state legislature in 1885. The Daughters of Israel Relief Society continued its good works both inside and outside the Jewish community. Beth Jacob, the traditional congregation of Old World Polish Jews, continued its separate religious practices while it maintained friendly relations with the members of the first Hebrew Congregation. Able social and political leadership came from David Samuel Hirshberg. Until 1886 he was an officer in the Grand Lodge of B'nai B'rith. He served as Under Sheriff of Alameda County in 1883 and was active in Democratic party affairs. In 1885 he was appointed Chief Clerk of the U.S. Mint in San Francisco. As a politician, he had detractors who accused him of using his position in B'nai B'rith to foster his political career. When refugees from the fire-stricken, poorer Jewish quarter of San Francisco came to Oakland, the synagogue provided immediate aid. Food and clothing were given to the needy and 350 people were given a place to sleep. For about a week the synagogue fed up to 500 people three times a day. A large part of the expenses were paid by the Jewish Ladies' organization of the synagogue. New Orleans, Louisiana According to the Code Noir, Jews were excluded from the French territory of Louisiana. Abraham Cohen Labatt, a Sephardic Jew from South Carolina, helped found the first Jewish congregation in Louisiana in the 1830s. Leon Godchaux, a Jewish immigrant from Lorraine, opened a clothing business in 1844. Isidore Newman established the Maison Blanche store on Canal Street. In 1870, the city's elite German Jews founded Temple Sinai, the first synagogue in New Orleans founded as a Reform congregation. Most Jews in New Orleans were loyal supporters of the Confederacy but Orthodox Eastern European Jews never outnumbered the Reform "German Uptown" Jews. Elizabeth D. A. Cohen was the first female physician in Louisiana. Leon C. Weiss became Governor Huey Long's favorite architect, and designed the new state capitol in Baton Rouge. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, only about 70% of the city's pre-Katrina Jewish population had returned. Maine Jews have been living in Maine for 200 years, with significant Jewish communities in Bangor as early as the 1840s and in Portland since the 1880s. The arrival of Susman Abrams in 1785 was followed by a history of immigration and settlement that parallels the history of Jewish immigration to the United States. What initially brought people to these various towns around Maine was the promise of work, often linked with opportunities that supported Maine’s shipbuilding, lumber and mill industries. San Francisco, California Jews formed a community in San Francisco during the California Gold Rush, 1848–55. Levi Strauss, founder of the first company to manufacture blue jeans (Levi Strauss & Co.), and Harvey Milk, LGBT rights activist and politician, were famous Jewish San Franciscans. Progressive movement With the influx of Jews from Central and Eastern Europe many members of the Jewish community were attracted to labor and socialist movements and numerous Jewish newspapers such as Forwerts and Morgen Freiheit had a socialist orientation. Left wing organizations such as The Workmen's Circle and the Jewish People's Fraternal Order played an important part in Jewish community life until World War II. Jewish Americans were not just involved in nearly every important social movement but in the forefront of promoting such issues as workers rights, civil rights, civil liberties, woman's rights, freedom of religion, peace movements, and various other progressive causes such as fighting prejudice. Americanization The rapid assimilation into American culture of recent immigrants, dubbed Americanization, was a high priority for the established German Jews. Jacob Schiff played a major role. As a wealthy German Jew, Schiff shaped key decisions providing help to Eastern European Jews and fought against immigration restriction. A Reform Jew, he backed the creation of the Jewish Theological Seminary even though it was a Conservative project. He took a stand favoring a modified form of Zionism, reversing his earlier opposition. Above all, Schiff believed that American Jewry could live in both the Jewish and American worlds, creating a balance that made possible an enduring American Jewish community. The National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), founded in Chicago in 1893, promoted philanthropy and the Americanization of newly arrived Jewish women. Responding to the plight of Jewish women and girls from Eastern Europe, the NCJW created its Department of Immigrant Aid to assist their travels. The NCJW's Americanization program included assisting immigrants with housing, health, and employment problems, connecting them with organizations where women could begin to socialize, and conducting English classes while helping them maintain a strong Jewish identity. The Council, pluralistic rather than conformist, continued its Americanization efforts and fought against restrictive immigration laws after World War I. At the forefront of its activities was the religious education of Jewish girls, who were ignored by the Orthodox community. Philanthropy Since the 1820s organized philanthropy has been a core value of the American Jewish community. In most cities the philanthropic organizations are the center of the Jewish community and activism is highly valued. Much of the money now goes to Israel, as well as hospitals and higher education; previously it went to poor Jews. This meant in the 1880-1930 era wealthy German Reform Jews were subsidizing poor Orthodox newcomers, and helping their process of Americanization, thus helping bridge the cultural gap. This convergence brought Jews into the political debates in the 1900-1930 period over immigration restriction. Jews were the leading opponents of restrictions, but could not stop their passage in 1924 or their use to keep out most refugees from Hitler in the 1930s. Julius Rosenwald (1862–1932) moved to Chicago in the late 1880s. Purchasing a half-interest in 1895, he transformed a small mail order house Sears, Roebuck into the largest retailer in America. He used his wealth for philanthropy targeted especially at the plight of rural blacks in collaboration with Booker T. Washington. From 1917 to 1932 the Julius Rosenwald Foundation set up 5,357 public schools for blacks. He funded numerous hospitals for blacks in the South as well as 24 YMCA's; he was a major contributor to the NAACP and the National Urban League. His major contributions to the University of Chicago and to various Jewish philanthropies were on a similar grand scale. He spent $11 million to fund the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. Lynching of Leo Frank In 1913, a Jewish factory manager in Atlanta named Leo Frank was convicted for the murder of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old Christian girl in his employ. Frank was sentenced to death. In response to attacks on Jews, in October 1913, Sigmund Livingston founded the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) under the sponsorship of B'nai B'rith. The Leo Frank affair was mentioned by Adolf Kraus when he announced the creation of the ADL, but was not the reason for the group's founding. The ADL became the leading Jewish group fighting antisemitism in the United States. In 1915, Georgia governor John Marshall Slaton, commuted Frank's death sentence to life imprisonment. As a result of public outrage over this act, a Georgia mob kidnapped Frank from prison and lynched him. On November 25, 1915, two months after Frank was lynched, a group led by William J. Simmons burned a cross on top of Stone Mountain, inaugurating a revival of the Ku Klux Klan. The event was attended by 15 charter members and a few aging survivors of the original Klan. The Klan disseminated the view that anarchists, communists and Jews were subverting American values and ideals. World War I Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines, with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews leaning towards support of Zionism, and the established German-American Jewish community largely opposed to it. In 1914–1916, there were few Jewish voices in favor of American entry into the war. Many regarded the British government as hostile to Jewish interests. New York City, with its well-organized Jewish community numbering 1.5 million Jews, was the center of anti-war activism. Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and issuing antisemitic policies. As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war, "The pro-Germanism of America's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia". The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism. The draft went smoothly in New York City, and left-wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel. The number of Jews who served in the American military during World War I was disproportionate to their representation in the American population at large. The 250,000 Jews who served represented approximately 5% of the American armed forces whereas Jews only constituted 3% of the general population. Starting in 1914, the American Jewish community mobilized its resources to assist the victims of the European war. Cooperating to a degree not previously seen, the various factions of the American Jewish community—native-born and immigrant, Reform, Orthodox, secular, and socialist—coalesced to form what eventually became known as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. All told, American Jews raised $63 million in relief funds during the war years and became more immersed in European Jewish affairs than ever before. 1930s and World War II While earlier Jewish elements from Germany were business oriented and voted as conservative Republicans, the wave of Eastern European Jews starting in the 1880s, were more liberal or left wing and became the political majority. Many came to America with experience in the socialist and anarchist movements as well as the Bund, based in Eastern Europe. Many Jews rose to leadership positions in the early 20th century American labor movement and helped to found unions in the "needle trades" (clothing industry) that played a major role in the CIO and in Democratic Party politics. Sidney Hillman of the CIO was especially powerful in the early 1940s at the national level. By the 1930s Jews were a major political factor in New York City, with strong support for the most liberal programs of the New Deal. However their leaders were excluded from the Irish-controlled Tammany Hall, which was in full charge of the Democratic Party in New York City. Therefore, they worked through third parties, such as the American Labor Party and the Liberal Party of New York. By the 1940s they were inside the Democratic Party, and helped overthrow Tammany Hall. They continued as a major element of the New Deal coalition, giving special support to the Civil Rights Movement. By the mid-1960s, however, the Black Power movement caused a growing separation between blacks and Jews, though both groups remained solidly in the Democratic camp. In Washington, 15 percent of FDR's appointees were Jewish, including top positions such as Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. in 1933 and Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter in 1939. Roosevelt's programs were not designed to overthrow capitalism as the left wanted, but instead created economic opportunities for working-class city people, especially Catholics and Jews in their roles as voters in a dominant New Deal coalition and as union members. Roosevelt's coalition was so delicate that he could not afford to let ethnic or racial tensions tear it apart. His deliberate policy (until Kristallnacht in 1938) was not to publicly criticize the atrocities developing in Nazi Germany, nor the domestic anti-Semitism typified by Catholic priest Charles Coughlin which blamed Jews for the Great Depression and the international crises in Europe. As a result of what Roosevelt did accomplish, "For liberal American Jews, the New Deal was a program worth fighting for even if it meant deferring concerns about the fate of German Jews." According to Henry Feingold, "It was the welfare-state aspect of the New Deal, rather than Roosevelt's foreign policy, which attracted the Jewish voter. The war and the holocaust tended to reinforce the left-wing political sentiments of many Jewish voters." In the 1930s, increasing antisemitism in the United States (see History of Antisemitism in the United States) led to restrictions on Jewish American life from elite circles. Restrictions were mostly informal and affected Jewish presence in various universities, professions, and high-end housing communities. Many of the restrictions originated in the 1920s, but popularized and became more practiced throughout the 1930s and into the 1940s due to increasing antisemitic climate. In the East Coast, the Midwest, and the South, public and private universities imposed limits on the number of Jewish applicants they accepted, regardless of high scholastic standing. Harvard University believed that if it accepted students based only on merit, the student body would become majority Jewish, and for the same reason, the New Jersey College for Women (present-day Douglass College) only accepted 31% of Jewish applicants, versus 61% of all others. Similar patterns emerged among elite professions and communities. Law firms hired fewer Jewish lawyers, hospitals gave fewer patients to Jewish doctors, and universities hired fewer Jewish professors. Across the entire United States, only 100 Jewish American professors were employed in 1930. High-end housing communities across the United States, including the social clubs, resorts, and hotels within them, adhered to pacts that prevented Jewish Americans from buying homes and sleeping in rooms in their communities. These pacts limited high-end communities to American “gentiles.” Refugees from Nazi Germany In the period between 1934 and 1943, the Congress, the Roosevelt Administration, and public opinion expressed concern about the fate of Jews in Europe but consistently refused to permit large-scale immigration of Jewish refugees. In a report issued by the State Department, Undersecretary of State Stuart Eizenstat noted that the United States accepted only 21,000 refugees from Europe and did not significantly raise or even fill its restrictive quotas, accepting far fewer Jews per capita than many of the neutral European countries and fewer in absolute terms than Switzerland. According to David Wyman, "The United States and its Allies were willing to attempt almost nothing to save the Jews." U.S. opposition to immigration in general in the late 1930s was motivated by the grave economic pressures, the high unemployment rate, and social frustration and disillusionment. The U.S. refusal to support specifically Jewish immigration, however, stemmed from something else, namely antisemitism, which had increased in the late 1930s and continued to rise in the 1940s. It was an important ingredient in America's negative response to Jewish refugees. MS St. Louis The SS St. Louis sailed from Germany in May 1939 carrying 936 (mainly German) Jewish refugees. On 4 June 1939, it was also refused permission to unload on orders of President Roosevelt as the ship waited in the Caribbean Sea between Florida and Cuba. Initially, Roosevelt showed limited willingness to take in some of those on board. But the Immigration Act of 1924 made that illegal and public opinion was strongly opposed. The ship returned to Europe. 620 of the passengers were eventually accepted in continental Europe, of these only 365 survived the Holocaust. World War II and the Holocaust The United States' tight immigration policies were not lifted during the Holocaust, news of which began to reach the United States in 1941 and 1942 and it has been estimated that 190,000–200,000 Jews could have been saved during the Second World War had it not been for bureaucratic obstacles to immigration deliberately created by Breckinridge Long and others. Asylum of the European Jewish population was not a priority for the U.S. during the war, and the American Jewish community did not realize the severity of the Holocaust until late in the conflict. But the Nazis did not allow Jews to leave Occupied Europe or Germany during this time. The Holocaust During the World War II period the American Jewish community was bitterly and deeply divided, and was unable to form a common front. Most Eastern European Jews favored Zionism, which saw a return to their homeland as the only solution; this had the effect of diverting attention from the horrors in Nazi Germany. German Jews were alarmed at the Nazis but were disdainful of Zionism. Proponents of a Jewish state and Jewish army agitated, but many leaders were so fearful of an antisemitic backlash inside the U.S. that they demanded that all Jews keep a low public profile. One important development was the sudden conversion of most (but not all) Jewish leaders to Zionism late in the war. The Holocaust was largely ignored by America media as it was happening. Why that was is illuminated by the anti-Zionist position taken by Arthur Hays Sulzberger, publisher of the New York Times, during World War II. Committed to classical Reform Judaism, which defined Judaism as a religious faith and not as a people, Sulzberger insisted that as an American he saw European Jews as part of a refugee problem, not separate from it. As publisher of the nation's most influential newspaper, The New York Times, he permitted only a handful of editorials during the war on the extermination of the Jews. He supported the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism. Even after it became known that the Nazis had singled out the Jews for destruction, Sulzberger held that all refugees had suffered. He opposed the creation of Israel. In effect, he muted the enormous potential influence of the Times by keeping issues of concern regarding Jews off the editorial page and burying stories about Nazi atrocities against Jews in short items deep inside the paper. In time he grew increasingly out of step with the American Jewish community by his persistent refusal to recognize Jews as a people and despite obvious flaws in his view of American democracy. While Jews owned few prestigious newspapers other than the New York Times, they had a major presence in Hollywood and in network radio. Hollywood films and radio with few exceptions avoided questioning Nazi persecution of Europe's Jews prior to Pearl Harbor. Jewish studio executives did not want to be accused of advocating Jewish propaganda by making films with overtly antifascist themes. Indeed, they were pressured by such organizations as the Anti-Defamation League and by national Jewish leaders to avoid such themes lest American Jews suffer an antisemitic backlash. Despite strong public and political sentiment to the contrary, however, there were some who encouraged the U.S. government to help victims of Nazi genocide. In 1943, just before Yom Kippur, 400, mostly Orthodox, rabbis marched in Washington to draw attention to the plight of Holocaust victims. A week later, Senator William Warren Barbour (R; New Jersey), one of a handful of politicians who met with the rabbis on the steps of the U.S. Capitol, proposed legislation that would have allowed as many as 100,000 victims of the Holocaust to emigrate temporarily to the United States. Barbour died six weeks after introducing the bill, and it was not passed. A parallel bill was introduced in the House of Representatives by Rep. Samuel Dickstein (D; New York). This also failed to pass. During the Holocaust, fewer than 30,000 Jews a year reached the United States, and some were turned away due to immigration policies. The U.S. did not change its immigration policies until 1948. As of 2021, laws requiring teaching of the Holocaust are on the books in 16 U.S. states. Impact The Holocaust had a profound impact on the community in the United States, especially after 1960, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened, and especially to commemorate and grapple with it when looking to the future. Abraham Joshua Heschel summarized this dilemma when he attempted to understand Auschwitz: "To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray [of] God's radiance in the jungles of history." Postwar 500,000 American Jews (or half of the eligible men) fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage. The suburbs facilitated the formation of new centers, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, and synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960; the fastest growth came in Reform and, especially, Conservative congregations. Having never been subjected to the Holocaust, the United States stood after the Second World War as the largest, richest, and healthiest center of Judaism in the world. Smaller Jewish communities turned increasingly to American Jewry for guidance and support. Immediately after the Second World War, some Jewish refugees resettled in the United States, and another wave of Jewish refugees from Arab nations settled in the U.S. after expulsion from their home countries. Politics American Jews voted 90% against the Republicans and supported Democrats Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman in the elections of 1940, 1944 and 1948, despite both party platforms supporting the creation of a Jewish state in the latter two elections. During the 1952 and 1956 elections, they voted 60% or more for Democrat Adlai Stevenson, while General Eisenhower garnered 40% for his reelection; the best showing to date for the Republicans since Harding's 43% in 1920. In 1960, 83% voted for Democrat John F. Kennedy, a Catholic, against Richard Nixon, and in 1964, 90% of American Jews voted for Lyndon Johnson; his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater, was raised Episcopalian but his paternal grandparents were Jewish. Hubert Humphrey garnered 81% of the Jewish vote in the 1968 elections, in his losing bid for president against Richard Nixon; such a high level of Jewish support has not been seen since. During the Nixon re-election campaign of 1972, Jewish voters were apprehensive about George McGovern and only favored the Democrat by 65%, while Nixon more than doubled Republican Jewish support to 35%. In the election of 1976, Jewish voters supported Democrat Jimmy Carter by 71% over incumbent president Gerald Ford's 27%, but in 1980 they abandoned Carter, leaving him with only 45% support, while Republican winner, Ronald Reagan, garnered 39%, and 14% went to independent John Anderson. During the Reagan re-election campaign of 1984, the Jews returned home to the Democratic Party, giving Reagan only 31% compared to 67% for Democrat Walter Mondale. The same 2–1 pattern reappeared in 1988 as Democrat Michael Dukakis had 64%, while victorious George Bush polled 35%. Bush's Jewish support collapsed during his re-election in 1992, to just 11%, with 80% voting for Bill Clinton and 9% going to independent Ross Perot. Clinton's re-election campaign in 1996 maintained high Jewish support at 78%, with 16% supporting Bob Dole and 3% supporting Perot. In the 2000 US Presidential Election, Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman, was chosen by Al Gore to be his running mate and the vice presidential candidate for the Democratic Party, marking the first time in history that a practicing Jew was included on a major party's presidential ticket. Bernie Sanders won the New Hampshire Democratic primary on February 9, 2016 by 22.4% of the vote (60.4% to Hillary Clinton's 38.0%); he received strong support from voters who considered it important to nominate a candidate who is "honest and trustworthy." This made him the first Jewish American to win a U.S. presidential primary.(Barry Goldwater, the 1964 Republican presidential nominee, was the first winner of Jewish heritage, but was a Christian). Exceptionalism Historians believe American Jewish history has been characterized by an unparalleled degree of freedom, acceptance, and prosperity that has made it possible for Jews to bring together their ethnic identities with the demands of national citizenship far more effortlessly than Jews in Europe. American Jewish exceptionalism differentiates Jews from other American ethnic groups by means of educational and economic attainments and, indeed, by virtue of Jewish values, including a devotion to political liberalism. Historian Marc Dollinger has found that for the last century the most secular Jews have tended toward the most liberal or even leftist political views, while more religious Jews are politically more conservative. Modern Orthodox Jews have been less active in political movements than Reform Jews. They vote Republican more often than less traditional Jews. In contemporary political debate, strong Orthodox support for various school voucher initiatives undermines the exceptionalist belief that the Jewish community seeks a high and impenetrable barrier between church and state. Most of the discussions of American Exceptionalism refer to the nation as a whole. However, there have been discussions of how American Exceptionalism has applied to specific subgroups, especially minorities. Scholars comparing the record of persecution and extinction of Jews in Europe and the Middle East with the highly favorable circumstances in the United States, debate to what extent the American treatment of Jews has been unique in world history, and how much it has become a model of pluralism at least in regards to this group. Creation of the State of Israel With its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel became the focal point of American Jewish life and philanthropy, as well as the symbol around which American Jews united. Six-Day War The Six-Day War of June 1967 marked a turning point in the lives of many 1960s-era Jews. The paralyzing fear of a "second Holocaust" followed by tiny Israel's seemingly miraculous victory over the combined Arab armies arrayed to destroy it struck deep emotional chords among American Jews. Their financial support for Israel rose sharply in the war's wake, and more of them than ever before chose in those years to make Israel their permanent home. A lively internal debate commenced, following the Six-Day War. The American Jewish community was divided over whether they agreed with the Israeli response; the great majority came to accept the war as necessary. A tension existed especially for leftist Jews, between their liberal ideology and Zionist backing in the midst of this conflict. This deliberation about the Six-Day War showed the depth and complexity of Jewish responses to the varied events of the 1960s. Civil rights Jews were highly visible as leaders of movements for civil rights for all Americans, including themselves and African Americans. Seymour Siegel argues the historic struggle against prejudice faced by Jewish people led to a natural sympathy for any people confronting discrimination. This further led Jews to discuss the relationship they had with African Americans. Jewish leaders spoke at the two iconic marches of the era. Joachim Prinz, president of the American Jewish Congress, appeared at the March on Washington on 28 August 1963, noting that "As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a twofold experience--one of the spirit and one of our history" Two years later Abraham Joshua Heschel of the Jewish Theological Seminary marched in the front row of the Selma-to-Montgomery march. Within Judaism, increasing involvement in the civil rights movement caused some tension. Rabbi Bernard Wienberger exemplified this point of view, warning that "northern liberal Jews" put at risk southern Jews who faced hostility from white southerners because of their northern counterparts. However, most known Jewish responses to the civil rights movement and black relations lean toward acceptance and against prejudice, as the disproportionate involvement of Jews in the movement would indicate. Despite this history of participation, relations between African Americans and Jews have sometimes been strained by their close proximity and class differences, especially in New York and other urban areas. Jewish feminism In its modern form, the Jewish feminist movement can be traced to the early 1970s in the United States. According to Judith Plaskow, who has focused on feminism in Reform Judaism, the main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or minyan, the exemption from positive time-bound mitzvot, and women's inability to function as witnesses, and to initiate divorce. Sally Priesand was ordained by the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion on June 3, 1972, at the Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati, thus becoming America's first female rabbi ordained by a rabbinical seminary, and the second formally ordained female rabbi in Jewish history, after Regina Jonas. Immigration from the Soviet Union The last large wave of immigration came from the Soviet Union after 1988, in response to heavy political pressure from the U.S. government. After the 1967 Six-Day War and the liberalization tide in Eastern Europe in 1968, Soviet policy became more restrictive. Jews were denied educational and vocational opportunities. These restrictive policies led to the emergence of a new political group—the 'refuseniks'—whose main goal was emigrating. The refuseniks (Jews who were refused exit visas) attracted the attention of the West, particularly the United States, and became an important factor influencing economic and trade relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. The 1975 Jackson Amendment to the Trade Reform Act linked granting the USSR 'most favored nation' status to liberalization of Soviet emigration laws. Beginning in 1967 the Soviet Union allowed some Jewish citizens to leave for family reunification in Israel. Due to the break in diplomatic relations between Israel and the USSR, most émigrés traveled to Vienna, Austria, or Budapest, Hungary, from where they were then flown to Israel. After 1976 the majority of émigrés who left on visas for Israel 'dropped out' in Vienna and chose to resettle in the West. Several American Jewish organizations helped them obtain visas and aided their resettlement in the United States and other countries. However Israel wanted them and tried to prevent Soviet Jewish émigrés from resettling in the United States after having committed to immigrating to Israel. Israeli officials pressured American Jewish organizations to desist from aiding Russian Jews who wanted to resettle in the United States. Initially, American Jews resisted Israeli efforts. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's decision in the late 1980s to allow free emigration for Soviet Jews, the American Jewish community agreed to a quota on Soviet Jewish refugees in the U.S., which resulted in most Soviet Jewish émigrés settling in Israel. The Russian Jewish population in the United States is the second only to the population of Russian Jews in Israel. According to RINA, there is a core Russian-Jewish population of 350,000 in the U.S. The enlarged Russian Jewish population in the U.S. is estimated to be 700,000. Some 100,000 Ashkenazi and Bukharian Jews emigrated to the United States. Large pockets of Russian-Jewish Communities include Brooklyn, New York, specifically Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay, and in the Sunny Isles Beach neighborhood of South Florida. Another large pocket of Russian Jewish residence is Northeast Philadelphia and surrounding Bucks and Montgomery Counties, as well as Northern New Jersey. Local developments Nashville, Tennessee Reform Jews, predominantly German, became Nashville's largest and most influential Jewish community in the first half of the 20th century; they enjoyed good relations with the Orthodox and Conservative congregations. Some German Jewish refugees resettled in Nashville from 1935 to 1939, helped by prominent Nashville families. Both the Orthodox and Conservative congregations had relocated their synagogues to the suburbs by 1949, and the entire Jewish community had shifted southwest by about five miles. Although subtle social discrimination existed, Nashville's Jews enjoyed the respect of the larger community. Public acceptance, however, required complicity in racial segregation. The Observer, Nashville's Jewish newspaper, tried to find a middle ground between assimilation and particularism, but after years of calling for group solidarity, accepted that the Jewish community was pluralistic. Palm Springs, California About 32,000 Jews reside in the Palm Springs area, reports the United Jewish Congress of the Desert. The world-famous desert resort community has been widely known for its Hollywood celebrities. Philadelphia publisher Walter Annenberg opened the Tamarisk Country Club in 1946, after being refused membership in the Los Angeles Lakeside country club. But his connections with Hollywood and corporations alike made his country club a success, and made it a policy to allow Jews and all people, regardless of race and religion, to have access to his facility. Many elderly American Jews from the East coast and the Los Angeles metropolitan area, come to retire in the warm climates such as the Coachella Valley, favoring in golf course and mobile home communities. By the 1990s they were a large component of demography in the desert resort. There are 12 Jewish places of worship, including a Jewish community center in Palm Desert, where an estimated 20–25 percent of the population are of Jewish descent. Palm Springs has the annual "Winter Festival of Lights" parade, which began as a separate parade to celebrate Chanukah in the 1960s. Over time, that and the Christmas-themed parade merged into the one celebrating the season's lights of menorahs, Christmas trees and the calendar new year. Miami After 1945 many northeastern Jews moved to Florida, especially to Miami, Miami Beach, and nearby cities. They found familiar foods and better weather, and founded more open, less tradition-bound communities, where greater materialism and more leisure-oriented, less disciplined Judaism developed. Many relaxed their religiosity and attended services only during Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. In South Florida synagogue affiliation, Jewish community center membership, and per capita contributions to the United Jewish Appeal and the Jewish Federation are among the lowest of any Jewish community in the United States. Princeton, New Jersey The development of Jewish (particularly Orthodox) student life at Princeton University improved rapidly since the end of World War II, when Jewish students were few and isolated. In 1958 Jewish students were more numerous; they protested against the Bicker system of eating club member selection. In 1961 Yavneh House was established as Princeton's first kosher kitchen. In 1971 Stevenson Hall opened as a university-managed kosher eating facility in the midst of the older private eating clubs. Jewish student initiative and Princeton administration openness deserve credit for this progress. Beverly Hills, California An estimated 20-25 percent of the population of this affluent Los Angeles suburb is Jewish, and about 20 percent is Persian. About a quarter of the membership of Sinai Temple, a prominent synagogue in nearby Westwood, is Persian Jews. New York City , New York state has an estimated Jewish population of about 1.8 million; of these 1.1 million live in New York City. Rise to affluence in the 20th century In 1983, economist Thomas Sowell of Stanford University wrote "Jewish family incomes are the highest of any large ethnic group in the US—72% above the national average." Sowell points out that Episcopalians have also experienced similar prosperity—as a group—as Jews, but it is the "social and economic distance covered in a relatively short time" that makes the Jewish experience in America unique. Gerald Krefetz discusses the prosperity that Jews earned in the United States following their emigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, and he attributes their success to their familiarity with "trading and exchanging, commerce, city living, property rights, ... and accumulation of funds for future investment." Historian Edward S. Shapiro cites a Forbes magazine survey from the 1980s, which showed that, of the 400 richest Americans, over 100 were Jewish, which was nine times greater than would be expected based on the overall population. Shapiro also estimates that over 30% of American billionaires are Jewish, and he cites a 1986 issue of Financial World that listed the top 100 money makers in 1985, and "half the people mentioned" were Jewish, including George Soros, Asher Edelman, Michael Milken, and Ivan Boesky. Very few Jewish lawyers were hired by White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ("WASP") upscale white-shoe law firms, but they started their own. The WASP dominance in law ended when a number of major Jewish law firms attained elite status in dealing with top-ranked corporations. As late as 1950 there was not a single large Jewish law firm in New York City. However, by 1965 six of the 20 largest firms were Jewish; by 1980 four of the ten largest were Jewish. Current situation Note: These charts are for the U.S. core Jewish population only. 1810 is an extrapolation as figures are not available for this exact year. American Jews continued to prosper throughout the early 21st century. American Jews are disproportionately represented in business, academia and politics. Thirty percent of American Nobel prize winners in science and 37 percent of all American Nobel winners are Jewish. The percentage of Jews at Ivy League Universities has dropped steadily in the past decade. Demographically, the population is not increasing. With their success, American Jews have become increasingly assimilated into American culture, with high intermarriage rates resulting in either a falling or steady population rate at a time when the country was booming. It has not grown appreciably since 1960, comprises a smaller percentage of America's total population than it had in 1910, and seems likely to witness an actual decline in numbers in the decades ahead. Jews also began to move to the suburbs, with major population shifts from New York and the Northeast to Florida and California. New Jewish organizations were founded to accommodate an increasing range of Jewish worship and community activities, as well as geographic dispersal. Politically, the Jewish population remained strongly liberal. The heavily Democratic pattern continued into the 21st century. Since 1936 the great majority of Jews have been Democrats. In 2004 74% of Jews voted for Democrat John Kerry, a Catholic of partial Jewish descent, and in 2006 87% voted for Democratic candidates for the House. By the 1990s Jews were becoming prominent in Congress and state governments throughout the country. Jews proved to be strong supporters of the American Civil Rights Movement. Self identity Social historians analyze the American population in terms of class, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, region and urbanism. Jewish scholars generally emphasize ethnicity. First, it reflects the suppression of the term "Jewish race," a contested but fairly common usage right into the 1930s and its replacement by the more acceptable "ethnic" usage. Second, it reflects a post-religious evaluation of American Jewish identity, in which "Jewishness" (rather than "Judaism") is taken to be more inclusive, embracing the secularized as well as the religious experiences of Jews. Korelitz (1996) shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity and culture. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the Menorah Journal between 1915 and 1925. During this time contributors to the Menorah promoted a cultural, rather than a racial, religious, or other view of Jewishness as a means to define Jews in a world that threatened to overwhelm and absorb Jewish uniqueness. The journal represented the ideals of the menorah movement established by Horace Kallen and others to promote a revival in Jewish cultural identity and combat the idea of race as a means to define or identify peoples. Siporin (1990) uses the family folklore of "ethnic" Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed. Many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the ethnic more in charge of his life, and perhaps in danger of losing his Jewishness altogether. Some stories show how a family member successfully negotiated the conflict between ethnic and American identities. After 1960 memories of the Holocaust, together with the Six-Day War in 1967 that resulted in the survival of Israel had major impacts on fashioning Jewish ethnic identity. The Shoah provided Jews with a rationale for their ethnic distinction at a time when other minorities were asserting their own. Antisemitism in the United States During the Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant issued an order (quickly rescinded by President Abraham Lincoln) of expulsion against Jews from the portions of Tennessee, Kentucky and Mississippi which were under his control. (See General Order No. 11) Antisemitism continued to be widespread in the United States into the first half of the 20th century. Jews were discriminated against in some fields of employment, they were not allowed to join some social clubs and they were also not allowed to stay in some resort areas, their enrollment at colleges was limited by quotas, and they were also not allowed to buy certain properties. In response, Jews established their own country clubs, summer resorts, and universities, such as Brandeis. Antisemitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period. The rise of the second Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s, the antisemitic works of Henry Ford, and the radio speeches of Father Coughlin in the late 1930s indicated the intensity of attacks on the Jewish community. Antisemitism in the United States has rarely erupted into physical violence against Jews. Some notable cases in which acts of violence were committed against Jews in the United States include the attack on the funeral procession of Rabbi Jacob Joseph by Irish workers and police in New York City in 1902, the lynching of Leo Frank in 1915, the murder of Alan Berg in 1984, and the Crown Heights riot of 1991. Following the Second World War and the American Civil Rights Movement, anti-Jewish sentiment waned. However, some members of the Nation of Islam and some members of other Black Nationalist organizations accused Jews of exploiting black laborers, bringing alcohol and drugs into black communities, and unfairly dominating the economy. Furthermore, according to annual surveys which have been conducted by the Anti-Defamation League since 1964, a Jewish organization, African Americans are significantly more likely to hold antisemitic beliefs than white Americans are, but among members of all races, there is a strong correlation between a person's level of education and his or her rejection of antisemitic stereotypes. However, black Americans of all education levels are significantly more likely to be antisemitic than whites who are of the same education level. In the 1998 survey, blacks (34%) were nearly four times more likely (9%) to fall into the most antisemitic category (those who agreed with at least 6 out of 11 statements that were potentially or clearly antisemitic) than whites were. Among blacks with no college education, 43% of them fell into the most antisemitic group (vs. 18% of the general population), which fell to 27% among blacks with some college education, and 18% among blacks with a four-year college degree (vs. 5% of the general population). The 2005 Anti-Defamation League survey includes data on the attitudes of Hispanics, with 29% of Hispanics being the most antisemitic (vs. 9% of whites and 36% of blacks); being born in the United States helped alleviate this attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics were antisemitic, but only 19% of those Hispanics who were born in the U.S. were antisemitic. As an example of religious tensions, in 2010, a widespread debate erupted over the building of an Islamic cultural center and a mosque in New York City near the World Trade Center site. The city of New York has officially endorsed the project, but nationwide, public opinion has been hostile. A Time poll of 1000 individuals which was conducted in August 2010 indicated that only 13 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Jews, by contrast, the same pole indicated that 43 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Muslims, however, only 17 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Catholics and only 29 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Mormons according to the pole. By contrast, antisemitic attitudes are much higher in Europe and are growing. A July 2013 report which was published by the Anti-Defamation League indicated that there had been a 14 percent decline in the number of recorded antisemitic incidents across the United States. The audit of the 2012 records identified 17 physical assaults, 470 cases of harassment or threat, and 440 cases of vandalism in which the target was Jewish and the alleged motive was hatred. In April 2014, the Anti-Defamation League published its 2013 audit of antisemitic incidents. According to the audit, the number of recorded antisemitic incidents had declined by 19 percent in 2013. The total number of antisemitic attacks which had occurred across the U.S. in 2013 was 751, including 31 physical assaults, 315 incidents of vandalism and 405 cases of harassment. In the first few months of 2014, at least two antisemitic incidents of swastika drawings on Jewish belongings occurred in universities. On April 1, a former member of the Ku Klux Klan arrived at the Jewish center of Kansas City and murdered three people, two of whom were on their way to the church. After his capture, the suspect was heard saying "Heil Hitler". Later that month a sprayed swastika was found in Price Hill, Cincinnati, on the door of a Jewish family's house. In May 2014, the Vassar Students for Justice in Palestine published a Nazi World War II propaganda poster. The poster displays Jews as part of a monster who tries to destroy the world. Vassar college president Catharine Hill denounced the antisemitic post. As a result of operation Protective Edge, there were more antisemitic attacks during July. Some of the attacks were directly connected to the operation, such as graffiti paintings of swastika and the word "Hamas" outside a synagogue in South Florida. Another antisemitic trend which is spreading across the country is the republication of antisemitic leaflets which were originally published in Nazi Germany. In August 2014, two cases of this occurred, one case of this occurred during a pro-Palestinian rally which was held in Chicago and the other case of this occurred in Westwood, Los Angeles, where a Jewish store owner received handwritten flyers which contained swastikas and threats. Earlier that year the SJP in Poughkeepsie published on Twitter an antisemitic picture first published in Germany in 1944. In September 2014, the New York Post released the contents of a report which was originally published by the NYPD. The report stated that since 2013, the number of antisemitic incidents in the city had increased by 35%. On the other hand, a report of the Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations revealed a significant decrease of 48 percent in anti-Jewish crimes in LA compared to 2013. In October 2014, the Anti-Defamation League published a report which documented Anti-Israel activities on campuses after Protective Edge. The report emphasizes that protests and rallies against Israel frequently become antisemitic: Not all criticism of Israel is anti-Israel in nature, and not all anti-Israel rhetoric and activity reflect antisemitism. However, anti-Israel sentiment increasingly crosses the line to antisemitism by invoking antisemitic myths of Jewish control and demonic depictions of Israelis or comparing Israel's actions to those of the Nazis during the Holocaust. A survey which was published in February 2015 by Trinity College and the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law found that 54 percent of its participants had been subjected to or had witnessed antisemitism on their campuses. The survey included 1,157 self-identified Jewish students at 55 campuses nationwide. The most significant origin for antisemitism, according to the survey, was "from an individual student" (29 percent). Other origins were in clubs or societies, in lectures and classes, and in student unions. The findings of the research were similar to a parallel study conducted in the United Kingdom. In April 2015, the Anti-Defamation League published its 2014 audit of antisemitic incidents. According to it, there were 912 antisemitic incidents across the U.S. during 2014. This represents a 21 percent increase from the 751 incidents which were reported during the same period in 2013. Most of the incidents (513) belonged to the category of "harassments, threats and events". Another finding of the audit shows that most of the vandalism incidents occurred in public areas (35%). A review of the results shows that during operation Protective Edge there was a significant increase in the number of antisemitic incidents, as compared to the rest of the year. As usual, the highest totals of antisemitic incidents occurred in states with large Jewish populations: New York State – 231 incidents, California – 184 incidents, New Jersey – 107 incidents, Florida – 70 incidents. In all of these states, more antisemitic incidents were counted in 2014 than in the previous year. In the first two months of 2017, nearly 50 bomb threats were made to Jewish community centers across the country. Jewish historical archives and collections Audio interviews The University of Pittsburgh houses and has made available a collection of audio interviews produced by the NCJW. Over one hundred audio interviews produced by the Pittsburgh Chapter of NCJW are available online. Those interviewed describe their interactions and affiliations with historical events such as emigration, synagogue events, professional activities and other topics with which they were personally involved. These interviews also include information about personal life events, episodes of discrimination against Jews, moving from Europe to America, meeting Enrico Caruso, Robert Oppenheimer, Jonas Salk and other historical figures. Others that were interviewed came to America but were born elsewhere. Jews from Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, Hungary, India, Israel, Korea, Poland, and other countries describe their experiences. Written resources Other collections and archives can be found at: Guide to the National Council of Jewish Women Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute National Council of Jewish Women, Indianapolis Section, Archives National Council of Jewish Women Records at the Library of Congress A Guide to the National Council of Jewish Women, San Antonio Section, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries (UTSA Libraries) Special Collections. National Council of Jewish Women, New York Section at the American Jewish Historical Society in New York See also Galveston Movement History of the Jews in the American West History of the Jews in Ohio History of the Jews in Pennsylvania History of the Jews in southern Florida List of American Jews Jewish American Heritage Month United States military chaplain symbols, includes information about the history of insignia for Jewish chaplains in the U.S. military History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska History of the Jews in Colonial America History of the Jews in Dallas History of the Jews in New York City History of the Jews in Greater Cleveland Notes and references Further reading Surveys The Jewish People in America 5 vol 1992 Faber, Eli. A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654-1820 (Volume 1) (1992) excerpt and text search Diner, Hasia A. A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820-1880 (Volume 2) (1992) excerpt and text search Sorin, Gerald. A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920 (1992) excerpt and text search Feingold, Henry L. A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920-1945 (Volume 4) (1992) excerpt and text search Shapiro, Edward S. A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II, (Volume 5) (1992) excerpt and text search Cohen, Naomi Wiener. Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830-1914 (Varda Books, 2001). Diner, Hasia. Jews in America (1999) online edition Diner, Hasia. The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 (2006) excerpt and text search, standard scholarly history online edition Diner, Hasia. A New Promised Land: A History of Jews in America (2003) excerpt and text search; online edition Eisenberg, Ellen, Ava F. Kahn, and William Toll, Jews of the Pacific Coast: Reinventing Community on America's Edge (University of Washington Press, 2009) Feingold, Henry L. Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present (1974) online Fischel, Jack, and Sanford Pinsker, eds.Jewish-American history and culture : an encyclopedia (1992) online free to borrow Glazer, Nathan. American Judaism (1957, revised 1972), classic in sociology Handlin, Oscar. Adventure in freedom; three hundred years of Jewish life in America (1954), by a leading scholar. online free to borrow Heilman, Samuel C. Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century (1995) online edition Hyman, Paula E., and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, 2 vol. (2006). complete text online Kaplan, Dana Evan, ed. The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism (2005) Norwood, Stephen H., and Eunice G. Pollack, eds. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2007), 775pp; comprehensive coverage by experts; excerpt and text search vol 1 Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History (2004), standard scholarly history Localities Abramovitch, Ilana and Galvin, Sean, eds. Jews of Brooklyn. (2002). 400 pp. Bayor, Ronald H. Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941 (JHU Press, 2019). Berman, Lila Corwin. Metropolitan Jews: politics, race, and religion in postwar Detroit (U of Chicago Press, 2015). Cutler, Irving. The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. (1996) Ehrlich, Walter. Zion in the Valley: The Jewish Community of St. Louis (2 vol. 2002). Goldstein, Eric L., and Deborah R. Weiner. On middle ground: a history of the Jews of Baltimore (JHU Press, 2018). Lederhendler, Eli. New York Jews and the Decline of Urban Ethnicity, 1950-1970 (Syracuse UP, 2001). Levinson, Robert E. "American Jews in the west." Western Historical Quarterly 5.3 (1974): 285-294. online Moore, Deborah Dash, et al. City of promises: A history of the Jews of New York (NYU Press, 2012). Moore, Deborah Dash. To the golden cities: Pursuing the American Jewish dream in Miami and LA (Harvard UP, 1996). Pritchett, Wendell E. Brownsville, Brooklyn: blacks, Jews, and the changing face of the ghetto (U of Chicago Press, 2002). Rischin, Moses. The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914 (Harvard UP, 1977). Rosenbaum, Fred. Cosmopolitans: A Social and Cultural History of the Jews of the San Francisco Bay Area (U of California Press, 2009) Sarna, Jonathan D., et al. The Jews of Boston (Yale UP, 2005). Smith, William L., and Pidi Zhang. "Southern Jews and Jewish Southerners in Savannah, Georgia." Michigan Sociological Review 33 (2019): 46-75. online Specialty topics Dalin, David G. and Kolatch, Alfred J. The Presidents of the United States and the Jews. (2000) Diner, Hasia R. and Benderly, Beryl Lieff. Her Works Praise Her: A History of Jewish Women in America from Colonial Times to the Present. (2002). 462 pp. online edition Dollinger, Marc. Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. (2000). 296 pp. online edition Howe, Irving. World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (1976) excerpt and text search, classic account; exaggerates importance of Yiddish culture and socialism; neglects role of religion Jick, Leon. The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820-1870 (1976) Kaplan, Dana Evan. American Reform Judaism: An Introduction (2003) online edition Klapper, Melissa R. Jewish girls coming of age in America, 1860-1920 (NYU Press, 2005). Linzer, Norman, et al. A Portrait of the American Jewish Community (1998) online edition Maisel, Sandy, and Ira Forman, eds. Jews in American Politics (2001), with voting statistics on p. 153 Marinari, Maddalena. Unwanted: Italian and Jewish Mobilization against Restrictive Immigration Laws, 1882–1965 (2020) excerpt Moore, Deborah Dash. GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (2006) Moore, Deborah Dash. At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews. (1981). Morowska, Ewa. Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890-1940 (1996) Neu, Irene D. "The Jewish Businesswoman in America." American Jewish Historical Quarterly 66 (1976–1977): 137–153. Rockaway, Robert, and Arnon Gutfeld. "Demonic images of the Jew in the nineteenth century United States." American Jewish History 89#4 (2001): 355–381. Silverstein, Alan. Alternatives to Assimilation: The Response of Reform Judaism to American Culture, 1840-1930. (1994). 275 pp. Sorin, Gerald. "Mutual Contempt, Mutual Benefit: The Strained Encounter between German and Eastern European Jews in America, 1880–1920." American Jewish History 81#1 (1993): 34–59. Staub, Michael E. Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America. (2002). 392 pp. online edition Whitfield, Stephen J. In Search of American Jewish Culture. (1999). 307 pp. Wilhelm, Cornelia. The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity, 1843-1914 (Wayne State University Press, 2011). Wirth-Nesher, Hana, and Michael P. Kramer. The Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature (2003) online edition Wolfthal, Maurice. The Jewish Unions in America: Pages of History and Memories (Open Book Publishers, 2018) online edition Primary sources "The Jews: Next Year in Which Jerusalem" Time April 10, 1972, online Salo Wittmayer Baron and Joseph L. Blau, eds. The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History. 3 vol.(1963) online Farber, Roberta Rosenberg, and Chaim I. Waxman, eds. Jews in America: A Contemporary Reader (1999) excerpt and text search Gurock, Jeffrey S., ed. American Jewish History series The Colonial and Early National Periods, 1654-1840., vol. 1 (1998). 486 pp. Central European Jews in America, 1840-1880: Migration and Advancement. vol. 2. (1998). 392 pp. East European Jews in America, 1880-1920: Immigration and Adaptation. vol. 3. (1998). 1295 pp. American Jewish Life, 1920-1990. vol. 4. (1998). 370 pp. Transplantations, Transformations, and Reconciliations. vol. 5. (1998). 1375 pp. Anti-Semitism in America. vol. 6. (1998). 909 pp. America, American Jews, and the Holocaust. vol. 7 (1998). 486 pp. American Zionism: Mission and Politics. vol. 8. (1998). 489 pp. Irving Howe and Kenneth Libo, eds. How We Lived, 1880-1930: A Documentary History of Immigrant Jews in America (1979) online Karp, Abraham, ed. The Jews in America: A Treasury of Art and Literature. Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, (1994) Marcus, Jacob Rader, ed. The Jew in the American World: A Source Book (1996.) Staub, Michael E. ed. The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. online review External links American Jewish Historical Society Jewish Migration to the United States Timeline of American Jewish History Jews and the Founding of America United States Holocaust Memorial Museum History of the United States by topic	[ 0.2704731822013855, 0.24899834394454956, -0.9113263487815857, -0.2144061028957367, -0.06228189915418625, 0.22761701047420502, 0.8501046895980835, 0.7121036648750305, -0.11328954994678497, -0.7391364574432373, 0.23269346356391907, -0.3164012134075165, -0.23286841809749603, 0.600423276424408, -0.8945117592811584, 0.22823520004749298, 0.37454336881637573, 0.6534151434898376, 0.030994076281785965, -0.029021240770816803, -0.5757535099983215, 0.13121339678764343, 0.8521162867546082, 0.5169805884361267, -0.15732933580875397, -0.52414870262146, 0.37311020493507385, -0.8672233819961548, -0.38824862241744995, -0.12171676754951477, 0.059217292815446854, 0.11373794078826904, 0.11784505844116211, -0.08638092875480652, -0.12349951267242432, -0.2102285623550415, 0.03754886984825134, 0.3291107714176178, 0.1570529043674469, -0.19476689398288727, -0.20716290175914764, -0.07401087880134583, 0.9273608922958374, 0.49969425797462463, -0.027152344584465027, -0.05318889766931534, -1.6095632314682007, 0.9095656275749207, -0.5268996357917786, -0.009706342592835426, -0.21183361113071442, -0.6068569421768188, 0.3325869143009186, 0.9250192046165466, -0.12049729377031326, 0.5711926221847534, -1.0628299713134766, -0.0045437584631145, 0.2619536519050598, 0.3082957863807678, 0.3492926061153412, 0.3892657160758972, 0.6336570978164673, -0.585676908493042, 0.14055056869983673, -0.3986104726791382, -0.06807653605937958, 1.073326587677002, 0.42346838116645813, -0.713806688785553, 0.32869377732276917, -0.5177345275878906, -0.16667264699935913, -0.5654503107070923, 0.20831270515918732, -0.13445310294628143, 0.24734099209308624, 0.22940285503864288, -0.4077201187610626, -0.03558060899376869, -0.531372606754303, 0.012719028629362583, 0.16515761613845825, 0.13410142064094543, 0.27006787061691284, -0.3192082345485687, -0.5356152057647705, -0.270031213760376, -0.4670800566673279, 0.19620676338672638, -0.03330584615468979, 0.5507192611694336, 0.595106840133667, -0.24079832434654236, -0.48945337533950806, -0.14078544080257416, 0.6699537038803101, 0.16379721462726593, 0.14605708420276642, 0.13854965567588806, -0.18199080228805542, 0.5988881587982178, 0.9064077138900757, -0.2555965483188629, -0.31538498401641846, 0.3123024106025696, 0.39875879883766174, 0.5209698677062988, 0.2484288066625595, -0.3534969985485077, 0.30796682834625244, 0.48699042201042175, -0.41194191575050354, 0.5066468715667725, -0.8430681824684143, 1.0504552125930786, 0.38558125495910645, -0.8999887704849243, -0.16740787029266357, -0.1980440318584442, -0.29493242502212524, 0.9219704270362854, -0.5824683308601379, -0.17414532601833344, -0.6635860204696655, 0.41363611817359924, 0.713915228843689, 0.20235437154769897, 0.1932920217514038, -0.18212300539016724, 0.4897937476634979, 0.6764009594917297, 0.4879200756549835, -0.21062110364437103, -0.2467096894979477, 0.1511399745941162, 0.35129934549331665, -0.09645543992519379, 0.2691582143306732, -0.32056817412376404, -0.4625181555747986, -0.44473111629486084, -0.3444534242153168, 0.06677601486444473, 0.48556461930274963, -0.8555049300193787, 0.10937733948230743, -0.643127977848053, -0.6104752421379089, -0.3100338280200958, 0.23251868784427643, -0.36638641357421875, 0.3316308557987213, 0.5014959573745728, -0.2123430371284485, -0.35982704162597656, -0.24289172887802124, -0.021144045516848564, 0.3751521706581116, 0.7481944561004639, -0.3664626181125641, -0.3004629909992218, 0.4307025969028473, -0.3830952048301697, -0.08587738871574402, 0.33547425270080566, 0.556839108467102, 0.011521229520440102, -0.17619392275810242, 0.34445613622665405, -0.7468236684799194, 0.03721507638692856, 0.40584680438041687, -0.2989424169063568, -0.5331904292106628, 0.12130718678236008, 0.227389857172966, 0.0010064516682177782, -0.10404158383607864, -0.005265630781650543, -0.852654755115509, 0.11390992254018784, 0.09862470626831055, -0.1694110780954361, 0.22048979997634888, -0.10995203256607056, 0.14848129451274872, -0.22291795909404755, -0.24770520627498627, -0.2814387381076813, 0.12399853020906448, -0.42813771963119507, 0.028110291808843613, -0.18635410070419312, 1.4002043008804321, -0.009076517075300217, -0.46143919229507446, 0.5447255969047546, 0.09714292734861374, 0.3179480731487274, -0.4632628858089447, 0.19653502106666565, 0.36582812666893005, 0.268456369638443, -0.3312435448169708, 0.5879934430122375, -0.02371508628129959, 0.49443283677101135, 0.857295572757721, -0.16206210851669312, 0.47545117139816284, -0.16451318562030792, 0.1246531531214714, 0.4949255883693695, -0.05496901646256447, 0.08665855973958969, -0.14743585884571075, 0.16497507691383362, 0.26629164814949036, -0.3684631288051605, 0.6302525997161865, -0.041372667998075485, 0.284657746553421, 0.0931636393070221, 0.5628725290298462, 0.7636589407920837, 0.1763150990009308, 0.0020415224134922028, 0.4586530029773712, -0.2641885280609131, 0.46445775032043457, -0.43200162053108215, 0.3539793789386749, -1.0099250078201294, 0.027800846844911575, -0.20384752750396729, 0.028551708906888962, -0.4676554501056671, -0.06840266287326813, 0.2115435004234314, 0.5770957469940186, -0.056593313813209534, -0.39526376128196716, -0.37147092819213867, -0.2774713933467865, 0.060956139117479324, 0.2551431357860565, -0.40168043971061707, 0.41064146161079407, -0.5737807154655457, -0.03003503754734993, 0.4893985092639923, 0.782066285610199, -0.29207849502563477, 0.6241243481636047, 0.2237817943096161, -0.22586214542388916, -0.2870314419269562, 0.8743995428085327, 0.08965910971164703, 0.21335071325302124, 0.4003976881504059, -0.05639111250638962, 0.17283768951892853, 0.24864168465137482, -0.7436219453811646, -0.6100426912307739, 0.19758744537830353, -0.025856098160147667, -0.07744579017162323, 1.5164742469787598, -0.0901440978050232, 0.16548673808574677, -0.4918038547039032, 0.7731132507324219, -0.08543537557125092, -0.06980545818805695, 0.3579995632171631, -0.20547716319561005, -0.11257876455783844, -0.6357645392417908, 0.19249358773231506, -0.3218361437320709, -0.40372607111930847, -0.2715539336204529, -0.341442346572876, 0.2343796193599701, -0.4103991985321045, 0.002440618583932519, 0.30909523367881775, 0.3908796012401581, -0.16690611839294434, -0.4893908202648163, 0.011980930343270302, 0.28701233863830566, 0.6916587948799133, 0.12579235434532166, 0.19466784596443176, -0.3244779109954834, -0.4620435833930969, -0.5118417143821716, -0.028367893770337105, -1.2975960969924927, -0.06675533205270767, -0.024678518995642662, 0.10311548411846161, -0.16134528815746307, -0.7058014273643494, -5.37366247177124, 0.0506933256983757, -0.6662392020225525, -0.6481466889381409, 0.05116705968976021, -0.3091181218624115, 0.648140013217926, -0.24246957898139954, -0.1146952360868454, 0.0599665492773056, 0.2681458294391632, -0.16185936331748962, -0.570619523525238, 0.3342742919921875, 0.2102452516555786, 0.8105051517486572, 0.4937344491481781, -0.24784260988235474, -0.46752795577049255, 0.39060547947883606, -0.29623517394065857, -0.4181825518608093, -0.0032917726784944534, 0.41269272565841675, 0.4656229317188263, 0.18498866260051727, 0.027067964896559715, 0.02881591022014618, -0.3710431754589081, 0.20837076008319855, -0.31690365076065063, -0.317428320646286, 0.4954700469970703, -0.7982019782066345, -0.33032941818237305, -0.3473286032676697, 0.7151020765304565, -0.02531183511018753, 0.14371688663959503, -0.4554866850376129, -0.27357950806617737, 0.369274765253067, -0.6051728129386902, 0.10586430877447128, 0.650916337966919, -0.17004384100437164, -0.27170121669769287, 0.23101678490638733, -0.08478177338838577, 0.839190661907196, 0.2934139370918274, 0.6291455030441284, 0.31603777408599854, 0.0525532029569149, -0.015276694670319557, -0.47636228799819946, 0.13426171243190765, 0.11909351497888565, 0.13524463772773743, 0.12468980997800827, 0.6830295920372009, -0.21419639885425568, 0.03236038610339165, -0.3910376727581024, 0.6197288036346436, -1.123645544052124, -0.9151761531829834, -0.045330144464969635, -0.09612643718719482, 0.521350085735321, 0.6181641817092896, 0.46047505736351013, -0.1693078577518463, -0.7187889218330383, -0.01015627384185791, -0.37255871295928955, -0.2085900753736496, -0.09895263612270355, 0.1556612104177475, 0.1620655506849289, 0.4841229021549225, 0.23965978622436523, 0.036021195352077484, 0.381273090839386, -0.0424664169549942, 0.04125530272722244, -0.18301354348659515, 0.08543320745229721, -1.7090582847595215, -0.8946539163589478, 0.888627827167511, 0.11081252992153168, 0.08996446430683136, 0.3320363461971283, 0.026849355548620224, 0.42574846744537354, 0.3754275143146515, 0.10799150913953781, 0.16808347404003143, -0.027022909373044968, 0.05566718801856041, 0.3717467486858368, -0.36160242557525635, -0.5897508263587952, 0.01651449128985405, -0.06811647117137909, -0.7597870230674744, 0.542805016040802, 0.7097302079200745, -0.16022109985351562, -0.5560903549194336, -0.5077850222587585, -0.18545016646385193, -0.38769224286079407, 0.4555664658546448, -0.12029282003641129, 0.000432767701568082, -0.17764411866664886, 0.6341766715049744, 0.5832667946815491, 0.31807246804237366, 0.24559064209461212, -0.3873993754386902, 0.5816606283187866, 0.2507672607898712, -0.4853096008300781, 0.2505047023296356, 0.3366352617740631, -0.32657209038734436, -0.11757255345582962, 0.20483091473579407, 0.10591723024845123, 0.14861704409122467, 0.4561581313610077, -0.07894176244735718, 0.42601051926612854, -0.266799658536911, -0.9117368459701538, -0.304203599691391, -0.14303575456142426, -0.15410876274108887, -0.21140706539154053, 0.47529736161231995, 0.4760926067829132, 0.3889291286468506, 0.519571840763092, 0.11260582506656647, -0.338121622800827, -0.6627988219261169, 0.48156189918518066, -0.1631881445646286, -0.02212866023182869, 0.3012363314628601, 0.010242674499750137, -0.30223461985588074, -0.13784462213516235, 1.0036557912826538, 0.17861807346343994, -0.6565395593643188, -0.5023319721221924, -0.1457376778125763, -0.3042656183242798, -0.6644024848937988, 0.4126553237438202, -0.04749155789613724, -0.1039084866642952, 0.04907601326704025, -0.11559949815273285, -0.16808673739433289, 0.5562340021133423, 0.5270988941192627, -0.24854975938796997, -0.008371356874704361, -0.07166022062301636, 0.1917889267206192, 0.052012644708156586, -0.12852680683135986, 0.5686654448509216, -0.6798921823501587, -0.47789230942726135, -0.09956572204828262, -0.18960672616958618, -0.7133064270019531, 0.17161543667316437, 0.1037374809384346, -0.6533100605010986, -0.0962141826748848, -0.2981868386268616, -0.679302990436554, -0.17433394491672516, -0.07703588902950287, -0.14478713274002075, 0.02655346319079399, 0.5064811110496521, -0.7967755198478699, -0.38186144828796387, 0.2990902066230774, 0.20048931241035461, -0.751691460609436, -0.34961044788360596, 0.7581653594970703, 0.23770475387573242, -0.5021968483924866, -0.07075910270214081, 0.022389143705368042, 0.07307030260562897, 0.2841466963291168, 0.4057399034500122, -0.6091532707214355, 1.078521490097046, 0.39523962140083313, -0.2187962830066681, -0.1660502851009369, 0.08785983175039291, -0.2529048025608063, 0.08556608855724335, 0.2979794442653656, 0.22884434461593628, 0.1818106770515442, -0.23492276668548584, 0.5706923604011536, 0.06146809831261635, -0.23906496167182922, -0.38308969140052795, -0.1950269192457199, 1.0104024410247803, -0.5929058790206909, -0.2950824499130249, -0.6146753430366516, -0.7033851742744446, -0.047690410166978836, -0.5416511297225952, -0.06409228593111038, -0.5903910994529724, -0.38355058431625366, 0.3307126462459564, 0.6625799536705017, 0.12310615181922913, 0.202206552028656, 0.7481983304023743, 0.4651930630207062, 0.6383700370788574, 0.12330325692892075, -0.20845705270767212, 0.28441548347473145, 0.29379239678382874, -0.3741939663887024, 0.08954934775829315, -0.49606403708457947, 0.38218924403190613, -0.13687719404697418, -0.45990297198295593, -0.4845600426197052, -0.0742819532752037, 0.2109929323196411, 0.33189284801483154, -0.45539161562919617, 0.6022855639457703, -0.4029472768306732, -0.22232981026172638, -0.057973019778728485, -0.09777731448411942, -1.0799317359924316, -0.060062240809202194, 0.15970724821090698, -0.6828053593635559, 0.11759022623300552, -0.014478751458227634, 0.3575156629085541, -0.5482578873634338, -0.3774765133857727, -0.6612531542778015, 0.1890600025653839, 0.08219518512487411, -0.0790085643529892, 0.17742277681827545, 0.13325859606266022, -0.25185176730155945, 0.01864403486251831, -0.39960458874702454, -0.5591440796852112, -0.8738958835601807, 0.1208827942609787, 0.32449963688850403, 0.019544363021850586, -0.6009017825126648, -0.48024439811706543, 0.06660445779561996, 0.060641054064035416, -0.4556303918361664, -0.4379347860813141, -0.5564637184143066, 0.04157014936208725, 0.4151496887207031, -0.24737976491451263, -0.323199599981308, 0.3157811760902405, -0.20588715374469757, 0.013163012452423573, -0.09074800461530685, -0.5486614108085632, 0.5296338200569153, 0.23379212617874146, -0.3395327031612396, 0.5712431073188782, 0.2622160315513611, 0.21342693269252777, 0.24475812911987305, -0.4526018798351288, -0.30048832297325134, 0.10177134722471237, -0.5629156231880188, 0.2288181483745575, 0.6029648780822754, -0.978069007396698, -0.06966910511255264, 0.5866515040397644, -0.6817194819450378, -0.1325557827949524, -0.38603851199150085, 0.04488447681069374, 0.19209304451942444, 0.26647812128067017, 0.025453895330429077, 0.26877713203430176, 0.3147379755973816, 0.22432012856006622, -0.14508484303951263, -0.1909334361553192, -0.2343606799840927, 0.46322953701019287, 0.2543313801288605, -0.8214600682258606, 0.2754368782043457, -0.08764734119176865, 0.2670842409133911, -0.2912921607494354, -0.5026713013648987, -0.41358160972595215, 1.2508583068847656, 0.2261694371700287, 0.29412922263145447, -0.2479775995016098, -0.38097280263900757, -0.07273542135953903, 0.07860766351222992, 0.140848308801651, 0.11427650600671768, 0.8425467014312744, -0.21803148090839386, 0.8062504529953003, -0.09493190795183182, 0.4931531846523285, 0.384848415851593, 0.15720194578170776, -0.35631266236305237, 0.40860044956207275, 0.08642574399709702, -0.4655311405658722, -0.6140576601028442, 0.5959687232971191, -0.4646949768066406, 0.8685522675514221, -0.4702218472957611, -0.29078006744384766, -0.11996158212423325, -0.07438822090625763, -0.8705452084541321, -0.4546162486076355, 0.12805725634098053, 0.28632181882858276, 0.27765968441963196, -0.5395737886428833, -0.11124835908412933, 0.3692784905433655, 0.6485915780067444, 0.21261799335479736, 0.028399666771292686, 0.3594512343406677, 0.08505938947200775, 0.05012897402048111, -0.3463040590286255, -0.160258486866951, -0.8991283178329468, -0.15290044248104095, 0.21720977127552032, -0.3321009576320648, -0.2281264364719391, -0.5273041129112244, -0.013916147872805595, -0.5610337257385254, -0.6194007992744446, 0.587426483631134, -0.13919603824615479, -0.058172814548015594, 0.31973206996917725, -0.6765495538711548, 0.5103241205215454, 0.170424222946167, 0.19196687638759613, 0.16438812017440796, 0.6092820167541504, 0.37986254692077637, 0.08299791812896729, -0.42873919010162354, 0.9376553893089294, -0.6808210015296936, -0.4797256588935852, 0.1478666514158249, 0.9341418743133545, 0.24547167122364044, -0.0004756436392199248, 0.03988230973482132, -0.11709990352392197, 0.03684266284108162, 0.30137816071510315, 0.8970030546188354, -0.06838130205869675, -0.4686785340309143, -0.19553536176681519, 0.17978547513484955, -0.19678853452205658, -0.5626538991928101, 0.3105063736438751, -0.4257711172103882, -0.11113742738962173, 0.35276705026626587, 0.09653261303901672, -0.4392485022544861, 0.583888053894043, 0.17230112850666046, -0.37339574098587036, 0.28454676270484924, -0.2240871787071228, 0.08313492685556412, -0.43909138441085815, 0.47435200214385986, 0.9428529739379883, 0.6709330677986145, -0.48021167516708374, 0.02689133957028389, -0.4418255090713501, 0.14075171947479248, 0.07373200356960297, -0.023632843047380447, -0.2362471967935562, -0.26430079340934753, -0.7002696394920349, -0.4951651692390442, 0.823624312877655, -0.18499267101287842, -0.31268173456192017, -0.33951953053474426, 0.26264825463294983, 0.28252145648002625, -0.5005434155464172, 0.28241047263145447, -0.6428025364875793, 0.3129692077636719, 0.1279493123292923 ]
210731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariance%20of%20domain	Invariance of domain	Invariance of domain is a theorem in topology about homeomorphic subsets of Euclidean space . It states: If is an open subset of and is an injective continuous map, then is open in and is a homeomorphism between and . The theorem and its proof are due to L. E. J. Brouwer, published in 1912. The proof uses tools of algebraic topology, notably the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Notes The conclusion of the theorem can equivalently be formulated as: " is an open map". Normally, to check that is a homeomorphism, one would have to verify that both and its inverse function are continuous; the theorem says that if the domain is an subset of and the image is also in then continuity of is automatic. Furthermore, the theorem says that if two subsets and of are homeomorphic, and is open, then must be open as well. (Note that is open as a subset of and not just in the subspace topology. Openness of in the subspace topology is automatic.) Both of these statements are not at all obvious and are not generally true if one leaves Euclidean space. It is of crucial importance that both domain and image of are contained in Euclidean space . Consider for instance the map defined by This map is injective and continuous, the domain is an open subset of , but the image is not open in A more extreme example is the map defined by because here is injective and continuous but does not even yield a homeomorphism onto its image. The theorem is also not generally true in infinitely many dimensions. Consider for instance the Banach lp space of all bounded real sequences. Define as the shift Then is injective and continuous, the domain is open in , but the image is not. Consequences An important consequence of the domain invariance theorem is that cannot be homeomorphic to if Indeed, no non-empty open subset of can be homeomorphic to any open subset of in this case. Generalizations The domain invariance theorem may be generalized to manifolds: if and are topological -manifolds without boundary and is a continuous map which is locally one-to-one (meaning that every point in has a neighborhood such that restricted to this neighborhood is injective), then is an open map (meaning that is open in whenever is an open subset of ) and a local homeomorphism. There are also generalizations to certain types of continuous maps from a Banach space to itself. See also for other conditions that ensure that a given continuous map is open. Notes References (see p. 72–73 for Hirsch's proof utilizing non-existence of a differentiable retraction) External links Algebraic topology Homeomorphisms Theorems in topology	[ -0.6250996589660645, -0.07766957581043243, -0.1256546825170517, 0.10024394094944, -0.6283401846885681, -0.17397435009479523, -0.28413715958595276, 0.059270914644002914, -0.012809442356228828, -0.8691011667251587, -0.42094799876213074, 0.23564200103282928, -0.43803146481513977, 0.4358532726764679, 0.07062989473342896, 0.6691229343414307, 0.34871602058410645, 0.3235396146774292, -0.05580834671854973, -0.5897045135498047, 0.45284712314605713, 0.0410243384540081, -0.2293764352798462, -0.20911943912506104, 0.2881149351596832, -0.15250423550605774, -0.11189279705286026, 0.3724830746650696, 0.5385051369667053, 0.4754906892776489, 0.2367636114358902, 0.5587742328643799, 0.0061268797144293785, -0.008210349828004837, 0.05695429444313049, -0.1910782903432846, 0.3628876507282257, -0.14427195489406586, -0.23962128162384033, -0.02951745316386223, 0.5899274349212646, 0.11387185752391815, 0.09515628963708878, 0.27045801281929016, -0.3303270936012268, -0.8870824575424194, -1.4600976705551147, -0.19438883662223816, 0.10792708396911621, -0.24792566895484924, 0.08271456509828568, -0.0968361422419548, -0.03568139299750328, 0.6849631071090698, -0.39951592683792114, 0.7781901359558105, -0.655918300151825, -0.22488147020339966, 0.44607630372047424, -0.3469579219818115, -0.07797133177518845, 0.39658451080322266, 0.28227490186691284, -0.0007934824097901583, -0.18677537143230438, 1.1244901418685913, -0.24227774143218994, -0.025448860600590706, -0.19861960411071777, -0.8131589293479919, -0.3230363130569458, -0.24422802031040192, -0.11755165457725525, 0.7194323539733887, -0.4886554777622223, 0.132307767868042, 0.020434359088540077, -0.16145291924476624, 0.1267457902431488, 0.15339596569538116, -0.38782158493995667, 0.8113107085227966, 0.24923062324523926, -0.5324171185493469, 0.5708460211753845, 0.21822309494018555, -0.4604492485523224, 0.8105060458183289, -0.8689721822738647, 0.9437615871429443, 0.6195312142372131, -0.20985442399978638, 0.817260205745697, -0.2327100783586502, -0.07949169725179672, 0.18126949667930603, 0.3771387040615082, -0.47465643286705017, 0.35711613297462463, 0.17182153463363647, -0.5881333947181702, -0.16234980523586273, -0.4161762297153473, -0.335042268037796, -0.37418580055236816, -0.636428713798523, -0.16601084172725677, -0.1186218336224556, 0.05503588169813156, 0.060779869556427, -0.6574252247810364, 0.48576387763023376, -0.044322650879621506, -0.29640814661979675, -0.3187522292137146, 0.42965829372406006, -0.04940405860543251, 0.0715969055891037, 0.024394812062382698, 0.31604403257369995, -0.2717439830303192, 0.3156329095363617, -0.247886061668396, 0.4106147289276123, -0.4939180910587311, -0.11198705434799194, 0.4413359761238098, 0.7830760478973389, -0.6005956530570984, 0.12521179020404816, -0.06640540063381195, 0.36990344524383545, 0.6186014413833618, 0.3041324019432068, -0.09432301670312881, -0.5515131950378418, -0.442020058631897, -0.6231939792633057, -0.19536976516246796, -0.29492467641830444, -0.23959212005138397, -0.4843200743198395, -0.4700447618961334, -0.1360555738210678, 0.8688637614250183, -0.103744737803936, -0.16765041649341583, -0.37898823618888855, -0.11962620168924332, 0.13205035030841827, 0.16052116453647614, 0.40422454476356506, -0.6934369206428528, 0.27853190898895264, -0.4600082039833069, -0.17602218687534332, 0.5034788250923157, 0.5955778956413269, -0.5150607228279114, 0.4094221591949463, 0.09555278718471527, 0.04051430895924568, -0.3864321708679199, -0.6490746140480042, 0.5581985116004944, -0.8290606737136841, 0.553808331489563, 0.19492188096046448, 0.1937437504529953, 0.5286732912063599, -0.6691942811012268, -0.5261198282241821, 0.30991438031196594, -0.20054508745670319, -0.14865997433662415, 0.0497649610042572, 0.10657622665166855, -0.24709229171276093, 0.5934963822364807, -0.08894938230514526, -0.896919310092926, -0.15550446510314941, 0.5400204658508301, -0.3027203381061554, 0.5744598507881165, 0.22672200202941895, 0.49475613236427307, 0.10547792911529541, 0.44399163126945496, -0.32047441601753235, -0.8315653204917908, -0.034572117030620575, -0.0544356070458889, -0.7771344780921936, 1.2888543605804443, 0.40602949261665344, -0.5984551310539246, 0.48990413546562195, -0.21535198390483856, 0.6888406276702881, -0.3950674831867218, -0.1524793803691864, 0.42171135544776917, 0.3209933638572693, -0.20753860473632812, 0.7488448619842529, -0.6461528539657593, -0.11185998469591141, -0.45650073885917664, 1.0101878643035889, 0.36526164412498474, 0.03228267654776573, 0.7361128926277161, -0.05117317661643028, 0.19030947983264923, -0.12003251910209656, -0.7253528833389282, 0.2092166543006897, 0.20287290215492249, -0.13095347583293915, 1.1320855617523193, 0.12532328069210052, -0.025616232305765152, 0.5282531380653381, -0.2357705533504486, 0.4925038814544678, 0.33080679178237915, 0.6911466121673584, 0.5865175127983093, -0.7285458445549011, -0.4061756432056427, -0.2711264193058014, 0.4464656710624695, -0.338642954826355, 0.4546489119529724, 0.6756553649902344, 0.6226145625114441, -0.6592857241630554, 0.6810227036476135, -0.2380272001028061, -0.0036268625408411026, 0.43981391191482544, -0.24294905364513397, 0.015853017568588257, -0.011587650515139103, -0.05864131450653076, -0.5898025631904602, -0.2709638476371765, -0.623862624168396, -0.4693201184272766, -0.36890947818756104, 0.20637550950050354, -0.08745654672384262, -0.696879506111145, -0.5974499583244324, 0.14801065623760223, 0.05603237450122833, -0.05800585821270943, 0.29410386085510254, 0.616694450378418, -0.18089595437049866, 0.03931591287255287, 0.1646215319633484, -0.35409632325172424, -0.3754405677318573, 0.018239052966237068, -0.5604010224342346, -0.1199212521314621, 0.5953490734100342, 0.4187490940093994, 0.357657253742218, -1.3434568643569946, -0.7405447959899902, 0.02305627055466175, -0.804187536239624, -0.4278147518634796, -0.3568410277366638, 0.3521343469619751, -0.7000213861465454, -0.09489041566848755, 0.054901402443647385, 0.39654451608657837, 0.4022293984889984, -0.14602716267108917, -0.3797656297683716, -0.5463482737541199, -0.30573561787605286, -0.7450494170188904, -0.3516215682029724, -0.4548254907131195, -0.17964334785938263, 0.35217034816741943, -0.02018868736922741, 0.11709536612033844, 0.26051977276802063, 0.6965672373771667, -0.17564687132835388, -0.6008270978927612, 0.04910452663898468, -0.29294130206108093, -0.9835403561592102, -0.4557875692844391, 0.09346044808626175, -0.034719374030828476, -0.006466998718678951, -0.39355459809303284, -0.32688844203948975, 0.08367972820997238, -5.320093631744385, 0.323844850063324, 0.24865597486495972, 0.10618160665035248, -0.14369355142116547, 0.2124558538198471, 0.6419529318809509, 0.1709609180688858, -0.5363137125968933, 0.029337884858250618, -0.30064183473587036, -0.6727205514907837, -0.4912717640399933, 0.8530157208442688, 0.457599401473999, 0.7100793719291687, 0.33506518602371216, 0.3158934414386749, 0.2705210745334625, 0.4684016704559326, -0.36694401502609253, -0.3495640456676483, -0.11157627403736115, -0.4003380239009857, 0.17174743115901947, 0.5472525954246521, -0.5979517698287964, 0.22123247385025024, -0.5999186038970947, -0.0477953776717186, 0.3208122253417969, 0.0227402001619339, 0.05173115059733391, -0.4355050027370453, -0.47447580099105835, 0.4065098464488983, 0.16111218929290771, -0.12436448782682419, 0.04828347638249397, -0.7928187847137451, -0.46973320841789246, 0.7944695949554443, 0.05168706923723221, -0.1510421335697174, 0.34134238958358765, -0.0019793726969510317, -0.22673837840557098, 0.1297675222158432, 0.08964630961418152, 0.8193445801734924, -0.22669696807861328, -0.10856090486049652, 0.42683184146881104, 0.03488468751311302, -0.5306476354598999, -0.08139049261808395, 0.6310310363769531, -0.507310152053833, -0.8278388381004333, 0.6515325307846069, 0.6126055121421814, -0.9873731136322021, 0.7859259843826294, -0.3636135458946228, -0.49507468938827515, -0.02037961222231388, -0.6570570468902588, -0.09141705185174942, 0.2943989932537079, 0.08014199882745743, -0.5164278149604797, 0.39703941345214844, -0.03893302008509636, -0.5433968901634216, -0.09697897732257843, -0.5116023421287537, 0.20481175184249878, -0.19713087379932404, 0.4566127061843872, 0.10045332461595535, -0.14025451242923737, -0.4128125011920929, -0.587798535823822, 0.5721553564071655, -0.15956294536590576, -0.4806922972202301, -0.20118722319602966, -0.1643761545419693, -0.5217301845550537, -0.5720760226249695, 0.3703366219997406, -0.046169716864824295, 0.6554991006851196, 0.6342508792877197, -0.009250606410205364, -0.0016778329154476523, 0.6302688121795654, 0.4291386306285858, 0.12562844157218933, -0.12933486700057983, 0.2855303883552551, -0.31480321288108826, 0.22097067534923553, 0.08141741901636124, 0.10596509277820587, -0.019220825284719467, -0.7840678691864014, 0.8869407773017883, 0.8045369982719421, -0.2935481667518616, -0.19247396290302277, 0.1763591468334198, -0.48313474655151367, -0.32041189074516296, 0.15428879857063293, 0.42041870951652527, -0.8628780245780945, -0.21701882779598236, 0.7753362655639648, -0.3427760899066925, 0.09312605112791061, 0.20842310786247253, 0.3671233355998993, 0.19388623535633087, -0.5025598406791687, -0.055261287838220596, 0.08548887073993683, 0.5473302006721497, -0.4773676097393036, -0.31718114018440247, -0.1632087230682373, 0.9412659406661987, -0.14161992073059082, 0.12570250034332275, 0.046572454273700714, -0.8988701105117798, 0.12698236107826233, 0.5734186172485352, 0.2747819721698761, -0.26441264152526855, 1.111389398574829, 0.1152459979057312, -0.2424912303686142, -0.19395312666893005, 0.3429625332355499, 0.12160073965787888, 0.3083043694496155, -0.19188840687274933, -0.25554656982421875, 0.8670027852058411, -0.06706719845533371, -0.9052481055259705, 0.8098093271255493, -0.5223816633224487, 0.7190597057342529, 0.2531668543815613, -0.37486404180526733, 0.2985032796859741, 0.21105752885341644, -0.3731498420238495, 0.1312718242406845, 0.33408239483833313, -0.6886930465698242, -0.6721470952033997, -0.05675359442830086, -0.16728977859020233, -0.6329888105392456, -0.4681435227394104, -0.5389158129692078, 0.15406270325183868, 0.12085182964801788, -0.1369052231311798, -0.013084867969155312, -0.5935627818107605, 0.025876589119434357, 0.2460283637046814, 0.3638388514518738, 0.1267266571521759, 0.2912735342979431, -0.22909431159496307, 0.36317265033721924, -0.44629967212677, -0.32367250323295593, 0.6637668609619141, 1.2366795539855957, -0.17646993696689606, -0.038006410002708435, 0.12053638696670532, -0.44363364577293396, 0.09659198671579361, 0.39526820182800293, 0.21880973875522614, -0.04474848136305809, -0.23694853484630585, -0.04990570992231369, -0.2539755702018738, 0.6993563771247864, 0.5928329825401306, -0.3682418167591095, -0.573897659778595, 0.09731583297252655, 0.6219901442527771, -0.6148830652236938, 0.7436422109603882, 0.3952949047088623, -0.4390854239463806, -0.09014376997947693, -0.06980758905410767, -0.43180975317955017, 0.13870473206043243, -0.6575323343276978, -0.717156171798706, -0.4240517318248749, -0.4570622444152832, 0.02354111336171627, 0.49481990933418274, 0.10952530056238174, -0.569296658039093, -0.12128198891878128, -0.28761178255081177, 0.09847411513328552, -0.3441861867904663, 0.09290322661399841, -0.025376584380865097, 0.021571427583694458, 0.1639714539051056, 0.2652478814125061, -0.47594666481018066, 0.5932814478874207, -0.23662199079990387, -0.11348515003919601, -0.22617368400096893, 0.051397670060396194, -0.01033557765185833, -0.1657366007566452, -0.539997398853302, -0.37019211053848267, 0.626909613609314, -0.4889846742153168, -0.6823980808258057, 0.41384759545326233, 0.5605185031890869, 0.3919394910335541, -0.6344307065010071, 0.3750979006290436, 0.5027734041213989, 0.055928729474544525, -0.4815013110637665, 0.20887383818626404, 0.13015657663345337, -0.09976905584335327, -0.009393547661602497, -0.24105283617973328, -0.08832245320081711, 0.8143146634101868, 0.601189136505127, 0.1933501660823822, -0.5126571655273438, 0.41784051060676575, 0.1921343207359314, -0.1547842025756836, -0.619556188583374, -0.24271389842033386, 0.43477487564086914, -0.13466863334178925, 0.3624616861343384, 0.0968780368566513, 0.1677064448595047, 0.5054704546928406, 0.030747316777706146, 0.1863260716199875, -0.7035974264144897, 0.6374460458755493, 0.33362606167793274, 0.5315675139427185, 0.16647829115390778, -0.08864707499742508, 0.12391673773527145, -0.2455790489912033, -0.351214736700058, -0.6267592310905457, -0.6301578879356384, -0.029237085953354836, -0.7945637702941895, -0.10978080332279205, 0.038938358426094055, 0.3565651476383209, 0.5039902329444885, -0.11719531565904617, 0.4469141364097595, -0.7488843202590942, -0.3305681645870209, -0.17935876548290253, -0.10286068171262741, -0.12923914194107056, 0.7231442928314209, -0.12679286301136017, 0.09761487692594528, -0.3693563640117645, -0.15688149631023407, -0.8367092609405518, -0.15174110233783722, -0.0010575291234999895, -0.546583354473114, 0.4878523647785187, 0.4640628695487976, 0.1590699702501297, -0.10764933377504349, -0.01111031137406826, -0.2565982937812805, 0.7471278309822083, 0.17840832471847534, -0.1547023504972458, 0.11169449985027313, -0.5669711232185364, -0.5415562987327576, 0.4124608039855957, -0.6267462372779846, 0.3226710855960846, 0.5335630774497986, -0.36159539222717285, -0.08361908793449402, 0.4837680757045746, -0.05748827010393143, -0.9334338307380676, 0.509057343006134, -0.7136749625205994, 0.23522517085075378, -0.44777196645736694, 0.44147053360939026, 0.4973711669445038, 0.09146533906459808, -0.5623011589050293, 0.7810705304145813, 0.04712506756186485, -0.14155012369155884, -0.07453188300132751, -0.3749726712703705, 0.1625293344259262, 0.1910279542207718, 0.3114716708660126, 0.516615629196167, -0.06504067033529282, 0.33388805389404297, -0.20158585906028748, 0.19939659535884857, 0.2721647620201111, 0.330397367477417, 0.10566815733909607, 0.22544750571250916, 0.24633075296878815, -0.025247514247894287, 0.665012776851654, 0.1724911481142044, -0.22270981967449188, 0.6025568246841431, 0.5426653623580933, -0.4383002519607544, -0.05321090295910835, 0.14755164086818695, 0.05464234948158264, -0.12217900156974792, -0.23030658066272736, -0.12413238734006882, -0.2044387310743332, -0.13647817075252533, 0.8066375851631165, -0.059119269251823425, 0.27873846888542175, 0.044672586023807526, -0.18309427797794342, 0.5953938364982605, -0.013286908157169819, 0.2300407588481903, 0.4744907319545746, -0.18023903667926788, 0.11813849955797195, 0.63273686170578, -0.6406448483467102, -0.5890670418739319, 0.45879825949668884, 0.19568613171577454, 0.05777205526828766, -0.7900596261024475, -0.1776467263698578, -0.11457067728042603, -0.0804562196135521, 0.22494183480739594, -0.5537466406822205, 0.3572297692298889, 0.32024040818214417, -0.3921716809272766, 0.15087102353572845, 0.20309574902057648, 0.38541504740715027, 0.4988744556903839, -0.7386423945426941, 1.1395705938339233, 0.8688274025917053, -0.6035851240158081, -0.05738339200615883, -0.4459823966026306, 0.47111305594444275, 0.11514653265476227, -0.8225666284561157, 0.47504371404647827, -0.3466135263442993, 0.4395095407962799, -0.687663733959198, 0.34732872247695923, 0.4281032681465149, -0.10101740807294846, 0.005552476271986961, 0.5024762153625488, -0.12480176240205765, -0.05923542007803917, 0.7635549306869507, -0.23798765242099762, -0.17998191714286804, 0.026615895330905914, -0.32958897948265076, -0.08989941328763962, 0.04193490371108055, 0.053922493010759354, 0.37718650698661804, -0.0005666935467161238, 0.6263887286186218, 0.0942908301949501, 0.4121248424053192, 0.42786502838134766, -0.0011676647700369358, -0.007480534724891186, -0.9356727004051208, 0.6345882415771484, 0.18761447072029114, -0.3189856708049774, 0.06866838783025742, 0.41973239183425903, 0.6655066609382629, -0.5237703323364258, -0.44650110602378845, 0.06890401244163513, -0.789482593536377, 0.5412912368774414, -0.36790892481803894, 0.8964492082595825, -0.3741024434566498, -0.7735415697097778, -0.8497651219367981, 0.09457820653915405, 0.9152096509933472, -0.48603126406669617, -0.0678948312997818, -0.5097879767417908, -0.4398099482059479, 0.08316096663475037, 0.2834380269050598, -0.30433231592178345, -0.5011983513832092, 0.9729861617088318 ]
210732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi%20Miike	Takashi Miike	is a Japanese filmmaker. He has directed over one hundred theatrical, video, and television productions since his debut in 1991. His films run through a variety of different genres, and range from violent and bizarre to dramatic and family-friendly movies. He is a controversial figure in the contemporary Japanese cinema industry and Sion Sono's closest friend. Some of his best known films are Audition, Ichi the Killer, Gozu, One Missed Call, the Dead or Alive trilogy, and various remakes: Graveyard of Honor, Hara-kiri and 13 Assassins. Early life Miike was born in Yao, Osaka Prefecture, to a Nikkei family originally from the Kumamoto Prefecture, on the island of Kyushu. During World War II, his grandfather was stationed in China and Korea, and his father was born in Seoul in today's South Korea. His father worked as a welder and his mother as a seamstress. Although he claimed to have attended classes only rarely, he graduated from Yokohama Vocational School of Broadcast and Film (Yokohama Hōsō Eiga Senmon Gakkō) under the guidance of renowned filmmaker Shohei Imamura, the founder and Dean of that institution. Career Miike's first films were television productions, but he also began directing several direct-to-video V-Cinema releases. Miike still directs V-Cinema productions intermittently due to the creative freedom afforded by the less stringent censorship of the medium and the riskier content that the producers will allow. Miike's theatrical debut was the film The Third Gangster (Daisan no gokudō), but Shinjuku Triad Society (1995) was his first theatrical release to gain public attention. The film showcased his extreme style and his recurring themes, and its success allowed him to work on higher-budgeted pictures. Shinjuku Triad Society was the first film in what is labeled his "Black Society Trilogy", which also includes Rainy Dog (1997) and Ley Lines (1999). He gained international fame in 2000 when his romantic horror film Audition (1999), his violent yakuza epic Dead or Alive (1999), and his controversial adaptation of the manga Ichi the Killer played at international film festivals. He has since gained a strong cult following in the West that is growing with the increase in DVD releases of his works. His film Hara-Kiri: Death of a Samurai premiered In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. His 2013 film Straw Shield was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Themes of his work Miike achieved notoriety for depicting shocking scenes of extreme violence and sexual perversions. Many of his films contain graphic and lurid bloodshed, often portrayed in an over-the-top, cartoonish manner. Much of his work depicts the activities of criminals (especially yakuza) or concern themselves with gaijin, non-Japanese or foreigners living in Japan. He is known for his dark sense of humor and for pushing the boundaries of censorship as far as they will go. Miike has directed films in a range of genres. He has created lighthearted children's films (Ninja Kids!!!, The Great Yokai War), period pieces (Sabu), a road movie (The Bird People in China), a teen drama (Andromedia), a farcical musical-comedy-horror (The Happiness of the Katakuris), video game adaptations (Like a Dragon, Ace Attorney), and character-driven crime dramas (Ley Lines and Agitator). While Miike often creates films that are less accessible and target arthouse audiences and fans of extreme cinema, such as Izo and the "Box" segment in Three... Extremes, he has created several mainstream and commercial titles such as the horror film One Missed Call and the fantasy drama The Great Yokai War. Miike has cited Starship Troopers as his favorite film. He expressed admiration for directors Akira Kurosawa, Hideo Gosha, David Lynch, David Cronenberg, and Paul Verhoeven. Controversies Several of Miike's films have been subject to scrutiny due to heavy violence. His 2001 horror film Ichi the Killer, adapted from a manga of the same name and starring Tadanobu Asano as a sadomasochistic yakuza enforcer, was highly controversial; during its international premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2001, the audience received "barf bags" emblazoned with the film's logo as a promotional gimmick. The British Board of Film Classification refused to allow the release of the film uncut in the United Kingdom, citing its extreme levels of sexual violence towards women; the film required 3 minutes and 15 seconds of mandated cuts to be allowed release. In Hong Kong, 16 minutes and 59 seconds of footage were cut. Ichi the Killer was also banned outright in Norway, Germany and Malaysia. In 2005, Miike was invited to direct an episode of the Masters of Horror anthology series. The series, featuring episodes by a range of established horror directors such as John Carpenter, Tobe Hooper and Dario Argento, was supposed to provide directors with relative creative freedom and relaxed restrictions on violent and sexual content (some sexual content was edited from the Argento-directed episode "Jenifer"). However, when the Showtime cable network acquired the rights to the series, Miike’s episode, "Imprint", was deemed too disturbing for the network. Showtime cancelled it from the broadcast lineup even after extended negotiations, though it was retained as part of the series' DVD release. Mick Garris, creator and executive producer of the series, described the episode as "amazing, but hard even for me to watch... definitely the most disturbing film I've ever seen". While "Imprint" has yet to air in the United States, it has aired on Bravo in the United Kingdom, on FX in Mexico, South and Central America, the Dominican Republic, France, Israel, Turkey, on Nelonen in Finland, and on Rai Tre in Italy. Anchor Bay Entertainment, which has handled the DVD releases for the Masters of Horror series in the US, released "Imprint" uncut on Region 1 DVD on September 26, 2006. Filmography As director As actor Young Thugs: Innocent Blood (1997), as man in red trousers getting beaten up by Riichi Agitator (2001), as Shinozaki Graveyard of Honor (2001), as Restaurant gunman Ichi the Killer: Episode 0 (2002), Kakihara (voice) Last Life in the Universe (2003), as Yakuza Neighbour No. 13 (2005), as Kaneda Hostel (2006), as Miike Takashi Dōbutsu no Mori (2006), as Rokusuke/Pascal (voice) Tenchijin (2009), as Hyogo Kariyasu No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle (2010), as himself, a friend of Bishop (voice) No More Heroes III (2021), as himself (voice) As producer The Making of 'Gemini' (2000) Ryu ga Gotoku (2006) Other work In 2005 Takashi Miike directed a Kabuki-style play titled Demon Pond. The DVD recording of the performance was released by Cinema Epoch. References Further reading Mes, Tom. Agitator: The Cinema of Takashi Miike. Godalming: FAB Press, 2003. Williams, Tony. "Takashi Miike's Cinema of Outrage." cineACTION 64 (2004): 54-62 "Izo: Takashi Miike's History Lesson." Asian Cinema 16.2 (2005): 85-109. Gerow, Aaron. "The Homelessness of Style and the Problems of Studying Miike Takashi." Canadian Journal of Film Studies 18.1 (2009): 24-43 External links Suicide is for the Birds: Takashi Miike's Tales of De-territorializing Flight at Fantasia 2003 and Beyond 2002 Interview at the Brussels International Festival of Fantastic Film SuicideGirls interview with Miike by Daniel Robert Epstein Interview with Takashi Miike by Mark Schilling Interview with Takashi Miike on Midnight Eye Interview with Miike regarding his Yakuza work on 1UP.com Another Decade with Takashi Miike: An Introduction PULP : : The Manga Magazine : : 6.01 What's No. 5? PULP : : The Manga Magazine : : 5.07 Feature PULP : : The Manga Magazine : : 5.07 Feature PULP : : The Manga Magazine : : THE WOUNDED MAN INTERVIEW 1960 births Living people Fantasy film directors Horror film directors Japanese film directors Japanese male film actors Japanese male actors of Korean descent People from Yao, Osaka Samurai film directors Yakuza film directors Controversies in Japan	[ 0.14468517899513245, 0.17508471012115479, -0.4513463079929352, -0.20321671664714813, 0.0674973577260971, 0.021825149655342102, 0.05729461833834648, 0.0817948654294014, -0.3225708603858948, 0.405823677778244, -0.1326511949300766, 0.1635279804468155, 0.07181715220212936, 0.2574779689311981, 0.06939667463302612, 0.09906458854675293, -0.06319908052682877, 0.29098695516586304, -0.12748602032661438, -0.3692305088043213, -0.5240853428840637, -0.6790271401405334, 0.2883594334125519, -0.23572087287902832, -0.24703624844551086, 0.37547582387924194, 0.17105528712272644, 0.8359668254852295, -0.23316815495491028, -0.4339783489704132, 0.2714722752571106, 0.6065878868103027, 0.24051637947559357, -0.5008567571640015, -0.11766469478607178, -0.1306523084640503, 0.0420411042869091, 0.12773501873016357, 0.18454162776470184, 0.2401781529188156, 0.02007363922894001, 0.4923289716243744, -0.1710130125284195, -0.12790018320083618, -0.2572815716266632, -0.8214594125747681, -2.0839169025421143, 0.17031842470169067, -0.7125136852264404, -0.38553643226623535, 0.21295279264450073, 0.27562215924263, 0.2791140675544739, 0.22175413370132446, -0.05298518389463425, 0.910776674747467, -0.2004510909318924, -0.12525971233844757, -0.04737712815403938, -0.17550604045391083, 0.1728001832962036, -0.531221330165863, 0.19325055181980133, 0.039370059967041016, 0.029095053672790527, 0.3006501793861389, 0.13664114475250244, -0.27907899022102356, 0.27936476469039917, 0.05345279723405838, 0.5203256011009216, 0.393057256937027, 0.22643449902534485, 0.30881452560424805, 0.004767759703099728, -0.4200552701950073, 0.12537357211112976, 0.07685692608356476, 0.026837270706892014, -0.05164260044693947, 0.08153562992811203, -0.10422524064779282, 0.3559134602546692, 0.6062728762626648, -0.029873179271817207, 0.21373242139816284, -0.24412409961223602, -0.06378000974655151, -0.17960625886917114, 0.6304373145103455, -0.362334281206131, -0.5048595070838928, 0.2160651534795761, -0.07246629893779755, 0.5623313188552856, 0.028799939900636673, 0.05130801349878311, 0.712946355342865, 0.18231220543384552, -0.3923451602458954, 0.07754290848970413, -0.19249506294727325, -0.2326394021511078, 0.10882017016410828, -0.891579806804657, -0.36064860224723816, -0.04034305736422539, 0.10711159557104111, -0.38098329305648804, -1.2156612873077393, -0.3081264793872833, 0.3513919413089752, -0.2930043339729309, -0.24218149483203888, -0.1640268713235855, 0.38760319352149963, 0.16936179995536804, -0.07721488177776337, 0.03917365148663521, 0.39054030179977417, -0.16756044328212738, 0.3889426589012146, -0.2465115338563919, -0.1268138885498047, -0.5079501867294312, 0.3948957920074463, -0.0861913189291954, 0.1722830832004547, -0.34452250599861145, -0.12396242469549179, 0.21786539256572723, 0.6314947009086609, -0.42212268710136414, 0.31602782011032104, 0.29260924458503723, -0.7153375148773193, 0.4224011301994324, -0.27981236577033997, -0.20965658128261566, -0.014324702322483063, -0.5602905750274658, -0.09146203845739365, -2.7649996280670166, 0.01834411732852459, -0.1887645125389099, 0.10335368663072586, -0.7437137961387634, -0.4356546998023987, -0.04083080589771271, 0.22664982080459595, -0.06312766671180725, 0.35338541865348816, -0.24964547157287598, 0.005817413795739412, -0.03146994486451149, 0.3147146999835968, 0.53202885389328, -0.21815045177936554, 0.3809519112110138, 0.034094396978616714, -0.14407546818256378, -0.2580605447292328, -0.23424780368804932, 0.02983687072992325, -0.061011433601379395, -0.7885380387306213, 0.36437028646469116, -0.15574824810028076, -0.030337288975715637, 0.1860496550798416, -0.02741500362753868, -0.2514825165271759, -0.20121616125106812, -0.3051794469356537, 0.6641542315483093, -0.12977799773216248, 0.7108327746391296, -0.009747881442308426, -0.08165182918310165, -0.06670381873846054, -0.5959963202476501, -0.3652411699295044, -0.3236909508705139, 0.10603675246238708, 0.39767107367515564, -0.06796242296695709, 0.23818323016166687, 0.07496216148138046, 0.6687946915626526, 0.2803492546081543, -0.3679662346839905, -0.03168376907706261, 0.2804449200630188, -0.3283996284008026, 0.7306637167930603, 0.24583841860294342, -0.24418029189109802, -0.09169522672891617, 0.17943698167800903, 0.41447925567626953, -0.14004553854465485, -0.16481412947177887, -0.1554660201072693, 0.017467379570007324, -0.44554105401039124, 2.225740432739258, 0.5706034898757935, -0.10303939133882523, 0.1940988153219223, 0.4167978763580322, 0.05282888934016228, 0.08970732241868973, -0.10122301429510117, 0.174233078956604, -0.1817055642604828, -0.16453991830348969, -0.3273577392101288, -0.2850198447704315, 0.3119412958621979, -0.5245232582092285, 0.5882485508918762, 0.12942267954349518, -0.3363250494003296, 0.40843865275382996, -0.011192808859050274, 0.7719652056694031, 0.05998997017741203, 0.016027597710490227, 0.35289663076400757, -0.6805970668792725, -0.06888927519321442, 0.24584251642227173, -0.37692517042160034, -0.07480877637863159, -0.13564981520175934, 0.3293698728084564, 0.9582610726356506, -0.18217766284942627, 0.3312058746814728, 0.0018744181143119931, 0.44515326619148254, 0.3326275050640106, 0.03684288635849953, -0.015068192034959793, 0.3913031220436096, 0.20018616318702698, -0.11551008373498917, 0.5512064695358276, -0.685603678226471, -0.3513210713863373, 0.7702125906944275, -0.02207173965871334, 0.38023504614830017, -0.3654625117778778, -0.18523618578910828, -0.013959424570202827, 0.14745336771011353, -0.36199286580085754, 0.0012933277757838368, 0.04837528243660927, -0.11438001692295074, -0.14581094682216644, 0.4343077838420868, -0.20226719975471497, -0.4176374077796936, -0.19611917436122894, 0.7857428193092346, -0.5102298259735107, 0.4526662528514862, 0.18746304512023926, 0.02588961459696293, 0.22432371973991394, 0.007549680769443512, -2.7263150215148926, 0.22625502943992615, -0.1876172125339508, 0.004767400678247213, 0.397183358669281, -0.1786862015724182, -0.12035440653562546, 0.49277690052986145, 0.22074532508850098, -0.19246505200862885, -0.0758964791893959, -0.2552470266819, 0.09765414893627167, -0.5015713572502136, -0.3460714817047119, 0.13872115314006805, 0.25519585609436035, -0.20266872644424438, 0.6648206114768982, -0.18929943442344666, 0.019773973152041435, -0.14786256849765778, 0.3879297375679016, -0.4004693031311035, -0.341701865196228, -0.14095357060432434, -0.3562467396259308, -0.7343299388885498, 0.39951321482658386, 0.11078928411006927, 0.37520286440849304, 0.3971380293369293, 0.39221644401550293, -0.1285799890756607, -0.4702073633670807, -5.136096954345703, -0.08554591983556747, 0.15994666516780853, 0.18692339956760406, 0.22755825519561768, -0.3659111261367798, 0.32204532623291016, 0.004579484928399324, 0.1747545301914215, -0.008533640764653683, -0.4245944023132324, 0.2531101703643799, 0.5588698387145996, 0.6023635268211365, 0.14515526592731476, 0.25009116530418396, 0.2664276957511902, 0.08135272562503815, 0.14602439105510712, 0.0494118370115757, -0.41686099767684937, -0.03556578606367111, -0.11384381353855133, 0.5185207724571228, -0.08707167953252792, 0.4335538148880005, -0.821645200252533, 0.359060674905777, -0.42769595980644226, -0.19217552244663239, -0.6199624538421631, -0.4851130545139313, -0.282424658536911, -0.03145269304513931, -0.1457480490207672, 0.27451348304748535, 0.029916265979409218, 0.40146830677986145, 0.3584972023963928, 0.134147047996521, 0.040928516536951065, 0.30024632811546326, -0.6980217099189758, 0.5527815222740173, 0.38755831122398376, -0.5558882355690002, -0.8157380819320679, -0.2792118489742279, -0.00167434336617589, 0.040919121354818344, 0.5798363089561462, -0.09066511690616608, 1.098965048789978, 0.23512627184391022, 0.5203346610069275, -0.1808651238679886, 0.5942239761352539, -0.21222084760665894, -0.3070901334285736, -0.3250877857208252, 0.17021168768405914, -0.2740594744682312, 0.11314135044813156, -0.1721505969762802, 0.14329978823661804, -0.03346049785614014, 0.4874705374240875, -0.07269998639822006, -0.1754055768251419, -0.10256049782037735, -0.6311343312263489, 0.4760049283504486, 0.5140963196754456, -0.851089596748352, 0.1905301809310913, 0.18998311460018158, -0.002754716668277979, 0.44397956132888794, -0.286755234003067, -0.2973750829696655, -0.5926235318183899, -0.1747722625732422, 0.11816003918647766, 0.3768327236175537, -0.12727245688438416, -0.2217080444097519, 0.5831184387207031, 0.0216206144541502, 0.2425394356250763, 0.23786137998104095, 0.08243256062269211, -0.23066192865371704, 0.13778600096702576, 0.2800765335559845, 0.6728568077087402, -0.24339403212070465, 0.30646610260009766, -0.06402970850467682, 0.6779792904853821, -0.5439143180847168, 0.12351113557815552, -0.06778725981712341, -0.8130202889442444, -0.24532543122768402, 0.0694240853190422, -0.5526188015937805, 0.09273714572191238, 0.36534383893013, 0.35364001989364624, 0.3686940371990204, -0.04255647212266922, 0.08848880231380463, -0.32205650210380554, -0.166761577129364, 0.8133565783500671, 0.022641396149992943, -0.21400436758995056, 0.24828177690505981, 0.36730530858039856, 0.320645272731781, -0.3185183107852936, 0.30076661705970764, -0.07195533066987991, -0.17441584169864655, 0.6798214912414551, 0.07067567110061646, -0.3410917818546295, 0.058209095150232315, -0.6043275594711304, 0.40332356095314026, -0.43993523716926575, 0.6197398900985718, -0.07866612076759338, -0.889435350894928, 0.5459089279174805, -0.5629885196685791, -0.6445000767707825, 0.027045445516705513, 0.4658918082714081, -0.03904904052615166, 0.34280911087989807, -0.11691773682832718, 0.253012090921402, 0.8506922721862793, -0.04318099096417427, 0.06270746141672134, -0.3674495816230774, 0.4624173641204834, -0.24212315678596497, -0.2862096428871155, 0.31370076537132263, -0.6636237502098083, 0.384182333946228, -0.14823339879512787, -0.07694733887910843, 0.2731482684612274, -0.4205743670463562, -0.31123727560043335, -0.18025365471839905, 0.0516316257417202, 0.2537461519241333, -0.44443240761756897, -1.3383890390396118, -0.0458403155207634, 0.14203397929668427, -0.43429312109947205, -0.16783657670021057, -0.19882799685001373, -0.25352388620376587, 0.35242757201194763, 0.23961564898490906, -0.07086644321680069, -0.41123315691947937, -0.0651499480009079, -0.2868746221065521, 0.09854777902364731, 0.1407238245010376, 0.4620031714439392, -0.06665163487195969, 0.02792503871023655, 0.0628897026181221, 0.37525880336761475, 0.053672779351472855, 0.5872006416320801, -0.0986301451921463, -0.508647620677948, -0.2727508246898651, -0.5720400810241699, -0.8022554516792297, 0.5924564003944397, 0.1743922084569931, 0.11561185866594315, 0.32284313440322876, 0.554901659488678, -0.309362530708313, -0.5256972312927246, 0.1731223165988922, -0.30925124883651733, -0.07214286923408508, -0.1701408475637436, 0.1673133224248886, 0.19989170134067535, -0.38816192746162415, -0.055452797561883926, 0.3610786497592926, -0.45343923568725586, 0.023297464475035667, 1.047624111175537, 0.23577472567558289, -0.15644723176956177, -0.4314934015274048, -0.0005367781850509346, -0.09434299170970917, -0.16897723078727722, -0.24749723076820374, 0.29942747950553894, 0.5013036131858826, 0.4856967031955719, -0.06795334070920944, -0.22012454271316528, 0.07968717068433762, 0.025602910667657852, -0.33167755603790283, -0.34489402174949646, -0.20434671640396118, 0.33510783314704895, 0.3891982138156891, -0.2253183275461197, -0.38184744119644165, -0.3740939497947693, -0.3574768304824829, -0.19656416773796082, 0.1824706643819809, 0.07189696282148361, -0.1719447672367096, 0.06677916646003723, 0.25692859292030334, 0.377117782831192, 0.3777945935726166, -0.06608209758996964, 0.48828259110450745, 0.3050382733345032, 0.14592225849628448, 0.3053402304649353, -0.24318696558475494, 0.7578719854354858, -0.13603389263153076, -0.29069003462791443, -0.26361241936683655, 0.6180310845375061, -0.09999541193246841, 0.00048003188567236066, -0.30398908257484436, 0.14335328340530396, 0.9562487006187439, -0.08043980598449707, 0.3167421221733093, 0.2570965588092804, 0.030634930357336998, -0.3254420757293701, -0.18224117159843445, 0.1909829080104828, -0.07057055085897446, -0.457879900932312, -0.08251059055328369, 0.2795337736606598, -0.2959035634994507, 0.033661942929029465, -0.05289129540324211, -0.2872592508792877, -0.8574432134628296, -0.11874257773160934, 0.029462391510605812, 1.0490018129348755, 0.05602950230240822, 0.653863787651062, -0.6718922257423401, -0.24339377880096436, -0.20027798414230347, 0.01249905489385128, 0.9199405312538147, 0.30628257989883423, -0.22962146997451782, -0.10616684705018997, -0.2559943199157715, 0.27064934372901917, 0.1372165083885193, 0.19129541516304016, 0.20656757056713104, 0.10874585062265396, -0.6239078640937805, -0.2703712582588196, -0.10341823101043701, 0.027829909697175026, -0.19512289762496948, 0.0987461656332016, -0.21938547492027283, -0.36648842692375183, -0.6254056096076965, -0.15430468320846558, -0.006193609442561865, 0.1623256355524063, 0.4046918451786041, 0.14982455968856812, 0.8171951174736023, -0.11428893357515335, -0.12696464359760284, -0.49560824036598206, 0.20399895310401917, 0.146781787276268, 0.2562573552131653, 0.304645299911499, -0.008003433234989643, 0.5672827959060669, 0.12055768817663193, -0.2725470960140228, 0.14394667744636536, -0.20377285778522491, -0.1826244294643402, -0.45137518644332886, 0.4697440564632416, -0.22462333738803864, 0.521261990070343, 0.16166488826274872, 0.1284555345773697, 0.2714700996875763, 0.3264324367046356, -0.2598516047000885, -0.1964801549911499, 0.5315563678741455, 0.3787398934364319, 0.29830947518348694, -0.11571307480335236, 0.3690628707408905, -0.04074832797050476, 0.07772926986217499, -0.04606791213154793, -0.5823631882667542, 0.3769884407520294, -0.19716517627239227, -0.08538942039012909, 0.928418755531311, -0.2322048842906952, 0.006466179620474577, 0.48579201102256775, 0.026575276628136635, -0.26234039664268494, -0.11213098466396332, 0.13145986199378967, 0.3459192216396332, 0.3851580321788788, 0.5992302298545837, 0.3198109269142151, -0.11051765829324722, -0.05186786875128746, -0.4012371003627777, 0.21729102730751038, -0.5079704523086548, 0.3259403705596924, -1.4879878759384155, -0.19132427871227264, -0.4372302293777466, 0.2273140549659729, -0.03326716274023056, 0.1498860865831375, -0.15899917483329773, -0.5267631411552429, -0.6338323354721069, 0.0846119374036789, 0.37563809752464294, -0.09796010702848434, 0.016243282705545425, -0.04133473336696625, 0.41355690360069275, 0.20220030844211578, 0.4320259690284729, 0.16210444271564484, -0.12641045451164246, -0.2739671468734741, -0.32277801632881165, -0.033842723816633224, 0.3424397110939026, 0.007796981371939182, 0.035781119018793106, 0.23118287324905396, 0.028603658080101013, -0.20673072338104248, 0.2064952552318573, -0.3068770468235016, -0.045092497020959854, -0.2781396210193634, -0.2884536385536194, -0.036134883761405945, 0.7901473641395569, -0.5561827421188354, 0.036682721227407455, -0.5148135423660278, 0.023917261511087418, 0.3400419056415558, -0.09277115762233734, -0.34169498085975647, 0.03441597893834114, -0.358362078666687, 0.1785680204629898, 0.021699480712413788, -0.04404713958501816, -0.3376314043998718, 0.21209417283535004, -0.33781084418296814, 0.26393038034439087, 0.5265835523605347, 0.1740824580192566, -0.17263029515743256, 0.02856476977467537, -0.021005043759942055, 0.4225013256072998, 0.36591455340385437, 0.18180744349956512, 0.3921685218811035, -0.14139586687088013, -0.139574334025383, -0.3773651421070099, 0.38547155261039734, 0.35838305950164795, -0.10981512069702148, -0.1847355216741562, 0.12576094269752502, -0.19691583514213562, 0.09971654415130615, 0.10433418303728104, -0.37117260694503784, -0.004656835459172726, -0.008386337198317051, 0.34125643968582153, -0.1287844330072403, -0.2193935662508011, 0.6547437906265259, 0.4446590542793274, 0.4206238389015198, -0.11648208647966385, -0.0831538587808609, 0.1334352195262909, -0.012753804214298725, 0.07466121017932892, -4.568685531616211, -0.1921188235282898, -0.2603593170642853, -0.2019873857498169, -0.09527014940977097, -0.06901853531599045, 0.26208633184432983, -0.3954935669898987, 0.1934608519077301, -0.3465149402618408, 0.00668218731880188, 0.35522550344467163, 0.22396068274974823, -0.363195538520813, 0.31025785207748413, -0.30300721526145935 ]
210741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP	BMP	BMP may refer to: Computing Basic Multilingual Plane, related to the Unicode character set Beep Media Player, an obsolete media player related to XMMS BMP file format, the file name extension for the Bitmap image file format BGP Monitoring Protocol (RFC 7854), a network protocol for monitoring BGP sessions Vehicles BMP development, a series of Soviet and Russian infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1 BMP-2 BMP-3 BMP-23, a Bulgarian infantry fighting vehicle BMP UAV, a series of Chinese unmanned aerial vehicles Medical Basic metabolic panel, a common blood test Bone morphogenetic proteins, a family of growth factors influencing bone and tissue growth within animals Other uses Besi Merah Putih, a militia group in East Timor Best management practice for water pollution, a technical term in environmental management BMP Global Distribution Inc v Bank of Nova Scotia, a 2008–2009 case in the Supreme Court of Canada BMP Radio, a broadcasting company based in Houston, Texas Boase Massimi Pollitt, a former advertising agency in UK Stone Beit Midrash Program, an undergraduate Judaic Studies program at Yeshiva University Bear Mountain Parkway, a scenic parkway in New York State that connects the Bear Mountain Bridge with Peekskill Baoding East railway station, China Railway telegraph code BMP See also	[ 0.5599533915519714, 0.4815540015697479, -0.12340179085731506, 0.16988630592823029, 0.2110573947429657, 0.2280707210302353, -0.020528657361865044, -0.08059898763895035, -0.3080284297466278, 0.02943309023976326, -0.5551289916038513, 0.35737743973731995, -0.4513684809207916, -0.12678049504756927, 0.10771384835243225, 0.5832866430282593, 0.7203301787376404, 0.12057381123304367, -0.13882216811180115, -0.33104074001312256, 0.0884430855512619, -0.46103882789611816, 0.36067813634872437, -0.45904505252838135, -0.04570596292614937, 0.29718953371047974, 0.4323066771030426, 0.7163461446762085, -0.30374786257743835, 0.1418934464454651, 0.14776797592639923, -0.13016542792320251, 0.0892605111002922, 0.0952182337641716, 0.12794466316699982, 0.08417515456676483, -0.7262239456176758, -0.09424645453691483, -0.1847592443227768, -0.6922104954719543, 0.05062431842088699, -0.017373839393258095, 0.13413602113723755, 0.36513644456863403, -0.26646777987480164, -0.3745344877243042, -1.5745726823806763, 0.3848198652267456, -0.13197028636932373, 0.2139257788658142, 0.10278061777353287, 0.9416499733924866, -0.18041963875293732, 0.4936675429344177, 0.24136066436767578, 0.4562058448791504, 0.027920184656977654, -0.7322817444801331, 0.3866855204105377, -0.402927964925766, 0.3393336236476898, -0.01400725170969963, 0.022389916703104973, 0.27500098943710327, 0.28357914090156555, -0.03110623173415661, -0.3725043535232544, 0.08093223720788956, -0.34072431921958923, 0.0772935226559639, -0.10714763402938843, -0.4393623173236847, -0.14128990471363068, 0.18464495241641998, -0.3944717049598694, -0.14764361083507538, 0.19932743906974792, -0.1710549294948578, 0.16656693816184998, 0.05735129117965698, 0.16139060258865356, 0.6285013556480408, 0.29266130924224854, 0.026659846305847168, 0.22382217645645142, 0.5023760795593262, -0.21186792850494385, 0.21555738151073456, -0.33045652508735657, 0.29128578305244446, 0.017945395782589912, -0.756464421749115, 0.25082603096961975, 0.11386644840240479, -0.38707292079925537, -0.15751531720161438, -0.2346494495868683, -0.2766522169113159, 0.38275760412216187, 0.02053176239132881, -0.17193041741847992, 0.1514158397912979, 0.33248642086982727, 0.6381182670593262, -0.47278478741645813, -0.15220804512500763, -0.4801713526248932, -0.5005125999450684, -0.24861250817775726, 0.06268619000911713, 0.07096167653799057, -0.3287786841392517, 0.002421940676867962, -0.24866816401481628, -0.0708390325307846, 0.03554733097553253, 0.0777483582496643, -0.2789255678653717, 0.10812296718358994, 0.544572114944458, 0.3876616060733795, 0.9852910041809082, -0.36645230650901794, -0.1437539905309677, 0.6759982109069824, -0.22006458044052124, 0.8277810215950012, 0.40139347314834595, -0.6082133650779724, 0.7179554104804993, -0.06606623530387878, 0.6385487914085388, -0.16752494871616364, 0.4514329135417938, 0.17728012800216675, -0.05130112171173096, -0.015775339677929878, -0.25579091906547546, -0.21074512600898743, 0.25334495306015015, -0.8735077381134033, -0.277176171541214, -0.19796323776245117, -0.40693095326423645, 0.4864145815372467, -0.09467878192663193, -0.4507661759853363, -0.02514192834496498, -0.5381608605384827, -0.313511461019516, -0.1433161497116089, -0.3053343892097473, -0.035212159156799316, 0.0391421802341938, -0.4122890532016754, 0.5079072117805481, -0.12389355152845383, -0.030983494594693184, -0.5383883714675903, -0.06036794185638428, -0.07674377411603928, 0.4802933633327484, -0.735281765460968, -0.05954509600996971, 0.28731247782707214, 0.049655601382255554, 0.46330246329307556, 0.554912269115448, 0.039444129914045334, -0.0020279933232814074, -0.1358283907175064, -0.3534671366214752, 0.19524940848350525, -0.3311888575553894, -0.2534932792186737, 0.40590721368789673, 0.6823685765266418, -0.05633888021111488, 0.4122709333896637, 0.1420021951198578, -0.2683839499950409, -0.07999595254659653, 0.02824890986084938, -0.34179770946502686, -0.18522801995277405, -0.10312823206186295, 0.5355978012084961, -0.1973867565393448, -0.2665838301181793, -0.07087520509958267, -0.6565547585487366, -0.2956538200378418, 0.878998875617981, -0.4700413942337036, 1.2290679216384888, -0.6285489797592163, -0.48687756061553955, 0.9042291045188904, 0.04019100219011307, 0.16098220646381378, -0.05219300463795662, 0.29260748624801636, 0.3883167505264282, -0.32227522134780884, -0.16239361464977264, 0.27517199516296387, 0.5169215798377991, 0.0464835949242115, 0.13906481862068176, -0.2334984540939331, 0.4877426326274872, -0.2704847455024719, 0.12902440130710602, -0.3095376193523407, 0.4734177887439728, -0.09147396683692932, -0.8562490344047546, 0.15376225113868713, 0.02364417165517807, -0.16210271418094635, 0.216520294547081, -0.2279883176088333, -0.37379589676856995, 0.0025203344412148, -0.4801790714263916, 0.3659115731716156, 0.20522096753120422, 0.30002909898757935, 0.7589160799980164, -0.5948477983474731, 0.46622130274772644, 0.20670534670352936, -0.016331443563103676, -0.48383888602256775, -0.4071753919124603, 0.20676039159297943, -0.2443297654390335, -0.17080725729465485, 0.5838722586631775, 0.010536429472267628, -0.6433375477790833, 0.47745370864868164, -0.4894300103187561, -0.6249880194664001, 0.0056014214642345905, -0.5545222163200378, 0.044188082218170166, 0.3665145933628082, -0.3269290626049042, -0.0772358775138855, 0.10404116660356522, 0.4828602969646454, -0.027035238221287727, -0.07433324307203293, 0.02767239138484001, 0.29773464798927307, -0.08724629133939743, 0.08028190582990646, 0.04269665107131004, -0.2223987728357315, -0.4792681634426117, -0.1708211600780487, -0.06421295553445816, 0.4086790382862091, 0.10051928460597992, -0.7270730137825012, -0.2971763014793396, -0.047083258628845215, 0.32085928320884705, 0.7004582285881042, 0.22276458144187927, -0.2652926743030548, -0.29539477825164795, 0.20532700419425964, 0.34495049715042114, -0.2398529052734375, 0.7410510778427124, 0.3587159812450409, -0.20393610000610352, -0.37567976117134094, -0.20936523377895355, 0.20971162617206573, 1.033007025718689, -0.25342002511024475, -0.16366931796073914, 0.13805599510669708, 0.11458078771829605, 0.20061789453029633, 0.14648081362247467, 0.0327807180583477, -0.33526062965393066, 0.47400978207588196, -0.027103198692202568, -0.04579836130142212, 0.46097323298454285, 0.5752149224281311, -0.029041701927781105, -0.07780496776103973, 0.381916880607605, 0.20497484505176544, -0.24738116562366486, 0.2001393586397171, -0.31317710876464844, -0.28127893805503845, 0.2525117099285126, 0.06724446266889572, -0.5831720232963562, -0.0041747428476810455, -6.0840044021606445, 0.26169705390930176, -0.4326988160610199, -0.6610199213027954, -0.22018499672412872, 0.42094936966896057, 0.18221525847911835, -0.3281972110271454, 0.002523199189454317, -0.11492843925952911, -0.049347538501024246, 0.26231709122657776, 0.43519580364227295, 0.19600756466388702, 0.15881116688251495, 0.4067440629005432, -0.019306300207972527, -0.061512187123298645, 0.2958085834980011, 0.2523946762084961, 0.25568512082099915, -0.2699507176876068, 0.22709700465202332, -0.2116793841123581, -0.019082866609096527, 0.08223496377468109, -1.0323936939239502, 0.6655832529067993, 0.6662606000900269, -0.008808370679616928, 0.8227691650390625, -0.5781235098838806, -0.2332766354084015, 0.007097908295691013, 0.126829132437706, 0.207419291138649, 0.48305603861808777, 0.19330283999443054, 0.4737284481525421, 0.06918015331029892, 0.32920408248901367, 0.5620459914207458, 0.12503471970558167, -0.25160107016563416, 0.3340921401977539, -0.21796858310699463, -0.42230334877967834, 0.17354808747768402, 0.12844300270080566, 0.3606557846069336, 0.18717952072620392, -0.009297726675868034, 0.0936887338757515, 0.2844209671020508, 0.0027181729674339294, -0.08113263547420502, 0.4209609031677246, -0.09214610606431961, -0.33960264921188354, 0.3379749059677124, 0.3579668700695038, -0.31825801730155945, -0.3721204400062561, -0.6767036318778992, -0.18267822265625, -0.18217818439006805, -0.2424982637166977, -0.270033061504364, 0.17289920151233673, 0.18513444066047668, -0.1540168672800064, -0.06686805188655853, -0.1471521556377411, -0.8656908869743347, 0.3059544861316681, -0.689963161945343, 0.038635507225990295, 0.16267716884613037, -0.3038613200187683, 0.17253677546977997, 0.23750624060630798, -0.2501060366630554, -0.17935827374458313, -0.5727797746658325, -0.08104471117258072, -0.5098425149917603, -0.18343797326087952, 0.31940093636512756, -0.13005076348781586, -0.0410558357834816, 0.885209858417511, -0.27010154724121094, 0.3739490211009979, 0.22280240058898926, 0.20048584043979645, -0.040989041328430176, -0.1112646609544754, 0.19307146966457367, 0.34433332085609436, -0.046199388802051544, 0.12328197062015533, -0.41423505544662476, -0.13563449680805206, -0.7705987691879272, -0.2981131374835968, -0.09609907865524292, -0.10094180703163147, 0.10604444146156311, 0.3816539943218231, 0.17556841671466827, -0.4184051752090454, 0.024881601333618164, 0.27049678564071655, -0.17240673303604126, 0.41232889890670776, 0.0591684952378273, -0.2178739309310913, 0.22170646488666534, 0.5983588695526123, -0.6323303580284119, -0.26201269030570984, 0.30374041199684143, -0.2358880639076233, 0.11576633900403976, -0.01656799390912056, -0.18161413073539734, -0.10743428021669388, 0.6471987962722778, -0.20438078045845032, -0.3142242431640625, 0.32717350125312805, 0.5809527039527893, -0.08558651804924011, 0.22148144245147705, 0.18209806084632874, -0.3268801271915436, -0.11625202745199203, 0.5224269032478333, 0.48113173246383667, -0.21282361447811127, 0.1390368789434433, -0.3827145993709564, -0.04241160675883293, -0.139144629240036, 0.4580524265766144, 0.3010621964931488, 0.10551515966653824, 0.057962097227573395, -0.059666477143764496, -0.05958494544029236, 0.24138906598091125, -0.3159385919570923, 0.027143368497490883, -0.14750978350639343, -0.41318178176879883, -0.34127721190452576, 0.04987037181854248, 0.15157905220985413, 0.3714057505130768, -0.7334430813789368, 0.6452057957649231, -0.035510264337062836, -1.108380913734436, -0.34869688749313354, -0.11496813595294952, 0.08177484571933746, 0.17558100819587708, -0.8496909737586975, 0.0376872792840004, 0.18035712838172913, 0.16569975018501282, -0.7994396686553955, -0.43246200680732727, -0.24095851182937622, 0.29707765579223633, 0.1852121353149414, 0.0887138620018959, -0.4098261296749115, 0.0245957188308239, 0.22885265946388245, -0.2759592831134796, 0.0030707481782883406, 0.5103732943534851, 0.4505530297756195, 0.2866247296333313, -0.00402288231998682, 0.22326433658599854, 0.33039990067481995, -0.1969350278377533, -0.8714854121208191, -0.13358063995838165, 0.17119468748569489, 0.8739898204803467, 0.4015803039073944, -0.00030925311148166656, -0.41850054264068604, 0.0221499465405941, 0.3928939700126648, -0.20055793225765228, -0.35663554072380066, 0.21963605284690857, 0.09623782336711884, -0.4483182430267334, 0.4417470097541809, 0.42528286576271057, 0.04302201420068741, 0.2829640805721283, -0.1158294826745987, -0.17638136446475983, 0.011365434154868126, 0.10615097731351852, -0.293658047914505, 0.03434939309954643, 0.2719258666038513, -0.5574490427970886, -0.05016961693763733, 0.05112055689096451, 0.1344723254442215, -0.5215701460838318, -0.13752609491348267, -0.2149864137172699, -0.013805526308715343, -0.24604709446430206, 0.1563235968351364, -0.2533649802207947, 0.28724709153175354, 0.21409502625465393, -0.8943957686424255, 0.30348581075668335, 0.3216921091079712, -0.39764705300331116, -0.47675687074661255, -0.18099956214427948, -0.08406175673007965, -0.5247640609741211, -0.16819673776626587, -0.5059534907341003, -0.018228944391012192, 0.19096028804779053, -0.054345354437828064, 0.20854508876800537, 0.3377099931240082, -0.09044293314218521, -0.3198009729385376, -0.19209842383861542, 0.1962626576423645, 0.27308112382888794, -0.637974202632904, -0.3157818019390106, 0.37062203884124756, 0.09100987762212753, -0.10922403633594513, -0.2051955908536911, 0.3334256112575531, 0.698820173740387, 0.1350989192724228, -0.4850461184978485, -0.5592225193977356, 0.0204547718167305, 0.5767630934715271, -0.1139865592122078, 0.0579981692135334, -0.521826982498169, -0.0140164103358984, 0.03246843069791794, -0.26601356267929077, 0.10946044325828552, -0.4977986514568329, -0.1489175260066986, -0.1651480495929718, 0.07378845661878586, 0.5173553824424744, 0.46520084142684937, 0.8065357208251953, 0.11538102477788925, -0.5433780550956726, -0.17144781351089478, -0.3643312156200409, 0.18968167901039124, 0.44110220670700073, -0.5720871686935425, -0.08689725399017334, -0.0356355644762516, -0.7893881797790527, 0.4544624984264374, -0.3660207688808441, 0.9283786416053772, -0.14247895777225494, -0.4056151509284973, 0.013897683471441269, -0.25888943672180176, 0.3724682629108429, -0.6522637605667114, 0.1740097850561142, -0.6395922303199768, -0.4042849838733673, 0.009731914848089218, -0.04094244912266731, 0.559586763381958, 0.09874803572893143, -0.5655934810638428, 0.41662725806236267, 0.4113224148750305, -0.6187430024147034, 0.31380152702331543, 0.10747068375349045, -0.04422885552048683, -0.38999220728874207, -0.0617067776620388, -0.060290802270174026, -0.1319274604320526, -0.39379698038101196, 0.13694308698177338, 0.4145820438861847, 0.3041742444038391, -0.03884008899331093, 0.3349402844905853, -0.23328399658203125, 0.1730608195066452, 0.285892128944397, 0.36409592628479004, 0.46758773922920227, 0.15584278106689453, 0.20237277448177338, -0.639342725276947, 0.1872423142194748, -0.11457886546850204, -0.48705264925956726, 0.18082216382026672, 0.22966472804546356, 0.4185447692871094, -0.2690059244632721, -0.03908088058233261, 0.2239009439945221, -0.22887280583381653, 0.24144642055034637, 0.09242775291204453, -0.18471285700798035, -0.14277730882167816, 0.4093869626522064, -0.031568534672260284, 0.3906771242618561, -0.3419821262359619, -0.03615535795688629, -0.18738818168640137, 0.8707495331764221, 0.3235691785812378, -0.014058439992368221, 0.0047393906861543655, 0.7399060130119324, -0.2707223892211914, 0.04570050165057182, -0.007799328304827213, -0.04619434103369713, -0.332330584526062, -0.23429875075817108, 0.4502253830432892, -0.2683761417865753, -0.5269530415534973, -0.05798903480172157, -0.040372706949710846, 0.3544716536998749, 0.3803524374961853, 0.06497593224048615, -0.37541526556015015, 0.004917238838970661, 0.11308851838111877, -0.2525187134742737, 0.5603563189506531, -0.01571149379014969, -0.1791178435087204, 0.8106411695480347, -0.7159585356712341, -0.014651427045464516, -0.30563727021217346, -0.07885566353797913, 0.4790336489677429, 0.5012197494506836, -0.02016737125813961, 0.231214240193367, -0.022837869822978973, -0.03499831631779671, -0.0766189768910408, -1.1958646774291992, 0.2615184187889099, -0.30653250217437744, -0.05019201338291168, 0.09118220210075378, 0.18525588512420654, -0.14458084106445312, -0.37491586804389954, -1.2373056411743164, -0.42842990159988403, 0.31104832887649536, 0.008563541807234287, -0.32113003730773926, 0.1222117692232132, 0.735783576965332, 0.2878431975841522, 0.3130607008934021, 0.028393579646945, -0.13586045801639557, -0.3237277567386627, 0.09907057136297226, -0.6035740375518799, -0.3546605110168457, 0.02998538501560688, 0.6037452816963196, -0.5316837430000305, 0.19299404323101044, 0.8543696999549866, 0.13510523736476898, 0.004221520386636257, 0.30458977818489075, 0.25515830516815186, 0.34544238448143005, 0.32990431785583496, -0.2656729519367218, 0.2073560506105423, -0.2798972427845001, 0.26223254203796387, -0.7269308567047119, 0.16782276332378387, 0.28306832909584045, -0.06405726820230484, -0.37189289927482605, 0.46256762742996216, -0.06984444707632065, -0.6154488921165466, 0.3520182967185974, -0.03384936973452568, -0.3035566508769989, -0.3756190836429596, 0.4440254271030426, -0.23894228041172028, -0.31142017245292664, 0.3031427562236786, 0.5739847421646118, 0.03800525516271591, -0.7259692549705505, 0.12010020017623901, 0.03116568736732006, 0.19610312581062317, -0.34205251932144165, -0.36903247237205505, 0.23064300417900085, 0.0221217330545187, -0.10055262595415115, -0.9498036503791809, 0.3352007269859314, 0.31989073753356934, -0.4820432662963867, 0.08220060914754868, -0.46806958317756653, 0.2786625027656555, -0.1562596559524536, 0.07151290774345398, -0.01165015809237957, -0.22742782533168793, -0.1666058599948883 ]
210744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Fleet%20Forces%20Command	United States Fleet Forces Command	The United States Fleet Forces Command (USFF) is a service component command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to a wide variety of U.S. forces. The naval resources may be allocated to Combatant Commanders such as United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) under the authority of the Secretary of Defense. Originally formed as United States Atlantic Fleet (USLANTFLT) in 1906, it has been an integral part of the defense of the United States of America since the early 20th century. In 2002, the Fleet comprised over 118,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel serving on 186 ships and in 1,300 aircraft, with an area of responsibility ranging over most of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole, the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Central and South America (as far west as the Galapagos Islands). In 2006 the U.S. Atlantic Fleet was renamed United States Fleet Forces Command. The command is based at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads in Norfolk, Virginia and is the Navy's service component to U.S. Northern Command and is the Joint Functional Maritime Component Command under the U.S. Strategic Command. The command's mission is to organize, man, train, and equip naval forces for assignment to Unified Command Combatant commanders; to deter, detect, and defend against homeland maritime threats; and to articulate Fleet warfighting and readiness requirements to the Chief of Naval Operations. History Expansion and contraction The Atlantic Fleet was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, at the same time as the Pacific Fleet, as protection for new bases in the Caribbean acquired as a result of the Spanish–American War. The Fleet was a combination of the North Atlantic Fleet and the South Atlantic Squadron. The first commander of the fleet was Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, who hoisted his flag in the battleship on 1 January 1906. The following year, he took his 16 battleships, now dubbed the Great White Fleet, on a round-the-world cruise that lasted until 1909, a goodwill tour that also served the purpose of advertising the United States' naval strength and reach to all other nations of the globe. In January 1913 the fleet consisted of six first-line divisions, a torpedo flotilla, submarines, and fleet auxiliaries. The fleet was under the command of Rear Admiral Hugo Osterhaus. The First Division, under Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, consisted of (flag), , and . The Second Division, under Rear Admiral Nathaniel R. Usher with his flag aboard the , consisted of , , , and . The Third Division, under Rear Admiral Cameron McR. Winslow, comprised (flag), , , , and . The Fourth Division, under Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, consisted of the , , , , and . (See United States occupation of Veracruz). Fifth and Sixth Divisions were made up of protected cruisers, , , , and , , , and . The Cruiser and Transport Force, under Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves served in Atlantic waters during World War I moving the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. United States Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet in the UK. The Atlantic Fleet was reorganized into the Scouting Force in 1923, which was under the United States Fleet along with the Pacific Fleet. In January 1939 the Atlantic Squadron, United States Fleet, was formed, with Vice Admiral Alfred Wilkinson Johnson commanded. The aircraft carrier was transferred to the Atlantic Ocean, to join three battleships. On 1 November 1940 the Atlantic Squadron was renamed the Patrol Force. The Patrol Force was organized into type commands: Battleships, Patrol Force; Cruisers, Patrol Force; Destroyers, Patrol Force; and, Train, Patrol Force (the logistics arms). World War II On 1 February 1941, the Atlantic Fleet was resurrected and organized from the Patrol Force. Along with the Pacific Fleet and Asiatic Fleet, the fleet was to be under the command of a full admiral, which jumped the fleet's commander Ernest J. King from a two-star to a four-star. King's flagship was . Subsequently, the headquarters was in a rather odd assortment of ships; the , then the old wooden ship , , and then . In 1948, the HQ moved into the former naval hospital at Norfolk, Virginia, and has remained there ever since. In July 1942, eight months after the United States entered the war, the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy's America and West Indies Station based at Admiralty House, Bermuda had his title changed to Senior British Naval Officer, Western Atlantic. visited Bermuda in September, 1941. Composition of the Atlantic Fleet in December 1941 On 7 December 1941 the Fleet comprised a number of separate components: United States Atlantic Fleet - Commander: Admiral Ernest J. King (Flagship: ) Battleships, Atlantic Fleet (made up of three Battleship Divisions) - Commander: Rear Admiral David M. LeBreton (Flagship: USS New York) Aircraft, Atlantic Fleet (made up of one Carrier Division) - Commander: Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook (Flagship: USS Yorktown) Cruisers, Atlantic Fleet (made up of four Cruiser Divisions) - Commander: Rear Admiral H. Kent Hewitt (Flagship: USS Philadelphia) Destroyers, Atlantic Fleet (made up of three Destroyer Flotillas) - Commander: Rear Admiral Ferdinand L. Reichmuth (Flagship: ) Patrol Wings, Atlantic Fleet (made up of five Patrol Wings) - Commander: Rear Admiral Ernest McWhorter (Flagship: ) Submarines, Atlantic Fleet (made up of four Submarine Squadrons) - Commander: Rear Admiral Richard S. Edwards (Flagship: ) § = Divisional flagship Battleships, Atlantic Fleet Battleships, Atlantic Fleet was made up of three Battleship Divisions Battleship Division 3 (Rear Admiral William R. Munroe) § Battleship Division 5 (Rear Admiral David M. LeBreton) § Battleship Division 6 (Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox Jr.) § Of these, Battleship Division 5 was a training unit consisting of the oldest remaining battleships in service, while Division 6 was responsible for working up the two most recently commissioned battleships, North Carolina and Washington. Aircraft, Atlantic Fleet Carrier Division 3 (Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook) The aircraft carriers Yorktown and Long Island were directly attached to Aircraft, Atlantic Fleet, as was the newly commissioned Hornet, which was in the process of working up. Cruisers, Atlantic Fleet Cruiser Division 2 (Rear Admiral Jonas H. Ingram) § Cruiser Division 7 (Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen) § Cruiser Division 8 (Rear Admiral H. Kent Hewitt) § Destroyers, Atlantic Fleet Destroyer Flotilla Three Destroyer Squadron 7 Destroyer Squadron 9 Destroyer Squadron 11 Destroyer Flotilla Four Destroyer Squadron 2 Destroyer Squadron 8 Destroyer Flotilla Eight Destroyer Squadron 27 Destroyer Squadron 30 Destroyer Squadron 31 Patrol Wings, Atlantic Fleet Patrol Wing Three VP-31 VP-32 Patrol Wing Five VP-51 VP-52 Patrol Wing Seven VP-71 VP-72 VP-73 VP-74 Patrol Wing Eight VP-81 VP-82 Submarines, Atlantic Fleet Submarine Squadron One Submarine Division 11 Submarine Division 12 Experimental Division 1 Submarine Squadron Three Submarine Division 72 Submarine Squadron Five Submarine Division 51 Submarine Division 52 Submarine Division 53 Submarine Squadron Seven Submarine Division 31 Submarine Division 4 Submarine Division 71 Other elements of the Atlantic Fleet During World War II "Transports, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet" was part of this command (ComTransPhibLant). Smaller units included the Antisubmarine Development Detachment, Atlantic Fleet (ASDEVLANT) located at Quonset Point, Rhode Island. The detachment was responsible for the study and development of antisubmarine gear during World War II. The Commander of the detachment was known as COMASDEVLANT. Admiral King was appointed Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, on 20 December 1941. Rear Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll was designated, with the rank of vice admiral, to relieve him as Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. He took command on 1 January 1942, and was advanced to the rank of admiral on 1 July 1942. To carry out this mission and other tasks CinCLant had in the meantime been reorganized, as of 1 March 1941, into ten task forces (commanded by flag officers) numbered from one to ten and named according to their intended employment. Task Force One was the Ocean Escort Force, TF2—Striking Force, TF3—Scouting Force, TF4—Support Force, TF5—Submarine Force, TF6—Naval Coastal Frontier Forces, TF7—Bermuda Force, TF8—Patrol Wings, TF9—Service Force, and Task Force 10, 1st Marine Division (commanded by a Brigadier General). Of many significant engagements, Captain Daniel Gallery's capture of the German submarine U-505 stands out. The capture was so top secret (because of the enigma code books captured) that the ship's flag was kept by the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, and not handed over to Navy authorities until after the war. Cold War On 1 January 1946, Commander Minesweeping Forces, Atlantic Fleet (ComMinLant) was activated to command minesweepers assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. The Commander, Mine Forces, Atlantic was responsible for all Fleet minecraft operations. Units under his command were divided into Minesweeping Squadrons (MineRon)s. Between 1947 and 1985, the fleet command was a concurrent appointment with the United States Atlantic Command. The Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) was traditionally a navy four-star admiral who also then held the positions of Commander-in-Chief United States Atlantic Command (CINCLANT) and NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT). But after a major reorganization of the U.S. armed forces structure following the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, CINCLANFLT was separated from the two other billets. The admiral commanding the Atlantic Fleet was designated as the Deputy Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Command until 1986. Major crises the Atlantic Fleet was involved in during the Cold War included the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis and the 1965 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic. The general purpose forces of the Army, Navy, and Air Force began to be reorganized in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis on 16 October 1962. The command organization, as finally developed, called for the Commander in Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT), Admiral Robert Dennison, to provide the unified command. He also retained control of all naval components involved in tactical operations, as the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. The responsibility for Army and Air Force components was assigned to the Continental Army Command (CONARC) and the Tactical Air Command under the designation of Army Forces, Atlantic (ARLANT), and Air Forces, Atlantic (AFLANT). The commander of the Army XVIII Airborne Corps was designated Joint Task Force Commander to plan for any joint operations that might become necessary. Over-all direction was exercised by the President and the Secretary of Defense through the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who named the Chief of Naval Operations as their representative for the quarantine. Major elements of the Strategic Army Corps were designated for use by ARLANT and placed in advanced alert status. Logistic support for the more than 100,000 men involved was directed by a newly established Peninsula Base Command. Preparatory steps were taken to make possible the immediate callup of high priority Army National Guard and Army Reserve units. Tactical Air Command moved hundreds of tactical fighter, reconnaissance, and troop carrier aircraft to the southeast. To make room for all these units, the bombers, tankers, and other aircraft not required for the current operations were ordered to other bases in the United States. From the late 1960s, nuclear ballistic missile submarines of the fleet began to make thousands of deterrent patrols. The first patrol in the Atlantic Fleet area of operations was made by . In 1972, Commander, Anti-Submarine Warfare Force, Atlantic Fleet (Task Force 81) was headquartered at Quonset Point Naval Air Station. Under ASWFORLANTFLT was Hunter-Killer Force, Atlantic Fleet (Task Force 83), with Carrier Divisions 14 and 16 (Wasp and Intrepid, respectively), as well as the Quonset ASW Group (TG 81.2) with Fleet Air Wing 3 and surface units. More information on Anti-Submarine Warfare Force, Atlantic Fleet's, activities during the Cuban crisis can be found at the National Security Archive's document collections. Commander, Naval Surface Forces Atlantic was formed on 1 July 1975, incorporating a number of previously separate smaller commands – mine warfare vessels/units, service vessels, and frigates, destroyers and cruisers, along with associated destroyer squadrons and cruiser/destroyer groups. As part of a reorganization announced in July 1995 of the Atlantic Fleet's surface combatant ships into six core battle groups, nine destroyer squadrons, and a new Western Hemisphere Group, was reassigned to Destroyer Squadron 24. The re-organization was to be phased in over the summer and take effect 31 August 1995, with homeport shifts occurring through 1998. In September 1995 the following ship assignments were intended to apply at the end of the transitional period: Western Hemisphere Group (to be homeported at Naval Station Pascagoula and Naval Station Mayport): , , (to move to Pascagoula in FY 98), , Conolly, Scott, DDG-993, Moosebrugger, Dewert, McInerney, Boone, Doyle, Aubrey Fitch and Stark. Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2/Washington Battle Group: CGN-37, CG-60 Carrier Group 2/Stennis Joint Task Group: , Carrier Group 6/Kennedy/America Joint Task Group: , , and until Gates was transferred to the Western Hemisphere Group Cruiser-Destroyer Group 8/Eisenhower Joint Task Group: , Cruiser-Destroyer Group 12/Enterprise Joint Task Group: , 2000s In February 2000, U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command was established in Puerto Rico, and the Western Hemisphere Group became Naval Surface Group 2. On 1 October 2001, the Chief of Naval Operations designated Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) as concurrent Commander, Fleet Forces Command (CFFC). In October–November 2002, the title of Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet was amended to Commander, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMLANTFLT). In the CNO Guidance for 2003, Admiral Vernon Clark stipulated that the terms Carrier Battle Group and Amphibious Readiness Group would be replaced by Carrier Strike Groups (CSG) and Expeditionary Strike Groups (ESGs), respectively, by March 2003. Cruiser-Destroyer (CRUDESGRU) and Carrier Groups (CARGRU) were also redesignated, as Carrier Strike Groups (CSG), and aligned directly under the numbered fleet commanders. CARGRU and CRUDESGRU staffs were formerly under the administrative authority of their respective air and surface U.S. Navy type commands. This realignment allowed key operational leaders authority and direct access to the personnel required to more effectively accomplish the navy's mission. The numbered fleet commanders are now responsible for the training and certification of the entire Strike Group. The organizational structure to support the carrier strike groups focuses more on placing Strike Group commanders under the authority of the certifying officer, or the numbered fleet commander. Under this new division of responsibility, the air-side type commander gains authority over the air wing, and the surface-side type commander gains authority over the carrier itself and the rest of the ships of the battle group. On 23 May 2006, the Chief of Naval Operations renamed COMLANTFLT to Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (COMUSFLTFORCOM or CUSFFC), ordered to carry out the missions currently performed by COMFLTFORCOM (CFFC) and serve as primary advocate for fleet personnel, training, requirements, maintenance, and operational issues, reporting administratively directly to the CNO as an Echelon 2 command. The previous title CFFC was disestablished at the same time. CUSFFC previously served as the Naval component of US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) until the disestablishment of USJFCOM in August 2011. CFFC is also assigned as the supporting service component commander to Commander, United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) as well as to Commander, United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). Enterprise entered an ESRA in 2008, but the refit took longer than expected. Thus on 11 September 2009, it was announced that the carrier strike group deployment schedule would be changed to accommodate the delay in the return of the Enterprise from its current overhaul. This resulted in extending both Carrier Strike Group Eleven's 2009–2010 deployment and Carrier Strike Group Ten's 2010 deployment to eight months. Enterprise returned to Naval Station Norfolk on 19 April 2010 after completing its post-overhaul sea trials, signifying the beginning of its pre-deployment training cycle. On 24 July 2009, Admiral John C. Harvey, Jr. relieved Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert as Commander. 2010s News reports in July 2011 said that in connection with the disestablishment of the United States Second Fleet, Fleet Forces Command would take over Second Fleet's duties on 30 September 2011. Effectively this meant Task Force 20 (TF 20), under a deputy commander of the fleet, took over that mission. Task Force 20 was succeeded by Task Force 80 effective 1 October 2012, with TF-80 being under the command of the director of the Maritime Headquarters, Fleet Forces Command. Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), United States Naval Observatory (USNO), Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), Naval Oceanography Operations Command, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Professional Development Center, were all realigned under U.S. Navy Information Dominance Forces on 1 October 2014. Beginning in Fiscal Year 2015, the Optimized Fleet Response Plan will align carrier strike groups to a 36-month training and deployment cycle. All required maintenance, training, evaluations, plus a single eight-month overseas deployment, are scheduled throughout this 36-month cycle in order to reduce costs while increasing overall fleet readiness. This new plan streamlined the inspection and evaluation process while maintaining a surge capacity for emergency deployments. The ultimate objective is to reduce time at sea while increasing in-port time from 49% to 68%. While initially to be used by U.S. Navy carrier strike groups, the Optimized Fleet Response Plan will be adopted for all fleet operations. Accordingly, the carrier will be the first carrier to deploy under this new O-FRP cycle, replacing the previously-scheduled Eisenhower in the deployment lineup. Additionally, the Carrier Strike Group Eight command staff will deploy with the Truman while the Eisenhower will serve as the new flagship for Carrier Strike Group Ten. On 2 December 2020, Secretary Kenneth Braithwaite announced that U.S. Fleet Forces Command will be renamed back to United States Atlantic Fleet to focus more on the growing maritime threats coming from the Atlantic. The renaming of the command has been placed on hold, pending further review of the U.S. military footprint, resources, strategy and missions, from the global force posture review. Structure 2013 In accordance with the Navigation Plan 2013–2017 guidance from the Chief of Naval Operations, U.S. Fleet Forces Command was to be based upon the three tenets of war-fighting, forward operations, and readiness. To achieve these objectives, Fleet Forces Command was realigned to a Maritime Operations Center (MOC) and Maritime Headquarters (MHQ) command structure. Additionally, the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (COMUSFLTFORCOM) is designated as the Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander North (JFMCC-N) to the U.S. Northern Command. Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander North consists of two Maritime Command Elements (MCE), with Maritime Command Element-East (MCE-E) being Task Force 180 and Maritime Command Element-West (MCE-W) provided from units assigned to the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Effective 17 May 2013, Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command was officially designated as the naval component commander for the U.S. Northern Command. In this new capacity, the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command is to contribute to the defense of North America through the coordination, collaboration, and communication with allied, coalition, and joint forces within the U.S. Northern Command's area of responsibility. Under this reorganization, the Commander, Navy Installations Command is responsible for area coordination for U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command. Additionally, Commander, Navy Region Mid-Atlantic is responsible for regional coordination for U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command. Maritime Operations The Maritime Operations directorate leads all phases of the pre-deployment fleet response training plan (FRTP) cycle involving those naval units assigned to the Fleet Forces Command. The directorate transitions all naval units from their operational phase to their tactical phase prior to their overseas deployment. The Director of Maritime Operations (DMO) is an active-duty two-star rear admiral in the U.S. Navy while the Deputy Director of Maritime Operations is a one-star rear admiral from the United States Naval Reserve. As of 2013, the DMO was Rear Admiral Dan Cloyd. Maritime Operations is organized into the following directorates: N2/39 – Intelligence and Information Warfare N3/N5 – Joint / Fleet Operations N31 – Maritime Operations Center (MOC) N041 – Global Force Management N042 – Force Protection N7 – Joint / Fleet Training Maritime Headquarters The Maritime Headquarters (MHQ) leads all phases prior to the pre-deployment training cycle, including resourcing, policy development, assessment, procurement, and pre-introduction of naval units assigned to the Fleet Forces Command. The MHQ transitions all naval units from their strategical phase to their operational phase prior to their pre-deployment training cycle, and in the capacity, it supports the Maritime Operations Center. The Director of Maritime Headquarters (DMHQ) is an active-duty two-star rear admiral in the U.S. Navy while the Deputy Director of Maritime Headquarters is a one-star rear admiral from the United States Naval Reserve. As of July 2013, the DMHQ was Rear Admiral Bradley R. Gehrke. The Maritime Headquarters is organized into the following directorates: N1 – Fleet Personnel Development and Allocation (including information architecture management and Navy Security Forces) N41 – Fleet Ordnance and Supply N43 – Fleet Maintenance N45/46 – Fleet Installations and Environment N6 – Fleet Communications and Information Systems N8/N9 – Fleet Capabilities, Requirements, Concepts, and Experimentation (including missile defense) N03FS – Fleet Safety and Occupational Health N03G – Fleet Religious Ministries N03H – Fleet Surgeon and Health Services N03M – Fleet Marine Subordinate commands U.S. Fleet Forces Subordinate Commands include the following: U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence (CJOS COE) President, Board of Inspection and Survey (INSURV) Military Sealift Command (MSC) Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (CNMOC) (COMNAVMETOCCOM) Navy Munitions Command (NMC) Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC) Type commands All ships are organized into categories by type. Aircraft carriers, aircraft squadrons, and air stations are under the administrative control of the appropriate Commander Naval Air Force. Submarines come under the Commander Submarine Force. All other ships fall under Commander Naval Surface Force. Type commands for Fleet Forces Command include: Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet (AIRLANT) Submarine Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet (SUBLANT) Naval Surface Forces Atlantic (NAVSURFLANT) Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) Naval Information Forces (NAVIFOR) Task forces Functional mission task forces execute force-wide Fleet logistic functions as well as providing capabilities for Joint contingency operations. These functional mission task forces include: Task Force 80 – Maritime Headquarters – Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (MHQ – COMUSFF) Task Force 83 – Logistics – Military Sealift Command Atlantic (LOG – MSCLANT) Task Force 84 – Theater Antisubmarine Warfare Commander – Commander Submarine Force (TASC – CSL) Task Force 85 – Mine Warfare – Naval Surface and Mine Warfighting Development Center – MIW Division (MIW – SMWDC MIW) Task Force 86 – Defense Support of Civil Authorities – Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (DSCA – COMNECC) Task Force 87 – Reconnaissance – Commander Patrol and Reconnaissance Group (RECON – CPRG) Task Force 89 – Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief – Expeditionary Strike Group Two (HADR – ESG 2) Task Force 883 – Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command Task Group 883.1 – Hampton Roads Task Group 883.2 – United States Fourth Fleet Task Group 883.5 – Military Sealift Command Atlantic (MSCLANT) Task Group 883.6 – Submarine Group 10 (SUBGRU 10) Task Group 883.7 – Submarine Group 2 (SUBGRU 2) Task Group 883.8 – Naval aircraft – Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet Task Group 883.9 – Naval Weapons Station Earle Joint operations task forces When constituted as a joint-service task force for Joint warfare operations, functional mission task forces for the U.S. Fleet Forces Command are given a 18X designation as shown below. Task Force 180 – Maritime Headquarters – Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander North (MHQ – COMUSFF) Task Force 183 – Logistics – Military Sealift Command Atlantic (LOG – MSCLANT) Task Group 183.1 – Hampton Roads Task Group 183.2 – United States Fourth Fleet Task Group 183.5 – Military Sealift Command Atlantic (MSCLANT) Task Group 183.6 – Submarine Group Ten (SUBGRU 10) Task Group 183.7 – Submarine Group Two (SUBGRU 2) Task Group 183.8 – Naval aircraft – Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet Task Group 183.9 – Naval Weapons Station Earle Task Force 184 – Theater Antisubmarine Warfare Commander – Commander Submarine Force (TASC – COMNAVSUBFOR) Task Force 185 – Mine Warfare – Naval Surface and Mine Warfighting Development Center – MIW Division (MIW – SMWDC MIW) Task Force 186 – Defense Support of Civil Authorities – Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (DSCA – COMNECC) Task Force 187 – Reconnaissance – Commander Patrol and Reconnaissance Group (RECON – CPRG) Task Force 189 – Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief – Expeditionary Strike Group Two (HADR – ESG 2) List of commanders See also List of units of the United States Navy United States Pacific Fleet U.S. Armed Forces operations commands United States Army Forces Command United States Marine Corps Forces Command Air Combat Command Air Force Global Strike Command Space Operations Command Notes References Further reading External links U.S. Fleet Forces Command official website U.S. Fleet Forces Command website Former commanders of U.S. Fleet Forces Command More detail about the Atlantic Fleet and its components History (U.S. Fleet Forces Command website) Commands of the United States Navy Organizations based in Norfolk, Virginia Military in Norfolk, Virginia Military units and formations established in 1906 1906 establishments in the United States	[ 0.0023858358617872, 0.06537485122680664, 0.526021420955658, -0.11873292922973633, -0.18294255435466766, 0.2589658200740814, -0.07488624006509781, 0.558755099773407, -0.5018527507781982, -0.4141882658004761, -0.642225444316864, 0.39293158054351807, -0.12585648894309998, 0.4617101848125458, 0.02909872867166996, 0.3519628942012787, 0.7693127393722534, 0.5668623447418213, 0.021457988768815994, -0.1283779889345169, -0.43239858746528625, 0.09378170222043991, 0.11358847469091415, -0.671515166759491, 0.21307292580604553, -0.18152472376823425, 0.4769483804702759, -0.19951839745044708, 0.3629084825515747, 0.10971838235855103, 0.2247559279203415, -0.2978358864784241, -0.33397242426872253, -0.2591979503631592, -0.17510999739170074, -0.5419673919677734, -0.14863166213035583, -0.13073182106018066, 0.08526721596717834, -0.41540271043777466, -0.6710450053215027, -0.17823117971420288, 0.5377193689346313, 0.1300235539674759, -0.05749529227614403, 0.17120414972305298, -0.9588285684585571, 0.18211020529270172, -0.015536260791122913, -0.05989693105220795, -0.3334927260875702, 0.11485115438699722, 0.029383795335888863, 0.00092129479162395, 0.3219437301158905, 0.26750707626342773, -0.638182520866394, -0.1938926726579666, -0.22673378884792328, -0.8712790012359619, 0.32173487544059753, 0.5201146006584167, 0.549056887626648, 0.5980291366577148, 0.6380106806755066, -0.4776325225830078, 0.26055607199668884, 0.0923791155219078, -0.5474435091018677, -0.2933901250362396, -0.015359601937234402, 0.23854510486125946, 0.055875279009342194, -0.1934012770652771, -0.43469104170799255, -0.15418420732021332, 0.18459452688694, 0.10954918712377548, -0.2235081046819687, 0.22399017214775085, 0.26619622111320496, 0.28047534823417664, 0.7727994918823242, -0.2512012720108032, -0.17717400193214417, 0.05612394958734512, -0.33381882309913635, 0.1379101276397705, -0.555578351020813, 0.8805623650550842, 0.18941070139408112, 0.1275113821029663, 0.7970829606056213, 0.2383461743593216, 0.3807045519351959, -0.09820389747619629, 0.22121110558509827, 0.3818833529949188, 0.13443689048290253, 0.5185980796813965, -0.2673473656177521, -0.13892781734466553, 0.40114474296569824, -0.3843412697315216, -0.8319441080093384, -0.39598098397254944, -0.07447077333927155, -0.2552564740180969, -0.21012039482593536, 0.22787408530712128, -0.5858958959579468, -0.27254265546798706, 0.002118684584274888, -0.07456138730049133, -0.2680419981479645, 0.6902415752410889, -0.03509679064154625, -0.35393527150154114, 0.22832439839839935, -0.5410731434822083, 0.39863255620002747, 1.0825661420822144, -0.25861990451812744, -0.49780037999153137, 0.12422382086515427, 0.034086309373378754, 1.1038401126861572, -0.05278540030121803, -0.5522580146789551, -0.650558352470398, 0.09490910172462463, 0.42456430196762085, -0.6492974162101746, 0.668427586555481, -0.5523717999458313, -0.3743017613887787, 0.41123852133750916, 0.02877478115260601, 0.8201382160186768, 0.5019128918647766, -0.5714550018310547, -0.5454838275909424, -0.22097323834896088, -0.48636704683303833, 0.39046117663383484, -0.2652357220649719, 0.06967805325984955, -0.28494179248809814, -0.6649782061576843, -0.0687965527176857, 0.2299610674381256, 0.0038473671302199364, -0.09635573625564575, 0.861060619354248, -0.021613404154777527, -0.27605491876602173, 0.5864279866218567, -0.1897047758102417, 0.4314097762107849, 0.4816485643386841, -0.42671558260917664, -0.05795178562402725, 0.0028198619838804007, -0.06827497482299805, 0.2478657215833664, -0.20370270311832428, 0.32454800605773926, 0.044991716742515564, -0.268732488155365, 0.12518762052059174, -0.2189958095550537, 0.22957436740398407, 0.6877708435058594, 0.21558459103107452, 0.6125154495239258, -0.06744164228439331, 0.4166804254055023, -0.30167168378829956, 0.6807495355606079, -0.01700594834983349, -0.6244752407073975, 0.32049915194511414, 0.6491416096687317, -0.39801037311553955, -0.10532578080892563, -0.2688743770122528, -0.0014833702007308602, -0.23556466400623322, 0.2564932703971863, -0.09433340281248093, -0.1862364262342453, -0.4204487204551697, 0.11742626875638962, 0.16846123337745667, 1.4571062326431274, -0.4062371551990509, -0.5315316319465637, 1.0301085710525513, -0.2554819583892822, 0.19066916406154633, 0.2709823250770569, -0.20982122421264648, 0.5637360215187073, 0.20740830898284912, -0.6068933010101318, -0.0954650416970253, -0.09374389052391052, -0.12091214209794998, 0.1428566575050354, 0.27393436431884766, 0.27403581142425537, -0.7469901442527771, -0.2307015210390091, -0.46725958585739136, 0.5712089538574219, -0.17341922223567963, -0.8286235332489014, -0.016866523772478104, -0.035277605056762695, -0.26862549781799316, 0.8428410887718201, -0.08321183174848557, 0.2109941691160202, 0.570014238357544, -0.24905696511268616, -0.6690327525138855, -0.5391830801963806, 0.35657238960266113, -0.2596631348133087, -0.14116927981376648, 0.27586352825164795, -0.22806358337402344, -0.2591385245323181, -0.5491085648536682, 0.2874923050403595, 0.02657356858253479, 0.008328290656208992, -0.08260410279035568, -0.03189920261502266, -0.42715218663215637, -0.16923336684703827, -0.06565924733877182, -0.9112761616706848, 0.5093659162521362, -0.10529063642024994, 0.050224557518959045, 0.374661922454834, 0.03708887845277786, 0.027656463906168938, -0.33232781291007996, -0.1090293675661087, 0.33867737650871277, 0.3594178855419159, -0.6111369132995605, 0.00981371570378542, 0.00012422891450114548, 0.4653271436691284, 0.09272430837154388, 0.039555322378873825, -0.31568044424057007, -0.49670881032943726, 0.14649975299835205, -0.7122118473052979, 0.43519455194473267, 0.1733020395040512, -0.5862199664115906, -0.42207545042037964, -0.1515161395072937, 0.43842288851737976, 0.1373797357082367, 0.2594991624355316, 0.169032484292984, 0.3289602994918823, -0.5711952447891235, -0.11430903524160385, -0.116855189204216, 0.07632683962583542, 0.6714436411857605, -0.41678518056869507, -0.0770346149802208, 0.5585607290267944, 0.11637437343597412, 0.44353172183036804, -0.3305447995662689, 0.07424084097146988, -0.8615958094596863, 0.43972069025039673, -0.42553094029426575, -0.4980306923389435, -0.0020695379935204983, -0.7572659254074097, -0.5189962387084961, 0.02575070410966873, -0.021686630323529243, -0.633524477481842, 0.4976675510406494, -0.3424917459487915, -0.23801012337207794, -0.046530116349458694, -0.42323440313339233, -0.08993460237979889, 0.16924628615379333, 0.2176308035850525, -0.2820480763912201, -0.05073785409331322, -0.401920348405838, -0.6723935008049011, 0.14883290231227875, -5.71103048324585, -0.35219916701316833, -0.6072820425033569, -0.20836825668811798, 0.05678261071443558, -0.22348399460315704, 0.034596849232912064, -0.10145174711942673, 0.2247643768787384, -0.15540648996829987, -0.045643050223588943, 0.41129860281944275, 0.3372572362422943, 0.13074076175689697, 0.5649864673614502, 0.5903723835945129, 0.8941423892974854, -0.3610122799873352, 0.5882829427719116, 0.5080327987670898, -0.04463912546634674, -0.19372500479221344, 0.9213771224021912, 0.30645203590393066, 0.5868800282478333, 0.12261936068534851, -0.3781701326370239, -0.20486970245838165, -0.6589545011520386, -0.16270089149475098, 0.06872016191482544, 0.08327130973339081, 0.0806349366903305, -0.32845520973205566, -0.12786342203617096, -0.46500343084335327, 0.34648823738098145, 0.038656044751405716, 0.11497969925403595, -0.6360960006713867, 0.21852287650108337, 0.14085090160369873, -0.6737359762191772, 0.2314222902059555, 0.3125338554382324, -0.5021924376487732, -0.05426766723394394, -0.13123773038387299, -0.1462593972682953, 1.1412683725357056, -0.30135324597358704, 0.2528138756752014, 0.6017405986785889, -0.40459465980529785, 0.2555256187915802, -0.5308931469917297, 0.003077194793149829, 0.3372921347618103, -0.37147220969200134, -0.34118857979774475, -0.14024530351161957, -0.23934459686279297, -0.2960749864578247, -0.2576256990432739, -0.11242146790027618, -0.13647952675819397, -0.45373591780662537, -0.10915625840425491, 0.3404254913330078, 0.10047808289527893, -0.18318314850330353, 0.4367618262767792, 0.032266560941934586, -0.9670765995979309, 0.3072238862514496, -0.7525388598442078, 0.16602042317390442, -0.13242800533771515, 0.24739617109298706, -0.1077728420495987, -0.343453973531723, -0.11645006388425827, -0.7537597417831421, 0.32262951135635376, 0.02074972353875637, -0.1479906290769577, 0.07197226583957672, 0.22394126653671265, 0.3663982152938843, 0.023448193445801735, 0.14931485056877136, -0.22253094613552094, 0.9502017498016357, -0.08422905206680298, 0.6343719363212585, -0.11044756323099136, 0.2022700011730194, 0.9441890120506287, 0.5272235870361328, -0.9273490309715271, 1.01069974899292, 0.19343043863773346, 0.18511079251766205, -0.5669188499450684, -0.0027972725220024586, -0.4118236303329468, 0.7693460583686829, 0.24494944512844086, 0.6783862113952637, 0.23531849682331085, -0.02954448014497757, -0.39153221249580383, -0.001403613481670618, -0.49763745069503784, 0.01791951060295105, 0.1467124968767166, -0.5405363440513611, 0.8683107495307922, 0.40228378772735596, 0.4754408597946167, -0.2622649073600769, 0.5553082823753357, 0.3211246132850647, 0.02130209282040596, 0.013722862116992474, -0.4492548108100891, -0.5604846477508545, -0.09582686424255371, 0.023093000054359436, 0.04115409404039383, 0.7911161184310913, 0.5642321109771729, 0.4449814260005951, 0.22116023302078247, 0.36422795057296753, -0.3220832347869873, 0.29204845428466797, -0.024531295523047447, 0.08197813481092453, -0.3040993809700012, 0.3061583638191223, 0.05976026505231857, -0.34293240308761597, 0.29923537373542786, 0.1822662353515625, 0.5185232758522034, -0.4507009983062744, 0.5166288614273071, 0.001361924223601818, 0.3846582770347595, -0.03782665729522705, -0.4553416967391968, 0.14670222997665405, -0.2038346529006958, -0.050257157534360886, -0.055863626301288605, 0.005711270030587912, 0.01353196520358324, 0.017916910350322723, -0.3242571949958801, -0.07124963402748108, -0.26187679171562195, -0.3201937675476074, -0.4208986461162567, 0.4290877878665924, -0.17002920806407928, -1.1266447305679321, -0.5215028524398804, 0.1541207879781723, 0.5071302056312561, 0.023220693692564964, -0.3537208139896393, -0.37483125925064087, -0.27026936411857605, 0.15138226747512817, 0.6554887294769287, -0.16422243416309357, 0.005710500292479992, -0.09697946906089783, 0.3169461190700531, 0.37352198362350464, -0.4444824159145355, -0.6088197231292725, 0.08189193904399872, -0.3421231508255005, 0.15475718677043915, -0.2404710352420807, -0.007832859642803669, 0.08888112753629684, -0.07423871010541916, -0.05813901871442795, -0.32031354308128357, 0.007168992422521114, -0.013292343355715275, -0.43962517380714417, -0.09828078001737595, -0.12128215283155441, 0.8589111566543579, -0.2616719901561737, -0.6034574508666992, 0.49853888154029846, 0.7800456285476685, -1.178983211517334, 0.606715202331543, -0.39685267210006714, 0.3940857946872711, 0.44813838601112366, -0.23364219069480896, 0.4052335023880005, 0.11176656186580658, -0.2900308072566986, -0.3952736258506775, -0.19550581276416779, 0.7024603486061096, -0.24285390973091125, -0.44348934292793274, -0.22211632132530212, -0.22204649448394775, 0.24428056180477142, -0.4817974269390106, -0.07461091130971909, -0.3559315502643585, 0.05553819239139557, -0.07434084266424179, -0.4769904315471649, 0.008602997288107872, 0.033844344317913055, -0.8819518685340881, 0.3322668969631195, -0.16288277506828308, -0.0031453913543373346, -0.3474230468273163, -0.05533535033464432, 0.16478009521961212, 0.18456166982650757, -0.04530380293726921, -0.05618885159492493, -0.2859426736831665, 0.1473083198070526, -0.06251421570777893, -0.10754747688770294, 1.1032434701919556, -0.18653050065040588, -0.4306204617023468, -0.25679585337638855, 0.16830022633075714, 1.070544719696045, -1.0496195554733276, -0.32266297936439514, -0.10048392415046692, 0.24963928759098053, -0.9632946252822876, -0.3360803425312042, 0.055510200560092926, 0.8036612272262573, -0.07763006538152695, -0.3314068913459778, -0.10384859144687653, -0.7429613471031189, -0.5253543853759766, -0.385589599609375, 0.1094910278916359, -0.7590177059173584, 0.18588364124298096, 0.22088974714279175, -0.2955385744571686, -0.46471357345581055, -0.28886473178863525, -0.23062728345394135, -0.18793760240077972, 0.24431614577770233, 0.535930871963501, 0.7743557691574097, 0.9228914976119995, 0.5345538258552551, 0.04660465195775032, 0.18072684109210968, -0.024783562868833542, 0.6099393963813782, 0.21757812798023224, -0.3229435980319977, 0.07782073318958282, -0.12589283287525177, -0.4212143123149872, 0.3539588749408722, -1.0001133680343628, 0.03920575976371765, 0.48937249183654785, -0.1313783973455429, -0.018416032195091248, 0.2075851857662201, -0.3547661602497101, -0.6188306212425232, -0.20986084640026093, -0.7168926000595093, 0.27765098214149475, 0.27662917971611023, -0.06922130286693573, 0.27908191084861755, 0.26377007365226746, -0.7588768601417542, 0.5011886954307556, -0.6956145763397217, -0.46031510829925537, 0.4918036162853241, -0.27279186248779297, -0.030360601842403412, -0.0022591822780668736, 0.34333521127700806, -0.2028704583644867, 0.05230816826224327, -0.669816255569458, 0.35078373551368713, 0.33126920461654663, -0.34556347131729126, 0.5676916241645813, 0.39192017912864685, -0.3647364377975464, -0.06585750728845596, 0.01835603080689907, -0.2527369558811188, -0.04518422111868858, -0.15587669610977173, 0.09927865117788315, -0.40016981959342957, 0.5726562738418579, -0.1612958461046219, -0.2936300039291382, 0.2688685357570648, -0.12130559235811234, 0.07709664106369019, -0.14625109732151031, -0.44689932465553284, 0.24538378417491913, -0.07786853611469269, -0.07504788041114807, 0.32778942584991455, 0.1204720139503479, -0.587594211101532, 0.8071617484092712, 0.5849325060844421, 0.48219889402389526, 0.27678021788597107, -0.06554481387138367, -0.22393159568309784, 0.3304798901081085, 0.41521891951560974, 0.993689775466919, 0.18198034167289734, 0.22717103362083435, 0.32637256383895874, -0.25180333852767944, 0.021851329132914543, 0.19471517205238342, 0.45081448554992676, -0.44369226694107056, 0.295357882976532, -0.7172766327857971, 0.29646506905555725, -0.48417380452156067, -0.5610860586166382, 0.6606526374816895, 0.2008245587348938, 0.10700945556163788, 0.10493370145559311, 0.38754937052726746, 0.04658737778663635, -0.43506646156311035, 0.007347725331783295, 0.5799657106399536, 0.06368372589349747, 0.5591820478439331, -0.24781857430934906, 0.16224730014801025, -0.2576776444911957, 0.10228915512561798, -0.2467796951532364, 0.44565629959106445, 0.06497073918581009, 0.21385402977466583, -0.36960911750793457, 0.22114606201648712, 0.18895602226257324, -0.8166146874427795, 0.16655366122722626, 0.6059266328811646, -0.04108689725399017, 0.19293735921382904, -0.09365673363208771, 0.7425687909126282, 0.5935459733009338, -0.6757467985153198, -0.2896900177001953, 0.3479531705379486, -0.2812717854976654, 0.0025618872605264187, 0.3234536945819855, 0.6993177533149719, 0.581398069858551, -0.10681088268756866, -0.38415709137916565, 0.1044716015458107, 0.2595413327217102, 0.0470576249063015, 0.012116423808038235, -0.2740146517753601, -0.11184444278478622, -0.44018277525901794, -0.104538194835186, 0.056706856936216354, 0.32152947783470154, -0.0815548375248909, -0.40132081508636475, 0.2168266922235489, -0.44781798124313354, 0.1729896515607834, 1.1724162101745605, -0.7874101996421814, 0.4465084373950958, -0.6534767746925354, 0.04940737411379814, -0.06494496017694473, -0.08770056813955307, 0.6896132230758667, 0.10036444664001465, -0.594655454158783, -0.002187087433412671, 0.49262410402297974, -0.3343043327331543, 0.7679854035377502, -0.4666578769683838, -0.8041021823883057, -0.24260155856609344, 0.1636016070842743, 0.0383293479681015, -0.4100678861141205, 0.2650522291660309, 0.2988522946834564, 0.5539494752883911, -0.5174347758293152, -0.012548180297017097, -0.12192569673061371, -0.033335186541080475, -0.36795374751091003, 0.6795501708984375, -0.24224601686000824, -0.40194737911224365, -0.21080225706100464, -0.3036925196647644, 0.8689953684806824, 0.12111227959394455, -0.46142756938934326, 0.3514973819255829, -0.12220965325832367, -0.24388308823108673, 0.05516032874584198, 0.01589389145374298, 0.18374577164649963, -0.05371364578604698, 0.1742076277732849 ]
210748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Fleet	Atlantic Fleet	Atlantic Fleet may refer to: Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom) United States Atlantic Fleet, now the U.S. Fleet Forces Command See also Maritime Forces Atlantic in the Canadian Forces	[ 0.17738556861877441, -0.5900497436523438, 0.17231810092926025, -0.3424775004386902, 0.3284042775630951, 0.32764124870300293, -0.05897510051727295, 0.7643036246299744, -0.5647504925727844, -0.2422713190317154, -0.29538172483444214, -0.04430423676967621, -0.43147537112236023, 0.6914998888969421, 0.09706232696771622, 0.17195290327072144, 0.2939465641975403, 0.4658767282962799, 0.04491088539361954, -0.27767297625541687, -0.3998267650604248, 0.42254289984703064, 0.4825288653373718, -0.3865182399749756, 0.11090770363807678, -0.2490522265434265, 0.3572160005569458, -0.08969941735267639, -0.0907924696803093, 0.10969361662864685, 0.18151381611824036, 0.18270739912986755, -0.6379334926605225, 0.3471822738647461, 0.2909100651741028, -0.31499239802360535, -0.3137659430503845, -0.25486961007118225, -0.4938325881958008, -0.4013676345348358, -0.6353304982185364, -0.18773671984672546, 0.86806321144104, 0.16063861548900604, -0.16662108898162842, 0.34236985445022583, -0.9996659159660339, -0.24453166127204895, 0.04267481714487076, 0.22191119194030762, -0.34958699345588684, 0.512043833732605, -0.010113286785781384, 0.3417263627052307, 0.1182808205485344, 0.2626698613166809, -0.5913986563682556, -0.08581044524908066, 0.054160814732313156, -0.8895527124404907, 0.9136663675308228, 0.7807614207267761, 0.22562243044376373, 0.5290077924728394, 0.7768234014511108, -0.4969324469566345, 0.23502403497695923, 0.33426767587661743, -0.4696677625179291, -0.3014056980609894, -0.17524538934230804, 0.12006273865699768, -0.13500013947486877, -0.03628964349627495, -0.1859949678182602, -0.2619978189468384, 0.16845472157001495, -0.24787373840808868, -0.11791118234395981, -0.13277605175971985, 0.5148500800132751, 0.11306070536375046, 0.7532938122749329, 0.4894505441188812, -0.09087537974119186, 0.36889883875846863, -0.6741530299186707, 0.27847445011138916, -0.5209794640541077, 0.5744195580482483, 0.19772601127624512, 0.032822560518980026, 0.7631633877754211, -0.01204200554639101, -0.11906414479017258, -0.1513049304485321, -0.3702031672000885, 0.03673156723380089, 0.2925451695919037, -0.0714343786239624, -0.32193782925605774, -0.21277201175689697, 0.24965812265872955, -0.2777687907218933, -0.6951363682746887, -0.4765588641166687, -0.11329866200685501, 0.38557690382003784, 0.42079904675483704, 0.15853992104530334, -0.3798951804637909, -0.35112860798835754, 0.06330729275941849, 0.2912725806236267, -0.44525057077407837, -0.26164016127586365, -0.20122647285461426, -0.6002827286720276, 0.0077851261012256145, -0.37779858708381653, 0.36931082606315613, 0.7525979280471802, -0.039307475090026855, -0.44487327337265015, 0.09241029620170593, 0.11491696536540985, 0.4762095808982849, 0.2435937076807022, -0.5998501181602478, -0.41442614793777466, 0.03634445369243622, 0.6501649022102356, -0.9054354429244995, 0.4302853047847748, -0.7417033910751343, 0.20643863081932068, 0.0652930736541748, 0.4058935344219208, 1.1118249893188477, 0.6620839834213257, -0.9042742848396301, -0.5657544136047363, -0.14988912642002106, -0.07647519558668137, 0.46968239545822144, -0.20663633942604065, 0.33877116441726685, -0.24836406111717224, -0.4774792194366455, -0.05498611927032471, 0.1607757955789566, -0.27572378516197205, -0.16337423026561737, 0.3004499077796936, -0.12480688840150833, -0.24781566858291626, 0.5073148608207703, -0.41004329919815063, 0.34096887707710266, 0.03960992395877838, -0.5117761492729187, 0.08758392184972763, -0.1595737785100937, 0.30650758743286133, 0.0925651490688324, -0.028071949258446693, 0.1381940394639969, -0.40393123030662537, 0.0805288776755333, -0.13056544959545135, 0.014842316508293152, -0.15415869653224945, 0.9162170886993408, 0.23280338943004608, 0.05863773822784424, 0.4228944182395935, 0.7244513630867004, 0.03900271654129028, 0.3699800670146942, -0.44306862354278564, -0.33269840478897095, 0.5373051762580872, 0.26166674494743347, -0.1429409682750702, 0.20408064126968384, -0.11426355689764023, 0.2575247585773468, -0.07744835317134857, -0.3597482144832611, -0.16591234505176544, 0.09849619120359421, -0.5336115956306458, 0.03528689593076706, -0.3007422685623169, 1.1209166049957275, -0.181907519698143, -0.3975444734096527, 0.7244281768798828, -0.34091031551361084, 0.5461844205856323, 0.21584005653858185, -0.1760578751564026, 0.3880247473716736, -0.07750242948532104, -0.44529080390930176, 0.038486018776893616, -0.04290228709578514, 0.10328596085309982, 0.005199253559112549, 0.24713902175426483, -0.36188533902168274, -0.5779507160186768, 0.014571208506822586, -0.4085072875022888, 0.6776197552680969, -0.2037603110074997, -0.16656646132469177, 0.16175056993961334, -0.19508695602416992, -0.07362331449985504, 0.8810036778450012, 0.09910517185926437, -0.09520336985588074, 0.2721146047115326, 0.057593341916799545, -0.34251609444618225, -0.14278735220432281, -0.12490976601839066, 0.020191403105854988, -0.10563246160745621, 0.22641530632972717, 0.0033523442689329386, -0.3995800018310547, -0.058814190328121185, 0.18691399693489075, -0.17290924489498138, 0.13228078186511993, 0.3224412202835083, 0.18365010619163513, -0.10174695402383804, 0.10040983557701111, 0.09308043122291565, -0.7006590366363525, 0.6823043823242188, 0.21856842935085297, 0.044626716524362564, -0.008067971095442772, 0.07208329439163208, -0.04383743181824684, -0.6459182500839233, -0.1438983529806137, -0.06087566539645195, 0.17680329084396362, -0.2758152186870575, 0.22315345704555511, -0.2794184982776642, 0.135294571518898, 0.18621237576007843, 0.50836580991745, 0.0035135066136717796, -0.5509696006774902, 0.03856682777404785, -0.32757946848869324, 0.36889365315437317, -0.0019164162222296, -0.18202224373817444, -0.9287813901901245, -0.6226755976676941, 0.6402114629745483, 0.09954971820116043, 0.47332268953323364, 0.4522727131843567, -0.019894590601325035, -0.44072744250297546, 0.0622992180287838, -0.18930208683013916, 0.2764686346054077, 0.6139278411865234, -0.2375115603208542, 0.20329374074935913, 0.23972824215888977, 0.2696191668510437, 0.1507609337568283, -0.7642233967781067, 0.48377543687820435, -0.5894542932510376, -0.07566070556640625, -0.04574977979063988, -0.04348358139395714, 0.019212588667869568, -0.03906135633587837, -0.4020904004573822, -0.04772985726594925, 0.4381237030029297, -0.21604131162166595, 0.43172144889831543, -0.15313565731048584, 0.11580634862184525, -0.04204392433166504, -0.21478664875030518, -0.46978873014450073, 0.28508153557777405, -0.03898492828011513, 0.013695857487618923, 0.47631216049194336, -0.44747909903526306, -0.523460328578949, 0.06809735298156738, -5.9435319900512695, 0.0288402009755373, -0.5173534750938416, 0.09701217710971832, -0.012281852774322033, -0.14751176536083221, 0.03690160810947418, 0.06127239391207695, 0.13049066066741943, -0.2723487615585327, 0.46478715538978577, 0.6547146439552307, 0.18539901077747345, 0.35177361965179443, 0.24803727865219116, 0.39511752128601074, 0.40244871377944946, -0.05627758800983429, 0.5727013945579529, 0.15767915546894073, 0.036191169172525406, -0.17188823223114014, 0.3424415588378906, 0.6840476989746094, 0.3366253674030304, 0.20039382576942444, -0.33411917090415955, -0.13506820797920227, -0.4383043646812439, 0.17068687081336975, -0.00416976772248745, -0.24289551377296448, 0.16964012384414673, -0.4297679364681244, 0.20116597414016724, -0.7548319101333618, 0.3303595781326294, 0.3824252784252167, 0.5321051478385925, -0.5146238207817078, -0.4526224434375763, 0.2900688052177429, -0.04547882825136185, -0.3466984033584595, -0.06415605545043945, -0.05819840729236603, 0.04752401262521744, -0.08901172131299973, 0.22194936871528625, 0.9406089782714844, -0.3373538851737976, 0.4233557879924774, 0.6140856146812439, -0.34386584162712097, 0.26157858967781067, -0.2706243097782135, -0.7297157049179077, -0.13025784492492676, 0.05375334993004799, 0.08196072280406952, 0.12099333852529526, -0.1879539042711258, -0.40659889578819275, -0.06326454877853394, -0.22170595824718475, -0.15083976089954376, -0.3748479187488556, -0.30268770456314087, 0.7241522073745728, 0.1444137692451477, -0.1577329784631729, 0.28766703605651855, -0.0031437103170901537, -0.6882726550102234, 0.11102599650621414, -0.5521400570869446, 0.30487146973609924, 0.37663888931274414, 0.20899884402751923, 0.007986889220774174, -0.14186696708202362, 0.1019926369190216, -0.8359047174453735, 0.28851333260536194, 0.0864936038851738, -0.4156211018562317, -0.19351491332054138, 0.40311434864997864, -0.2631804347038269, -0.20401537418365479, 0.5811824798583984, -0.2775939106941223, 0.6152418851852417, 0.29778459668159485, 0.7035983800888062, -0.2362622171640396, -0.49533820152282715, 0.353096067905426, 0.7108169794082642, -0.692019522190094, 0.47455310821533203, -0.044641874730587006, 0.42807674407958984, -0.6394534111022949, -0.09996470808982849, -0.3036014139652252, 0.032141175121068954, 0.18275059759616852, 0.6374604105949402, -0.08406881242990494, -0.28355029225349426, -0.2565635144710541, -0.16262131929397583, -0.7379698157310486, -0.11835993081331253, 0.1834716796875, -0.2873072028160095, 0.5788788199424744, 0.5049158334732056, -0.06586092710494995, -0.13069389760494232, 0.5507053732872009, 0.12520265579223633, -0.08387531340122223, -0.17885319888591766, -0.049973245710134506, 0.2016821801662445, 0.2930479645729065, 0.38009780645370483, 0.26244640350341797, 0.5657218098640442, 0.26707175374031067, 0.29621315002441406, -0.06878393143415451, 0.3252396583557129, -0.3565649092197418, 0.05468925088644028, -0.2795827090740204, 0.17469993233680725, -0.25144076347351074, -0.1912660449743271, -0.48077669739723206, 0.3582666218280792, 0.15253768861293793, 0.4108450710773468, 0.48810672760009766, -0.050093259662389755, 0.005076372530311346, 0.23040160536766052, 0.48589396476745605, 0.11392617970705032, -0.21281231939792633, 0.15665744245052338, -0.24609699845314026, -0.1696500927209854, -0.2963499426841736, 0.5663622617721558, -0.15795375406742096, -0.3877183794975281, 0.005770143121480942, 0.4015929400920868, -0.32956206798553467, -0.29206839203834534, -0.315262109041214, 0.5483207106590271, -0.2323092818260193, -0.37178748846054077, -0.9023596048355103, 0.5838124752044678, 0.6439381241798401, 0.06428418308496475, -0.9276564717292786, -0.4493362307548523, -0.020989371463656425, 0.20260393619537354, 0.8746798038482666, -0.5793259739875793, -0.13937941193580627, -0.2148224264383316, 0.23040589690208435, 0.0787099301815033, -0.004782776813954115, -0.5850443840026855, 0.4067412316799164, -0.15457113087177277, -0.22612282633781433, 0.1261792629957199, 0.21943600475788116, 0.11713360995054245, -0.1564958691596985, 0.10367590934038162, -0.21976882219314575, 0.061106521636247635, 0.2409074306488037, -0.4198969006538391, 0.22232358157634735, -0.25346481800079346, 0.6876201629638672, 0.07056321948766708, -0.1688433289527893, 0.40738335251808167, 0.3862689137458801, -0.7714146375656128, -0.17294073104858398, -0.40848466753959656, -0.10508964210748672, 0.5200831890106201, -0.31492745876312256, -0.2653628885746002, 0.8012569546699524, -0.4611453115940094, -0.5805392861366272, 0.16525514423847198, 0.9862453937530518, -0.32054603099823, 0.02117368020117283, -0.46490222215652466, -0.012090499512851238, -0.004257648251950741, -0.5829044580459595, 0.063584104180336, 0.11746165156364441, -0.45038989186286926, -0.1629222333431244, -0.41346392035484314, 0.48689961433410645, 0.4073185622692108, -0.4373173415660858, -0.2740575671195984, -0.23692387342453003, 0.0459100715816021, -0.40967226028442383, -0.42921438813209534, 0.046918436884880066, 0.7013765573501587, 0.03920963406562805, 0.105189748108387, -0.6878095865249634, 0.36996063590049744, 0.241522416472435, 0.28121742606163025, 0.5093833208084106, 0.12301833927631378, -0.6137358546257019, -0.13241851329803467, 0.7331827878952026, 0.8242865204811096, -0.7353355288505554, -0.19240009784698486, -0.13868404924869537, 0.035032276064157486, -0.8002920746803284, -0.7122856974601746, -0.20928800106048584, 0.7756463885307312, -0.2864786982536316, 0.13123925030231476, 0.1186443343758583, -0.5268447399139404, -0.5541788935661316, -0.07172811031341553, 0.024134952574968338, -0.7254197597503662, -0.09962846338748932, 0.2725756764411926, -0.01372014544904232, -0.5314653515815735, 0.15524142980575562, -0.3162077069282532, -0.09713481366634369, 0.4438135623931885, 0.3358745574951172, 0.7790032625198364, 0.5434961915016174, 0.3525087237358093, -0.08436661213636398, -0.032053761184215546, -0.6533255577087402, 0.5709953904151917, 0.6300756931304932, -0.7450917363166809, 0.20925547182559967, -0.18027198314666748, -0.3922586739063263, 0.35853585600852966, -0.7515759468078613, 0.29227614402770996, -0.1586427092552185, 0.02000746689736843, 0.06171669811010361, 0.323044091463089, -0.4569815695285797, -0.36411336064338684, -0.18024910986423492, -0.7848082184791565, 0.02678297460079193, 0.06412172317504883, 0.23946142196655273, 0.38507989048957825, -0.005146781448274851, -1.0756254196166992, 0.6041508913040161, -0.6676374077796936, -0.5621629953384399, 0.0857425257563591, 0.1602533757686615, -0.023918701335787773, -0.4924561679363251, 0.3035392761230469, -0.16536501049995422, 0.1093500480055809, -0.6686172485351562, -0.3530977666378021, 1.2039979696273804, 0.26357603073120117, 0.1426420509815216, 0.32995593547821045, -0.5337751507759094, -0.05603658780455589, 0.14272736012935638, 0.1812547743320465, 0.2126227170228958, -0.3290802538394928, 0.32760533690452576, -0.008255655877292156, 0.6397492289543152, -0.44176432490348816, -0.3486689031124115, -0.09050595015287399, 0.72903972864151, 0.37787064909935, 0.0016367874341085553, -0.6148877143859863, 0.4460659921169281, -0.22018800675868988, -0.24092397093772888, 0.5556256175041199, -0.4979265630245209, -0.21232333779335022, 0.6470711827278137, 0.5818606615066528, 0.3750167489051819, -0.35262393951416016, -0.3829689621925354, -0.31480342149734497, 0.25253239274024963, 0.03722759336233139, 0.21602104604244232, 0.226375013589859, 0.07730861753225327, 0.11774187535047531, -0.08383294939994812, 0.23053567111492157, -0.07749450206756592, 0.25198623538017273, -0.09494174271821976, 0.04061396047472954, -0.5674930810928345, 0.3667879104614258, -0.6404916644096375, -0.3073993921279907, 0.5618125200271606, 0.45555463433265686, -0.3152362108230591, 0.10648161172866821, 0.35564982891082764, 0.3241676390171051, -0.6993462443351746, 0.10900172591209412, -0.16550897061824799, 0.04363560304045677, 0.022392628714442253, -0.3386166989803314, 0.017231978476047516, -0.3434837758541107, 0.4186398983001709, 0.35534968972206116, 0.5487208366394043, 0.3631054759025574, -0.08836551755666733, -0.6261128187179565, 0.17159685492515564, -0.009011495858430862, -0.9076142311096191, 0.06387094408273697, -0.1826520562171936, -0.3383897840976715, -0.12545816600322723, -0.6364248394966125, 0.6934798955917358, -0.23778191208839417, -0.37659159302711487, -0.2642481029033661, 0.03555953502655029, -0.09138554334640503, -0.49755340814590454, -0.2949860095977783, 0.494709312915802, 0.08512278646230698, -0.06095481291413307, -0.09800232201814651, 0.18670351803302765, 0.3643636405467987, 0.29451611638069153, -0.36230647563934326, -0.1453893929719925, -0.36371028423309326, 0.0402102991938591, -0.20011767745018005, -0.022821126505732536, 0.36129340529441833, -0.4902227222919464, -0.33191725611686707, 0.3565053343772888, -0.20047488808631897, 0.24916690587997437, 0.6723894476890564, -0.4596255123615265, 0.05078646540641785, -0.29949742555618286, 0.362449586391449, -0.01825493946671486, 0.10394352674484253, -0.14071929454803467, -0.22910787165164948, -0.31831684708595276, 0.17010803520679474, 0.1270073801279068, -0.3056327998638153, 0.6889163255691528, -0.5878389477729797, -0.19086749851703644, -0.7899259924888611, 0.2418476939201355, -0.11463331431150436, -0.3979591727256775, 0.024159906432032585, -0.008327825926244259, 0.4259929060935974, 0.05405872315168381, 0.2571639120578766, 0.02077396586537361, 0.43833649158477783, 0.11368395388126373, 0.4900070130825043, -0.5566820502281189, -0.1602093130350113, -0.4610974192619324, -0.5205263495445251, 0.5110359191894531, 0.35311999917030334, -0.25314801931381226, 0.464644193649292, 0.12926743924617767, 0.48291048407554626, -0.12801124155521393, 0.2967335879802704, -0.6268647909164429, -0.08527626842260361, -0.1643552929162979 ]
210753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20de%2075%20M%28montagne%29%20modele%201919%20Schneider	Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider	The Canon de 75 M (montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider (75 mm mle.1919) was a French mountain gun designed as a replacement of the 65 mm mle 1906. The mle 1919 was manufactured by Schneider et Cie and used during World War II. For transport, the gun could be broken down into seven sections. This weapon was used by Brazil, Paraguay, Yugoslavia and Greece. When captured by the Germans in World War II, the French guns were designated 7.5 cm GebK 237(f); the Yugoslav guns were designated 7.5 cm GebK 283(j). The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield. Greek service This gun was used by the Greek Army in the Greek–Italian War from October 1940 to April 1941. It was used in divisional service in conjunction with the Schneider 105 mountain gun. Each Greek division had an artillery regiment with 16 mountain 75mm and 8 mountain 105mm guns. A total of 192 Mle 1919 75mm were procured by Greece, that equipped 12 (of 15) divisional artillery regiments. Survivors In 1923 the Brazilian Army ordered several Schneider Model 1919 75mm Mountain guns. At least 3 of them are now on display at the Fort Copacabana Museum in Rio de Janeiro, and 4 more still in use by the Brazilian Army as ceremonial guns in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Several of the original 24 purchased are still used as gate guardians or exposed at Paraguayan museums, as they served during Chaco War. At least one example is exhibited in Hellenic War Museum in Athens, Greece. A gun from Nexter collection in St. Chamond is now exhibited in the Musée des Blindés in Saumur. A World War I monument near Coligny Caserne in Orléans features this artillery piece. Mle 1919/28 is exhibited in the Amis du Musée de l'Artillerie in Draguignan. Photo Gallery References Infantry, Mountain, and Airborne Guns by Peter Chamberlain and Terry Gander, Arco, New York, (1975). See also 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 List of mountain artillery World War II mountain artillery World War II weapons of France Artillery of France 75 mm artillery Schneider Electric World War II artillery of Greece	[ -0.595350444316864, 0.28176555037498474, -0.6960621476173401, 0.12974943220615387, -0.0868682786822319, 0.7291328310966492, 1.3085731267929077, -0.17728601396083832, -0.9778956174850464, -0.3958360552787781, -0.2686956226825714, 0.33861422538757324, 0.21646344661712646, 0.4714871048927307, 0.2777397632598877, 0.2615053951740265, 0.20821785926818848, 0.43797215819358826, -0.4619024991989136, -0.2110161930322647, 0.1784464716911316, -0.10041997581720352, 0.4840121567249298, 0.4934290945529938, -0.668511688709259, -0.21914517879486084, 0.7912130951881409, 0.4350641965866089, 0.7692583203315735, 0.3001035749912262, -0.3733499050140381, 0.9368060231208801, -0.04988303408026695, -0.31292542815208435, -0.07925032824277878, -0.48321714997291565, 0.45315030217170715, 0.07063218206167221, 0.534778892993927, -0.7170088887214661, -0.5828242897987366, 0.5622467398643494, 0.6984431147575378, -0.3649383783340454, 0.14405499398708344, -0.4618852734565735, -2.19879150390625, -0.43179014325141907, -0.5307368040084839, -0.13482341170310974, 0.010460712015628815, -0.05354134738445282, 0.65462327003479, 0.5726969242095947, 0.09500790387392044, 1.6226446628570557, -1.2127786874771118, -0.48372822999954224, -0.01757807843387127, 0.5571065545082092, 0.5882810950279236, -0.3285024166107178, 0.4745572507381439, -0.7094106078147888, -0.33928558230400085, 0.18213056027889252, -0.4768136441707611, 0.8411136269569397, -0.3528324365615845, -0.06474839895963669, 0.11500651389360428, -0.22207945585250854, 1.2108492851257324, 0.214243546128273, 0.23734882473945618, -0.11199815571308136, -0.6300050020217896, -0.3277871310710907, -0.18257732689380646, -0.5093029141426086, -0.437473326921463, -0.32976290583610535, 0.8994836807250977, -0.24721667170524597, 0.02161424048244953, 0.8626002073287964, -0.34837114810943604, -0.8843269944190979, -0.0988256186246872, 1.3095040321350098, -0.9544697403907776, -0.9547185897827148, 0.5374628305435181, 1.3627182245254517, 0.12199746072292328, 0.6243292689323425, -0.3837992250919342, 0.2470780462026596, -0.2797083854675293, 0.20414717495441437, 0.4665285348892212, 1.0512535572052002, 0.4871302545070648, 0.2560325562953949, -0.9032053351402283, 0.6031585931777954, -0.6005305647850037, -1.4107027053833008, -0.11494119465351105, -0.33473309874534607, -0.2738335132598877, -0.0962296798825264, -0.5408828854560852, -0.5376536250114441, -0.3584335744380951, -0.31563618779182434, 0.8232983946800232, -0.5381911396980286, 0.4899791479110718, 0.9237479567527771, 0.7430834174156189, 0.5799846053123474, -0.26310548186302185, 0.8541037440299988, -0.29209503531455994, 1.2366775274276733, 0.47999823093414307, -0.025405773892998695, 0.38516491651535034, 0.07667846977710724, 0.7383189797401428, 0.8903548717498779, -0.32536184787750244, -0.4344588816165924, -0.5745957493782043, -0.25272923707962036, 0.7074763178825378, 0.2920600175857544, -0.7816094756126404, 0.11437106877565384, -1.0629059076309204, -0.5622319579124451, -1.3367807865142822, 0.46582841873168945, 0.8359918594360352, 0.3127756714820862, -0.10107788443565369, -0.2285454422235489, 0.26569071412086487, -0.7964275479316711, 0.3471011221408844, -1.1812924146652222, 0.3594398498535156, 0.2613886296749115, -0.10448142141103745, 0.8006038665771484, -0.7069545388221741, -0.5526813864707947, 0.34505176544189453, 0.4679594337940216, -0.050709716975688934, 0.1078048050403595, -0.6180650591850281, 0.4432574212551117, 0.16320814192295074, 0.0830535888671875, 0.10361691564321518, -0.1938079297542572, 0.4124034643173218, -0.20889806747436523, -0.7211452722549438, 0.3570040464401245, 0.3674907982349396, -0.8279164433479309, 0.12026466429233551, 0.546996533870697, 0.5085708498954773, 0.5624096989631653, 0.6491525173187256, -0.655798077583313, -0.6774221658706665, -0.128159299492836, 0.7039403319358826, 0.33438727259635925, 0.8971116542816162, 1.093555212020874, 0.7937378287315369, -0.13777203857898712, -0.18613694608211517, -0.4396611154079437, -0.6230688691139221, -0.4716445505619049, 0.14775852859020233, -0.5126919150352478, 1.799202561378479, -0.7060398459434509, -0.3708156645298004, 0.20824316143989563, 0.34507620334625244, 0.6249951720237732, 0.5598034858703613, -0.10554410517215729, 0.3997093737125397, 0.11653386801481247, -1.1645854711532593, 0.8438609838485718, -0.161457821726799, -0.34689390659332275, 0.484546035528183, 1.6934990882873535, 0.7024634480476379, -0.15259453654289246, -0.17593051493167877, -0.3296966552734375, -0.41583576798439026, 0.4527619183063507, -0.7043488621711731, 0.10627094656229019, -0.45166829228401184, 0.014410494826734066, 0.4392922818660736, 0.010511613450944424, -0.49532318115234375, 0.6796308755874634, 0.12106277048587799, 0.24279645085334778, 0.21070455014705658, 0.42764607071876526, -0.980175256729126, -0.7864536046981812, 1.1220993995666504, -0.03317951411008835, -0.390117883682251, 0.20625637471675873, -0.09777341783046722, 0.2143474817276001, -0.6945240497589111, -0.5318579077720642, -0.0032651557121425867, -0.40826907753944397, 0.318063884973526, 0.5436210036277771, -0.19734537601470947, 0.2156292349100113, -0.36586064100265503, 0.3742414712905884, -0.1665552407503128, 0.3113521635532379, -0.22679707407951355, -0.7423003911972046, 0.42561498284339905, 0.49230775237083435, 0.14230921864509583, -0.5498338341712952, -0.7286516427993774, -0.3156734108924866, 0.30015385150909424, -0.3328360617160797, 0.39859580993652344, 0.09170089662075043, 0.6901994347572327, -0.014684295281767845, 1.108210802078247, 0.051683004945516586, 0.20500586926937103, -0.8874402642250061, -0.34639742970466614, -0.3107445240020752, -0.8413403630256653, -0.16451957821846008, -0.041535940021276474, 0.27301427721977234, 0.033538367599248886, -0.9055714011192322, 0.5640418529510498, 0.4641949534416199, -0.7549523115158081, 0.8216849565505981, -1.099244236946106, 0.09297866374254227, -0.19671694934368134, 1.2275147438049316, 0.1750907152891159, -0.19868914783000946, -0.6467812657356262, 0.6351956129074097, 0.37289997935295105, 0.06501905620098114, -0.005904196761548519, -0.790388822555542, -0.08413172513246536, -0.21477030217647552, -0.8203597068786621, -0.041025325655937195, -0.48590853810310364, -0.05007633939385414, -0.37187984585762024, 0.24332815408706665, 0.2266557812690735, 0.1704956293106079, -1.258995771408081, 0.1897115260362625, 0.12332640588283539, -0.45885249972343445, 0.2413167655467987, -0.3580193817615509, -0.07001912593841553, 0.37458208203315735, -2.758293628692627, 0.11608286201953888, -0.14906370639801025, -0.03765011951327324, 0.018205512315034866, 0.044757016003131866, 0.5128998160362244, 0.013371331617236137, -0.8806331753730774, -0.07487218081951141, 0.6318492293357849, -0.8056658506393433, -0.12297797948122025, 0.5749800801277161, 0.6284765005111694, 0.1996019184589386, 0.8432462811470032, -0.9066301584243774, 0.502869725227356, 0.23087073862552643, -0.1359289586544037, -0.004438826348632574, -0.15014827251434326, -0.3165367841720581, 1.0731970071792603, -0.47227373719215393, 0.4142947494983673, 0.4090960621833801, -0.7093074321746826, -0.06892073899507523, -0.2801971137523651, -0.1976686418056488, -0.09774285554885864, -0.30034178495407104, -0.4367027282714844, -0.2252260148525238, 1.178229808807373, 0.28984174132347107, 0.5817526578903198, -0.5646093487739563, -0.3003692328929901, -0.005328006111085415, -0.17414531111717224, 0.054548610001802444, 0.39138785004615784, 0.00027052784571424127, -0.3043161630630493, 0.02639629878103733, -0.32101666927337646, 0.7078976631164551, 0.6121220588684082, -0.9786921143531799, 0.20365406572818756, 0.5138360857963562, 0.047755658626556396, -1.1200255155563354, 0.5988235473632812, -0.7597170472145081, -0.1373479813337326, -0.2849745750427246, 0.6841365098953247, -0.3073050379753113, -0.0722028911113739, -0.07419724017381668, 0.22899843752384186, -1.038718581199646, -0.9475974440574646, -0.19082222878932953, 0.20458292961120605, 0.5183531045913696, -0.7175575494766235, 1.1839722394943237, -0.8138751983642578, -0.5555078387260437, 0.6236847639083862, 0.17169815301895142, -0.055542707443237305, 0.24511046707630157, -0.28747573494911194, 0.5344335436820984, 0.10902328044176102, -0.5652894973754883, -0.4123600423336029, 0.9427501559257507, 0.6285688281059265, -0.37937045097351074, 0.3093580901622772, -0.2894608974456787, -0.552761435508728, -0.7068027257919312, 0.027084073051810265, -0.49318191409111023, 0.5930100679397583, 0.22919028997421265, -0.6097348928451538, -0.38796067237854004, 0.3365328907966614, -0.3382815718650818, -0.27571794390678406, -0.2347908467054367, -0.11249934881925583, 0.10483109205961227, 0.20550179481506348, -0.08142407983541489, -1.6355750560760498, -0.23348253965377808, -0.4904663860797882, 0.32310038805007935, 0.17990413308143616, 0.46812859177589417, -0.7153048515319824, -0.16437099874019623, -0.7359694242477417, 0.136789932847023, 0.6719416975975037, -0.5173247456550598, 0.11817899346351624, 0.5694255232810974, 0.2578756809234619, 0.15399126708507538, 0.07854126393795013, 0.6990797519683838, -0.2005152702331543, -1.3953924179077148, -0.05246083810925484, -0.38910284638404846, 0.18058335781097412, -0.16311848163604736, -0.8757608532905579, -0.3539401590824127, -0.41712892055511475, -0.13787974417209625, -0.16830413043498993, 0.3014950454235077, 0.060570500791072845, -0.5241332650184631, -0.19530194997787476, 0.7340627312660217, 0.16834434866905212, -0.3235458731651306, -0.5013882517814636, 0.20451830327510834, -0.8434133529663086, 0.46687090396881104, 0.8763587474822998, 0.4480380713939667, 1.4617418050765991, -0.5373322367668152, -0.6562071442604065, 0.8576790690422058, -1.2554938793182373, -1.2579373121261597, 0.1948539912700653, -0.4903796911239624, -0.35163065791130066, 0.2700240910053253, 0.13173949718475342, 0.024413438513875008, -0.0036862308625131845, -1.052374005317688, -0.14303751289844513, 0.38153257966041565, -0.6537492871284485, 0.02984047681093216, 0.21307723224163055, -0.5127568244934082, 0.396323025226593, -0.7238542437553406, 0.16338452696800232, 1.0146453380584717, -0.09748988598585129, 0.0016182474792003632, -1.120522141456604, -0.07584185898303986, 0.3270569145679474, 0.7541759610176086, 0.09948242455720901, -0.48943594098091125, -0.3760794699192047, -0.009279808029532433, -0.35206788778305054, 0.1583375781774521, -0.4094570577144623, 0.6995495557785034, -0.053099337965250015, -0.35064300894737244, -0.5584095120429993, 0.47504159808158875, -0.6462494730949402, -0.3058861792087555, 0.043016865849494934, 0.4958682358264923, 0.49985364079475403, 0.38655322790145874, -0.7826787829399109, -0.6916971802711487, -0.2786615490913391, 0.4055754840373993, -0.02655850723385811, -0.5400534868240356, 0.4460821747779846, 0.7025993466377258, -0.2576586902141571, 0.9311164021492004, -0.08333144336938858, -0.39011168479919434, 0.4269472062587738, 0.5653164386749268, -0.724045991897583, 0.8758024573326111, 0.018160395324230194, -1.218886375427246, 0.4909910261631012, 0.559796154499054, -0.6731844544410706, -0.23224440217018127, 0.5880752205848694, 0.7974052429199219, -1.3935922384262085, 0.06438593566417694, -0.7097439765930176, -0.9632051587104797, -0.44754862785339355, -0.49745967984199524, -1.7327110767364502, 0.1850147843360901, 0.4197377562522888, 0.11474090814590454, 1.0471090078353882, -0.615398645401001, -0.39578354358673096, 0.38688036799430847, 0.43495410680770874, -0.30000099539756775, 0.1671690195798874, 0.5047405958175659, -0.509675920009613, -0.005585709121078253, -0.1980898082256317, 0.5581151247024536, -0.009487812407314777, 0.7325022220611572, 0.18322955071926117, -0.5567774176597595, -1.3618685007095337, 0.26044589281082153, 0.6042695045471191, -0.6665699481964111, -0.3521043360233307, 0.3593236804008484, 0.4125458002090454, -1.002648949623108, -0.8651527762413025, -0.9330130815505981, 0.9907138347625732, -0.4499324560165405, -1.0527433156967163, 0.7887371778488159, 0.4096809923648834, 0.9442163705825806, -0.25807812809944153, 1.0710667371749878, -0.3488580584526062, -0.1904425323009491, 0.7278063893318176, 0.986895740032196, 0.6485645771026611, -0.3054961562156677, 0.12363488972187042, 0.2025066763162613, 0.07670321315526962, -0.2637459933757782, -0.9861916303634644, -0.06359296292066574, 0.4680587649345398, -0.3674200475215912, -0.590912938117981, -1.1163849830627441, 0.6173295378684998, -0.48499795794487, -0.3702247142791748, 0.10489116609096527, 1.008776307106018, 0.3405170142650604, 0.1773885190486908, -0.9112805724143982, -0.7573674321174622, -0.1195753663778305, -0.7675548195838928, 0.45894625782966614, 0.18184202909469604, -0.1588893085718155, -0.49642112851142883, 0.5706412196159363, 0.5686262845993042, 0.8011257648468018, -0.6002150774002075, 0.10983448475599289, -0.11877072602510452, 0.8724750280380249, -0.2888258695602417, 1.2228420972824097, 0.36453986167907715, -0.43968722224235535, 0.316817045211792, 0.9325186610221863, 0.6818341016769409, -0.8764797449111938, 0.2468194216489792, 0.06096884608268738, 0.2348153293132782, -0.27529287338256836, -0.001558660063892603, 1.2013438940048218, -0.5885387659072876, 0.26302921772003174, 0.03271373361349106, -0.2671484351158142, -0.8326498866081238, 0.049968305975198746, 0.12414995580911636, 0.23504477739334106, 0.7250877022743225, 0.3934406638145447, -0.5312590003013611, 0.6349847912788391, -0.934311032295227, -0.8392515182495117, 1.1848032474517822, 0.7061141729354858, 0.38854163885116577, 0.4053186774253845, -0.8958644866943359, 1.5637731552124023, -0.8658148646354675, 0.6922599673271179, 0.424510657787323, -0.32741355895996094, 0.364788681268692, 0.47813600301742554, 0.5220741629600525, 0.3941185474395752, -0.2953156530857086, -1.0304975509643555, -0.3490198254585266, 0.6027325391769409, -0.5925357341766357, 0.33828553557395935, 1.0270289182662964, -0.25505033135414124, 0.5634772777557373, 0.5018314123153687, 0.5588539242744446, -0.07659470289945602, -0.298690527677536, -0.08762914687395096, 0.2513658404350281, -0.23891998827457428, -0.21002107858657837, -0.26836514472961426, -0.1992889642715454, -0.41171571612358093, 0.8550371527671814, -0.9229030013084412, -0.7440212368965149, -0.5476725101470947, -0.43256551027297974, -0.19215013086795807, -0.6114231944084167, 0.011907275766134262, -0.021480156108736992, -0.4468051493167877, 0.5816428661346436, 0.14656326174736023, 1.1016364097595215, -0.03174762427806854, 0.2053057700395584, 0.013179599307477474, 0.22706681489944458, 0.052425455302000046, -0.15365183353424072, 0.40597817301750183, -1.1384146213531494, -0.532209038734436, 0.1066814512014389, -0.4689648747444153, -0.11822234839200974, 0.25108644366264343, 0.2948598265647888, -1.108632206916809, 0.41813698410987854, -0.5018252730369568, -0.1983790397644043, -0.1640678346157074, -0.740020751953125, 0.07521382719278336, 0.11950148642063141, 0.1476162075996399, -0.1741221696138382, -0.08369100093841553, -0.0365733727812767, 0.6285477876663208, -0.1339436024427414, 0.6438238620758057, 0.4725764989852905, 0.19852565228939056, -0.568331778049469, 0.7231244444847107, 0.09011515974998474, 0.3997049629688263, -0.5085636973381042, -0.11245838552713394, 0.014953774400055408, 0.6868903636932373, -0.4835302531719208, -0.04992404207587242, 1.028997778892517, -0.9263150095939636, -0.7667534947395325, -0.7399047017097473, -0.048681434243917465, -1.0202580690383911, 0.5247595310211182, 0.10125723481178284, -0.34515929222106934, -0.9075334668159485, 0.3143749237060547, -0.5451787710189819, 0.4149206578731537, 0.570715606212616, -0.08130059391260147, 0.9606533050537109, -0.32308006286621094, -0.6341679096221924, -0.8503451943397522, -0.1514885127544403, 0.7279383540153503, 1.35014808177948, 0.4821743369102478, 0.12581846117973328, 0.0748540386557579, -0.8838315010070801, 1.0218089818954468, 0.4842938780784607, -1.1419798135757446, -0.2660224437713623, -0.24154289066791534, -0.40845897793769836, 0.18831369280815125, -0.060494162142276764, 0.4342133700847626, -0.23439821600914001, 0.6964678168296814, -0.9995383024215698, 0.3790384829044342, 0.33239617943763733, 0.2289774864912033, -1.1342684030532837, -0.07111527025699615, -0.3818037211894989 ]
210755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20chloride	Hydrogen chloride	The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula and as such is a hydrogen halide. At room temperature, it is a colourless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor. Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry. Hydrochloric acid, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, is also commonly given the formula HCl. Reactions Hydrogen chloride is a diatomic molecule, consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected by a polar covalent bond. The chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, which makes this bond polar. Consequently, the molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge (δ−) at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge (δ+) at the hydrogen atom. In part because of its high polarity, HCl is very soluble in water (and in other polar solvents). Upon contact, H2O and HCl combine to form hydronium cations H3O+ and chloride anions Cl− through a reversible chemical reaction: HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl− The resulting solution is called hydrochloric acid and is a strong acid. The acid dissociation or ionization constant, Ka, is large, which means HCl dissociates or ionizes practically completely in water. Even in the absence of water, hydrogen chloride can still act as an acid. For example, hydrogen chloride can dissolve in certain other solvents such as methanol: HCl + CH3OH → CH3O+H2 + Cl− Hydrogen chloride can protonate molecules or ions and can also serve as an acid-catalyst for chemical reactions where anhydrous (water-free) conditions are desired. Because of its acidic nature, hydrogen chloride is a corrosive substance, particularly in the presence of moisture. Structure and properties Frozen HCl undergoes phase transition at 98.4 K. X-ray powder diffraction of the frozen material shows that the material changes from an orthorhombic structure to a cubic one during this transition. In both structures the chlorine atoms are in a face-centered array. However, the hydrogen atoms could not be located. Analysis of spectroscopic and dielectric data, and determination of the structure of DCl (deuterium chloride) indicates that HCl forms zigzag chains in the solid, as does HF (see figure on right). The infrared spectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride, shown on the left, consists of a number of sharp absorption lines grouped around 2886 cm−1 (wavelength ~3.47 µm). At room temperature, almost all molecules are in the ground vibrational state v = 0. Including anharmonicity the vibrational energy can be written as. To promote an HCl molecule from the v = 0 to the v = 1 state, we would expect to see an infrared absorption about νo = νe + 2xeνe = 2880 cm−1. However, this absorption corresponding to the Q-branch is not observed due to it being forbidden by symmetry. Instead, two sets of signals (P- and R-branches) are seen owing to a simultaneous change in the rotational state of the molecules. Because of quantum mechanical selection rules, only certain rotational transitions are permitted. The states are characterized by the rotational quantum number J = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... selection rules state that ΔJ is only able to take values of ±1. The value of the rotational constant B is much smaller than the vibrational one νo, such that a much smaller amount of energy is required to rotate the molecule; for a typical molecule, this lies within the microwave region. However, the vibrational energy of HCl molecule places its absorptions within the infrared region, allowing a spectrum showing the rovibrational transitions of this molecule to be easily collected using an infrared spectrometer with a gas cell. The latter can even be made of quartz as the HCl absorption lies in a window of transparency for this material. Naturally abundant chlorine consists of two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl, in a ratio of approximately 3:1. While the spring constants are nearly identical, the disparate reduced masses of H35Cl and H37Cl cause measurable differences in the rotational energy, thus doublets are observed on close inspection of each absorption line, weighted in the same ratio of 3:1. Production Most hydrogen chloride produced on an industrial scale is used for hydrochloric acid production. Historical routes In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber from Karlstadt am Main, Germany used sodium chloride salt and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate in the Mannheim process, releasing hydrogen chloride. Joseph Priestley of Leeds, England prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772, and by 1808 Humphry Davy of Penzance, England had proved that the chemical composition included hydrogen and chlorine. Direct synthesis Hydrogen chloride is produced by combining chlorine and hydrogen: Cl2 + H2 → 2 HCl As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven or HCl burner. The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in deionized water, resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid. This reaction can give a very pure product, e.g. for use in the food industry. Organic synthesis The industrial production of hydrogen chloride is often integrated with the formation of chlorinated and fluorinated organic compounds, e.g., Teflon, Freon, and other CFCs, as well as chloroacetic acid and PVC. Often this production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with captive use of it on-site. In the chemical reactions, hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbon are replaced by chlorine atoms, whereupon the released hydrogen atom recombines with the spare atom from the chlorine molecule, forming hydrogen chloride. Fluorination is a subsequent chlorine-replacement reaction, producing again hydrogen chloride: R−H + Cl2 → R−Cl + HCl R−Cl + HF → R−F + HCl The resulting hydrogen chloride is either reused directly or absorbed in water, resulting in hydrochloric acid of technical or industrial grade. Laboratory methods Small amounts of hydrogen chloride for laboratory use can be generated in an HCl generator by dehydrating hydrochloric acid with either sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. Alternatively, HCl can be generated by the reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride: NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl This reaction occurs at room temperature. Provided there is NaCl remaining in the generator and it is heated above 200 °C, the reaction proceeds further: NaCl + NaHSO4 → HCl + Na2SO4 For such generators to function, the reagents should be dry. Hydrogen chloride can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of certain reactive chloride compounds such as phosphorus chlorides, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), and acyl chlorides. For example, cold water can be gradually dripped onto phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) to give HCl: PCl5 + H2O → POCl3 + 2 HCl Applications Most hydrogen chloride is used in the production of hydrochloric acid. It is also used in the production of vinyl chloride and many alkyl chlorides. Trichlorosilane is produced using HCl: Si + 3 HCl → HSiCl3 + H2 History Around 900, the authors of the Arabic writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latin: Geber) and the Persian physician and alchemist Abu Bakr al-Razi (c. 865–925, Latin: Rhazes) were experimenting with sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), which when it was distilled together with vitriol (hydrated sulfates of various metals) produced hydrogen chloride. However, it appears that in these early experiments with chloride salts, the gaseous products were discarded, and hydrogen chloride may have been produced many times before it was discovered that it can be put to chemical use. One of the first such uses was the synthesis of mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), whose production from the heating of mercury either with alum and ammonium chloride or with vitriol and sodium chloride was first described in the De aluminibus et salibus ("On Alums and Salts", an eleventh- or twelfth century Arabic text falsely attributed to Abu Bakr al-Razi and translated into Latin in the second half of the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona, 1144-1187). Another important development was the discovery by pseudo-Geber (in the De inventione veritatis, "On the Discovery of Truth", after c. 1300) that by adding ammonium chloride to nitric acid, a strong solvent capable of dissolving gold (i.e., aqua regia) could be produced. After the discovery in the late sixteenth century of the process by which unmixed hydrochloric acid can be prepared, it was recognized that this new acid (then known as spirit of salt or acidum salis) released vaporous hydrogen chloride, which was called marine acid air. In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate, releasing hydrogen chloride gas (see production, above). In 1772, Carl Wilhelm Scheele also reported this reaction and is sometimes credited with its discovery. Joseph Priestley prepared hydrogen chloride in 1772, and in 1810 Humphry Davy established that it is composed of hydrogen and chlorine. During the Industrial Revolution, demand for alkaline substances such as soda ash increased, and Nicolas Leblanc developed a new industrial-scale process for producing the soda ash. In the Leblanc process, salt was converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, giving hydrogen chloride as by-product. Initially, this gas was vented to air, but the Alkali Act of 1863 prohibited such release, so then soda ash producers absorbed the HCl waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale. Later, the Hargreaves process was developed, which is similar to the Leblanc process except sulfur dioxide, water, and air are used instead of sulfuric acid in a reaction which is exothermic overall. In the early 20th century the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process, which did not produce HCl. However, hydrogen chloride production continued as a step in hydrochloric acid production. Historical uses of hydrogen chloride in the 20th century include hydrochlorinations of alkynes in producing the chlorinated monomers chloroprene and vinyl chloride, which are subsequently polymerized to make polychloroprene (Neoprene) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), respectively. In the production of vinyl chloride, acetylene (C2H2) is hydrochlorinated by adding the HCl across the triple bond of the C2H2 molecule, turning the triple into a double bond, yielding vinyl chloride. The "acetylene process", used until the 1960s for making chloroprene, starts out by joining two acetylene molecules, and then adds HCl to the joined intermediate across the triple bond to convert it to chloroprene as shown here: This "acetylene process" has been replaced by a process which adds Cl2 to the double bond of ethylene instead, and subsequent elimination produces HCl instead, as well as chloroprene. Safety Hydrogen chloride forms corrosive hydrochloric acid on contact with water found in body tissue. Inhalation of the fumes can cause coughing, choking, inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory system failure, and death. Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and severe chemical burns. Hydrogen chloride may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have established occupational exposure limits for hydrogen chloride at a ceiling of 5 ppm (7 mg/m3), and compiled extensive information on hydrogen chloride workplace safety concerns. See also Gastric acid, hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach to aid digestion of proteins Chloride, salts of hydrogen chloride Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid Hydrochlorination, addition reaction with alkenes References External links Thames & Kosmos Chem C2000 Experiment Manual Chlorides Halogen-containing natural products Hazardous air pollutants Hydrogen compounds Industrial gases Nonmetal halides Articles containing video clips	[ -0.23635397851467133, 0.8514031171798706, 0.032413795590400696, -0.35367169976234436, -0.31341660022735596, -0.45756879448890686, 0.31174421310424805, -0.3728272318840027, 0.022474586963653564, -0.26124486327171326, -0.7836353182792664, 0.18994469940662384, -0.4132115840911865, 0.8145101070404053, 0.5467590689659119, 0.613066554069519, 0.8566532731056213, 0.8783525228500366, -0.012361126020550728, -0.1474316418170929, -0.1149154007434845, 0.5388921499252319, 0.06321606785058975, -0.5652925968170166, 0.5622460842132568, -0.12972192466259003, -0.020480692386627197, 0.19184629619121552, 0.6775206327438354, 0.04740319773554802, 0.7461740374565125, 0.5209528803825378, 0.1375153511762619, 0.004000792745500803, 0.3313349485397339, 0.2828136384487152, -0.024690451100468636, -0.16206073760986328, -0.02864893712103367, -0.49098262190818787, -0.3028291165828705, -0.2371659278869629, 0.8047561645507812, 0.3235906958580017, -0.35509079694747925, 0.3447088897228241, -1.3978525400161743, 0.42241862416267395, -0.751492977142334, -0.199432834982872, 0.0022168979048728943, -0.29350724816322327, 0.297549307346344, 0.3493424654006958, 0.16558164358139038, 0.6376693844795227, -1.131838321685791, 0.3390181064605713, 0.1721951961517334, -0.14840629696846008, -0.3688428997993469, -0.34106680750846863, -0.2048163115978241, 0.45616188645362854, 0.6576246619224548, 0.8233531713485718, -0.45082777738571167, 0.10742172598838806, -0.2458803951740265, 0.5017778873443604, 0.17668206989765167, -0.1273754984140396, -0.8236585855484009, 0.15399418771266937, -0.3033871650695801, -0.1661878377199173, -0.2714024484157562, -0.3296169638633728, -0.5154118537902832, 0.26559582352638245, -0.6502310633659363, 0.8193957209587097, 0.5619761347770691, -0.0857519805431366, 0.2054688185453415, 0.13414184749126434, -0.7302613258361816, 0.9534052610397339, -0.8133111596107483, 0.5623618960380554, -0.4187487065792084, -0.0048885405994951725, 0.23503521084785461, -0.015839751809835434, 0.2890186309814453, -0.2561424970626831, 0.5589718222618103, -0.37313294410705566, 0.7574626803398132, -0.08132397383451462, 0.21611134707927704, -0.2935313284397125, 0.05929776653647423, -0.4115389883518219, -0.2599451243877411, -0.5116875171661377, -0.9523442387580872, -0.6967642307281494, -0.04326913133263588, -0.6596487164497375, 0.017071858048439026, 0.10476662218570709, 0.26890328526496887, 0.041524555534124374, -0.31173408031463623, -0.24763014912605286, 0.17999064922332764, 0.24596260488033295, 0.28228649497032166, 0.06563138961791992, -0.08485543727874756, 0.8108465671539307, -0.16977311670780182, 0.037070225924253464, -0.3938598334789276, 0.21434934437274933, 0.3677354156970978, 0.6016749143600464, -0.8469409346580505, 0.27758947014808655, 0.22761458158493042, 0.9139328598976135, 0.42084458470344543, -0.22027486562728882, -0.42794397473335266, -0.6046135425567627, -0.03680450841784477, -0.13978150486946106, -0.07957158982753754, 0.40142858028411865, -0.3192219138145447, 0.11872109770774841, -1.108542799949646, 0.22875982522964478, 0.29576778411865234, -0.10413201153278351, -0.3973337411880493, 0.45501700043678284, 0.12028394639492035, 0.35612568259239197, -0.136043980717659, 0.05052879825234413, -0.5971628427505493, 0.18561644852161407, -0.623810350894928, 0.07916920632123947, 0.36306339502334595, 0.2994672358036041, 0.2937852442264557, -0.24684324860572815, -0.2778150141239166, -0.41923052072525024, 0.13627561926841736, -0.5594448447227478, 0.2976346015930176, -0.39213576912879944, -0.17228031158447266, 0.7387787699699402, -0.0854208767414093, 0.2686527371406555, 0.0490986704826355, -0.5104532241821289, 0.1838180273771286, -0.1830701380968094, 0.21651574969291687, -0.6375445127487183, -0.2271961271762848, 0.14858582615852356, 0.23990152776241302, -0.2906632721424103, -0.8372757434844971, -0.07504641264677048, -0.1774941235780716, 0.05829565227031708, 0.05491149425506592, 0.5666796565055847, 0.13021184504032135, 0.22926926612854004, 0.44718363881111145, 0.032483965158462524, -0.35153692960739136, -0.18210354447364807, 0.06374429911375046, -0.6035131812095642, 1.436787486076355, 0.06440389901399612, -0.4022130072116852, -0.15606540441513062, 0.08255277574062347, 0.03867761418223381, -0.6619627475738525, 0.7647053599357605, 0.39710909128189087, -0.23115156590938568, -0.5468689799308777, 1.4439886808395386, 0.3270706832408905, -0.02802193909883499, 0.20118343830108643, 0.8562487363815308, 0.5449836254119873, -0.21591274440288544, 0.5879128575325012, -0.19616283476352692, -0.018019402399659157, -0.31734374165534973, -0.4053969383239746, 0.12473522871732712, 0.3078579902648926, 0.7864736318588257, 0.7105843424797058, 0.1675633043050766, -0.22734670341014862, 1.2014493942260742, -0.3265870213508606, 0.2563066780567169, 0.5715209245681763, 0.048232581466436386, 0.04638524726033211, 0.6901041269302368, 0.4554259479045868, -0.21401412785053253, 0.13092191517353058, -0.5061862468719482, -0.3400084376335144, -0.2807200253009796, 0.11613567173480988, 0.11623594164848328, 0.24365222454071045, -0.18883216381072998, 0.2831626534461975, 0.1744784414768219, -0.80970698595047, 0.29968616366386414, -0.06332170963287354, -0.3313184678554535, -0.34033143520355225, -0.09154192358255386, -0.1444779634475708, 0.0026958072558045387, -0.0835205465555191, 0.06512553989887238, 0.03524673730134964, -0.7105355858802795, 0.2123814821243286, -0.40965792536735535, -0.32243797183036804, 0.4375743567943573, -0.35057520866394043, 0.004599388223141432, -0.3860701620578766, -0.23613357543945312, 0.13750526309013367, -0.18310998380184174, -0.057692065834999084, -0.07891493290662766, -0.6378521919250488, -0.16569112241268158, 0.22004398703575134, 0.21669720113277435, 0.21280017495155334, 0.08823420852422714, -0.1433352828025818, -0.9711927771568298, -0.13380229473114014, 0.19514226913452148, -0.3033682107925415, 0.006050908472388983, -0.9390128254890442, -0.0807621031999588, 0.33453822135925293, 0.4265636205673218, -0.4056101143360138, -0.297402560710907, -0.7749794125556946, 0.050073809921741486, 0.13094855844974518, -0.5572742223739624, 0.03144625574350357, -0.5366405844688416, -0.6249644756317139, -0.5654118657112122, -0.3431304395198822, -0.0759919285774231, -0.025116749107837677, 0.05774056911468506, -0.1407509297132492, 0.46583759784698486, -0.05817905813455582, -0.3926781117916107, 0.08366560935974121, -0.09496420621871948, -0.39926138520240784, 0.0029389646369963884, 0.25849485397338867, -0.09793434292078018, -0.18996603786945343, 0.3194071352481842, -5.221425533294678, -0.37164732813835144, 0.15867410600185394, 0.2628291845321655, 0.3400549590587616, 0.291795939207077, 0.3307174742221832, -0.5234038233757019, 0.0026664715260267258, 0.035000503063201904, -0.16160720586776733, 0.5189435482025146, -0.32016193866729736, 0.34658217430114746, 0.14885199069976807, -0.49802276492118835, 0.6814321279525757, -0.4570741057395935, 0.38613995909690857, 0.05832919850945473, -0.37576422095298767, 0.558815062046051, 0.060636937618255615, 0.9166689515113831, -0.38434863090515137, -0.11922338604927063, 0.12457581609487534, 0.3428378999233246, -0.3132081627845764, -0.11678922921419144, -0.36094537377357483, 0.44133293628692627, -0.15980884432792664, -0.5700604319572449, 0.28685709834098816, 0.2309950292110443, -0.0873158648610115, -0.36903098225593567, -0.2527223229408264, -0.6915697455406189, -0.2477438747882843, 0.3331170380115509, 0.23546597361564636, 0.20283593237400055, 0.4884699583053589, -0.44665125012397766, -0.2222781628370285, -0.005063999444246292, 0.10907623171806335, 1.2426093816757202, -0.4755292236804962, 0.12086475640535355, 0.37773558497428894, -0.5968915224075317, 0.42650869488716125, 0.13294649124145508, -0.07238157838582993, -0.4805423319339752, -0.13140249252319336, 0.010193469934165478, 0.28673917055130005, 0.49988946318626404, 0.20202839374542236, 0.49401113390922546, -0.11006275564432144, -0.11514924466609955, -0.9846788048744202, 0.19460348784923553, 0.13536474108695984, -0.2861924469470978, -1.081518530845642, 0.4076533317565918, 0.08276957273483276, -0.7987900376319885, 0.09899654239416122, -0.3557852506637573, -0.17895422875881195, -0.20988743007183075, 0.26802265644073486, 0.43219563364982605, -0.3940441608428955, 0.5238653421401978, -0.4887087941169739, 0.8888260722160339, 0.19563516974449158, -0.11849798262119293, -0.538025438785553, 0.09577710926532745, 0.13093717396259308, -0.21942298114299774, 0.5716096758842468, -0.006504968274384737, 0.4438595175743103, 0.2668103873729706, -0.27226653695106506, 0.3199331760406494, 0.06828421354293823, 0.22330313920974731, 0.46311572194099426, -0.2010388970375061, 0.8204189538955688, 0.4055342972278595, 0.12973712384700775, -0.2121012955904007, -0.07543955743312836, -0.49734535813331604, -0.434626966714859, 0.4979003071784973, 0.004189873579889536, 0.014017845503985882, -0.21939422190189362, 0.1499319076538086, -0.6912792921066284, -0.02810245007276535, 1.1528018712997437, -0.11770464479923248, -1.1639639139175415, 0.153633713722229, 0.41476768255233765, 0.2873620092868805, 0.6902545094490051, 0.8994817137718201, -0.12359754741191864, -0.27317383885383606, 0.09026104211807251, -0.18711870908737183, -0.1494205892086029, -0.12858060002326965, 0.060327671468257904, 0.2825095057487488, 0.04142085462808609, 1.032379388809204, -0.39787542819976807, 0.003973327577114105, 0.17804203927516937, -0.3857906460762024, -0.5480274558067322, 0.325668603181839, -0.44249486923217773, -0.36746513843536377, 0.39537912607192993, -0.3258320689201355, -0.15123911201953888, -0.11334747821092606, 0.5979709029197693, 0.12420690059661865, 0.3623802661895752, -0.0715634748339653, -0.028217453509569168, 1.0351868867874146, 0.30711132287979126, -0.39379340410232544, 0.37723445892333984, -0.2350977063179016, -0.15321706235408783, 0.3274298310279846, 0.5311594009399414, 0.7566607594490051, -0.034156832844018936, -0.3486684560775757, -0.6081595420837402, 0.6738188862800598, -0.7888924479484558, -0.04234309867024422, -0.4033633768558502, -0.32521310448646545, -0.7692866325378418, 0.5013806819915771, -0.30693182349205017, 0.35286471247673035, -0.4642190933227539, -0.5463351607322693, -0.4726000130176544, -0.5463534593582153, 0.11905841529369354, 0.43098169565200806, 0.20144027471542358, 0.4137156009674072, 0.17280299961566925, -0.9986352920532227, 0.06565471738576889, -0.318266898393631, -0.22518005967140198, 0.4034034013748169, 0.09378632158041, -0.9479405283927917, -0.20932304859161377, -0.5805296897888184, -0.09869199246168137, -0.22464944422245026, 0.753232479095459, -0.26617518067359924, 0.11462642252445221, -0.08219020068645477, -0.27840906381607056, -0.3999534547328949, 0.13672436773777008, 0.24848410487174988, 0.004116472322493792, -1.0851733684539795, 0.5491109490394592, 0.35906657576560974, -0.7412258982658386, 0.353853315114975, 0.36199861764907837, -0.5760437846183777, 0.2006237655878067, 0.5241640210151672, 0.03388425335288048, 0.545933723449707, -0.043383367359638214, -0.7717542052268982, -0.02147524058818817, -0.2737232446670532, -0.3499734103679657, 0.35667043924331665, 0.5338262319564819, -0.3349142372608185, 0.09813610464334488, -0.3995586335659027, 0.17567461729049683, -0.6256908774375916, 0.561266303062439, -0.42131322622299194, -0.03477274999022484, 0.4545867443084717, 0.6183508038520813, 0.17217709124088287, 0.4640181064605713, -0.1473303735256195, -0.43875038623809814, -0.03248758986592293, 0.04303288832306862, 0.18715398013591766, -0.27584129571914673, -0.2525492310523987, -0.27582475543022156, 0.4061727225780487, -0.4235415756702423, 0.05372842401266098, 0.23247066140174866, 0.5079295635223389, 0.3430924117565155, -0.22307823598384857, -0.4215981662273407, -0.3844987452030182, 1.0355349779129028, -0.28436386585235596, -0.15643633902072906, 0.32005396485328674, 0.648692786693573, -0.6919482350349426, -0.29056185483932495, -1.1217509508132935, 0.546913206577301, -0.021218646317720413, 0.7054941654205322, -0.09603959321975708, 0.08174634724855423, 0.4131198525428772, -0.2859348654747009, -0.13837844133377075, -0.6459413170814514, 0.25634580850601196, -0.2659485340118408, 0.02128627337515354, -0.6554793119430542, -0.47278809547424316, 0.5293412208557129, -0.3814907371997833, 0.17587676644325256, -0.9109622836112976, 0.42031925916671753, 0.8209428191184998, 0.30731865763664246, 1.1548110246658325, -0.17335578799247742, -0.5609582662582397, -0.6400151252746582, 0.0013450372498482466, -0.18645769357681274, 0.24174529314041138, 0.5627930760383606, -0.2359810471534729, 0.6035584211349487, -0.6473148465156555, -0.4711342751979828, -0.3906398415565491, -0.5670562982559204, -0.12544232606887817, -0.417153537273407, -0.14740030467510223, -0.20469292998313904, 0.15557505190372467, 0.032512325793504715, 1.0909597873687744, -0.6540641784667969, 1.1708861589431763, -0.7968202829360962, 0.6313279271125793, -0.48005956411361694, 0.5927597880363464, 0.1560163050889969, -0.6746602058410645, -0.25552791357040405, 0.20163582265377045, 0.09174076467752457, 0.29733482003211975, 0.3148079812526703, 0.06655297428369522, 0.3480638861656189, 0.3048500120639801, -0.8382697105407715, 0.6729977130889893, -0.3983381688594818, 0.27133142948150635, 0.38039207458496094, -0.502144992351532, 0.1861606240272522, 0.34569016098976135, -0.06589338183403015, -0.40302714705467224, 0.38385406136512756, -0.3427783250808716, -0.4362625479698181, 0.3963249623775482, 0.19754309952259064, 0.274370402097702, 0.036801185458898544, 0.3563113510608673, 0.5313504934310913, 0.3748449683189392, -0.375537246465683, -0.2817065417766571, -0.1258959323167801, 0.1425054967403412, -0.42752575874328613, -0.027043934911489487, -0.7437212467193604, 0.6458730101585388, 0.34503060579299927, 0.2637403905391693, -0.4780281186103821, -0.6286429762840271, 0.6026301980018616, 0.43246716260910034, -0.15409916639328003, -0.19180364906787872, -0.05033428221940994, 0.05557229369878769, 0.6710087656974792, 0.04301214590668678, 0.5307421088218689, -0.04690251499414444, -0.571789562702179, 0.14811640977859497, 0.45614323019981384, -0.5549406409263611, 0.13550393283367157, -0.6953260898590088, -0.5451271533966064, -0.6013289093971252, 0.5197712182998657, 0.4786697030067444, -0.11152543127536774, 0.04377859830856323, -0.007737356703728437, -0.7082110643386841, -0.026679981499910355, -0.30677586793899536, -0.33396053314208984, 0.3103789985179901, 0.0013210324104875326, 0.3129548728466034, 0.48216909170150757, -0.3757050931453705, -0.13343678414821625, -0.13345219194889069, 0.0981815829873085, -0.17445574700832367, -0.2885420024394989, 0.055918753147125244, -0.42629241943359375, -0.5555424094200134, -0.31426548957824707, 0.35220348834991455, -0.2718983292579651, 0.07361958920955658, -0.7415250539779663, 0.24846462905406952, 0.8889442086219788, -0.05215300992131233, -0.04844740033149719, -0.30165207386016846, -0.37281906604766846, -0.20483537018299103, 0.3544168174266815, 0.5550360679626465, 0.23727069795131683, -0.9344248175621033, -0.11576388776302338, 0.44917067885398865, 0.48986998200416565, 0.21570272743701935, -0.2775210440158844, 0.22894525527954102, -0.5833745002746582, 0.18787749111652374, -0.48066431283950806, 0.2814650237560272, 0.12226077169179916, -0.18069680035114288, -0.09494659304618835, 0.41459789872169495, 0.07574109733104706, -0.09411188960075378, 0.3749985992908478, -0.31297215819358826, -0.1112876906991005, 0.07582399994134903, 0.39257320761680603, -0.010142280720174313, -0.0071280295960605145, 0.5565573573112488, -0.4336296021938324, 0.029956594109535217, -0.10936194658279419, 0.3872745931148529, -0.039594460278749466, 0.25704827904701233, 0.08395228534936905, 0.573128879070282, -0.3183576762676239, 0.46480706334114075, -0.4913128912448883, -0.2231944352388382, -0.021927418187260628, 0.6470974683761597, -0.5972152948379517, -0.11636092513799667, 0.4153237044811249, 0.1290915608406067, -0.148800790309906, -0.02584192529320717, -2.25862455368042, -0.2423686981201172, -0.16681614518165588, -0.5461302995681763, -0.010644466616213322, 0.09533657878637314, 0.6386197209358215, -0.28637754917144775, -0.2561769485473633, 0.7248207926750183, 0.2415785789489746, 0.28201863169670105, 0.40371328592300415, -0.4354771077632904, 0.2743958830833435, 0.6909033060073853 ]
210760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachanka	Tachanka	A tachanka (, , ) was a horse-drawn machine gun, usually a cart (such as charabanc) or an open wagon with a heavy machine gun installed in the back. A tachanka could be pulled by two to four horses and required a crew of two or three (one driver and a machine gun crew). A number of sources attribute its invention to Nestor Makhno. Etymology At least two plausible hypotheses account for the origin of the word tachanka. Vasmer's etymological dictionary suggests that the word derives from Ukrainian netychanka ("нетичанка"), Polish najtyczanka, a type of a carriage named after the town of Neutitschein, present-day Nový Jičín in the Czech Republic. Another account references a Ukrainian diminutive or endearing form of the word tachka (, meaning "wheelbarrow'"). Still another etymology postulates a contracted form of the word tavrichanka - used for rugged carriages known in Southern Ukraine and Crimea, and derived from the name "Taurida" for this area. However the latter derivation remains dubious: the tavrichanka, a large, rugged agricultural carriage, has a completely different design. Adoption A regular civilian horse cart could be easily converted to military use and back. This made the tachanka very popular during the Great War on the Eastern Front, where it was used by the Russian cavalry. The use of tachankas reached its peak during the Russian Civil War (1917–1920s), particularly in the peasant regions of Southern Russia and Ukraine, where the fronts were fluid and mobile warfare gained much significance. With up to 4 horses abreast pulling a tachanka, it could easily keep up with cavalry units and support them with mobile firepower. Tachanka tactics were centered around taking advantage of its speed to surprise the enemy. Tachankas, before the introduction of the tank or automobile to the battlefield, were the only way to provide high-speed mobility for the heavy, bulky machine guns of World War I. The speed of the horse-drawn cart would be used to move the machine gun platform to a favorable firing position, and then the enemy would be fired upon before they had a chance to react. Since the machine gun pointed towards the rear of the cart, the tachankas also provided effective suppressive fire onto pursuing enemy cavalry after raids and during retreats. Ukrainian anarchist leader Nestor Makhno pioneered the use of the tachanka en masse during the Russian Civil War. Makhno's forces relied so heavily upon the use of the tachanka that one Makhnovite referred to himself and his fellow troops as "a republic on tachanki". The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine used tachankas mainly against enemy cavalry. Makhnovists also used tachankas to transport infantry, thus improving mobility of the army (about 100 km each day). Tachankas soon became used by the Red Army, with the famous example of Vasily Chapayev. Later, it was adopted by a number of armies, notably the Polish Army which used it during the Polish-Soviet War. Initially mostly improvised, with time the Polish Army also adopted two models of factory-made taczankas, as they were called in Poland. They were used during the Invasion of Poland of 1939 to provide cavalry squadron support. They were attached to every cavalry HMG squadron and HMG company of infantry. Armament Despite a certain degree of standardisation, the tachanka's armament was, in most cases, improvised. In Russia, the PM M1910 heavy machine gun was often used. The Polish cavalry of the Polish-Soviet War often used all kinds of machine guns available, including the Maxim, Schwarzlose MG M.07/12, Hotchkiss machine gun and Browning machine gun. The late models of standardised tachankas of the Polish Army were all equipped with Ckm wz.30, a Polish modification of the M1917 Browning machine gun which was also suitable for anti-air fire. Cultural references One of the songs glorifying the Red Army during the Russian Civil War was called "Tachanka". The concluding lyrics, roughly translated, run: And to this day, the foe has nightmares Of the thick rain of lead, The battle-chariot And the young machine gunner. Tachankas can be seen in the classic Soviet films such as Chapayev and The Burning Miles. A modern variant of tachanka can be seen in a cult Russian film Brother 2. In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, there is a playable Russian operator by the name of Alexsandr "Tachanka" Senaviev, who operates a DP-27 light machinegun (which was originally on a tripod and had a bulletproof glass shield), and an incendiary grenade launcher. See also Aerosan Caracole Chariot Drive-by shooting Horse artillery Portee Technical (vehicle) References External links Sounds of the Soviet Union's "Tachanka" folk song MP3 file (sung in Russian) Polish Tachankas Carts Cavalry Military vehicles of Russia Ukrainian words and phrases Russian inventions Improvised combat vehicles	[ -0.09928140789270401, 0.2081218659877777, -0.7127066254615784, 0.5511859655380249, -0.43372806906700134, 0.6351614594459534, 0.7789350748062134, -0.18673266470432281, -0.3132144808769226, -0.022730180993676186, -0.4896629750728607, 0.17365676164627075, -0.27329230308532715, 0.25971519947052, -0.49284669756889343, 0.15841002762317657, 0.8051915168762207, 0.006774453911930323, 0.0535062775015831, -0.6360417604446411, -0.22777670621871948, -0.26266250014305115, 0.13566841185092926, -0.12351366132497787, 0.29647722840309143, -0.152727872133255, 0.48595234751701355, 0.36861759424209595, -0.24181900918483734, -0.05745460465550423, 0.054724883288145065, 0.2853865325450897, 0.09439156204462051, -0.5539990067481995, -0.14725710451602936, 0.1338467001914978, 0.0012477870332077146, -0.050216030329465866, -0.02333279326558113, -0.941670835018158, 0.14838141202926636, 0.3479226231575012, -0.0585365816950798, 1.0711933374404907, -0.16662564873695374, -0.35620611906051636, -0.8497174382209778, 0.5411471724510193, -0.49213334918022156, -0.00024038826813921332, -0.3613773584365845, 0.32094547152519226, 0.4582594931125641, 0.34744104743003845, -0.37999609112739563, 0.8001313805580139, -0.5303817391395569, -0.2555283308029175, 0.41347578167915344, -0.4623962640762329, 0.5066041350364685, 0.14966286718845367, 0.5825205445289612, -0.009574651718139648, 0.12666863203048706, -0.2928383946418762, -0.367061585187912, 0.44423943758010864, -0.13287381827831268, -0.33099520206451416, -0.37004709243774414, -0.025750719010829926, -0.12061059474945068, 0.09454500675201416, -0.2712796926498413, -0.15400628745555878, -0.2515019476413727, -0.5013080835342407, -0.16312240064144135, 0.06833627074956894, 0.13693255186080933, -0.05252040922641754, 0.3809266984462738, 0.04024357721209526, 0.38083580136299133, 0.7145102024078369, -0.5335495471954346, -0.1423105001449585, -0.04140113666653633, 0.3513486087322235, 0.017834948375821114, 0.06253708899021149, 0.5140056610107422, 0.604686975479126, -0.5114423036575317, 0.4127267599105835, 0.09429517388343811, -0.2330673187971115, 0.7054951786994934, -0.14252150058746338, 0.18349550664424896, -0.29633209109306335, 0.6219520568847656, -0.38568687438964844, -0.609706699848175, -0.1569799780845642, -0.2525142729282379, -0.25557368993759155, -0.2947801947593689, -0.09414859861135483, -0.5770325660705566, 0.017353111878037453, 0.15006132423877716, 0.05402848869562149, 0.23783867061138153, 0.08590342104434967, -0.120268315076828, -0.1673000305891037, -0.12166870385408401, 0.2366257756948471, -0.058488886803388596, 0.7374966144561768, -0.019298426806926727, 0.14776109158992767, -0.3289284110069275, 0.1811276376247406, 0.6656323671340942, 0.5502424836158752, -0.5226662755012512, 0.2085522562265396, 0.388418048620224, 0.6709927320480347, -0.2068304866552353, 0.597485363483429, -0.5858319401741028, -0.48031553626060486, 0.5887589454650879, 0.011551005765795708, 0.05693080276250839, 0.6962109804153442, -1.1333187818527222, 0.12442006915807724, -0.13802775740623474, -0.4166955053806305, 0.3850955069065094, -0.2119869887828827, 0.44283798336982727, -0.6463161110877991, -0.2573235332965851, -0.5848183631896973, -0.388385534286499, -0.2444855123758316, 0.3429883122444153, 0.14803259074687958, -0.7435370087623596, -0.10809819400310516, -0.5122173428535461, -0.42632314562797546, 0.16622106730937958, -0.18575428426265717, 0.18746311962604523, 0.11945641785860062, -0.49610692262649536, 0.33480799198150635, -0.15683980286121368, -0.06347499042749405, -0.016938671469688416, 0.5803958773612976, 0.07027178257703781, 0.2747001051902771, 0.13928867876529694, -0.1460442841053009, -0.21451875567436218, 0.06680481135845184, -0.9325718283653259, 0.7118918895721436, 0.2015262246131897, 0.019460706040263176, 0.552730143070221, -0.20140177011489868, -0.5216454267501831, 0.49507826566696167, 0.5823613405227661, -0.49620288610458374, -0.00007227823516586795, 0.41663798689842224, 0.5909119248390198, -0.3054492175579071, -0.4244067966938019, -0.43382757902145386, -0.41999393701553345, -0.6869385838508606, -0.3686256408691406, -0.28036707639694214, 1.6636332273483276, -0.4538831114768982, -0.559220016002655, 0.15456342697143555, 0.3361474871635437, 0.37251016497612, 0.024601148441433907, -0.2617863118648529, 0.5445979833602905, -0.44316643476486206, 0.01481050904840231, 0.2817002236843109, -0.004477422218769789, 0.10351935029029846, 0.6263590455055237, 0.2484574168920517, 0.1681831181049347, -0.5732653737068176, 0.546675443649292, -0.2601678967475891, 0.278168261051178, 0.5467555522918701, -0.45202773809432983, 0.3488384187221527, 0.24444596469402313, -0.2663515508174896, 0.3700575530529022, -0.5963883399963379, -0.31559446454048157, 0.24073484539985657, -0.11223052442073822, 0.19825340807437897, 0.07567368447780609, 0.4510665237903595, 0.1064409613609314, -1.0496855974197388, 0.022359581664204597, 0.05314760282635689, -0.06651797145605087, 0.0030858090613037348, -0.8419561386108398, -0.009348486550152302, 0.2873553931713104, -0.4664628803730011, 0.06279401481151581, -0.22000156342983246, -0.23162920773029327, 0.14748349785804749, 0.20066902041435242, 0.13852143287658691, 0.278079628944397, -0.5715725421905518, 0.12775886058807373, 0.16433505713939667, 0.04463766887784004, -1.0060054063796997, 0.03494244068861008, 0.3895764946937561, 0.25968191027641296, -0.12602141499519348, -0.2296401411294937, -0.3367866277694702, 0.40591514110565186, -0.26426151394844055, 0.08405325561761856, 0.30861207842826843, 0.03602331131696701, 0.706650972366333, 0.03647540509700775, 0.23848657310009003, 0.0006109485984779894, -0.3816736340522766, 0.2644619345664978, -0.19526399672031403, 0.5131285190582275, 0.4139939546585083, 0.4138321876525879, -0.00045076539390720427, -0.010510824620723724, -0.5464187264442444, 0.28449466824531555, -0.6663742661476135, 0.4798584580421448, 0.44709667563438416, -0.5318551063537598, -0.15438570082187653, -0.1801128387451172, 0.5312000513076782, 0.5509459376335144, -0.3175842761993408, 0.2563713788986206, -0.6113368272781372, 0.12794235348701477, -0.39545026421546936, 0.18904156982898712, 0.20106102526187897, 0.31219613552093506, 0.4927796423435211, -0.2165270298719406, 0.306020587682724, -0.15807756781578064, 0.5626730918884277, -0.5041285753250122, 0.13950753211975098, 0.4800717830657959, -0.252664178609848, -0.6928223371505737, 0.11897800862789154, -0.2930926978588104, 0.3899327218532562, 0.2958093583583832, -0.016875285655260086, -0.1644790768623352, -0.012489392422139645, -5.769523620605469, 0.41510412096977234, -0.6270889639854431, -0.7094875574111938, 0.2331261932849884, 0.5932206511497498, 0.1481703519821167, -0.16046516597270966, -0.12111082673072815, 0.00806380994617939, -0.1892704963684082, 0.014265264384448528, -0.2903319299221039, -0.02855188213288784, 0.45518195629119873, 0.10975658893585205, 0.2739301323890686, 0.40002280473709106, 0.2691996395587921, -0.3320198655128479, -0.15134146809577942, 0.015665344893932343, -0.15857981145381927, 0.454709529876709, 0.237215057015419, 0.02485225722193718, -0.3164941072463989, -0.11460573226213455, -0.34633001685142517, -0.1291365623474121, -0.12665234506130219, -0.14349910616874695, -0.13749395310878754, -0.13922223448753357, 0.28226330876350403, -0.03217006474733353, 0.7960193157196045, 0.5528513193130493, 0.2868453860282898, -0.11480781435966492, -0.26284360885620117, 0.9298536777496338, 0.6587586402893066, 0.2556123733520508, 0.8451321125030518, -0.6035469174385071, -0.2871744632720947, -0.12815871834754944, -0.350413978099823, 0.21950876712799072, 0.05971725657582283, -0.05816834047436714, 0.4932165741920471, -0.34718987345695496, 0.36327850818634033, -0.14026202261447906, 0.4527134597301483, 0.1280023157596588, 0.33791860938072205, -0.04328998923301697, 0.3099677264690399, -0.33591559529304504, -0.19821099936962128, -0.7011609077453613, 0.32228001952171326, -0.19570742547512054, 0.11909370869398117, -0.2043411135673523, 0.11452114582061768, 0.5887758135795593, -0.7431790828704834, 0.7516139149665833, -0.3100658357143402, -0.9860244393348694, 0.5123707056045532, -0.2710602879524231, 0.007125991862267256, 0.15185464918613434, 0.0835995301604271, 0.013600996695458889, -0.017977198585867882, -0.2734723389148712, 0.027123339474201202, 0.15550367534160614, 0.3301892876625061, -0.3235425055027008, -0.5143438577651978, -0.11666970700025558, -0.20589639246463776, 0.3147929608821869, 1.4743614196777344, 0.004327941220253706, 0.3541526794433594, 0.1417025476694107, 0.07428934425115585, 0.17853106558322906, 0.06547284871339798, -0.3420065641403198, 0.2947743237018585, -0.2339867651462555, 0.0035532733891159296, 0.070310078561306, 0.24153490364551544, -0.05817357823252678, -0.14761768281459808, -0.08724228292703629, -0.26684316992759705, 0.6483750343322754, 1.5100469589233398, 0.09338700026273727, -0.2141999900341034, -0.16469649970531464, -0.05374700576066971, -0.8113579750061035, 0.2645958662033081, 0.4426972270011902, 0.12952138483524323, 0.2720731496810913, 0.33375003933906555, -0.04535522311925888, -0.06971722096204758, 0.07810620218515396, -0.6671789884567261, -0.28190457820892334, 0.27650099992752075, -0.5069578289985657, 0.08826737105846405, 0.07805562764406204, 0.3607022762298584, -0.5273385047912598, 0.32492363452911377, 0.055450573563575745, 0.038203928619623184, 0.008132251910865307, 0.3684523403644562, -0.33720290660858154, -0.07705145329236984, -0.4324159622192383, 0.1026359423995018, -0.2000039666891098, -0.4597785770893097, -0.5222741961479187, -0.40633323788642883, 0.5007880926132202, 0.5850446820259094, 0.2807675004005432, 0.07685428112745285, 0.206475630402565, -0.508964478969574, 0.5398479104042053, -0.9557441473007202, -0.2789090573787689, 0.13379491865634918, -0.24041125178337097, -0.032349225133657455, -0.5137112140655518, 0.013304546475410461, 0.2348516583442688, -0.17589345574378967, -0.3580118417739868, 0.11352059245109558, -0.1291479468345642, -1.0221076011657715, -0.0566871277987957, -0.026379864662885666, -0.18096202611923218, -0.20065051317214966, -0.6229279041290283, -0.10011021792888641, 0.6262308955192566, -0.04766887053847313, -0.8054640293121338, -0.6654768586158752, -0.054533474147319794, 0.2583939731121063, 0.10279465466737747, 0.2287885844707489, 0.4593651294708252, -0.5051517486572266, 0.08473114669322968, 0.5008578896522522, 0.4111384451389313, 0.21510247886180878, 0.5228508114814758, 0.4262601137161255, -0.2719057500362396, -0.6126124262809753, 0.3864874243736267, 0.19565246999263763, 0.2113012820482254, -0.08487565815448761, -0.1875361055135727, -0.03652646020054817, 0.04204696789383888, -0.2408929467201233, -0.07096491008996964, -0.17463964223861694, 0.40304288268089294, 0.019961168989539146, 0.0014188176719471812, 0.2596569061279297, 0.3905157446861267, -0.58097243309021, 0.3285296559333801, 0.07996445894241333, -0.1225011944770813, 0.6358118653297424, -0.07627850770950317, -0.16524043679237366, 0.009109712205827236, -0.24057042598724365, -0.8052679300308228, 0.184316948056221, 0.5944711565971375, -0.15822041034698486, 0.3620923161506653, -0.09728080779314041, 0.013945948332548141, -0.3410135805606842, -0.5844663977622986, -0.0944170355796814, -0.30932819843292236, -0.6179472804069519, -0.09515949338674545, -0.5299615263938904, 0.46186721324920654, 0.14440426230430603, -0.26661217212677, 0.24222376942634583, -0.2748214304447174, -0.3906305432319641, 0.10538006573915482, 0.10554236173629761, -0.5857411026954651, 0.3713594377040863, -0.4011971056461334, 0.3713710606098175, -0.3323602080345154, 0.32273149490356445, 0.2769932150840759, 0.39438679814338684, 1.1174390316009521, 0.17502164840698242, 0.5249637961387634, -0.278909295797348, 0.08320140093564987, -0.010261260904371738, -0.9302313327789307, -0.03541264683008194, 0.053934495896101, 0.3920849561691284, -0.16697469353675842, -0.4666500687599182, -0.23916307091712952, 0.1448429971933365, -0.04329695552587509, -0.2386709749698639, 0.6882131695747375, 0.44595491886138916, 0.9226396679878235, -0.2273266464471817, -0.04544203355908394, -0.28387531638145447, -0.41665440797805786, -0.8093440532684326, -0.08314850926399231, -0.8505240678787231, -0.1476147472858429, 0.24827583134174347, -0.5620869398117065, 0.22303318977355957, -0.09096746146678925, 0.3209720253944397, 0.6730889081954956, 0.4705338478088379, -0.3653312027454376, 0.00921062845736742, -0.08314444869756699, -0.3600083291530609, 0.1695689857006073, -0.2504483461380005, 0.09686334431171417, 0.05699118226766586, 0.09706055372953415, -0.11896217614412308, -0.448697954416275, 0.7873796820640564, -0.42329972982406616, 0.0777936801314354, -0.024502111598849297, -0.6593097448348999, 0.39608606696128845, 0.17265668511390686, 0.921012818813324, -0.22212882339954376, 0.12349805980920792, 0.3022679090499878, 0.24141457676887512, 0.22858797013759613, 0.8932968974113464, -0.6633395552635193, -0.07759390771389008, 0.31956595182418823, 0.05359324812889099, 0.3651008903980255, 0.11437052488327026, 0.1119912788271904, -0.5644848346710205, -0.22503523528575897, 0.09183055907487869, -0.19431336224079132, 0.025217637419700623, 0.10821350663900375, 0.30755138397216797, 0.3098071217536926, -0.6689503192901611, 0.3052840232849121, -0.10645318031311035, -0.16855370998382568, -0.006738795433193445, 0.2473881095647812, 0.24243146181106567, -0.14322000741958618, 0.08311662822961807, 0.17641867697238922, 0.270214319229126, -0.41163763403892517, -0.9538809657096863, 0.02365419827401638, 0.3607075810432434, 0.48987796902656555, 0.6430843472480774, -0.27679428458213806, 0.04221362993121147, -0.20713786780834198, -0.21716907620429993, 0.29676613211631775, -0.41643255949020386, 0.34767529368400574, 0.8736215829849243, 0.3023538589477539, -0.11112844198942184, -0.3467360734939575, -0.291163831949234, -0.1432211548089981, 0.6163399815559387, 0.4709359407424927, -0.02778501622378826, -0.14205323159694672, 0.26183250546455383, 0.57454913854599, 0.307588666677475, 0.18005457520484924, 0.13675963878631592, 0.15969522297382355, -0.07850969582796097, 0.24678434431552887, 0.08407171070575714, -0.1099853366613388, -0.15120121836662292, 0.03369022160768509, 0.17958992719650269, 0.44788214564323425, -0.514915943145752, -0.1889326274394989, 0.5373280048370361, -0.5320785045623779, -1.412802815437317, 0.16491517424583435, -0.23720133304595947, -0.3298594653606415, 0.23504632711410522, -0.23113782703876495, -0.029689105227589607, 0.25687873363494873, 0.1417636126279831, 0.7047924995422363, 0.16464269161224365, 0.03981447592377663, -0.02014125883579254, -0.22511030733585358, 0.01444169506430626, -0.11425431072711945, -0.6175776720046997, 0.35953113436698914, -0.34290939569473267, -0.31671199202537537, 0.12953253090381622, -0.05094366893172264, -0.052255261689424515, -0.037300143390893936, -0.1579432338476181, 0.12030288577079773, 0.03392302617430687, -0.42974627017974854, -0.04084765166044235, -0.46126407384872437, 0.6322053670883179, -0.0604076012969017, 0.6690223217010498, -0.6050084829330444, 0.36419036984443665, -0.4024166166782379, -0.15955372154712677, -0.19075295329093933, -0.288717657327652, -0.027975277975201607, 0.05438872426748276, -0.04696435108780861, -0.013711740262806416, 0.18349823355674744, -1.095375895500183, 0.14689618349075317, -0.05221903324127197, -0.02805287577211857, -0.1551712155342102, 0.2525186240673065, -0.648381769657135, 0.3052431046962738, -0.5886611938476562, 0.275023877620697, -0.6711103916168213, 0.6714248061180115, -0.16602164506912231, -0.7854727506637573, -0.5414474606513977, 0.6746659874916077, -0.369762659072876, -0.5678960680961609, 0.40410757064819336, 0.13451023399829865, 0.4063248932361603, -0.5716457366943359, -0.09541390091180801, -0.13965590298175812, -0.33880478143692017, 0.6070773005485535, 0.12735261023044586, 0.608700156211853, -0.5375218987464905, 0.27483275532722473, -0.4526887834072113, 0.33833593130111694, 0.4995502829551697, -1.042738676071167, 0.10797444730997086, -0.21192589402198792, 0.018042778596282005, -0.6404022574424744, 0.38768085837364197, -0.41112276911735535, -0.3630174398422241, 0.6150434017181396, -0.3440694212913513, -0.27132976055145264, -0.10207754373550415, 0.2012978196144104, -0.8754982352256775, -0.1583092361688614, 0.01631723716855049 ]
210768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtnieki	Burtnieki	Burtnieki () is a village (population 488) in Burtnieki Parish, Valmiera Municipality, in the Vidzeme region of Latvia, near Lake Burtnieks. Administrative centre of Burtnieki Parish. Burtnieki was first mentioned in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry in 1208 and has several historic sites: Burtnieki castle-ruins, Burtnieki manor and Burtnieki church. Burtnieki castle and manor Burtnieki was a site of a Livonian Order castle, built in 1284. The house was burned down in the 16th century, during the Livonian War. A part of stone wall on the Southern side remains. In the 14th century, a manor estate was built near the castle ruins, on the bank of Lake Burtnieks. In 1860s, baron J.F. von Schroder created a park near the estate (now known as the Burtnieki park) with about 70 species of trees and bushes. Lutheran church of Burtnieki The Lutheran church of Burtnieki is located on the Eastern bank of the lake. The first church was built there in 1234. It was a Catholic church, built from wood. It burned down and was replaced by a stone wall church between 1283-1287. It was destroyed in 1654, during the Polish-Russian War. The current church was built in 1688. Near the church is located a minister estate building complex, renovated in 1992. The estate building has been defined as a protected architectural monument. Horse farm of Burtnieki Burtnieki has a horse-farm, first established in 1941. Several notable horses have been bred here. Burtnieki-bred horse Rusty, with the rider Ulla Salzgeber of Germany, won bronze medal in individual dressage and gold medal in team dressage in 2000 Summer Olympics. After Olympics, Rusty and Ulla Salzgeber have won two European Championships (in 2001 and 2003) and World Cup. The former "Briedes" pub (built in 1840) hosts a horse breeding and agriculture museum. It was one of the sites of 2000 European Heritage Days. Burtnieki school Burtnieki school was established in 1685 and was one of the first 15 rural schools in Latvia. It is currently known as Burtnieki Auseklis Secondary School. External links Burtnieki - from "In Your Pocket" city guide. Burtnieki horse-farm Towns and villages in Latvia Castles of the Livonian Order Kreis Wolmar Valmiera Municipality Vidzeme	[ 0.5318664312362671, 0.1472061276435852, -0.2696848213672638, 0.32258009910583496, 0.2938843369483948, 1.0090107917785645, 0.44240865111351013, -0.6429179310798645, -0.06302262842655182, -0.4179491102695465, 0.30838873982429504, 0.4523700773715973, -0.2601020336151123, 0.371792197227478, -1.2182185649871826, 0.770172655582428, 0.30287855863571167, 0.14590588212013245, 0.3774605393409729, -0.6759822368621826, 0.09302905946969986, 0.0007362421019934118, 0.3329300284385681, 0.9414887428283691, -0.39068901538848877, 0.17321525514125824, 0.8824319243431091, 0.8506291508674622, 0.33386537432670593, 0.12854130566120148, -0.6098378896713257, 1.1845875978469849, 0.23526166379451752, -0.12671515345573425, 0.14997811615467072, 0.016199106350541115, 0.13365471363067627, -0.5429521799087524, 0.08100295811891556, -0.26840105652809143, 0.28606295585632324, 0.5972162485122681, -0.5333969593048096, 0.23610451817512512, -0.05357097461819649, -0.7850675582885742, -0.9953171610832214, 0.6271543502807617, -0.918302059173584, -0.4084371030330658, -0.3291289508342743, 0.28282010555267334, 0.34260207414627075, 0.1913616806268692, 0.29398903250694275, -0.18590374290943146, -0.5559214353561401, -0.32252031564712524, 0.8237935304641724, 0.12838922441005707, 0.030176471918821335, 0.30565983057022095, -0.052077170461416245, -0.25801679491996765, 0.9579309225082397, -0.598726212978363, -0.1483372002840042, -0.1639784723520279, 0.13071614503860474, -0.9226362109184265, -0.5493806600570679, -0.25091490149497986, 0.072496198117733, -0.6559485197067261, 0.23067915439605713, 0.07483256608247757, -0.8156346082687378, -0.5233883857727051, 0.7168299555778503, 0.24858690798282623, 0.3348553478717804, -0.6991480588912964, 0.23714956641197205, 0.42331013083457947, -0.04095357656478882, 0.17113319039344788, 0.3640221059322357, -0.028804471716284752, -1.0901216268539429, 0.30203381180763245, -0.247558131814003, 0.054014820605516434, 0.6714565753936768, -0.4496065080165863, 0.16982802748680115, 0.31414997577667236, -0.7784163951873779, 0.5901434421539307, 0.5013802647590637, 0.9453138709068298, -0.5878577828407288, 0.31484195590019226, 0.699949324131012, 0.2851021885871887, -0.8005379438400269, -0.6535212993621826, -0.5900261402130127, 0.1287563592195511, -0.1680571585893631, -0.16859424114227295, -0.6966195702552795, 0.17204134166240692, -0.07751891016960144, 0.11308377236127853, 0.34729912877082825, 0.6885779500007629, -0.06825291365385056, -0.09262290596961975, -0.8722960948944092, 0.2219163030385971, -0.24532626569271088, 0.8599212169647217, 0.05988835170865059, 0.44389861822128296, -0.13514015078544617, 0.4021342992782593, 0.11620314419269562, 0.412008672952652, -0.3192337155342102, 0.010105554014444351, 0.4478265941143036, 1.102264404296875, -0.8336302042007446, 0.19424128532409668, 0.24267855286598206, 0.4361084997653961, -0.2979653477668762, 0.22949418425559998, 0.17598086595535278, -0.10042129456996918, -1.2120994329452515, 0.12582901120185852, -0.06986909359693527, 0.28675851225852966, 0.23880746960639954, -0.07012534141540527, -0.2821687161922455, -0.0676947832107544, -0.33889248967170715, -0.6240518093109131, 0.4220845103263855, 0.1801854819059372, 0.24336612224578857, 0.1689404845237732, -0.8596925139427185, -0.2582871615886688, 0.4294399917125702, 0.2509552836418152, -0.3744756877422333, 0.839329183101654, 0.2508033215999603, -0.06247856840491295, 0.4630611836910248, 0.42341068387031555, 0.3300608992576599, -0.053362082690000534, 0.1430666744709015, 0.11637341976165771, 0.4968591630458832, 0.30914753675460815, -0.2003847360610962, 0.12910334765911102, 0.119324691593647, -0.37402090430259705, 0.4374857544898987, -0.3343518078327179, 0.38134822249412537, 0.185398668050766, 0.24165232479572296, -0.7279838919639587, -0.6035993695259094, 0.2695038318634033, 0.012887558899819851, -0.5567349195480347, -0.04259532317519188, 0.8477879762649536, -0.27871522307395935, 0.15746569633483887, 0.17050281167030334, 0.07470476627349854, 0.13211898505687714, -0.4204573929309845, 0.1216389462351799, -0.04885844886302948, 1.1498558521270752, 0.2625867426395416, -0.43456798791885376, -0.2716563940048218, 0.26807549595832825, 0.1515907645225525, -0.6546022295951843, -0.31091809272766113, 0.2701426148414612, -0.21483370661735535, -0.45643916726112366, 0.30748164653778076, -0.3313441574573517, 0.07158758491277695, -0.11226938664913177, 0.5838043093681335, -0.24542677402496338, -0.6036860346794128, 0.36524975299835205, -0.2174643725156784, 0.18525846302509308, -0.1758098304271698, -0.028633076697587967, 0.8146543502807617, 0.4010188579559326, -0.1646474450826645, 0.5870609283447266, -0.330868124961853, -0.10753559321165085, -0.24357008934020996, 0.17003580927848816, 0.6751375794410706, 0.6622398495674133, 0.1830352395772934, 0.28837382793426514, -0.5327078104019165, -0.1794777512550354, 0.40902695059776306, 0.37541279196739197, -0.21005108952522278, -0.5209324359893799, 0.3481135070323944, -0.007600381970405579, -0.32313060760498047, 0.4472666084766388, -0.7514304518699646, -0.4709993600845337, 0.3340436518192291, -0.024112151935696602, -0.1926083117723465, 0.6558626890182495, 0.8149110674858093, -0.032296109944581985, -0.18911436200141907, 0.08951035887002945, -0.857405960559845, 0.31032827496528625, -0.03620747849345207, 0.27385079860687256, -0.04695845767855644, 0.27620890736579895, -0.2470405101776123, 0.08526324480772018, -0.45253676176071167, -0.11660150438547134, 0.5019134283065796, -0.3595036566257477, -0.18563620746135712, 0.1274474412202835, 0.5117961764335632, -0.11330574005842209, -0.4796382486820221, 0.3830881416797638, -0.0722987949848175, 0.7027471661567688, -0.015060538426041603, -0.00984378345310688, -0.44210758805274963, -0.2924913167953491, 0.29872065782546997, 0.5067613124847412, -0.03988966718316078, -0.3021870255470276, 0.18763646483421326, -0.807538628578186, 0.34963884949684143, -0.002429627813398838, 0.2651006579399109, -0.032012056559324265, -1.1529712677001953, 0.4258875548839569, -0.029238581657409668, 0.16698910295963287, 0.07599137723445892, -0.055986374616622925, -0.1709807813167572, 0.15428470075130463, 0.0033745982218533754, -0.40755143761634827, 0.16575853526592255, 0.06820224970579147, 0.08935123682022095, -0.765812337398529, 0.5991778373718262, 0.6023120880126953, -0.6642245650291443, -0.46210870146751404, 0.38988810777664185, -0.5439643859863281, 0.4533846974372864, -0.313028484582901, -0.10470779985189438, 0.15606896579265594, -0.0368305929005146, -4.93641471862793, 0.4934343993663788, -0.9072538614273071, 0.23404502868652344, 0.2897631824016571, -0.059252165257930756, 0.5304857492446899, -0.6083791255950928, 0.024049125611782074, -0.015249816700816154, 0.12102009356021881, -0.5263160467147827, 0.21368902921676636, 0.9846616387367249, 1.0704036951065063, -0.05974633991718292, 0.9156805276870728, 0.38090866804122925, 0.37335458397865295, -0.10112807154655457, 0.21612858772277832, 0.1769300401210785, -0.6834577322006226, 0.3111916780471802, -0.02803872711956501, 0.1563783437013626, 0.3969734311103821, 0.5961293578147888, -0.9790380001068115, -0.32189956307411194, -0.9938601851463318, -0.18328194320201874, 0.07759016007184982, 0.22893910109996796, 0.17911268770694733, -0.26120203733444214, -0.1377125233411789, 0.43309420347213745, 0.5784508585929871, -0.23019170761108398, 0.05013534799218178, 0.14122460782527924, -0.12074948847293854, -0.4309873580932617, 0.5953253507614136, -0.43597277998924255, -0.2052447646856308, 0.28540563583374023, -0.1390567123889923, 0.9086905717849731, 0.7015480995178223, -0.02865387126803398, 1.0587728023529053, 0.31790703535079956, 0.7233886122703552, -0.30709320306777954, 0.23868678510189056, -0.0196535624563694, -0.5355325937271118, 1.5056322813034058, -0.12119535356760025, 0.1404842734336853, 0.16145111620426178, -0.615356981754303, 0.4722180664539337, -0.42042219638824463, 0.07000553607940674, -0.07897689938545227, 0.02755790576338768, -0.06677630543708801, -0.7597798705101013, 0.7958732843399048, -0.617982029914856, -1.0087623596191406, 0.24978439509868622, -0.4476514160633087, -0.5634130835533142, 0.3999665677547455, -0.39918404817581177, 0.5407223105430603, 0.04542231187224388, -0.7489870190620422, -0.20105166733264923, 0.6542454361915588, 0.18252341449260712, -0.21964611113071442, -0.1629028469324112, -0.022780783474445343, 0.14850936830043793, -0.6999181509017944, 0.7536181211471558, 0.022617077454924583, 0.5249814391136169, -0.25354379415512085, -0.3074924647808075, 0.2993452548980713, -0.07132067531347275, -0.0904335007071495, -0.11138826608657837, -0.29651546478271484, 0.6121388077735901, -0.28664302825927734, 0.31614604592323303, -0.6238546967506409, 0.06017656996846199, -0.48523181676864624, 0.30581915378570557, 0.28382495045661926, 0.868175208568573, -0.3406963646411896, 0.009655248373746872, 0.2516244947910309, -0.17599737644195557, -0.6394826769828796, 0.7198222279548645, 0.0020414371974766254, 0.06701940298080444, 1.0575048923492432, -0.25593090057373047, 0.547980546951294, 0.33601120114326477, -0.23395590484142303, 0.11213277280330658, 0.10237645357847214, 0.04232734441757202, -0.6416079998016357, -0.0906001478433609, -0.075663261115551, -0.6881517767906189, 0.15293535590171814, -0.014997347258031368, 0.32805514335632324, -0.19678986072540283, -0.4601072371006012, 0.5084065198898315, -0.30942589044570923, -0.3878629505634308, -0.7667396068572998, 0.07947922497987747, 0.21725386381149292, 0.3817616403102875, -0.6506399512290955, -0.38330599665641785, 0.26037585735321045, -0.08454614132642746, 0.2876356840133667, -0.08018036186695099, 0.28817206621170044, -0.5654973983764648, -0.35645127296447754, -0.5625123381614685, -0.18793761730194092, 0.15095466375350952, -0.6055561304092407, 0.31957167387008667, -0.02041020058095455, -0.0009762506815604866, 0.48411524295806885, 0.22206757962703705, -0.22176653146743774, 0.149762824177742, 0.026099998503923416, -1.0212607383728027, 0.1351795792579651, 0.399151086807251, -0.785772442817688, -1.0839797258377075, -0.623972475528717, 0.04683965444564819, 1.0570341348648071, 0.43719443678855896, -0.6619763970375061, -1.2338263988494873, -0.08403423428535461, 0.27682924270629883, -0.7694576382637024, -0.06367097049951553, -0.06699907779693604, -0.7057533264160156, 0.4182560443878174, 0.27136364579200745, -0.04145055636763573, -0.15548869967460632, 0.15824969112873077, 0.6461703181266785, -0.43059372901916504, -0.3503907322883606, 0.29209887981414795, -0.5894264578819275, -0.2864730656147003, -0.8379243016242981, -0.6252502799034119, 0.7365879416465759, 0.13578994572162628, 0.5000608563423157, -1.3702216148376465, 0.47108158469200134, 0.4393519163131714, -0.4583643674850464, -0.22295476496219635, 0.14402629435062408, 0.21788732707500458, -0.717050313949585, 0.5107122659683228, 0.12297680228948593, -0.4863000214099884, 0.9325127005577087, 0.721568763256073, -0.3646625876426697, 0.31109437346458435, -0.8532627820968628, -0.9928601384162903, -0.2561928331851959, 0.7707390785217285, -0.21962721645832062, 0.11653602868318558, 0.49600648880004883, -0.41175761818885803, -0.5890646576881409, -0.4568105638027191, -0.35769030451774597, -0.28264978528022766, -0.31002679467201233, -0.3716180622577667, -1.0655142068862915, 0.7751911282539368, 0.10980519652366638, -0.4319511353969574, 0.043378796428442, -0.2904418706893921, 0.10028599947690964, -0.10360337048768997, 0.6183678507804871, 0.4446132779121399, -0.221754789352417, 0.2864825427532196, -0.29365894198417664, 0.0260993093252182, 0.49127116799354553, -0.40113091468811035, 0.17455843091011047, 0.513174831867218, -0.26007285714149475, -0.30860334634780884, 0.7924067974090576, -0.35912010073661804, 0.5185040235519409, 0.1671467274427414, -0.7561589479446411, 0.5632723569869995, 0.051260825246572495, -0.10073857754468918, -0.6494266390800476, 0.16456063091754913, 0.8257433772087097, -0.04976443946361542, -0.4250069558620453, 0.5794084072113037, 0.510834813117981, 0.7137416005134583, -0.25554102659225464, 0.0025024416390806437, -0.11232082545757294, -0.04015877842903137, 0.263943076133728, 0.009278690442442894, -0.06577260792255402, -0.24628254771232605, -0.02286813035607338, -0.12796014547348022, -0.2715722322463989, -0.7170066237449646, -0.05572360008955002, -0.3065755069255829, -0.6543613076210022, -0.03944973647594452, 0.004563549999147654, -0.5879567861557007, -0.5958155989646912, -0.04272129759192467, -1.0621438026428223, 0.12028569728136063, -0.2916155755519867, 0.2292746901512146, -0.8940168023109436, -0.28187453746795654, -0.5497352480888367, 0.46586981415748596, -0.5078845024108887, 0.6940849423408508, -0.373536080121994, -0.3265020251274109, -0.8016590476036072, -0.40688201785087585, 0.28379642963409424, -0.2950937747955322, 0.08397132158279419, 0.024489492177963257, 0.0034555476158857346, 0.8621088266372681, -0.5229148268699646, 0.3821176588535309, -0.028260568156838417, -0.7054254412651062, 0.3285014033317566, 0.302814245223999, -0.2056666612625122, 0.11620089411735535, 0.37800997495651245, 0.5262947082519531, 0.15910841524600983, -0.36209824681282043, 0.48235055804252625, 0.9551342129707336, 0.16560690104961395, -0.09430635720491409, 0.7738324403762817, -0.3248002529144287, -0.3804783225059509, 0.07943318039178848, 0.3421665132045746, -0.23485435545444489, 0.36085155606269836, 0.12115396559238434, -0.43446990847587585, 0.9822708368301392, -0.4382551610469818, -0.308802992105484, 0.3822612166404724, 0.4085032045841217, 0.2377825528383255, 0.09799408167600632, -0.42966532707214355, 0.36865025758743286, -0.09234806150197983, -0.191182479262352, -0.3369581997394562, 0.08080479502677917, 0.42208147048950195, 0.18551890552043915, 0.510770857334137, 0.04721590876579285, -0.05661551281809807, 0.17622166872024536, 0.36031410098075867, -0.14892669022083282, 0.2524092197418213, 0.029754798859357834, -0.03352082148194313, -0.08953850716352463, 0.1925734281539917, -0.4562245011329651, -0.12014029175043106, -1.225412368774414, -0.007257014978677034, 0.20064972341060638, 0.3692280948162079, -0.8710418343544006, -0.20327281951904297, 0.5754615664482117, 0.7141069769859314, -1.1791632175445557, 0.10505694895982742, 0.3356727063655853, -0.3004143536090851, -0.5767874121665955, 0.024808689951896667, -0.3223585784435272, 0.03241979330778122, 0.5609354376792908, 0.07502380758523941, -0.14293871819972992, 0.009266338311135769, -0.2187310755252838, -0.21073046326637268, 0.41204723715782166, 0.2502722442150116, 0.29030948877334595, -0.05392419174313545, 0.6844083070755005, -0.37056055665016174, 0.42402392625808716, -0.4701518714427948, -0.30664512515068054, -0.03517291322350502, -0.6458383202552795, 0.7014095783233643, -0.026957806199789047, 0.3530130088329315, -0.007504772394895554, 0.06550049781799316, -0.747131884098053, -0.9475744366645813, 0.5441017746925354, -1.6976598501205444, -0.2585916817188263, -0.24464017152786255, 0.45188191533088684, 0.26599544286727905, 0.456432044506073, -0.2875913381576538, 0.1588881015777588, -0.437572717666626, 0.7458910942077637, -0.002217095112428069, -0.042042218148708344, -0.3123926520347595, -0.1132533848285675, -0.21497516334056854, 0.6653621196746826, 0.21500876545906067, 0.3312791585922241, 0.01481446623802185, 0.20323121547698975, -0.4399697482585907, -0.08853895962238312, 0.6022837162017822, 0.0071635800413787365, 0.5417652130126953, -0.10365861654281616, 0.392304390668869, -0.879023015499115, 0.5108887553215027, 0.03317193314433098, 0.2890327274799347, -0.5636468529701233, -0.7868225574493408, 0.017361175268888474, -0.7288551330566406, -0.4350436329841614, 0.06528674066066742, -0.03466667979955673, -0.485479474067688, 0.37976589798927307, -0.8664562106132507, -0.504297137260437, 0.2305365949869156, 0.49965980648994446, 0.6784388422966003, -0.5077877044677734, 0.388008177280426, -0.4620140790939331, -0.26259759068489075, 0.4380701780319214, 0.0049059633165597916, 0.9268374443054199, -0.720930814743042, -0.28459304571151733, -0.49041247367858887, -0.13688687980175018, -0.515082061290741, -0.7099336385726929, 1.0757253170013428, -0.31961023807525635, -0.06187649816274643, 0.025106603279709816, -0.1763632595539093, -0.5070069432258606, 0.014613677747547626, 0.13670794665813446 ]
210773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Cyane	USS Cyane	USS Cyane may refer to: USS Cyane (1815), was captured from the Royal Navy in 1815 and taken into the US Navy, where she served until 1836. , was a 22-gun sloop-of-war, launched in 1837 and decommissioned in 1871 , was formerly Gwin, renamed Cyane on 11 April 1918 United States Navy ship names	[ -0.2917577922344208, 0.1198640689253807, -0.5040287375450134, 0.48788440227508545, 0.19104693830013275, 0.18378116190433502, 0.29672718048095703, -0.2761106789112091, -0.14387831091880798, 0.04305201768875122, -0.3521890342235565, 0.2548271715641022, -0.236938014626503, 0.9061422944068909, 0.37771281599998474, 0.2796162962913513, 0.41599568724632263, 0.7996861338615417, 0.32703685760498047, -0.5853050351142883, -0.7532700896263123, -0.08814194798469543, 0.4036567211151123, -0.1865764707326889, 0.30978283286094666, -0.18139980733394623, 0.03766049072146416, -0.1369132101535797, 0.7094765305519104, 0.24867390096187592, 0.2842674255371094, 0.5436047911643982, 0.30441445112228394, -0.06939372420310974, 0.11964333057403564, 0.2755700945854187, -0.5066238641738892, -0.08828667551279068, 0.42362892627716064, -0.5897434949874878, -0.48186665773391724, -0.2754104435443878, 0.7529206871986389, 0.4281046390533447, -0.4775276184082031, 0.25189512968063354, -1.9846012592315674, 0.5440945029258728, 0.27309325337409973, -0.0633220374584198, 0.16346755623817444, -0.5448283553123474, 0.6203557848930359, 0.3215363919734955, -0.3821953237056732, 0.7462548017501831, -1.1559003591537476, 0.09585556387901306, 0.11319923400878906, -0.032400548458099365, 0.3887554705142975, 0.42862796783447266, 0.5630578994750977, 0.39218077063560486, -0.14057287573814392, 0.18256978690624237, 0.008770456537604332, 0.6529310345649719, -0.5708006024360657, 0.01849258504807949, 0.4937136173248291, 0.2308828979730606, -0.19737227261066437, 0.18087120354175568, -0.3257417678833008, 0.3742551803588867, -0.2254893183708191, -0.4089851677417755, 0.6132255792617798, 1.1310133934020996, 0.07986807823181152, 0.26945897936820984, 0.943586528301239, 0.05222880467772484, -0.2280595749616623, 0.5351167321205139, -0.428270548582077, 0.5751281976699829, -0.9942864775657654, 0.43584099411964417, -0.35492244362831116, -0.38675493001937866, 0.04095303267240524, 0.46345826983451843, -0.4121648967266083, 0.41817089915275574, 0.4051419198513031, 0.050244808197021484, 0.3003743886947632, 0.30774861574172974, 0.012870045378804207, 0.3504640460014343, -0.17658375203609467, 0.18160812556743622, -0.1534034013748169, 0.4888903498649597, -0.5504765510559082, -0.7463878989219666, -0.42198941111564636, -0.15602952241897583, 0.7155973315238953, 0.34437429904937744, -0.554689347743988, 0.29138097167015076, -0.6396881937980652, -0.40688571333885193, 0.31867000460624695, 0.1598282754421234, 0.06272213906049728, -0.1692083179950714, -0.09740551561117172, 0.6415649056434631, -0.1640690565109253, -0.3324369192123413, 0.044445738196372986, 0.7373161315917969, 0.2904374599456787, 0.6961930990219116, -0.35609403252601624, 0.12383024394512177, 0.45499077439308167, 0.8152018189430237, -0.3973498046398163, -0.16209279000759125, -0.32836583256721497, -0.5483141541481018, 0.21073654294013977, 0.5267235040664673, 0.32715052366256714, 0.3627795875072479, -0.9083588719367981, -0.23919300734996796, -0.627963662147522, 0.20545867085456848, 0.4035137891769409, -0.01912350207567215, -0.43383079767227173, 0.36112505197525024, -0.18120145797729492, 0.11850935965776443, 0.36509737372398376, -0.3756718635559082, 0.521009087562561, 0.4437170922756195, -1.2481907606124878, -0.36639147996902466, -0.6153949499130249, -0.09428385645151138, 0.2251528650522232, 0.1594451665878296, -0.7724556922912598, 0.11100899428129196, 0.14980962872505188, -0.12288219481706619, 0.36729010939598083, 0.06513730436563492, 0.24193967878818512, 0.5285782217979431, -0.4115520417690277, -0.38246047496795654, -0.2818896174430847, -0.22694391012191772, 0.5082784295082092, -0.3917066752910614, -0.34033089876174927, 0.5271853804588318, -0.2523373067378998, 0.41977986693382263, 0.6164842247962952, -0.7999753952026367, -0.6525458693504333, 0.31361719965934753, 0.2649626135826111, -0.2540971636772156, -0.01664186827838421, 0.24943871796131134, 0.3351697623729706, -0.5301607847213745, -0.028249477967619896, 0.2373713254928589, -0.5984681844711304, -0.20399081707000732, 0.08327768743038177, -0.532585620880127, 1.5680652856826782, 0.15330661833286285, -0.6484567523002625, -0.36608240008354187, 0.2673512101173401, -0.04132618010044098, 0.04324837774038315, -0.017110146582126617, 0.4159822165966034, -0.5537204146385193, -0.6357293128967285, 0.603547990322113, 0.4617138206958771, 0.10442260652780533, 0.18102781474590302, 0.6844179630279541, -0.07007287442684174, -0.0959988534450531, 0.7298019528388977, 0.19068482518196106, 0.06630966812372208, -0.3289126753807068, -0.15141193568706512, -0.35969287157058716, 0.29936477541923523, 0.20013979077339172, -0.21799999475479126, -0.01297870371490717, -0.32104846835136414, 0.30592408776283264, 0.13919149339199066, 0.751894474029541, 0.20496602356433868, 0.043373189866542816, -0.06431382149457932, -0.12888328731060028, -0.34646716713905334, 0.17282238602638245, -0.018690040335059166, -0.7652953863143921, 0.14177219569683075, -0.2190573662519455, 0.10538186132907867, -0.37915268540382385, 0.06631366908550262, 0.10672744363546371, 0.7235310077667236, 0.35671478509902954, -0.39113155007362366, 0.4427938759326935, 0.32681071758270264, 0.3967081308364868, 0.5607679486274719, -0.47528406977653503, 0.05879007279872894, -1.187507152557373, 0.2679149806499481, 0.7090632319450378, 0.2541489601135254, -0.3785807192325592, -0.19858010113239288, -0.6269474625587463, -0.20353291928768158, 0.421663373708725, -0.045356735587120056, 0.320145845413208, -0.3299134373664856, 0.05059513822197914, -0.04870922118425369, 0.32263973355293274, 0.6236473917961121, -0.6159560084342957, -0.7351285815238953, -0.49341845512390137, 0.3934980034828186, -0.1628960371017456, 0.624460756778717, -0.23455499112606049, 0.4689269959926605, -0.38459447026252747, -0.05355556681752205, 0.6069960594177246, -0.4002021849155426, 0.3587496280670166, -0.4455246925354004, -0.7452850341796875, 0.5037890672683716, 0.5099263787269592, -0.5525391101837158, -0.6610455513000488, -0.5266581177711487, -0.19702281057834625, 0.2551293969154358, -0.3572886288166046, 0.02189456857740879, -0.23973214626312256, 0.1252932995557785, -0.5242942571640015, -0.2567560076713562, 0.5591749548912048, 0.3922269940376282, 0.15200984477996826, -0.7086730599403381, 0.5124868750572205, -0.16867473721504211, 0.028751816600561142, -0.20849274098873138, 0.29102379083633423, -0.6687029600143433, -0.20829033851623535, 0.7263320088386536, -0.2792419493198395, -0.005445975810289383, 0.1404053419828415, -5.496448993682861, 0.0723344162106514, -0.21139714121818542, 0.29884493350982666, -0.09390545636415482, -0.08539953082799911, -0.16274186968803406, -0.2696976065635681, -0.11412402242422104, -0.21126146614551544, 0.41362032294273376, 0.4396355152130127, -0.16488762199878693, 0.17662376165390015, 0.22990348935127258, 0.40025603771209717, 0.9696323275566101, -0.5845219492912292, 0.19444993138313293, -0.07315723598003387, -0.3400689363479614, 0.6498924493789673, 0.045109108090400696, 0.42218339443206787, 0.15074773132801056, -0.39103004336357117, -0.1499188244342804, -0.1556965857744217, -0.49411576986312866, 0.13935486972332, -0.1985790729522705, 0.2552047669887543, 0.032239459455013275, 0.06902675330638885, 0.031832169741392136, -0.13512685894966125, -0.21233628690242767, -0.06570325046777725, 0.016515208408236504, -0.47130927443504333, -0.7675691843032837, 0.07276277989149094, 0.04717985540628433, 0.13657675683498383, 0.2700582444667816, -0.45932736992836, -0.001478776684962213, 0.0910753533244133, 0.5172495245933533, 0.9160600900650024, 0.02784760296344757, -0.05943218618631363, 0.19148501753807068, 0.0907328650355339, 0.2684106230735779, 0.09552738070487976, 0.02875106781721115, 0.014207270927727222, -0.1817087084054947, -0.16917072236537933, 0.4105854630470276, 0.09818997979164124, 0.08567339926958084, -0.26030391454696655, -0.25617918372154236, -0.08161164075136185, -0.21205173432826996, -0.3767978549003601, 0.19564023613929749, 0.3350146412849426, -0.016399696469306946, 0.959506630897522, 0.09679766744375229, -0.8769617080688477, -0.2721165120601654, -0.007580245845019817, -0.37408700585365295, -0.0913020595908165, -0.30898669362068176, 0.5279179215431213, 0.09196663647890091, -0.22095350921154022, 0.21913215517997742, 1.0481046438217163, -0.2439383715391159, -0.8995951414108276, -0.31220975518226624, 0.14809280633926392, -0.07515333592891693, -0.4512045085430145, 0.32052335143089294, -0.4869263470172882, 0.13577494025230408, 0.33695629239082336, 0.20684665441513062, 0.1448422372341156, -0.1068074181675911, 0.6995826959609985, 0.30402514338493347, 0.014588226564228535, 0.42313602566719055, -0.36422422528266907, 0.17159198224544525, -0.1578935980796814, 0.27321141958236694, -0.4947606325149536, -0.4448268413543701, -0.32676222920417786, 0.25189530849456787, -0.07992199063301086, 0.10806185007095337, -0.09013496339321136, -0.5007327795028687, 0.22437746822834015, 0.3540385365486145, -0.4902859628200531, 0.8336663246154785, 0.6068437099456787, 0.6273627281188965, -0.16200238466262817, -0.25932902097702026, 0.8514829277992249, -0.2847781777381897, -0.5264523029327393, -0.6506757736206055, -0.6846899390220642, 0.6109212636947632, -0.14872048795223236, -0.6801936030387878, 0.36408254504203796, -0.38778600096702576, 0.04880161210894585, -0.21734718978405, -0.29195520281791687, 0.30956777930259705, -0.6273537278175354, -0.21893200278282166, -0.5888729691505432, -0.03791061043739319, -0.34617355465888977, -0.21150237321853638, -0.5664392113685608, -0.58184415102005, -0.2432277351617813, 1.5556402206420898, 0.3494166135787964, 0.5914725661277771, 0.03829633444547653, -0.18548570573329926, 0.4289068877696991, -0.7826447486877441, -0.6131322383880615, 0.43085235357284546, -0.08880558609962463, -0.06346194446086884, -0.34710264205932617, 0.5612025856971741, 0.21765270829200745, -0.14109985530376434, -0.292375385761261, -0.24084192514419556, 0.028071178123354912, -0.7895015478134155, -0.5866378545761108, 0.29694217443466187, 0.2808266580104828, -0.07771767675876617, -0.05010909587144852, -0.25020715594291687, 0.48118624091148376, -0.2551242709159851, -0.4747855067253113, -0.5637167692184448, -0.21660074591636658, 0.06655886024236679, 0.2165856659412384, -0.11109626293182373, -0.42220786213874817, 0.07187730818986893, -0.7711068391799927, -0.49897301197052, -0.018219491466879845, -0.4900696575641632, 0.07121515274047852, 0.3705500662326813, -0.016706472262740135, -0.8423764705657959, 0.019550809636712074, -0.22675687074661255, 0.19834983348846436, 0.43887460231781006, 0.056873712688684464, -0.08109134435653687, 0.521754801273346, -0.6074046492576599, 0.28363364934921265, -0.24752096831798553, 0.4755438268184662, 0.6430222392082214, -0.6511375904083252, 0.47027167677879333, -0.006454931106418371, -0.5494974851608276, 0.3479355275630951, 0.06962741911411285, -0.8375584483146667, 0.07586938887834549, 0.44196996092796326, -0.7564456462860107, 0.16861392557621002, 0.4497990906238556, -0.9341790676116943, 0.1715153455734253, 0.43525993824005127, -0.20998252928256989, -0.06302409619092941, 0.03792988136410713, 0.5581402778625488, -0.002500717993825674, -0.6773549318313599, -0.8220213651657104, -0.4329363703727722, 0.10252568870782852, -0.48495161533355713, -0.07123731821775436, 0.3067808449268341, 0.37470829486846924, -0.04633411765098572, 0.5777048468589783, 0.10237005352973938, -0.35979270935058594, 0.455128937959671, 0.04497519135475159, -0.255238801240921, 0.26342594623565674, -0.6757596135139465, -0.03536947816610336, 0.1846093386411667, -0.17655932903289795, 0.17252475023269653, 0.45936232805252075, 0.19753135740756989, -0.07329454272985458, -0.23109084367752075, -0.47783440351486206, 0.11158125102519989, 0.4456953704357147, 0.023187043145298958, -0.5219660401344299, -0.19175368547439575, -0.22024284303188324, -0.2989472448825836, -0.29971256852149963, -0.6956209540367126, 0.8853143453598022, -0.37977609038352966, 0.15538175404071808, -0.24014899134635925, 0.14532361924648285, 0.15007461607456207, -0.1529531031847, 0.25798261165618896, -0.9081622958183289, 0.4483790695667267, 0.4860208034515381, 0.11785228550434113, -0.3793873190879822, -0.4343772530555725, 0.1656314730644226, -0.1643523871898651, -0.36403635144233704, 0.24485339224338531, 0.37627339363098145, 0.7406617999076843, 0.07656595855951309, 0.2591579854488373, 0.013630351983010769, -0.16879087686538696, 0.12179601937532425, 0.07716958969831467, -0.43515437841415405, 0.10391678661108017, -0.05276191234588623, -0.20658880472183228, 0.14732961356639862, -0.3928023874759674, -0.42404821515083313, -0.9445350170135498, -0.08075197786092758, -0.40564730763435364, 0.7273492813110352, 0.45645490288734436, 0.11815478652715683, -0.008007357828319073, -0.1584172248840332, 0.6752806305885315, -0.623603105545044, 0.1380385458469391, 0.18354631960391998, 0.5578394532203674, -0.6023442149162292, 0.6494598388671875, 0.18448203802108765, -0.17396456003189087, 0.26716065406799316, 0.30951252579689026, 0.2100634127855301, 0.12696002423763275, -0.2826697528362274, -0.061855122447013855, 0.20124049484729767, 0.04849773645401001, -0.3190400302410126, 0.017208220437169075, -0.4164547920227051, -0.2175268977880478, 0.7265862822532654, -0.4520125091075897, -0.3299022316932678, 0.3238976299762726, 0.52418053150177, -0.28034651279449463, 0.47995230555534363, 0.2835329473018646, -0.15604104101657867, 0.6949614882469177, -0.5161446332931519, 0.23282651603221893, 0.30324095487594604, 0.3317957818508148, 0.15101349353790283, -0.45018458366394043, -0.25535494089126587, 1.0403501987457275, -0.18450923264026642, 0.2990000247955322, -0.2286541908979416, -0.45428070425987244, -0.4242505729198456, 0.7958399653434753, 0.35523349046707153, 0.12870976328849792, -0.23725520074367523, -0.9827658534049988, -0.261309951543808, 0.5782710313796997, -0.5157703161239624, -0.5466122031211853, 0.13377825915813446, 0.07327675074338913, 0.8261803984642029, 0.6537395119667053, 0.38479945063591003, -0.053637418895959854, -0.2984582185745239, 0.39682456851005554, 0.008366537280380726, -0.004887135699391365, -0.5924375057220459, -0.1504465788602829, 0.05809902772307396, -0.10222423821687698, 0.5720375180244446, -0.34460777044296265, -0.8560324907302856, -0.1308603286743164, -0.016527796164155006, 0.050795942544937134, 0.27761974930763245, -0.3103472888469696, 0.34153786301612854, -0.5402162075042725, -0.11944856494665146, 0.01388030219823122, 0.2781028151512146, -0.18731670081615448, 0.11727546900510788, 0.2293921411037445, 0.045717284083366394, 0.01187142077833414, -0.9374333620071411, 0.23212382197380066, -0.5761387944221497, -0.9549618363380432, -0.0365411750972271, -0.03251105919480324, -0.7006663680076599, 0.39502936601638794, 0.11560213565826416, 0.07402526587247849, 0.9590946435928345, -0.08358471095561981, -0.252605140209198, -0.5546108484268188, -0.3049931228160858, 0.06676539778709412, 0.8541315793991089, 0.5137844085693359, 0.0484267920255661, -0.363553911447525, -0.18013949692249298, 0.16768772900104523, 0.14480920135974884, 0.2962290644645691, -0.20729295909404755, 0.6908972859382629, -0.7449484467506409, 0.6801028251647949, -0.23500829935073853, 0.2532700002193451, -0.1874263882637024, -0.2529939115047455, -0.599998414516449, 0.07238488644361496, -0.04590246081352234, -0.0979287251830101, 0.8195863962173462, -0.06575934588909149, -0.5160600543022156, -0.10363928973674774, 0.4375939667224884, 0.05973353981971741, -0.36295831203460693, -0.01520828902721405, -0.5376430749893188, -0.35549306869506836, -0.3163045346736908, -0.1557338982820511, 0.3008607029914856, 0.28431206941604614, 0.5720085501670837, 0.03986923769116402, -0.5040845274925232, 0.4139537215232849, -0.6345103979110718, -0.2555307447910309, -0.2821308672428131, 0.09757401049137115, -0.30660194158554077, 0.19821150600910187, -0.03504960238933563, -0.2219034731388092, 0.44419339299201965, -0.3654709458351135, -0.06517105549573898, -0.09245378524065018, 0.14099369943141937, -0.4509097933769226, 0.15899017453193665, 0.5138515830039978, 0.21574507653713226, -0.005379380192607641, -0.3035345673561096, -0.3519590198993683, 0.5016820430755615, -0.8562905192375183, 0.5239332318305969, -0.742746889591217, 0.42092880606651306, 0.32253214716911316 ]
210776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Cyane%20%281815%29	USS Cyane (1815)	Cyane was a Royal Navy sailing sixth-rate ship of 22 guns, built in 1806 at Topsham, near Exeter, England. She was ordered in January 1805 as HMS Columbine and was renamed Cyane on 6 December of that year. Under Captain Thomas Staines she captured the Spanish privateer Medusa in 1808 which was the last ship captured by the British before Spain turned against Napoleon. In May 1809 she was badly damaged during a battle with French gunboats and the French frigate Ceres. She was captured with on 20 February 1815 by after a 40-minute night engagement off Madeira. With Constitutions second lieutenant Hoffman as prize master, she successfully escaped recapture by a pursuing British squadron on 12 March and arrived in America on 10 April. She was adjudicated by a prize court and purchased by the Navy and renamed USS Cyane. Cyane cruised off the west coast of Africa from 1819–1820 and in the West Indies from 1820–1821 protecting the Liberian colony and suppressing piracy and the slave trade. In this regard she was a predecessor to the Africa Squadron. She cruised in the Mediterranean 1824–1825, and on the Brazil Station 1826–1827. Laid up at Philadelphia Navy Yard, she sank in 1835 and was raised and broken up the following year. The April/May 1983 issue of American Heritage magazine carried an article "What it was like to be Shot up by Old Ironsides" concerning the discovery of three pages of HMS Cyanes logbook from 13 to 20 February 1815, with a transcription of 20 February 1815 battle. See also Capture of Cyane References External links HMS Cyane at Ships of the Old Navy Sailing frigates of the United States Navy 1806 ships Ships built on the River Exe	[ -0.39251062273979187, -0.04418867081403732, -0.4654431939125061, 0.1345026195049286, 0.16297973692417145, 0.6559800505638123, 0.4348442554473877, -0.4398719370365143, -0.16419610381126404, 0.3484053611755371, 0.2700361907482147, 0.11119157820940018, -0.2648858428001404, 0.6226277351379395, 0.5909669995307922, 0.2205064445734024, 0.1820606291294098, 0.5708775520324707, 0.11634498089551926, -0.6682645082473755, -0.4468518793582916, -0.08596670627593994, 0.559241533279419, 0.12804511189460754, 0.12268335372209549, -0.05199786275625229, 0.45056289434432983, 0.11741627752780914, 0.5319152474403381, 0.06734625995159149, 0.3929380178451538, 1.000619888305664, -0.039703965187072754, 0.0045744795352220535, 0.18838094174861908, 0.10442930459976196, -0.3390239179134369, -0.10986901819705963, 0.17213186621665955, -0.5629111528396606, -0.39876455068588257, -0.38591086864471436, 0.5298703908920288, 0.5354210138320923, -0.5301133990287781, -0.1425975114107132, -1.6454172134399414, 0.20215539634227753, -0.17057324945926666, 0.14705877006053925, -0.01664583384990692, -0.1965382993221283, 0.8462923765182495, 0.20021000504493713, -0.17853492498397827, 0.47460171580314636, -1.117182731628418, -0.03151081129908562, 0.10629161447286606, 0.06634926050901413, 0.4930669069290161, 0.8885429501533508, 0.7173998355865479, 0.36816227436065674, -0.021899081766605377, 0.26912564039230347, -0.41424405574798584, 0.29972243309020996, -0.7427833676338196, 0.1268945336341858, 0.5899217128753662, -0.05738481506705284, -0.19767022132873535, 0.4698711037635803, -0.3322177529335022, 0.3819882273674011, -0.04190582409501076, -0.7343937158584595, 0.8091309070587158, 1.0635285377502441, 0.16412097215652466, 0.2053014636039734, 1.143216609954834, 0.06748214364051819, -0.18285036087036133, 0.557468831539154, -0.20216037333011627, 0.35324424505233765, -0.6769806146621704, 0.5317719578742981, -0.09598501771688461, -0.3135507106781006, -0.08060942590236664, 0.8449692130088806, -0.0681394413113594, 0.5061479806900024, -0.21944929659366608, 0.19789482653141022, 0.009637109003961086, -0.010014834813773632, 0.05936432257294655, 0.6529647707939148, 0.23548434674739838, 0.28737008571624756, -0.07161423563957214, 0.22869707643985748, -0.4384521543979645, -0.9233913421630859, -0.5778040885925293, 0.05836803466081619, 0.3055711090564728, 0.23789401352405548, -0.6874371767044067, 0.21913786232471466, -0.5069072246551514, -0.5192453265190125, 0.6632494330406189, -0.15838056802749634, -0.008804158307611942, -0.18944111466407776, -0.10672741383314133, 0.6121165752410889, -0.1082734763622284, -0.15937525033950806, 0.04098610579967499, 0.5102034211158752, 0.2515695095062256, 0.5143948793411255, -0.5100353360176086, 0.31720170378685, 0.9138438701629639, 1.0294498205184937, -0.37315550446510315, -0.38595086336135864, -0.42556333541870117, -0.3046133518218994, 0.02385214902460575, 0.5749491453170776, 0.3687445819377899, 0.35716134309768677, -0.6540876030921936, -0.17646770179271698, -0.17146754264831543, -0.2508181035518646, 0.10208043456077576, -0.055436454713344574, -0.2545715570449829, -0.13508294522762299, -0.6471055746078491, 0.07212604582309723, 0.4706408679485321, -0.08083086460828781, 0.39755770564079285, 0.17387713491916656, -1.1178168058395386, -0.5228403806686401, -0.3649270832538605, -0.1673629730939865, 0.13654202222824097, 0.287286639213562, -0.8286544680595398, -0.024964984506368637, -0.10047327727079391, -0.3858262896537781, 0.39023342728614807, 0.11547841131687164, 0.4551016390323639, -0.1649044305086136, 0.08377989381551743, -0.30373674631118774, -0.47725123167037964, 0.1888868808746338, 0.6401404738426208, -0.5552408695220947, -0.15058596432209015, 0.4629812240600586, 0.3191749155521393, 0.7511351704597473, 0.7083764672279358, -0.9661056995391846, -0.6210816502571106, -0.056827325373888016, 0.7356404066085815, -0.007809974253177643, 0.11767560988664627, 0.40832942724227905, 0.4103977382183075, -0.5145421624183655, -0.33626413345336914, 0.32245203852653503, -0.44443604350090027, -0.2254328727722168, 0.3556874990463257, -0.05634397640824318, 1.585554599761963, 0.24093356728553772, -0.8980145454406738, -0.16626395285129547, 0.29649701714515686, -0.045396383851766586, 0.09142705798149109, -0.3708122968673706, 0.29030102491378784, -0.4431052505970001, -0.7257296442985535, -0.17238955199718475, 0.3685654401779175, 0.23090215027332306, -0.19726574420928955, 0.8515841960906982, -0.12842026352882385, -0.8288965821266174, 0.4287136197090149, 0.6364672183990479, -0.20178017020225525, -0.33720675110816956, 0.12640942633152008, -0.5055732727050781, 0.06433112174272537, -0.0315004363656044, -0.18158379197120667, -0.07697609812021255, -0.33127591013908386, 0.41695693135261536, -0.02400226891040802, 0.25069862604141235, -0.23427732288837433, 0.3618273138999939, -0.3226604759693146, -0.4778759479522705, -0.5993205904960632, 0.44623467326164246, 0.1315312683582306, -0.45521971583366394, 0.3982299864292145, -0.06120232120156288, -0.09906783699989319, -0.02992200292646885, 0.3392520248889923, -0.2476128488779068, 0.23389938473701477, 0.2594660818576813, -0.32598963379859924, 0.4249638617038727, 0.7128283381462097, 0.24655283987522125, 0.7062267661094666, -0.3029468357563019, -0.20234493911266327, -0.8345572352409363, 0.16381123661994934, 0.5842320919036865, 0.40909188985824585, -0.28568512201309204, -0.22492510080337524, -0.7029076218605042, 0.30864283442497253, 0.03425627201795578, -0.10034671425819397, 0.3048827350139618, -0.4014854431152344, 0.18624649941921234, 0.08179730176925659, 0.3806638717651367, 0.5830211639404297, -0.5463892221450806, -0.21348807215690613, -0.7153527736663818, 0.6064019203186035, 0.021618392318487167, 0.5730360150337219, 0.07714241743087769, 0.22251197695732117, -0.27179569005966187, 0.4067140817642212, 0.4398873746395111, -0.46438920497894287, 0.36355164647102356, -0.4182797372341156, -0.8728920817375183, 0.3571430444717407, 1.0483076572418213, -0.42008906602859497, -0.16682688891887665, -0.43664950132369995, 0.04581567272543907, 0.5938050746917725, -0.3595771789550781, -0.2903118431568146, -0.4081243574619293, -0.060896135866642, -0.040459442883729935, 0.05543394386768341, 0.4128437638282776, 0.46394509077072144, 0.2631891071796417, -0.6222681999206543, -0.011628394015133381, -0.22900816798210144, 0.2640330195426941, -0.3988310992717743, 0.5873278379440308, -0.2443336397409439, -0.3558965027332306, 0.3927951455116272, -0.4795326590538025, -0.01187954843044281, 0.31446215510368347, -5.26445198059082, -0.22142957150936127, -0.028599213808774948, 0.2646557092666626, -0.3558953106403351, 0.03357645496726036, -0.20487186312675476, -0.5079014897346497, -0.20683515071868896, -0.62279212474823, 0.6016879677772522, 0.2542990744113922, -0.106419138610363, 0.01636348105967045, 0.5818792581558228, 0.3637827932834625, 1.029016137123108, -0.5472482442855835, 0.39778587222099304, -0.15252676606178284, -0.219669371843338, 0.2069808691740036, -0.019009174779057503, -0.08226678520441055, 0.3943960666656494, -0.27018341422080994, 0.13070249557495117, -0.3346971571445465, -0.4785051941871643, -0.3327195942401886, -0.02348450757563114, 0.054612766951322556, -0.1669868528842926, -0.11601255089044571, -0.11561696976423264, -0.046179790049791336, 0.06173526495695114, 0.36809808015823364, -0.2059866040945053, -0.31636667251586914, -0.47158122062683105, 0.14060437679290771, 0.38175514340400696, -0.1939304620027542, 0.3124156892299652, -0.6630265712738037, 0.02991216816008091, 0.288987934589386, 0.3775116205215454, 0.8007660508155823, 0.4224908649921417, 0.05545298755168915, 0.04498666524887085, 0.3332635164260864, 0.3000173568725586, 0.0012263213284313679, -0.071562759578228, 0.18166953325271606, -0.13149170577526093, 0.008443020284175873, 0.4155743420124054, -0.2104378044605255, -0.06996193528175354, -0.5172260999679565, -0.248741015791893, 0.10473743081092834, -0.32472941279411316, -0.1453443020582199, 0.3233768045902252, 0.23899853229522705, 0.2391241192817688, 1.1991164684295654, 0.24925236403942108, -0.8407522439956665, -0.2183254212141037, -0.10806524008512497, -0.013113637454807758, -0.3048965632915497, -0.5892304182052612, 0.19046735763549805, 0.23299631476402283, -0.3224491775035858, -0.013052145019173622, 1.0114132165908813, 0.09276613593101501, -0.9845595955848694, -0.2958962321281433, 0.22563078999519348, -0.1298711895942688, -0.5912932753562927, 0.2711837589740753, -0.5994365215301514, -0.08349103480577469, 0.5677564144134521, 0.6533500552177429, -0.44571158289909363, -0.23221652209758759, 0.6634684205055237, 0.6706512570381165, -0.4617355167865753, 0.009491892531514168, -0.15393945574760437, 0.18493466079235077, 0.11900946497917175, 0.23575803637504578, -0.38207128643989563, -0.5774573683738708, -0.509132981300354, 0.21939672529697418, -0.1424228698015213, 0.04297110065817833, -0.5168891549110413, -0.5929129123687744, 0.18669460713863373, 0.31637120246887207, -0.3077565133571625, 0.46947407722473145, 0.5778272151947021, 0.4113200008869171, 0.009842990897595882, -0.44793787598609924, 0.8956860303878784, -0.44365960359573364, -0.6029853820800781, -0.8321213722229004, -0.5575047731399536, 0.7998735308647156, -0.24494078755378723, -0.954349935054779, 0.3223564624786377, -0.2677108943462372, -0.056700631976127625, -0.44432419538497925, -0.1658104956150055, 0.26606637239456177, -0.38926032185554504, -0.26156845688819885, -0.2622974216938019, 0.14863993227481842, 0.01610732451081276, -0.509131133556366, -0.4824133515357971, -0.33528831601142883, -0.03167223930358887, 1.5782082080841064, 0.2729131281375885, 1.0107436180114746, 0.23514826595783234, -0.12691713869571686, 0.7804969549179077, -1.189003825187683, -0.6070929765701294, 0.49464234709739685, -0.5663968324661255, 0.13163131475448608, -0.02731863036751747, 0.4694908857345581, -0.14552292227745056, -0.4090462028980255, -0.22996050119400024, -0.28643837571144104, 0.020599717274308205, -0.3803037405014038, -0.6959502696990967, 0.35264116525650024, 0.6069743037223816, -0.4213836193084717, -0.08851026743650436, -0.1703164279460907, -0.004580862820148468, -0.07312973588705063, -0.16706475615501404, -0.9038710594177246, -0.18932892382144928, -0.09363903105258942, 0.21520602703094482, -0.3738681674003601, -0.20822817087173462, -0.1856447160243988, -0.6248548030853271, -0.6015694737434387, -0.001682030619122088, -0.1682995855808258, 0.06152665987610817, 0.4117729961872101, 0.43055009841918945, -1.1516276597976685, 0.12875591218471527, -0.008045164868235588, 0.028994757682085037, 0.24835535883903503, -0.15664079785346985, -0.1298813670873642, 0.38251590728759766, -0.4202212989330292, 0.3305293917655945, 0.09327385574579239, 0.6915591359138489, 0.39617419242858887, -0.8967906832695007, 0.40574172139167786, 0.03137647360563278, -0.4093960225582123, 0.3972778022289276, -0.15262848138809204, -0.7635906934738159, -0.08818943053483963, -0.00535593694075942, -0.6826764941215515, 0.5924524664878845, 0.49756360054016113, -0.9070554375648499, 0.0968056470155716, 0.4251268208026886, -0.2985467314720154, 0.012528220191597939, -0.34873059391975403, 0.4888536036014557, -0.2276337444782257, -0.7812301516532898, -1.0101349353790283, -0.34805265069007874, -0.18055269122123718, -0.5135539174079895, -0.9819325804710388, 0.16581781208515167, 0.3884199559688568, 0.014154025353491306, 0.06625763326883316, 0.2026844471693039, -0.6075943112373352, 0.3998986780643463, 0.20068448781967163, -0.3004353642463684, 0.6193444728851318, -0.7056692838668823, -0.11727901548147202, 0.11138871312141418, -0.10638051480054855, 0.7023218870162964, 0.6254855990409851, 0.4448758065700531, 0.2945684492588043, -0.12108311802148819, -0.09008990228176117, 0.051133591681718826, 0.44768160581588745, 0.18866375088691711, -0.5673120617866516, -0.3446085751056671, 0.025577055290341377, -0.3971445858478546, -0.640800952911377, -0.4767099916934967, 1.1219220161437988, -0.010003290139138699, 0.0986771211028099, -0.16765041649341583, 0.10876734554767609, 0.24202072620391846, -0.10016476362943649, 0.5449997782707214, -1.0131397247314453, -0.012424071319401264, 0.7420427203178406, 0.3213440775871277, -0.24127541482448578, -0.38687145709991455, 0.07182347774505615, -0.05176178365945816, -0.5293366312980652, 0.3277665972709656, 0.19997207820415497, 0.4388138949871063, -0.12928169965744019, 0.08560452610254288, -0.33112239837646484, -0.4717758297920227, 0.9234069585800171, 0.055657196789979935, -0.6548112630844116, 0.2362709492444992, -0.10979585349559784, -0.5155479311943054, -0.1839747428894043, -0.2556905150413513, -0.5633646249771118, -0.7783465385437012, 0.4641243815422058, -0.088130421936512, 0.7075380682945251, 0.1971110701560974, -0.05334196984767914, 0.2509787082672119, -0.06196826323866844, 0.6127133965492249, -0.3183620572090149, 0.019298197701573372, 0.05603351071476936, 0.6149681210517883, -0.21470636129379272, 0.6744531989097595, 0.023607445880770683, 0.004527590703219175, 0.17642782628536224, 0.2974672317504883, 0.1328103393316269, 0.15826591849327087, -0.42805925011634827, -0.2411680519580841, -0.11129878461360931, -0.37088972330093384, -0.07071390002965927, -0.11876489222049713, -0.3953152596950531, -0.48339778184890747, 0.8377573490142822, -0.18238405883312225, 0.02257213369011879, 0.17719712853431702, 0.14145615696907043, 0.10456349700689316, 0.47497183084487915, 0.24054431915283203, -0.2168716937303543, 0.24716363847255707, -0.9019868969917297, 0.4298327565193176, -0.044272974133491516, 0.8813222646713257, -0.06514888256788254, -0.10423088073730469, -0.6597288250923157, 1.100809097290039, -0.1436091661453247, 0.32510679960250854, -0.2826462388038635, -0.0038642596919089556, -0.043854970484972, 0.2678123116493225, 0.4945647716522217, 0.15615180134773254, -0.5470125079154968, -0.6572019457817078, -0.14034873247146606, 0.6556843519210815, -0.3222937285900116, -0.494859516620636, 0.0863238051533699, 0.3621383607387543, 0.6226797699928284, 0.6709080338478088, 0.7290515899658203, -0.4831051826477051, -0.3888669013977051, 0.8594209551811218, 0.3154883086681366, 0.1532772332429886, -0.2636078894138336, 0.2067582607269287, 0.1895594745874405, -0.10912364721298218, 0.27678751945495605, -0.5313080549240112, -1.185685634613037, 0.02182949334383011, -0.04431167244911194, 0.1462205946445465, 0.34897279739379883, -0.3633825480937958, 0.14019997417926788, -0.5657394528388977, 0.21131755411624908, -0.23503315448760986, -0.10132841020822525, -0.20208562910556793, 0.24626898765563965, 0.16489973664283752, -0.11232402175664902, -0.14435772597789764, -1.1911351680755615, 0.2936314344406128, -0.5128287672996521, -0.7623562216758728, 0.007971038110554218, 0.19817137718200684, -0.7206172347068787, 0.42678308486938477, -0.08736880868673325, -0.33715537190437317, 0.7893146276473999, -0.35710620880126953, -0.7701860070228577, -0.5761753916740417, -0.6255995035171509, -0.22766058146953583, 0.9017808437347412, 0.4453321099281311, 0.3510325253009796, -0.4226926863193512, -0.3198494613170624, 0.16268675029277802, -0.15114787220954895, 0.40799254179000854, 0.1335955560207367, 0.707589328289032, -0.5702428817749023, 0.531976044178009, -0.6323867440223694, 0.19162529706954956, -0.09275005757808685, -0.07282005250453949, -0.6862270832061768, -0.055413227528333664, -0.3056769371032715, -0.2794802188873291, 0.7461104393005371, -0.2407788187265396, -0.31761592626571655, -0.09009885042905807, 0.7301053404808044, -0.215654656291008, -0.24435673654079437, -0.33625826239585876, -0.26316431164741516, -0.09064849466085434, -0.0112661924213171, -0.26703086495399475, 0.30676984786987305, 0.36360064148902893, 0.4148235023021698, 0.15207163989543915, -0.411904901266098, 0.7731153964996338, -0.7700403332710266, 0.24675217270851135, -0.09274818003177643, 0.3026445806026459, -0.036496251821517944, 0.365691214799881, 0.12492462992668152, -0.39140868186950684, 0.4255170226097107, -0.28278908133506775, 0.4086582362651825, -0.07871055603027344, -0.2952980101108551, -0.3732735812664032, -0.26034584641456604, 0.5021716356277466, 0.46060803532600403, -0.22628776729106903, -0.0071699428372085094, -0.8313452005386353, 0.5405266284942627, -0.8388521075248718, 0.47575798630714417, -0.4722699224948883, 0.18359433114528656, -0.014774001203477383 ]
210779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov	Molotov	Molotov may refer to: Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986), Soviet politician and diplomat, and foreign minister under Joseph Stalin Molotov cocktail, hand-held incendiary weapon Arts and entertainment Molotov (band), a Mexican rock/rap band Molotov Movement, a Danish hip hop collective Molotov (EP), by The Bruisers, 1998 Sergei Molotov, a fictional character from the Empire Earth video game Molotov Cocktease, a character in The Venture Bros. TV series ”Molotov”, single by Kira Puru, 2018 Places Oktyabrkənd, Azerbaijan, city formerly named Molotov Perm, Russia, city named Molotov between 1940 and 1957 in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov Streaming services Molotov TV, a french freemium TV streaming and replay service. Other uses Soviet cruiser Molotov, a 1939 warship Vyacheslav Molotov, a Iosif Stalin-class passenger ship See also Russian-language surnames	[ 0.36931097507476807, 0.258788526058197, -0.3945523202419281, 0.08367227762937546, -0.3350735902786255, 0.44469353556632996, 0.17769373953342438, -0.06979962438344955, -0.4196142852306366, 0.06656166166067123, -0.6174581050872803, 0.20961254835128784, -0.5996332168579102, 0.44962984323501587, 0.04058923199772835, 0.15821398794651031, 0.14179839193820953, 0.3103955388069153, -0.5883632898330688, 0.23789159953594208, 0.1365422010421753, 0.029587173834443092, 0.5031450986862183, -0.16334469616413116, -0.01892140321433544, -0.08323372155427933, 0.10372364521026611, -0.1813279241323471, -0.21933741867542267, 0.7500013113021851, -0.2922035753726959, 0.42268750071525574, 0.6800650358200073, -0.49128276109695435, -0.3221559524536133, -0.016271384432911873, -0.39192691445350647, 0.289996474981308, 0.1961534172296524, -0.7117092609405518, 0.39785993099212646, -0.11430130898952484, 0.45822933316230774, -0.3665330410003662, 0.1433693766593933, -0.8070701956748962, -1.5850331783294678, 0.847917914390564, -0.9254188537597656, 0.3578088581562042, 0.16790172457695007, 0.3688855469226837, 0.25378668308258057, 0.1561441421508789, 0.12874461710453033, 0.45201483368873596, -0.7260317206382751, -0.1760799139738083, 0.2040431648492813, -0.04643445461988449, 0.2064439058303833, 0.2800922691822052, 0.50152188539505, 0.047566283494234085, 0.1382671445608139, 0.07075998932123184, 0.047778546810150146, 0.12992143630981445, -0.5665178894996643, -0.7191464304924011, 0.017285585403442383, -0.27528005838394165, -0.06368111073970795, -0.33315786719322205, -0.3220817446708679, -0.644780158996582, -0.07736992090940475, 0.481584370136261, -0.06755165010690689, 0.820144534111023, 0.06875258684158325, -0.007155056111514568, 0.82887864112854, 0.26750513911247253, 0.1294586956501007, -0.022566452622413635, -0.44509559869766235, 0.08462247997522354, -0.43349704146385193, 0.17672784626483917, 0.46778303384780884, -0.1545053869485855, 0.9918878078460693, 0.09362944215536118, -0.04510783404111862, 0.08557239174842834, -0.09895841032266617, 0.42309635877609253, -0.09081578254699707, -0.04264933988451958, 0.03590503707528114, 0.20475147664546967, 0.16102391481399536, -0.1513752043247223, -0.15352006256580353, -0.1880638748407364, 0.0018366408767178655, 0.21231581270694733, 0.09095709025859833, -0.2249172478914261, -0.12495875358581543, 0.10559248179197311, 0.13937734067440033, 0.2519892454147339, 0.11555889993906021, -0.050093088299036026, -0.05271783843636513, -0.44508299231529236, 0.2710667848587036, 0.062177304178476334, 0.16204361617565155, 0.28748834133148193, 0.09274588525295258, 0.2584095895290375, -0.020829906687140465, -0.017033301293849945, 0.37003475427627563, 0.26829490065574646, -0.4595261216163635, 0.1590021848678589, 0.15791189670562744, 0.6873128414154053, -0.2961413264274597, 0.06269979476928711, -0.4253770709037781, -0.3433436453342438, 0.7707592248916626, 0.07101325690746307, -0.3826347589492798, 0.3756791949272156, -0.9087453484535217, -0.4568442106246948, -0.41582566499710083, -0.22201506793498993, 0.4544137418270111, -0.334149569272995, 0.13567441701889038, -0.2645023763179779, -0.540429413318634, -0.44426384568214417, -0.048284098505973816, -0.4068998396396637, -0.05844908952713013, -0.31221598386764526, 0.07960748672485352, 0.21341288089752197, 0.7224617004394531, -0.37497538328170776, 0.33973798155784607, -0.15745709836483002, 0.0766211599111557, 0.45165857672691345, -0.1756507009267807, 0.09228348731994629, -0.18367809057235718, -0.23924927413463593, 0.1334322690963745, 0.3194587826728821, -0.37445709109306335, 0.2344825565814972, 0.04877694323658943, 0.6374699473381042, 0.5846778154373169, 0.22543379664421082, 0.19887515902519226, 0.6015741229057312, 0.3777015507221222, 0.31622621417045593, 0.09777623414993286, 0.10501820594072342, -0.4240618348121643, 0.31407710909843445, -0.3061576187610626, 0.00715481024235487, -0.1753891557455063, -0.27254602313041687, 0.06447768211364746, -0.17603617906570435, 0.3377205729484558, 0.32361021637916565, -0.32508182525634766, -0.08897150307893753, -0.13662679493427277, -0.20577383041381836, 1.2205572128295898, 0.1488530933856964, -0.5804474353790283, 0.3871263861656189, 0.19499507546424866, 0.5564426183700562, -0.2482449859380722, -0.45783132314682007, 0.05769079551100731, -0.12165839970111847, -0.29331040382385254, 0.04647837206721306, 0.02011415734887123, -0.017982201650738716, -0.0627472847700119, 0.668600857257843, 0.7270692586898804, -0.41478556394577026, 0.2743738293647766, -0.7169620990753174, 0.4141576886177063, 0.2737251818180084, -0.7067621946334839, -0.055947910994291306, -0.2986409664154053, -0.0634317472577095, 0.21782724559307098, -0.3442121744155884, -0.274612694978714, 0.1965397149324417, -0.09601616859436035, 0.785758376121521, -0.1979656219482422, 0.1855611354112625, 0.07869153469800949, -0.5201553106307983, 0.22519512474536896, 0.2970726788043976, 0.08078301697969437, 0.11938230693340302, -0.2526029348373413, -0.0525556281208992, 0.274183064699173, -0.18930307030677795, 0.22108040750026703, -0.34654468297958374, 0.19448363780975342, 0.5000020861625671, 0.35201531648635864, 0.15404117107391357, -0.04110945016145706, -0.018455514684319496, -0.03262071684002876, -0.17300929129123688, -0.19588454067707062, -0.13585923612117767, 0.005485779605805874, 0.3436383008956909, -0.010884027928113937, 0.30210772156715393, 0.1579536646604538, -0.25245893001556396, 0.22078675031661987, 0.10106091946363449, -0.562187135219574, -0.026651790365576744, -0.27893930673599243, 0.0464046448469162, -0.10377132892608643, -0.04291759058833122, 0.3863639831542969, -0.0468159094452858, -0.27031081914901733, -0.01831737719476223, 0.3235357999801636, 0.25820019841194153, 0.15197157859802246, 0.29015153646469116, -0.5354316234588623, -0.11419285833835602, 0.039691463112831116, -0.4910294711589813, -0.30092740058898926, 0.22162359952926636, -0.1866900622844696, -0.880623996257782, -0.4786584973335266, 0.48893213272094727, 0.2326464205980301, -0.4629603922367096, -0.12242943793535233, -0.49320414662361145, -0.13196563720703125, -0.1712302267551422, 0.305555522441864, -0.5253844261169434, -0.33682745695114136, -0.024035407230257988, -0.489254891872406, 0.1152266338467598, -0.07442067563533783, 0.5184721946716309, -0.3565572500228882, -0.024928735569119453, 0.15647642314434052, -0.2338837832212448, -0.5686643719673157, 0.21892453730106354, -0.20897020399570465, -0.030018797144293785, 0.6206597685813904, -0.08904533088207245, -0.3127714991569519, 0.2820618152618408, -6.066585063934326, 0.08949320763349533, -0.515365719795227, -0.2563207149505615, 0.24196094274520874, 0.2692233920097351, 0.0992683693766594, -0.031230060383677483, -0.05176909640431404, -0.9710246324539185, -0.39309778809547424, 0.13332311809062958, -0.3010474443435669, -0.014167487621307373, 0.11482977122068405, 0.016209382563829422, 0.1709561049938202, 0.15345045924186707, -0.18813057243824005, -0.25674647092819214, -0.03884078934788704, -0.005434871651232243, -0.03481055423617363, 0.5007615685462952, 0.31074628233909607, 0.5496445894241333, -0.3188329339027405, 0.15365692973136902, -0.38846078515052795, 0.03710920363664627, -0.5069342255592346, 0.13244006037712097, -0.25259825587272644, -0.38309144973754883, -0.07372326403856277, -0.08411876112222672, 0.6308849453926086, -0.06720264256000519, 0.22648075222969055, 0.01600245013833046, -0.20066876709461212, 0.4887791574001312, -0.08571748435497284, -0.6289846301078796, 0.6691887378692627, -0.05136268585920334, -0.31830739974975586, 0.4479947090148926, -0.6114349365234375, -0.1257544904947281, 0.45233744382858276, -0.39970895648002625, 0.15019464492797852, 0.41461873054504395, 0.6255902051925659, 0.3261018991470337, 0.04433426633477211, 0.4398660659790039, 0.14725130796432495, 0.2910327911376953, 0.2497340589761734, -0.01113714650273323, 0.05998597666621208, -0.16922518610954285, 0.13538970053195953, -0.6640260815620422, -0.07520031929016113, -0.09668555110692978, 0.4189263880252838, 0.18396729230880737, -0.07246849685907364, 0.6208813786506653, -0.4424839913845062, -1.08684504032135, 0.028365030884742737, -0.021281875669956207, -0.18551407754421234, 0.014686593785881996, -0.21823638677597046, 0.8229549527168274, -0.7939344644546509, -0.35962724685668945, -0.3329918384552002, -0.3423670828342438, -0.08462811261415482, 0.0008692513220012188, -0.39616721868515015, 0.26075562834739685, -0.5964944362640381, 0.09633470326662064, 0.18743658065795898, -0.7778227925300598, 0.16068564355373383, 0.11530418694019318, 0.0629299059510231, -0.07168326526880264, 0.01593025214970112, 0.0839112401008606, 0.04974120482802391, 0.11675353348255157, 0.2725679278373718, -0.4666813015937805, -0.09420120716094971, -0.8398327827453613, -0.1701207458972931, -0.2627427875995636, -0.19539660215377808, 0.42558568716049194, 0.6057735085487366, -0.035886045545339584, 0.014743907377123833, 0.010950762778520584, -0.2251802533864975, -0.7711741328239441, 0.8958728909492493, -0.21737487614154816, 0.19821231067180634, 0.42842644453048706, -0.09583061933517456, 0.3126518130302429, -0.20862384140491486, 0.3831135332584381, -0.7254713773727417, -0.23321612179279327, 0.11150834709405899, -0.16040706634521484, 0.00447398517280817, 0.07890485972166061, 0.36367934942245483, 0.03557248041033745, 0.19453713297843933, 0.553156852722168, -0.253201425075531, 0.16123513877391815, 0.8261377811431885, -0.17451564967632294, -0.3880617022514343, -0.5637149810791016, -0.13345733284950256, -0.4633446931838989, 0.06413108110427856, -0.361663281917572, 0.01542690210044384, 0.21949608623981476, -0.11021959781646729, 0.3103473484516144, 0.043113306164741516, 0.2585304081439972, 0.2690284848213196, 0.5839840173721313, 0.010697311721742153, 0.06998637318611145, 0.581117570400238, -0.45407453179359436, -0.1935926079750061, -0.32001614570617676, -0.3606063723564148, 0.20389696955680847, -0.06657302379608154, -0.1064503937959671, 0.6782690286636353, -0.04675963148474693, -0.9192825555801392, -0.05007239431142807, 0.01795271597802639, -0.5116481184959412, -0.1644621640443802, -0.39538878202438354, -0.1009325161576271, 0.5835886001586914, 0.21044154465198517, -0.20222359895706177, -0.3198296129703522, 0.20638291537761688, 0.32896336913108826, 0.13347887992858887, -0.0744699090719223, -0.5953515768051147, 0.3218841552734375, -0.03221793845295906, 0.30856263637542725, 0.2077905684709549, -0.23187796771526337, 0.7179938554763794, 0.18638908863067627, -0.21493706107139587, 0.025111885741353035, 0.09143000841140747, -0.35899388790130615, -0.2817724049091339, -0.38708797097206116, 0.2614198625087738, 0.6054454445838928, 0.3001434803009033, -0.4430171847343445, -0.3799951672554016, -0.5670953989028931, 0.9740277528762817, -0.1250864714384079, 0.23327648639678955, 0.5839848518371582, 0.4042671322822571, -0.08580230921506882, -0.7752336263656616, 0.5366878509521484, -0.3737472891807556, 0.64761883020401, -0.19394993782043457, 0.0674954503774643, -0.1301083266735077, -0.17078633606433868, -0.5981203317642212, -0.23778587579727173, 0.3460855185985565, -0.013191008009016514, -0.29875338077545166, 0.5682266354560852, -0.16801783442497253, -0.9350227117538452, -0.23107492923736572, -0.13757026195526123, 0.22057916224002838, -0.3127131462097168, -0.037869542837142944, -0.445040762424469, 0.6080338358879089, 0.1362510621547699, -0.36042407155036926, 0.2765381336212158, -0.13685442507266998, 0.13714216649532318, -0.037087034434080124, -0.255766898393631, 0.280366450548172, 0.319018691778183, 0.3628065288066864, 0.33666515350341797, -0.23831938207149506, -0.08829440921545029, -0.08271048218011856, 0.5010725855827332, 0.16304275393486023, 0.2015989124774933, -0.17777596414089203, -0.18495945632457733, -0.0967949703335762, 0.37842777371406555, -0.1931888461112976, -0.45306968688964844, 0.3644840121269226, -0.001121566048823297, -0.46918049454689026, -0.8320760726928711, -0.12075519561767578, 0.8328533172607422, -0.9499908685684204, 0.11670331656932831, 0.23040498793125153, -0.2268650233745575, 0.5938690900802612, -0.5034427046775818, 0.3782070279121399, -0.7497629523277283, -0.2160542756319046, 0.1012808158993721, 0.26749566197395325, -0.3130075931549072, -0.10347811877727509, -0.2546798884868622, -0.12656086683273315, -0.3550178110599518, 0.19272370636463165, 0.22530493140220642, 0.6256368160247803, -0.08773935586214066, -0.12336046248674393, 0.2825782597064972, -0.09396862983703613, -0.5147408843040466, 0.05577600374817848, -0.6011085510253906, 0.3843756318092346, 0.13514283299446106, -0.5736768245697021, 0.14622049033641815, -0.8552374839782715, 0.24393878877162933, -0.3272377848625183, -0.2622445821762085, -0.10515403747558594, -0.17833983898162842, 0.25697818398475647, -0.15284381806850433, 0.2021130621433258, -0.10154592990875244, 0.15252625942230225, 0.12521110475063324, -0.016081135720014572, -0.017152396962046623, 0.3621778190135956, -0.38710904121398926, 0.551937997341156, -0.07307907938957214, -0.34928974509239197, 0.4124594032764435, 0.01889387145638466, 0.08788902312517166, -0.03858016058802605, -0.03421454131603241, 0.1506359875202179, 0.533557116985321, -0.42372775077819824, -0.00989291537553072, 0.16011017560958862, 0.08755883574485779, -0.035522591322660446, 0.4653727114200592, -0.18850372731685638, -0.07774855941534042, -0.034817833453416824, 0.5647211074829102, 0.0046432227827608585, 0.38249412178993225, 0.12466966360807419, 0.23758625984191895, 0.13041512668132782, -0.03785460814833641, -0.3307139277458191, 0.3650563061237335, 0.32284536957740784, 0.6593369245529175, 0.01589382067322731, -0.3742980659008026, -0.15375672280788422, -0.3720252513885498, -0.4660668671131134, -0.024663902819156647, -0.3663932681083679, -0.022627945989370346, 0.8299540877342224, 0.3629697859287262, 0.4379727840423584, -0.7583416104316711, 0.03360188379883766, 0.34795328974723816, 0.025830689817667007, 0.41617757081985474, -0.41327857971191406, -0.17818300426006317, 0.13479064404964447, 0.4001801609992981, -0.04647303745150566, -0.3765011131763458, -0.19180870056152344, 0.553723156452179, -0.2633509635925293, 0.22357520461082458, -0.4514710009098053, 0.24880041182041168, -0.4135836660861969, 0.1786578893661499, 0.09378326684236526, 0.45652681589126587, -0.020792951807379723, 0.4994920492172241, 0.5149891376495361, -0.5443777441978455, -0.5398701429367065, -0.04269396886229515, -0.2746710181236267, 0.45620086789131165, 0.06011893227696419, -0.1261354684829712, 0.02934444323182106, -0.25462275743484497, 0.16008757054805756, 0.7958619594573975, 0.21927346289157867, 0.33228617906570435, 0.020406097173690796, -0.17750263214111328, 0.15192493796348572, -0.20305073261260986, -0.2583121955394745, 0.5556011199951172, 0.20980539917945862, 0.32781603932380676, 0.11620234698057175, 0.027626043185591698, -0.14562417566776276, 0.20980685949325562, -0.62360018491745, -0.30611109733581543, 0.4146133065223694, -0.08535566180944443, -0.25875088572502136, -0.5121681094169617, 0.3046596348285675, 0.12505759298801422, 0.793667197227478, 0.29673513770103455, -0.2734867334365845, 0.11162921041250229, 0.2278018742799759, -0.7610323429107666, 0.1090148538351059, -1.0050973892211914, -0.06494977325201035, -0.6200805902481079, 0.6272403001785278, 0.35001328587532043, -0.8035445213317871, -0.3269158899784088, 0.2782629728317261, -0.4249356985092163, -0.4122937023639679, 0.6214494109153748, -0.8248041272163391, -0.07626066356897354, -0.7852160930633545, 0.1298465132713318, 0.015948938205838203, 0.1720857173204422, 0.5658636689186096, -0.7708307504653931, -0.15370242297649384, 0.589832067489624, -0.08338834345340729, 0.11054619401693344, 0.31230559945106506, -0.47786474227905273, 0.04049823060631752, -0.07193402200937271, 0.11784215271472931, 0.07095328718423843, -0.35107579827308655, 0.6918126344680786, 0.6086909174919128, -0.15424758195877075, -0.5808618664741516, 0.28683388233184814, 0.11074062436819077, -0.23325780034065247, -0.05594950541853905, 0.0718584731221199, 0.14814646542072296, -0.2486768215894699, 0.1180310994386673, -0.22881567478179932, 0.3845979571342468, 0.18774446845054626, 0.2666684091091156, 0.43346261978149414, 0.012425823137164116, 0.7820107340812683, -0.3024916648864746, 0.06244442239403725, -0.18345147371292114, 0.5955171585083008, -0.2387429177761078 ]
210781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenev%20%28surname%29	Kamenev (surname)	Kamenev (; masculine) or Kameneva (; feminine) is a common Russian surname. It may refer to: Lev Kamenev, Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician Lev Lvovich Kamenev, Russian landscape painter Olga Kameneva, Soviet politician, Lev Kamenev's wife and Leon Trotsky's sister Sergey Kamenev, Soviet military leader Gavriil Kamenev, Russian poet Vladislav Kamenev, Russian hockey player Alex Kamenev, Russian theoretical physicist Lieutenant Kamenev, an antagonist in As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me Piotr Ilyich Kamenev, the Premier of the Soviet Union in The Shoes of the Fisherman See also Kamenev Bight Kamenev Nunatak	[ 0.06638618558645248, 0.26678335666656494, -0.31275674700737, -0.2735709249973297, -0.7477265000343323, 0.8014026880264282, 1.0771753787994385, -0.1956896036863327, -0.23884375393390656, -0.169447660446167, -0.22410552203655243, 0.22809496521949768, -0.29309967160224915, 0.7219388484954834, -0.3630949556827545, 0.2974688708782196, 0.4014439880847931, 0.6378275752067566, -0.31863850355148315, -0.45676618814468384, 0.38841262459754944, -0.13089489936828613, 0.3001921474933624, -0.5155705809593201, -0.11653054505586624, 0.029386455193161964, 0.2325173020362854, 0.45766717195510864, -0.03886736184358597, 0.5771526098251343, -0.7808944582939148, 0.9284644722938538, 0.32502481341362, 0.5126472115516663, -0.12832129001617432, 0.0051827821880578995, 0.04576534405350685, -0.5082570314407349, -0.12192026525735855, -0.7828115820884705, 0.5117471218109131, -0.27807626128196716, -0.28567537665367126, 0.03797495737671852, -0.08651620894670486, -0.7982738018035889, -1.1321356296539307, 0.6612732410430908, -0.9294130206108093, -0.24479736387729645, -0.14703315496444702, -0.02688911184668541, 0.01957339607179165, 0.3220706582069397, -0.1912393718957901, 0.2773978114128113, -0.7912726998329163, -0.3931014835834503, 0.4566313326358795, 0.47940850257873535, 0.468225359916687, 0.4118603467941284, 0.40452373027801514, 0.3898121416568756, 0.6625931859016418, 0.27644994854927063, -0.03196487948298454, 0.42505428194999695, -0.5303483009338379, -0.1216408982872963, -0.4356776177883148, 0.20035497844219208, 0.5115706324577332, 0.2088579684495926, 0.0725279226899147, -0.09259838610887527, -0.48931971192359924, -0.24166226387023926, 0.46338918805122375, 0.40951070189476013, 0.10131396353244781, -0.26355743408203125, 0.05134505033493042, 0.3848968744277954, 0.11726879328489304, -0.11705917119979858, -0.5428041815757751, 0.07458986341953278, -0.40387314558029175, 0.2606228291988373, 0.14067181944847107, -0.019243493676185608, 0.534136176109314, 0.23454369604587555, 0.31669577956199646, 0.49335432052612305, -1.070227861404419, 0.2667805850505829, 0.16138862073421478, -0.04378797858953476, 0.14570443332195282, 0.10944008827209473, -0.048900485038757324, -0.18421818315982819, -0.589287281036377, -0.7117264270782471, -0.12050098925828934, 0.18193796277046204, 0.0973190888762474, -0.09911344945430756, -1.2703375816345215, 0.4287327527999878, 0.23053786158561707, 0.1044098362326622, -0.22698424756526947, 0.6075449585914612, 0.2364238053560257, -0.7604482769966125, -0.17347487807273865, 0.01712976023554802, -0.20426228642463684, 0.06625358015298843, -0.1739567071199417, 0.4020109474658966, 0.14090527594089508, 0.262536883354187, 0.31730255484580994, 0.6161572933197021, -0.3779642581939697, 0.5057172179222107, -0.46241897344589233, 0.6443455815315247, -0.18156413733959198, 0.3626691401004791, 0.03788909688591957, -0.5440022349357605, 0.11934221535921097, 0.32595759630203247, -0.09375559538602829, 0.1948639303445816, -1.1627068519592285, 0.06809943169355392, 0.033631451427936554, -0.08086010813713074, 0.5556544065475464, 0.31061166524887085, 0.16054636240005493, -0.028018685057759285, -0.154985249042511, 0.11085550487041473, 0.02412409894168377, -0.3536949157714844, 0.2787439823150635, -0.21590305864810944, -0.1481814831495285, 0.1815188229084015, 0.7026035189628601, -0.12222375720739365, 0.5372097492218018, -0.03780299052596092, 0.13340474665164948, -0.1013665720820427, 0.28103306889533997, 0.5759526491165161, 0.28308555483818054, -0.3528439998626709, 0.10819941014051437, 0.0014560185372829437, -0.18080151081085205, 0.40108731389045715, 0.057961348444223404, -0.2671498656272888, 0.002778257941827178, 0.014107688330113888, 0.3166387975215912, 0.20135782659053802, 0.45716801285743713, 0.14257553219795227, 0.15262560546398163, -0.75997394323349, -0.47865810990333557, -0.00015875333338044584, 0.19841021299362183, -0.311886191368103, -0.02866450883448124, 0.0053732674568891525, -0.09252771735191345, 0.09528367966413498, 0.10736750811338425, 0.14143960177898407, -0.34218987822532654, -0.09136151522397995, -0.022491304203867912, -0.23428966104984283, 0.8096132874488831, 0.0559273362159729, -0.25895383954048157, -0.2452879399061203, -0.2427719533443451, 0.7104036211967468, 0.24859465658664703, -0.6219367980957031, -0.15063989162445068, 0.32444170117378235, -0.2599338889122009, 0.42876261472702026, -0.06656957417726517, 0.26677578687667847, 0.04997415840625763, 0.7932994961738586, 0.670540988445282, -0.8000502586364746, 0.6084038615226746, -0.11908064037561417, -0.002294976031407714, 0.17275899648666382, -0.28200456500053406, 0.24973832070827484, -0.10294277220964432, -0.011311360634863377, 0.23668509721755981, -0.43208885192871094, 0.19210319221019745, 0.17383229732513428, -0.12127546966075897, 0.3448430597782135, 0.3921414911746979, 0.11451590806245804, -0.08920233696699142, -0.3724481165409088, 0.2244516760110855, 0.07390780746936798, 0.6326671838760376, 0.12767793238162994, -0.3280264437198639, -0.5167322754859924, 0.11004152148962021, -0.3980156481266022, 0.30577796697616577, -0.25431856513023376, -0.47691822052001953, 0.6383585333824158, 0.02931198477745056, 0.18595688045024872, 0.3860953748226166, -0.0940827801823616, -0.13019956648349762, -0.21523000299930573, -0.22404034435749054, -0.40620118379592896, 0.43032166361808777, -0.2261745035648346, 0.37825682759284973, -0.01796148531138897, 0.155146986246109, -0.00042563886381685734, 0.4949585199356079, 0.03808861970901489, -0.3874209225177765, 0.1442430019378662, -0.3613435626029968, 0.5762508511543274, 0.12554813921451569, 0.04296446591615677, -0.48544809222221375, -0.11471058428287506, 0.3966602087020874, -0.27442666888237, 0.5234196782112122, -0.061114296317100525, 0.1585761308670044, -0.3278319835662842, -0.8154909014701843, 0.2246125191450119, -0.17477430403232574, -0.7284563183784485, -0.32860690355300903, 0.5491278171539307, -0.5642352104187012, -0.4406777620315552, -0.041365426033735275, 0.7727288603782654, 0.2899475395679474, -0.3960047960281372, 0.1342308521270752, -0.8383755087852478, -0.4140275716781616, -0.09204518049955368, -0.10262523591518402, -0.7043935656547546, 0.09543288499116898, 0.2415131777524948, -0.4306125342845917, 0.3782033324241638, -0.16647706925868988, 0.11498528718948364, -0.07977327704429626, 0.2260085493326187, 0.48399779200553894, -0.13981157541275024, -0.5122125744819641, -0.15057148039340973, -0.21317806839942932, -0.4192383885383606, -0.055355269461870193, 0.14250324666500092, 0.23138445615768433, 0.36648422479629517, -5.591142177581787, 0.15886788070201874, -0.26071178913116455, -0.2065001130104065, 0.4269096553325653, 0.07317999005317688, 0.49565109610557556, -0.1680806279182434, 0.04848548024892807, 0.05748860910534859, -0.04981984198093414, -0.03120752051472664, 0.01457814872264862, 0.3936988413333893, 0.35353437066078186, -0.3103792667388916, 0.2226906716823578, -0.12949994206428528, 0.43921077251434326, -0.29273292422294617, 0.6280561685562134, 0.2941972017288208, -0.570046603679657, 0.4562315046787262, 0.3399059474468231, 0.8282780051231384, 0.3777001202106476, 0.10862886160612106, -1.0116792917251587, -0.5941187143325806, -0.2735042870044708, -0.1620735079050064, 0.12168040871620178, 0.04384711757302284, -0.07294961810112, -0.136613130569458, 0.4412877857685089, 0.6566311120986938, 0.400285929441452, -0.03986494243144989, -0.0037323953583836555, 0.030390499159693718, 0.15415014326572418, 0.24622872471809387, 0.6814254522323608, -0.5835587382316589, -0.2876618206501007, 0.5574028491973877, -0.2603985667228699, 0.10444686561822891, 0.39429593086242676, -0.15687339007854462, 0.497898668050766, 0.09309066087007523, 0.36882835626602173, 0.31636691093444824, 0.33829259872436523, 0.1848570704460144, -0.436968594789505, 0.8615997433662415, 0.050605155527591705, -0.05708639323711395, 0.2065838724374771, -1.0512837171554565, 0.7564586997032166, -0.544741153717041, -0.053713638335466385, -0.24379435181617737, -0.2548339366912842, -0.181949645280838, -0.3976633846759796, 1.0962625741958618, -0.26094332337379456, -0.9116033315658569, 0.7059541344642639, 0.057377345860004425, -0.4432181417942047, 0.1975080668926239, -0.6075607538223267, 0.0887736901640892, -0.5061897039413452, -0.8020110726356506, -0.6528202891349792, 0.5504341125488281, 0.20892034471035004, 0.11610357463359833, -0.43872788548469543, 0.5047082304954529, -0.27966442704200745, -0.03299646079540253, 0.8223891258239746, -0.43085989356040955, 0.7087600827217102, 0.2706284821033478, -0.29497987031936646, 0.8577293753623962, 0.14893490076065063, -0.17145578563213348, -0.15513892471790314, 0.1272469311952591, 0.0949862003326416, -0.07168324291706085, 0.06378167867660522, -0.4431498050689697, 0.08664334565401077, -0.4048410952091217, -0.42470261454582214, 0.14587785303592682, 1.151629090309143, -0.1241423562169075, 0.22541821002960205, -0.16753968596458435, -0.33020520210266113, -0.7392159104347229, 0.558394730091095, -0.3590325117111206, -0.17158173024654388, 0.6777003407478333, 0.3098706901073456, 0.5459387898445129, -0.03359561040997505, 0.1672343909740448, -0.4609467387199402, -0.31894367933273315, -0.27503520250320435, -0.4601364731788635, -0.043938782066106796, -0.4365968406200409, -0.34115728735923767, 0.3456384539604187, -0.08337748050689697, 0.477497935295105, -0.13848936557769775, -0.33063435554504395, -0.21564900875091553, 0.09154503792524338, -0.4541372060775757, -0.5291956067085266, -0.10272714495658875, -0.7555119395256042, 0.22075945138931274, -0.2669035792350769, -0.39981186389923096, 0.5159921050071716, 0.06810920685529709, 0.4591022729873657, 0.22641074657440186, -0.049933768808841705, -0.35013145208358765, 0.9043148756027222, 0.06452921032905579, -0.04294078052043915, -0.06402552127838135, -0.2066020965576172, -0.340175062417984, 0.23400162160396576, -0.014701271429657936, 0.22373832762241364, -0.4430026113986969, 0.27089136838912964, 0.03364277258515358, -0.15450386703014374, -0.9069461226463318, -0.12585696578025818, 0.15033699572086334, -0.5562307834625244, -0.7435179352760315, -0.6073186993598938, -0.21214808523654938, 1.163558006286621, -0.2652321457862854, -0.3502878248691559, -1.012413740158081, -0.40192294120788574, 0.12749117612838745, 0.25612759590148926, 0.4408915638923645, 0.2475644201040268, -0.2879566252231598, 0.02484321780502796, 0.624492347240448, 0.16587866842746735, -0.04619646817445755, 1.0530093908309937, 0.7551498413085938, -0.2799113094806671, -0.18315398693084717, 0.2917287349700928, -0.38520362973213196, -0.4150787591934204, -0.43026676774024963, -0.019216148182749748, -0.026617785915732384, -0.2598794102668762, -0.2252575159072876, -0.6537650227546692, 0.16474567353725433, 0.2452688068151474, 0.2514151334762573, -0.03975405916571617, 0.15837061405181885, 0.5870519280433655, -0.16835080087184906, 0.08630304038524628, 0.08340635895729065, -0.8861173987388611, 0.5836538672447205, 0.36519041657447815, -0.4937942922115326, -0.1683320701122284, -0.31278032064437866, -1.4766077995300293, -0.21362367272377014, 0.036803096532821655, -0.5075370073318481, -0.24406936764717102, 0.46930554509162903, -0.00898783653974533, -0.7354781031608582, -0.4712966978549957, -0.06238012760877609, -0.20602759718894958, -0.016173861920833588, -0.26238659024238586, -0.462561696767807, 0.09268305450677872, 0.21000421047210693, 0.4278751313686371, 0.2555387020111084, -0.6937054395675659, -0.16876652836799622, -0.09019950032234192, 0.09657943248748779, -0.09134973585605621, -0.3835444152355194, -0.4725813567638397, -0.042882658541202545, 0.026421599090099335, 0.16659030318260193, 0.29674404859542847, 0.6617891788482666, 0.5933408737182617, -0.2013052999973297, -0.5399782061576843, -0.11874158680438995, -0.18795697391033173, 0.30542683601379395, -0.7367359399795532, -0.22489289939403534, 0.7042705416679382, 0.1727118194103241, -0.2180565893650055, -1.1624081134796143, -0.17587585747241974, 0.9849405288696289, -0.5553935170173645, -0.10069900006055832, 0.1371111273765564, 0.21728840470314026, 0.40893176198005676, -0.28598350286483765, 0.3530716300010681, -0.3657887279987335, -0.12031716108322144, -0.35515978932380676, 0.43281885981559753, -0.5159935355186462, 0.49408915638923645, 0.12704433500766754, -0.4273848533630371, -0.11008749157190323, -0.7858905792236328, 0.345995157957077, 0.47527557611465454, -0.7713249921798706, 0.34222957491874695, 0.05861301347613335, -0.02455121837556362, -0.4175277650356293, -0.21551918983459473, -0.9217334389686584, 0.0436917245388031, 0.3103419840335846, -0.37233608961105347, -0.3800896406173706, -0.5261058211326599, 0.20288799703121185, -0.39995959401130676, -0.5423253774642944, 0.4682266414165497, -0.4228113293647766, -0.24225936830043793, -0.5540438294410706, 0.4891052842140198, -0.003627351950854063, -0.6211733222007751, 0.00952685996890068, 0.7949185371398926, 0.013864808715879917, 0.6745381355285645, -0.7616073489189148, 1.0013707876205444, 0.049007877707481384, -0.03526388108730316, 0.1105956882238388, 0.9638115167617798, 0.6024049520492554, -0.4370187819004059, 0.11336667090654373, 0.32350069284439087, 0.3672763705253601, 0.0200282521545887, 0.44448333978652954, 0.4917246401309967, -0.11668320745229721, -0.04845317825675011, 0.312837153673172, -0.3389812409877777, -0.2753758132457733, -0.5665054321289062, 0.6648610830307007, -0.15077152848243713, 0.2293563187122345, 0.3238569498062134, -0.693251371383667, 0.8294764161109924, 0.023429036140441895, -1.0393602848052979, 0.1747213900089264, 0.6330240368843079, 0.7144842743873596, 0.5452817678451538, -0.6323285102844238, 0.13472788035869598, -0.1402810513973236, -0.3811436593532562, -0.18103379011154175, -0.14211471378803253, -0.19307461380958557, 0.7554517984390259, 0.2645741403102875, 0.34174656867980957, -0.48736196756362915, 0.0663483589887619, 0.174815371632576, 0.353555828332901, 0.1573198437690735, 0.11471223086118698, 0.28664425015449524, -0.6339141726493835, 0.07791470736265182, -0.32089176774024963, -0.14493797719478607, -0.6503283381462097, -0.3833642303943634, 0.28259047865867615, -0.30121880769729614, -0.5097038149833679, -0.14838391542434692, 0.10022933036088943, 0.10859677940607071, -0.30270257592201233, -0.1657477617263794, -0.11856750398874283, -0.06893281638622284, -0.05918552353978157, 0.28058764338493347, -0.5646423101425171, -0.06709139049053192, 0.07778716832399368, 0.4735371470451355, 0.22797487676143646, -0.16622692346572876, 0.17850027978420258, 0.1783188432455063, 0.6022753715515137, 0.7116358876228333, -0.028590500354766846, 0.10401961207389832, -0.19988572597503662, -0.14848728477954865, 0.3244893550872803, -0.652561366558075, -0.5378550291061401, 0.07588169723749161, -0.4380245804786682, -0.39421987533569336, 0.11395657062530518, 0.4656273424625397, 0.19024524092674255, 0.33338403701782227, -0.2664685547351837, -0.1007554829120636, 0.5098150968551636, -0.6295475959777832, -0.0724262073636055, -0.5236231088638306, 0.35566967725753784, 0.2926846742630005, 0.46916326880455017, 0.1226300448179245, -0.0946984589099884, 0.030980326235294342, 0.35419321060180664, -0.5556374192237854, 0.3823230266571045, -0.467170774936676, -0.2282409518957138, -0.5008869171142578, 0.05318602919578552, 0.576451301574707, -0.513744592666626, -0.16366788744926453, 0.3356512188911438, -0.26379117369651794, -0.16778486967086792, 0.5473266243934631, -0.6972035765647888, 0.10913350433111191, -0.9711058139801025, 0.5517100095748901, -0.4701094925403595, 0.44739800691604614, 0.3019753098487854, -0.43070515990257263, -0.08459598571062088, 0.2995803654193878, -0.18687304854393005, -0.24677635729312897, -0.4024626910686493, -0.028422808274626732, 0.6567422151565552, -0.3246742784976959, -0.10701538622379303, -0.299185186624527, 0.34756824374198914, 0.6942869424819946, 1.000659465789795, 0.16664715111255646, 0.06484880298376083, 0.46975207328796387, -0.44638538360595703, 0.4230249226093292, 0.7405580282211304, 0.04938049241900444, 0.195556178689003, -0.836326539516449, -0.46627047657966614, -0.18554310500621796, -0.01997516117990017, 0.11651770770549774, 0.37715163826942444, 0.7554701566696167, -0.24520835280418396, 0.2680085599422455, -0.4071667790412903, 0.1662137359380722, -0.8462717533111572, 0.25632205605506897, -0.13742947578430176 ]
210782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern	Tern	Terns are seabirds in the family Laridae that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands. Terns are treated as a subgroup of the family Laridae which includes gulls and skimmers and consists of eleven genera. They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and relatively short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below, with a contrasting black cap to the head, but the marsh terns, the Inca tern, and some noddies have dark plumage for at least part of the year. The sexes are identical in appearance, but young birds are readily distinguishable from adults. Terns have a non-breeding plumage, which usually involves a white forehead and much-reduced black cap. Terns are long-lived birds and are relatively free from natural predators and parasites; most species are declining in numbers due directly or indirectly to human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, disturbance, and predation by introduced mammals. The Chinese crested tern is in a critical situation and three other species are classed as endangered. International agreements provide a measure of protection, but adults and eggs of some species are still used for food in the tropics. The eggs of two species are eaten in the West Indies because they are believed to have aphrodisiac properties. Description Terns range in size from the least tern, at in length and weighing , to the Caspian tern at , . They are longer-billed, lighter-bodied, and more streamlined than gulls, and their long tails and long narrow wings give them an elegance in flight. Male and female plumages are identical, although the male can be 2–5% larger than the female and often has a relatively larger bill. Sea terns have deeply forked tails, and at least a shallow "V" is shown by all other species. The noddies (genera Anous, Procelsterna and Gygis) have unusual notched-wedge shaped tails, the longest tail feathers being the middle-outer, rather than the central or outermost. Although their legs are short, terns can run well. They rarely swim, despite having webbed feet, usually landing on water only to bathe. The majority of sea terns have light grey or white body plumage as adults, with a black cap to the head. The legs and bill are various combinations of red, orange, yellow, or black depending on species. The pale plumage is conspicuous from a distance at sea, and may attract other birds to a good feeding area for these fish-eating species. When seen against the sky, the white underparts also help to hide the hunting bird from its intended prey. The Inca tern has mainly dark plumage, and three species that mainly eat insects, the black tern, white-winged tern, and black-bellied tern, have black underparts in the breeding season. The Anous noddies have dark plumage with a pale head cap. The reason for their dark plumage is unknown, but it has been suggested that in tropical areas, where food resources are scarce, the less conspicuous colouration makes it harder for other noddies to detect a feeding bird. Plumage type, especially the head pattern, is linked to the phylogeny of the terns, and the pale-capped, dark-bodied noddies are believed to have diverged earlier than the other genera from an ancestral white-headed gull, followed by the partially black-headed Onychoprion and Sternula groupings. Juvenile terns typically have brown- or yellow-tinged upperparts, and the feathers have dark edges that give the plumage a scaly appearance. They have dark bands on the wings and short tails. In most species, the subsequent moult does not start until after migration, the plumage then becoming more like the adult, but with some retained juvenile feathers and a white forehead with only a partial dark cap. By the second summer, the appearance is very like the adult, and full mature plumage is usually attained by the third year. After breeding, terns moult into a winter plumage, typically showing a white forehead. Heavily worn or aberrant plumages such as melanism and albinism are much rarer in terns than in gulls. Voice Terns have a wide repertoire of vocalisations. For example, the common tern has a distinctive alarm, kee-yah, also used as a warning to intruders, and a shorter kyar, given as an individual takes flight in response to a more serious threat; this quietens the usually noisy colony while its residents assess the danger. Other calls include a down-slurred keeur given when an adult is approaching the nest with a fish, and a kip uttered during social contact. Parents and chicks can locate one another by call, and siblings also recognise each other's vocalisations from about the twelfth day after hatching, which helps to keep the brood together. Vocal differences reinforce species separation between closely related birds such as the least and little terns, and can help humans distinguish similar species, such as common and Arctic terns, since flight calls are unique to each species. Taxonomy The bird order Charadriiformes contains 18 coastal seabird and wader families. Within the order, the terns form a lineage with the gulls, and, less closely, with the skimmers, skuas, and auks. Early authors such as Conrad Gessner, Francis Willughby, and William Turner did not clearly separate terns from gulls, but Linnaeus recognised the distinction in his 1758 Systema Naturae, placing the gulls in the genus Larus and the terns in Sterna. He gave Sterna the description rostrum subulatum, "awl-shaped bill", referring to the long, pointed bills typical of this group of birds, a feature that distinguishes them from the thicker-billed gulls. Behaviour and morphology suggest that the terns are more closely related to the gulls than to the skimmers or skuas, and although Charles Lucien Bonaparte created the family Sternidae for the terns in 1838, for many years they were considered to be a subfamily, Sterninae, of the gull family, Laridae. Relationships between various tern species, and between the terns and the other Charadriiformes, were formerly difficult to resolve because of a poor fossil record and the misidentification of some finds. Following genetic research in the early twenty-first century, the terns were historically treated as a separate family: Sternidae. Most terns were formerly treated as belonging to one large genus, Sterna, with just a few dark species placed in other genera; in 1959, only the noddies and the Inca tern were excluded from Sterna. A recent analysis of DNA sequences supported the splitting of Sterna into several smaller genera. One study of part of the cytochrome b gene sequence found a close relationship between terns and a group of waders in the suborder Thinocori. These results are in disagreement with other molecular and morphological studies, and have been interpreted as showing either a large degree of molecular convergent evolution between the terns and these waders, or the retention of an ancient genotype. The word "stearn" was used for these birds in Old English as early as the eighth century, and appears in the poem The Seafarer, written in the ninth century or earlier. Variants such as "tearn" occurred by the eleventh century, although the older form lingered on in Norfolk dialect for several centuries. As now, the term was used for the inland black tern as well as the marine species. Some authorities consider "tearn" and similar forms to be variants of "stearn", while others derive the English words from Scandinavian equivalents such as Danish and Norwegian terne or Swedish tärna, and ultimately from Old Norse þerna. Linnaeus adopted "stearn" or "sterna" (which the naturalist William Turner had used in 1544 as a Latinisation of an English word, presumably "stern", for the black tern) or a North Germanic equivalent for his genus name Sterna. Species The cladogram shows the relationships between the tern genera, and the currently recognised species, based on mitochondrial DNA studies, are listed below: In addition to extant species, the fossil record includes a Miocene palaeospecies, Sterna milne-edwardsii. The genera Anous, Procelsterna and Gygis are collectively known as noddies, the Chlidonias species are the marsh terns, and all other species comprise the sea terns. Distribution and habitat Terns have a worldwide distribution, breeding on all continents including Antarctica. The northernmost and southernmost breeders are the Arctic tern and Antarctic tern respectively. Many terns breeding in temperate zones are long-distance migrants, and the Arctic tern probably sees more annual daylight than any other animal as it migrates from its northern breeding grounds to Antarctic waters, a return journey of more than . A common tern that hatched in Sweden and was found dead five months later on Stewart Island, New Zealand, must have flown at least . Actual flight distances are, of course, much greater than the shortest possible route. Arctic terns from Greenland were shown by radio geolocation to average on their annual migrations. Most terns breed on open sandy or rocky areas on coasts and islands. The yellow-billed, large-billed, and black-fronted terns breed only on rivers, and common, least and little terns also sometimes use inland locations. The marsh terns, Trudeau's tern and some Forster's terns nest in inland marshes. The black noddy and the white tern nest above ground level on cliffs or in trees. Migratory terns move to the coast after breeding, and most species winter near land, although some marine species, like the Aleutian tern, may wander far from land. The sooty tern is entirely oceanic when not breeding, and healthy young birds are not seen on land for up to five years after fledging until they return to breed. They lack waterproof plumage, so they cannot rest on the sea. Where they spend the years prior to breeding is unknown. Behaviour The terns are birds of open habitats that typically breed in noisy colonies and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns construct floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices. The white tern, uniquely, lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. Depending on the species, one to three eggs make up the clutch. Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns will supplement their diet with small land vertebrates. Many terns are long-distance migrants, and the Arctic tern may see more daylight in a year than any other animal. Breeding Terns are normally monogamous, although trios or female-female pairings have been observed in at least three species. Most terns breed annually and at the same time of year, but some tropical species may nest at intervals shorter than 12 months or asynchronously. Most terns become sexually mature when aged three, although some small species may breed in their second year. Some large sea terns, including the sooty and bridled terns, are four or older when they first breed. Terns normally breed in colonies, and are site-faithful if their habitat is sufficiently stable. A few species nest in small or dispersed groups, but most breed in colonies of up to a few hundred pairs, often alongside other seabirds such as gulls or skimmers. Large tern species tend to form larger colonies, which in the case of the sooty tern can contain up to two million pairs. Large species nest very close together and sit tightly, making it difficult for aerial predators to land among them. Smaller species are less closely packed and mob intruders. Peruvian and Damara terns have small dispersed colonies and rely on the cryptic plumage of the eggs and young for protection. The male selects a territory, which he defends against conspecifics, and re-establishes a pair bond with his mate or attracts a new female if necessary. Courtship involves ritualised flight and ground displays, and the male often presents a fish to his partner. Most species have little or no nest, laying the eggs onto bare ground, but Trudeau's tern, Forster's tern and the marsh terns construct floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats. Black and lesser noddies build nests of twigs, feathers and excreta on tree branches, and brown, blue, and grey noddies make rough platforms of grass and seaweed on cliff ledges, in cavities or on other rocky surfaces. The Inca tern nests in crevices, caves and disused burrows, such as that of a Humboldt penguin. The white tern is unique in that it lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. Tropical species usually lay just one egg, but two or three is typical in cooler regions if there is an adequate food supply. The time taken to complete the clutch varies, but for temperate species incubation takes 21–28 days. The eggs of most gulls and terns are brown with dark splotches, so they are difficult for predators to spot on the beach. The precocial chicks fledge in about four weeks after hatching. Tropical species take longer because of the poorer food supply. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks, although the female does more incubating and less fishing than her partner. Young birds migrate with the adults. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with individuals typically returning for 7–10 breeding seasons. Maximum known ages include 34 for an Arctic tern and 32 for a sooty. Although several other species are known to live in captivity for up to 20 years, their greatest recorded ages are underestimates because the birds can outlive their rings. Interbreeding between tern species is rare, and involves closely related species when it occurs. Hybrids recorded include common tern with roseate, Sandwich with lesser-crested, and black with white-winged. Feeding Most terns hunt fish by diving, often hovering first, and the particular approach technique used can help to distinguish similar species at a distance. Sea terns often hunt in association with porpoises or predatory fish, such as bluefish, tuna or bonitos, since these large marine animals drive the prey to the surface. Sooty terns feed at night as the fish rise to the surface, and are believed to sleep on the wing since they become waterlogged easily. Terns of several species will feed on invertebrates, following the plough or hunting on foot on mudflats. The marsh terns normally catch insects in the air or pick them off the surface of fresh water. Other species will sometimes use these techniques if the opportunity arises. An individual tern's foraging efficiency increases with its age. The gull-billed tern is an opportunist predator, taking a wide variety of prey from marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Depending on what is available it will eat small crabs, fish, crayfish, grasshoppers and other large insects, lizards and amphibians. Warm-blooded prey includes mice and the eggs and chicks of other beach-breeding birds; least terns, little terns and members of its own species may be victims. The greater crested tern will also occasionally catch unusual vertebrate species such as agamid lizards and green sea turtle hatchlings, and follows trawlers for discards. The eyes of terns cannot accommodate under water, so they rely on accurate sighting from the air before they plunge-dive. Like other seabirds that feed at the surface or dive for food, terns have red oil droplets in the cones of their retinas; birds that have to look through an air/water interface have more deeply coloured carotenoid pigments in the oil drops than other species. The pigment also improves visual contrast and sharpens distance vision, especially in hazy conditions, and helps terns to locate shoals of fish, although it is uncertain whether they are sighting the phytoplankton on which the fish feed, or other feeding birds. The red colouring reduces ultraviolet sensitivity, which in any case is an adaptation more suited to terrestrial feeders like the gulls, and this protects the eye from UV damage. Predators and parasites The inaccessibility of many tern colonies gave them a measure of protection from mammalian predators, especially on islands, but introduced species brought by humans can seriously affect breeding birds. These can be predators such as foxes, raccoons, cats and rats, or animals that destroy the habitat, including rabbits, goats and pigs. Problems arise not only on formerly mammal-free islands, as in New Zealand, but also where an alien carnivore, such as the American mink in Scotland, presents an unfamiliar threat. Adult terns may be hunted by owls and raptors, and their chicks and eggs may be taken by herons, crows or gulls. Less obvious nest predators include ruddy turnstones in the Arctic, and gull-billed terns in little tern colonies. Adults may be robbed of their catch by avian kleptoparasites such as frigatebirds, skuas, other terns or large gulls. External parasites include chewing lice of the genus Saemundssonia, feather lice and fleas such as Ceratophyllus borealis. Lice are often host specific, and the closely related common and Arctic terns carry quite different species. Internal parasites include the crustacean Reighardia sternae, and tapeworms such as Ligula intestinalis and members of the genera Diphyllobothrium and Schistocephalus. Terns are normally free of blood parasites, unlike gulls that often carry Haemoproteus species. An exception is the brown noddy, which sometimes harbours protozoa of that genus. In 1961 the common tern was the first wild bird species identified as being infected with avian influenza, the H5N3 variant being found in an outbreak involving South African birds. Several species of terns have been implicated as carriers of West Nile virus. Relationships with humans Terns and their eggs have long been eaten by humans and island colonies were raided by sailors on long voyages since the eggs or large chicks were an easily obtained source of protein. Eggs are still illegally harvested in southern Europe, and adults of wintering birds are taken as food in West Africa and South America. The roseate tern is significantly affected by this hunting, with adult survival 10% lower than would otherwise be expected. In the West Indies, the eggs of roseate and sooty terns are believed to be aphrodisiacs, and are disproportionately targeted by egg collectors. Tern skins and feathers have long been used for making items of clothing such as capes and hats, and this became a large-scale activity in the second half of the nineteenth century when it became fashionable to use feathers in hatmaking. This trend started in Europe but soon spread to the Americas and Australia. White was the preferred colour, and sometimes wings or entire birds were used. Terns have sometimes benefited from human activities, following the plough or fishing boats for easy food supplies, although some birds get trapped in nets or swallow plastic. Fishermen looked for feeding tern flocks, since the birds could lead them to fish shoals. Overfishing of small fish such as sand eels can lead to steep declines in the colonies relying on these prey items. More generally, the loss or disruption to tern colonies caused by human activities has caused declines in many species. Pollution has been a problem in some areas, and in the 1960s and 1970s DDT caused egg loss through thinning of the shells. In the 1980s, organochlorides caused severe declines in the Great Lakes area of the US. Because of their sensitivity to pollutants, terns are sometimes used as indicators of contamination levels. Habitat enhancements used to increase the breeding success of terns include floating nest platforms for black, common and Caspian terns, and artificial islands created for a number of different species. More specialised interventions include providing nest boxes for roseate terns, which normally nest in the shelter of tallish vegetation, and using artificial eelgrass mats to encourage common terns to nest in areas not vulnerable to flooding. Conservation status A number of terns face serious threats, and the Chinese crested tern is classed as "critically endangered" by BirdLife International. It has a population of fewer than 50 birds and a breeding range of just 9 km2 (3.5 mi2). It is declining due to egg collection, human disturbance and the loss of coastal wetlands in China. Three other species are categorised as "endangered", with declining populations of less than 10,000 birds. The South Asian black-bellied tern is threatened by habitat loss, egg collecting for food, pollution and predation. In New Zealand, the black-fronted tern is facing a rapid fall in numbers due to predation by introduced mammals and Australian magpies. Disturbance by cattle and sheep and by human activities is also a factor. The Peruvian tern was initially damaged by the collapse of anchoveta stocks in 1972, but breeding colonies have subsequently been lost due to building, disturbance and pollution in their coastal wetlands. The Australasian fairy tern is described as "vulnerable". Disturbance by humans, dogs and vehicles, predation by introduced species and inappropriate water level management in South Australia are the main reasons for its decline. Five species are "near threatened", indicating less severe concerns or only potential vulnerability. The elegant tern is so categorised because 95% of the population breeds on one island, Isla Rasa in the Gulf of California, and the Kerguelen tern has a population of less than 5,000 adults breeding on small and often stormy islands in the southern Indian Ocean. Three species, the Inca, Damara, and river terns, are expected to decline in the future due to habitat loss and disturbance. Some tern subspecies are endangered, including the California least tern and the Easter Island race of the grey noddy. Most tern species are declining in numbers due to the loss or disturbance of breeding habitat, pollution and increased predation. Gull populations have increased over the last century because of reduced persecution and the availability of food from human activities, and terns have been forced out of many traditional nesting areas by the larger birds. A few species are defying the trend and showing local increases, including the Arctic tern in Scandinavia, Forster's tern around the Great Lakes, the Sandwich tern in eastern North America and its yellow-billed subspecies, the Cayenne tern, in the Caribbean. Terns are protected by international legislation such as the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) and the US-Canada Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Parties to the AWEA agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan. The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and habitat conservation, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation. The North American legislation is similar, although there is a greater emphasis on protection. See also Seabird breeding behavior References Cited texts External links Tern videos on the Internet Bird Collection Extant Miocene first appearances Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte	[ 0.1463414579629898, -0.6288923025131226, -0.612386167049408, -0.3057154417037964, 0.14341586828231812, 0.787809431552887, 0.3518935441970825, 0.4386434853076935, -0.6923805475234985, -0.0477762408554554, -0.24241100251674652, 0.37698444724082947, -0.31590521335601807, -0.019221775233745575, -0.16990551352500916, 0.8682228922843933, 0.487210750579834, 0.08063910156488419, 0.4879201054573059, -0.20595619082450867, -0.6174997091293335, -0.29785576462745667, 0.704318106174469, -0.9149791598320007, 0.6872209310531616, -0.34601056575775146, 0.13974766433238983, 0.7052388787269592, 0.11484124511480331, 0.34770217537879944, 0.2010757476091385, 0.7884759902954102, 0.12493258714675903, 0.07686831057071686, 0.013865528628230095, -0.06487898528575897, -0.4017921984195709, -0.3175463080406189, -0.4390268921852112, -0.819991409778595, 0.27031585574150085, -0.32977479696273804, 0.2994440495967865, 0.0409131795167923, -0.6392045021057129, -0.0026423027738928795, -0.9712855815887451, 0.4046717584133148, 0.24790677428245544, 0.6683388352394104, -0.3180485963821411, 0.49655017256736755, 0.04669176787137985, 0.3510969579219818, 0.36541226506233215, 0.6310446262359619, -0.7106059789657593, -0.199173703789711, -0.27838584780693054, -0.5743738412857056, -0.006781270727515221, 0.6655646562576294, -0.09476882964372635, 0.060391511768102646, -0.07042163610458374, 0.2530685067176819, 0.43105340003967285, 0.15952196717262268, -0.44265878200531006, -0.44837117195129395, 0.20532599091529846, -0.32471874356269836, -0.26600536704063416, 0.5565682053565979, -0.7548907399177551, -0.3709529638290405, 0.22185787558555603, 0.1960943341255188, 0.36151519417762756, -0.08133535832166672, 0.4969732165336609, 0.6815988421440125, 0.7297356724739075, -0.004183663520962, 0.3896539807319641, -0.3360288143157959, -0.5000301003456116, 0.36969658732414246, -0.5768712759017944, 0.10794569551944733, 0.05592481791973114, -0.26737451553344727, 0.30331116914749146, 0.07459151744842529, -0.21914589405059814, -0.624476969242096, -0.17771652340888977, -0.11562070995569229, 0.4402378797531128, -0.18937814235687256, -0.47652557492256165, 0.43477800488471985, 0.4727229177951813, 0.44616323709487915, -0.7905758023262024, 0.3482019007205963, -0.12943200767040253, -0.6291330456733704, 0.20034943521022797, 0.3571109175682068, -0.2338496595621109, -0.3068688213825226, -0.29855164885520935, 0.012752356939017773, -0.192307248711586, 0.7856788635253906, 0.10274990648031235, -0.07027887552976608, -0.2448451817035675, -0.19883185625076294, 0.6930845975875854, 0.5096892714500427, -0.1908777356147766, 0.22882552444934845, -0.0728863775730133, 0.37222766876220703, 0.8399529457092285, 0.33871349692344666, -0.5893667340278625, -0.40576866269111633, 0.9548788070678711, 0.9159467220306396, -0.6168295741081238, 0.20656521618366241, 0.08170446008443832, -0.20706282556056976, 0.059594523161649704, -0.5886152982711792, 0.5323060750961304, 0.7947201728820801, -1.0443154573440552, -0.025904662907123566, -0.2624567151069641, -0.135548397898674, 0.4307940602302551, 0.4164409637451172, 0.1252678781747818, -0.5991918444633484, -0.6712319254875183, -0.4995211362838745, 0.15208680927753448, 0.29560574889183044, -0.30141758918762207, -0.629228949546814, -0.4914397895336151, -0.5537314414978027, 0.4866960942745209, -0.04195982962846756, 0.4863887131214142, 0.06375641375780106, -0.4202722907066345, 0.3621983528137207, -0.45661288499832153, -0.1264398992061615, 0.030197417363524437, -0.319648414850235, -0.524742603302002, 0.8161730170249939, -0.420594185590744, 0.1206335797905922, -0.19150787591934204, 0.3675941228866577, 0.851033627986908, 0.07098761945962906, -0.3737323582172394, -0.5711292028427124, -0.1304500848054886, 0.22746868431568146, 0.6359756588935852, -0.139030322432518, -0.7387534379959106, 0.12845474481582642, 0.6709457039833069, -0.4528019428253174, 0.09852717816829681, -0.3064529001712799, 0.31427252292633057, 0.2262442260980606, 0.10418969392776489, -0.049670808017253876, -0.7495586276054382, -0.30842551589012146, 0.19027501344680786, -0.09733907133340836, 0.6542023420333862, 0.10101452469825745, -0.28307950496673584, 0.3052506446838379, -0.2810230851173401, 0.2416612058877945, -0.5468803644180298, -0.005431813187897205, 0.7348735332489014, -0.15833580493927002, -1.483098030090332, 0.19210852682590485, -0.06483283638954163, -0.015265029855072498, 0.06514783203601837, 0.2769368290901184, -0.571345865726471, 0.03182023763656616, 0.07590679824352264, 0.1276976317167282, -0.27779003977775574, -0.3788924515247345, -0.6852093935012817, 0.27570515871047974, 0.4333208203315735, -0.8109384775161743, 0.786065936088562, 0.1600034534931183, -0.15858715772628784, 0.44947078824043274, -0.02083398401737213, 0.5098207592964172, 0.21120667457580566, -0.501416802406311, 0.061083946377038956, 0.13728848099708557, -0.21563942730426788, -0.1983223706483841, -0.09496618807315826, -0.5910701155662537, -0.6851491332054138, 0.7220153212547302, 0.16670742630958557, -0.09966696053743362, 0.050974369049072266, 0.06736915558576584, 0.1830388605594635, -0.07490260899066925, -0.05611541122198105, 0.16665859520435333, 0.02079305425286293, 0.03035951964557171, 0.1251300871372223, 0.2055324912071228, -0.1396326869726181, 0.0044626351445913315, 0.06625397503376007, 0.7891964912414551, 0.12733779847621918, -0.5948572754859924, -0.4493997097015381, 0.45364099740982056, 0.308721125125885, 0.4811391830444336, 0.39648011326789856, 0.29251039028167725, -0.5300106406211853, 0.16877391934394836, -0.3021489083766937, 0.17317117750644684, -0.4243417978286743, -0.8663365244865417, -0.16322550177574158, -0.32665374875068665, 1.1980060338974, 0.1538291722536087, 0.20871174335479736, -0.031421467661857605, -0.24871769547462463, 0.14068308472633362, -0.2919878661632538, -0.2691775858402252, -0.1205587312579155, -0.809243381023407, -0.14315973222255707, -0.2842502295970917, 0.3707221746444702, 0.6623508334159851, 0.31006479263305664, -0.7055021524429321, -0.13914485275745392, -0.02019057795405388, 0.6975435614585876, -0.45858311653137207, -0.3741823434829712, -0.5070423483848572, -0.23730963468551636, -0.38928812742233276, -0.4781278371810913, 0.5416170954704285, -0.8387284278869629, -0.2956065833568573, 0.2110673189163208, 0.7461657524108887, 0.1389249712228775, -0.3871130645275116, -0.1910693645477295, 0.23456574976444244, 0.21902501583099365, 0.3147817552089691, 0.3538239598274231, -0.5517393350601196, 0.004864578600972891, 0.42381301522254944, -5.390753269195557, -0.23685000836849213, 0.051784075796604156, 0.04045442119240761, -0.06554947793483734, 0.5762150287628174, 0.09780603647232056, -0.44340071082115173, -0.10364776104688644, 0.12957710027694702, 0.46821093559265137, 0.19201189279556274, -0.04273298382759094, 0.35376232862472534, 0.9527572393417358, -0.3303013741970062, -0.4314827024936676, 0.06419677287340164, 0.1892957091331482, 0.1687196046113968, 0.003815045114606619, 0.034680869430303574, 0.06131855025887489, 0.7682599425315857, -0.03854327276349068, -0.0450754277408123, 0.10106419771909714, -0.781408965587616, -0.3607323169708252, -0.3469628393650055, -0.6276045441627502, -0.03780241683125496, -0.1176370307803154, -0.09457895904779434, -0.1734263300895691, -0.23760578036308289, 0.380890816450119, 0.1790447235107422, 0.3414280414581299, -0.44758662581443787, -0.2210175096988678, -0.10427679866552353, 0.0512460358440876, -0.23268599808216095, 0.3187604546546936, -0.10634587705135345, 0.1719152182340622, -0.12074808031320572, -0.11218691617250443, 0.7910563945770264, -0.03689282387495041, -0.07076456397771835, 0.7519727349281311, 0.15424470603466034, 0.012214895337820053, -0.21647398173809052, -0.4274689257144928, 0.25404030084609985, -0.15110155940055847, 0.1864570528268814, 0.45933791995048523, -0.05980003997683525, -0.17010653018951416, -0.5448559522628784, -0.11462577432394028, 0.3867214620113373, -0.4762720763683319, -0.04184526205062866, 0.5915011763572693, -0.19003751873970032, -0.13292111456394196, -0.10791631042957306, -0.4613409638404846, -0.8624352216720581, 0.5217092633247375, -0.5336790680885315, -0.13457243144512177, -0.18219363689422607, 0.2007276713848114, 0.19356773793697357, 0.3503473103046417, -0.9024134278297424, -0.04838302358984947, 0.2270248830318451, -0.1592015027999878, -1.5829347372055054, -0.4794836938381195, -0.3605644702911377, -0.05616101622581482, -0.35596510767936707, 0.3910621106624603, -0.7070581912994385, -0.03266548365354538, 0.009326780214905739, 1.1261100769042969, 0.7485849857330322, 0.2874774634838104, 0.13098672032356262, 0.4852391481399536, -0.019679607823491096, 1.1220464706420898, 0.5675568580627441, 0.6597861051559448, -0.22072729468345642, 0.13593173027038574, -0.693250298500061, 0.18263225257396698, 0.49453824758529663, 0.5281856656074524, 0.023060493171215057, 0.6132408380508423, -1.0031459331512451, -0.33601874113082886, 0.3721557557582855, -0.49328288435935974, 0.4690837860107422, 0.04376331344246864, -0.18891917169094086, 0.6413376927375793, 0.1391262263059616, -0.044060830026865005, -0.15356683731079102, -0.5415340065956116, 0.0868053138256073, -0.15224553644657135, -0.6473022103309631, 0.3097441494464874, 0.46278631687164307, -0.903429388999939, -0.32162827253341675, 0.34407883882522583, 0.1107836663722992, -0.15400411188602448, -0.9304225444793701, 0.11517104506492615, 0.1775960922241211, 0.3195039927959442, 0.20381970703601837, 0.3693065047264099, -0.2420116662979126, -0.7093817591667175, -0.27314943075180054, -0.13786976039409637, 0.28132957220077515, 0.4689892530441284, 0.7060568928718567, -0.5033969283103943, -0.9691870212554932, 0.5219111442565918, 0.7100215554237366, 0.15046636760234833, -0.019301149994134903, 0.028244854882359505, -0.26777100563049316, 0.6972008943557739, -0.9992372393608093, 0.3191806375980377, -0.06795676797628403, -0.24701718986034393, -0.11650028824806213, -0.49116626381874084, -0.2998402416706085, -0.9685130715370178, -0.18954823911190033, -0.019628185778856277, -0.013388591818511486, -0.5296602845191956, -0.3277861177921295, 0.445629358291626, 0.18362250924110413, -0.02870235964655876, -0.11270996928215027, -0.24829015135765076, 0.5732457041740417, -0.18297162652015686, -0.19800163805484772, -0.19854943454265594, -0.1970226913690567, -0.4569631516933441, 0.10302595049142838, 0.009468593634665012, 0.07731396704912186, 0.1054517850279808, 0.21854493021965027, 0.6792864203453064, -0.6378881335258484, 0.14112216234207153, 0.16135986149311066, 0.16895483434200287, 0.37933388352394104, 0.35664790868759155, 0.4164276421070099, 0.16583164036273956, 0.20134960114955902, -0.6809555292129517, 0.05064887925982475, 0.11462816596031189, 1.3578035831451416, 0.15200717747211456, -0.35075023770332336, -0.1109142005443573, 0.12820135056972504, -0.21753591299057007, 0.01563725620508194, -0.2595653533935547, -0.5500819683074951, 0.6753576993942261, 0.15256014466285706, -0.46448832750320435, 0.4065572917461395, -0.6617869734764099, -0.04848729446530342, 0.3237028121948242, 0.7825953960418701, -0.5826151371002197, 0.22790172696113586, -0.4710570275783539, 0.254926472902298, -0.10413142293691635, 0.10897485166788101, -0.377093106508255, -0.31284186244010925, 0.1543678492307663, -0.24856610596179962, -0.8819283843040466, -0.24659742414951324, 0.12002101540565491, -0.25732308626174927, -0.013949883170425892, -0.7323870062828064, 0.3713604807853699, -0.10109537839889526, 0.04503658413887024, -0.3899277448654175, 0.2517368197441101, -0.06521251052618027, 0.25965404510498047, -0.2857304811477661, 0.1534731537103653, 0.42789068818092346, 0.6492971181869507, 0.9018120169639587, 0.2361454963684082, 0.3560941815376282, -0.1610824167728424, 0.29528942704200745, 0.06249859556555748, -0.44006088376045227, -0.9978101849555969, -0.6469675898551941, 0.22075113654136658, 0.2605401277542114, 0.2939662039279938, 0.2332250475883484, 0.38389500975608826, -0.24100887775421143, -0.12865476310253143, 0.06998195499181747, 0.04158035293221474, 0.16839168965816498, 0.5130730867385864, 0.0439513623714447, -0.8064861297607422, 0.472448468208313, 0.6897579431533813, -0.5319576859474182, -1.0350269079208374, -0.0007181013934314251, -0.024867963045835495, 0.030894357711076736, 0.689445972442627, 0.15452876687049866, 0.16330109536647797, 0.18835651874542236, 0.2893248200416565, 0.47118884325027466, -0.040612079203128815, -0.9511469602584839, 0.2465876042842865, 0.2457790970802307, -0.43471598625183105, 0.09345738589763641, -0.06471015512943268, -0.18544776737689972, -0.17293070256710052, -0.46455326676368713, -0.2981818914413452, -0.2314576506614685, -0.16069355607032776, -0.6233229041099548, -0.06640426069498062, -0.1324581801891327, -0.004884311929345131, -0.09032205492258072, 0.09065695106983185, 0.2510852813720703, -0.2566455602645874, 0.2453339844942093, -0.17766675353050232, 0.016306033357977867, -1.0410040616989136, -0.12320983409881592, -0.2974807322025299, -0.7938604950904846, 0.4122311472892761, -0.4373258650302887, -0.0004123945545870811, 0.29235395789146423, -0.5483339428901672, 0.08153855055570602, 0.30620548129081726, -0.21779155731201172, -0.19966524839401245, 0.48710623383522034, -0.24784493446350098, 0.4358590245246887, -0.1662643402814865, -0.9711170792579651, 0.9361578822135925, 0.8067811727523804, 0.015137813054025173, 0.03068387694656849, 0.31749778985977173, 0.8382051587104797, -0.39822646975517273, 0.4145181179046631, -0.5276232957839966, -0.1192367821931839, 0.5698007941246033, 0.1736273467540741, 0.4799650311470032, 0.2728003263473511, -0.5620800256729126, 0.10842714458703995, 0.09566019475460052, -0.6456258296966553, 0.20902876555919647, -0.1480950266122818, -0.40990349650382996, 0.8078373670578003, 1.2772704362869263, -0.15392404794692993, 0.4068790674209595, 0.20856402814388275, 0.024017829447984695, 0.19648754596710205, -0.062035322189331055, 0.35267946124076843, 0.07827889919281006, -0.3354218304157257, 0.286727637052536, 0.18662062287330627, 0.8146076798439026, -0.4577750265598297, 0.21448104083538055, 0.4247044324874878, -0.32155540585517883, 0.2771757245063782, -0.23697248101234436, -0.11538554728031158, -0.07096308469772339, 0.40767577290534973, -0.27687394618988037, -0.18304391205310822, -0.961461067199707, 0.3967519998550415, -0.4453068971633911, -0.3922163248062134, -0.18861471116542816, 0.06816841661930084, 0.092647023499012, 0.7878699898719788, -0.28600144386291504, -0.146598219871521, -0.0593423917889595, -0.28068169951438904, -0.06828567385673523, 0.5049710869789124, 0.049013517796993256, -0.3990001380443573, -0.8212798833847046, -0.08207881450653076, 0.4317268133163452, -0.70916748046875, 0.0042637186124920845, 0.14865705370903015, -0.08749042451381683, -0.13237115740776062, -0.5962239503860474, 0.31785571575164795, -0.07389417290687561, -0.5689356923103333, 0.12335619330406189, 0.4550487697124481, -0.4010109305381775, -0.5331072211265564, 0.3081585466861725, 0.9253755211830139, 0.3631436228752136, -0.32546788454055786, 0.38107505440711975, -0.008026464842259884, 0.17373906075954437, 0.38750213384628296, -0.43116942048072815, -0.0058514392003417015, -0.2860787510871887, -0.44862493872642517, -0.4860419034957886, 0.7082282900810242, 1.2402102947235107, 0.5727871656417847, -0.15985111892223358, -0.06488638371229172, 0.22267037630081177, 0.16980847716331482, 0.6205512881278992, -0.0034653078764677048, 0.4346683919429779, -0.040418583899736404, 0.1261124461889267, -0.03898196294903755, 0.07268662750720978, -0.179840087890625, 0.24538546800613403, 0.17019963264465332, 0.10103122144937515, -0.12813444435596466, -0.8781894445419312, 0.5582143068313599, -0.714382529258728, 0.7429352402687073, -0.4659700393676758, 0.2458776980638504, -0.10298096388578415, -0.6043851971626282, 0.252150297164917, -0.4199683666229248, 0.5038613677024841, 0.013258111663162708, 0.1933823972940445, 0.1833954155445099, 0.31983959674835205, -0.43109533190727234, 0.3515636920928955, 0.05698743090033531, 0.6810047030448914, -0.714099109172821, -0.6195210814476013, -0.011633581481873989, 0.5893491506576538, -0.6969403028488159, -0.32937997579574585, -0.10039915889501572, -0.525108277797699, 0.11197277158498764, 0.43344274163246155, -0.014868008904159069, -0.02714715152978897, -0.12075785547494888 ]
210783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinoviev	Zinoviev	Zinoviev, Zinovyev, Zinovieff (), or Zinovieva (feminine; Зино́вьева), as a Russian surname, derives from the personal name Zinovi, from Greek Zenobios. Notable people with the surname include: Alexander Dmitrievich Zinoviev (1854–1931), Russian politician (Governor of St Petersburg) under Nicholas II Aleksandr Zinovyev (1922–2006), Russian logician, sociologist, writer, and satirist Aleksandr Zinovyev (footballer) (born 1979), Russian footballer Grigory Zinoviev (1883–1936), Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician Ivan Zinoviev (1905–1942), NKVD captain and Hero of the Soviet Union Peter Zinovieff (1933–2021), British inventor Lydia Zinovieva-Annibal (1866–1907), a Russian writer Sauli Zinovjev (b. 1988), Finnish composer Sergei Zinovjev, Russian ice hockey player Sofka Zinovieff (b. 1961), a British journalist and author Nikolai Zinoviev, fictional character from the video game Resident Evil 3: Nemesis See also Zinoviev letter, a faked letter in 1924 British politics Russian destroyer Azard (1916), later renamed Zinoviev References Russian-language surnames	[ 0.034778155386447906, 0.0696587860584259, 0.005164698231965303, -0.5656738877296448, -0.5840032696723938, 0.9855272769927979, 0.5761271119117737, -0.28489950299263, -0.2119068205356598, -0.1291877180337906, -0.3058209717273712, 0.2140117585659027, -0.26232799887657166, 0.659573495388031, -0.6033958196640015, 0.5643321871757507, 0.4420239329338074, 0.6835009455680847, 0.04184741899371147, -0.13110822439193726, 0.11195541173219681, 0.10708043724298477, 0.31274375319480896, -0.09452689439058304, 0.003932831808924675, 0.08718445152044296, 0.27956080436706543, 0.021211428567767143, -0.2260694056749344, 0.31787022948265076, -0.3004799783229828, 0.5229729413986206, 0.48692959547042847, 0.03265386074781418, -0.36175698041915894, 0.15685655176639557, -0.19689267873764038, -0.31680116057395935, -0.24529273808002472, -0.4439563453197479, 0.21491973102092743, -0.16828732192516327, -0.0969121977686882, -0.04698739945888519, -0.18611998856067657, -0.793123722076416, -1.4198375940322876, 0.8376190662384033, -0.6568390727043152, -0.30939915776252747, 0.012933126650750637, 0.19045481085777283, 0.2262910008430481, 0.19353839755058289, 0.052227962762117386, 0.07492610812187195, -0.5253371596336365, -0.5880146622657776, 0.8176956176757812, 0.1668778955936432, 0.6734881401062012, 0.48279088735580444, 0.31865614652633667, 0.15874701738357544, 0.32279542088508606, 0.07718044519424438, -0.10818804055452347, 0.5470674633979797, -0.5738999247550964, -0.28807955980300903, -0.5408409237861633, 0.588551938533783, 0.21235594153404236, -0.21532995998859406, -0.23215922713279724, -0.03155538812279701, -0.6344255805015564, -0.3092188537120819, 0.6315160393714905, 0.6161071062088013, 0.22465887665748596, -0.46159231662750244, -0.06855668872594833, 0.18653210997581482, 0.002125803381204605, -0.26482251286506653, -0.4691670835018158, 0.3864136338233948, -0.26724570989608765, 0.12972402572631836, 0.1682945340871811, -0.12817609310150146, 0.5865137577056885, -0.520317554473877, 0.30413657426834106, 0.6564911603927612, -0.3388276696205139, 0.24230514466762543, 0.1807214766740799, 0.13589166104793549, -0.4132845997810364, 0.12634696066379547, -0.17621058225631714, -0.2692681550979614, -0.3803200423717499, -0.41001343727111816, -0.019182095304131508, 0.1880839765071869, -0.13630267977714539, 0.12841659784317017, -0.8768860101699829, 0.11684823781251907, 0.24622273445129395, 0.10470396280288696, 0.003418286330997944, 0.2367972582578659, -0.07316450774669647, -0.46604108810424805, -0.13249453902244568, 0.3014346957206726, -0.0652148500084877, 0.12228051573038101, -0.24870631098747253, 0.4592558443546295, 0.4639021158218384, -0.3076365292072296, -0.15440115332603455, 0.5410876870155334, -0.8288174271583557, -0.00882477406412363, -0.09917540103197098, 0.6035223007202148, -0.01210981048643589, 0.5087324976921082, 0.10187402367591858, -0.792857825756073, 0.03514741733670235, -0.08995185792446136, -0.24703270196914673, 0.025494325906038284, -0.9983620643615723, 0.5419503450393677, -0.34124502539634705, 0.16689686477184296, 0.5974128246307373, 0.17419388890266418, 0.17621614038944244, 0.058990851044654846, -0.15612992644309998, -0.5440292954444885, -0.1375306099653244, -0.20506194233894348, 0.08895476162433624, -0.2778368890285492, -0.15473122894763947, 0.036015693098306656, 0.31673723459243774, 0.13206267356872559, 0.3796018064022064, -0.15221016108989716, 0.38227060437202454, 0.18218223750591278, 0.3823654353618622, 0.4810657203197479, 0.3156724274158478, -0.553904116153717, 0.18464826047420502, 0.3179893493652344, -0.21824513375759125, 0.10546012967824936, -0.28422054648399353, -0.254806786775589, 0.22157493233680725, -0.12751056253910065, -0.02030448615550995, 0.26013699173927307, 0.2092704325914383, 0.08109021931886673, 0.4501643776893616, -0.9345579743385315, -0.5767754912376404, 0.29373180866241455, -0.22870387136936188, -0.2259553223848343, 0.09909098595380783, 0.19917142391204834, -0.5959739089012146, 0.13935108482837677, 0.4943135678768158, 0.22489556670188904, 0.20623213052749634, -0.1041671484708786, -0.2437249720096588, -0.0843372568488121, 0.5554918050765991, 0.11300279945135117, 0.08232124149799347, 0.5368199348449707, -0.12843386828899384, 0.7904960513114929, -0.30302807688713074, -0.5207329392433167, -0.1929371953010559, 0.23787762224674225, -0.16440589725971222, 0.4251388907432556, 0.08648263663053513, 0.023110369220376015, 0.2966471314430237, 0.33189257979393005, 0.543392539024353, -0.4814046621322632, 0.8879914879798889, -0.6827855706214905, -0.10103398561477661, 0.1304381638765335, -0.28332874178886414, 0.2393430471420288, -0.43501198291778564, 0.24592214822769165, 0.43020230531692505, -0.5769040584564209, 0.06928212940692902, 0.30846989154815674, 0.04814097285270691, 0.0918121412396431, 0.43539655208587646, -0.10877842456102371, -0.28158849477767944, -0.5497217178344727, -0.3103613257408142, 0.11914133280515671, 0.3904188573360443, -0.03212333098053932, -0.3073437511920929, -0.07495226711034775, 0.2732354700565338, -0.13817526400089264, 0.13297508656978607, -0.15442632138729095, -0.18755660951137543, 0.18750476837158203, 0.362790584564209, 0.01862369105219841, 0.16832725703716278, 0.44311681389808655, -0.23647242784500122, -0.18299344182014465, -0.1591348648071289, -0.03683026507496834, 0.16128019988536835, 0.038275960832834244, 0.4793567955493927, 0.12377042323350906, 0.45159202814102173, -0.32722386717796326, 0.4545041620731354, 0.12309958785772324, -0.09913714230060577, 0.0500141978263855, -0.1767457127571106, 0.34099236130714417, -0.36694034934043884, -0.18248450756072998, 0.2814083397388458, 0.31653857231140137, 0.154442697763443, -0.17667149007320404, 0.980021595954895, 0.11124421656131744, 0.06805731356143951, 0.1186438575387001, -0.7156814932823181, 0.11172371357679367, -0.3632514774799347, -0.4846833050251007, -0.06252306699752808, 0.17653995752334595, -0.2645072937011719, -0.5987416505813599, -0.23314598202705383, 0.4779033660888672, -0.2572717070579529, -0.40663594007492065, 0.10377281159162521, -0.5624538064002991, -0.5774732232093811, -0.10920843482017517, 0.17323097586631775, -0.8016365170478821, -0.23223260045051575, 0.19120824337005615, 0.12798848748207092, 0.32591214776039124, 0.010916312225162983, 0.15133963525295258, -0.5734968185424805, 0.12820519506931305, 0.4557243585586548, -0.36117154359817505, -0.3500932455062866, 0.22655855119228363, -0.002785971388220787, -0.2039797604084015, 0.3889276385307312, 0.0662953332066536, 0.11181046813726425, 0.6043637990951538, -5.9830756187438965, 0.26076552271842957, -0.4735386371612549, 0.09717896580696106, 0.3856979310512543, -0.12433350086212158, 0.3830736577510834, -0.009669662453234196, 0.18163776397705078, -0.008294782601296902, -0.018081944435834885, 0.03691078722476959, -0.3404819071292877, 0.022020703181624413, 0.09046002477407455, 0.011660963296890259, 0.2810764014720917, 0.2931550443172455, 0.03569735214114189, 0.1102449893951416, 0.23417384922504425, 0.16208592057228088, -0.34516510367393494, 0.5153347253799438, 0.4258742034435272, 0.731631338596344, 0.12960238754749298, -0.2560555338859558, -1.0658910274505615, -0.5865357518196106, -0.548404335975647, -0.1337738037109375, 0.13839532434940338, 0.29948627948760986, -0.16031868755817413, -0.28732407093048096, 0.35112670063972473, 0.41621455550193787, 0.6232525706291199, 0.11134885251522064, -0.15935736894607544, 0.6801809668540955, -0.30712515115737915, -0.0642361119389534, 0.028664840385317802, -0.6026483774185181, -0.3136102557182312, 0.7342528700828552, -0.5403980612754822, 0.3637396991252899, 0.11817494034767151, -0.5117301940917969, 0.1367194950580597, 0.1636524647474289, 0.4778904318809509, 0.40385815501213074, 0.18883110582828522, -0.11547616124153137, -0.4019499719142914, 0.59650719165802, 0.12953297793865204, 0.129233255982399, -0.2377501130104065, -0.3980480134487152, 0.14235904812812805, -0.6566917896270752, -0.24059225618839264, -0.031224625185132027, -0.20522338151931763, 0.16145187616348267, -0.17154738306999207, 1.3538248538970947, -0.17741669714450836, -1.0466482639312744, 0.2826109528541565, -0.13869032263755798, -0.4868226647377014, 0.017582885921001434, -0.3943968713283539, 0.43216294050216675, -0.38816311955451965, -0.595488965511322, -0.3376638889312744, 0.5556536912918091, 0.07300689816474915, 0.16658978164196014, -0.03040173090994358, 0.12914328277111053, -0.19908888638019562, 0.29185307025909424, 0.614802360534668, -0.4118664562702179, 0.6244747042655945, 0.23688368499279022, -0.062343496829271317, 0.7222046256065369, -0.1204260066151619, -0.09252926707267761, -0.1299644112586975, -0.12062064558267593, 0.5020639300346375, -0.051767632365226746, 0.13499420881271362, -0.5550898909568787, 0.5998188257217407, -0.21215611696243286, -0.3792673349380493, 0.14518991112709045, 1.04569411277771, 0.103380486369133, 0.3972122371196747, 0.25237029790878296, -0.49210119247436523, -0.8344863057136536, 0.7825838923454285, -0.4999538064002991, 0.17274287343025208, 0.7901740074157715, 0.0634770616889, 0.34705862402915955, 0.18167579174041748, 0.39989009499549866, -0.5473440885543823, -0.18024729192256927, -0.1038137897849083, -0.20861375331878662, -0.4683515131473541, -0.054512012749910355, -0.1270260363817215, 0.4454367756843567, 0.20200787484645844, 0.15983252227306366, -0.5691080689430237, -0.2153804451227188, -0.08276629447937012, 0.17563754320144653, -0.5740249156951904, -0.7071530222892761, -0.12681496143341064, -0.19668048620224, 0.05606667324900627, -0.1835223138332367, -0.22261947393417358, 0.2498897910118103, 0.19954237341880798, 0.5229979753494263, -0.22654448449611664, -0.0015165506629273295, -0.20784258842468262, 0.4041551649570465, 0.18151997029781342, -0.00676029734313488, -0.12002577632665634, -0.24445201456546783, -0.2906152307987213, -0.12130650132894516, -0.2689964473247528, 0.5349898934364319, -0.2978191375732422, 0.4802713394165039, -0.03140632435679436, -0.4740477204322815, -0.8139541149139404, 0.12401863187551498, 0.24532724916934967, -0.16342894732952118, -0.6988158226013184, -0.4835073947906494, -0.16616429388523102, 1.0997114181518555, 0.06356395035982132, -0.4006851315498352, -0.6862656474113464, -0.5637695789337158, 0.2713955342769623, -0.1027250587940216, -0.040856171399354935, 0.1901921182870865, -0.24854880571365356, -0.11870947480201721, 0.5363184809684753, 0.12014719098806381, -0.2615692615509033, 0.9819003343582153, 0.7366039752960205, -0.16311615705490112, 0.300220251083374, 0.08453048020601273, -0.03884531557559967, -0.35047078132629395, -0.3884807229042053, -0.27566221356391907, -0.09236510097980499, -0.09996885061264038, -0.048039983958005905, -0.45305517315864563, 0.030024584382772446, 0.4476710855960846, -0.15150240063667297, 0.19060319662094116, 0.16863572597503662, 0.6713475584983826, -0.3939759433269501, -0.35556939244270325, 0.06676789373159409, -0.5703022480010986, 0.6735712289810181, 0.08045615255832672, -0.4320359230041504, -0.28786173462867737, -0.2775575518608093, -0.9520777463912964, -0.3717029094696045, 0.14788858592510223, -0.5188673734664917, 0.06256340444087982, 0.42760440707206726, -0.28105583786964417, -0.5230727195739746, -0.712098240852356, -0.1502346694469452, -0.5620885491371155, 0.11448577046394348, -0.35528334975242615, 0.10699719190597534, 0.4133155345916748, 0.020161397755146027, -0.11228359490633011, 0.7113592028617859, -0.3398281931877136, -0.002237723907455802, -0.015378053300082684, 0.14814886450767517, -0.2503366470336914, -0.34336379170417786, -0.4648517966270447, 0.1754550039768219, 0.08578930050134659, -0.07717876881361008, 0.04889359697699547, 0.41593030095100403, 0.6361109018325806, -0.30663275718688965, -0.21908071637153625, 0.13278286159038544, -0.22908057272434235, 0.16935518383979797, -0.36529266834259033, -0.1773117482662201, 0.35358577966690063, -0.16102741658687592, -0.19499924778938293, -0.6441020965576172, -0.39200490713119507, 0.320761114358902, -0.49953699111938477, 0.229324609041214, 0.1479797512292862, 0.08449787646532059, 0.4486466646194458, -0.02648204378783703, 0.4011867940425873, -0.05390084162354469, 0.21858058869838715, -0.07178525626659393, 0.4260540008544922, -0.35396137833595276, 0.11923225969076157, 0.10843068361282349, -0.29513344168663025, -0.016819659620523453, -0.4548701345920563, 0.594757080078125, 0.5196061730384827, -0.6574702262878418, 0.49261394143104553, 0.18469582498073578, 0.40844762325286865, -0.27037057280540466, -0.17687806487083435, -0.841482937335968, -0.16923347115516663, -0.02795523777604103, -0.25081634521484375, -0.08611871302127838, -0.3732427954673767, 0.01811142824590206, 0.022288711741566658, -0.1840778887271881, 0.5306938290596008, -0.41247791051864624, -0.16242161393165588, -0.42157644033432007, 0.0910010114312172, -0.18252776563167572, -0.44123756885528564, -0.030259020626544952, 0.46750590205192566, -0.020161360502243042, 0.3098384439945221, -0.6545674204826355, 0.3836444914340973, -0.1821209192276001, 0.17137636244297028, 0.29741066694259644, 1.0073559284210205, 0.12298599630594254, -0.167330801486969, -0.2345639169216156, 0.007552646100521088, 0.23508034646511078, 0.1624344438314438, 0.6909933686256409, 0.4117835462093353, -0.13978098332881927, 0.10276886820793152, 0.2598271667957306, 0.059743817895650864, -0.26252481341362, -0.6440067887306213, 0.5334449410438538, -0.216791033744812, 0.172160804271698, 0.18545998632907867, -0.38511815667152405, 0.3515200912952423, -0.04544506594538689, -0.35941362380981445, -0.18504467606544495, 0.4757228493690491, 0.45509693026542664, 0.39000043272972107, -0.6583076119422913, -0.07923664897680283, 0.07558333873748779, -0.5136563181877136, -0.028317218646407127, -0.8378267288208008, -0.2775038480758667, 0.7005593776702881, 0.11081506311893463, 0.6145315170288086, -0.14730863273143768, 0.3095032870769501, 0.3403984308242798, 0.39256101846694946, 0.3850957155227661, 0.0036876145750284195, -0.2146976739168167, -0.5054789781570435, 0.3137592673301697, -0.35171547532081604, 0.03426400199532509, -0.2687060236930847, -0.4838116765022278, 0.2756076157093048, -0.027492346242070198, -0.7316130995750427, -0.124200239777565, -0.13472670316696167, 0.005427210591733456, -0.2693668007850647, -0.015402678400278091, -0.3145584166049957, -0.031208043918013573, 0.04959554597735405, 0.3520304560661316, -0.615991473197937, 0.0031182849779725075, -0.3679415285587311, 0.6515796184539795, 0.19806979596614838, -0.3797108829021454, -0.1411500871181488, 0.26852887868881226, 0.2550121545791626, 0.24527546763420105, 0.22962713241577148, -0.10547905415296555, -0.17636904120445251, -0.07442661374807358, 0.36538660526275635, -0.15262386202812195, -0.14076463878154755, -0.12087253481149673, -0.4181872010231018, 0.008790790103375912, -0.22391007840633392, 0.2741800546646118, 0.05609230697154999, 0.2892368733882904, -0.4552183747291565, -0.7666895389556885, 0.31709232926368713, -0.3477429747581482, -0.3162344992160797, -0.35725516080856323, 0.6210688948631287, 0.678545355796814, 0.6192254424095154, 0.41480958461761475, 0.14709092676639557, 0.07947952300310135, 0.1688489466905594, -0.4757261574268341, 0.22146666049957275, -0.2622500956058502, -0.1728893220424652, -0.5235501527786255, 0.1853628307580948, 0.592535674571991, -0.3250894546508789, 0.11568932980298996, 0.4676113724708557, 0.001490324386395514, -0.10239924490451813, 0.892082154750824, -0.3408370912075043, 0.36617279052734375, -0.6156644225120544, 0.0818866640329361, -0.018462184816598892, 0.12528841197490692, 0.052117858082056046, -0.5926669836044312, -0.005122450180351734, -0.4219844937324524, -0.04952573776245117, -0.28262200951576233, -0.04137248545885086, -0.34150615334510803, 0.33626407384872437, -0.2711905241012573, 0.13121439516544342, -0.3568238615989685, 0.10862395167350769, 0.9410504102706909, 0.3305477499961853, 0.19160471856594086, -0.21058407425880432, 0.3714219331741333, -0.15362343192100525, -0.2463901787996292, 0.6076977849006653, 0.17661774158477783, 0.44558843970298767, -0.7404074668884277, -0.4241977334022522, 0.277125746011734, -0.02322961576282978, -0.05131763964891434, 0.31540343165397644, 0.25291529297828674, 0.021209003403782845, 0.14580479264259338, -0.3020172119140625, 0.09813965111970901, -0.7514378428459167, 0.5719492435455322, 0.11864931881427765 ]
210790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%20of%20Succession	Act of Succession	Act of Succession may refer to: Swedish Act of Succession Succession to the Crown Act (disambiguation), several English bills Danish Act of Succession Bolesław III of Poland' Act of Succession (1138)	[ -0.2745964825153351, -0.37678438425064087, 0.3677491247653961, 0.16788922250270844, -0.44752413034439087, 0.055575285106897354, 0.12613548338413239, -0.5145500898361206, -0.7319527864456177, 0.0038092753384262323, -0.30439427495002747, 0.37369677424430847, 0.056469958275556564, 0.5564871430397034, -0.7917228937149048, -0.06892969459295273, 0.4448085427284241, 0.15297842025756836, -0.10908382385969162, -0.5844951272010803, 0.21730001270771027, 0.31427308917045593, 0.41608190536499023, 0.46708324551582336, 0.5550806522369385, -0.06196833774447441, 0.7923184633255005, -0.24963130056858063, -0.5174749493598938, 0.10426968336105347, 0.08421443402767181, -0.12104334682226181, -0.1893470734357834, -0.35252565145492554, -0.39535123109817505, -0.13605813682079315, -0.15782900154590607, -0.3067883849143982, -0.3910790681838989, -0.43749725818634033, 0.20786936581134796, -0.08311568200588226, 0.022384820505976677, 0.13806530833244324, 0.009835677221417427, -0.013101083226501942, -1.2876917123794556, -0.17111243307590485, -0.15525443851947784, 0.12056469917297363, 0.16472449898719788, 0.038845814764499664, -0.336274117231369, 0.06455015391111374, 0.4534512758255005, -0.3580716848373413, -1.0583451986312866, -0.19250132143497467, 0.1324426531791687, 0.17383942008018494, 0.4657892882823944, -0.09363221377134323, 0.3225819766521454, 0.4379201829433441, 0.10569790005683899, -0.1667216569185257, 0.30566564202308655, 0.628262996673584, -0.36088645458221436, -0.342158704996109, -0.02527712844312191, 0.10123574733734131, -0.015974394977092743, 0.0687977597117424, 0.2607828676700592, -0.5278654098510742, 0.05476941168308258, 0.39120587706565857, 0.5918799042701721, -0.2850397825241089, 0.20342469215393066, -0.18382509052753448, 0.49024099111557007, 0.09101083129644394, 0.2896791696548462, 0.63221275806427, -0.006696963682770729, 0.3712356686592102, -0.4112056493759155, 0.04790559783577919, 0.3839361071586609, 0.5177260637283325, 0.3140581548213959, -0.03406586870551109, -0.3135276734828949, -0.4351002871990204, -0.15701574087142944, -0.048139117658138275, -0.06566005945205688, 0.05180179327726364, -0.12882527709007263, 0.3155040144920349, 0.056248944252729416, -0.2996218502521515, -0.37526872754096985, -0.55549156665802, -0.06913819164037704, 0.24269935488700867, -0.003570742206647992, -0.01669507659971714, -0.14207565784454346, 0.33624425530433655, 0.39326995611190796, 0.18449489772319794, -0.29861417412757874, 0.10886289924383163, 0.16867795586585999, -0.2402469962835312, 0.10986287146806717, 0.37490037083625793, 0.09410932660102844, 0.5410353541374207, -0.07332348078489304, 0.4517897665500641, 0.43847566843032837, 0.11431783437728882, 0.31128057837486267, 0.6972506046295166, -0.6175481677055359, -0.15874093770980835, -0.044392287731170654, 0.7306290864944458, -0.10848713666200638, 0.16999255120754242, 0.38367268443107605, 0.3463382422924042, -0.09555312991142273, -0.3390556573867798, 0.531240701675415, 0.11278725415468216, -0.7815084457397461, -0.4646719694137573, -0.2653210163116455, 0.4138374328613281, -0.14551809430122375, 0.09116707742214203, -0.35077929496765137, -0.1920682191848755, -0.2149297446012497, 0.9530240893363953, -0.23530371487140656, 0.2348140925168991, -0.41305747628211975, -0.5002953410148621, -0.5203434824943542, 0.3026362657546997, 0.5177924633026123, -0.176371768116951, 0.2044798582792282, 0.836983323097229, -0.024411339312791824, 0.4956938922405243, 0.02861226163804531, -0.2524764835834503, 0.4824174642562866, -0.3800351917743683, 0.0854254886507988, 0.5338281989097595, -0.13879609107971191, -0.2898707389831543, -0.3749753534793854, 0.6260815858840942, -0.5901803374290466, -0.29160162806510925, 0.009647686965763569, 0.8354312777519226, 0.32322993874549866, -0.13540542125701904, 0.367218941450119, -0.02627035789191723, -0.273986279964447, -0.10162554681301117, 0.20357966423034668, -0.09989435225725174, -0.13990861177444458, 0.5447850227355957, 0.1790272444486618, -0.11209528148174286, 0.12712706625461578, -0.07127460092306137, -0.38212665915489197, -0.404336154460907, 0.1655643731355667, -0.5307324528694153, 0.626681387424469, -0.24992616474628448, -0.3428594172000885, 0.6604887247085571, -0.13039344549179077, 0.98554927110672, 0.11558890342712402, -0.11990603059530258, 0.062292538583278656, 0.15084023773670197, 0.4656940698623657, 0.3388175964355469, -0.2945062220096588, 0.09484034776687622, 0.9126118421554565, 0.25898659229278564, 0.33442333340644836, -0.08116863667964935, 0.39675372838974, -0.33469831943511963, 0.07797102630138397, 0.21534711122512817, -0.522227942943573, -0.3731226325035095, 0.3460887670516968, -0.2626054286956787, 0.5546159148216248, 0.4433004558086395, 0.01947338506579399, 0.31841057538986206, -0.4468751847743988, 0.11534256488084793, -0.6596056818962097, -0.09036494046449661, -0.009417936205863953, -0.41711968183517456, 0.04311155900359154, -0.015313498675823212, 0.06809692829847336, -0.12019920349121094, 0.45756497979164124, -0.511875331401825, -0.6438773274421692, 0.19803263247013092, -0.20846876502037048, 0.15183822810649872, 0.36892169713974, 0.24643823504447937, 0.024512235075235367, 0.7107102274894714, -0.022101731970906258, 0.5179768800735474, -0.3428287208080292, -0.016063101589679718, -0.46685224771499634, -0.33476898074150085, -0.32986199855804443, 0.04852468520402908, -0.36448657512664795, -0.2542588710784912, 0.0029200566932559013, -0.19523759186267853, -0.11464967578649521, -0.17581555247306824, -0.33914443850517273, 0.267367959022522, 0.27118971943855286, -0.13009262084960938, 0.20773807168006897, 0.13359053432941437, 0.3473544716835022, 0.18462027609348297, -0.7172017693519592, -0.3343063294887543, 0.009709736332297325, 0.19740800559520721, -0.2966246008872986, -0.505277156829834, -0.5337227582931519, -0.24811485409736633, -0.33480820059776306, -0.7632021307945251, 0.2560465931892395, 0.741616427898407, -0.08522910624742508, -0.7165619134902954, -0.5678843855857849, 0.34647348523139954, -0.31813251972198486, -0.44388994574546814, -0.3812325596809387, -0.015851261094212532, 0.316125750541687, -0.23552538454532623, 0.066614530980587, 0.32837292551994324, -0.1541881263256073, 0.33152562379837036, -0.12258122116327286, -0.48186179995536804, 0.22053639590740204, 0.4218292236328125, -0.18587391078472137, 0.028212865814566612, 0.005503879860043526, -0.3783997893333435, -0.6221789717674255, -0.14373062551021576, -0.044529058039188385, -0.15083624422550201, 0.34710416197776794, -0.12551134824752808, -0.17051096260547638, 0.38464677333831787, -5.942958831787109, -0.046553872525691986, -0.19501474499702454, -0.07737909257411957, 0.5140676498413086, 0.20405788719654083, 0.910622775554657, 0.05222781002521515, 0.7128791809082031, -0.07281313091516495, 1.0147032737731934, 0.15582938492298126, 0.35265639424324036, 0.4769478142261505, 0.2679729759693146, -0.19762827455997467, 0.23719437420368195, 0.26514241099357605, 0.23962348699569702, 0.006661356892436743, -0.14717534184455872, -0.588761031627655, 0.1506199985742569, 0.543887734413147, 0.09731728583574295, 0.3568543493747711, 0.2758340835571289, 0.44989797472953796, -0.5486411452293396, -0.14010046422481537, -0.024351803585886955, -0.06094316020607948, 0.6128870248794556, -0.09780095517635345, -0.6973484754562378, -0.05848344787955284, 0.5467206239700317, 0.989274263381958, -0.5206619501113892, -0.16993166506290436, 0.16409505903720856, -0.23659956455230713, -0.3400043547153473, 0.41484031081199646, -0.444372296333313, -0.5920149683952332, -0.4711143970489502, 0.4758298695087433, -0.6403674483299255, 0.576711118221283, -0.08256534487009048, 0.26667308807373047, 0.043668270111083984, -0.2558910846710205, 0.005859734024852514, 0.3932918310165405, -0.19833695888519287, 0.33908724784851074, -0.12638719379901886, 0.39013510942459106, 0.30415570735931396, -0.5532902479171753, 0.5914919376373291, -0.23400968313217163, -0.12344510853290558, -0.08397018164396286, -0.897655189037323, 0.24226413667201996, 0.918489933013916, 0.13656362891197205, 0.016135837882757187, -0.13424107432365417, -0.1410338133573532, -0.9333054423332214, -0.3165927529335022, -0.4028249979019165, -0.2172013372182846, 0.09012232720851898, 0.14101329445838928, -0.32597479224205017, 0.23062431812286377, 0.3029853105545044, -0.14101411402225494, 0.5745050311088562, 0.8869444727897644, 0.12649014592170715, 0.02029188722372055, -0.13947060704231262, 0.07157467305660248, -0.05178958550095558, 0.5865339040756226, -0.5873956084251404, -0.6564978957176208, 0.0889001339673996, 0.06446398049592972, 0.17925679683685303, -0.6534955501556396, -0.41120028495788574, 0.3737056851387024, 0.08527493476867676, 0.07192575931549072, 0.3295765817165375, 0.41161081194877625, -0.8591719269752502, 0.2864067852497101, -0.17521610856056213, -0.30230510234832764, 0.5269003510475159, -0.11443011462688446, -0.04516826197504997, -0.16863369941711426, -0.3054257035255432, -0.12350400537252426, -1.1206549406051636, -0.27119335532188416, -0.4455103576183319, -0.4450833201408386, 0.2552623152732849, 0.6874454617500305, 0.0722978338599205, -0.32844477891921997, 0.1629403829574585, -0.6803526282310486, 0.30864429473876953, -0.07124786823987961, 0.03781789541244507, 0.05231832340359688, 0.47945383191108704, -0.18916139006614685, 0.11662613600492477, 0.3008894622325897, 0.36265137791633606, 0.28997766971588135, 0.10202234983444214, -0.03603864461183548, -0.38015392422676086, 0.5714385509490967, 0.16436780989170074, -0.008518056944012642, -0.32924339175224304, -0.4378148317337036, -0.7690028548240662, -0.0200821440666914, -0.030156470835208893, 0.16227217018604279, 0.057879362255334854, 0.13747528195381165, 0.0008277597953565419, -0.3801327645778656, 0.6878204941749573, -0.04866191744804382, -0.0010186157887801528, 0.8976190090179443, 0.12182417511940002, -0.2512335479259491, -0.16395047307014465, 0.13895247876644135, 0.38614463806152344, 0.02108936570584774, -0.7201704978942871, -0.3590642213821411, -0.13424639403820038, -0.5140175223350525, -0.4279493987560272, 0.15720966458320618, -0.19250939786434174, -1.2656645774841309, -0.1501624435186386, -0.5415500998497009, 0.8916372656822205, -0.11933663487434387, -0.7920001149177551, -0.6429765820503235, -0.2827807366847992, 0.31656816601753235, -0.35878828167915344, 0.03224717080593109, 0.5023699402809143, -0.2482377290725708, -0.32541143894195557, 0.4421379566192627, -0.14012065529823303, -0.34000667929649353, 0.3015243113040924, 0.47303420305252075, -0.5844923853874207, 0.2740495204925537, -0.4131869375705719, -0.25056540966033936, -0.2693922221660614, 0.1708647459745407, 0.09879855066537857, 0.38580089807510376, -0.09912841767072678, -0.1585298627614975, 0.025969916954636574, 0.31459227204322815, -0.0030046014580875635, 0.16892923414707184, 0.27909302711486816, 0.2683907151222229, 0.5685591697692871, -0.36654728651046753, -0.27192407846450806, 0.4689844250679016, -0.4249342679977417, 0.26572227478027344, 0.043011028319597244, -0.5385637879371643, -0.04325707629323006, 0.06212008744478226, -0.732182502746582, -0.4264541268348694, 0.7540626525878906, -0.3797379434108734, -0.2571508288383484, 0.17467592656612396, -0.5518006086349487, 0.10401222854852676, -0.52732253074646, 0.12662583589553833, 0.016139836981892586, 0.020050013437867165, 0.3337862491607666, -0.20226074755191803, -0.10608634352684021, 0.23268260061740875, -0.2854677438735962, 0.6103017330169678, -0.04912368208169937, 0.2647719383239746, -0.24807177484035492, -0.33959805965423584, 0.230887308716774, -0.44950437545776367, 0.05623423308134079, 0.2058044970035553, -0.2680603861808777, -0.06791247427463531, 0.4767417311668396, 0.32067087292671204, 1.3608258962631226, 0.4181351065635681, -0.2017812430858612, 0.18778052926063538, -0.18923257291316986, -0.25536414980888367, -0.13304349780082703, 0.31511393189430237, 0.7988179922103882, 0.17283491790294647, -0.017877643927931786, -0.16798052191734314, 0.2685159742832184, 0.7596341371536255, -0.4144560396671295, 0.3262394666671753, -0.06381608545780182, 0.08677874505519867, 0.3962169885635376, -0.24725358188152313, 0.02691565826535225, -0.2570766508579254, -0.2756703197956085, 0.6132608652114868, -0.013705544173717499, -0.3590331971645355, -0.267097532749176, 0.11319566518068314, -0.181768000125885, -0.4138314127922058, -0.9479219317436218, -0.18349140882492065, 0.11395948380231857, 0.07498244941234589, -0.15526922047138214, -0.43112561106681824, -0.34394508600234985, 0.20445972681045532, 0.26061922311782837, -0.8837221264839172, -0.14840956032276154, -0.4819401800632477, -0.24963851273059845, -0.145821675658226, -0.6360146999359131, -0.3083162009716034, 0.05692368745803833, -0.25310036540031433, -0.24788981676101685, -0.6097756624221802, 0.08430153876543045, 0.07992672175168991, 0.2628513276576996, -0.19214168190956116, 0.3306727111339569, -0.16299083828926086, 0.556706964969635, 0.27947694063186646, 0.09462860971689224, -0.24487313628196716, 0.5626639127731323, -0.007295955903828144, 0.07742094248533249, -0.24652516841888428, 0.32829123735427856, -0.12386978417634964, -0.337838351726532, -0.03742344304919243, 0.3149280846118927, 0.662088930606842, 0.07574614137411118, 0.12097299098968506, -0.1940111517906189, -0.33143019676208496, -0.4345521032810211, 0.15956559777259827, -0.44841527938842773, -0.39641842246055603, -0.1892053782939911, 0.39979088306427, 0.21335646510124207, 0.1835959553718567, -0.05607454851269722, 0.021169783547520638, 0.5308998227119446, -0.2493603229522705, 0.20994322001934052, -0.04187973588705063, -0.19124096632003784, 0.4573058485984802, 0.49275556206703186, -0.7066356539726257, 0.9262741804122925, 0.06776595860719681, -0.12461286783218384, 0.5657930374145508, -0.7308284044265747, 0.6280719637870789, 0.531802773475647, 0.36830034852027893, 0.779949963092804, -0.563173234462738, -0.5843510627746582, -0.12261291593313217, -0.07606447488069534, -0.377248615026474, -0.2668648958206177, 0.5440480709075928, 0.061767417937517166, -0.06360896676778793, -0.7358114719390869, 0.24462102353572845, -1.0587782859802246, 0.9289674162864685, 0.43923085927963257, 0.08484203368425369, -0.08320998400449753, -0.0213913731276989, -0.7363760471343994, -0.4163227677345276, -0.4261682629585266, 0.2920718491077423, 0.28128546476364136, 0.30760759115219116, -0.13207416236400604, 0.024189144372940063, 0.37891510128974915, 0.4064558744430542, -0.2261766940355301, 0.4346752464771271, -0.5954782366752625, 0.14033560454845428, -0.5070939064025879, 0.3109210431575775, 0.4437275230884552, 0.44907522201538086, 0.15558645129203796, 0.2046830952167511, -0.03927527740597725, 0.14189288020133972, -0.01851239614188671, 0.2293461710214615, -0.7894443869590759, -0.25598078966140747, 0.38187843561172485, -0.007790829055011272, 0.12918269634246826, -0.10045883059501648, -0.34220343828201294, -0.36595237255096436, -0.3903965353965759, 0.33090320229530334, 0.6214185357093811, -0.31437385082244873, -0.16887038946151733, -0.22572000324726105, 0.33009645342826843, 0.22104203701019287, 0.007746534422039986, -0.36046919226646423, 0.35027649998664856, -0.06621488183736801, -0.06605924665927887, 0.06933452188968658, 0.3038106858730316, -0.22011175751686096, 0.2757144272327423, -0.12880076467990875, 0.6437864899635315, 0.3125562369823456, -0.2014641910791397, 0.38883981108665466, -0.282918781042099, -0.32344314455986023, -0.25397205352783203, 0.994701623916626, -0.17518141865730286, -0.046054404228925705, -0.31036555767059326, -0.10496275126934052, -0.31988605856895447, 0.05292203649878502, -0.09269223362207413, -0.2985588014125824, -0.05328505486249924, 0.6464486122131348, 0.3908511698246002, -0.5209380388259888, 0.2843412756919861, -0.3748275637626648, 0.1577569544315338, -0.26313263177871704, -0.4514490067958832, -0.03395140543580055, 0.24895717203617096, 0.6181235909461975, 0.32834842801094055, -0.23519563674926758, -0.7007225751876831, 0.009020132012665272, -0.05949932709336281, 0.5330085754394531, 0.2780350148677826, 0.006876957602798939, -0.40690845251083374, 0.08988389372825623, -0.2716415524482727, -0.6002827882766724, -0.025706036016345024, 0.4322719871997833, -0.1338375359773636, 0.9464829564094543, -0.4091109335422516, 0.3246215879917145, -0.3705223798751831, -0.36384764313697815, -0.3840912878513336, -0.6583924889564514, 0.2813183069229126 ]
210791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Act%20of%20Succession	Swedish Act of Succession	The 1810 Act of Succession () is one of four Fundamental Laws of the Realm () and thus forms part of the Swedish Constitution. The Act regulates the line of succession to the Swedish throne and the conditions which eligible members of the Swedish Royal Family must abide by in order to remain in it. It was jointly adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, convened in Örebro on 26 September 1810, and Charles XIII, as a logical consequence following the election on 21 August of Jean Baptiste Bernadotte as Crown Prince. The actual contents of the Act, save the solemn preamble, has been thoroughly rewritten over the years: the most notable change occurred in 1980 when the core principle of agnatic primogeniture (male succession only) was changed in favor of absolute primogeniture (eldest child regardless of sex). Historical background The Act of Succession was adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates assembled at Örebro in 1810, upon electing Charles XIV John (Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte) as the heir to King Charles XIII. This happened at a tumultuous time for Sweden, as only one year earlier the former king, Gustav IV Adolf (and his sons) had been deposed and replaced by his childless uncle, Charles XIII. At the same time the Finnish War was coming to an end and Finland, then a part of Sweden proper, was held by Russia. The authoritarian constitution of 1772 was abolished and power was returned to parliament by the new Instrument of Government adopted on June 6, 1809. From 1814 to 1905 the Act of Succession also regulated succession to the Norwegian throne, due to the union of Sweden-Norway. Provisions The Act in the current version specifies that: Only children born in wedlock may inherit the Throne. Only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf may inherit the Throne. A prince or princess in the line of succession shall belong to and profess the "pure evangelical faith", as defined in the Unaltered Augsburg Confession and the Uppsala Synod of 1593, i.e. by implication the Church of Sweden. The offspring of an approved marriage must be brought up within Sweden. A prince or princess may not marry and remain in the line of succession without having received consent, upon application of the Monarch, from the Government of Sweden. A prince or princess is also prevented from becoming monarch of another country, either by election or marriage, without the consent of the Monarch and the Government. If any of these provisions are violated: all rights of succession for the person concerned and all descendants are lost. Changes In its original version, the Act mandated that a Swedish prince could only marry into families deemed to be of equal rank, or forfeit for himself and his future descendants all dynastic rights. The key wording was a prohibition of marrying a "private man's daughter" (), a term which in Swedish jurisprudence was understood to exclude all non-royal persons, including the aristocracy. In 1937, the statutory provision which in effect had required a spouse of royal birth, was changed and the prohibition only extended to a "private Swedish man's daughter" (). A total of five Swedish princes lost their style of HRH, title as Prince of Sweden, personal Ducal title, and all rights of succession to the throne because they violated the uncompromisable constitutional provision, regardless of whether the King-in-Council did consent or not: Oscar in 1888, Lennart in 1932, Sigvard in 1934, Carl in 1937 and Carl Johan in 1946. There is since 1980 no statutory limitation, based on either nationality or royal rank, on whom a prince or princess can marry, apart from the fact that permission must be granted. In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture. This change in effect made Victoria (born 1977) heir apparent and Crown Princess, passing over her younger brother Prince Carl Philip (born 1979) who had been the heir apparent and Crown Prince for less than one year. See also 1809 Instrument of Government List of Swedish monarchs Monarchy of Sweden References Act of Succession – at the Riksdag External links 1810 in law 1810 in Sweden Swedish monarchy Constitution of Sweden Succession acts 1810 in politics	[ -0.259086012840271, -0.15047545731067657, 0.5682798624038696, 0.2516852021217346, -0.08476747572422028, -0.0967262014746666, 0.33245983719825745, -0.22433309257030487, -0.6367288827896118, -0.00548967020586133, -0.09839063137769699, 0.21632923185825348, 0.2650555670261383, 0.6856732368469238, -0.8402098417282104, 0.10831156373023987, 0.49257898330688477, 0.6901317238807678, 0.06281998008489609, -0.46100983023643494, -0.1134379506111145, 0.3525390625, 0.5894477367401123, 0.556394636631012, 0.528182864189148, -0.3344413936138153, 0.6279997825622559, -0.15709288418293, -0.2678278088569641, 0.2741239666938782, -0.04118121415376663, -0.04550172761082649, -0.21493785083293915, -0.19619335234165192, -0.03749603405594826, -0.2034800946712494, -0.20452375710010529, -0.3147413730621338, -0.18898935616016388, -0.18878833949565887, -0.13784848153591156, -0.38312146067619324, -0.2156871259212494, -0.21956773102283478, -0.032411929219961166, -0.5449860692024231, -1.302709698677063, 0.14302346110343933, -0.1936277598142624, 0.25310957431793213, -0.31904757022857666, -0.11308284848928452, -0.09135682880878448, 0.4263186454772949, 0.1935223788022995, -0.7332090139389038, -0.9083036780357361, -0.06029605120420456, -0.10936175286769867, 0.3007166087627411, 0.3162584602832794, 0.043481919914484024, 0.220246359705925, 0.16956405341625214, 0.2329728752374649, -0.12020765244960785, 0.16850341856479645, 0.5178232789039612, -0.09076405316591263, -0.5147202610969543, -0.18842105567455292, 0.2950950860977173, 0.3145429790019989, -0.2993999719619751, 0.02288944460451603, -0.5926944017410278, -0.16234377026557922, 0.339147686958313, 0.7329220771789551, -0.358951210975647, -0.12117159366607666, -0.062133532017469406, 0.5153641104698181, -0.07127011567354202, 0.2714828550815582, 0.5587312579154968, -0.14503854513168335, -0.10338647663593292, -0.2089272290468216, 0.11743614822626114, 0.29736506938934326, 0.5847068428993225, 0.5822018384933472, 0.030244646593928337, -0.33695775270462036, -0.2402353584766388, -0.12128902226686478, 0.24191026389598846, -0.2510034739971161, 0.5619280338287354, 0.11800021678209305, 0.794786810874939, 0.220372274518013, -0.3265784978866577, -0.18958310782909393, -0.5563039779663086, -0.1685313880443573, 0.29305124282836914, -0.18866170942783356, -0.0019098601769655943, 0.0007186788134276867, 0.17753015458583832, 0.42019200325012207, 0.14637987315654755, -0.5016341209411621, -0.0031031672842800617, 0.2978459298610687, -0.15571770071983337, 0.596453845500946, 0.494881272315979, 0.06018892675638199, 0.4778023362159729, 0.00038858712650835514, 0.07745617628097534, 0.40033620595932007, -0.11367801576852798, 0.27404433488845825, 0.6656641960144043, -0.6742264032363892, 0.028061121702194214, 0.17712771892547607, 0.6958895325660706, -0.0512881837785244, 0.20688919723033905, 0.14457279443740845, 0.06554791331291199, -0.07376348227262497, -0.2534525394439697, 0.5464931130409241, 0.11715468764305115, -0.6265509128570557, -0.48123180866241455, -0.20402614772319794, -0.06274151057004929, -0.050246551632881165, -0.2604259252548218, -0.24950851500034332, -0.6797623038291931, -0.654945433139801, 0.48250842094421387, 0.2166903018951416, 0.18580979108810425, -0.29235753417015076, -0.5532716512680054, -0.2996925115585327, 0.3134564459323883, 0.27298644185066223, 0.09118799865245819, 0.24821096658706665, 0.7647945880889893, 0.007071387488394976, 0.2728351652622223, 0.094029001891613, -0.3047989308834076, 0.35988956689834595, -0.41693606972694397, 0.09817411750555038, 1.0463427305221558, -0.012346015311777592, -0.4101296663284302, -0.2790578603744507, 0.06268391758203506, 0.16238877177238464, -0.2825870215892792, -0.0704241544008255, 0.717946469783783, -0.015070503577589989, -0.03450869768857956, 0.5584024786949158, -0.2248562127351761, -0.523430585861206, -0.0399230420589447, 0.2596438527107239, -0.1270267367362976, -0.20902672410011292, 0.5234712958335876, 0.16776470839977264, 0.06585865467786789, 0.06986816227436066, 0.07308551669120789, -0.5397171378135681, -0.43362951278686523, 0.5099676251411438, -0.27845799922943115, 0.5439516305923462, -0.19541139900684357, -0.4310515224933624, 0.8556715250015259, -0.1606900542974472, 0.9659267067909241, -0.03496691584587097, -0.24012453854084015, 0.14328674972057343, 0.07733149826526642, 0.536116898059845, 0.4225398600101471, -0.4652118682861328, 0.12863795459270477, 0.6212849617004395, 0.18950027227401733, 0.14140886068344116, -0.2523041367530823, 0.27206212282180786, -0.3134259879589081, 0.3017500042915344, 0.23306822776794434, -0.7362053394317627, -0.24408113956451416, 0.40185120701789856, -0.2347324788570404, 0.09809249639511108, 0.2922396957874298, -0.0592699870467186, 0.4255482852458954, -0.34156784415245056, 0.10947681218385696, -0.27958884835243225, 0.32858631014823914, -0.09042298048734665, -0.4774174690246582, 0.3644399046897888, -0.50233393907547, -0.043917588889598846, -0.08782036602497101, 0.3168807327747345, -0.604094922542572, -0.7421965003013611, 0.42461997270584106, -0.13104286789894104, -0.1761840134859085, 0.6767388582229614, 0.2595669627189636, -0.07937008887529373, 0.5533856749534607, 0.1185152679681778, 0.9184147119522095, -0.5102069973945618, -0.08477344363927841, -0.6140484809875488, -0.049841560423374176, -0.021108772605657578, -0.06122643128037453, -0.2916412055492401, -0.4174572229385376, -0.3022921681404114, -0.3335472345352173, 0.22111499309539795, 0.10464214533567429, -0.41714197397232056, 0.2690730690956116, 0.024028068408370018, -0.3955521881580353, 0.012104582972824574, -0.08352191001176834, 0.26478102803230286, 0.24662643671035767, -0.41365495324134827, -0.16892437636852264, 0.1967625617980957, 0.4105416536331177, -0.12446555495262146, -0.3813171684741974, -0.11268419027328491, -0.04264358803629875, -0.16156268119812012, -0.6595114469528198, 0.43060553073883057, 0.3012329041957855, -0.3208146095275879, -0.5134457349777222, -0.49732157588005066, 0.5067678093910217, -0.5119478702545166, -0.7261021733283997, -0.4329797923564911, -0.34478867053985596, 0.43604010343551636, -0.24275580048561096, 0.20440071821212769, 0.5128623247146606, -0.17725251615047455, 0.23066061735153198, -0.15910470485687256, -0.5902900099754333, 0.2587888538837433, 0.1782960146665573, -0.11843240261077881, -0.04176567122340202, 0.3194282054901123, -0.09085093438625336, -0.8423376679420471, -0.10061025619506836, 0.07421837747097015, 0.028118008747696877, 0.1288129985332489, -0.05687267333269119, 0.03221462294459343, 0.33299481868743896, -5.76667594909668, -0.3058083951473236, -0.4293909966945648, -0.5340477824211121, 0.4346722364425659, 0.6516185998916626, 0.8815225958824158, -0.12023362517356873, 0.5372933149337769, 0.06178790330886841, 0.9249262809753418, 0.34972047805786133, 0.6260955929756165, 0.7193464040756226, 0.13651332259178162, 0.09436840564012527, 0.3496558368206024, 0.2779087424278259, -0.05067629739642143, 0.0991351306438446, 0.009124512784183025, -0.7962439656257629, 0.06779635697603226, 0.5328255295753479, 0.24964620172977448, 0.42160728573799133, 0.44151806831359863, 0.20546454191207886, -0.522223949432373, -0.03290649503469467, -0.25401875376701355, -0.0737539529800415, 0.46828511357307434, -0.2778189778327942, -0.4164983928203583, -0.16721473634243011, 0.2565426230430603, 0.8673700094223022, -0.6630284786224365, -0.27876773476600647, 0.18314626812934875, -0.1644614338874817, -0.1143559142947197, 0.22287707030773163, -0.3987357020378113, -0.4465770125389099, -0.2559104859828949, 0.7354173064231873, -0.8413425087928772, 0.8159382939338684, -0.03816283866763115, 0.10865011811256409, 0.043493594974279404, -0.4188385009765625, 0.00890223030000925, 0.18182606995105743, -0.03887151926755905, 0.08899170160293579, -0.11246112734079361, 0.24613745510578156, 0.2815803289413452, -0.2871200144290924, 0.15436619520187378, -0.16259554028511047, -0.25001171231269836, -0.2825963795185089, -0.8953413963317871, 0.17154759168624878, 0.6386497616767883, 0.3528432846069336, -0.07314363867044449, -0.22947415709495544, -0.1026875376701355, -1.1989119052886963, -0.3687725365161896, -0.7807061672210693, -0.18970075249671936, 0.0065338523127138615, -0.02373354509472847, 0.17275404930114746, 0.3244422972202301, 0.1391945779323578, 0.003299005562439561, 0.5532966256141663, 0.5098090171813965, -0.1201435923576355, -0.030128220096230507, 0.021872393786907196, 0.2264232635498047, -0.42931824922561646, 0.44400835037231445, -0.7668692469596863, -0.6412121653556824, -0.05440604314208031, -0.03982077166438103, 0.36447492241859436, -0.47391295433044434, -0.5309520363807678, 0.3537427484989166, -0.19504335522651672, 0.7889436483383179, 0.46946603059768677, 0.32878440618515015, -0.5786666870117188, 0.13544724881649017, -0.060299452394247055, -0.30781975388526917, 0.33439409732818604, -0.12649504840373993, 0.09741176664829254, -0.5494304895401001, -0.22859933972358704, 0.13511386513710022, -1.0300838947296143, 0.0007545232074335217, -0.6568862199783325, -0.15645462274551392, 0.5468341708183289, 0.26346057653427124, -0.1370946615934372, -0.5481168031692505, 0.294281005859375, -0.44463050365448, 0.3964962661266327, 0.04980011284351349, -0.3714934289455414, 0.10794983059167862, 0.4014393091201782, -0.40158912539482117, -0.192063570022583, 0.4115610122680664, 0.31644922494888306, 0.4862891435623169, 0.04424739256501198, 0.17631149291992188, -0.36885908246040344, 0.474608451128006, 0.25951918959617615, 0.10890767723321915, -0.2667255699634552, -0.3441208302974701, -0.85075843334198, -0.11433930695056915, -0.1832823008298874, 0.20577895641326904, 0.19628621637821198, 0.28946298360824585, 0.03086133673787117, -0.7154093384742737, 0.645177960395813, -0.16151288151741028, -0.024825824424624443, 0.8357862234115601, -0.07852553576231003, -0.15661922097206116, -0.3357667624950409, -0.14244118332862854, 0.3217731714248657, -0.0601639561355114, -0.6549914479255676, -0.3050268292427063, -0.37346601486206055, -0.7900177836418152, -0.47135594487190247, 0.10336607694625854, -0.2269848734140396, -1.1015537977218628, -0.006765216123312712, -0.2997242510318756, 1.0461077690124512, -0.4221765398979187, -0.7701801061630249, -0.6302350163459778, -0.10829854756593704, 0.4390387237071991, -0.3075697422027588, 0.05614878982305527, 0.6013793349266052, -0.28870007395744324, -0.34824368357658386, 0.21237219870090485, -0.047287918627262115, -0.05042135715484619, 0.3776492476463318, 0.20825985074043274, -0.37315958738327026, 0.3689838647842407, -0.3026123642921448, -0.08426658809185028, -0.044090017676353455, 0.327536940574646, 0.1763351708650589, 0.19084323942661285, -0.6587135791778564, -0.5339553356170654, -0.02337135374546051, 0.08617854118347168, 0.14144381880760193, 0.2794921100139618, 0.06734342873096466, 0.6820104718208313, 0.7723901867866516, -0.011619930155575275, 0.034577615559101105, 0.4301089942455292, -0.283299058675766, 0.06501160562038422, 0.29184600710868835, -0.7164051532745361, 0.16374853253364563, -0.29738977551460266, -0.5317647457122803, -0.6403438448905945, 0.4909413158893585, -0.5870078802108765, -0.4392589032649994, 0.43792715668678284, -0.9023815393447876, 0.05226501077413559, -0.5236291885375977, -0.2799355089664459, 0.15376566350460052, 0.016441158950328827, 0.25800809264183044, -0.29004359245300293, -0.19924674928188324, 0.009419401176273823, -0.19818608462810516, 1.0911047458648682, -0.017964990809559822, 0.40527182817459106, -0.21369308233261108, -0.12779472768306732, -0.0978282168507576, -0.539287269115448, 0.020354876294732094, -0.15220020711421967, 0.2970849275588989, 0.2874051630496979, 1.0983378887176514, 0.10109963268041611, 1.284336805343628, 0.3972645103931427, -0.19052405655384064, 0.21750834584236145, -0.17229615151882172, 0.03543562442064285, -0.2588723301887512, -0.07921034842729568, 0.6779443025588989, -0.0551324188709259, -0.198232039809227, 0.0012450814247131348, -0.08218173682689667, 0.748666524887085, -0.9191365838050842, 0.39353036880493164, 0.38192224502563477, 0.08110486716032028, 0.19085730612277985, -0.41666242480278015, 0.12666967511177063, -0.3814677596092224, -0.14773184061050415, 0.9929062724113464, -0.05603303760290146, -0.4578944146633148, -0.10836002975702286, 0.45764172077178955, -0.03326394408941269, -0.2709519565105438, -0.9572238922119141, -0.12345196306705475, -0.03342735394835472, -0.028519615530967712, 0.1802617907524109, -0.07504717260599136, -0.008427605964243412, 0.14735561609268188, 0.07805892825126648, -0.704292893409729, 0.2682225704193115, -0.510412335395813, -0.5965061783790588, -0.09270446002483368, -0.8955170512199402, -0.581341564655304, -0.10574819147586823, -0.29902973771095276, -0.1388223022222519, -0.5434871315956116, 0.1532663106918335, 0.11743297427892685, 0.54608553647995, -0.08191485702991486, 0.6222339868545532, -0.2514212429523468, 0.709522008895874, 0.14511051774024963, 0.2919222414493561, 0.06506244838237762, 0.6235955953598022, 0.011288098059594631, 0.006928267888724804, -0.4323672354221344, 0.27820152044296265, -0.0831872820854187, 0.050820592790842056, -0.2345724105834961, 0.4846859276294708, 0.28657427430152893, 0.2273944914340973, 0.04073059558868408, 0.015689486637711525, -0.5859382152557373, -0.45530545711517334, 0.4952957034111023, -0.3473382592201233, -0.385587602853775, 0.31745243072509766, 0.10837728530168533, 0.004412289708852768, 0.12227442115545273, -0.015078042633831501, -0.28798261284828186, 0.5823834538459778, -0.14729318022727966, 0.26058924198150635, -0.14002017676830292, -0.03928044065833092, 0.10397733747959137, 0.4841007888317108, -0.7219548225402832, 1.057121753692627, -0.17534606158733368, 0.04622115567326546, 0.5832257866859436, -0.8459625244140625, 0.43553274869918823, 0.396430641412735, 0.528617799282074, 0.5535339117050171, -0.2319147139787674, -0.19589826464653015, 0.23619037866592407, -0.1340324729681015, -0.29868918657302856, -0.29359957575798035, 0.37125152349472046, -0.08350767940282822, 0.11092685163021088, -0.7010974884033203, 0.4108043909072876, -1.1638389825820923, 0.8887407183647156, 0.2848672866821289, -0.2329002022743225, -0.19972504675388336, -0.33008578419685364, -0.4718742370605469, -0.45140957832336426, -0.4124469757080078, 0.24324144423007965, 0.11792952567338943, 0.10204929858446121, -0.1299976259469986, 0.19018758833408356, 0.678023636341095, 0.1464851051568985, -0.1334967017173767, 0.3589569628238678, -0.43372753262519836, 0.22024141252040863, -0.7125767469406128, 0.34839242696762085, 0.22735834121704102, 0.4478675425052643, 0.31199193000793457, 0.4402531087398529, 0.033252254128456116, 0.09039612114429474, 0.2310444712638855, 0.4888307750225067, -1.1229557991027832, -0.449958860874176, 0.4609474241733551, 0.044520605355501175, 0.04995366930961609, 0.25821900367736816, -0.3094256818294525, -0.01833077147603035, -0.5754636526107788, 0.18696314096450806, 0.2547413110733032, -0.703834593296051, -0.19744135439395905, -0.15092386305332184, 0.2346641570329666, 0.2682093381881714, -0.745589017868042, -0.10664369910955429, 0.5755711197853088, 0.05131058767437935, -0.1644730418920517, 0.0354553759098053, 0.3454454839229584, -0.17616243660449982, 0.4613386392593384, 0.480470210313797, 0.5583046674728394, 0.23784948885440826, -0.08856191486120224, 0.3548116385936737, -0.1755020022392273, -0.5764394998550415, -0.4789022207260132, 1.0510059595108032, -0.46140217781066895, -0.13269850611686707, -0.6118431687355042, -0.11891087889671326, -0.11486589908599854, 0.1374947726726532, 0.25634387135505676, -0.25268739461898804, 0.13702674210071564, 0.6021708250045776, 0.4755452573299408, -0.2797679901123047, 0.12029288709163666, -0.6151666641235352, 0.1871202439069748, -0.10353559255599976, -0.3274652063846588, 0.012104938738048077, 0.2637215256690979, 0.20081868767738342, 0.0187151450663805, 0.024046992883086205, -1.0271891355514526, -0.22318939864635468, 0.025911681354045868, 0.49880483746528625, 0.2422248274087906, 0.23329876363277435, -0.06720983237028122, -0.08206836134195328, 0.030705982819199562, -0.4723700284957886, -0.14293871819972992, 0.3586476445198059, -0.16386914253234863, 0.7379282116889954, -0.3208010196685791, 0.3261255919933319, -0.708257257938385, -0.08786510676145554, -0.5249558687210083, -0.5375929474830627, 0.38867098093032837 ]
210792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skua	Skua	The skuas are a group of predatory seabirds with seven species forming the genus Stercorarius, the only genus in the family Stercorariidae. The three smaller skuas, the long-tailed jaeger, the parasitic jaeger, and the pomarine jaeger are called jaegers in American English. also spelled Yeager in some translations. The English word "skua" comes from the Faroese name for the great skua, , with the island of Skúvoy renowned for its colony of that bird. The general Faroese term for skuas is . The word "jaeger" is derived from the German word , meaning "hunter". The genus name Stercorarius is Latin and means "of dung"; because the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement. Skuas nest on the ground in temperate and Arctic regions, and are long-distance migrants. They have even been sighted at the South Pole. Biology and habits Outside the breeding season, skuas take fish, offal, and carrion. Many practice kleptoparasitism, which comprises up to 95% of the feeding methods of wintering skuas, by chasing gulls, terns and other seabirds to steal their catches, regardless of the size of the species attacked (up to three times heavier than the attacking skua). The larger species, such as the great skua, also regularly kill and eat adult birds, such as puffins and gulls, and have been seen killing birds as large as a grey heron. On the breeding grounds, the three, more slender northern breeding species commonly eat lemmings. Those species that breed in the southern oceans largely feed on fish that can be caught near their colonies. The eggs and chicks of other seabirds, primarily penguins, are an important food source for most skua species during the nesting season. In the southern oceans and Antarctica region, some skua species (especially the south polar skua) will readily scavenge carcasses at breeding colonies of both penguins and pinnipeds. Skuas will also kill live penguin chicks. In these areas, the skuas will often forfeit their catches to the considerably larger and very aggressive giant petrels. They are medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. The skuas range in size from the long-tailed skua, Stercorarius longicauda, at , to the brown skua, Stercorarius antarcticus, at . On average, a skua is about long, and across the wings. They have longish bills with a hooked tip, and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. The skuas are strong, acrobatic fliers. They are generally aggressive in disposition. Potential predators approaching their nests will be quickly attacked by the parent birds, which usually target the heads of intruders – a practice known as 'divebombing'. Taxonomy The genus Stercorarius was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus) as the type species. Skuas are related to gulls, waders, auks, and skimmers. In the three smaller species, all nesting exclusively in the Holarctic, breeding adults have the two central tail feathers obviously elongated, and at least some adults have white on the underparts and pale yellow on the neck. These characteristics are not shared by the larger species, all native to the Southern Hemisphere except for the great skua. Therefore, the skuas are often split into two genera, with only the smaller species retained in Stercorarius, and the large species placed in Catharacta. However, based on genetics, behavior, and feather lice, the overall relationship among the species is best expressed by placing all in a single genus. The pomarine and great skuas' mitochondrial DNA (inherited from the mother) is in fact more closely related to each other than it is to either Arctic or long-tailed skuas, or to the Southern Hemisphere species. Thus, hybridization must have played a considerable role in the evolution of the diversity of Northern Hemisphere skuas, if the "Stercorarius" and "Catharacta" split is correct then the Pomarine Jaeger should be included within Catharacta or its own monotypic genus "Coprotheres". Species The genus contains seven species: References External links Skua videos on the Internet Bird Collection Seabirds Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson	[ -0.29594844579696655, 0.23154516518115997, -0.6921772956848145, 0.30228152871131897, 0.007215268909931183, 0.9863072633743286, 0.1943652480840683, 0.7223809957504272, -0.7877575159072876, -0.16980482637882233, 0.24415501952171326, -0.21302424371242523, -0.3734951317310333, -0.047004297375679016, 0.3715303838253021, 0.29014852643013, -0.029020484536886215, 0.4629172384738922, 0.06705997884273529, 0.09830018132925034, -0.16150540113449097, -0.7774336338043213, 0.5577365756034851, -0.16217170655727386, 0.3675703704357147, -0.08268269151449203, 0.17592820525169373, 0.6828850507736206, 0.4273625910282135, 0.03032061643898487, -0.08355530351400375, 1.3155951499938965, 0.00427877064794302, -0.19295693933963776, 0.17174062132835388, -0.6983068585395813, -0.5489183068275452, -0.3205079436302185, 0.18431100249290466, -0.27721381187438965, 0.3614697754383087, -0.35435524582862854, 0.3880888521671295, 0.45189863443374634, -0.4875246286392212, -0.4638932943344116, -0.9119170904159546, 0.7779205441474915, -0.11338228732347488, 0.6839264631271362, -0.4706607758998871, 0.03371082618832588, 0.19286146759986877, 0.3754073977470398, -0.013757830485701561, 0.7385833859443665, -0.4920218586921692, 0.07454219460487366, -0.11340002715587616, -0.28717857599258423, -0.32956936955451965, 0.049917612224817276, -0.05842280387878418, -0.5362004041671753, 0.0672488883137703, 0.3614065647125244, 0.11224356293678284, 0.4183337092399597, -0.439120888710022, -0.0142658781260252, -0.11359566450119019, -0.3819096088409424, -0.06809663772583008, 0.4542151093482971, -0.2335447371006012, -0.3043079972267151, 0.13988538086414337, 0.23730525374412537, 0.6668468117713928, -0.20876352488994598, 0.27375033497810364, 0.31785309314727783, 0.8027233481407166, 0.39177465438842773, 0.31713148951530457, -0.41010552644729614, -0.5449019074440002, -0.12250494211912155, -0.4032638669013977, 0.1436968594789505, 0.05342865362763405, -0.7563343048095703, 0.9772030115127563, 0.3671303987503052, -0.4666208326816559, 0.4308313727378845, 0.015553719364106655, -0.1375107616186142, 0.07603499293327332, -0.3286181390285492, -0.8253702521324158, 0.012311100959777832, 0.5336909890174866, -0.012307004071772099, -0.44580745697021484, -0.19225859642028809, -0.09841808676719666, 0.08616792410612106, -0.043583713471889496, -0.08215251564979553, -0.5530665516853333, -0.09560840576887131, -0.04427378624677658, 0.026065362617373466, 0.14403967559337616, 0.22780321538448334, -0.15753012895584106, -0.7300159335136414, -0.34830760955810547, -0.6167032718658447, -0.22448508441448212, 0.8366163969039917, -0.191340371966362, 0.2509138286113739, -0.48153889179229736, 0.3542860746383667, 0.8151634931564331, -0.00304644787684083, -0.38446110486984253, 0.11003021895885468, 0.3284790813922882, 0.5860422253608704, -0.006042564753443003, 0.2715236246585846, -0.19681477546691895, -0.03316479176282883, -0.4957902729511261, -0.21194757521152496, 0.46111610531806946, 0.7768489122390747, -0.605393648147583, -0.4935469329357147, -0.4168190658092499, 0.12505117058753967, 0.06388334929943085, 0.21261852979660034, -0.18923774361610413, -0.10823506861925125, -0.27929097414016724, -0.4432362914085388, 0.09590978175401688, -0.1237993910908699, -0.017943860962986946, -0.08315026760101318, -0.0974191352725029, -0.47396382689476013, 0.3635225296020508, -0.581606388092041, 0.8520287275314331, 0.09946125745773315, -0.1084628701210022, -0.26849645376205444, -0.7875068783760071, -0.23065577447414398, -0.07701264321804047, -0.2581504285335541, 0.4776385426521301, 0.6149018406867981, -0.31385543942451477, 0.08673470467329025, -0.10490436106920242, -0.18740402162075043, 0.9840959906578064, 0.3465052843093872, -0.17166098952293396, -0.471589595079422, 0.11839589476585388, -0.1477992981672287, 0.7751039862632751, -0.05139763280749321, -0.6136595606803894, 0.019764011725783348, -0.3726049065589905, 0.1469106674194336, -0.34298115968704224, -0.16685763001441956, 0.3136550486087799, 0.3949236273765564, 0.3364759683609009, -0.277079313993454, -0.5879563093185425, -0.45181769132614136, 0.1863757222890854, 0.6466654539108276, 0.9478253126144409, -0.02573360875248909, -0.3099437355995178, 0.13055163621902466, 0.7508997321128845, 0.2660497725009918, -0.5527808666229248, -0.19389532506465912, 0.2867072522640228, -0.31459638476371765, -0.9513254165649414, 0.9834794998168945, -0.5437546968460083, -0.047809287905693054, 0.2272903174161911, 0.12091635167598724, -0.2745283842086792, -0.46367400884628296, 0.2727363109588623, 0.08473663777112961, -0.1295093446969986, -0.33496955037117004, -0.5293800830841064, 0.609952449798584, 0.2922280430793762, -0.25618964433670044, 1.0784207582473755, -0.1704416126012802, 0.2989329397678375, 0.11264121532440186, 0.13410992920398712, 0.6612922549247742, 1.0657451152801514, 0.20370522141456604, 0.3511040210723877, -0.3492158055305481, 0.31628283858299255, 0.07114702463150024, -0.20311221480369568, -0.37740981578826904, -0.055819977074861526, -0.19748802483081818, 0.12403420358896255, -0.22990970313549042, 0.6314976215362549, -0.2388903796672821, -0.06001955270767212, 0.16745220124721527, -0.6201609373092651, -0.03390662372112274, 1.026903510093689, -0.18358711898326874, -0.42654529213905334, -0.15908706188201904, -0.3923496603965759, 0.0718832015991211, -0.2641565799713135, 0.3887149393558502, 0.08751235902309418, -0.37365859746932983, -0.0830431878566742, 0.40583229064941406, 0.6585748195648193, -0.050746284425258636, 0.4198704957962036, -0.31621402502059937, -0.5113350749015808, 0.2914213538169861, 0.2809092104434967, 0.043482404202222824, -0.19995304942131042, -0.8091309070587158, 0.03698781505227089, -0.5659992694854736, 1.0363010168075562, 0.2670493423938751, 0.4684886932373047, 0.022301482036709785, -0.00930989719927311, -0.08670596778392792, -0.4482216536998749, -0.5096378326416016, 0.15183265507221222, -0.3248414397239685, -0.42538517713546753, -0.5292693376541138, -0.345897912979126, 0.46172985434532166, -0.15150286257266998, 0.00680581433698535, 0.2677549123764038, -0.24777008593082428, 0.6538613438606262, -0.5654373168945312, 0.21517810225486755, -0.7141605615615845, -0.08841203898191452, 0.2703300714492798, -0.4473569095134735, 0.10899164527654648, -0.4471580386161804, 0.09590854495763779, 0.13255834579467773, 0.11590073257684708, 0.4732784330844879, -0.6772201061248779, -0.8279439210891724, 0.25090116262435913, 0.2081175297498703, 0.32985660433769226, -0.42529022693634033, -0.26021572947502136, 0.19809778034687042, 0.26734527945518494, -5.62673807144165, 0.21104960143566132, -0.4742997884750366, 0.12382039427757263, 0.08033057302236557, 0.8199655413627625, 0.45212653279304504, -0.4776339530944824, 0.20134074985980988, -0.26619911193847656, 0.3775607943534851, 0.33411523699760437, -0.7115499973297119, 0.6601703763008118, 0.46432599425315857, 0.39930015802383423, -0.3336174488067627, 0.582114577293396, -0.1796225607395172, -0.25470635294914246, -0.0893344059586525, 0.08268692344427109, -0.1219787523150444, 0.40273359417915344, 0.07662024348974228, 0.2681944668292999, 0.018385693430900574, -0.5311027765274048, -0.3303549587726593, -0.3863767087459564, -0.3915550708770752, -0.5931457877159119, -0.1276322603225708, -0.1275780200958252, -0.11507587879896164, 0.07678890973329544, 0.6214940547943115, 0.6557021737098694, 0.31456708908081055, -0.4853724539279938, -0.6024826169013977, 0.18252743780612946, -0.22445262968540192, -0.6624290347099304, 0.9819639325141907, 0.06713680177927017, -0.32520443201065063, -0.04955758899450302, -0.5995429754257202, 0.8309637904167175, 0.021609488874673843, -0.2870396375656128, 0.2997283339500427, 0.9595990777015686, 0.49752241373062134, -0.14353536069393158, 0.3376126289367676, 0.4549449384212494, 0.17119304835796356, 0.34254738688468933, 0.7000893354415894, 0.08406849950551987, -0.7068899869918823, -0.4907774031162262, -0.4366234838962555, 0.0594148226082325, -0.42273715138435364, -0.04954557120800018, 0.4340120851993561, -0.20603704452514648, -0.33036676049232483, -0.11047407984733582, -0.4024168848991394, -0.6802061796188354, 0.046693023294210434, -0.5017290115356445, 0.02959529682993889, 0.14838793873786926, -0.2053000032901764, 0.33239781856536865, -0.40153416991233826, -0.5674344301223755, -0.15335065126419067, 0.11527486890554428, -0.0012529059313237667, -0.7275123596191406, -0.8879808187484741, -0.22362001240253448, 0.25708675384521484, 0.032929208129644394, 0.585066020488739, -0.7259417176246643, 0.03233902528882027, 0.618603527545929, 0.9379966259002686, 0.7387615442276001, 0.3265274167060852, -0.003194045275449753, 0.82691890001297, -0.07636451721191406, 1.176599383354187, 0.38962310552597046, -0.42072218656539917, 0.014172821305692196, -0.30905473232269287, -0.2559933364391327, 0.07256712019443512, 0.3820629119873047, 0.7814704179763794, -0.26458805799484253, 0.34167084097862244, -0.5069085359573364, 0.022424397990107536, -0.23909497261047363, 0.2657550275325775, 0.027901586145162582, -0.11604146659374237, 0.5097057223320007, 0.5735435485839844, 0.2817171812057495, 0.02749563381075859, -0.11157064884901047, -0.13074550032615662, -0.05595778301358223, -0.6357653737068176, -0.3178791105747223, 0.24551475048065186, 0.2659328579902649, -1.0574737787246704, -0.40798792243003845, -0.13016058504581451, 0.02993461862206459, -0.01586342044174671, -0.10884857177734375, 0.29876062273979187, 0.17895114421844482, -0.0892474353313446, 0.14165371656417847, 0.5429195761680603, 0.05719435587525368, -0.5708489418029785, -0.4932347536087036, -0.1104854866862297, 0.11032010614871979, 0.10139510780572891, 0.44873788952827454, -0.21386606991291046, -0.13322195410728455, -0.29439714550971985, 0.5501859188079834, -0.33107152581214905, -0.10717711597681046, 0.49988335371017456, -0.3839121460914612, 0.4236699044704437, -0.1399516761302948, 0.25607842206954956, 0.28933078050613403, -0.2706648111343384, 0.1491910070180893, -0.281894713640213, -0.5667471289634705, -1.1734070777893066, -0.5024334192276001, -0.015682203695178032, -0.35331910848617554, -0.8356050848960876, -0.48172059655189514, -0.39888402819633484, 0.06945909559726715, 0.08991159498691559, -0.38154953718185425, -0.45642971992492676, 0.00045605667401105165, 0.16143572330474854, -0.6425946354866028, -0.542627215385437, 0.15963849425315857, -0.6154202222824097, 0.13969679176807404, -0.5175945162773132, 0.12453986704349518, -0.09952755272388458, 0.008606904186308384, 0.18066108226776123, -0.0007461226196028292, 0.3116404116153717, -0.36363494396209717, -0.009425092488527298, 0.11655044555664062, -0.01494878064841032, -0.027711471542716026, 0.5772570371627808, 0.4293837547302246, -0.259909063577652, 0.205696240067482, 0.24028915166854858, 0.535737156867981, -0.31272444128990173, -0.6670758724212646, -0.13215123116970062, 0.020980047062039375, -0.12569133937358856, -0.1278286576271057, 0.539743185043335, -0.254080206155777, 0.5771999359130859, -0.08191234618425369, -0.25191670656204224, -0.07108218967914581, -0.6161690354347229, -0.45425230264663696, -0.4106385409832001, 0.5966987013816833, -0.42873355746269226, 0.41137412190437317, 0.0793408453464508, -0.11091446876525879, 0.05737624689936638, -0.4020172357559204, -0.4586101174354553, -0.12315869331359863, 0.22698146104812622, -0.6327106952667236, -0.41300660371780396, 0.4953833520412445, -0.2054644525051117, -0.11412737518548965, 0.07282552868127823, -0.7706649899482727, -0.16175100207328796, -0.46239760518074036, 0.05620989203453064, -0.3635565936565399, 0.21842262148857117, 0.3856581747531891, -0.1691434383392334, -0.06462841480970383, 0.10110891610383987, 0.5299798250198364, 0.7569071650505066, 0.7783794403076172, 0.4637594521045685, 0.00329949869774282, -0.014597604051232338, 0.06417986005544662, 0.23913760483264923, 0.183298721909523, -0.7972510457038879, -0.5300195217132568, 0.4106158912181854, -0.3291744589805603, -0.6974457502365112, 0.07665280252695084, 1.1799372434616089, -0.38994812965393066, 0.5693280100822449, -0.0108101274818182, 0.1652829945087433, 0.044817499816417694, -0.041039563715457916, -0.3096217215061188, -0.5477311015129089, 0.2972571849822998, -0.03516968712210655, 0.073127880692482, -0.9067182540893555, -0.01441843993961811, 0.5555369853973389, -0.02535020001232624, 0.17454157769680023, 0.2865805923938751, 0.15930357575416565, -0.0753844603896141, -0.13007116317749023, 0.13065801560878754, 0.2831566333770752, 0.10147552192211151, -0.012181411497294903, 0.15169385075569153, -0.23577527701854706, 0.5274704694747925, -0.008243710733950138, -0.09966880083084106, -0.07056760787963867, -0.13549116253852844, -0.36450281739234924, 0.038479793816804886, 0.12799803912639618, -0.5045231580734253, -0.6645944714546204, -0.1561807245016098, -0.3937915563583374, 0.4769079387187958, 0.5374578237533569, -0.3118346929550171, 0.1779661774635315, 0.4123309850692749, 0.33550146222114563, 0.3418184518814087, -1.0019917488098145, 0.5905519127845764, -0.136879101395607, -0.669853150844574, 0.2117714136838913, -0.23043668270111084, -0.5346030592918396, 0.15507206320762634, -0.5190154314041138, 0.205161452293396, 0.4833410382270813, -0.3495372533798218, 0.04932735115289688, 0.5977857112884521, -0.7160061001777649, 0.09136199951171875, 0.2664263844490051, -0.7548550367355347, 0.6599739193916321, 0.7067071199417114, 0.12548507750034332, 0.016856558620929718, -0.02489696443080902, 0.5909712314605713, -0.5205729603767395, -0.10841815173625946, -0.5684723854064941, -0.04986602067947388, 0.6289753913879395, 0.5765486359596252, 0.13872914016246796, -0.16373811662197113, -0.3578067719936371, -0.05569921061396599, -0.4515170753002167, -0.2396409809589386, 0.16476590931415558, -0.3288501501083374, -0.28591442108154297, 1.3220769166946411, 1.0183172225952148, 0.27920079231262207, -0.17026138305664062, 0.02322482503950596, -0.06455505639314651, 0.08401444554328918, 0.23115737736225128, -0.15237988531589508, 0.1425711065530777, 0.3238639235496521, -0.07387605309486389, 0.2975066006183624, 0.23521292209625244, -0.453624963760376, 0.4491567015647888, 0.6531060934066772, 0.04955190047621727, -0.23351332545280457, 0.14833472669124603, 0.13878406584262848, 0.013097536750137806, -0.341022253036499, -0.14594995975494385, 0.25088590383529663, -0.5911810398101807, -0.11407448351383209, -0.615654468536377, -0.6052204966545105, -0.05808737874031067, -0.17267584800720215, 0.16540195047855377, -0.14848138391971588, -0.03544553741812706, -0.2590884566307068, -0.3558577597141266, 0.3667057752609253, 0.019595423713326454, 0.3221282958984375, 0.1867871731519699, 0.17410822212696075, -0.7712916731834412, -0.08854242414236069, 0.5350127816200256, -0.5204629302024841, 0.5439128875732422, 0.14773787558078766, 0.46160322427749634, 0.2528912425041199, 0.2894161343574524, 0.7043890953063965, 0.1257954239845276, -0.387663871049881, -0.060244593769311905, 0.42451855540275574, -0.43654346466064453, -0.5653892159461975, 0.1808517724275589, 0.4787426292896271, 0.04653662443161011, 0.31010326743125916, -0.09240236133337021, -0.3711540997028351, -0.07910387217998505, -0.057360295206308365, -0.055394887924194336, 0.3504010736942291, -0.2094879001379013, 0.00805202592164278, -0.2214256227016449, 0.3360442519187927, 0.4674268364906311, 0.6566444039344788, 0.017750609666109085, -0.16942429542541504, 0.08867562562227249, 0.23060499131679535, 0.603252649307251, -0.2943213880062103, 0.08199109882116318, 0.5136674642562866, -0.2654488682746887, -0.42236602306365967, 0.12879520654678345, 0.2692566215991974, 0.23946864902973175, 0.006149836350232363, 0.03914302587509155, -0.04325961694121361, -0.8778651356697083, 0.5313008427619934, -0.5628129243850708, 0.32583945989608765, -0.5789849162101746, -0.14671659469604492, 0.0659337192773819, -0.38450300693511963, 0.05682170018553734, 0.356313556432724, 0.5381168723106384, -0.38918378949165344, 0.5676671862602234, -0.1526053100824356, 0.4013729691505432, -0.0582440048456192, -0.04822372645139694, 0.40687796473503113, -0.47995156049728394, -0.676323652267456, -0.7834213376045227, 0.21870334446430206, 0.077382892370224, -0.6637416481971741, 0.4394600987434387, -0.00013759119610767812, -0.18081821501255035, 0.02526174858212471, 0.13702665269374847, -0.10719715803861618, 0.4045026898384094, 0.09103859215974808 ]
210797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Burtnieks	Lake Burtnieks	Lake Burtnieks (, ) is the fourth largest lake in Latvia. It is shallow with an average depth of 2.9 m. The lake bed is mainly sandy, in places a little muddy. In the southeast part of the lake there is Devonian sandstone rock. The lake has 17 species of fish, such as minnows, salmon, chubs, eels, and pike, and there are areas for duck hunting. The banks are shallow and sandy, but along the southern coast, waves have carved sandstone cliffs. After the regulation of the Salaca river in 1929, the lake level dropped by a metre, and many of the exposed shallows grew covered with reeds and algae. The lake contains three islands with a total area of 14,000 m². The lake lies entirely within the Northern Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve. Small streams from Latvia and Estonia; the Aunupīte, Bauņupīte, Briedes upe, Dūres upe, Ēķinupe, Rūjas upe, and Sedas upe flow into the lake. Lake Burtnieks is the source of 95 km long Salaca river, which flows out of the northwest corner into the Gulf of Riga. In ancient times, the lake was known as Astijärv or Aster, when northern Vidzeme was inhabited by the Livonian people. The lake is a major setting of the Latvian national epic Lāčplēsis, and appears in many Latvian folklore stories. A few small villages cling to the coast today, the largest of which is Burtnieki. External links Environmental data Burtnieks Valmiera Municipality Vidzeme	[ -0.10586486756801605, 0.3622629642486572, 0.2157907783985138, 0.2136063128709793, -0.3104807138442993, 0.9264525175094604, 0.5481971502304077, 0.2981603741645813, -0.6655070185661316, -0.005658185109496117, 0.12814168632030487, -0.1157110407948494, -0.23697608709335327, 0.5992411971092224, -0.5522672533988953, 0.8426685333251953, 0.31299346685409546, 0.2992868423461914, 0.549889862537384, -0.5520748496055603, 0.29649829864501953, -0.03527786210179329, 0.6578046679496765, 0.6241747736930847, -0.5282431244850159, 0.08363549411296844, 0.6328670978546143, 0.7246385812759399, 0.3831862509250641, 0.18612144887447357, -0.522729218006134, 1.2950550317764282, 0.28136155009269714, -0.00314487237483263, 0.5393396019935608, -0.15605562925338745, 0.28544390201568604, -0.326467365026474, -0.21663667261600494, -0.3186074197292328, -0.03552230820059776, 0.44802114367485046, -0.602688729763031, -0.09425670653581619, 0.07222892343997955, -0.7250484228134155, -0.8714351654052734, 0.4438747763633728, -0.8398663401603699, 0.14760227501392365, -0.2643044590950012, 0.2928290367126465, 0.102846659719944, 0.4315732717514038, 0.347471684217453, 0.309144526720047, -1.0943310260772705, -0.245534747838974, 0.650100588798523, 0.6252594590187073, 0.36498767137527466, 0.50100177526474, -0.31489652395248413, 0.29969173669815063, 0.3735162019729614, 0.1007620319724083, 0.07859383523464203, 0.4975475072860718, -0.20675379037857056, -0.6912984251976013, -0.27521049976348877, -0.34762075543403625, 0.10718010365962982, -0.24652190506458282, 0.08608236908912659, -0.2781996726989746, -0.4943845272064209, -0.31600990891456604, 0.4227965176105499, -0.4120174050331116, 0.3792436718940735, -0.19559700787067413, 0.5146908164024353, 0.4088275730609894, 0.21101032197475433, 0.10491473227739334, 0.03991305083036423, -0.18581564724445343, -0.9801801443099976, 0.5055117011070251, -0.02688382752239704, -0.07814174890518188, 0.7942023277282715, 0.06794239580631256, 0.02987627126276493, 0.28287720680236816, -0.7080468535423279, 0.4916563630104065, 0.5426172018051147, 0.45714473724365234, -0.17008784413337708, 0.6519912481307983, 0.49775686860084534, 0.23495276272296906, -0.928087592124939, -0.504258394241333, -0.7191438674926758, -0.3394988477230072, -0.22636516392230988, -0.08890991657972336, -0.9619413018226624, 0.451249897480011, -0.17251312732696533, 0.30060529708862305, -0.05605539679527283, 0.7496404647827148, -0.015266170725226402, -0.4467780292034149, -0.398483008146286, 0.06302598118782043, 0.17870153486728668, 0.6842570900917053, 0.12094501405954361, 0.35691240429878235, -0.14328080415725708, 0.4559735655784607, 0.11250284314155579, 0.34586817026138306, -0.08262021094560623, 0.15670445561408997, -0.1051706075668335, 0.6888459920883179, -0.634830892086029, 0.1019156277179718, 0.19982019066810608, -0.08539045602083206, 0.2693980634212494, 0.2553641200065613, -0.07282346487045288, 0.014725628308951855, -1.3625726699829102, -0.3524239957332611, -0.5424182415008545, 0.08744046837091446, 0.9601771235466003, -0.18477793037891388, -0.23617254197597504, -0.3557247221469879, -0.19309666752815247, -0.21406562626361847, 0.5305689573287964, 0.3476000428199768, -0.14986757934093475, 0.14443184435367584, -0.3895871639251709, 0.25059768557548523, 0.6496386528015137, -0.15048566460609436, 0.4858883321285248, 0.7104536294937134, 0.5510739088058472, -0.024266790598630905, 0.2791961431503296, 0.4462735950946808, 0.07539955526590347, -0.023067926988005638, 0.4478052258491516, 0.012903972528874874, 0.18388311564922333, 0.14734673500061035, -0.31618115305900574, 0.1754612773656845, 0.1815139353275299, -0.6814684271812439, 0.42563363909721375, -0.48394396901130676, 0.23848125338554382, 0.3306958079338074, 0.15063686668872833, -0.8447315692901611, -0.7036823034286499, 0.283697247505188, -0.08436640352010727, -0.2745394706726074, 0.13038218021392822, 0.40266841650009155, -0.05001872032880783, 0.7194926142692566, 0.07767997682094574, -0.20671510696411133, 0.004338136408478022, -0.3756841719150543, -0.1481049507856369, 0.40278181433677673, 1.1046257019042969, 0.3666318953037262, -0.5672245025634766, -0.04632571339607239, 0.010725587606430054, 0.4577677249908447, -0.47922682762145996, -0.24272708594799042, -0.2505611777305603, -0.12474731355905533, -0.6069375872612, -0.09904931485652924, -0.25486135482788086, -0.2786773443222046, 0.11668838560581207, 0.8543257117271423, 0.09774744510650635, -0.7396429777145386, 0.4270479381084442, -0.3789806663990021, 0.1594516783952713, 0.13844624161720276, 0.046360455453395844, 0.31270092725753784, 0.2816113233566284, 0.0046688285656273365, 1.154746413230896, 0.04017503559589386, -0.1632215529680252, 0.09373223036527634, 0.10670050233602524, 0.31554466485977173, 0.4388291835784912, 0.2986813187599182, -0.3414474427700043, -0.4938220977783203, -0.014880096539855003, 0.2018846571445465, 0.16196541488170624, -0.09279719740152359, -0.543846070766449, -0.14829568564891815, -0.001824946142733097, -0.7017422318458557, 1.0960630178451538, -0.23428159952163696, 0.1213042363524437, 0.03495137020945549, 0.15808674693107605, -0.34846875071525574, 0.4694644510746002, 0.4769268333911896, -0.08723621815443039, -0.25485631823539734, -0.5517753958702087, -0.6536720395088196, 0.4105969965457916, 0.20309539139270782, 0.07568173110485077, -0.09499265253543854, 0.10752201825380325, -0.0029166771564632654, 0.4204084277153015, -0.5431352853775024, 0.20432376861572266, 0.500648021697998, -0.2583334147930145, -0.24475355446338654, 0.29578670859336853, 0.44042664766311646, -0.09091256558895111, -0.3574064075946808, 0.3002086579799652, -0.08133663982152939, 0.3840702474117279, -0.36473822593688965, 0.21723215281963348, -0.7219570875167847, -0.34396839141845703, 0.04985366389155388, 0.45663583278656006, 0.002632696880027652, 0.12180386483669281, 0.09025850892066956, -0.9631845355033875, 0.2770601809024811, 0.34265851974487305, 0.49982261657714844, 0.10965082794427872, -0.7467323541641235, -0.2801284193992615, 0.2443515658378601, -0.09468171745538712, 0.2645733952522278, -0.15006794035434723, -0.04710764065384865, -0.0017503313720226288, 0.29870983958244324, -0.5407264828681946, 0.18719790875911713, -0.10148229449987411, 0.3882425129413605, -0.3077161908149719, 0.3889981508255005, 0.6582832932472229, -0.4944978356361389, -0.6788026094436646, 0.3094472885131836, -0.6719557642936707, -0.2375430017709732, 0.018648989498615265, -0.4775524139404297, -0.08536770939826965, 0.3650645315647125, -5.156167984008789, 0.12480328977108002, -0.9458519816398621, -0.026040850207209587, 0.06840856373310089, -0.3514223098754883, 0.5926070213317871, -0.2312106192111969, -0.10879220813512802, -0.1179003044962883, -0.0678444430232048, -0.2749714255332947, -0.4504961371421814, 0.8794147372245789, 0.578576922416687, 0.1634751260280609, 1.076346516609192, 0.16792619228363037, 0.49369722604751587, -0.028782036155462265, 0.24827776849269867, 0.17189624905586243, -0.4915235936641693, 0.18079239130020142, 0.0006577839376404881, 0.3950193524360657, 0.36730360984802246, 0.16029079258441925, -0.973365306854248, -0.6430478692054749, -0.9389708042144775, -0.4897826015949249, 0.11384794116020203, -0.5430806875228882, -0.3624565005302429, -0.07683053612709045, 0.33609914779663086, 0.7634365558624268, 0.5654136538505554, -0.37003085017204285, -0.07625893503427505, 0.0321635901927948, 0.3777204751968384, -0.07222375273704529, 0.49384549260139465, -0.4565924108028412, 0.04798302799463272, 0.43977734446525574, -0.510445237159729, 0.6957772970199585, 0.8971129059791565, -0.45937463641166687, 0.8463372588157654, -0.012640918605029583, 0.09913485497236252, -0.4463840126991272, 0.48655685782432556, 0.04818399250507355, -0.5096052885055542, 0.6943841576576233, -0.18389111757278442, -0.1512850970029831, 0.14150524139404297, -0.5909169316291809, 0.40010011196136475, -0.49398237466812134, -0.35412657260894775, -0.12191913276910782, 0.15640133619308472, 0.1621958315372467, -0.6579932570457458, 0.9006336331367493, -0.6495105624198914, -0.6852158308029175, 0.21675637364387512, -0.4625568389892578, -0.8381456136703491, 0.3110660910606384, 0.19412526488304138, 0.2975851595401764, -0.7958683371543884, -0.46909379959106445, -0.3454175889492035, 1.158950686454773, 0.596184253692627, -0.10047595202922821, 0.07152433693408966, -0.012808633036911488, -0.022180166095495224, -0.20865043997764587, 0.3528859317302704, -0.4936739206314087, 0.7428080439567566, 0.2332182228565216, -0.46055617928504944, 0.6782073378562927, -0.10529156774282455, 0.06450491398572922, -0.04823581129312515, -0.3280705213546753, 0.8008142709732056, -0.3119807541370392, 0.42505908012390137, -0.4608991742134094, 0.14315299689769745, -0.27469152212142944, 0.3764180839061737, 0.7261199355125427, 0.5875689387321472, -0.28058314323425293, 0.039964061230421066, -0.32281485199928284, 0.13090486824512482, -0.6151276230812073, 0.5808170437812805, 0.09447716176509857, 0.19415283203125, 1.5042481422424316, -0.5000688433647156, 0.22930729389190674, -0.030327247455716133, 0.3004458546638489, 0.16129454970359802, -0.000022222957341000438, 0.1374775618314743, -0.40811604261398315, 0.07559113949537277, -0.2399793565273285, -0.9933117032051086, 0.46432599425315857, 0.1412467211484909, 0.026473410427570343, 0.14708101749420166, -0.8213226199150085, 0.4766477942466736, -0.39753258228302, -0.574896514415741, -0.7155633568763733, 0.17800356447696686, -0.5126267671585083, 0.7732234001159668, 0.016033895313739777, -0.13726980984210968, 0.5244213342666626, -0.33293616771698, 0.4278765916824341, -0.09730652719736099, 0.21081045269966125, -0.47430408000946045, -0.13969627022743225, -0.7736978530883789, -0.7238881587982178, -0.02099863439798355, -0.46661576628685, 0.34086790680885315, 0.0604255236685276, -0.09252237528562546, 0.5157893896102905, 0.08620697259902954, -0.3676629662513733, 0.29780113697052, -0.8132128119468689, -1.1460036039352417, -0.3918534219264984, 0.05804109945893288, -0.47175121307373047, -1.1187293529510498, -0.4818885922431946, -0.15719884634017944, 1.0992112159729004, 0.14980584383010864, -0.28501468896865845, -0.8390651941299438, 0.20191417634487152, 0.09027044475078583, -0.3321545720100403, 0.052061088383197784, 0.15595413744449615, -0.492465615272522, 0.3173750042915344, 0.012084382586181164, 0.17295090854167938, -0.41893577575683594, 0.8719705939292908, 0.30825260281562805, -0.11259833723306656, -0.2874281406402588, 0.5817794799804688, -0.47245869040489197, -0.1742023527622223, -0.11304035782814026, -0.25234201550483704, 0.7713205218315125, 0.4007773697376251, 0.04218684136867523, -1.1977794170379639, 0.16208887100219727, 0.5634148120880127, -0.061132095754146576, -0.42014279961586, -0.009747248142957687, 0.4843818247318268, -0.3786580264568329, 0.650501012802124, -0.05766203626990318, -0.6263815760612488, 0.662760853767395, 0.8012771606445312, -0.48142290115356445, 0.24907025694847107, -0.8111381530761719, -0.9711235165596008, -0.09505584836006165, 0.7933463454246521, -0.5840049982070923, 0.22529248893260956, 0.39103758335113525, -0.2888734042644501, -0.9411419034004211, -0.06683085858821869, -0.5478343367576599, -0.4885316491127014, -0.355584979057312, -0.46031755208969116, -1.0524708032608032, 0.5118395686149597, 0.21987545490264893, -0.07902361452579498, 0.2852877974510193, -1.000634789466858, 0.17487134039402008, -0.09860958158969879, 0.1871163696050644, 0.4861478805541992, -0.3785560727119446, -0.00611745985224843, -0.04175703227519989, 0.48794472217559814, 0.5056612491607666, 0.35847729444503784, 0.2891218066215515, 0.6749364733695984, -0.30078092217445374, -0.6780710816383362, 0.5343401432037354, 0.4240991473197937, -0.08626674860715866, 0.030546344816684723, -0.7384676337242126, 0.13151809573173523, -0.19272470474243164, -0.04790983349084854, -0.8062121272087097, -0.23233871161937714, 1.5023717880249023, -0.042991407215595245, 0.05314696580171585, 0.17265921831130981, 0.13663682341575623, 0.30857858061790466, -0.16196177899837494, 0.3166019916534424, -0.2211327701807022, -0.010911214165389538, 0.594853937625885, -0.2926265299320221, -0.25079983472824097, -0.2976221740245819, 0.4262543320655823, -0.011127699166536331, -0.5229920744895935, -0.5744678378105164, 0.0983336865901947, -0.05486846715211868, -0.7244274616241455, 0.05785380303859711, -0.2484237253665924, -0.5994400978088379, 0.19000039994716644, 0.17923593521118164, -0.6638129353523254, 0.005893408786505461, -0.00876389630138874, 0.2914174199104309, -0.5216885805130005, -0.11652720719575882, -0.6853616833686829, 0.14579655230045319, -0.22412000596523285, 0.8185104131698608, -0.21843992173671722, -0.38275423645973206, -0.5761932730674744, -0.449311226606369, 0.321643203496933, -0.1666567027568817, 0.3621372580528259, 0.16732190549373627, -0.3868866264820099, 0.5039597749710083, -0.8323926329612732, 0.6995060443878174, -0.2654716372489929, -0.77101731300354, 0.2533864676952362, 0.6772035360336304, -0.3754715323448181, -0.29796102643013, 0.2927895784378052, 0.1361715942621231, 0.48975396156311035, 0.05032418668270111, 0.2230803519487381, 0.5048462152481079, -0.24108272790908813, 0.24596138298511505, 0.39594125747680664, -0.4685841500759125, 0.06419182568788528, 0.20393270254135132, 0.3043905794620514, -0.5060003399848938, 0.22075524926185608, 0.27762672305107117, -0.7293158769607544, 1.1903927326202393, -0.16745789349079132, -0.8613026142120361, 0.457987904548645, 0.41621971130371094, 0.2000257521867752, -0.2026887983083725, -0.3304331302642822, 0.6057000160217285, -0.17863410711288452, -0.28522756695747375, -0.05697345361113548, -0.4863951802253723, -0.36083927750587463, 0.1657937914133072, 0.5943470597267151, 0.3022114932537079, -0.3304148316383362, 0.1399308443069458, 0.10191212594509125, 0.05151020735502243, 0.11483988165855408, 0.2512655258178711, 0.022094832733273506, -0.42217957973480225, 0.20577678084373474, -0.20071351528167725, -0.03704759106040001, -0.8815244436264038, 0.0355912484228611, -0.0069493078626692295, 0.04069308191537857, -0.7813396453857422, -0.0823955312371254, -0.10997576266527176, 0.0920499786734581, -0.618092954158783, -0.06780365854501724, 0.09637046605348587, 0.04118705540895462, -0.5898718237876892, 0.19694504141807556, -0.08493147790431976, -0.4467252194881439, -0.1654578447341919, -0.09758969396352768, -0.3611264228820801, 0.17092330753803253, 0.20708142220973969, -0.1464320421218872, 0.4364997148513794, -0.20931854844093323, 0.03094044327735901, 0.22365239262580872, 0.5304375290870667, -0.1808195859193802, 0.664205014705658, -0.5660253167152405, -0.594763994216919, -0.6069539189338684, -0.29574453830718994, 0.0934215784072876, -0.3340410590171814, 0.7009236812591553, 0.1477144956588745, 0.12469549477100372, -0.004142196383327246, -0.21880033612251282, 0.4392656087875366, -1.027438998222351, -0.37029361724853516, -0.8583444356918335, 0.8617411255836487, 0.4842087924480438, 0.03758358210325241, 0.022971246391534805, -0.23477649688720703, -0.2151692509651184, 0.9265358448028564, -0.10012860596179962, 0.10668583959341049, -0.5050954818725586, -0.12007667869329453, -0.3409799337387085, 0.6734375953674316, 0.34514492750167847, -0.0679996982216835, -0.21743491291999817, 0.41566523909568787, -0.3301376700401306, 0.3071920573711395, 0.6907584071159363, -0.5143845677375793, 0.7228165864944458, -0.3603772521018982, 0.1230556070804596, -0.7507415413856506, 0.4085506796836853, 0.5256729125976562, 0.17874565720558167, -0.6857566237449646, -0.3733803331851959, -0.1622450351715088, -0.7065590620040894, -0.7950633764266968, -0.6046310663223267, 0.4460574686527252, -0.08532766252756119, 0.2348228096961975, -0.6152856349945068, 0.04839170724153519, 0.5422900915145874, 0.8633255958557129, 0.773880124092102, -0.6043331623077393, -0.45844441652297974, -0.39042654633522034, 0.23057875037193298, 0.2992607653141022, 0.2032930701971054, 0.5394455790519714, -0.6374832391738892, -0.4577946066856384, -0.2988464832305908, -0.10239622741937637, 0.11605235934257507, -0.37590259313583374, 0.6466717720031738, -0.08908732980489731, -0.5675631165504456, -0.13310690224170685, 0.52309650182724, -0.5576062798500061, -0.02381647191941738, 0.11057454347610474 ]
210798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacandon%20people	Lacandon people	The Lacandon are one of the Maya peoples who live in the jungles of the Mexican state of Chiapas, near the southern border with Guatemala. Their homeland, the Lacandon Jungle, lies along the Mexican side of the Usumacinta River and its tributaries. The Lacandon are one of the most isolated and culturally conservative of Mexico's native peoples. Almost extinct in 1943, today their population has grown significantly, yet remains small, at approximately 650 speakers of the Lacandon language. Culture The Lacandon escaped Spanish control throughout the colonial era by living in small, remote farming communities in the jungles of what is now Chiapas and the Guatemalan department of El Petén, avoiding contact with whites and Ladinos. Lacandon customs remain close to those of their pre-Columbian Mesoamerican ancestors. As recently as the late 19th century some bound the heads of infants, resulting in the distinctively shaped foreheads seen in Classic Maya art. And well into the 20th century, they continued using bows and arrows and making arrowheads from flint they quarried in the rainforest. Today they sell versions of these to tourists. Until the mid-20th century the Lacandon had little contact with the outside world. They worshiped their own pantheon of gods and goddesses in small huts set aside for religious worship at the edge of their villages. These sacred structures contain a shelf of clay incense burners, each decorated with the face of a Lacandon deity. The Lacandon also made pilgrimages to ancient Maya cities to pray and to remove stone pebbles from the ruins for ritual purposes. They believe that the Maya sites are places where their gods once dwelled before moving to new domains they constructed in the sky and below the earth. The Maya site of Bonampak, famous for its preserved temple murals, became known to the outside world when Lacandóns led American photographer Giles Healy there in 1946. A few Lacandon continue their traditional religious practices today, especially in the north around Lakes Naja and Mensabok. In the south, a yellow fever epidemic in the 1940s took many lives and caused a high degree of social disruption. The southern group abandoned their pantheon of gods in the 1950s and were later Christianized through the efforts of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Southern Lacandon helped SIL missionaries translate the New Testament and parts of the Old Testament into their language. But in the north the spiritual leader Chan K'in, who lived to an advanced age and died in 1996, helped keep the ancient traditions alive. Chan K'in urged his people to maintain a respectful distance from the outside world, taking some things of value, but not allowing outside influences to overwhelm the Lacandon way of life. Language The Lacandon speak a Mayan language closely related to Yucatec Maya. In their own language they call themselves Hach Winik ("Real People", ) and they call their language Hach T'ana ("Real Language"). The Lacandón have long been traders with other Maya in the area and have adopted some words of Ch'ol and Tzeltal into their lexicon. They have also created their own unique styles of speaking Spanish in some cases. Details of the language of the northern group of Lacandon can be found at the Lacandon Cultural Heritage website. Threats to cultural survival Lacandon interaction with the outside world has accelerated over the past 30 years. In the 1970s, the Mexican government began paying them for rights to log timber in their forests, bringing them into closer contact with the national economy. At the same time, the government built roads into the area, establishing new villages of Tzeltal and Ch'ol Indians who were far more exposed to the outside world than the Lacandon. The roads helped expand farming and logging, and severe deforestation occurred. Then, in the early 1990s, the Lacandon witnessed acts of violence during the Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas. The Zapatistas issued a series of statements of their principles, each called a "Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle". Casa Na Bolom in San Cristóbal de las Casas is devoted to helping the Lacandon cope with the changes imposed on them in recent decades. A scientific and cultural institute, it was founded in 1951 by archaeologist Frans Blom and his wife, photographer Gertrude "Trudi" Duby Blom. Casa Na Bolom ("House of the Jaguar") does advocacy work for the Lacandón, sponsors research on their history and culture, returns to them copies of photographs and other cultural documentation done by scholars over the years, and addresses environmental threats to the Lacandon Jungle, such as deforestation. Among its many projects, Casa Na Bolom has collaborated with a group of Swedish ethnomusicology students who recorded traditional Lacandón songs. A publication of those recordings in CD form is now planned. Several linguists and anthropologists have done extensive studies of Lacandon language and culture, including Phillip Baer, a missionary linguist with Summer Institute of Linguistics who lived among the Lacandon for more than 50 years, Roberto Bruce an American linguist who devoted his life to studying Lacandon language and culture, and Christian Rätsch who spent three years living with the Lacandon while studying their spells and incantations. History The first definite contact with the Lacandons occurred in the last decades of the 18th century. When scholars first investigated in the early 20th century, they thought that the Lacandon were the direct descendants of ancient Classic Maya people who fled into the rainforest at the time of the Spanish Conquest and remained linguistically and culturally pristine ever since. They made that assumption because the Lacandons' physical appearance and dress is so similar to the way the ancient Maya portrayed themselves in their murals and relief carvings. Scholars were also impressed by the fact that “the Lacandon resided near the remote ruins of ancient Mayan cities, had the knowledge to survive in the tropical jungle, and were neither Christian nor modernized”. They thought that these native people were pure Maya untouched by the outside world. But in recent years researchers have revealed a more complex history for the Lacandon. Scholars have now shown that the Lacandon are the result of a coming together of various lowland Mayan refugee groups during the period of Spanish colonial rule. Their “language, clothing, and customs derive from several different Colonial Era Mayan ethnic groups”. It appears that the Lacandon possess multiple origins and that their culture arose as different lowland Mayan groups escaped Spanish rule and fled into the forest. There was a blending of cultural elements as some traits of varied origin were retained while others were lost. The Lacandon seem to have arisen as a distinct ethnic group as late as the 18th century, meaning that they “cannot be the direct descendants of the ancient Maya since their culture did not exist before it was generated through inter-indigenous interaction”. The Lacandon seem to have originated in the Campeche and Petén regions of what is now Mexico and Guatemala and moved into the Lacandon rainforest at the end of the 18th century, a thousand years after the Classic Maya civilization collapsed. Unlike other indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica, though, they were not strongly affected by outside forces until the 19th century. While other Indians were living under the control of the Spanish, the Lacandon lived independently deep in the tropical forest. Their independence allowed them to manage their contact with the outside world in a controlled way. Preserving their ethnic identity was not as effortless, though. The Lacandon deliberately remained in small, isolated groups in order to resist change. They used their inaccessibility and dispersed settlement pattern to protect their traditions. Outsiders avoided the Lacandon region for centuries due to frightening legends about the dense tropical forest. The Spanish—and later the Mexicans, after they gained their independence—sometimes made efforts to settle the region, but failed due to the lack of financial and political support. For generations the only connections the Lacandon had to the outside world came through trade. The Lacandon “often initiated [trade and] sought metal tools, salt, cloth, and other European goods”. Outsiders, for their part, also desired goods from the forest, such as timber, animal skins, and fruits. Although trade was slow and infrequent, it did take place and it allowed for an intermingling of culture and material goods. In the 19th century, outsiders looked toward the forest for valuable timber and new lands for farming. As the 19th century progressed, farmers and ranchers invaded the area, and the Lacandon withdrew farther into the forest, losing more and more land on the periphery of their territory. The Lacandon survived outright conquest, though, by adopting a flexible strategy that led them to accept, resist, or retreat from the imposing foreign culture depending on the circumstances. By the late 20th century, though, the Lacandon were in frequent contact with outsiders within the area that had been their heartland. This resulted in territorial shifts, disease, and new powerful cultural influences. As logging began on a massive scale, the Lacandon came into contact often with forest workers, which resulted in wage work for some and an overall transformation of their culture, a process that continues to the present time. As development in the area took place, the Catholic Church established mission churches which converted many Lacandon. The Lacandon were drawn into the revolt of indigenous peoples that took place in the area in the 1980s and 1990s. They endured the pressure of cultural change as never before in their history. Their strategy of many generations to withdraw into the forest to preserve their traditional way of life now failed them. In 1971 a Mexican presidential order turned 614,000 hectares over to the Lacandon Community, thereby recognizing the land rights of this relatively small group of indigenous forest dwellers over the more numerous settlers, who had been encouraged to colonize the Lacandon Forest under previous government policies. But this did not put an end to the Lacandons' troubles. Ironically, this effort to save Lacandon culture resulted in enduring tensions between the Lacandon and their neighbors. Religion Throughout their history the ritual practices and beliefs of the Lacandon have shifted and evolved. Change has seemed more explicit as contact with the outside world has increased. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the differences between Lacandon religious practices prior to increased contact (19th century) and those afterwards. As a culturally conservative group of Native Mesoamericans, the Lacandon have maintained characteristics unique to themselves, including certain religious customs, despite the encroachment and influence of the outside world since the early 16th century. It is also important to recognize that while the Lacandon are culturally conservative, they were never isolationist as they had continued contact and trade with other Native Mesoamericans throughout their history. However, the Lacandon have been very secretive about their religious rituals throughout ethnographic history, which has led to many mysteries about the meanings and origins of certain rituals and beliefs. Another problem to consider is that the Lacandon are not an entirely homogeneous group, which has created difficulties for ethnographers in understanding the religious practices of the Lacandon both past and present. Significant differences may be found in ritual behavior related to geographic differences of Lacandon villages. Lacandon villages are small and dispersed throughout the jungle in Chiapas. A further geographic divide is evident between the Lacandon in lowland Chiapas near the Maya ruins of Bonampak and Yaxchilán and the highland Lacandón who reside closer to Lakes Naja and Metzabok within the jungle (see map at). Lacandon who reside in the southern part of the Chiapas jungle have been more exposed to outsiders, are more aggressive than their highland counterparts, have slightly different dress, and adopted the Christian faith more quickly. Religious practitioners When contacts between Europeans and the Lacandon began being recorded it was believed that they were unchanged ancient Maya descended from those who fled initial Spanish contact and that they were complete with the ritual beliefs and physical appearance of their ancestors. The Lacandon refer to themselves as Hach Winik, or “real people” and report that they are descendants of the Maya. While the Lacandon share a history with the Maya, many of their religious practices are not found among the ancient Maya or other Maya groups. The Lacandon may identify a particular man in a village who has shown extensive ritual knowledge or ability as a healer or religious leader who then performs religious ceremonies. However, basic offerings and incense burning is performed by all male heads of household and generally theirs is an egalitarian society as far as leadership. Ceremonies usually have only male participants and are for a myriad of reasons including; feeding a particular god, a fertility rite, to help with agriculture, and frequently in response to illness. As contact from outsiders increased so did the occurrence of disease among the Lacandón, and with that more rituals focused on healing. The prominence of particular Gods also increased with the influx of outsiders including a God the Lacandon recognize specifically for foreigners among other things. Gods Lacandon deities include K’akoch, the god responsible for the creation of earth, sun, and other gods (who came from the flower of the bak nikte' Plumeria rubra); K’akoch does not interact with humans. Sukunkyum is held to be the first god to come from the bak nikte' and is reportedly in charge of the underworld and judging people's souls; Sukunkyum tends to the sun (when it disappears into the west) and the moon (during the day). Hachäkyum is the younger brother of Sukunkyum; he is the most important deity because he created the jungle, animals, and man and woman (with the help of his wife). In the generation below Hachakyum, there are various mediating gods, such as his son Tuub (T'up) and his son-in-law Ah Kin ('Priest') Chob. Mensäbäk is the god of rain and is therefore very important to the Lacandón. Mensäbäk can be traced back to the pre-Hispanic Maya god Yum Chac, who is also a god associated with rainfall. There are also gods associated with thunder and lightning (Hahanak'uh), earthquakes (Kisin), and war and disease (Ak K'ak'). Inexplicably, the Lacandon seem to have no maize deity, a deity which is present among all other Mayan groups. More recently, Äkyantho', the god of foreigners, has become more prominent. This god, Äkyantho', is described as a light-skinned god that wears a hat and carries a pistol. Äkyantho' is responsible for trade, medicine, diseases, some animals (horses for example), and metal tools. He has a son named Hesuklistos (Jesus Christ) who is supposed to be the god of the foreigners. This is expressive of the Lacandón cultural conservatism and adaptability, in that they fit new gods into their world view. They recognize that Hesuklistos is a god but do not feel he is worthy of worship as he is a minor god. Ceremonial buildings, sacred places, and objects of ritual practice Most Lacandon villages have a God House where ceremonies take place. Some are located near the religious leaders abode or close to the home of a well-respected or elderly male. Some villages hide the God House away from the village in the jungle so that outsiders are unable to find them. Often these sites are also guarded and even shielded with vegetation so that the rituals performed inside cannot be seen. The God House is built very low to the ground so that it is hard to see into and it is oriented to North, South, East, and West with the entrance on the east side where it faces toward Maya ruins and the sunrise. Inside the God House are the necessities used for various ceremonies. These include drums suspended in the ceiling so they don't touch the ground until they are needed for ritual song and dance; a fire starter traditionally consisting of a fire drill (two sticks) and more recently a lighter, matches or flint; benches to sit around; ceramic bowls for preparing and eating ritual meals or offerings; a conch shell “trumpet” to announce the beginning of a ceremony for both villagers and the gods; a large hollowed trough to make the alcohol Balché for ritual consumption; and most importantly the God House contains rubber characters, incense nodules (made of copal), and ceramic God pots used to burn the offerings for the rituals. Sacred places included caves (where the sun went to the underworld each night), Maya ruins where the Gods had once resided, next to rivers, rock outcroppings or particular places in the jungle (there would not be any cutting of vegetation in these areas). These places are often remote, secret, and not to be viewed by outsiders. God pots are small ceramic bowls that have the head and face of the deity they represent attached to the rim of the pot, often with the head tilted back so that incense or offerings may be placed directly on it. These pots are fired in the open and coated with a mixture of clay, lime, and water and then painted with red or black dyes. The pots have specific masculine or feminine designs including whether the head had straight (male) or braided (female) hair and whether the pot was striped (male) or checked (female). In addition, pots used for rituals are considered to be alive and to have a soul. To bring life to a God pot the Lacandón would use small pebbles they found at Maya ruins that they considered sacred. They would also use cacao beans for the purpose of giving the pot a “heart”. Each God pot was made for a particular deity or ritual and if they remained in good condition they sometimes were given from father to son. When a god pot became full with incense, burnt offerings, or was broken, there would be a renewal ceremony to replace it. The old pot would be taken to a sacred place and left and then new ceramic incense burners and figurines were made (usually to be discarded later) as they created a new pot to take the place of the old. Offerings, rituals, and beliefs Offerings burnt in the God pots included incense, food, and rubber figurines. The food was often thought to sustain the Gods and keep order in the universe. The figurines were made of sap from the Castilla elastica tree, which was seen as blood from the tree and is thought to represent the blood sacrifices in some of the Lacandon ceremonies. These figurines were usually in the form of humans with specific body parts clearly represented but at times were also in the form of animals. Part of the belief of the Lacandón entailed the Gods being able to partake in the offerings in the God pot by the figurine being burned in the God pot and becoming a messenger for the particular God invoked. The smoke of the offering was seen as the essence, or soul (pixan) which is consumable by the gods. Ultimately, there is not a great understanding of the exact meaning of the anthropomorphic rubber figures though the symbolism appears to be representative of human sacrifice. It is known that the rubber figures would be splattered with red annatto dye before being burnt and that at sometime before the 19th century it was common for the Lacandón to participate in bloodletting where they would cut their earlobe or septum and smear the figurine with blood before burning it. The belief was that the God could be sustained from the smoke of the burning blood. Other beliefs, which signify a potential history of human sacrifice, include some Gods preferring human flesh and sacrificing other Gods and also that at the end of the world the Gods would sacrifice humans and would paint their houses with the blood of the humans. The behavior of the Gods being similar to that of humans may point toward cannibalism and human sacrifice among the Lacandón historically though these practices were non-existent or unknown by the 20th century. Other practices may have included ancestor worship as god pots and incense burners have been found at burial sites. Reports of cremation burials (Baer and Baer, 1952) exist as well as ritual links to astronomy and dream interpretation. Not much is known about these practices. A specific belief regarding the god Akyantho’ is that he had first given the Lacandón tools, medicine, animals, liquor, and other trade associated items but then took them away and gave them to foreigners because they were taking better care of these items. As a punishment for their irresponsibility, the Lacandón had to interact with the foreigners in order to obtain what they needed. In addition, the Lacandón believed that their Gods had once dwelled in the ruins along with their ancestors. Many rituals were performed at these sites as evidenced by the numerous god pots found throughout. Breaking any of the rocks or damaging the buildings of the ruins was seen as disrespecting the Gods. Often these places were guarded but the increasing interruption of ceremonies along with the damaging of the sites and the god pots there forced the Lacandón back into the jungles to perform their rituals privately. Didier Boremanse, in the book South and Meso-American Native Spirituality, gives some detailed accounts of specific rituals that he witnessed (pp. 324–351). External influences While the Lacandón have recently seen an influx of outside influence with the coming of roads, logging, tourism, and other modernizations, it is important to recognize that they have had contact with outsiders throughout their history. It should also be noted that the Lacandón were often the initiators of contact with foreigners (including other Mayan groups). Outside contact was usually facilitated by trade and religious conversion. If we examine photographs and drawings of the Lacandón dating from the late 19th century, we can see that their clothing and personal adornments have changed considerably. These valuable historical images show that cultural change has been taking place among the Lacandón for a long time. The Lacandón have sometimes gone into nearby towns to participate in Catholic mass or other rituals performed by priests. The ritual of baptism was of particular interest, possibly because they perceived a cleansing and therapeutic value for that ritual. Initially, attempts by capuchin priests and other missionaries to Christianize the Lacandón were unsuccessful. The priests repeatedly tried to emphasize the importance of monogamy in their religion, which may have led to the initial general non-acceptance of the religion. Polygyny was seen by the male Lacandón as a way to ensure labor and economic power, retain ritual knowledge in food preparation, and maintain fertility among wives at different times. The Christian religion provided somewhat of a break for Lacandón women because there was no need for the exhaustive process and knowledge base of preparing ritual foods for ceremonies. Because of this, and their exclusion from the traditional ceremonies other than cooking, many Lacandón women asked their husbands to convert to Christianity. As mentioned earlier, the geographic differences among the Lacandón may have influenced the rate at which Christian conversion occurred. It is noted that the lowland Lacandón have all but abandoned the historical religion while those in the highlands still practice some traditional rituals. The need for privacy for the rites to be performed and outsider interruption likely has something to do with this as well. The use of music and dance has also decreased in ritual behavior inexplicably since ethnographers began studying the Lacandón. Today, it is possible to buy god pots made by the Lacandón specifically for tourists. These pots are not painted and have not been given “souls” and therefore are not alive and can be sold. Jon McGee (2002) notes that increased participation in a monetary economy because of tourists has decreased the need for subsistence agriculture and with it the religious rites associated with agriculture. Other changes include the simplification of god pot designs, the non-existence of once very important pilgrimages to particular sites (because they have been desecrated), disappearance of bloodletting, and rarity of polygyny. Besides the influence of outsiders, these changes can also be attributed to deaths of the elders and knowledgeable persons who practiced the rituals through old age and often disease. Information was not passed on to younger generations, which opened a place for Christian missionaries to convert more Lacandón. For this reason Protestantism is the dominant religion of the lowland Lacandón today. John McGee (2002) has noted that within four years of the introduction of television, traditional ritual practices among the highland Lacandón has been reduced to just two families and one individual. Many others no longer participate in any religion at this point. Economy The historic Lacandón were neither strictly hunter-gatherers nor swidden agriculturalists, but rather, they were both as they saw fit. Likewise, they were at one time either mobile or sedentary. The Lacandón would make clearings in the forest to raise crops and some livestock, but they would also hunt and fish, and gather roots and plants in the jungle. As such, they had no need for a structured economy, as they relied on their own homesteads as their source of sustenance. The more contact that the Lacandón had with other people, the more their economy morphed. The historic Lacandón would at times trade with outsiders, but there is little to no documentation regarding this contact. What trade was documented showed that it was the most contact the Lacandón had with the outside world at the time. They traded animals, honey, beeswax, tobacco, cotton, and cacao for much-needed metal tools. As time progressed into the 19th and 20h centuries, the goods the Lacandón were given during trade became more advanced, such as firearms, kerosene, coffee, sugar, and clothing among other things. There is evidence that showed that some Lacandón kept regular trade with ranches in Chiapas, and through contact learned languages such as Spanish, Ch'ol, and Tzeltal Maya. This allowed the Lacandón to more easily understand Tzeltal Maya culture and Christianity. To the Lacandón, trade with foreigners was the most vital, and once only way for them to come into contact with the outside world, and for them to obtain things that they themselves cannot produce. Throughout time one can see the advancement of technology reaching the Lacandón. The increased trade in the 19th century also influenced change in the Lacandón subsistence. They started raising chickens, cultivating oranges, plantains, sugar cane, and instead of hunting with bows and arrows, were hunting with rifles. Some Lacandón would gain employment from Ladinos in logging camps, and others would receive payment from logging camps for rights to log in their jungle. By the end of the 19th century and beginning of the twentieth, tourists would come to the Lacandón villages and purchase material items like gourd bowls, bows, and arrowheads. As other indigenous people were given land in the Lacandón Jungle, the common practice of subsistence farming was replaced by semi commercial agriculture of the new people that were given land in the area. This was further influenced by the national government's encouragement of the development of commercial farming, and not the typical slash and burn practices that were historically common in the area. In addition to that, rapid deforestation of the Lacandón Jungle due to cattle grazing led the Lacandón to move from their dispersed settlements to more centralized communities, thus shifting their economic practices. In the early 1970s, oil developments in Tabasco put money into Chiapas, and allowed for the Mexican government to set up a Rain forest reserve, preventing areas of the Lacandón Jungle from being used by logging companies. However, after gaining control of the local extension of the Florida-based logging company Weiss Fricker Mahogany Company, the Mexican government organization Nacional Financiera, S.A. (NAFINSA), which controlled the revenue generated by logging in the Lacandón Jungle. A state-controlled company, the Compañia Forestal de la Lacandon S.A., was created to contract Lacandón communities for logging rights of their land. Unfortunately, NAFINSA controlled most of the royalties made by the company, 70%, as opposed to the 30% that the Lacandón communities received. Following the oil price crash in the early 1980s, the value of the peso dropped dramatically, which made international tourism even more attractive. Though this affected the economy of the Lacandón adversely, it presented an opportunity for them to gain. Lacandón men would dedicate a good amount of their free time towards manufacturing arts and crafts, and then selling their goods to tourists in the larger towns in Chiapas, like Palenque. In 1980, a road was built to connect Palenque with the Lacandón community of Nahá. This allowed tourist traffic to flow into Lacandón communities, and the Lacandón merchant selling material goods no longer had to travel for days, but rather set up his shop along the road, and could carry more items with the advent of vehicular travel in the area. One of the biggest items sold to tourists are hunting kits - bows and arrows. Men making these bows and arrows transitioned from acquiring the materials from the jungle themselves, to just buying the materials and focused strictly on the production of the bows and arrows. These are usually sold at the Maya ruins at Palenque and range in sizes - from full adult sizes to child-sized toys kits. The historical Lacandón needed to rely on only themselves. But as they came into contact with other people, and Mexico became a more unified state, their economy shifted towards a more dependent one, thriving on increased trade with other local people and eventually were introduced with international trade. Geography and land use The Lacandón became associated as being isolated from other groups, a fact which was facilitated largely by the geographical setting in which they lived. The geography led many to be discouraged from venturing into the Lacandón lands, and the result was that the Lacandón people were never completely “conquered” as was the case with other indigenous groups in Mesoamerica. The rugged terrain and thick forests which characterize the Lacandón lands in the eastern sector of the present-day Mexican state of Chiapas (see map at) acted somewhat as a barrier to social interaction outside of the small and dispersed groups in which the Lacandón lived from pre-Conquest times up to the 20th century. The southern Maya lowlands which are home to the Lacandón are characterized by rugged karstic topography and sub-tropical rainforest, known as the Selva Lacandona, or the Lacandon Forest. Several rivers feed into the eastern Chiapas region, such as the Pasión, San Pedro Martir, Lacantún, Jataté, Usumacinta, and Chixoy. The rivers, along with many lakes, swamps and shorelines, contribute to the diversity of the Lacandón lands. The availability of various types of flora and fauna which inhabit these aquatic and terrestrial areas have allowed the Lacandón to thrive in a geographical setting which at first glance appears to be hostile to humans. In order to take full advantage of their resources, the Lacandón have used specific agricultural, hunting and gathering techniques which have been designed to be conservative of the land and ecozone as a whole, which allows for sustainable use and therefore continued yield in the future. 20% of the approximately 700 Lacandón people living today continue to use such techniques. James Nations recognizes four zones which the Lacandón utilize to maintain a diverse food supply and healthy diet. The primary or old growth forest consists of small portions of tropical rain forest and lower mountainous rain forest, which constitutes the majority of the forest ecosystem. While the growth in this type of rainforest is not quite as tall as that seen in a tropical rainforest, the two largely share the same characteristics (see interactive map at and map at). The primary growth forest provides hunting for the Lacandón, as deer, peccary, agouti, and monkeys inhabit the area. The Lacandón also utilize the many different plant species in the rainforest for various purposes, including dietary and medicinal; the medicinal use of plants is well-developed amongst the Lacandón and is important in their culture. This zone is also very important for the maintenance of rich and stable soil, of which the Lacandón take advantage in their milpa systems, the second zone. The milpa, or farmed field, is crucial to the survival of the Lacandón people. Here, they utilize sustainable slash and burn techniques to ensure the continued richness of the soils of the milpa and health of the region in general. The Lacandón people engage in swidden agriculture on a primary or secondary growth forest in January, February or March, and allow the remains to dry until April. During this time, fire breaks are also put into place so as to keep the coming burn from catching other parts of the forest on fire. The firing occurs in April and planting begins soon thereafter. Different crops are grown together in the milpa amongst each other, such that plants of a single crop are separated from one another and surrounded by different crops. Also, tree species (bananas, plantains, etc.) are interspersed amongst maize and vine plants such as squash and chiles, and root crops are cultivated in the ground under these. Plants are harvested in November or December after the rainy season which begins in May or June. This cycle will be repeated for 2 to 5 years, at which time the milpa will be replanted with trees and allowed to be repopulated with wild forest plant species (this zone is then referred to as an acahual). After 5 to 7 years, the land will be used as a milpa again. After this second period of time used as a milpa, however, the land will be replanted with trees and allowed to develop into a mature secondary forest (at least 20 years), at which time it will be used as a milpa again. The third zone, as mentioned above, is the acahual. The Lacandón farmers replant the milpa in tree crops such as rubber or fruit and reap the direct benefits from the plants. The Lacandón also use the acahual as a type of hunting ground, as the animals discussed above frequent the acahaul to graze or eat. The last major zone in the Lacandón lands is that which is near water, such as river banks, stream beds, swamps, and shorelines. The aquatic areas provide the Lacandón with additional sources of protein and a different nutrient base from that which is provided by the terrestrial zones. The people use a specific type of snail species (Pachychilus spp.) known locally as t’unu as a type of protein supplement to their diet. In addition, the shells from this organism provide great nutritional value, as they provide calcium and lime when burned. The lime is then added to maize to release amino acids such as tryptophan and lysine and the vitamin niacin, which would otherwise be unavailable from the maize (unable to be metabolized) if the lime were not added. By utilizing the primary forest, milpas, acahuales and aquatic areas, the Lacandón have been able to provide a healthy diet for themselves which has contributed to their ongoing survival. Archaeology Three sites have been excavated and yielded artifacts that are historically Lacandón, El Caobal, Matamangos and El Magal. The location of these abandoned Lacandón sites have been passed down through generations of fathers taking their sons to the sites for hunting or exploring. The locals who had traveled there as children are the last informants who know the location of the Lacandón settlements. Since the Lacandón did not typically build “stone-and-earth” platforms it is almost impossible to find their lost settlements, making the knowledge of the elder locals crucial. Each site yielded different artifacts, some proved evidence of a home or residences, others may have been manufacturing sites. All show strong evidence of Lacandón inhabitance. The easiest characteristic of Lacandón settlement to spot is the presence of non-native vegetation such as fruit trees. Another being traditional Lacandón pottery. The ceramic vessels found at all of the sites were dark brown and black with dark clouding on both the inside and outside and had a hemispherical shape. The hemispherical shape mimicked the familiar shape of the gourd vessels that were also very important. The gourds had a practical form and were used often for ritual food and drink. The rims of the ceramic vessels were squared off, as if they had been cut with a knife before being fired. Unlike Lacandón gourd bowls, which were typically decorated with carved designs, the ceramic vessels had no designs or adornments. This might have shown some insight as to why they were left behind, perhaps they were so simple and easily produced that they were left behind and new vessels were made after the tribe migrated to a new location. The first site discovered near the ruins of Dos Pilas was El Caobal, located on raised terrain and surrounded by swamp. In Spanish, means “place or abundance of mahogany trees,” this refers to the large concentration of them which most likely due to planting by the Lacandón who relied on them for canoes and also because mahogany trees are not indigenous. El Caobal also has a large amount of mango and banana trees, which are also non-native, which were planted by the Lacandón as a source of food. Beneath the jungle floor laid hundreds of artifacts including pottery, stone tools, metal pots and broken glass to name a few. Some of the artifacts were brought up by root action or a metal detector located and others were found from blind digs. The abundance of artifacts suggests the location a home or possibly a discard zone. The local artifacts that were found included utilitarian ceramics and stone tools, imported items consisted of white earthenware vessels with painted designs, glass bottles and metal tools. At Matamangos, the site approximately one kilometer from El Caobal is identified by its abundance of mango trees (again showing that non-indigenous vegetation points to settlement). Matamangos was also on slightly raised ground and was located near a small group of Maya house mounds. After deciding to dig near one of the largest mango trees large amounts of chert debris such as chert cores, arrowheads and small blades were uncovered, another object that is characteristically Lacandón. Chert was a hard stone that the Lacandón used to make arrowheads and other lithic tools. A large piece of chert (also called a core) would first be heated and then bone is struck with a round hammerstone (made of volcanic rock) against the core, using indirect percussion fragments were chipped off to make prismatic chert blades. A hammerstone (probably imported from the Guatemalan highlands) was also found nearby the chert fragments. The stone was identified as being a hammerstone because of its smooth and rounded from use and fits comfortably in the hand and has scratches and chips from use. The uncovering of these related artifacts suggests possibly a tool manufacturing area or a discard site. Known as El Mangal or “place of many mango trees” by the locals, this site has trees that were much larger than those at Caobal or Matamangos. The area also had a lagoon that was known on regional maps as “El Mangal” (showing a knowledge of the area by people other than the locals). The water in the lagoon is not good for drinking or cooking but it useful for washing and catching fish. A current family has made residence at El Mangal and has unearthed a whole machete, they also found pieces of thick, hard, brown pottery (traditional Lacandón ceramic). While digging a trash pit the family found more pottery, although it was not the traditional smooth bowls that had been found at El Caobal, they were still ethnographically Lacandón. The vessels were identified as incense burners. The shape was hemispherical with a ring base and a hole for venting the fire and releasing smoke. Unlike the smooth ceramics used for every day life these vessels were adorned with the modeled head of a deity on the rim, proving this object is used for religious rites. The modeled heads “closely resemble those made by the ethnographic Lacandon.” Other decorations include incised lines and holes down the front of the bowl and protruding spikes. These vessels were used in “God houses” for religious purposes. During the Lacandón incense burner renewal ceremony men isolated themselves from the community and crafted the burners in solitude. They were placed in the god house and the old burners were deposited at a sacred place in the forest. The presence of these incense burners points possibly to a religious god house, a manufacturing site or even a sacred place of disposal. See also Chiapas conflict Kejache Lakandon Ch'ol Maya civilization List of Mayan languages References Further reading Aída, Rosalva, Hernández, Castillo (2001). Histories and stories from Chiapas: border identities in southern Mexico. (1st Ed.) Austin, TX University of Texas Press. Baer, Phillip & Dr. William R. Merrifield (1971) "Two Studies on the Lacandones of Mexico," Dallas, TX: SIL Publications. Blom, Frans & Gertrude Duby Blom (1955) "La Selva Lacandona," Mexico City: Editorial Cultura. Boremanse, Didier (1998) "Hach Winik: The Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Southern Mexico," Austin: University of Texas Press. Bruce, Robert (1974), "El Libro de Chan K'in". INAH, Mexico. McGee, Jon (1990) "Life, Ritual, and Religion among the Lacandon Maya," Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Perera, Victor & Roberto Bruce (1982) "The Last Lords of Palenque: The Lacandon Mayas of the Mexican Rain Forest," Boston: Little, Brown. Price, Christine & Gertrude Duby Blom (1972) "Heirs of the Ancient Maya: A Portrait of the Lacandon Indians," New York: Scribner. Rittlinger, Herbert (1961) "Last of the Maya," New York: Taplinger Publishing Co. Roeling, Sebastiaan (2007) "Shadows of Bonampak: An Extensive Ethnography of the Lacandon Maya of Chiaps, Mexico" Rotterdam: Uitgeverij S. Roeling. Bressani, Ricardo and Nevin S. Scrimshaw. “Effect of Lime Treatment on in vitro Availability of Essential Amino Acids and Solubility of Protein Fracturing in Corn.” Agricultural and Food Chemistry 6.10 (1958): 774-778. Cowgill, U.M. “An Agricultural Study of the Southern Maya Lowlands.” American Anthropologist 64 (1962): 273-286. Katz, et al.“Traditional Maize Processing Techniques in the New World.” Science 184 (1974): 765-773. Tozzer, A.M. “Landa's Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatán.” Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. 18 (1941). Cambridge, MA. External links Website for the Lacandon Communities History and Culture Photos by Georgette Soustelle, 1933-34 Lacandon Maya photos by Gertrude Blom Mayaweb: Dedicated to the study of Lacandon Culture SIL website on Lancandon language Spiritual Leader Chan K'in Reinventing the Lacandon Chan K'in's obituary in the New York Times Photo Essay Chan K'in and the Lacandons Casa Na Bolom Documentation project on Lacandon language and culture "The Lancandon Maya" (documentary by http://www.history.ca) Maya peoples Maya mythology and religion Indigenous peoples in Mexico	[ -0.020596453920006752, 0.4657254219055176, -0.46338406205177307, -0.09514280408620834, -0.07908234000205994, 0.5401245951652527, 0.7195577025413513, 1.3256105184555054, -0.6334814429283142, -0.34122440218925476, 0.09528230130672455, 0.413577139377594, 0.026804400607943535, 0.8509492874145508, -0.5179949402809143, 0.5390816330909729, 0.16888749599456787, 0.681188702583313, 0.30813339352607727, -0.1150115430355072, -0.3406139016151428, -0.5612331628799438, 0.5476114749908447, 0.05487872660160065, 0.09274084120988846, 0.11277886480093002, 0.2497909665107727, 0.4944494664669037, 0.24818171560764313, 0.04461371526122093, -0.2865177392959595, 0.9741360545158386, 0.09639962017536163, -0.4950237274169922, 0.35170620679855347, 0.5641554594039917, -0.6052457094192505, -0.5038012266159058, -0.07256988435983658, -0.14364247024059296, 0.1697637140750885, -0.470437228679657, -0.033365532755851746, 0.7097137570381165, -0.22432459890842438, 0.46020016074180603, -0.8174729347229004, 0.3494700789451599, -0.7766767740249634, -0.22676773369312286, -1.2011843919754028, 0.5494698286056519, 0.2295452505350113, 0.267794132232666, 0.43947967886924744, 0.210097998380661, -1.3108922243118286, -0.10696899145841599, 0.14308398962020874, 0.1909680962562561, 0.32305875420570374, 0.9258957505226135, -0.3049125671386719, -0.8372704386711121, -0.4930820167064667, -0.2103320062160492, 0.47451403737068176, 0.3978777527809143, -0.21098260581493378, -0.4720897674560547, -0.2918351888656616, 0.12180756032466888, -0.4027029871940613, -0.22940707206726074, 0.12810136377811432, -0.37301623821258545, -0.36206474900245667, 0.05252756550908089, -0.07033982127904892, 0.35353174805641174, -0.10008099675178528, 0.8536348938941956, 1.435387372970581, -0.1334659457206726, 0.6608387231826782, 0.21149003505706787, -0.23829828202724457, -0.07967808842658997, -0.35841628909111023, 0.11524537950754166, -1.0156376361846924, -0.17082859575748444, 0.29360246658325195, 0.0056600384414196014, -0.012970193289220333, -0.1692720502614975, 0.4555110037326813, 0.0778847262263298, -0.1925094723701477, 0.738552987575531, 0.08700581640005112, 0.08484245836734772, 0.4973854720592499, 0.5222883820533752, -0.8485583066940308, -0.3448983430862427, -0.6116151809692383, 0.5725104212760925, -0.5058038830757141, -0.39207080006599426, -0.1567969173192978, 0.09332610666751862, -0.07883314043283463, 0.14853374660015106, 0.2553708851337433, 0.41751810908317566, 0.6944029927253723, -0.49129316210746765, 0.2591162323951721, -0.09611406177282333, -0.04294009506702423, 0.5978844165802002, -0.2544085383415222, 0.016986573114991188, -0.15957006812095642, 0.5684623718261719, 0.2853240370750427, 0.00914270244538784, -0.3719324767589569, -0.13397516310214996, 0.6983243227005005, 1.0016846656799316, 0.4716363847255707, -0.02123749442398548, 0.6247780919075012, -1.0683364868164062, 0.19377946853637695, 0.24426952004432678, 0.7907481789588928, 0.1790878027677536, -1.1716349124908447, 0.006878605578094721, -0.32536235451698303, -0.03727029636502266, 0.32701045274734497, -0.2534469664096832, -0.10043150931596756, -0.10273025184869766, -0.5889583230018616, -0.32310131192207336, -0.09724880009889603, -0.41354846954345703, 0.3335101306438446, 0.05545039102435112, -0.25409889221191406, -0.34532493352890015, -0.26266559958457947, -0.2738644480705261, 0.23086725175380707, 0.019500277936458588, -0.010282517410814762, -0.08075854182243347, 0.035636939108371735, 0.07423337548971176, 0.3518371284008026, 0.3025737702846527, -0.0015454180538654327, 0.24833372235298157, 0.06486815959215164, 0.6318470239639282, -0.03479398414492607, 0.12092465907335281, 0.27625301480293274, -1.311665415763855, -0.6210057139396667, -0.5041292309761047, -0.085448257625103, 0.29522019624710083, -0.18916675448417664, 0.2851005792617798, -0.5930038690567017, 0.47641703486442566, -0.21453247964382172, -0.16325226426124573, -0.49926096200942993, -0.252467542886734, 0.5260329842567444, 0.4718753397464752, 0.5523776412010193, -0.40896421670913696, -0.07927065342664719, 0.05767308175563812, 0.026130415499210358, 0.05478474870324135, 0.5920183658599854, 0.3142167925834656, -0.5727495551109314, 0.6083210706710815, -0.11003076285123825, 0.5249818563461304, -0.3626483082771301, -0.09584872424602509, 1.0696803331375122, 0.13233661651611328, -1.0220950841903687, -0.18467764556407928, -0.30297762155532837, 0.3554525077342987, 1.0260918140411377, 0.9602424502372742, -0.541936993598938, -0.17830397188663483, -0.15115584433078766, 0.6141314506530762, -0.5164796113967896, -0.18004484474658966, 0.17425458133220673, -0.3894794285297394, 0.42965760827064514, -0.8473566770553589, 0.5560498237609863, -0.17395220696926117, -0.22039012610912323, 0.2219868004322052, -0.15924108028411865, 0.785015881061554, 0.6831546425819397, -0.17548370361328125, 1.0568606853485107, -0.4140040874481201, 0.47280117869377136, 0.15189963579177856, -0.020781127735972404, -0.827029824256897, 0.02093552239239216, -0.29705411195755005, 0.06258125603199005, -0.767149031162262, -0.3406321704387665, -0.08848074078559875, 0.07861637324094772, -0.5394945740699768, -0.3306945562362671, -0.17738616466522217, 0.14668574929237366, 0.155599907040596, 0.10591121017932892, 0.23343855142593384, -0.8031270503997803, 0.23100607097148895, 0.2645221948623657, 0.5421618819236755, -0.2863648533821106, -0.43659791350364685, -0.21520251035690308, 0.5248388648033142, -0.07333827018737793, -0.6640762090682983, 0.3898043930530548, 0.17880500853061676, -0.3442137837409973, -0.0046829162165522575, -0.3792704939842224, 0.3274305760860443, -0.29889872670173645, -1.0248479843139648, 0.011381269432604313, -0.22768038511276245, -0.20487292110919952, 0.06191622465848923, 0.3739986717700958, -0.16748063266277313, 0.2591244578361511, -0.5233346819877625, -0.03231162950396538, -0.3066033720970154, -0.1275521218776703, -0.2760629951953888, -0.8471776843070984, -0.4350225031375885, 0.1998153030872345, 0.2947286367416382, -0.036080703139305115, -0.3423098623752594, -0.17342256009578705, -0.6153852939605713, 0.549711287021637, -0.47037583589553833, -0.014476657845079899, -0.3123016059398651, 0.12047138065099716, -0.16906341910362244, -0.6600781679153442, 0.2520572245121002, -0.2641584873199463, -0.5085954070091248, 0.03985288739204407, 0.15178228914737701, 0.7548397779464722, -0.869804322719574, -0.6761784553527832, 0.5316655039787292, -0.07410046458244324, 0.1461431235074997, 0.10577382147312164, -0.058017849922180176, 0.019302014261484146, -0.12004860490560532, -5.2071533203125, 0.17545373737812042, -0.7261826992034912, -0.664219081401825, 0.266714870929718, -0.029225612059235573, 0.2371203452348709, 0.015650421380996704, 0.04739672690629959, -0.5039541125297546, -0.2207031399011612, 0.31905853748321533, -1.0179853439331055, 0.5057734847068787, 0.3288284242153168, 1.0404483079910278, -0.025463247671723366, -0.11903723329305649, 0.055635757744312286, -0.15031525492668152, -0.24983711540699005, 0.2550305128097534, -0.4892553389072418, 0.7454695105552673, 0.44400250911712646, 0.3644426763057709, -0.5228425860404968, -0.762512743473053, -0.9070309400558472, -0.28035950660705566, -0.5939697027206421, 0.5408863425254822, -0.30098971724510193, -0.027198433876037598, -0.41673344373703003, 0.29393088817596436, 0.1920093595981598, 0.09561077505350113, -0.032476507127285004, -0.7001523971557617, -0.6253538727760315, -0.009539343416690826, -0.08785802870988846, -0.34406715631484985, 0.5056175589561462, 0.20625098049640656, -0.460730642080307, -0.4592133164405823, -0.07928001880645752, 1.1743197441101074, 0.16545256972312927, -0.3660764694213867, 0.8453592658042908, -0.1049066036939621, 0.2901265025138855, -0.12962649762630463, 0.7680354714393616, -0.23307019472122192, -0.46102750301361084, 0.5928454399108887, 0.179240420460701, -0.06264763325452805, -0.20384791493415833, -1.0537792444229126, 0.2689124047756195, -0.3084877133369446, -0.07329118251800537, 0.10337516665458679, 0.6770820617675781, -0.39725592732429504, -0.2479006052017212, 0.3784451186656952, -0.5284531116485596, -0.9390023946762085, 0.0849379450082779, -0.3077451288700104, -1.162546157836914, 0.2122056782245636, -0.23826979100704193, 0.5338122248649597, 0.04790262505412102, 0.18974466621875763, 0.05271193012595177, 0.14039069414138794, -0.055432647466659546, -0.3803320527076721, 0.10061171650886536, 0.04126065969467163, -0.4389018416404724, 0.19368697702884674, 0.7429559230804443, -0.4624721109867096, 0.5027868151664734, -0.3409128785133362, 0.08529582619667053, 0.5068334937095642, 0.22195707261562347, 0.0013290232745930552, -0.19287583231925964, -0.30756789445877075, 0.6976908445358276, -0.235235333442688, 0.23180562257766724, 0.2266269475221634, 0.0007192367920652032, -0.30430394411087036, -0.20749519765377045, 0.31326305866241455, 0.5621470212936401, 0.2141028791666031, 0.3228984475135803, -0.11288895457983017, -0.16357600688934326, 0.3396762013435364, 0.38821083307266235, -0.11758683621883392, -0.04530870169401169, 0.366301953792572, 0.40710073709487915, -0.35633671283721924, 0.21954122185707092, 0.3275429606437683, -0.5037426352500916, 0.05271841958165169, 0.2846231758594513, -0.21421818435192108, 0.3011302053928375, 0.7762773633003235, -0.011141198687255383, 0.47534069418907166, -0.7700009942054749, -0.24881720542907715, 0.45323124527931213, 0.0581481009721756, 0.042952559888362885, 0.43827497959136963, -0.30741870403289795, -0.8903293013572693, 0.44628894329071045, -0.3456057608127594, 0.20963075757026672, -0.44197604060173035, 0.2196318358182907, 0.5711179971694946, 0.8841907978057861, 0.21781012415885925, -0.30707573890686035, -0.6410090923309326, -0.8051956295967102, 0.2638816237449646, 1.2028790712356567, 0.2643316686153412, -0.19663992524147034, -0.07131277024745941, -0.21164430677890778, -0.2029799073934555, 0.3384843170642853, 0.44264012575149536, 0.3498780429363251, 0.048551201820373535, 0.007747966330498457, -0.5804630517959595, -0.5708510875701904, 0.5609917640686035, 0.6511804461479187, -0.30868443846702576, 0.05244264006614685, -0.32062381505966187, -0.16365842521190643, 0.6964799165725708, 0.10862746834754944, -0.30156028270721436, -0.35263586044311523, -0.012308244593441486, 0.6880598068237305, -0.6729868650436401, 0.19864337146282196, 0.7095422148704529, -0.4598803222179413, 0.18126173317432404, -0.28477227687835693, -0.07901474833488464, 0.25012436509132385, 0.27297207713127136, -0.09404544532299042, -0.43009135127067566, -0.32824134826660156, -0.07503864914178848, -0.41131263971328735, 0.075578473508358, 0.6902429461479187, 0.02402414008975029, -0.46400973200798035, 0.25174325704574585, -0.8413729071617126, -0.2689266800880432, 0.35079413652420044, 0.06632822751998901, 0.516423225402832, -0.6548221707344055, 0.04203930124640465, 0.643146812915802, -0.4597390294075012, 0.7483075261116028, 0.21181230247020721, -0.5738521218299866, 0.2643374502658844, -0.05862376093864441, -0.9602875709533691, -0.02026454173028469, -0.04411134496331215, -0.47509241104125977, -0.1124534159898758, 0.2707477807998657, -0.06283313035964966, -0.2974916994571686, 0.17545022070407867, 0.007464240305125713, -0.45685672760009766, 0.041377320885658264, 0.5138483643531799, -0.25993651151657104, 0.287891685962677, -0.20784170925617218, -0.4765671193599701, 1.0728176832199097, 0.34161514043807983, -0.38378480076789856, 0.22496013343334198, -0.6404342651367188, 0.3758830726146698, -0.28890764713287354, -0.03247326985001564, -0.43594861030578613, -0.48180288076400757, -0.017614321783185005, 0.1343851536512375, 0.46883532404899597, 0.7036140561103821, 0.2587537467479706, 0.47774574160575867, 0.3863903880119324, 0.14185909926891327, -0.2916175425052643, -0.07816587388515472, 0.21514751017093658, -0.43470266461372375, -0.4035979211330414, -0.8793233036994934, -0.0512373112142086, -0.12315589189529419, -0.540951132774353, -0.37062227725982666, -0.36877378821372986, 0.4589056372642517, 0.2103191316127777, -0.44416314363479614, 0.2202812135219574, -0.046148091554641724, -0.3860056698322296, 0.1447034478187561, -0.3184162676334381, -0.2639128863811493, -0.24817709624767303, -0.20109735429286957, -0.24178162217140198, 0.16554106771945953, -0.008424391970038414, 0.8084436655044556, -0.200337752699852, 0.08315692096948624, -0.19921045005321503, -0.15129485726356506, 0.012122922576963902, 0.044672463089227676, 0.29923000931739807, -0.33456626534461975, -0.15898403525352478, 0.11759600043296814, 0.004053143784403801, -0.8433972001075745, -0.04978041723370552, 0.13260909914970398, 0.4703506827354431, 0.6041863560676575, -0.09904580563306808, -0.4125758111476898, -0.04612810164690018, -0.6064957976341248, -0.3548165261745453, -0.5171672701835632, 0.4180975556373596, 0.4946167469024658, 0.36627882719039917, 0.22297444939613342, 0.14874669909477234, 0.25456616282463074, 0.28215935826301575, 0.1283293068408966, 0.5522900223731995, -0.24777722358703613, 0.8159511685371399, 0.3163414001464844, 0.06270448118448257, -0.13973458111286163, -0.09784246981143951, 0.5453195571899414, 0.12401586771011353, -0.4945334792137146, 0.10566684603691101, -0.14798687398433685, 0.2971038222312927, 0.10889717936515808, 0.7143194675445557, -0.5859102606773376, 0.46038416028022766, 0.06559308618307114, -0.12915261089801788, -0.08248468488454819, 0.5486065149307251, 0.5020971298217773, -0.23520633578300476, 0.6838480234146118, 0.08800572901964188, 0.8433260321617126, 1.0925570726394653, -0.694121241569519, -0.6363464593887329, 0.11439540237188339, 0.15457826852798462, 0.12566499412059784, -0.0528557114303112, -0.6385188698768616, 0.005196894984692335, -0.24816787242889404, -0.1078263521194458, -0.15677741169929504, -0.5510303974151611, -0.38108596205711365, 0.8404322266578674, 0.50014328956604, 0.41488227248191833, -0.7105327248573303, -0.006296245381236076, 0.5029031038284302, 0.19625960290431976, -0.2741341292858124, 0.13583722710609436, 1.1856937408447266, -0.26626572012901306, 1.054945945739746, -0.16217775642871857, -0.12689051032066345, -0.1086004450917244, 0.14174406230449677, 0.2853247821331024, -0.07354358583688736, 0.3079572916030884, -0.5699337124824524, 0.1070689782500267, 0.005610223393887281, -0.31882715225219727, -0.2346106916666031, -0.15494748950004578, -0.5714378356933594, -0.258491575717926, -0.4811864197254181, -0.7143411636352539, -0.7227923274040222, 0.3422345519065857, 0.08508912473917007, 0.17791539430618286, -0.4524465501308441, 0.6901302337646484, 0.48885494470596313, -0.012025020085275173, 0.30832135677337646, 0.6341018676757812, -0.3507500886917114, -0.18127425014972687, -0.16647057235240936, -0.03753461688756943, -0.27040454745292664, -0.24971294403076172, 0.07961173355579376, -0.16637249290943146, -0.2595925033092499, 0.34503793716430664, -0.22121313214302063, 0.43243494629859924, -0.20203566551208496, -0.3405805230140686, 0.2559317946434021, -0.32146990299224854, -0.09581927955150604, 0.032656293362379074, -0.4782216250896454, 0.8840662240982056, 0.3573865592479706, -0.7277177572250366, 0.42819899320602417, -0.03963557630777359, 0.2219322770833969, -0.26359823346138, -0.13928650319576263, -0.17956818640232086, -0.6522058248519897, 0.061180733144283295, -0.3240916430950165, 0.7550262212753296, 0.6966508030891418, -0.15189513564109802, -0.4687519371509552, 0.6411960124969482, -0.13962018489837646, 0.6388277411460876, 0.518279492855072, -0.14872072637081146, -0.1744854599237442, -0.7416917681694031, 0.34607550501823425, -0.7464087009429932, -0.07741755992174149, 0.7008530497550964, 0.7470200657844543, -0.8178755640983582, 0.23086202144622803, 0.13414376974105835, -0.46424031257629395, 0.39430126547813416, 0.855340838432312, -0.009016651660203934, -0.511765718460083, 0.26982662081718445, -0.3694564700126648, -1.260869026184082, 0.6199045777320862, 0.9717669486999512, 0.17280259728431702, 0.031287405639886856, 0.0874989852309227, -0.6516705751419067, 0.8244932889938354, -0.6983817219734192, 0.08370951563119888, -0.5687312483787537, -0.4502311944961548, -0.5433858036994934, -1.2339166402816772, 0.1918838620185852, 0.2860099673271179, 0.050680503249168396, -0.3355908691883087, -0.17560137808322906, -0.2383504956960678, 0.7718154788017273, 0.09773684293031693, -0.9329070448875427, 0.18526141345500946, -0.46795836091041565 ]
210799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbittern	Sunbittern	The sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas, and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga. It is found in Central and South America, and has three subspecies. The sunbittern shows both morphological and molecular similarities with the kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus) of New Caledonia, indicating a gondwanic origin, both species being placed in the clade Eurypygiformes. Taxonomy The sunbittern is usually placed in the Gruiformes, but this was always considered preliminary. Altogether, the bird is most similar to another bird that was provisionally placed in the Gruiformes, the kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus). Molecular studies seem to confirm that the kagu and sunbittern are each other's closest living relatives and have a similar wing display. They are probably not Gruiformes (though the proposed Metaves are just as weakly supported). Altogether, the two species seem to form a minor Gondwanan lineage which could also include the extinct adzebills and/or the mesites, and is of unclear relation to the Gruiformes proper. Notably, the kagu and mesites also have powder down. Subspecies The sunbittern was formerly treated as two species (E. helias and E. major), but now they are treated as a single species with considerable variation between the subspecies. The three subspecies are recognised on the basis of plumage characters and size. The three subspecies are allopatric. E. h. helias – Amazonian sunbittern E. h. major – northern sunbittern E. h. meridionalis – foothill sunbittern Description The bird has a generally subdued coloration, with fine linear patterns of black, grey and brown. Its remiges however have vividly colored middle webs, which with wings fully spread show bright eyespots in red, yellow, and black. These are shown to other sunbitterns in courtship and threat displays, or used to startle potential predators. Male and female adult sunbitterns can be differentiated by small differences in the feather patterns of the throat and head. Like some other birds, the sunbittern has powder down. The sunbittern has a long and pointed bill that is black above, and a short hallux as in shorebirds and rails. In the South American subspecies found in lowlands east of the Andes, the upperparts are mainly brown, and the legs and lower mandible are orange-yellow. The two other subspecies are greyer above, and their legs and bill are sometimes redder. Distribution and habitat The sunbittern's range extends from Guatemala to Brazil. The nominate race, E. h. helias, is found east of the Andes in lowland tropical South America, from the Orinoco basin, through the Amazon basin and Pantanal. The subspecies E. h. meridionalis, has a more restricted distribution, being found along the East Andean slope in south-central Peru, in the lower subtropical zone at altitudes of . The final subspecies, E. h. major, is found at various altitudes ranging from southern Guatemala, through Central America and the Chocó to western Ecuador. This subspecies may also be present in southern Mexico. It has been traditionally reported from the Atlantic slope of Chiapas, but no specimens are known and there have been no recent records. The species is found in the humid Neotropical forests, generally with an open understorey and near rivers, streams, ponds or lagoons. Behaviour and ecology They are cryptic birds that display their large wings, that exhibits a pattern that resemble eyes, when they feel threatened. Feeding The sunbittern consumes a wide range of animal prey. Insects form an important part of the diet, with cockroaches, dragonfly larvae, files, katydids, water beetles and moths being taken. Other invertebrate prey includes crabs, spiders, shrimps and earthworms. They will also take vertebrate prey including fish, tadpoles, toads and frogs, eels and lizards. Sunbitterns are one of 12 species of birds in five families that have been described as fishing using baits or lures to attract prey to within striking distance. This type of behaviour falls within the common definition of tool use. In sunbitterns this behaviour has only been observed in captive birds so far. Breeding Sunbitterns start nesting in the early wet season and before it starts they make flight displays high in the forest canopy. They build open nests in trees, and lay two eggs with blotched markings. The young are precocial, but remain in the nest for several weeks after hatching. References External links BirdLife Species Factsheet Sunbittern videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Birds of Honduras Birds of Nicaragua Birds of Costa Rica Birds of Panama Birds of Colombia Birds of Venezuela Birds of Ecuador Birds of the Guianas Birds of the Amazon Basin Birds described in 1811 Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics Birds of Brazil	[ -0.43910372257232666, -0.1760597974061966, 0.019329866394400597, 0.0012307680444791913, -0.029226500540971756, 0.646751880645752, 0.17307037115097046, 0.5236029028892517, -0.1122419536113739, -0.3755628168582916, 0.02506602555513382, 0.2510918378829956, -0.16562141478061676, 0.1168988049030304, -0.1873326152563095, 0.2506774067878723, 0.45501208305358887, 0.48834770917892456, -0.06737233698368073, -0.1619916409254074, -0.779257595539093, -0.4979214668273926, 0.3363327980041504, -0.8344497084617615, 0.5296692252159119, 0.31215181946754456, 0.23650257289409637, 0.4012347161769867, 0.02107931114733219, 0.5273482799530029, 0.016058405861258507, 0.7018691897392273, 0.3301560580730438, 0.1397458165884018, -0.12807053327560425, 0.10664716362953186, -0.7812176942825317, -0.2793428599834442, -0.003805129323154688, -0.513535737991333, 0.04507027193903923, -0.24738746881484985, 0.7474532723426819, 0.20517799258232117, -0.5990703701972961, -0.04125046730041504, -1.5035548210144043, 0.5893005132675171, -0.3667190968990326, 0.3829493224620819, -0.0823204442858696, 0.17507119476795197, 0.2699047923088074, 0.12352891266345978, 0.14921040832996368, 0.8919398784637451, -0.9297143220901489, 0.21725577116012573, -0.10576409101486206, -0.414045125246048, -0.2277907431125641, 0.19233544170856476, 0.013756346888840199, 0.16196872293949127, 0.3832229971885681, 0.7119286060333252, 0.3133106231689453, 0.05160599201917648, -0.24709902703762054, 0.09566790610551834, 0.3867919147014618, -0.010251859202980995, -0.516731858253479, 0.39596280455589294, -0.6619247794151306, -0.2699003219604492, -0.23165248334407806, 0.15817217528820038, 0.5511811375617981, 0.2270258367061615, 0.40553227066993713, 0.33399927616119385, 0.717348039150238, 0.3647014796733856, -0.2558322548866272, -0.2939358353614807, -0.261843204498291, 0.5307589173316956, -0.5169486999511719, 0.0699482187628746, -0.10471269488334656, -0.21766026318073273, 0.4237152636051178, 0.40009960532188416, -0.5865992307662964, -0.31912463903427124, -0.33573389053344727, 0.11526282876729965, 0.6495395302772522, -0.14894095063209534, -0.1884765774011612, -0.21349088847637177, 0.3166934847831726, -0.11020131409168243, -0.22764292359352112, 0.2707357108592987, -0.45265355706214905, -0.7669618129730225, 0.33505773544311523, 0.29305246472358704, -0.43671271204948425, 0.32688090205192566, 0.3008156716823578, 0.20638024806976318, 0.11839652061462402, 0.7938714027404785, 0.26658129692077637, -0.52964848279953, -0.11278200149536133, -0.58121258020401, 0.6743592619895935, -0.030816223472356796, 0.04090486094355583, -0.21476393938064575, 0.15738369524478912, 0.18019849061965942, 0.24954205751419067, 0.23838020861148834, -0.6883935928344727, -0.3272731602191925, 0.4529467523097992, 0.8628871440887451, -0.6488290429115295, 0.12311456352472305, -0.2509676218032837, -0.12070585787296295, -0.24410708248615265, -0.48093321919441223, 0.47140008211135864, 1.1389920711517334, -0.8674669861793518, 0.13288311660289764, -1.1892666816711426, -0.12805388867855072, -0.023878782987594604, 0.3093394935131073, 0.08023277670145035, -0.4330998659133911, -0.3797604441642761, -0.2970830500125885, 0.38972216844558716, 0.1219589114189148, 0.15009300410747528, -0.191981241106987, -0.42723748087882996, -0.9232600927352905, 0.2848908007144928, -0.17710986733436584, 0.264308363199234, -0.11373243480920792, -0.29263803362846375, 0.10414987057447433, -0.5854129791259766, 0.20655226707458496, 0.1560179442167282, -0.037450943142175674, -0.056432902812957764, 0.14884555339813232, -0.3334985077381134, 0.4569827914237976, 0.3311516046524048, 0.3752211928367615, 1.056579828262329, 0.6032878160476685, 0.024086887016892433, -0.22835800051689148, -0.2289830893278122, -0.029011351987719536, 0.44484075903892517, -0.35827958583831787, -0.7761600613594055, 0.23636184632778168, 0.06869674474000931, -0.09861643612384796, 0.36278465390205383, -0.007195021491497755, -0.022901838645339012, 0.4840777814388275, 0.21807323396205902, -0.2762840688228607, -0.7702265977859497, -0.8195738196372986, -0.03757296875119209, -0.09422900527715683, 0.6383066773414612, 0.27214840054512024, -0.2924489974975586, 0.2203986942768097, -0.0009836372919380665, 0.0532197505235672, -0.5951755046844482, -0.019010448828339577, 0.2746915817260742, 0.09102915227413177, -1.1265177726745605, 0.39595311880111694, 0.0360151045024395, 0.2809588611125946, 0.5508753657341003, -0.21766617894172668, -0.22965924441814423, -0.5400790572166443, -0.08377733826637268, 0.06005353480577469, -0.3608367145061493, -0.3245669901371002, -0.24647068977355957, 0.25804442167282104, 0.20106613636016846, 0.02936382219195366, 0.9510636925697327, -0.04467007517814636, 0.07385573536157608, 0.14961297810077667, 0.1992494910955429, 0.6885825991630554, 0.6441142559051514, -0.21608135104179382, 0.3373683989048004, -0.1776275634765625, 0.035109810531139374, -0.09553719311952591, 0.45316842198371887, -0.6518293619155884, -0.004667786415666342, 0.18510116636753082, 0.3309441804885864, -0.33968380093574524, 0.5967269539833069, 0.06437025219202042, 0.2661778926849365, -0.12622877955436707, -0.549981415271759, 0.6206722855567932, 0.1489848792552948, -0.184804305434227, -0.17794889211654663, 0.4375060796737671, 0.08270581811666489, -0.3906797170639038, 0.314177006483078, 0.7829795479774475, -0.08330504596233368, -0.31236445903778076, -0.007102575618773699, 0.4978431463241577, 0.1711798459291458, 0.6211271286010742, 0.22519445419311523, 0.2964393198490143, -0.6940640211105347, 0.42336714267730713, -0.15027154982089996, 0.12697435915470123, -0.11361666023731232, -0.7467839121818542, -0.5227358341217041, -0.2537689805030823, 0.9069433808326721, 0.1950303018093109, 0.38697102665901184, -0.19067378342151642, -0.7853700518608093, 0.2018469274044037, -0.2839468717575073, -0.1274857372045517, 0.010185993276536465, -0.7489059567451477, -0.3750927150249481, -0.4905078411102295, 0.08110500872135162, 0.7211512327194214, -0.02818586304783821, -0.34889957308769226, 0.04938076063990593, -0.13567247986793518, 0.3635612428188324, -0.26859185099601746, -0.281570702791214, -0.9761402010917664, -0.5203188061714172, 0.10226712375879288, 0.20144550502300262, 0.4803459048271179, -0.8486711382865906, -0.02918223664164543, -0.13239695131778717, 0.5738667845726013, 0.5090391039848328, -0.4758831262588501, -0.3702438473701477, -0.12977248430252075, 0.17198941111564636, -0.0454486720263958, 0.5833933353424072, -0.49109938740730286, 0.4743298888206482, 0.5164842009544373, -5.758198261260986, 0.09961282461881638, -0.37723949551582336, -0.03791625425219536, 0.5603748559951782, 0.09772872179746628, 0.3818204402923584, -0.1971307396888733, -0.1380351185798645, -0.031760044395923615, 0.36884772777557373, 0.39207714796066284, -0.03711845725774765, 0.36496707797050476, 0.3181481659412384, -0.01565413549542427, -0.3685965836048126, -0.2009349763393402, -0.1925727277994156, -0.14242883026599884, 0.21051552891731262, 0.27601274847984314, -0.2187395691871643, 0.6171340346336365, -0.25093522667884827, -0.12587004899978638, 0.06721559911966324, -0.38279998302459717, -0.615449070930481, -0.4231314957141876, -0.38719862699508667, -0.14108553528785706, -0.02162264660000801, 0.028470179066061974, 0.2553030848503113, -0.7071551084518433, 0.2638704478740692, 0.1275462806224823, -0.09156092256307602, -0.6387847065925598, -0.7243252396583557, 0.08997582644224167, 0.13309457898139954, -0.1513708233833313, 0.674609899520874, -0.028988655656576157, 0.05387263372540474, -0.5114150047302246, 0.17199130356311798, 0.6479621529579163, -0.05074338987469673, -0.6138020157814026, -0.11593175679445267, 0.18781894445419312, 0.4147440493106842, -0.2562272548675537, -0.2146388292312622, 0.14339564740657806, -0.2550784647464752, 0.03080528788268566, 0.5442441701889038, -0.15058253705501556, -0.0795520544052124, -0.4584885239601135, 0.04703813046216965, 0.31274333596229553, -0.44350504875183105, 0.08767783641815186, 0.35760024189949036, -0.16294406354427338, 0.18946518003940582, 0.2425657957792282, -0.5037515759468079, -0.7458534240722656, 0.3980608582496643, -0.3566353917121887, -0.018337268382310867, -0.030040381476283073, -0.4398641288280487, 0.0034166874829679728, 0.37645021080970764, -0.13330411911010742, -0.25099289417266846, 0.6641782522201538, -0.2423805296421051, -1.1599910259246826, -0.5158793926239014, -0.016342241317033768, -0.027393702417612076, -0.3530798554420471, 0.9381027817726135, -0.5941310524940491, 0.26792624592781067, -0.31068965792655945, 0.7402258515357971, 0.5413563847541809, -0.4609455168247223, 0.3556169867515564, 0.3335489332675934, -0.13868799805641174, 0.5737300515174866, 0.05387870967388153, 0.360480934381485, 0.008880021050572395, 0.5945985317230225, -0.4961068630218506, 0.31971654295921326, 0.4866107106208801, 0.9343717694282532, -0.21251186728477478, 0.4995206594467163, -0.3996410369873047, -0.056277401745319366, 0.15079571306705475, -0.08511033654212952, 0.13207489252090454, 0.4268270432949066, -0.056112729012966156, 0.7489936351776123, 0.4356468617916107, -0.09604395180940628, 0.2052949070930481, -0.5678053498268127, -0.2090676873922348, -1.0007745027542114, -0.7456521987915039, 0.1478339433670044, -0.23545235395431519, -0.5901679992675781, -0.393374502658844, 0.20909467339515686, 0.04522811993956566, 0.02114824205636978, -0.4397650361061096, 0.24766188859939575, 0.15608102083206177, -0.00824793428182602, -0.19343486428260803, 0.38550665974617004, -0.20350700616836548, -0.18557189404964447, -0.2364109754562378, -0.22617076337337494, -0.04071997106075287, 0.5172369480133057, 0.6034461259841919, -0.34992462396621704, -0.4487835466861725, 0.019600514322519302, 1.0832771062850952, 0.29997411370277405, -0.23459158837795258, -0.10667087137699127, -0.5832105278968811, -0.2130407840013504, -0.15688878297805786, 0.6667091846466064, 0.38290148973464966, 0.08527237176895142, 0.056075286120176315, -0.27234068512916565, -0.050347864627838135, -0.6718761324882507, -0.29682379961013794, 0.5728760361671448, 0.312453031539917, -0.3706478774547577, -0.49407458305358887, 0.4073999226093292, 0.39416757225990295, 0.3291866183280945, 0.1824798583984375, -0.47747644782066345, 0.05515911057591438, 0.06890309602022171, -0.34214481711387634, -0.44188809394836426, 0.5954625606536865, -0.5543259978294373, -0.13567335903644562, -0.3585188388824463, 0.28464263677597046, -0.11296972632408142, -0.22020985186100006, 0.7044682502746582, -0.5354032516479492, 0.044657494872808456, -0.28744593262672424, 0.21373921632766724, 0.42513415217399597, 0.007454067934304476, 0.4666699469089508, -0.12767697870731354, 0.17713285982608795, -0.5215703248977661, 0.08083891868591309, -0.30209043622016907, 1.0591498613357544, -0.058591004461050034, -0.31794998049736023, -0.1942361742258072, 0.18578317761421204, -0.3584914803504944, 0.02439599670469761, 0.02689524181187153, -0.6763585209846497, 0.6264377236366272, -0.3465368151664734, -0.45705437660217285, -0.02414631098508835, -0.034871622920036316, -0.26672136783599854, -0.07856655865907669, 0.7561073303222656, -0.3061768412590027, 0.2736581563949585, -0.19672700762748718, -0.044449787586927414, -0.4977037310600281, -0.16390351951122284, -0.18292178213596344, 0.0831650048494339, 0.13975876569747925, -0.0791308656334877, -0.5316629409790039, -0.05225282907485962, 0.16895423829555511, 0.16200096905231476, 0.27167680859565735, -0.11435608565807343, 0.19935201108455658, 0.2156638652086258, 0.34958451986312866, -0.36665087938308716, -0.05250983685255051, -0.31431499123573303, -0.05958179756999016, -0.08330001682043076, 0.15905651450157166, 0.5429772138595581, 0.45866507291793823, 0.5421488285064697, 0.7004024982452393, -0.17528295516967773, -0.17813074588775635, -0.06551472097635269, 0.09254385530948639, 0.03056071139872074, -0.9275938272476196, -0.25249019265174866, 0.6748045682907104, -0.11846064031124115, -0.29978054761886597, 0.15212607383728027, 0.6329290866851807, 0.0870664045214653, 0.2247736006975174, 0.2523849606513977, -0.03977242112159729, 0.3667176365852356, 0.4027795195579529, 0.3841761350631714, -0.833453893661499, 0.4051392078399658, -0.007733833976089954, 0.0935337170958519, -0.8264638185501099, -0.4089783728122711, 0.35903918743133545, -0.1749192327260971, 0.3465949296951294, 0.2533594071865082, 0.33923032879829407, 0.15260833501815796, 0.1360822170972824, 0.4913709759712219, -0.018806926906108856, -0.540871262550354, 0.2449028044939041, 0.3732792139053345, -0.3478916883468628, 0.3094351291656494, 0.005079921334981918, -0.1498849242925644, -0.4032318592071533, -0.20399601757526398, -0.21449993550777435, -0.5489480495452881, 0.21296446025371552, -0.6418240070343018, -0.21566137671470642, 0.007634129840880632, -0.09906581789255142, -0.09513486176729202, 0.03673022240400314, 0.024759376421570778, 0.19298474490642548, 0.1358223259449005, -0.693327784538269, 0.02317221090197563, -1.1416099071502686, -0.07440229505300522, 0.16283467411994934, -0.3117903470993042, 0.17288075387477875, -0.319616436958313, 0.006605945993214846, 0.13240580260753632, -0.3363066613674164, -0.07177017629146576, 0.49901461601257324, -0.2903514802455902, -0.19055186212062836, 0.4532792866230011, -0.01760837435722351, 0.42832809686660767, -0.07782082259654999, -0.2761881947517395, 0.452882319688797, 0.7478216290473938, 0.2927403748035431, -0.13803379237651825, 0.3358297646045685, 0.4106847643852234, 0.038673285394907, 0.12164782732725143, -0.7783867120742798, 0.18056468665599823, 0.6636653542518616, 0.4350702464580536, 0.4615132510662079, -0.1742812693119049, -0.2673152685165405, -0.2650039494037628, 0.2302360087633133, 0.1166502982378006, 0.15556985139846802, -0.615687906742096, -0.35609671473503113, 0.8806844353675842, 1.0946564674377441, 0.449491947889328, 0.42167073488235474, 0.01278697419911623, 0.3537873327732086, 0.11714386194944382, -0.41470974683761597, 0.1611309051513672, 0.3684312105178833, -0.20049351453781128, 0.31832221150398254, -0.33788299560546875, 0.04290429875254631, -1.099495530128479, 0.23513559997081757, 0.20628611743450165, -0.16727492213249207, -0.5183508396148682, -0.3352344036102295, 0.12908220291137695, -0.029539218172430992, 0.17099329829216003, -0.12756872177124023, -0.030577100813388824, -1.2118000984191895, 0.19352005422115326, -0.3859715461730957, -0.6368020176887512, -0.022706694900989532, -0.2033550888299942, -0.2533169388771057, 0.23419004678726196, -0.24750392138957977, -0.09383611381053925, 0.236424058675766, 0.12905898690223694, 0.2001902312040329, 0.45546334981918335, 0.27220234274864197, -0.39206331968307495, -0.8640120625495911, -0.021921390667557716, 0.14106789231300354, -0.5449424982070923, 0.26426005363464355, -0.01073684822767973, 0.03643835335969925, -0.5315093994140625, -0.34514379501342773, 0.2354196161031723, -0.13209299743175507, -0.4800397753715515, -0.3333093822002411, -0.31467583775520325, 0.028709199279546738, -0.8629199266433716, 0.2593846023082733, 0.8905802369117737, -0.06370859593153, -0.03754673898220062, 0.02598053216934204, -0.10818738490343094, -0.10208135098218918, 0.4820161461830139, 0.17400091886520386, 0.05238230526447296, -0.3091028332710266, 0.3903295695781708, -0.2713792324066162, 0.32591575384140015, 0.8648313879966736, 0.5035388469696045, 0.03610437363386154, -0.10530023276805878, 0.28217175602912903, 0.08542859554290771, 0.49045249819755554, -0.04668663814663887, -0.17558473348617554, -0.3129369020462036, 0.006414057686924934, -0.09554871916770935, 0.22020921111106873, 0.21740807592868805, 0.0753796324133873, 0.04662169888615608, 0.028780903667211533, 0.3150070905685425, -0.7865161895751953, 0.4461694657802582, -0.1803787499666214, 0.40364235639572144, -0.5495972633361816, 0.15507936477661133, -0.3297123610973358, -0.4976743459701538, -0.06021146476268768, 0.275234192609787, -0.20664705336093903, 0.012519076466560364, -0.07581569999456406, -0.20218978822231293, 0.6355515122413635, -0.39726829528808594, 0.1966773122549057, 0.17701567709445953, 0.11879110336303711, -0.6561021208763123, -0.967150092124939, -0.29572421312332153, 0.07740793377161026, -0.5327875018119812, -0.405950129032135, 0.2116549164056778, -0.03440958261489868, 0.01504942774772644, 0.02317678928375244, -0.38786715269088745, 0.10769744962453842, 0.16657909750938416 ]
210802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist%20revolt	Decembrist revolt	The Decembrist Revolt () took place in Russia on , during the interregnum following the sudden death of Emperor Alexander I. Alexander's heir apparent, Constantine, had privately declined the succession, unknown to the court, and his younger brother Nicholas decided to take power as Emperor Nicholas I, pending formal confirmation. While some of the army had sworn loyalty to Nicholas, a force of about 3,000 troops tried to mount a military coup in favour of Constantine. The rebels, although weakened by dissension between their leaders, confronted the loyalists outside the Senate building in the presence of a large crowd. In the confusion, the Emperor's envoy, Mikhail Miloradovich, was assassinated. Eventually the loyalists opened fire with heavy artillery, which scattered the rebels. Many were sentenced to hanging, prison or exile to Siberia. The conspirators became known as the Decembrists (). Union of Salvation and Union of Prosperity At first, many officers were encouraged by Tsar Alexander I's early liberal reformation of Russian society and politics. Liberalism was encouraged on an official level, creating high expectations during the period of rapprochement between Napoleon and Alexander. The major advocate for reform in Alexander's regime was Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky. During his early years in the regime, Speransky helped inspire the organization of the Ministry of the Interior, the reform of ecclesiastic education, and strengthening the government's role in the country's economic development. Speransky's role increased greatly in 1808. From then until 1812, when they feared him as a liberal similar to Napoleon and his invasion, Speransky developed plans for the reorganization of Russia's government. Because of increasing hostility, he was forced to flee into exile. Returning from exile in 1819, Speransky was appointed as the governor of Siberia, with the task of reforming local government. In 1818, the tsar asked Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev to draw up a constitution. The abolition of serfdom in the Baltic provinces was instituted between 1816 and 1819. However, internal and external unrest, which the tsar believed stemmed from political liberalization, led to a series of repressions and a return to a former government of restraint and conservatism. Meanwhile, the experiences of the Napoleonic Wars and realization of the suffering of peasant soldiers resulted in Decembrist officers and sympathizers being attracted to reform changes in society. They displayed their contempt of court by rejecting the court lifestyle, wearing their cavalry swords at balls (to indicate their unwillingness to dance), and committing themselves to academic study. These new practices captured the spirit of the times as a willingness by the Decembrists to embrace both the peasant (i.e., the fundamental Russian people) and ongoing reform movements from intellectuals abroad. Pavel Pestel identified reasons for reform: Historians have noted that the United States Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution may also have influenced Decembrists, as they did other nations. The constitution written by Nikita Muravyov was highly similar to the United States Constitution. But the Decembrists were against slavery in the United States. They worked to free any slaves and serfs from all countries in Russia immediately. Pestel and his followers opposed the United States' federal model in peaceful times as threatening to the would-be Russian/United Slavic federation; they only approved the US revolutionary model. While agreeing with Pestel that the American revolutionary model could be the best form for Russia, the Polish patriotic society would not agree to participate in establishing a federation. They wanted a United States-style republic or other state, with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine to be included in a unitary Poland (i.e., more or less the territory of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), without any Russian involvement in the affairs of these territories. In 1816, several officers of the Imperial Russian Guard founded a society known as the Union of Salvation, or of the Faithful and True Sons of the Fatherland. The society acquired a revolutionary cast after it was joined by the idealistic Pavel Pestel. The charter was similar to charters of the organizations of carbonari. Pestel was supported by Yakushkin when there were rumors that the emperor had intended to transfer the capital from Saint Petersburg to Warsaw, and to liberate all peasants without the consent of Russian landlords. They would not be able to influence a government based in Warsaw. Yakushkin intended to kill the emperor even before the revolution. When the society consisting of Russian landlords had refused to kill the emperor based on such rumors, Yakushkin left the society. The more liberal Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky created a new charter similar to that of Tugendbund. It did not have revolutionary plans and the society was called the Union of Prosperity. It was still considered illegal and similar to masonic lodges. (The small Order of Russian knights, excepting its prominent member Alexander von Benckendorff, also joined the Union of Prosperity, together with the members of the Union of Salvation.) After a mutiny in the Semenovsky Regiment in 1820, the society decided to suspend activity in 1821. Two groups, however, continued to function secretly: a Southern Society, based at Tulchin, a small garrison town in Ukraine, in which Pestel was the outstanding figure, and a Northern Society, based at Saint Petersburg, led by guard officers Nikita Muraviev, Prince S. P. Trubetskoy and Prince Eugene Obolensky. The political aims of the more moderate Northern Society were a British-style constitutional monarchy with a limited franchise. They envisioned that it could be replaced with a republic in the future but only according to the will of the people. They also believed there should be a legislative assembly and did not call for the execution of the imperial family. They supported the abolition of serfdom, according to the interests of Russian landlords, i.e. with land to be retained by landlords, in a style similar to the abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces. They also supported equality before the law. The Southern Society, under Pestel's influence, was more radical and wanted to abolish the monarchy, establish a republic, similar to the Union of Salvation, and contrary to the Union of Salvation plans, to redistribute land, taking half into state ownership and dividing the rest among the peasants. The Society of United Slavs (also known as the Slavic Union – Pan-Slavism) was established in Novograd-Volynsky in the Ukraine in 1823. Its never-written program was similar to that of the Southern Society but the main emphasis was on the equal federation of Russia (including Ukraine), Poland, Moldavia (including Bessarabia) with the attachment of Wallachia, Transylvania, Hungary (including Slovakia, Slovenia, Vojvodina, the Carpatho-Ukraine aka Zarkarpattia), Croatia, Serbia, Dalmatia, the Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia, i.e. all Slavic & Vlach countries with the exception of Bulgaria and Macedonia, in the future. This society joined the Southern Society and adopted its program in exchange for the recognition of the Slavic federation zeal by the Southern society in September 1825. At Senate Square When Tsar Alexander I died on , the royal guards swore allegiance to the presumed heir, Alexander's brother Constantine. When Constantine made his renunciation public, and Nicholas stepped forward to assume the throne, the Northern Society acted. With the capital in temporary confusion, and one oath to Constantine having already been sworn, the society scrambled in secret meetings to convince regimental leaders not to swear allegiance to Nicholas. These efforts culminated in the Decembrist Revolt. The leaders of the society elected Prince Sergei Trubetskoy as interim ruler. On the morning of , a group of officers commanding about 3,000 men (elements of Life-Guards Moscow Regiment, Grenadier Life Guards Regiment, and Naval Equipage of the Guard) assembled in Senate Square, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to Constantine. They expected to be joined by the rest of the troops stationed in Saint Petersburg, but they were disappointed. The revolt was hampered when it was deserted by its supposed leader Prince Trubetskoy. His second-in-command, Colonel Bulatov, also vanished from the scene. After a hurried consultation, the rebels appointed Prince Eugene Obolensky as a replacement leader. For hours, there was a stand-off between the 3,000 rebels and the 9,000 loyal troops stationed outside the Senate building, with some desultory shooting from the rebel side. A vast crowd of civilian on-lookers began fraternizing with the rebels but did not join the action. Eventually, Nicholas (the new tsar) appeared in person at the square and sent Count Mikhail Miloradovich to parley with the rebels. Miloradovich was fatally shot by Pyotr Kakhovsky while delivering a public address, then stabbed by Yevgeny Obolensky. At the same time, a rebelling squad of grenadiers, led by Lieutenant Nikolay Panov, entered the Winter Palace but failed to seize it and retreated. After spending most of the day in fruitless attempts to parley with the rebel force, Nicholas ordered a cavalry charge by Her Sovereign Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna's Chevalier Guard Regiment that slipped on the icy cobbles and retired in disorder. Eventually, at the end of the day, Nicholas ordered three artillery pieces to open fire with grapeshot ammunition to devastating effect. To avoid the slaughter, the rebels broke and ran. Some attempted to regroup on the frozen surface of the river Neva to the north. However, they were targeted by the artillery and suffered many casualties. As the ice was broken by the cannon fire, many sank. The revolt in the north came to an end. There was a rumor that during the nighttime operation of police and loyal army units to clean the city and Neva river many of the dead, dying, and wounded had been cast into Neva. Arrests and trial While the Northern Society scrambled in the days leading up to the revolt, the Southern Society (based in Tulchin) took a serious blow. The day before (), acting on reports of treason, the police arrested Pavel Pestel. It took two weeks for the Southern Society to learn of the events in the capital. Meanwhile, other members of the leadership were arrested. The Southern Society, and a nationalistic group called the United Slavs, discussed revolt. When learning of the location of some of the arrested men, the United Slavs freed them by force. One of the freed men, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, assumed leadership of the revolt. After converting the soldiers of Vasilkov to the cause, Muraviev-Apostol easily captured the city. The rebelling army was confronted by superior forces that were heavily armed with artillery loaded with grapeshot. On , the rebels met defeat and the surviving leaders were sent to Saint Petersburg to stand trial with the northern leaders. The Decembrists were taken to the Winter Palace to be interrogated, tried, and convicted. The shooter Kakhovsky was executed by hanging, together with four other leading Decembrists: Pavel Pestel; the poet Kondraty Ryleyev; Sergey Muravyov-Apostol; and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. A further 31 Decembrists facing the death penalty were instead imprisoned. Other Decembrists were exiled to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Far East. Suspicion also fell on several eminent persons who were on friendly terms with the Decembrist leaders and could have been aware of their clandestine organizations, notably Alexander Pushkin, Aleksander Griboyedov, and Aleksey Yermolov. Decembrists in Siberia On , the first party of Decembrist convicts began its exodus to Siberia. Among this group, were Prince Trubetskoi, Prince Obolensky, Peter and Andrei Borisov, Prince Volkonsky, and Artamon Muraviev, all of them bound for the mines at Nerchinsk. The journey eastward was fraught with hardship; yet for many, it offered refreshing changes in scenery and peoples following imprisonment. Decembrist Nikolay Vasil’yevich Basargin was unwell when he set out from Saint Petersburg, but he recovered his strength on the move; his memoirs depict the journey to Siberia in a cheerful light, full of praise for the "common people" and commanding landscapes. Not all Decembrists could identify with Basargin's positive experience. Because of their lower social standing, "soldier-Decembrists" experienced the emperor's vengeance in full. Sentenced by court-martial, many of these "commoners" received thousands of lashes. Those that survived went to Siberia on foot, chained alongside common criminals. Fifteen out of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement." These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov, Narym, Surgut, Pelym, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Viliuisk, among others. Few Russians inhabited these places: The populations consisted mainly of Siberian aborigines, Tunguses, Yakuts, Tartars, Ostiaks, Mongols, and Buriats. Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, transferred three years later to Petrovsky Zavod, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as the members of the United Slavs. Siberian Governor-General Lavinsky argued that it was easiest to control a large, concentrated group of convicts, and Emperor Nicholas I pursued this policy in order to maximize surveillance and to limit revolutionaries’ contact with local populations. Concentration facilitated the guarding of prisoners, but it also allowed the Decembrists to continue to exist as a community. This was especially true at Chita. The move to Petrovsky Zavod, however, forced Decembrists to divide into smaller groups; the new location was compartmentalized with an oppressive sense of order. Convicts could no longer congregate casually. Although nothing could destroy the Decembrists’ conception of fraternity, Petrovsky Zavod forced them to live more private lives. Owing to a number of imperial sentence reductions, exiles started to complete their labor terms years ahead of schedule. The labor was of minimal travail; Stanislav Leparsky, commandant of Petrovsky Zavod, failed to enforce Decembrists’ original labor sentences, and criminal convicts carried out much of the work in place of the revolutionaries. Most Decembrists left Petrovsky Zavod between 1835 and 1837, settling in or near Irkutsk, Minusinsk, Kurgan, Tobol’sk, Turinsk, and Yalutorovsk. Those Decembrists who had already lived in or visited Siberia, such as Dimitri Zavalishin, prospered upon leaving Petrovsky Zavod's confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life. The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them. Upon arrival at places of settlement, exiles had to comply with extensive regulations under a strict governmental regime. Local police watched, regulated, and notated every move that Decembrists attempted to make. Dimitri Zavalishin was thrown into prison for failing to remove his hat before a lieutenant. Not only were political and social activities carefully monitored and prevented, there was interference regarding religious convictions. Local clergy accused Prince Shakhovskoi of "heresy", due to his interest in natural sciences. Authorities investigated and restrained other Decembrists for not attending church. The regime thoroughly censored all correspondences, especially communication with relatives. Messages were scrupulously reviewed by both officials in Siberia and the Third Division of the political intelligence service at Saint Petersburg. This screening process necessitated dry, careful wording on the part of Decembrists. In the words of Bestuzhev, correspondence bore a "lifeless...imprint of officiality." Under the settlement regime, allowances were extremely meager. Certain Decembrists, including the Volkonskys, the Murav’yovs, and the Trubetskoys, were rich, but the majority of exiles had no money, and were forced to live off a mere 15 desyatins (about 16 hectares) of land, the allotment granted to each settler. Decembrists, with little to no knowledge of the land, attempted to eke out a living on wretched soil with next to no equipment. Financial aid from relatives and wealthier comrades saved many; others perished. Despite extensive restrictions, limitations, and hardships, Decembrists believed that they could improve their situation through personal initiative. A constant stream of petitions came out of Petrovsky Zavod addressed to General Leparskii and Emperor Nicholas I. Most of the petitions were written by Decembrists’ wives who had cast aside social privileges and comfort to follow their husbands into exile. These wives joined under the leadership of Princess Mariia Volkonskaia, and by 1832, through relentless petitions, managed to secure for their men formal cancellation of labor requirements, and several privileges, including the right of husbands to live with their wives in privacy. Decembrists managed to gain transfers and allowances through persuasive petitions as well as through the intervention of family members. This process of petitioning, and the resultant concessions made by the tsar and officials, was and would continue to be a standard practice of political exiles in Siberia. The chain of bureaucratic procedures and orders linking Saint Petersburg to Siberian administration was often circumvented or ignored. These breaks in bureaucracy afforded exiles a small capacity for betterment and activism. Wives of many Decembrists followed their husbands into exile. The expression Decembrist wife is a Russian symbol of the devotion of a wife to her husband. Maria Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist leader Sergei Volkonsky, notably followed her husband to his exile in Irkutsk. Despite the spartan conditions of this banishment, Sergei Volkonsky and his wife Maria took opportunities to celebrate the liberalising mode of their exile. Sergei took to wearing an untrimmed beard (rejecting Peter the Great's reforms and salon fashion), wearing peasant dress and socialising with many of his peasant associates with whom he worked the land at his farm in Urik. Maria, equally, established schools, a foundling hospital and a theater for the local population. Sergei returned after 30 years of his exile had elapsed, though his titles and land remained under royal possession. Other exiles preferred to remain in Siberia after their sentences were served, preferring its relative freedom to the stifling intrigues of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and after years of exile there was not much for them to return to. Many Decembrists thrived in exile, in time becoming landowners and farmers. In later years, they became idols of the populist movement of the 1860s and the 1870s as the Decembrists' advocacy of reform (including the abolition of serfdom) won them many admirers, including the writer Leo Tolstoy. During their time in exile, the Decembrists fundamentally influenced Siberian life. Their presence was most definitely felt culturally and economically, political activity being so far removed from the "pulse of national life" so as to be negligible. While in Petrovsky Zavod, Decembrists taught each other foreign languages, arts and crafts, and musical instruments. They established "academies" made up of libraries, schools, and symposia. In their settlements, Decembrists were fierce advocates of education, and founded many schools for natives, the first of which opened at Nerchinsk. Schools were also founded for women, and soon exceeded capacity. Decembrists contributed greatly to the field of agriculture, introducing previously unknown crops such as vegetables, tobacco, rye, buckwheat, and barley, and advanced agricultural methods such as hothouse cultivation. Trained doctors among the political exiles promoted and organized medical aid. The homes of prominent exiles like Prince Sergei Volkonsky and Prince Sergei Trubetskoi became social centers of their locales. All throughout Siberia, the Decembrists sparked an intellectual awakening: literary writings, propaganda, newspapers, and books from European Russia began to circulate the eastern provinces, the local population developing a capacity for critical political observation. The Decembrists even held a certain influence within Siberian administration; Dimitry Zavalishin played a critical role in developing and advocating Russian Far East policy. Although the Decembrists lived in isolation, their scholarly activities encompassed Siberia at large, including its culture, economy, administration, population, geography, botany, and ecology. Despite restricted circumstances, the Decembrists accomplished an extraordinary amount, and their work was deeply appreciated by Siberians. On 26 August 1856, with the ascent of Alexander II to the throne, the Decembrists received amnesty, and their rights, privileges were restored. Their children obtained rights, privileges and even titles of their fathers (such as princes) even if their fathers' titles were not restored. However, not all chose to return to the West. Some were financially inhibited, others had no family, and many were weak with old age. To many, Siberia had become home. Those that did return to European Russia did so with enthusiasm for the enforcement of the Emancipation Reforms of 1861. The exile of the Decembrists led to the permanent implantation of an intelligentsia in Siberia. For the first time, a cultural, intellectual, and political elite came to Siberian society as permanent residents; they integrated with the country and participated alongside natives in its development. Assessment With the failure of the Decembrists, Russia's autocracy would continue for almost a century, although serfdom would be officially abolished in 1861 and the parliaments in Russia and Finland would be established in 1905. Finland had a parliament since Alexander I, but the number of electors was limited. The Russian Constitution of 1905 was called "The basic laws" as the Decembrists had called it. Though defeated, the Decembrists did effect some change on the regime. Their dissatisfaction forced Nicholas I to turn his attention inward to address the issues of the empire. He included many Decembrists who had joined his forces on the Senate Square and did not ultimately support the revolt in spite of their participation in Decembrist meetings into his government (such as Benkendorf, appointed to supervise the human rights, Muraviev-Vilensky and others). In 1826, Speransky was appointed by Nicholas I to head the Second Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, a committee formed to codify Russian law. Under his leadership, the committee produced a publication of the complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, containing 35,993 enactments. This codification called the "Full Collection of Laws" (Polnoye Sobraniye Zakonov) was presented to Nicholas I, and formed the basis for the "Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" (Svod Zakonov Rossiskoy Imperii), the positive law valid for the Russian Empire. Speransky's liberal ideas were subsequently scrutinized and elaborated by Konstantin Kavelin and Boris Chicherin. Although the revolt was a proscribed topic during Nicholas’ reign, Alexander Herzen placed the profiles of executed Decembrists on the cover of his radical periodical Polar Star. Alexander Pushkin addressed poems to his Decembrist friends, Nikolai Nekrasov, whose father served together with Decembrists in Ukraine, wrote a long poem about the Decembrist wives, and Leo Tolstoy started writing a novel on that liberal movement, which would later evolve into War and Peace. In the Soviet era Yuri Shaporin produced an opera entitled Dekabristi (The Decembrists), about the revolt, with the libretto written by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. It premiered at the Bolshoi Theatre on 23 June 1953. To some extent, the Decembrists were in the tradition of a long line of palace revolutionaries of 1725–1825 who wanted to place their candidate on the throne, but many Decembrists also wanted to implement either classical liberalism or a moderate conservatism contrary to the more Jacobin, centralizing program of Pavel Pestel or the pan-Slavic confederation-advocating revolutionaries of the "Society of United Slavs". The majority of Decembrists were not members of illegal organizations similar to the participants of palace revolutions. Some were members of the Union of Prosperity only, sympathetic to an official, pro-governmental fairly conservative program. But their revolt, unlike previous Romanov palace revolutions, has been considered the beginning of a revolutionary movement. The uprising was the first open breach between the government and reformist elements of the Russian nobility, which would subsequently widen. References Sources Gabayev, G. S. (1932, in Russian). Soldaty – uchastniki zagovora i vosstaniya dekabristov (Солдаты – участники заговора и восстания декабристов), in: Dekabristy i ih vremya (Декабристы и их время), vol. 4. Moscow: VOPSP. Mazour, Anatole (1937). The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance. Stanford University Press. Reissue: , . Nechkina, Militsa (1984, in Russian). Dekabristy (Декабристы). Moscow: Nauka. Seton-Watson, Hugh (1988). The Russian empire, 1801–1917. Oxford University Press. , . Notes of Prince S.P. Trubetskoy (Saint Petersburg, 1906) Further reading Crankshaw, E. (1976) The Shadow of the Winter Palace: Russia's Drift to Revolution, 1825–1917, New York, Viking Press. Eidelman, Natan (1985) Conspiracy against the tsar, Moscow, Progress Publishers, 294 p. (Translation from the Russian by Cynthia Carlile.) Figes, Orlando (2002) Natasha's Dance: a Cultural History of Russia, London, . Grey, Ian. (1973) "The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries, 1825" History Today (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp 656–663 online. Mazour, A.G. (1937) The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance, Stanford University Press. Sherman, Russell & Pearce, Robert (2002) Russia 1815–81, Hodder & Stoughton. Trigos, Ludmilla. (2009) The Decembrist myth in Russian culture (Springer) Ulam, Adam B. (1981) Russia's Failed Revolutions: From the Decembrists to the Dissidents ch 1. Whittock, Michael. "Russia's December Revolution, 1825" History Today (Aug 1957) 7#8 pp530–537. External links Decembrist exile in Irkutsk Decembrist exile in Siberia Online Museum of the Decembrist movement Conflicts in 1825 19th-century rebellions Politics of the Russian Empire 1825 in the Russian Empire Rebellions against the Russian Empire Conspiracies December 1825 events Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia Nicholas I of Russia	[ 0.06357265263795853, -0.17811189591884613, -0.6117773652076721, 0.3760215938091278, -0.23916825652122498, 0.8771874308586121, 0.4107178747653961, 0.7897415161132812, -0.5432910919189453, -0.09327872842550278, -0.19050319492816925, 0.1702536642551422, -0.5763606429100037, 1.011621356010437, -0.38082289695739746, 0.5681583881378174, 0.5633819103240967, -0.29742977023124695, -0.030432937666773796, 0.2094583958387375, 0.0883462056517601, -0.0750638097524643, 0.3112085163593292, 0.41908973455429077, 0.02200722135603428, -0.454777330160141, 0.7365037798881531, -0.3788107633590698, -0.06611179560422897, -0.3143024742603302, -0.4075530767440796, 0.5557289123535156, 0.11183126270771027, -0.44113942980766296, -0.47091227769851685, -0.07150376588106155, -0.4256019592285156, -0.2135535329580307, 0.0688444972038269, -0.2753068208694458, -0.5200261473655701, -0.20238058269023895, 0.5192664861679077, -0.004664073698222637, 0.009686833247542381, 0.3160031735897064, -1.477417230606079, 0.09223896265029907, -0.12745054066181183, -0.27435946464538574, -0.13255362212657928, 0.32795634865760803, -0.20525407791137695, -0.27174893021583557, -0.10113116353750229, 0.35056671500205994, -0.905048131942749, -0.6739112138748169, 0.20148468017578125, -0.06817780435085297, 0.8238222002983093, 0.5403202176094055, -0.023843972012400627, -0.36102616786956787, -0.09525826573371887, -0.24044789373874664, -0.16984492540359497, 1.4403386116027832, -0.13166791200637817, -0.6014171838760376, -0.14112085103988647, 0.39037206768989563, -0.21387027204036713, -0.05908924341201782, 0.52613365650177, -0.9643628001213074, 0.08078933507204056, 0.5954792499542236, 0.05491895601153374, 0.04570373147726059, -0.15145660936832428, 0.07874186336994171, 1.111389398574829, -0.5356805324554443, 0.8746956586837769, -0.06971168518066406, -0.0821884274482727, 0.1654188483953476, -0.10614217072725296, -0.2424149513244629, 0.28487586975097656, 0.0747634619474411, 0.800586462020874, 0.0009023782331496477, -0.5679271817207336, -0.37548837065696716, -0.027221456170082092, 0.0026261722669005394, -0.7829956412315369, -0.0955570638179779, -0.0829208493232727, 0.7976418137550354, 0.08692454546689987, 0.16992738842964172, 0.04060427471995354, -0.12162374705076218, 0.25231894850730896, -0.053993191570043564, -0.015238768421113491, 0.029802680015563965, -0.0007263949373736978, 0.21357472240924835, -0.5086172223091125, -0.3639742434024811, -0.6806823015213013, 0.04165428876876831, 0.13985440135002136, -0.8152969479560852, 0.16949477791786194, -0.3043020963668823, 0.06101316958665848, 0.5807743668556213, -0.09144165366888046, 0.2023480087518692, -0.43439799547195435, 0.044552162289619446, -0.0928007960319519, -0.3152952194213867, -0.5287109017372131, 0.29528725147247314, 0.22284525632858276, 0.6507260203361511, -0.2630815804004669, -0.2615036964416504, 0.17230413854122162, 0.021909501403570175, -0.0007844993378967047, 0.0375915989279747, 0.09035655111074448, 0.09321057051420212, -0.5308283567428589, -0.37427908182144165, 0.19047994911670685, 0.4168536365032196, -0.12928268313407898, -0.23832198977470398, -0.146695077419281, -0.26449188590049744, -0.8558870553970337, -0.36837151646614075, 0.33293190598487854, -0.058307670056819916, -0.12618738412857056, -0.06826290488243103, -0.2123086154460907, 0.34162554144859314, 0.46134859323501587, -1.072840929031372, 0.2981042265892029, 0.4226861298084259, 0.3396991193294525, 0.5329676866531372, 0.15156793594360352, -0.5488938689231873, -0.0326472707092762, 0.029096918180584908, 0.2979344427585602, -0.005375443492084742, 0.22845110297203064, -0.15793371200561523, -0.30455031991004944, 0.6044486165046692, 0.4026658236980438, -0.25785398483276367, 0.6757914423942566, 0.5343236327171326, 1.1194955110549927, 0.6870781183242798, 0.10995271801948547, 0.18158726394176483, -0.16279593110084534, -0.06873435527086258, 0.09742306172847748, 0.005248258821666241, 0.35232824087142944, 0.007731433026492596, 0.3855717182159424, -0.3440703749656677, 0.18217428028583527, -0.24475057423114777, -0.5894200801849365, -0.08873745799064636, -0.01971246674656868, 0.21907617151737213, 1.6157246828079224, -0.2022101879119873, -0.9784505367279053, 0.27799108624458313, 0.23425951600074768, 0.45489761233329773, -0.4776497781276703, -0.07241980731487274, 0.5658637881278992, 0.5115776658058167, 0.11272072046995163, -0.03201308101415634, -0.21228067576885223, 0.40808308124542236, 0.8221076726913452, 0.8846884965896606, 0.044327132403850555, -0.13622452318668365, 0.28899428248405457, -0.34316903352737427, 0.024318965151906013, -0.1379006803035736, -0.3746340870857239, 0.19520843029022217, 0.4415806531906128, -0.34839940071105957, 0.6136934161186218, -0.7569900155067444, -0.3658941686153412, 0.5418597459793091, -0.509272575378418, 0.20874595642089844, -0.44001632928848267, 0.051945947110652924, 0.3753717839717865, -0.7696673274040222, -0.2831815481185913, 0.02955288626253605, 0.06346593797206879, -0.2413371205329895, -0.04879700392484665, -0.189833864569664, -0.6664718389511108, -0.360899418592453, -0.11084329336881638, -0.345184326171875, 0.31730279326438904, 0.31310445070266724, 0.15995833277702332, 0.461653470993042, -0.7452961206436157, 0.20784014463424683, -0.08481431752443314, 0.08590689301490784, 0.2978305220603943, -0.3701200783252716, -0.03066607192158699, 0.18512850999832153, -0.5886998176574707, -0.3880887031555176, 0.34515514969825745, -0.16776683926582336, 0.4354128837585449, -0.4136767089366913, 0.12598243355751038, -0.10209210962057114, -0.32200688123703003, -0.1818443387746811, -0.022094907239079475, 0.577114999294281, 0.7530501484870911, 0.06504444032907486, -0.6112490892410278, -0.027366291731595993, -0.30274122953414917, 0.3005216717720032, 0.6448884606361389, -0.2745230793952942, -0.11587806046009064, 0.1640351563692093, 0.23150108754634857, -0.28289830684661865, -0.6595236659049988, 0.13985413312911987, -0.2513864040374756, -0.6207385659217834, -0.31479883193969727, -0.01018544752150774, -0.3691464960575104, -0.19399473071098328, -0.8122921586036682, 0.30990850925445557, 0.10037093609571457, -0.06769845634698868, 0.26471057534217834, -0.3831658363342285, -0.1995898336172104, 0.3627365529537201, 0.16703803837299347, 0.5161734223365784, -0.1270376294851303, 0.4214136004447937, 0.07470197230577469, 0.22733397781848907, 0.6075400710105896, 0.03046282008290291, -0.6463160514831543, 0.1402759999036789, -0.32940420508384705, -0.08908949792385101, 0.49665164947509766, -0.4829395115375519, -0.1472322791814804, 0.34595268964767456, -5.6133952140808105, 0.09133199602365494, -0.782572865486145, -0.011427960358560085, 0.6655423641204834, 0.19211895763874054, 0.24818816781044006, -0.08194649964570999, 0.3041861653327942, 0.32286256551742554, 0.15335553884506226, 0.07493243366479874, -0.7636874914169312, -0.11421511322259903, 0.33180564641952515, 0.32858753204345703, 0.5729316473007202, -0.22265753149986267, -0.01338634267449379, 0.5015066266059875, 0.09458834677934647, 0.26908618211746216, -0.1690853387117386, 0.3548281788825989, 0.9145471453666687, 0.30671340227127075, -0.19320905208587646, 0.13980011641979218, -0.8106632232666016, 0.9994014501571655, 0.12956325709819794, 0.00699834618717432, 0.48676446080207825, -0.3699677586555481, -0.13448140025138855, -0.0599575974047184, 0.5221678614616394, 0.18708302080631256, -0.20335140824317932, -0.38514479994773865, -0.6510248780250549, -0.6187511086463928, -0.3030892610549927, 0.4876910448074341, 0.4964013397693634, -0.25170350074768066, -0.26747921109199524, 0.5345702767372131, -0.769462525844574, 0.3901926577091217, 0.4647217392921448, 0.2945912182331085, 0.13408444821834564, 0.23616190254688263, 0.5385287404060364, 0.24889348447322845, 0.09099675714969635, 0.11419503390789032, -0.10254772007465363, 0.08361463248729706, 0.3804589509963989, -0.5566509366035461, -0.3415365219116211, -0.12560811638832092, 0.423049658536911, -0.8257666230201721, 0.012192129157483578, -0.1438068300485611, 0.3654946982860565, 0.43720000982284546, 0.16920039057731628, 0.8711328506469727, -0.10961022973060608, -1.085099220275879, 0.4909752607345581, -0.31432145833969116, -0.8029997944831848, -0.5108035802841187, 0.01855180785059929, 0.08419836312532425, -0.6780853867530823, -0.1164645105600357, 0.11790942400693893, 0.32056334614753723, 0.2710687816143036, 0.6013390421867371, -0.0523330494761467, 0.09729894995689392, -0.6979843974113464, -0.22908622026443481, 0.7045016288757324, -0.7548800110816956, 0.13007330894470215, -0.18236124515533447, 0.1443803757429123, 0.5147383809089661, -0.03884321078658104, 0.3484016954898834, 0.3950694799423218, 0.29565536975860596, 0.16540968418121338, -0.11209263652563095, -0.2822414040565491, -0.5062156915664673, -0.32852864265441895, -0.6127506494522095, -0.5329145789146423, 0.318518728017807, 0.6709966063499451, 0.2455097883939743, 0.16389918327331543, 0.0058975741267204285, -0.34153273701667786, -0.033079732209444046, 0.3349897861480713, 0.34165844321250916, 0.34328076243400574, 0.467925101518631, 0.7973042726516724, 0.30037176609039307, 0.01635158248245716, -0.3533281981945038, -0.6439934372901917, 0.3572070598602295, 0.5527487397193909, 0.4457549452781677, 0.11819473654031754, 0.08258996903896332, 0.19089020788669586, -0.2226708084344864, -0.1363881379365921, -0.33580833673477173, -0.5706611275672913, 0.18803420662879944, 0.004023328423500061, -0.6655316352844238, 0.15512056648731232, -0.47320878505706787, 0.10519006848335266, 0.21738021075725555, -0.2481006383895874, -0.7318543791770935, 0.044544517993927, 0.1297706961631775, -0.04689685255289078, 0.4330578148365021, 0.01080520823597908, -0.12771299481391907, -0.4032568633556366, 0.47035497426986694, -0.1321902871131897, 0.22765228152275085, 0.2758318781852722, -0.18957647681236267, 0.1352359503507614, -0.1516105979681015, 0.3360103666782379, 0.3486924171447754, 0.01736503653228283, -0.3413448631763458, -0.19298166036605835, -0.03245905041694641, -0.893751859664917, -0.4658655822277069, 0.039925962686538696, -0.5339377522468567, -0.4175487160682678, -0.5713111162185669, 0.04007387161254883, 0.5284517407417297, -0.5089439749717712, 0.0499798022210598, -0.2014613300561905, 0.33688539266586304, 0.8521342277526855, -0.28120261430740356, -0.2483745664358139, -0.2187884896993637, -0.2652553915977478, -0.5756617188453674, -0.3340182304382324, 0.49693846702575684, -0.613157331943512, -0.004352150019258261, 0.16134487092494965, -0.6270046830177307, -0.5233263373374939, -0.5437788963317871, -0.03342140093445778, 0.018563266843557358, 0.08656539022922516, 0.20453469455242157, 0.12914256751537323, -0.2191219925880432, -1.1604927778244019, -0.3251335322856903, -0.09412401914596558, 0.6403406262397766, 0.15663838386535645, -0.154640793800354, 0.060269422829151154, -0.1131417378783226, -0.21230702102184296, -0.1305316686630249, 0.5197018980979919, -0.32367581129074097, 0.7506529688835144, -0.1894916146993637, -0.7254543304443359, 0.5037726163864136, 0.34704867005348206, -0.7215213775634766, -0.5091208815574646, 0.6466184854507446, -0.07025367766618729, -0.15745653212070465, -0.49921777844429016, -0.016695095226168633, -0.34816497564315796, -0.13969986140727997, -0.6020301580429077, -0.29272347688674927, -0.4158746600151062, -0.19537939131259918, -0.5406818389892578, 0.34365561604499817, -0.1732247769832611, -0.5621668100357056, 0.2152746617794037, -0.19571742415428162, 0.418977826833725, -0.25409871339797974, -0.06495379656553268, 0.03914059326052666, -0.5212048888206482, 0.11981143057346344, 0.592815101146698, -0.10991039127111435, -0.683501660823822, 0.6819126605987549, 0.01706666871905327, 0.20124803483486176, 0.09752891957759857, -0.35172706842422485, 0.11588170379400253, -0.27047955989837646, -0.046740252524614334, 0.06024447828531265, 0.0746806189417839, 0.11015414446592331, 0.1821325123310089, -0.05706227570772171, -0.6423822045326233, -0.053569622337818146, 0.35741519927978516, -0.4789183735847473, 0.3673863112926483, -0.0007677800604142249, -0.3233462870121002, -0.10309719294309616, 0.3936043083667755, 0.16109439730644226, -0.5599364638328552, -0.15737290680408478, -0.11925104260444641, -0.38956236839294434, 0.32310786843299866, -0.6228892803192139, 0.10863124579191208, 0.05443600192666054, -0.5315162539482117, -0.4059516489505768, 0.18811717629432678, 0.659792423248291, 0.38597068190574646, -0.22545777261257172, -0.1309417337179184, -0.5609648823738098, 0.19609731435775757, 0.29893413186073303, -0.9085640907287598, -0.32058680057525635, -0.2613280713558197, 0.5839921832084656, 0.6893901824951172, -0.6572887897491455, -0.3919559419155121, -0.10664777457714081, -0.11568842828273773, 0.2663227915763855, -0.5564891695976257, 0.22113922238349915, 0.30482885241508484, -0.0011597191914916039, -0.0720430538058281, 0.06733584403991699, -0.5289908647537231, 0.33352380990982056, -0.3652762770652771, 0.6184665560722351, -0.7309054136276245, 1.1455271244049072, 0.11628831177949905, 0.2924768924713135, 0.015621272847056389, -0.32467660307884216, 0.17439459264278412, 0.618920087814331, -0.5444260239601135, -0.1763889342546463, 0.44331279397010803, -0.12519793212413788, -0.12379254400730133, -0.33292514085769653, -0.8210939764976501, -0.14888527989387512, 0.20366571843624115, -0.41813161969184875, -0.07339014112949371, -0.046150412410497665, 0.4925239682197571, 0.35088035464286804, 0.13355152308940887, -0.491298645734787, 0.42020300030708313, 0.5767775774002075, -0.7899163961410522, 0.5056942105293274, 0.12899859249591827, -0.04729223623871803, 0.052052441984415054, -0.18574199080467224, -0.5675431489944458, -0.0373619869351387, -0.24034443497657776, -0.5368652939796448, 0.42031165957450867, -0.7612577080726624, 0.3526235520839691, 0.5359715223312378, -0.07569169998168945, 0.8377599716186523, -0.3998139798641205, -0.32937759160995483, -0.15401609241962433, 0.4401823580265045, -0.25586193799972534, -0.24476730823516846, 0.35161128640174866, 0.21156008541584015, 0.19912369549274445, -0.23487766087055206, 0.5515514612197876, -0.5125818848609924, 0.2915306091308594, -0.16285665333271027, -0.3029422163963318, 0.3927321135997772, -0.3601652681827545, -0.18256716430187225, 0.41043683886528015, -0.12664519250392914, 0.4454658329486847, -0.08562424033880234, 0.08562341332435608, 0.530904233455658, -0.3866276144981384, -0.1571294218301773, -0.5751358270645142, -0.10716943442821503, 0.6207183003425598, -0.4714367985725403, 0.3470620810985565, -0.11706296354532242, 0.6628408432006836, 0.03816929832100868, 0.7935538291931152, 0.4664129316806793, -0.09640216082334518, 0.1798904687166214, -0.2333088368177414, -0.04741688817739487, -0.01122513972222805, -0.3341726064682007, 0.2235027402639389, 0.21661169826984406, 0.4870876967906952, -0.1910213828086853, -0.4036618173122406, -0.5318049192428589, -0.6281798481941223, -0.2860437333583832, 0.3952629268169403, 0.2554810047149658, -0.1018865555524826, -0.2029474824666977, 0.4994830787181854, 0.5994685888290405, 0.2690531611442566, 0.38425612449645996, 0.6560699343681335, -0.052526094019412994, 0.2366420030593872, 0.05021601542830467, -0.37179410457611084, 0.9568778276443481, -0.1415252834558487, 0.20546561479568481, -0.3075132668018341, 0.8923729658126831, -0.23743334412574768, 0.1163979098200798, -0.07282894104719162, 0.744103729724884, -1.0981539487838745, 0.16931287944316864, 0.7989630699157715, -0.21452520787715912, 0.027359003201127052, -0.41547635197639465, 0.11912716180086136, -0.033061835914850235, -0.0184291023761034, 0.47627949714660645, -0.35283786058425903, -0.6023564338684082, 0.7645817399024963, 0.30728277564048767, -0.016596829518675804, 0.2428438663482666, 0.5487106442451477, -0.45514190196990967, -0.014467565342783928, 0.1216273084282875, -0.07983691245317459, -0.5283050537109375, 0.7904618382453918, 0.47843897342681885, -0.06282595545053482, -0.41407886147499084, 0.9340936541557312, -0.42162618041038513, 0.18633277714252472, -0.4073110520839691, 0.3953946530818939, -0.017785092815756798, -0.10873743146657944, -0.3347811698913574, 0.2687123715877533, 0.1665983647108078, 0.5066131353378296, 0.07086355239152908, -0.05762988701462746, -0.4246705174446106, 0.01505284570157528, -0.44649794697761536, -0.14938795566558838, -0.388019323348999, -0.0017828221898525953, 0.3713723123073578 ]
210807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Oswego	Fort Oswego	Fort Oswego was an 18th-century trading post in the Great Lakes region in North America, which became the site of a battle between French and British forces in 1756 during the French and Indian War. The fort was established in 1727 on the orders of New York governor William Burnet, adjacent to a 1722 blockhouse that had originally been a way station for French traders. The log palisade fort established a British presence on the Great Lakes. In 1756 the fort's garrison of British soldiers from the 50th and 51st regiments were easily defeated by a combined French and Native American force. More than one hundred British soldiers were killed, many of them after the fort had been formally surrendered. The French took a further 1,500 British prisoners, and destroyed the fort itself. The site is now included in the city of Oswego, New York. Oswego fortification system Many historic references to Fort Oswego actually refer to other forts that existed simultaneously or later. The terrain at the site explains this. The original fort was built around the trading post on the lower ground on the north west side of the mouth of the Oswego River. This was convenient to canoe and bateaux traffic. A stone blockhouse was added in 1727, and was called Fort Burnet. A triangular stone wall, ten feet (3 m) high and three feet (1 m) wide was added in 1741, and the entire enclosure was called Fort Pepperrell (a marker can be found designating the area of Fort Oswego on the north west side of the river along a sidewalk). Besides these expansions, Fort Ontario was started in 1755 as a palisade on the high ground on the north east side of the river, and Fort George was added to the bluff located a half mile (800 m) to the southwest from Fort Oswego. Fort George was also called Fort Rascal or the West Fort. Fort Ontario was also known as the Fort of the Six Nations or the East Fort. The French knew Fort Oswego as Fort Chouaguen. Some references to Fort Oswego refer to the entire complex. Except for the marker in Oswego, nothing is left of Fort Oswego itself. Fort Ontario has been rebuilt several times on or around the original fort and was given up by the U.S. Army in the 1940s. The fort is currently being taken care of by New York State Parks and Historic Preservation and is opened to the public. French and Indian War During the French and Indian War, the French commander, General Montcalm, arrived in August with 3,000 men. His force included three regiments of regulars, several companies of Canadian militia, and numerous Indians. He first captured Fort Ontario, then began the assault on Fort Oswego. Oswego was the stronger fortification, but it was now downhill from 120 cannons in the abandoned Fort Ontario. Montcalm swept the fort with cannon fire, killing the British commander, Colonel Mercer, in the bombardment. British forces were forced to surrender on August 15, 1756. Montcalm gave much of the British supplies to his Indian allies, and destroyed the fort. He returned to Quebec in triumph with 1,700 prisoners. Later actions The site was used for shore batteries in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 (when it was subjected to a British raid), but was never again fortified. Revolutionary War references to Fort Oswego are actually referring to Fort Ontario. The original site is commemorated at West First and Lake Street in Oswego, New York. Fort George was located in what is now Montcalm Park. Fort Ontario was used as a training site in World War I and World War II. Fort Oswego is currently open as a state historic site. Michael Keane An interesting anecdote about Fort Oswego in the 1750s states: "I knew a Michael Keane, a blind harper, who was born in the County Mayo in Connaught. He was a decent performer. He left this country for America with a Governor Dobbs, of Castle Dobbs, in the County of Antrim, who was appointed to the Government of Carolina, previous to the American Independence. Keane returned from America, and Sir Malby Crofton told this story of Keane, that when he and some other officers were garrisoned at Fort Oswego, and had a party, Keane was with them, and quarrelled with them, and beat them very well, and took a Miss Williams from them all. He left the Governor, and came back to his native country which he longed to see." References Graymont, Barbara, The Iroquois in the American Revolution, 1972, External links Fort George Fort Oswego Oswego Oswego County, New York Oswego Oswego 1722 establishments in New York Oswego Oswego	[ -0.7953716516494751, 0.7813734412193298, -0.43056872487068176, 0.0393991693854332, 0.17746023833751678, 0.19334574043750763, 1.076141595840454, 0.4529893398284912, 0.047421395778656006, -0.6140028238296509, -0.17873500287532806, 0.01020917110145092, -0.21141260862350464, 0.7909904718399048, -0.5474469661712646, 0.055611513555049896, 0.3141782581806183, 0.1878991276025772, 0.277716726064682, -0.5714522004127502, 0.018358461558818817, 0.010484862141311169, -0.06618759036064148, 0.6940038800239563, 0.49942484498023987, 0.45766404271125793, 0.342724472284317, -0.7009520530700684, -0.01757936179637909, 0.08338512480258942, 0.04312601685523987, 0.5866633653640747, -0.03880448266863823, -0.3120511770248413, -0.2945329546928406, 0.05195355787873268, -0.30087271332740784, 0.013259196653962135, -0.41205549240112305, -0.3340482711791992, -0.03610611706972122, 0.07834962010383606, -0.24519763886928558, 0.4986249804496765, 0.25244882702827454, 0.6941221356391907, -1.1712385416030884, 0.1861400306224823, -0.5482721924781799, -0.7435128688812256, -0.8533430695533752, 0.18845856189727783, 0.41495048999786377, 0.3989109396934509, -0.5013557076454163, 0.4315142035484314, -0.6664849519729614, 0.22186210751533508, 0.31563204526901245, -0.381374716758728, 0.3099398612976074, 0.7594138383865356, 0.014893709681928158, 0.12839193642139435, -0.7282889485359192, -0.3843066692352295, 0.7937433123588562, 1.055588960647583, 0.5254652500152588, -0.6141542792320251, 0.10791260004043579, -0.029809972271323204, 0.017754459753632545, 0.35969293117523193, 0.2427997887134552, -0.5640051364898682, 0.4157991409301758, -0.29097774624824524, 0.0887112095952034, 0.13142572343349457, -0.33914050459861755, -0.253369003534317, 0.8383105993270874, -0.565632700920105, 0.41816991567611694, 0.3127768635749817, -0.7222358584403992, 0.13921695947647095, -0.3979482650756836, 0.1669958382844925, -0.8494054675102234, -0.12691208720207214, -0.10493843257427216, 0.25533759593963623, -0.04136985167860985, 0.3401625454425812, 0.3991098403930664, 0.2373747080564499, 0.40578553080558777, 0.4632851183414459, -0.14634743332862854, -0.19688081741333008, 0.9046006798744202, 0.39682427048683167, -0.5383005142211914, -0.27837270498275757, 0.07852756232023239, -0.16949088871479034, -0.2423909306526184, -0.8715075254440308, 0.2615569531917572, -0.002267132280394435, -0.5112400054931641, 0.0035954017657786608, 0.017794961109757423, 0.41114193201065063, 0.36516886949539185, -0.34731191396713257, -0.18781286478042603, -0.1914146989583969, 0.5142085552215576, 0.8620866537094116, -0.3347851634025574, -0.1758679449558258, -0.2506387531757355, 0.3868624269962311, 0.12001852691173553, -0.5448306202888489, -0.4167081117630005, -0.022021649405360222, -0.15858690440654755, 0.8689091205596924, -0.011308255605399609, -0.5965537428855896, -0.3927258253097534, 0.6917304992675781, 0.3791767358779907, 0.1397818624973297, -0.37788981199264526, -0.18959754705429077, -0.9396953582763672, -0.3253784477710724, -0.5858535170555115, 0.2125689536333084, 0.36679166555404663, -0.16003654897212982, -0.22811150550842285, -0.3151057958602905, 0.4340325891971588, 0.09946741163730621, -0.1769975870847702, -0.09850263595581055, -0.051187947392463684, 0.1028742790222168, 0.20825842022895813, 0.7565391063690186, 0.07730379700660706, 0.242283433675766, 0.4497857391834259, 0.1125696673989296, 0.20698224008083344, -0.17976030707359314, 0.0030247471295297146, -0.08802340924739838, -0.02144179679453373, 0.05991555377840996, 0.2963770925998688, -0.7556909322738647, 0.037770554423332214, 0.1152157187461853, -0.012014918960630894, 0.16341717541217804, 0.19745218753814697, -0.09294810146093369, -0.3879399001598358, 0.15928755700588226, 0.9174356460571289, 0.17404785752296448, -0.023785199970006943, 0.03020660951733589, -0.7527024745941162, -0.1059848889708519, 0.8221140503883362, -0.18932153284549713, 0.004884896334260702, 0.5624586343765259, 0.288309246301651, -0.47540953755378723, -0.35271626710891724, 0.020715825259685516, -0.15982069075107574, -0.45408791303634644, 0.3669646680355072, -0.7014086246490479, 1.718289852142334, 0.37020429968833923, -0.42455655336380005, 0.7661474347114563, 0.2896333932876587, -0.07243307679891586, -0.242717906832695, -0.16943755745887756, 0.7047861218452454, -0.1340494155883789, -0.670068085193634, 0.3828127682209015, -0.2484377920627594, 0.004894161596894264, 0.6667183041572571, 0.492204487323761, 0.017848972231149673, -0.4504832625389099, 0.21757936477661133, 0.5014923214912415, -0.21535389125347137, -0.5559130311012268, 0.09106795489788055, 0.03318658098578453, 0.4656669497489929, -0.7280120253562927, 0.3472599685192108, -0.057665951550006866, 0.2759706676006317, 0.10368254035711288, -0.11491380631923676, 0.09590545296669006, 0.1894509345293045, 0.5733680129051208, 0.22534510493278503, -0.4787498712539673, 0.3080640137195587, 0.02947971783578396, 0.5562123656272888, -0.2886844575405121, 0.43685582280158997, -0.45926082134246826, 0.16560205817222595, -0.45151177048683167, 0.12150155007839203, -0.204625204205513, -0.14210636913776398, -0.028756096959114075, -0.5395851731300354, 0.17433419823646545, 0.03583914414048195, 0.19491322338581085, 0.7057162523269653, 0.15179017186164856, 0.44593390822410583, -0.6803860664367676, 0.33458805084228516, 0.04818311333656311, 0.5082341432571411, -0.20175643265247345, 0.4742322564125061, -0.4434489905834198, 0.017339034005999565, -0.5708432793617249, 0.28769388794898987, 0.13200531899929047, 0.5701617002487183, -0.17601442337036133, -0.9151281118392944, 0.6977792382240295, 0.3685433268547058, -0.8199939131736755, 0.001006038044579327, -0.2640644609928131, -0.10583340376615524, 0.20068612694740295, 0.6038697361946106, -0.36088937520980835, -0.014326563104987144, -0.6736401319503784, 0.9905545115470886, 0.39301979541778564, -0.2596709728240967, 0.6655836701393127, -0.24895305931568146, -0.07231047004461288, 0.3867948353290558, 0.788966178894043, -0.6616629362106323, -0.46903297305107117, -0.3031831681728363, -0.27333366870880127, -0.07665059715509415, -0.4585771858692169, -0.6772416234016418, 0.3561788499355316, 0.07341447472572327, 0.14349313080310822, -0.1970253437757492, 0.46194782853126526, -0.16616880893707275, 0.6936829090118408, -0.32472747564315796, 0.07661385089159012, 0.2031334787607193, 0.002695991424843669, -0.32533004879951477, 0.4337210953235626, -0.5879279375076294, 0.3191416263580322, 0.016919154673814774, -1.0736626386642456, -0.014623994007706642, -0.2818508446216583, -5.5000901222229, 0.14162898063659668, -0.10930386930704117, -0.3457769453525543, -0.3194367289543152, -0.2266201674938202, 0.2474370300769806, 0.06401277333498001, 0.05674241855740547, 0.6781322956085205, 0.5511451959609985, -0.036797892302274704, -0.20474731922149658, 0.2554483115673065, 0.575319230556488, 0.5331267714500427, 0.6922582387924194, -0.38141703605651855, -0.22482143342494965, -0.22237935662269592, 0.041873782873153687, 0.2082955539226532, -0.16256079077720642, -0.12380490452051163, 0.05492706596851349, 0.44609713554382324, -0.4673236906528473, -0.014070047065615654, -0.8213655352592468, -0.2878231406211853, -0.12922760844230652, 0.15562431514263153, 0.37860360741615295, -0.5517042875289917, -0.5774179697036743, -0.3475828766822815, 0.2360038012266159, 0.5887367725372314, 0.005587530322372913, -0.5443071126937866, 0.10646295547485352, 0.20845821499824524, 0.008604885078966618, 0.16965389251708984, 1.3582595586776733, -0.5917950868606567, -0.4552941620349884, 0.41915449500083923, 0.23531264066696167, 0.3907807469367981, -0.10087236762046814, 0.1178143173456192, 0.06041407212615013, 0.12974734604358673, 0.5007430911064148, -0.40303853154182434, 0.2617524564266205, 0.2593173682689667, -0.29303067922592163, 0.15275529026985168, 0.14697372913360596, -0.3471417725086212, -0.5131856799125671, -0.22809052467346191, 0.1352909356355667, -0.2642402946949005, 0.01186967920511961, 0.18634192645549774, -0.21721218526363373, 0.12472476810216904, 0.14621983468532562, 0.9056583642959595, -0.4429456293582916, -0.9085438251495361, 0.08635914325714111, -0.2727128565311432, -0.11456727981567383, 0.6094722747802734, 0.11393018811941147, 0.29239699244499207, 0.05872174724936485, 0.5083818435668945, 0.09683795273303986, 0.3364008665084839, 0.23723332583904266, 0.20952914655208588, -0.2966483235359192, 0.6360175013542175, -0.8951798677444458, -0.09510854631662369, 0.6210669279098511, 0.603911280632019, -0.06075829640030861, 0.46974441409111023, 0.1416463553905487, -0.5427954792976379, -0.08974727243185043, 0.016104450449347496, 0.2610454261302948, -0.26604601740837097, 0.2975652813911438, 0.26874011754989624, 0.47770407795906067, -0.5154853463172913, -0.1953217089176178, -0.12557858228683472, -0.5127789378166199, 0.2695002853870392, 1.1446160078048706, -0.020228592678904533, -0.3842101991176605, 0.0961831733584404, 0.07438717782497406, 0.21314841508865356, 0.2269861102104187, -0.29805988073349, 0.2821606397628784, 0.15339359641075134, 1.1590152978897095, 0.1039036437869072, -0.22519730031490326, -0.17262735962867737, -0.2189008742570877, 0.1909499168395996, 0.2386380285024643, -0.38280701637268066, 0.49734383821487427, 0.0566207654774189, -0.3788832426071167, 0.32936593890190125, -0.19544266164302826, -0.24224480986595154, 0.04327506199479103, -0.06517654657363892, -0.005333032459020615, -0.27797409892082214, -0.5421162843704224, -0.9748668074607849, 0.40975508093833923, 0.23943819105625153, -0.29918742179870605, 0.15066398680210114, -0.0026160115376114845, 0.22995978593826294, -0.3813937306404114, 0.5633692741394043, 0.23238210380077362, -0.1504317969083786, -0.39607658982276917, 0.6549701690673828, -0.8160467147827148, -0.42264944314956665, 0.1486985981464386, 0.008778396062552929, 0.6193435192108154, -0.03333643078804016, 0.7330817580223083, 0.20644930005073547, 0.1787767857313156, 0.4289533197879791, 0.6024741530418396, -0.015229604206979275, -0.3501727283000946, 0.34433096647262573, -0.008793921209871769, 0.136201411485672, 0.08043722063302994, -0.5207185745239258, -0.6844423413276672, 0.32886552810668945, 0.6779669523239136, -0.8690500855445862, -0.7432959675788879, 0.35654905438423157, 0.46708428859710693, -0.03653892129659653, -0.5071880221366882, 0.12265022844076157, 0.37154266238212585, -0.32354736328125, -0.013664192520081997, -0.3106546103954315, -0.42850345373153687, 0.032095398753881454, -0.11886931955814362, -0.5243662595748901, -0.3661420941352844, 0.02052634209394455, 0.4051961898803711, 0.25757527351379395, 0.01647099293768406, -0.364793598651886, -0.1105700209736824, 0.4684683680534363, -0.0890287235379219, -0.5463458895683289, 0.2612929344177246, 0.00551689974963665, -0.21565741300582886, -0.6909493803977966, 0.27788642048835754, 0.2952997088432312, -0.4052170515060425, 0.1958537995815277, -0.27610963582992554, -0.6189694404602051, 0.2803175151348114, 0.10456589609384537, -0.21911665797233582, 0.8438869714736938, -0.5512174963951111, -0.16456183791160583, 0.08775907754898071, 0.6669010519981384, 0.15947824716567993, -0.3158346712589264, 0.1610480397939682, 0.26118016242980957, -0.1958097368478775, -0.2835131287574768, -0.9401360750198364, 0.17436456680297852, -0.4339141249656677, -0.7381506562232971, -0.6166214346885681, 0.628314733505249, 0.12850674986839294, -0.0019010809483006597, -0.0762249082326889, -0.7269949913024902, -0.1369384378194809, 0.19660918414592743, -0.1616821438074112, 0.08814161270856857, 0.7503096461296082, 0.14371392130851746, 0.34798961877822876, -0.21093983948230743, 0.5754737854003906, 0.4599902331829071, 0.6952075362205505, 1.0688332319259644, 0.8620572090148926, 0.05275532603263855, 0.18722502887248993, 0.12799063324928284, -0.17686773836612701, -0.4383927881717682, -0.6339735984802246, 0.12824033200740814, -0.22605308890342712, -0.4774998724460602, -0.7786797285079956, -0.5054904222488403, 0.8382797241210938, -0.4956218898296356, -0.2074560821056366, 0.7393163442611694, -0.26220977306365967, -0.21806080639362335, -0.06445863097906113, 0.001089575351215899, -0.33738893270492554, 0.11739624291658401, -0.19116246700286865, -0.41687503457069397, -0.4884047210216522, -0.526741623878479, -0.1707438975572586, -1.0428276062011719, 0.5120737552642822, -0.722891628742218, 0.12430103123188019, 0.1909661591053009, 0.11078297346830368, -0.30256387591362, -0.127635195851326, -0.1805875450372696, 0.2583569884300232, -0.7236260771751404, -0.39742493629455566, 0.18487448990345, -0.07802636176347733, -0.33892184495925903, 0.5271020531654358, -0.821112334728241, 0.06384985148906708, -0.29897674918174744, -0.09813295304775238, -0.11749664694070816, -0.472356915473938, 0.5594154000282288, -0.19667835533618927, -0.15250687301158905, -0.3434525728225708, -0.06018993258476257, -0.17375455796718597, 0.4876488447189331, -0.10279472917318344, 0.3840497136116028, -1.188462734222412, 0.6017746925354004, -0.09505413472652435, -0.5676941275596619, 0.2326425015926361, -0.4887612760066986, -0.47979336977005005, 0.3937191963195801, -0.1462249755859375, -0.41366660594940186, 0.24664261937141418, -0.11940005421638489, 0.04489849507808685, -0.09114773571491241, -0.5020285844802856, -0.08288230746984482, 0.4955821931362152, -0.6893458366394043, -0.14109736680984497, -0.36190900206565857, -0.14829161763191223, -0.24794901907444, 0.2980419397354126, 0.2853565812110901, 0.6120784282684326, 0.5608749985694885, -0.5050680041313171, 0.003547377185896039, -0.47726088762283325, 0.328967809677124, -0.2408297061920166, -0.192629873752594, -0.7934183478355408, 0.3807356059551239, -0.5687111616134644, -0.012678387574851513, 0.368314266204834, -0.4612984359264374, -0.45152705907821655, 0.5442218780517578, -0.06597283482551575, 0.42456692457199097, -0.3943614363670349, -0.5589134693145752, -0.35903337597846985, 0.32900795340538025, 0.48402124643325806, 0.08577915281057358, -0.06472562998533249, 0.12984488904476166, 0.40468326210975647, -0.19535423815250397, -0.1108100414276123, -0.20617905259132385, -0.3247869908809662, 0.23200374841690063, 0.263130784034729, -0.12891750037670135, -0.39188289642333984, -0.14342662692070007, 0.00041898107156157494, -0.9567963480949402, 0.3494066596031189, 0.1481979340314865, 0.3258107900619507, 0.05824694782495499, -0.21656499803066254, -0.7787464261054993, 0.11252397298812866, 0.07892850041389465, 0.20824019610881805, 0.002307277638465166, 0.3795957565307617, -0.27297118306159973, 0.2129712551832199, 0.5008701086044312, -0.13641005754470825, 0.40077534317970276, 0.6273148059844971, -0.19104036688804626, -0.28927168250083923, -0.17254482209682465, 0.036439791321754456, -0.35668647289276123, 0.009518662467598915, -0.6640191078186035, -0.01215151883661747, 0.8503628373146057, -0.4121178388595581, -0.36122927069664, 0.261945903301239, -0.48482391238212585, -0.17370319366455078, 0.05067424476146698, -0.10236568748950958, -0.07516016811132431, -0.06619993597269058, 0.4945980906486511, -0.18891212344169617, 0.7371566295623779, 0.10242658108472824, 0.5228869318962097, 0.22623354196548462, 0.03169455751776695, 0.3183894753456116, 1.2469348907470703, -0.24598337709903717, -0.2615092992782593, -0.12837187945842743, 0.27313897013664246, -0.13209612667560577, 0.059143394231796265, -0.25215944647789, 0.4477483928203583, -0.2110459804534912, -0.18777760863304138, 0.6719378232955933, -0.4376770257949829, -0.4321555495262146, -0.4405970573425293, -0.18483024835586548, -0.6481374502182007, 0.3242253065109253, 0.017153017222881317, -0.28935694694519043, -0.502666175365448, 0.26683321595191956, -0.40447646379470825, 0.11532984673976898, 0.8367876410484314, 0.7201350331306458, -0.6866826415061951, -0.8283700346946716, 0.46020257472991943, -0.10412409156560898, -0.552972674369812, 0.06936663389205933, 0.7881404161453247, 0.6615361571311951, -0.5332251787185669, 0.32178330421447754, -0.44555607438087463, 0.3139094114303589, 0.03862800821661949, -0.5682980418205261, 0.43567392230033875, -0.055399999022483826, -0.9220460057258606, -0.11040985584259033, 0.7602525353431702, 0.4228534400463104, -0.15072910487651825, -0.22951486706733704, -0.2985309660434723, -0.010468391701579094, 0.1620502918958664, 0.21051134169101715, -0.8218289613723755, 0.02659674547612667, 0.16191594302654266 ]
210812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyptila	Pachyptila	Pachyptila is a genus of seabirds in the family Procellariidae and the order Procellariiformes. The members of this genus and the blue petrel form a sub-group called prions. They range throughout the southern hemisphere, often in the much cooler higher latitudes. Three species, the broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata), the Antarctic prion (Pachyptila desolata) and the fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur), range into the subtropics. Taxonomy The genus Pachyptila was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger. The name combines the Ancient Greek pakhus meaning "dense" or "thick" with ptilon meaning "feather" or "plumage". The type species was subsequently designated as the broad-billed prion by English naturalist Prideaux John Selby in 1840. The English name "prion" comes from the Ancient Greek (, "saw"), in reference to the serrated edges of its bill. All the members of this genus, along with the rest of the Procellariiformes, share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. The genus produces a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy-rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps free their bodies of the salt in the seawater they often imbibe. The gland excretes a concentrated saline solution from the nose. Species The genus contains the following six species. Behaviour The members of this genus primarily eat zooplankton by filtering water through their upper bill. Some even hydroplane, a technique where they filter food out the water while flying with their bill in the ocean. They breed colonially, and do so near the ocean, usually with the same mate for life. Both sexes help incubate the egg, and care for the chick. Range and habitat They are pelagic and seldom come to land, except to breed. Also, they all stay in the Southern Hemisphere, and breed on subantarctic islands except the fairy prion which breeds on subtropical islands. References Sources Bird genera Procellariidae	[ -0.3633444011211395, -0.13142240047454834, -0.9941821694374084, -0.2793332040309906, -0.07213301211595535, 0.6609877347946167, 0.5117857456207275, 0.14844734966754913, -0.17070600390434265, -0.21241702139377594, 0.3913538157939911, 0.5030879378318787, -0.499970018863678, -0.39297759532928467, -0.005723199341446161, 0.6961203217506409, 0.1357576698064804, 0.3946060538291931, 0.7731015682220459, -0.02645622380077839, -0.3265356719493866, -0.4421818256378174, 0.5275399088859558, -0.7354028224945068, 0.2404024749994278, 0.15058040618896484, 0.3879248797893524, 0.7320539951324463, 0.6099730730056763, -0.15696051716804504, -0.5623435974121094, 0.794655978679657, 0.15248042345046997, 0.5324382781982422, 0.11159607768058777, -0.14891716837882996, -0.007138367276638746, -0.7366653680801392, 0.10880007594823837, -0.47476473450660706, 0.3462783992290497, -0.6229662895202637, 0.3171219527721405, 0.2134408950805664, -0.5731773376464844, -0.22172662615776062, -1.5209263563156128, 0.27808961272239685, -1.088949203491211, 0.11201347410678864, -0.42387107014656067, 0.3114921450614929, 0.6869939565658569, 0.6065604090690613, 0.22579334676265717, 0.6421118974685669, -1.4269084930419922, 0.3369217813014984, 0.07512518763542175, -0.3224793076515198, -0.7865629196166992, -0.032742660492658615, 0.012331398203969002, -0.0384867824614048, 0.7081200480461121, -0.10513413697481155, 0.14244557917118073, 0.26340705156326294, -0.5438787937164307, 0.26998430490493774, -0.047193996608257294, -1.0428805351257324, -0.13153468072414398, 0.7189636826515198, -0.5840407013893127, -0.02038869634270668, 0.005232402589172125, -0.2699466049671173, 1.0393598079681396, -0.033534832298755646, 0.39770516753196716, 0.35832539200782776, 0.7722778916358948, -0.10688499361276627, -0.07614482194185257, -0.14817963540554047, -0.4871671795845032, 0.28342491388320923, -0.9142090678215027, 0.419598251581192, -0.4742765426635742, -0.08012077957391739, 0.2508968412876129, 0.055700089782476425, -0.23206375539302826, -0.44489631056785583, -0.5913191437721252, -0.16470341384410858, 0.521604061126709, 0.01645413041114807, -0.8374611735343933, -0.08569005131721497, 0.40518200397491455, 0.010791245847940445, -0.6425443887710571, -0.2111896127462387, -0.44393250346183777, -0.2452303171157837, -0.23128877580165863, -0.09004908055067062, -0.5322961807250977, 0.5446555018424988, 0.05783861130475998, -0.08648815006017685, 0.12384585291147232, 0.8905085921287537, 0.13491931557655334, -0.34912794828414917, -0.12349271774291992, -0.5377809405326843, 0.4459262490272522, 0.5477376580238342, 0.04208465665578842, 0.017067423090338707, -0.6124710440635681, 0.7809606790542603, 0.728144645690918, 0.44140130281448364, -0.20098890364170074, 0.48449236154556274, 0.5431323051452637, 0.9574201107025146, -0.4919794797897339, 0.07049503177404404, 0.34641364216804504, -0.22789925336837769, -0.558541476726532, -0.05873313173651695, 0.7939237356185913, 0.8902553915977478, -0.4638746678829193, 0.2053889036178589, -0.9276083707809448, -0.20696091651916504, 0.1935385763645172, 0.25948643684387207, 0.06804345548152924, -0.1397068351507187, -0.7589701414108276, -0.5907094478607178, 0.17748714983463287, -0.10899526625871658, 0.5319543480873108, 0.07561323791742325, -0.5827761292457581, -0.11803428828716278, 0.7556272149085999, -0.41962724924087524, 0.3758065700531006, 0.33684441447257996, 0.02979203872382641, -0.752659261226654, -0.5295414924621582, -0.2623343765735626, 0.3671143054962158, 0.062243275344371796, -0.30140140652656555, 0.8512632846832275, 0.09762577712535858, 0.7270684242248535, -0.21267661452293396, -0.2345147281885147, 0.3644154965877533, 0.6633248329162598, 0.03446801006793976, -1.022823691368103, -0.17435157299041748, 0.0782751813530922, 0.5398723483085632, -0.14437325298786163, -0.7885609269142151, 0.5749978423118591, -0.2710628807544708, 0.10801055282354355, 0.1616470366716385, 0.0636405274271965, 0.46808767318725586, 0.13598191738128662, 0.3410024642944336, -0.708030641078949, -0.43091967701911926, -0.33305320143699646, 0.25231507420539856, 0.2541097104549408, 0.8120547533035278, -0.05405063554644585, -0.44579511880874634, -0.6818073987960815, 0.7649436593055725, -0.17827142775058746, -0.5578312277793884, -0.03515717759728432, -0.28052636981010437, -0.24336357414722443, -0.8135297298431396, 0.9195199608802795, -0.021429359912872314, 0.42875412106513977, 0.01596631482243538, 0.5306417346000671, -0.7108226418495178, -0.2494630217552185, -0.08172591030597687, 0.353355348110199, -0.07017304748296738, -0.5205315351486206, -0.32203078269958496, 0.559548556804657, 0.4397026002407074, -0.3010161817073822, 0.6233149766921997, -0.5400072932243347, -0.0932200700044632, 0.2800520956516266, 0.0625077560544014, 0.1405331939458847, 0.7940266132354736, 0.05700749158859253, 0.3692816495895386, -0.4270929992198944, 0.0055595887824893, 0.5589258670806885, 0.22102516889572144, -1.1332948207855225, 0.1517428308725357, 0.42394161224365234, 0.23144859075546265, -0.82984459400177, 0.8149759769439697, -0.5443041324615479, -0.02562195435166359, 0.16210320591926575, -0.5290883183479309, 0.4832518398761749, 0.5484841465950012, -0.5349104404449463, -0.29361534118652344, -0.06881371885538101, -0.09048664569854736, 0.09975715726613998, 0.1425303965806961, 0.8378586769104004, 0.5085887312889099, -0.7607380151748657, -0.4801510274410248, 0.2298305332660675, 0.24356511235237122, 0.03491891920566559, 0.442341148853302, -0.4239344298839569, -0.6027919054031372, 0.46620190143585205, -0.000580733991228044, 0.5191455483436584, -0.11536164581775665, -0.7985591888427734, -0.12691862881183624, 0.25244250893592834, 0.6334874629974365, -0.24977992475032806, 0.7838748693466187, -0.6060931086540222, -0.3978502154350281, -0.3054787814617157, -0.21039937436580658, -0.17827929556369781, -0.8403684496879578, -0.11277990788221359, -0.45605283975601196, -0.1759718507528305, 0.5780432224273682, 0.9985567927360535, -0.058693431317806244, 0.5144262909889221, -0.21103832125663757, -0.2361331433057785, 1.3589950799942017, -0.5145649909973145, -0.13354279100894928, -0.9199497103691101, 0.09624948352575302, 0.049395013600587845, -0.27306804060935974, 0.34203416109085083, -0.5399186611175537, -0.014763404615223408, -0.3502742648124695, 0.703687846660614, 0.08860699087381363, -0.5323484539985657, -0.7031311392784119, 0.39194703102111816, 0.3878467381000519, 0.007314985152333975, 0.0625230148434639, -0.022351954132318497, 0.1144387498497963, -0.1827407032251358, -5.066959857940674, 0.2610325515270233, 0.06481683254241943, -0.2828633487224579, -0.0407944992184639, 0.6499429941177368, 0.07887817919254303, -0.7534719705581665, -0.09304038435220718, -0.001037517678923905, 0.46075406670570374, 0.28938427567481995, -0.4258512854576111, 0.4263601005077362, 0.8734900951385498, 0.5043700337409973, -0.1269897222518921, -0.3461441099643707, 0.10211270302534103, -0.06022869050502777, -0.026913970708847046, 0.22087861597537994, 0.3768259584903717, 0.48873719573020935, -0.175491064786911, -0.23156510293483734, 0.4034346044063568, -0.4662185311317444, -0.11002251505851746, -0.009033659473061562, -0.026012474671006203, 0.07830394059419632, 0.015925023704767227, 0.14212463796138763, 0.07580671459436417, 0.2957737445831299, 0.5330972075462341, 0.1528569757938385, -0.07672246545553207, -0.6600221991539001, -0.7257805466651917, 0.11169946938753128, 0.09263067692518234, -0.3684028387069702, 0.347087562084198, 0.18677084147930145, -0.37416526675224304, -0.4265689253807068, 0.29355573654174805, 1.2340245246887207, -0.08158962428569794, -0.11323004961013794, 0.1848490983247757, 0.2610270082950592, 0.30902284383773804, -0.1316165328025818, 0.4078131318092346, -0.18910516798496246, -0.39376482367515564, 0.6179361343383789, 0.8412418365478516, -0.12218628823757172, -0.1158173531293869, -0.8381258249282837, 0.36778679490089417, 0.3945164680480957, -0.5691828727722168, 0.4029262363910675, 0.4973445236682892, -0.40496960282325745, -0.4784090518951416, 0.5169343948364258, -0.62305748462677, -0.8261805772781372, 0.01567629911005497, -0.6774545311927795, -0.11726932972669601, 0.10139208287000656, -0.34528598189353943, 0.44743940234184265, 0.39361727237701416, -0.5145143270492554, 0.6486906409263611, 0.1085265576839447, -0.03725443035364151, -0.5579090714454651, -0.7097160220146179, 0.104820117354393, -0.14296777546405792, -0.005408248398452997, 0.5872370600700378, -0.17277252674102783, -0.145160511136055, 0.3132972717285156, 0.7356662154197693, 0.6718631982803345, 0.25308534502983093, -0.0618547759950161, 0.4968221187591553, -0.6902334094047546, 0.5144082903862, 0.24519720673561096, 0.24000374972820282, 0.3790590763092041, -0.020817209035158157, -1.1093194484710693, 0.11950051039457321, 0.5386480093002319, 0.6857969760894775, -0.632038414478302, 1.0262789726257324, -0.281791090965271, -0.09716437757015228, -0.47209274768829346, 0.5154765248298645, 0.17794962227344513, -0.4307440519332886, 0.20656058192253113, 0.7426139712333679, 0.19859406352043152, 0.1622430831193924, -0.18170034885406494, -0.6026416420936584, -0.31070590019226074, -0.5141094326972961, -0.14231577515602112, 0.23273925483226776, 0.056458353996276855, -1.1742310523986816, -0.7979920506477356, -0.043085403740406036, -0.20298026502132416, -0.384208083152771, -0.20127756893634796, 0.1567712277173996, -0.07153620570898056, -0.3021887540817261, 0.7800813913345337, 0.7064566016197205, 0.2674751877784729, -0.5422825217247009, -0.21113286912441254, -0.7579410672187805, -0.048373885452747345, 0.7522611021995544, 0.36657223105430603, -0.24034877121448517, -0.3117888569831848, -0.23168930411338806, 0.7896584272384644, 0.15284740924835205, -0.4837653338909149, 0.1377338469028473, -1.039226770401001, 0.5130810141563416, 0.06634911894798279, 0.11410456150770187, 0.2309253066778183, 0.19747371971607208, -0.6740185618400574, -0.48341819643974304, -0.3854101300239563, -0.949867308139801, -0.009200889617204666, 0.14619001746177673, -0.4671645760536194, -0.5553042888641357, -0.45285046100616455, -0.43525460362434387, -0.3177277743816376, 0.47055426239967346, -0.5082046389579773, -0.2866169214248657, -0.022947372868657112, 0.19789767265319824, -0.5612852573394775, -0.38867324590682983, 0.4052760601043701, -0.19792981445789337, -0.21392711997032166, -0.5870174765586853, -0.27485495805740356, -0.09742754697799683, -0.7694202661514282, 0.3695836365222931, -1.0013890266418457, 0.2605176866054535, -0.6324111223220825, -0.4742532968521118, 0.03884853795170784, -0.15632233023643494, 0.6401928663253784, 0.39806419610977173, 0.4628020226955414, -0.2134227752685547, -0.2767513692378998, -0.26309072971343994, 0.4188331961631775, -0.6562826633453369, -1.3789875507354736, -0.4730277955532074, 0.03047163225710392, -0.3532731235027313, 0.3331999182701111, 0.049684446305036545, -0.5443917512893677, 0.9261830449104309, 0.24985741078853607, -0.4464372396469116, 0.24334990978240967, -0.179519385099411, -0.5135055780410767, -0.4720284938812256, 0.8532296419143677, -0.08641144633293152, 0.5732032656669617, 0.04536914452910423, 0.5059604644775391, -0.4894602298736572, -0.05780690163373947, -0.1126287430524826, -0.08025172352790833, 0.03305533528327942, -0.38160377740859985, -0.4066142141819, 0.4707208573818207, -0.10782906413078308, 0.04816889762878418, 0.7753169536590576, -0.39293956756591797, -0.20302735269069672, -0.23018349707126617, 0.3537199795246124, -0.28131136298179626, -0.1743672788143158, -0.1435537338256836, -0.3052101731300354, -0.13246804475784302, 0.27087604999542236, 0.2587681710720062, 0.35107192397117615, 0.6881529688835144, 0.641609787940979, 0.05958813428878784, -0.21403786540031433, -0.645947277545929, 0.08464046567678452, 0.06540241837501526, -0.8070328831672668, -0.5361741185188293, 0.5406710505485535, 0.0019927306566387415, -0.7930900454521179, 0.3365367650985718, 1.1307132244110107, -0.05658084899187088, -0.3473986089229584, 0.38985076546669006, 0.09511632472276688, 0.2760747969150543, 0.5574460625648499, 0.03526434302330017, -0.6185334324836731, 0.22616294026374817, -0.3240635395050049, -0.17325466871261597, -0.1619548499584198, 0.287964403629303, 0.5093711018562317, -0.30622294545173645, 0.2655843198299408, -0.14491091668605804, -0.45466312766075134, -0.16272716224193573, 0.1965261995792389, -0.197397843003273, 0.2684730589389801, -0.9014165997505188, 0.6481025218963623, 0.6344859600067139, -0.5603818297386169, 0.18892192840576172, 0.23604190349578857, 0.22049681842327118, -0.5242520570755005, -0.5852304697036743, -0.47296062111854553, -0.4383840262889862, 0.045502010732889175, -0.13131873309612274, -0.5203977823257446, 0.17328320443630219, -0.2737976908683777, -0.5649747252464294, 0.4261963367462158, 0.09766412526369095, 0.5199685096740723, 0.35943639278411865, -0.09952910244464874, 0.3634229600429535, -1.0462961196899414, 0.2643216848373413, -0.17019212245941162, -0.5398818254470825, -0.2785288095474243, -0.4477033317089081, -0.05248241499066353, 0.014483865350484848, -0.49319905042648315, 0.297858327627182, 0.03396233916282654, -0.6665921807289124, 0.2766570448875427, 0.6112808585166931, -0.0832483172416687, 0.7062095403671265, 0.34493812918663025, -0.5069579482078552, -0.06798391044139862, 0.947719395160675, 0.28049591183662415, -0.3755494952201843, 0.10740744322538376, 0.3224398195743561, -0.16477708518505096, 0.15276707708835602, -1.6049038171768188, 0.13976611196994781, 0.8278063535690308, 0.4497247636318207, 0.5966886878013611, 0.43508681654930115, -0.1900528520345688, 0.06974268704652786, 0.06657286733388901, -0.20690983533859253, 0.10392837226390839, -0.037175122648477554, -0.5947459936141968, 0.8385586738586426, 0.6944752931594849, 0.20248667895793915, 0.6010127663612366, 0.19451886415481567, 0.02564988285303116, 0.6053881049156189, -0.17767225205898285, -0.18270321190357208, 0.13122674822807312, -0.1642480492591858, 0.021710975095629692, 0.6989801526069641, 0.21570125222206116, -0.27155473828315735, 0.3337775468826294, 0.3348903954029083, 0.10943755507469177, 0.09915473312139511, 0.2183612883090973, 0.2480316162109375, 0.08871413767337799, -0.1878882348537445, -0.3864809274673462, 0.6581979393959045, -0.9370359182357788, 0.06268572062253952, 0.1160951480269432, 0.3570019602775574, -0.18602414429187775, 0.16286340355873108, 0.1320028454065323, 0.0434129498898983, 0.005176892504096031, 0.012741684913635254, 0.39035341143608093, 0.308772474527359, -0.18270714581012726, 0.4459229111671448, 0.4447271227836609, -0.33087921142578125, -0.41948044300079346, 0.060246508568525314, 0.09182589501142502, -0.09586986899375916, 0.4171689450740814, -0.40199244022369385, 0.3978694677352905, -0.08905951678752899, -0.3912400007247925, 0.5765141844749451, -0.1249699667096138, -0.7280661463737488, -0.39974382519721985, -0.027006978169083595, -0.75480055809021, -0.46782398223876953, -0.01518283598124981, 1.0586398839950562, 0.24287614226341248, -0.2830294966697693, -0.05803602561354637, -0.02761620096862316, -0.33742189407348633, -0.1431586891412735, 0.5858932733535767, -0.23559579253196716, -0.46570783853530884, 0.29992756247520447, -0.7157948613166809, 0.28991997241973877, 0.8348115682601929, 0.8920221328735352, -0.16938623785972595, 0.11387064307928085, 0.209757998585701, 0.3840150833129883, 0.8609139919281006, -0.03333279490470886, 0.1275160163640976, -0.05851858854293823, 0.14336708188056946, -0.823679506778717, 0.29182735085487366, 0.4661673307418823, 0.038404278457164764, -0.01853584311902523, -0.07699224352836609, 0.2471548169851303, -0.3189305067062378, 0.7135511636734009, 0.22110699117183685, 0.537731409072876, -0.43219852447509766, -0.2530379593372345, -0.22738082706928253, -0.4376339018344879, 0.5089508295059204, 0.6841049194335938, -0.10443095117807388, -0.08510182052850723, 0.4094938337802887, -0.09062931686639786, 0.4030635952949524, -0.20212331414222717, -0.5076360702514648, -0.09489069879055023, -0.1677386462688446, -0.7136481404304504, -1.3064676523208618, -0.35997113585472107, -0.21026477217674255, 0.013655310496687889, 0.2968837022781372, -0.24962757527828217, -0.19228218495845795, 0.3977380692958832, 0.004579724278301001, -0.2804567515850067, 0.22925469279289246, 0.4781144857406616 ]
210813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecanidae	Pelecanidae	The Pelecanidae is a family of pelecaniform birds within the Pelecani that contains two species: the extinct Eopelecanus and the extant Pelecanus. The family was monotypic until the description of Eopelecanus in 2021. Pelecanids have existed since the late Eocene (Priabonian) and they still exist today. References Priabonian taxonomic families Rupelian taxonomic families Chattian taxonomic families Aquitanian taxonomic families Burdigalian taxonomic families Langhian taxonomic families Serravallian taxonomic families Tortonian taxonomic families Messinian taxonomic families Zanclean taxonomic families Piacenzian taxonomic families Gelasian taxonomic families Calabrian taxonomic families Ionian taxonomic families Tarantian taxonomic families Holocene taxonomic families Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Bird families	[ 0.02939773164689541, 0.18922944366931915, -0.886404812335968, 0.29434293508529663, -0.04337196797132492, 1.2688586711883545, 0.12713047862052917, 0.15392564237117767, -0.39644452929496765, -0.6053016185760498, 0.5783939957618713, 0.27053773403167725, -0.6599504947662354, 0.06713680922985077, -0.2145155668258667, 0.20669029653072357, -0.14646992087364197, 0.3493431508541107, 0.6091321706771851, -0.5045249462127686, -0.10022678971290588, -0.4804954528808594, 0.5083264112472534, -0.5371494293212891, -0.07060641050338745, 0.14797483384609222, 0.08794631063938141, 0.6397726535797119, 0.7617064118385315, -0.3111482858657837, -0.2535014748573303, 0.6730782985687256, 0.002134896581992507, -0.3650788366794586, -0.2745566666126251, -0.4551301598548889, -0.42499372363090515, -0.8270212411880493, -0.26239410042762756, -0.4068852663040161, 0.1377314329147339, -0.18811336159706116, -0.2698131799697876, 0.6321133971214294, -0.42571938037872314, 0.2163296341896057, -1.7143994569778442, 0.12106361985206604, -0.7205817699432373, -0.019273865967988968, -0.151873379945755, 0.27123498916625977, 0.06507209688425064, 0.7611023187637329, 0.3889608383178711, 0.5210057497024536, -1.0883158445358276, -0.3026147782802582, 0.2485504299402237, -0.08518411219120026, -0.3800913989543915, 0.13256995379924774, -0.1776396483182907, -0.41773197054862976, 0.40865057706832886, -0.06368838995695114, 0.5983306765556335, 0.3370596170425415, -0.45870572328567505, 0.46830981969833374, -0.19447581470012665, -0.4924369156360626, -0.01919320598244667, 0.3507527709007263, -0.036023806780576706, -0.14580853283405304, -0.05176294595003128, -0.018621057271957397, 1.0291341543197632, -0.11594586819410324, 0.3803383409976959, 0.3370017111301422, 0.7802967429161072, 0.12427739799022675, 0.02533634565770626, 0.2003045678138733, -0.3328276574611664, -0.04336794465780258, -0.6721091866493225, 0.1942349076271057, -0.7430307865142822, -0.44023171067237854, 0.5861721038818359, 0.12456651031970978, -0.507074236869812, 0.30012956261634827, -0.17295405268669128, 0.37822476029396057, 0.2429189532995224, 0.3896888792514801, -0.3686203062534332, -0.14499789476394653, -0.21265915036201477, -0.23988570272922516, -0.6314196586608887, -0.4126812219619751, -0.2594672441482544, -0.06402450054883957, -0.32103022933006287, -0.49360522627830505, -0.6056216359138489, -0.1265926957130432, 0.26334553956985474, 0.6797012090682983, 0.36426085233688354, 0.7501797676086426, 0.12272288650274277, -0.30704689025878906, -0.08384239673614502, -0.16842477023601532, 0.037943948060274124, 0.8956711888313293, 0.005164078902453184, 0.43178412318229675, -0.10853362083435059, 0.6843926906585693, 0.241434708237648, -0.0414789542555809, -0.09419497847557068, 0.11461930721998215, 0.3157205581665039, 0.9953429102897644, -0.14357952773571014, 0.22363106906414032, 0.20658645033836365, -0.29750508069992065, -0.6796519756317139, -0.007980246096849442, 0.4297614097595215, 0.9656476974487305, -0.8581873774528503, 0.0009503181790933013, -0.5316521525382996, 0.18637923896312714, 0.22844822704792023, 0.26646000146865845, 0.019245615229010582, -0.04471813514828682, -0.4749765694141388, -0.5198699235916138, 0.06466004252433777, -0.5018666386604309, 0.07938967645168304, 0.8284573554992676, -0.301422119140625, -0.04630458354949951, 0.18655675649642944, -0.16705083847045898, 0.5885875821113586, 0.13228976726531982, 0.12403453141450882, -0.05500057339668274, -0.8261223435401917, 0.17980484664440155, 0.48512908816337585, 0.09467542916536331, 0.07200489193201065, 0.42029985785484314, -0.1520630270242691, 0.8232402801513672, -0.09292315691709518, -0.35520586371421814, 0.41581326723098755, -0.3262142539024353, -0.3664592206478119, -0.6894445419311523, 0.13074512779712677, 0.13658040761947632, 0.4124092757701874, -0.024240359663963318, -0.5011007785797119, 0.4924202263355255, -0.45187872648239136, -0.35128769278526306, 0.17976517975330353, -0.006612352095544338, 0.3864244222640991, -0.04524356871843338, -0.25000789761543274, -0.8739820718765259, -0.02435954473912716, -0.19827069342136383, 0.3062587380409241, 0.33957409858703613, 0.8068960309028625, -0.20400768518447876, -0.651817262172699, -0.13888536393642426, 0.1850666105747223, -0.0032553209457546473, -0.2947632968425751, -0.036516912281513214, -0.07976978272199631, -0.22379624843597412, -0.6405139565467834, 0.6172580122947693, -0.3605729341506958, 0.01911720260977745, 0.365583598613739, 0.5068776607513428, -0.13886165618896484, -0.14960327744483948, 0.17397662997245789, -0.08577550202608109, 0.11075697839260101, -0.1577250063419342, 0.01673976145684719, 0.4865741431713104, 0.04507645592093468, -0.3827552795410156, 1.0778818130493164, -0.49772757291793823, 0.3437264859676361, 0.16149000823497772, -0.2546825408935547, 0.44721928238868713, 1.0072710514068604, -0.4208700358867645, 0.35376566648483276, -0.5928566455841064, 0.14812041819095612, 0.41309791803359985, 0.4073701798915863, -0.7908161282539368, 0.04290600121021271, -0.23761418461799622, -0.23711098730564117, -0.9859998822212219, 0.09043174982070923, -0.1293667107820511, 0.15185235440731049, 0.0058251419104635715, -0.4822581708431244, 0.4523521363735199, 0.4958316683769226, -0.2784367799758911, -0.0257426705211401, 0.6947348713874817, -0.3467180132865906, -0.07055354118347168, -0.6537509560585022, 0.8033052682876587, 0.2894907295703888, -0.43949273228645325, -0.09266571700572968, 0.31954237818717957, 0.5713397860527039, 0.06994862109422684, 0.021231353282928467, -0.39001110196113586, -0.2803037762641907, 0.32452043890953064, 0.30727532505989075, 0.3602951765060425, 0.08455832302570343, -0.5843513607978821, -0.192362442612648, -0.27863022685050964, 0.20226243138313293, 0.3602231442928314, 1.0034867525100708, -0.28486374020576477, -0.4455910921096802, -0.46932166814804077, 0.2461351603269577, -0.09365908056497574, -0.6669173836708069, -0.39075085520744324, -0.5536707639694214, -0.3558923900127411, -0.10470601171255112, 0.5520927309989929, 0.42338642477989197, 0.20185138285160065, -0.3288186490535736, -0.18228653073310852, 0.8128353357315063, -0.3843974769115448, 0.3050285875797272, -0.8332372307777405, 0.12974591553211212, 0.19192743301391602, -0.6729688048362732, 0.3722136914730072, -0.4362206757068634, -0.04877917096018791, -0.4500972628593445, 0.30538204312324524, 0.306087851524353, -0.6655345559120178, -0.8719746470451355, 0.3904880881309509, -0.13346964120864868, 0.00831322930753231, 0.604252815246582, -0.2333136647939682, 0.5942089557647705, 0.34156933426856995, -5.571568965911865, 0.010126621462404728, -0.12207431346178055, 0.28371289372444153, 0.06939367204904556, 0.8089568614959717, 0.22245655953884125, -0.6494266986846924, 0.3199911117553711, -0.11629105359315872, 0.43576785922050476, 0.4815249443054199, -0.45396777987480164, 0.30923783779144287, 0.3974516689777374, 0.2888742983341217, -0.45257484912872314, 0.03171826899051666, 0.02804199606180191, -0.289029985666275, 0.12187789380550385, 0.11919080466032028, -0.32194411754608154, 0.280770480632782, -0.11177068203687668, -0.346363365650177, 0.10754168033599854, -0.295003741979599, -0.18646202981472015, -0.24582716822624207, -0.2920718193054199, -0.1897292286157608, -0.21979418396949768, 0.0864182710647583, 0.08908244967460632, 0.1033799946308136, 0.8371124863624573, 0.5812005996704102, -0.09724903106689453, -0.0825471580028534, -0.41211622953414917, 0.24055585265159607, 0.1214473769068718, -0.03859436884522438, 0.606855571269989, 0.16273993253707886, -0.1436491161584854, -0.2911352515220642, -0.06132309138774872, 0.8925485610961914, 0.035257063806056976, -0.04502442479133606, 0.4554767906665802, 0.8084286451339722, 1.1990976333618164, 0.2788514494895935, 0.192527636885643, -0.34961971640586853, 0.1143147200345993, 0.5910191535949707, 0.5611677765846252, -0.2649606466293335, -0.38825371861457825, -0.723016083240509, -0.12483805418014526, -0.23226523399353027, -0.4686170220375061, 0.5322110652923584, 0.16653382778167725, 0.22638346254825592, -0.42347463965415955, 0.49326950311660767, -0.5655086040496826, -0.7631437182426453, 0.6610466241836548, -0.15838421881198883, -0.22087182104587555, 0.26901376247406006, -0.6215489506721497, 0.43308332562446594, 0.08593600988388062, -0.4030982553958893, 0.07509799301624298, 0.32355520129203796, 0.07534840703010559, -0.06860660016536713, -0.38421350717544556, 0.10080660879611969, -0.18277040123939514, -0.07700809091329575, 0.4074017107486725, 0.06268049776554108, 0.028389230370521545, 0.3320534825325012, 0.20019803941249847, 0.7571713924407959, -0.2316705882549286, -0.29701679944992065, 0.3723365366458893, -0.20991286635398865, 0.6368390917778015, -0.06088106706738472, -0.3394204378128052, 0.364082932472229, -0.5346915125846863, -1.1827774047851562, 0.3733772337436676, 0.2489011436700821, 0.5316480994224548, -0.31029170751571655, 0.8174847364425659, -0.3733810782432556, -0.48151418566703796, -0.3959121108055115, 0.5475174784660339, -0.407149076461792, -0.008769972249865532, 0.17722533643245697, 0.6014026999473572, -0.13448746502399445, 0.04045412316918373, 0.26995259523391724, -0.3881984353065491, -0.4353879988193512, -0.4014141261577606, -0.6831390857696533, -0.012942232191562653, 0.42553892731666565, -0.7848426103591919, -0.5221301317214966, -0.2234034687280655, 0.10403468459844589, -0.5151153206825256, 0.5001412630081177, 0.10757547616958618, 0.14187447726726532, -0.4259506165981293, 0.3477420508861542, 0.22617921233177185, 0.05806630477309227, 0.04759616404771805, -0.8790630102157593, -0.3525955080986023, -0.2590712904930115, 0.4969155490398407, 0.3549737334251404, -0.4234655797481537, -0.3414303660392761, -0.398047536611557, 0.48746412992477417, 0.2866249084472656, -0.06778962910175323, 0.2941720187664032, -0.6906045079231262, 0.25610214471817017, -0.14512932300567627, 0.6214854121208191, 0.6148003935813904, -0.18329697847366333, -0.7262573838233948, -0.4578942656517029, -0.17700804769992828, -0.6373017430305481, 0.4623105227947235, 0.44229644536972046, -0.20135805010795593, -0.8267635703086853, -0.633458137512207, -0.29135429859161377, 0.30886396765708923, 0.13833767175674438, -0.8716336488723755, -0.24018414318561554, -0.41829219460487366, 0.11804110556840897, -0.599541187286377, -0.3893086910247803, 0.04842263087630272, -0.7955936789512634, -0.4978090524673462, -0.08378501981496811, 0.2886695861816406, -0.06685249507427216, -0.7106533050537109, 0.35922470688819885, -0.44168293476104736, 0.09354692697525024, -0.40834808349609375, -0.39545580744743347, -0.04610015079379082, 0.018653543666005135, 0.037340760231018066, 0.5248212218284607, 0.33988553285598755, -0.11463534832000732, -0.024836307391524315, 0.098191998898983, 0.08265218138694763, -0.2726254463195801, -0.9907301664352417, -0.35924461483955383, 0.07147504389286041, 0.11775010824203491, -0.06873463094234467, 0.3267673850059509, -0.6285293102264404, 0.35849082469940186, -0.37851279973983765, -0.24013535678386688, 0.28405535221099854, -0.11414601653814316, -0.8996202349662781, -0.4859219491481781, 0.7222517728805542, 0.10650376230478287, 0.367390513420105, 0.4412934184074402, 0.31133952736854553, -0.3664034605026245, -0.31500235199928284, 0.11906176060438156, 0.04290430620312691, -0.3982430696487427, -0.6126970052719116, -0.5844435095787048, 0.7401387095451355, 0.14490529894828796, -0.11013070493936539, 0.29998183250427246, -0.13889238238334656, -0.26645633578300476, -0.4295096695423126, 0.041228633373975754, -0.2875422537326813, -0.024642236530780792, -0.31085705757141113, 0.3239901661872864, -0.19114753603935242, 0.1422557830810547, 0.25462496280670166, 0.5103028416633606, 0.9589532017707825, 0.5858626365661621, -0.004744041711091995, 0.0189391877502203, -0.4011601507663727, 0.400784969329834, -0.19252082705497742, -0.49794021248817444, 0.2646498680114746, 0.13741640746593475, -0.26056596636772156, -0.6478545069694519, 0.17401430010795593, 0.8518207669258118, -0.10981865227222443, 0.0991886630654335, 0.44644761085510254, -0.08386875689029694, 0.24394337832927704, 0.13414911925792694, -0.0656215101480484, -0.5429193377494812, -0.20875583589076996, -0.48392927646636963, 0.05188615992665291, -0.42535313963890076, -0.10583481937646866, 0.747820258140564, -0.3428908586502075, 0.48726150393486023, 0.0887238085269928, -0.3850030303001404, 0.4064025580883026, 0.0759626105427742, -0.16335347294807434, 0.6561329364776611, -0.4401499629020691, 0.30664247274398804, 0.30524852871894836, -0.36093053221702576, 0.1258230060338974, 0.484464555978775, 0.4043586850166321, 0.027784332633018494, -0.20766964554786682, -0.5861902832984924, -0.49648889899253845, 0.4378337562084198, -0.24429668486118317, -0.32709354162216187, 0.040423810482025146, -0.23673801124095917, 0.11675309389829636, 0.3406977355480194, -0.1279124915599823, 0.3280502259731293, 0.46237531304359436, -0.13018687069416046, 0.9309787750244141, -0.40582984685897827, 0.2920064628124237, 0.035425927489995956, -0.19379551708698273, -0.155303493142128, -0.32231801748275757, -0.09545260667800903, 0.5023777484893799, -0.25353166460990906, 0.36451372504234314, 0.4169480502605438, -0.7275556921958923, 0.20178548991680145, 0.43873098492622375, -0.1575825959444046, 0.3094836473464966, 0.010094881057739258, -0.5609589219093323, 0.17230799794197083, 0.3008236289024353, 0.3104087710380554, 0.38957685232162476, 0.21635036170482635, -0.027538493275642395, -0.007641407661139965, 0.0966608077287674, -1.162598967552185, 0.22002941370010376, 0.2774878442287445, 0.520529568195343, 0.517312228679657, 0.04249750077724457, -0.4403235912322998, 0.1053553968667984, -0.3154134154319763, -0.059386495500802994, -0.5301386117935181, -0.3377076983451843, 0.07178080826997757, 1.1217937469482422, 1.0649391412734985, -0.1199977919459343, -0.06370490044355392, 0.13770416378974915, 0.3240221440792084, 0.698868989944458, -0.48980551958084106, -0.44695159792900085, 0.4545591175556183, 0.11336196213960648, 0.14898669719696045, 0.06988511979579926, 0.03475431725382805, -0.22893989086151123, 0.07385037839412689, 0.2757212817668915, -0.1967025101184845, -0.14048145711421967, -0.054171111434698105, 0.09854722768068314, 0.3211318552494049, 0.32410183548927307, 0.31752243638038635, 0.16393893957138062, -1.1001429557800293, 0.21205337345600128, -0.4468764364719391, -0.22334668040275574, -0.29717567563056946, 0.11431579291820526, 0.02464103139936924, -0.18563924729824066, -0.030344855040311813, 0.015937525779008865, -0.11018837988376617, 0.4185434877872467, -0.21895469725131989, 0.3646950125694275, 0.2989327311515808, -0.3318790793418884, -0.2891063094139099, -0.01671752892434597, 0.07333358377218246, 0.011644144542515278, 0.316263347864151, -0.5376644134521484, 0.40162912011146545, 0.00012701516970992088, 0.20464873313903809, 0.037622421979904175, -0.32788050174713135, -0.4537692964076996, 0.11059323698282242, -0.038398560136556625, -0.500446617603302, -0.33465734124183655, 0.00810728408396244, 0.8049776554107666, 0.08965189754962921, -0.18244968354701996, 0.2648715376853943, -0.012123494409024715, -0.4362516701221466, -0.11468082666397095, 0.3203718662261963, 0.4217502176761627, -0.39680567383766174, 0.2992068827152252, -0.5329757928848267, 0.15344670414924622, 0.729783833026886, 0.523024320602417, -0.21234941482543945, 0.26331910490989685, 0.35054677724838257, 0.22477908432483673, 0.6902625560760498, -0.16585712134838104, -0.15998412668704987, -0.29244494438171387, 0.17543472349643707, -0.14989294111728668, 0.36368265748023987, 0.1620919406414032, 0.3248119056224823, -0.05659304931759834, -0.19037850201129913, 0.0009622119250707328, -0.24655881524085999, 0.9587678909301758, 0.1776507943868637, 0.17266038060188293, -0.6694442629814148, -0.2565512955188751, -0.2239491194486618, -0.9536705017089844, 0.47415491938591003, 0.6053252816200256, 0.09663156419992447, -0.14662118256092072, 0.33116674423217773, 0.06465569138526917, 0.5298672318458557, 0.34996911883354187, -0.713029682636261, 0.055074796080589294, -0.23510073125362396, -1.019858479499817, -0.8573094606399536, -0.13282063603401184, -0.04908979684114456, 0.1420753449201584, 0.5350661873817444, 0.10734186321496964, -0.32404670119285583, 0.13463902473449707, -0.16514509916305542, -0.7010749578475952, 0.25275132060050964, 0.019681327044963837 ]
210815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Sciences	Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences	The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Swedish: Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which takes special responsibility for promoting the natural sciences and mathematics and strengthen their influence in society, whilst endeavouring to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines. The goals of the academy are: to be a forum where researchers meet across subject boundaries, to offer a unique environment for research, to provide support to younger researchers, to reward outstanding research efforts, to communicate internationally among scientists, to advance the case for science within society and to influence research policy priorities to stimulate interest in mathematics and science in school, and to disseminate and popularize scientific information in various forms. Every year, the academy awards the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize, the Sjöberg Prize and several other awards. The Academy maintains close relations with foreign academies, learned societies and international scientific organizations and also promotes international scientific cooperation. The Academy of Sciences is located within the Stockholm region's Royal National City Park. Prizes International prizes Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel Crafoord Prizes in astronomy and mathematics, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology), and polyarthritis (for example rheumatoid arthritis) Sjöberg Prize for research in cancer Rolf Schock Prizes in logic and philosophy, mathematics, visual arts and musical arts Gregori Aminoff Prize in crystallography Tobias Prize for research to treat hematological disorders Gold Medal for Radiation Protection National prizes Göran Gustafsson Prize for research in chemistry, mathematics, molecular biology, medicine and physics Söderberg Prize for research in economics or jurisprudence or medicine Ingvar Lindqvist Prizes for teachers in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and natural sciences Tage Erlander Prize "for research in natural sciences and technology" in four fields (physics, chemistry, technology and biology) Members The academy has elected about 1,700 Swedish and 1,200 foreign members since it was founded in 1739. Today the academy has about 470 Swedish and 175 foreign members which are divided into ten "classes", representing ten various scientific disciplines: Mathematics Astronomy and space science Physics Chemistry Geosciences Biosciences Medical sciences Engineering sciences Social sciences Humanities and "for outstanding services to science" List of permanent secretaries The following persons have served as permanent secretaries of the academy: Anders Johan von Höpken, 1739–1740, 1740–1741 Augustin Ehrensvärd, April – June 1740 Jacob Faggot, 1741–1744 Pehr Elvius, 1744–1749 Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, 1749–1783 Johan Carl Wilcke and Henrik Nicander, 1784–1796 Daniel Melanderhjelm and Henrik Nicander, 1796–1803 Jöns Svanberg and Carl Gustaf Sjöstén 1803–1808; Sjöstén was removed 1808 for negligence of his duties Jöns Svanberg, 1809–1811 Olof Swartz, 1811–1818 Jöns Jacob Berzelius, 1818–1848 Peter Fredrik Wahlberg, 1848–1866 Georg Lindhagen, 1866–1901 Christopher Aurivillius, 1901–1923 Henrik Gustaf Söderbaum, 1923–1933 Henning Pleijel, 1933–1943 Arne Westgren, 1943–1959 Erik Rudberg, 1959–1972 Carl Gustaf Bernhard, 1973–1980 Tord Ganelius, 1981–1989 Carl-Olof Jacobson, 1989–1997 Erling Norrby, 1997–30 June 2003 Gunnar Öquist, 1 July 2003 – 30 June 2010 Staffan Normark, 1 July 2010 – 30 June 2015 Göran K. Hansson, 1 July 2015–present Publications The transactions of the Academy (Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar) were published as its main series between 1739 and 1974. In parallel, other major series have appeared and gone: Öfversigt af Kungl. Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar (1844–1903) Bihang till Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (1872–1902) Vetenskapsakademiens årsbok (1903–1969) The academy started publishing annual reports in physics and chemistry (1826), technology (1827), botany (1831), and zoology (1832). These lasted into the 1860s, when they were replaced by the single Bihang series (meaning: supplement to the transactions). Starting in 1887, this series was once again split into four sections (afdelning), which in 1903 became independent scientific journals of their own, titled "Arkiv för..." (archive for...). These included: Arkiv för matematik, astronomi och fysik (1903–1949) Further restructuring of their topics occurred in 1949 and 1974. Other defunct journals of the Academy include: Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence (1997–2001) Current publications Ambio (1972–) Acta Mathematica (1882–) Arkiv för matematik (1949– with this title; 1903–1949 also including physics and astronomy) Acta Zoologica (1920–) Levnadsteckningar över Vetenskapsakademiens ledamöter (1869–), biographies of deceased members Porträttmatrikel (1971–), portraits of current members Zoologica Scripta (1972–), jointly with the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters History The academy was founded on 2 June 1739 by naturalist Carl Linnaeus, mercantilist Jonas Alströmer, mechanical engineer Mårten Triewald, civil servants Sten Carl Bielke and Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, and statesman/author Anders Johan von Höpken. The purpose of the academy was to focus on practically useful knowledge, and to publish in Swedish in order to widely disseminate the academy's findings. The academy was intended to be different from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, which had been founded in 1719 and published in Latin. The location close to the commercial activities in Sweden's capital (which unlike Uppsala did not have a university at this time) was also intentional. The academy was modeled after the Royal Society of London and Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, France, which some of the founding members were familiar with. See also Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences References External links Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences video site Sweden 1739 establishments in Sweden Sciences, Academy Academy, Science Buildings and structures in Stockholm Science and technology in Sweden Scientific organizations established in 1739 Members of the International Council for Science Members of the International Science Council	[ 0.38514402508735657, 0.18754518032073975, -0.006619310472160578, 0.289138525724411, -0.13669414818286896, 0.2282223254442215, 0.7512772083282471, 0.38006696105003357, -0.9325314164161682, -0.18800458312034607, -0.08655902743339539, 0.1713511049747467, 0.23006390035152435, 0.5394829511642456, -0.5956887006759644, 0.13153786957263947, 0.5772106647491455, 0.5049399733543396, 0.03362241014838219, -0.23854385316371918, -0.44361063838005066, 0.5540887713432312, 0.9118934273719788, -0.3429330289363861, 0.13588979840278625, -0.14908044040203094, 0.1833028346300125, 0.13228397071361542, 0.3478124737739563, -0.00398647878319025, -0.3397720158100128, 0.21507951617240906, -0.5474467873573303, -0.08045784384012222, -0.2812572121620178, -0.3903367221355438, -0.1336030662059784, -0.08325781673192978, 0.04999537393450737, -0.19378848373889923, -0.12048985809087753, -0.2703545093536377, -0.4929698705673218, 0.18209147453308105, -0.33830133080482483, -1.350324273109436, -1.0990209579467773, 0.6087685227394104, -0.14597636461257935, 0.633171558380127, 0.023034894838929176, 0.20234417915344238, -0.1607794314622879, 1.0960092544555664, -0.006020623259246349, 0.08362337201833725, -0.5089148283004761, 0.24434100091457367, -0.2284623235464096, 0.07322726398706436, -0.04880209639668465, 0.6947148442268372, 0.02837613970041275, 0.34221741557121277, 0.8793702721595764, 0.263935923576355, 0.10695968568325043, -0.16517026722431183, -0.48900118470191956, -0.33496609330177307, -0.1106998398900032, 0.5060937404632568, 0.026944294571876526, -0.12254209071397781, 0.06926275044679642, -1.0315629243850708, -0.08190691471099854, -0.01923230104148388, 0.18033885955810547, -0.6005949378013611, 0.20085935294628143, -0.14087845385074615, 0.6094975471496582, 0.4343016445636749, 0.45598104596138, 0.6218839287757874, -0.6803365349769592, -0.8041401505470276, -0.7481452822685242, -0.3117409944534302, 0.5154157280921936, 0.6435922980308533, 0.5612435936927795, -0.020379342138767242, 0.5815207958221436, 0.068263478577137, -0.2233104258775711, 0.18507348001003265, -0.640131413936615, 0.686377227306366, -0.5976967215538025, 0.7043105959892273, 0.13899296522140503, -0.20493420958518982, -0.3485642671585083, -0.20205789804458618, 0.03976220265030861, 0.3354911208152771, -0.352830171585083, 0.30997025966644287, -0.3958081901073456, -0.06325655430555344, -0.09930530935525894, 0.40027210116386414, -0.5230551958084106, 0.25075438618659973, 0.2177926003932953, -0.6410513520240784, -0.042465899139642715, 0.3265227973461151, -0.012422654777765274, 0.7497327923774719, 0.10577451437711716, 0.18332122266292572, -0.0895862877368927, 0.2335125207901001, 0.19452306628227234, 0.9237076640129089, -0.08566737174987793, -0.20946457982063293, 0.6458204388618469, 0.7260530591011047, -0.25732433795928955, 0.04314545914530754, -0.26158395409584045, 0.07501914352178574, 0.3871432840824127, -0.12000000476837158, -0.6267961263656616, 0.5969319939613342, -0.9732485413551331, -0.8756269812583923, -0.11448255181312561, -0.3048527240753174, -0.48593318462371826, -0.7081571817398071, -0.05454617366194725, -0.24086478352546692, -0.5903076529502869, -0.20541858673095703, 0.48140615224838257, -0.30274152755737305, -0.05235394835472107, -0.26106980443000793, 0.48058637976646423, 0.521198570728302, 0.2907407581806183, 0.24877142906188965, 0.5309152007102966, 0.49140632152557373, -0.1380186229944229, -0.09541385620832443, 0.27226966619491577, -0.06105654686689377, 0.14218410849571228, -0.5315396189689636, 0.5313004851341248, 0.8046968579292297, -0.35064950585365295, 0.25088557600975037, -0.5591039657592773, -0.2729063034057617, 0.10207141935825348, 0.251635879278183, 0.07926562428474426, -0.000052004808821948245, 0.3018476068973541, -0.12608420848846436, 0.5830420255661011, -0.4845449924468994, -1.0012296438217163, 0.4672253131866455, 0.09350959211587906, -0.21672075986862183, 0.16621723771095276, 0.07386722415685654, 0.19536951184272766, 0.5648443102836609, -0.25472843647003174, 0.05804581195116043, -0.4955028295516968, -0.5484436750411987, 0.3111344873905182, 0.36588922142982483, 1.1431857347488403, -0.04037213325500488, -0.7458815574645996, 0.8961756825447083, -0.6239143013954163, 0.5859634876251221, -0.08778047561645508, -0.5309081673622131, -0.07679013907909393, -0.09870816767215729, 0.23625575006008148, 0.2402392327785492, -0.4019959568977356, -0.25510579347610474, 0.6812340617179871, -0.035221461206674576, 0.47144365310668945, -0.5562055706977844, 0.10882463306188583, 0.11795175075531006, 0.09207674115896225, -0.43106818199157715, -0.7657629251480103, 0.18940888345241547, 0.38076165318489075, -0.17972053587436676, 0.9476269483566284, 0.005163558758795261, 0.8617319464683533, 0.6042612195014954, 0.30462321639060974, 0.2960040867328644, 0.10995207726955414, 1.3926887512207031, -0.09438758343458176, -0.48243334889411926, 0.41923201084136963, -1.1277045011520386, 0.7280569672584534, -0.3773837685585022, -0.4781194031238556, -0.1072455644607544, -0.7712231278419495, 0.24119247496128082, 0.19002749025821686, -0.586749792098999, 0.09328115731477737, 0.3704029321670532, -0.45693087577819824, 0.7089834809303284, 0.25866976380348206, 0.615264892578125, -0.9114111661911011, -0.2399195432662964, -0.3909534215927124, -0.1781013011932373, -0.40256619453430176, -0.1417166292667389, -0.5733259320259094, -0.1899963617324829, -0.7907582521438599, -0.09459522366523743, 0.2519319951534271, 0.1917639821767807, -0.4241083264350891, -0.027724821120500565, -0.42580705881118774, -0.3317592740058899, 0.009363101795315742, 0.26721909642219543, -0.1592365801334381, -0.11365770548582077, 0.2440788894891739, -0.562734067440033, 0.6330124735832214, 0.8844895958900452, 0.3641390800476074, 0.14795979857444763, 0.09098141640424728, 0.14605873823165894, -0.29343074560165405, -1.283262848854065, 0.5160975456237793, -0.4894285202026367, -0.7742995023727417, -0.40074095129966736, -0.65410977602005, 0.44647806882858276, 0.12508274614810944, -0.000021474545064847916, -0.5836513638496399, -0.18154792487621307, 0.07256341725587845, -0.23611602187156677, 0.22488926351070404, 0.22773659229278564, 0.051878396421670914, 0.08419328182935715, -0.5974310636520386, -0.3661874830722809, 0.5706145167350769, -0.19030830264091492, 0.23918680846691132, -0.0043997084721922874, 0.4996595084667206, -0.3901836574077606, -1.1654834747314453, 0.07327830046415329, -0.19203244149684906, 0.05686810985207558, 0.13599877059459686, 0.10502032935619354, -0.02008497714996338, 0.4322442412376404, -5.256967544555664, -0.4938946068286896, -0.5841866135597229, -0.47777289152145386, 0.631396472454071, 0.3463456332683563, 0.7254416942596436, -0.4268457293510437, 0.3092937767505646, 0.03446628898382187, 0.6556936502456665, 0.6289817094802856, 0.2878529727458954, 0.938005805015564, 0.46378812193870544, 0.4508519768714905, -0.4797372817993164, 0.18238432705402374, 0.16565917432308197, -0.10622953623533249, 0.003953959792852402, -0.12952417135238647, 0.08899355679750443, 0.8494811058044434, 0.6330880522727966, 0.9580194354057312, -0.24069809913635254, 0.013732676394283772, -0.08442917466163635, -0.7123150825500488, -0.04729575291275978, -0.1269308626651764, 0.40803262591362, -0.4770677089691162, -0.04112592712044716, 0.03039160557091236, 0.37935975193977356, 0.7831875681877136, 0.26805272698402405, 0.4810274839401245, 0.34934625029563904, 0.18928515911102295, -0.22496826946735382, 0.1330869197845459, -0.40659278631210327, -0.2242608219385147, -0.5189300179481506, 1.125767469406128, -0.4484576880931854, 0.6603867411613464, -0.11570383608341217, 0.031330786645412445, 0.06849386543035507, 0.07313641160726547, -0.4988655149936676, -0.24806185066699982, 0.13036112487316132, 0.11609911918640137, -0.7145867943763733, 0.17301765084266663, -0.45050761103630066, 0.39743292331695557, -0.021643036976456642, -0.38273414969444275, -0.34598666429519653, -0.4517710506916046, -0.37886741757392883, 0.08166392892599106, 0.47502952814102173, -0.4433097541332245, -0.26841142773628235, 0.2071477472782135, -0.1738957017660141, -0.9280756115913391, -0.29016852378845215, -0.4720463454723358, -0.1479468047618866, -0.316976398229599, -0.04277699440717697, -0.14712245762348175, 0.07972375303506851, -0.18562336266040802, 0.32387834787368774, 0.9671350121498108, 0.05994613096117973, -0.2677322328090668, -0.11418840289115906, -0.07931432127952576, -0.3511680066585541, -0.5158795714378357, 0.2773290276527405, -0.492664098739624, -0.32008516788482666, 0.0323215089738369, -0.2796293795108795, 0.6068006753921509, -0.31521540880203247, 0.13489463925361633, 0.11699211597442627, -0.7252700924873352, 1.0583628416061401, 0.17991407215595245, 0.25533178448677063, -0.8182626366615295, -0.6164029240608215, -0.5308049321174622, -0.43919265270233154, 0.1958051472902298, 0.20193813741207123, -0.482187420129776, -0.34531721472740173, -0.49551108479499817, 0.24112604558467865, -0.17782491445541382, 0.4027687907218933, -0.5918427109718323, -0.17254440486431122, 0.877058207988739, -0.7077070474624634, 0.041064441204071045, -0.6255192756652832, 0.24370047450065613, 0.21617062389850616, -0.10393914580345154, 0.08728652447462082, -0.13130536675453186, -0.07467234134674072, -0.16658592224121094, 0.04693906381726265, -0.2703513503074646, 0.5199761390686035, 0.39609014987945557, 0.23317816853523254, 0.297989159822464, -0.00506550632417202, -0.048349231481552124, -0.4140985608100891, 0.1276274472475052, 0.5412841439247131, -0.33456331491470337, 0.058670200407505035, -0.17740316689014435, 0.07984089851379395, 0.5818076133728027, 0.07883525639772415, 0.027956940233707428, -0.29439646005630493, 0.41009795665740967, -0.6160063743591309, 0.3010590970516205, -0.6640121340751648, 0.33703383803367615, 0.4349484443664551, -0.26344481110572815, 0.5586286187171936, 0.12161533534526825, -0.40575242042541504, 0.6174290776252747, 0.010365566238760948, -0.8372650742530823, -0.3697800636291504, -0.3126028776168823, -1.0325617790222168, 0.014865213073790073, 0.35680055618286133, -0.5511124730110168, -1.3183256387710571, 0.026919735595583916, -0.2590719759464264, 0.663570761680603, -0.24512648582458496, -0.2139442414045334, -0.6556625962257385, -0.45963039994239807, 0.4628026485443115, -0.03317492827773094, 0.3128184974193573, 0.331103652715683, -0.2391427904367447, 0.02296200767159462, 0.746505618095398, 0.03232879191637039, 0.07045541703701019, 0.234617680311203, 0.5411149859428406, 0.2756336033344269, 0.08794315159320831, -0.31728336215019226, 0.48466813564300537, 0.2829883396625519, 0.3109596073627472, -0.3250415623188019, 0.46934834122657776, -0.27080851793289185, -0.5267519354820251, -0.2996162474155426, 0.20595283806324005, 0.5340414047241211, -0.09210512787103653, -0.3824942708015442, 0.5470060706138611, 0.5450391173362732, 0.13091856241226196, 0.34787896275520325, -0.18267521262168884, -0.4789508283138275, 0.2598383128643036, 0.7047544121742249, -0.3705941140651703, 0.9288833737373352, -0.9982362985610962, -0.21274517476558685, -0.14219608902931213, 0.33713752031326294, -0.6541675925254822, 0.3132890462875366, 0.7558280229568481, -0.36034199595451355, -0.7170935869216919, -0.5762859582901001, -0.4368142783641815, 0.2699558734893799, -0.3262685239315033, -0.34026193618774414, -0.38609814643859863, -0.21222805976867676, 0.19055189192295074, -0.23358863592147827, 1.2359025478363037, -0.4739609360694885, 0.7289533615112305, 0.03450458124279976, 0.028587795794010162, -0.8041955232620239, -0.0021133662667125463, -0.1221201941370964, 0.012132789939641953, 0.7100825309753418, 0.07172428071498871, 0.4372112452983856, -0.09255191683769226, 0.7625174522399902, 0.2775515019893646, -0.3618311882019043, 0.4111841022968292, -0.13940733671188354, 0.8459323644638062, -0.2959195673465729, -0.541161298751831, -0.01818191446363926, 0.6170752048492432, -0.5401302576065063, -0.2688865661621094, -0.2659826874732971, 0.9415739178657532, -0.3691284656524658, 0.3295155465602875, 0.8552977442741394, -0.02410406433045864, 0.17033007740974426, -0.29447248578071594, -0.021502520889043808, -0.7721038460731506, -0.14849238097667694, -0.1367950290441513, 0.14693254232406616, -0.39882057905197144, -0.5432088971138, 0.6306530833244324, -0.16362528502941132, -0.17715539038181305, -0.36658769845962524, 0.10442961007356644, 0.7114739418029785, -0.0639483779668808, 0.47247618436813354, -0.04615645855665207, -0.10178656131029129, -0.08791432529687881, 0.21890415251255035, -0.25544071197509766, 0.2105598747730255, -0.03639442101120949, -0.921171247959137, -0.22038936614990234, -1.1990686655044556, -0.11455202847719193, 0.20192183554172516, -0.01195050310343504, 0.23463210463523865, -0.5597991943359375, -0.41824445128440857, -0.1645718216896057, 0.5573146343231201, 0.045148640871047974, 0.4989358186721802, 0.069439597427845, 0.30469122529029846, 0.46481555700302124, 0.16178958117961884, -0.6597270369529724, -0.003506273031234741, -0.05456804484128952, -0.014723546802997589, 0.31815439462661743, 0.8682766556739807, 0.07361096888780594, 0.7290043830871582, -0.6922512054443359, 0.49313512444496155, 0.23111726343631744, -0.12201853096485138, 0.0041396175511181355, 0.011642907746136189, -0.33513057231903076, -0.4947081208229065, 0.4931780695915222, -0.41910603642463684, -0.2639998495578766, 0.22987736761569977, 0.2233729362487793, -0.06623933464288712, 0.29237523674964905, -0.1905204802751541, -0.6386305689811707, 0.625899612903595, -0.355539470911026, -0.048398006707429886, -0.06989119201898575, -0.4449012279510498, -0.007947959005832672, 0.41742321848869324, -0.5715559720993042, 0.8205205798149109, -0.17880360782146454, 0.06317887455224991, -0.3088316321372986, -0.9810540080070496, -0.33360210061073303, 0.5009276866912842, 0.32736021280288696, 0.3927417993545532, 0.0991235226392746, 0.41076260805130005, -0.684837281703949, 0.2343369871377945, -0.2773650884628296, 0.15541735291481018, -0.1713804453611374, -0.11880626529455185, 0.3776375949382782, -0.622675359249115, 0.5120453834533691, -0.6604300737380981, 0.2690407633781433, 0.26271867752075195, -0.030871964991092682, 0.0075338855385780334, -0.3649565279483795, -0.049205880612134933, 0.12723001837730408, 0.0013553396565839648, 0.27892443537712097, 0.4543915390968323, -0.325775146484375, 0.4271678626537323, 0.20003573596477509, 0.18237732350826263, 0.04162425920367241, -0.2984451353549957, -0.020981768146157265, -0.449261337518692, 0.10399222373962402, -0.3081655204296112, 0.06027689203619957, -0.11342919617891312, 0.73460453748703, 0.43294620513916016, 0.20767545700073242, 0.4410250782966614, -0.4554026126861572, 0.569329023361206, -0.08688008040189743, -0.795310378074646, -0.4687215983867645, 0.1622830480337143, -0.3358822762966156, -0.1370520293712616, 0.11723869293928146, -0.24396000802516937, 0.45344752073287964, -0.10306832939386368, 0.020284263417124748, 0.7573798894882202, -1.444483757019043, -0.053272880613803864, -0.0173952654004097, 0.2614944279193878, -0.048636648803949356, -0.9635471105575562, -0.5530931353569031, 0.1439865231513977, 0.4010944068431854, -0.17360205948352814, -0.7269671559333801, 0.4292321801185608, -0.19298182427883148, 0.1899922788143158, 0.2527739703655243, 0.23620298504829407, 0.022222554311156273, -0.2636328935623169, 0.19439993798732758, 0.43847376108169556, -0.46028175950050354, -0.10617981106042862, 1.002249836921692, -0.4138997495174408, 0.04484587907791138, 0.09788571298122406, -0.0624859444797039, -0.32086777687072754, 0.24185432493686676, 0.18327096104621887, -0.19113554060459137, -0.02642659842967987, 0.4318721890449524, 0.4113939702510834, -0.2508605122566223, 0.010333048179745674, -0.99307781457901, -0.6619390845298767, -0.6283923983573914, 0.12309753894805908, -0.18187662959098816, 0.018990708515048027, 0.5924568176269531, 0.558516800403595, 0.6921213269233704, -1.0974786281585693, -0.19224168360233307, 0.37612974643707275, 0.6485275030136108, 0.12111931294202805, 0.4802037477493286, 0.21891376376152039, -0.603407084941864, -0.6258186101913452, -0.4261435270309448, 0.262698233127594, 0.03155703470110893, -0.28561273217201233, 0.5178085565567017, -0.33269622921943665, -0.04337485134601593, -0.09803488850593567, 0.2760770618915558, -0.40430310368537903, 0.15701481699943542, 0.23011818528175354 ]
210818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anserinae	Anserinae	The Anserinae are a subfamily in the waterfowl family Anatidae. It includes the swans and true geese. Under alternative systematical concepts (see e.g., Terres & NAS, 1991), it is split into two subfamilies, the Anserinae contain the geese and the ducks, while the Cygninae contain the swans. Systematics Swans Genus Cygnus – true swans: The black-and-yellow-billed swans are sometimes separated in the genus Olor. True geese Genus Anser – grey and white geese Genus Branta – black geese Unresolved Genus Coscoroba – coscoroba swan These two genera are distinct from other geese and often elevated to a subfamily of their own (Cereopsinae), or alternatively into the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae: Genus Cereopsis – Cape Barren goose Genus Cnemiornis – New Zealand geese (prehistoric) Some enigmatic subfossils of very large goose-like birds from the Hawaiian Islands do not appear to be moa-nalos (goose-sized dabbling ducks). They cannot be assigned to any genus living today, though most, if not all, may be fairly close to Branta: Geochen rhuax – initially allied with Cereopsis, but this seems hardly correct for reasons of biogeography. Giant Hawaiʻi goose, ?Branta sp. Giant Oʻahu goose, Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. References Terres, John K. & National Audubon Society (1991): The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. Wings Books, New York. Further reading External links Bird subfamilies Extant Miocene first appearances Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors	[ -0.1431262046098709, -0.08161922544240952, -0.5241212248802185, -0.08241298049688339, -0.02699819579720497, 0.4012519419193268, 0.4007645547389984, -0.6943299174308777, -0.2089221477508545, -1.2978663444519043, 0.2919572591781616, 0.32438328862190247, -0.9137190580368042, -0.059610407799482346, -0.12647683918476105, 0.8835405707359314, 0.015528636984527111, 0.43542325496673584, 0.3896743357181549, -0.47954168915748596, -0.49541690945625305, -0.6600021719932556, 0.43539753556251526, -0.5348241329193115, 0.04268931970000267, -0.37407055497169495, 0.39802077412605286, 0.6133170127868652, 0.7019674777984619, 0.07757867127656937, 0.3810853064060211, 0.7437410950660706, -0.15482449531555176, -0.40384092926979065, -0.2809467017650604, -0.08868534117937088, -0.008102447725832462, -0.8634210824966431, 0.13261447846889496, -0.6275168061256409, -0.15928906202316284, -0.4659993350505829, 0.04474902153015137, 0.3696971535682678, -0.11908664554357529, -0.15730109810829163, -2.001943349838257, 0.542984127998352, -0.6209074854850769, 0.12166249752044678, -0.16705623269081116, -0.002145110396668315, 0.08172475546598434, 0.37325701117515564, 0.11586600542068481, 0.8703064918518066, -0.582197904586792, 0.03769896551966667, -0.09854907542467117, -0.29664963483810425, 0.09251566231250763, 0.4125906527042389, 0.3868081271648407, -0.14576932787895203, 0.5212057828903198, 0.5307599306106567, 0.25760990381240845, 0.3147692084312439, -0.6806620955467224, 0.408987432718277, 0.00824806746095419, -0.22232557833194733, -0.2102300524711609, 0.2644684910774231, 0.1966751366853714, -0.29562631249427795, -0.42495763301849365, -0.04153276979923248, 0.6606853604316711, 0.18885460495948792, 0.2526494562625885, 0.6387539505958557, 0.21680858731269836, 0.1069490909576416, 0.3990171253681183, 0.12341216206550598, -0.17285871505737305, -0.5899261832237244, -0.7619088888168335, 0.20216262340545654, -0.34812313318252563, -0.4114973843097687, 0.35167235136032104, -0.037977706640958786, 0.3768227994441986, -0.4314959645271301, -0.2060355544090271, -0.122658871114254, 0.14186446368694305, -0.010192962363362312, -0.4637467861175537, -0.1672801673412323, 0.21202713251113892, -0.7345132827758789, -0.6195812821388245, -0.5105918049812317, -0.2994155287742615, -0.48827776312828064, 0.026840073987841606, -0.3936793804168701, -0.3686445951461792, 0.353362500667572, 0.20073793828487396, 0.14324340224266052, -0.5697537064552307, 0.7858037948608398, 0.054112184792757034, -0.21734507381916046, 0.2542320489883423, 0.13321687281131744, 0.4224645495414734, 0.8711207509040833, -0.16155411303043365, 0.29527220129966736, -0.5015315413475037, 0.45276397466659546, 0.35489869117736816, -0.1387680172920227, -0.4003021717071533, -0.43011972308158875, 0.42359328269958496, 0.5747314095497131, -0.3206118047237396, 0.14458705484867096, 0.40635964274406433, -0.08136200904846191, -0.6579393148422241, 0.2583085000514984, 0.45199745893478394, 0.4765942394733429, -0.728026807308197, 0.26714202761650085, -0.8303083181381226, -0.5083566308021545, 0.2860192656517029, 0.29361799359321594, 0.2922595739364624, -0.13782505691051483, -0.02683604508638382, -0.7671629786491394, 0.5252698063850403, -0.4917256534099579, 0.02285459265112877, 0.6267795562744141, -0.7272318601608276, -0.17081212997436523, 0.660184919834137, -0.518129289150238, 0.46259501576423645, 0.31480512022972107, 0.29473623633384705, -0.5937315821647644, -0.17150945961475372, 0.04116487875580788, 0.5100480914115906, -0.10856295377016068, -0.3812556266784668, 0.4872034788131714, 0.2654799520969391, 0.4150799512863159, -0.05621059238910675, -0.2055092453956604, 0.9057445526123047, -0.715283989906311, 0.34367722272872925, -0.490917444229126, -0.06421016156673431, 0.15595398843288422, 0.6111308336257935, -0.15228691697120667, -0.4667230248451233, 0.374114066362381, -0.16234494745731354, 0.37647294998168945, -0.014479715377092361, 0.4459605813026428, 0.5169814229011536, 0.07252555340528488, 0.12902379035949707, 0.06212407723069191, -0.0208264347165823, -0.1718822866678238, 0.07145733386278152, 0.6179736852645874, 0.6658813953399658, 0.1652732640504837, -0.4375426173210144, -0.004676142241805792, -0.0735538974404335, 0.3246955871582031, -0.5179268717765808, 0.024192770943045616, -0.4087045192718506, 0.003887841245159507, -0.6148189902305603, 0.8460544347763062, -0.8014756441116333, -0.07789481431245804, 0.06988450139760971, 0.4396112263202667, -0.26949796080589294, -0.3635143041610718, 0.10417741537094116, -0.13273969292640686, 0.4326218068599701, -0.352762907743454, -0.3859318196773529, 0.4251709580421448, -0.08801493793725967, 0.05728987604379654, 0.5782794952392578, 0.06235175579786301, -0.0014778036857023835, 0.5007882714271545, 0.2145947366952896, 0.5541133880615234, 0.6785646080970764, -0.03246941789984703, 0.5617775321006775, -0.4594058096408844, 0.3179756700992584, 0.023400846868753433, 0.37189605832099915, -0.9061421155929565, -0.4512975513935089, -0.6529191136360168, 0.19121240079402924, -0.8881555199623108, 0.5138757228851318, -0.6021996736526489, -0.14627288281917572, 0.6306688189506531, -0.370140016078949, 0.38278302550315857, 0.6245073080062866, -0.06198296323418617, -0.2875758707523346, 0.3128833770751953, -0.038584619760513306, -0.10272040218114853, -0.277436226606369, 0.6641784906387329, 0.3246306777000427, -0.7727447748184204, -0.2573167085647583, 0.4708278775215149, 0.49979105591773987, 0.5920345187187195, -0.32559219002723694, -0.5772299766540527, -0.5349971055984497, 0.1531546711921692, 0.2282351404428482, 0.17963196337223053, -0.14345838129520416, -1.2749696969985962, -0.35049962997436523, -0.34799763560295105, 0.6800010800361633, 0.1958044469356537, 1.2909610271453857, -0.25690802931785583, -0.257845014333725, -1.04628324508667, -0.3853171169757843, -0.210740327835083, 0.15719881653785706, -0.07481492310762405, -0.5607451796531677, -0.4492153823375702, 0.38786202669143677, 0.41872504353523254, 0.2390880137681961, 0.21057718992233276, -0.32484495639801025, 0.04063141345977783, 1.001044511795044, -0.44602537155151367, 0.2604250907897949, -0.5579521059989929, 0.38933780789375305, 0.4514927566051483, -0.4833945631980896, 0.5505653619766235, -0.38447001576423645, -0.21442539989948273, -0.5305260419845581, 0.8783314824104309, 0.187273770570755, -0.8212904334068298, -0.9668382406234741, 0.11298590898513794, -0.5102041363716125, -0.2897273004055023, -0.19577836990356445, 0.21046918630599976, 0.24707694351673126, 0.19625064730644226, -5.336968421936035, -0.38331538438796997, 0.3227781355381012, 0.6373788714408875, 0.3723796308040619, 0.34161585569381714, 0.10305925458669662, -0.9835111498832703, -0.1946149468421936, 0.41037043929100037, 0.8146324157714844, 0.058480404317379, 0.03836686909198761, 0.14487899839878082, 0.053586944937705994, -0.18554608523845673, -0.466713011264801, 0.06350278854370117, 0.586713433265686, -0.026221003383398056, -0.40805941820144653, 0.4103130102157593, -0.07591289281845093, 0.06496019661426544, 0.036268215626478195, -0.32521530985832214, 0.40325021743774414, -0.8460327982902527, -0.5687068104743958, -0.4732649326324463, -0.02423017844557762, -0.15055842697620392, -0.20885354280471802, 0.13375993072986603, -0.594842255115509, -0.35173046588897705, 0.5315685868263245, -0.00291142868809402, 0.03928661346435547, -0.1377970427274704, -0.7715689539909363, 0.12335778772830963, 0.279498815536499, 0.1133832260966301, -0.11576107889413834, -0.14291085302829742, -0.37671276926994324, -0.2716512978076935, 0.532494843006134, 0.807693362236023, 0.015103974379599094, 0.5251530408859253, 0.3449864089488983, 0.6906539797782898, 0.3944336473941803, -0.18821781873703003, 0.1897653192281723, -0.5452551245689392, 0.279646635055542, 0.6873198747634888, 0.503741443157196, -0.04365558922290802, -0.4281388223171234, -0.6661489605903625, 0.24608652293682098, -0.43245822191238403, 0.03904074430465698, 0.14644308388233185, 0.5585985779762268, 0.23324932157993317, -0.17233429849147797, 0.29725944995880127, -0.5564782023429871, -1.28472900390625, 0.0936272144317627, -0.59238201379776, -0.050852831453084946, 0.016757281497120857, -0.10572182387113571, -0.08595231175422668, -0.1101645901799202, -0.24186795949935913, -0.002406773855909705, 0.6991292834281921, 0.3611573874950409, -0.07090979814529419, -0.649490475654602, 0.29347360134124756, 0.06169547513127327, -0.21929363906383514, -0.09111472219228745, 0.09858760237693787, 0.2124173939228058, 0.026933688670396805, -0.08232412487268448, 0.9072238206863403, 0.255237877368927, -0.05382834002375603, 0.35073503851890564, -0.5175385475158691, 0.4736466109752655, 0.19291536509990692, -0.2598456144332886, 0.4360388219356537, -0.41830360889434814, -0.5045775175094604, 0.5529653429985046, 0.22098474204540253, 1.0225050449371338, -0.10700810700654984, 0.17960283160209656, -0.5305619835853577, 0.04912291467189789, -0.14429117739200592, 0.22142618894577026, -0.3222120404243469, -0.2888118028640747, 0.47470757365226746, 0.46103978157043457, 0.37170377373695374, 0.22946496307849884, 0.5133507251739502, -0.4012305736541748, -0.3690454065799713, -0.4023561477661133, -0.17912107706069946, -0.0944751650094986, 0.04172089695930481, -0.3075169324874878, -0.21960557997226715, -0.07639472931623459, -0.1898321956396103, -0.7391232848167419, -0.1725962907075882, 0.22056737542152405, -0.10748177021741867, -0.22094984352588654, 0.6958004236221313, 0.3628193438053131, -0.011073538102209568, -0.16526003181934357, -0.4544422924518585, -0.4995766282081604, -0.04525969550013542, 0.6882323622703552, 0.49895986914634705, 0.008836058899760246, -0.5071297287940979, -0.31607702374458313, 0.47793295979499817, 0.3391377329826355, -0.6946321129798889, 0.30949968099594116, -1.1130180358886719, 0.045782070606946945, -0.37421712279319763, 0.2780552804470062, -0.07330120354890823, 0.2788284122943878, -0.9028075337409973, -0.4021705389022827, -0.4325084090232849, -0.8954421281814575, 0.1211211159825325, 0.4621901512145996, -0.33325523138046265, -0.5224990844726562, -0.39012154936790466, -0.8294000029563904, 0.21391111612319946, -0.35774508118629456, 0.08914029598236084, -0.04368922486901283, -0.6345681548118591, 0.03407028317451477, 0.008430872112512589, -0.5900895595550537, 0.5659580230712891, -0.5734289288520813, -0.38098660111427307, -0.33151474595069885, 0.41723451018333435, -0.2608332633972168, -0.13752219080924988, 0.34341737627983093, -0.9961284399032593, 0.17109251022338867, -0.4566940367221832, -0.6785270571708679, -0.42960667610168457, 0.29675281047821045, 0.20102553069591522, 0.3923039734363556, 0.37073975801467896, -0.47559884190559387, 0.25251469016075134, -0.10862506181001663, -0.0638146921992302, -0.557472288608551, -0.7945477962493896, -0.2448764592409134, 0.22781357169151306, 0.16179494559764862, 0.4705178439617157, -0.3001505434513092, -0.4880199432373047, 0.4389786124229431, 0.41261863708496094, -0.5939266085624695, 0.4928668141365051, 0.016612999141216278, -1.0109336376190186, -0.5481526851654053, 0.49578002095222473, -0.04118325933814049, 0.45064884424209595, -0.037979789078235626, -0.06141262128949165, 0.0564270094037056, -0.39445164799690247, 0.016898488625884056, -0.2752758860588074, 0.0628628134727478, -0.9445470571517944, -0.4795340597629547, 0.2510616183280945, 0.2752082347869873, -0.5124226808547974, 0.939869225025177, -0.5928686857223511, -0.2099994570016861, 0.00009061352466233075, 0.13500478863716125, -0.07694754749536514, -0.4992768168449402, -0.31720200181007385, -0.1289871782064438, -0.008632836863398552, 0.2864951491355896, 0.06553030759096146, 0.46427008509635925, 1.1951032876968384, 0.08860938251018524, -0.3835728168487549, 0.03517104312777519, -0.6674242615699768, 0.5142412185668945, 0.03870152309536934, -0.5956125259399414, 0.12772321701049805, 0.48743900656700134, -0.19199220836162567, -0.3383771479129791, 0.10270664095878601, 0.7065354585647583, 0.0742550864815712, 0.4444409906864166, 0.4251207113265991, -0.24139805138111115, 0.17641596496105194, -0.07246779650449753, 0.22387513518333435, -0.39908450841903687, 0.29381969571113586, -0.5021278262138367, 0.05080660060048103, -0.3464057445526123, -0.09309393912553787, 0.7335634827613831, -0.39945486187934875, 0.221549853682518, 0.0044496324844658375, 0.03631094470620155, 0.5890995860099792, 0.34526756405830383, 0.08083859831094742, 0.2465459108352661, -0.24035273492336273, 0.20521306991577148, 0.0006951983668841422, -0.09723762422800064, 0.3763429522514343, 0.0064062075689435005, -0.13915802538394928, 0.09480197727680206, -0.13722264766693115, -0.4907227158546448, 0.10501671582460403, 0.32074978947639465, -0.45473676919937134, -0.33735013008117676, 0.13964305818080902, -0.4285975694656372, 0.24468760192394257, 0.6214411854743958, 0.2155488282442093, 0.005046182777732611, 0.4451782703399658, 0.04375578835606575, 0.058158524334430695, -1.3383066654205322, 0.5566520094871521, 0.18235692381858826, 0.13096073269844055, -0.060022126883268356, 0.02848108857870102, 0.2846834361553192, 0.5078377723693848, -0.0775911882519722, 0.1761048138141632, 0.5331700444221497, -0.7906503677368164, -0.09664919227361679, 0.6965221762657166, -0.5076929926872253, 0.3467484414577484, 0.057228073477745056, -0.462994784116745, 0.15433946251869202, 0.46204257011413574, 0.33991625905036926, 0.09657479077577591, 0.474860280752182, -0.028936900198459625, -0.7541671395301819, 0.27665773034095764, -0.9404324293136597, 0.23547019064426422, -0.024729063734412193, 0.7271096706390381, 0.855658769607544, 0.30808398127555847, -0.917214572429657, 0.20675958693027496, -0.29884180426597595, -0.375736802816391, 0.02535276487469673, 0.019675342366099358, -0.1808517873287201, 0.7691382169723511, 1.0525553226470947, -0.00946932565420866, 0.7495003342628479, -0.2513761818408966, -0.022283494472503662, 0.2157563418149948, -0.22216956317424774, 0.5037015080451965, 0.37571632862091064, -0.038433223962783813, 0.6184805631637573, 0.32866865396499634, 0.3313266336917877, -0.21254660189151764, 0.460575133562088, 0.8222036957740784, 0.4334894120693207, 0.00816779863089323, 0.24359022080898285, -0.012094805017113686, 0.26987332105636597, -0.1722363978624344, -0.24154320359230042, 0.21398437023162842, -0.8580155968666077, -0.22495995461940765, 0.437703937292099, -0.07242641597986221, -0.46299123764038086, 0.2634495198726654, 0.0018750587478280067, -0.5606268048286438, 0.2063196301460266, 0.4271997809410095, 0.4457377791404724, 0.41633617877960205, -0.37754660844802856, 0.2984570264816284, -0.04874539002776146, 0.40334179997444153, -0.2984989583492279, -0.34250664710998535, 0.2020590603351593, -0.37296122312545776, 0.005609774962067604, -0.4565638303756714, 0.4889741539955139, -0.09044535458087921, 0.10960864275693893, 0.1476091593503952, -0.3292574882507324, -0.21143823862075806, -0.08873455971479416, 0.17132876813411713, -0.661754310131073, -0.27511993050575256, -0.261580228805542, 1.1277559995651245, -0.23431342840194702, -0.4739111065864563, -0.007451522629708052, -0.09021082520484924, -0.19471624493598938, -0.21823307871818542, 0.4792839586734772, 0.26775726675987244, -0.46435824036598206, 0.46992942690849304, -0.28571072220802307, 0.36804890632629395, 0.7651112675666809, 0.4234776496887207, 0.2890421152114868, 0.6355602741241455, 0.010860576294362545, -0.03354350104928017, 0.6705132126808167, -0.08748002350330353, 0.10984543710947037, 0.29052335023880005, 0.383664608001709, 0.010793602094054222, -0.0918288603425026, 0.2681587338447571, -0.3772329092025757, -0.04056566208600998, -0.325041800737381, 0.35274961590766907, -0.22391746938228607, 0.9855592250823975, 0.23936888575553894, 0.1328488141298294, -0.567684531211853, -0.09086129069328308, -0.563153862953186, -0.947593629360199, 0.23723460733890533, 0.6333501935005188, 0.5024232268333435, 0.4391757845878601, 0.1525757759809494, -0.0005010898457840085, 0.6101049184799194, 0.13997164368629456, -0.9289965033531189, -0.006483149714767933, -0.5367619395256042, -0.49152669310569763, -0.18532800674438477, 0.36573871970176697, -0.378117173910141, -0.04582442343235016, 0.2513197064399719, -0.1449490785598755, -0.6112295985221863, 0.5083451271057129, -0.009833185002207756, -0.5483943223953247, 0.20654849708080292, 0.6251896619796753 ]
210819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco	Falco	Falco may refer to: Arts and entertainment Falco (book series), historical novels by Lindsey Davies Marcus Didius Falco, central character of the book series "Falco" (song), by Hitomi Shimatani Falco (TV series) Falco (Groove-On Fight character), a videogame character Falco Lombardi, a videogame character Falco Grice, a character from the anime series Attack on Titan Aviation Fiat CR.42 Falco, Italian World War II biplane fighter aircraft Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I, Italian World War II fighter aircraft Selex ES Falco, an Italian tactical unmanned aerial vehicle Sequoia Falco, an aerobatic aircraft People Falco (surname), a list of people with the surname Falco or Falcó Quintus Pompeius Falco (c. 70–after 140), ancient Roman senator, general and governor of Britannia Falco of Maastricht (died 512), bishop of Maastricht Oberto Airaudi (1950–2013), also known as "Falco", Italian philosopher and artist Falco (musician), stage name of Johann "Hans" Hölzel (1957–1998), Austrian musician, singer and composer Andrew Falkous, known as "Falco", guitarist and frontman of the now-defunct band Mclusky and his new group Future of the Left Other uses Falco (bird), a genus commonly known as falcons Falco, Alabama, United States, an unincorporated community Falco Electronics, a Mexican electronics company Falco KC, Hungarian basketball team Aprilia SL1000 Falco, an Italian sports motorcycle See also De Falco, a surname	[ 0.17893503606319427, -0.003191872965544462, 0.14534108340740204, 0.28086432814598083, 0.01985851302742958, 0.4935336410999298, -0.1378939300775528, 0.015817543491721153, -0.23893164098262787, -0.3642376959323883, -0.5591802000999451, 0.011247505433857441, 0.14016269147396088, 0.20014075934886932, -0.1378922015428543, 0.16670744121074677, 0.005290384870022535, 0.3316706717014313, -0.5273672938346863, -0.4749458134174347, -0.4441296458244324, 0.34863394498825073, 0.19098347425460815, -0.04971221461892128, -0.29088303446769714, 0.24581366777420044, -0.2220160961151123, 0.21152792870998383, -0.0001212046408909373, 0.41101497411727905, -0.026920925825834274, 0.6134433150291443, 0.396121084690094, 0.062401846051216125, -0.5206490159034729, -0.08059895783662796, 0.08044760674238205, -0.032442495226860046, -0.049910686910152435, -0.45788905024528503, 0.5387739539146423, -0.13023774325847626, 0.39773765206336975, -0.015606875531375408, -0.2818610370159149, 0.0032165865413844585, -1.4852714538574219, 0.2754565477371216, -0.7460794448852539, -0.2817859947681427, 0.13722629845142365, 0.2752484381198883, -0.012637569569051266, 0.3963259160518646, 0.0414765365421772, 0.5853275060653687, -0.5356026887893677, -0.19159679114818573, 0.2698400914669037, -0.6444792151451111, 0.4465720057487488, 0.4179336130619049, 0.18287253379821777, 0.028117652982473373, 0.23365403711795807, -0.16609597206115723, 0.15477131307125092, 0.38654598593711853, -0.35692378878593445, -0.4172569215297699, 0.22849689424037933, 0.38936930894851685, -0.11161930859088898, -0.06259758770465851, -0.13669714331626892, -0.5679163336753845, 0.01838505081832409, 0.16177652776241302, 0.11860868334770203, 0.48039814829826355, -0.1527242660522461, 0.05364220216870308, 1.063654899597168, 0.38660791516304016, 0.4516465365886688, 0.025446783751249313, -0.07131429761648178, 0.002125211525708437, -0.6337272524833679, 0.16710682213306427, -0.4563683271408081, -1.073496699333191, 0.5005272030830383, 0.0062392717227339745, 0.32319748401641846, 0.08361522853374481, 0.12982560694217682, -0.11022339016199112, 0.21483226120471954, -0.2002156376838684, -0.7258925437927246, 0.016009759157896042, -0.30191558599472046, -0.0576171912252903, -0.6372942924499512, 0.02420896105468273, -0.12921850383281708, 0.11906393617391586, 0.20968468487262726, 0.37158820033073425, -0.2875385284423828, -0.6693481206893921, -0.17345325648784637, 0.4052751958370209, 0.24250967800617218, -0.10156448930501938, -0.1957980841398239, -0.366706520318985, -0.630811870098114, 0.4932091236114502, 0.6236340403556824, 0.12084853649139404, 0.3823573589324951, 0.3466683328151703, 0.2729015648365021, 0.4865770637989044, 0.4482499361038208, 0.177872434258461, -0.22355736792087555, 0.4636043608188629, 0.31637415289878845, 0.23498937487602234, -0.7578201293945312, 0.2796545624732971, 0.24279984831809998, -0.25618451833724976, -0.23054929077625275, 0.24583806097507477, -0.3282354176044464, 0.17033423483371735, -0.7702038884162903, 0.050281547009944916, -0.7120065093040466, -0.0717143565416336, 0.2040204405784607, -0.20400245487689972, -0.20122192800045013, -0.004347093403339386, 0.10594967007637024, -0.39939722418785095, -0.1254684329032898, 0.2545459270477295, -0.32830876111984253, 0.13086475431919098, 0.22586692869663239, 0.17037178575992584, 0.8087865710258484, -0.04275665059685707, 0.3456655442714691, 0.10554154217243195, 0.07163998484611511, 0.2878182530403137, -0.5136544108390808, 0.1385544091463089, 0.23854424059391022, -0.07152718305587769, 0.3872435390949249, 0.3192231357097626, -0.7552872896194458, 0.08425715565681458, -0.4379943013191223, 0.07900846749544144, -0.3335346579551697, -0.015331645496189594, -0.18656043708324432, 0.5163941979408264, 0.6204961538314819, 0.14708581566810608, -0.08479813486337662, -0.04020789638161659, -0.5274014472961426, 0.11100641638040543, -0.17669309675693512, -0.11781705170869827, -0.15174083411693573, 0.11508721113204956, -0.12122129648923874, 0.21073827147483826, 0.4407210052013397, -0.11381729692220688, -0.5955056548118591, -0.1594855934381485, 0.7863463163375854, -0.22978147864341736, 0.8183910250663757, 0.17302030324935913, -0.12543885409832, 0.7181383371353149, 0.2259947955608368, 0.19766029715538025, 0.10703548043966293, -0.14164802432060242, 0.680767834186554, 0.053572408854961395, -0.19135504961013794, 0.21252569556236267, 0.06974276900291443, 0.3592442572116852, -0.06385654211044312, -0.2601495385169983, 0.26391154527664185, 0.3191547393798828, 0.2176446169614792, 0.05867348611354828, 0.06667715311050415, -0.33046436309814453, -0.9601196050643921, 0.025174403563141823, 0.10273382067680359, -0.7897071838378906, 0.37235450744628906, -0.3342284858226776, -0.2997225224971771, -0.02316773124039173, 0.19408726692199707, 1.0865533351898193, 0.11519137769937515, -0.1643448770046234, 0.448918879032135, -0.30536437034606934, -0.2609507143497467, 0.21111160516738892, 0.026752091944217682, -0.2538025677204132, -0.019084911793470383, 0.16474594175815582, 0.4056416451931, -0.436128705739975, 0.1881188601255417, -0.41048550605773926, 0.24943438172340393, 0.5798577070236206, -0.3878772258758545, 0.03542206063866615, 0.18661583960056305, -0.18734773993492126, -0.3698383867740631, 0.4035394489765167, -0.1770191192626953, 0.25404661893844604, -0.1746353656053543, 0.37656402587890625, -0.03259642422199249, 0.5757854580879211, -0.007227756083011627, -0.3068201243877411, -0.04051089286804199, 0.13189637660980225, 0.0228204857558012, -0.2707018256187439, -0.1429155468940735, -0.5174548029899597, 0.3569384515285492, -0.43426963686943054, -0.00038249019416980445, -0.4647934138774872, -0.3869425654411316, -0.6795872449874878, 0.32018721103668213, 0.3034650385379791, 0.13695456087589264, 0.29839614033699036, -0.2824680507183075, 0.13335083425045013, -0.34469372034072876, -0.8034757971763611, -0.00920640304684639, -0.06943823397159576, -0.26812297105789185, -0.8610227704048157, -0.5536354780197144, 0.3285697400569916, 0.06764485687017441, -0.3968268632888794, -0.627824604511261, -0.22387003898620605, 0.21623928844928741, -0.036088429391384125, -0.30275294184684753, 0.07900059223175049, -0.008969385176897049, 0.47900301218032837, -0.31295067071914673, -0.3675689697265625, 0.2639499008655548, 0.19191652536392212, 0.04043199121952057, -0.04525111988186836, -0.030044563114643097, -0.3886587917804718, -0.20135609805583954, 0.17320553958415985, 0.7204321622848511, 0.040930166840553284, 0.8225395679473877, -0.2431396096944809, -0.38705432415008545, 0.364824503660202, -6.144970417022705, 0.1359586864709854, -0.4382064640522003, 0.05891137942671776, 0.14642666280269623, -0.01570333167910576, 0.3495842516422272, 0.11317861080169678, 0.19419042766094208, -0.4733907878398895, 0.11929342895746231, 0.2874848544597626, 0.06030318886041641, 0.2383130043745041, -0.05516662448644638, 0.23920921981334686, -0.49768707156181335, 0.0037259443197399378, -0.0601668618619442, 0.04561053216457367, -0.1692066639661789, 0.3354523777961731, 0.07004664838314056, 0.9095104336738586, 0.1049589291214943, 0.53890061378479, -0.7530420422554016, 0.21165813505649567, -0.23434379696846008, 0.23465360701084137, 0.28619062900543213, 0.08618811517953873, -0.056586697697639465, 0.019731875509023666, 0.03764260560274124, -0.15673412382602692, 0.39837053418159485, 0.37130725383758545, 0.06579579412937164, 0.3023661971092224, 0.12377644330263138, 0.1973242163658142, -0.2915208637714386, -0.9508647322654724, 0.18792259693145752, -0.2810857892036438, -0.4724254012107849, 0.46733835339546204, -0.18407781422138214, 0.43337467312812805, 0.3463829755783081, -0.49881163239479065, -0.27548685669898987, 0.4524715840816498, 0.3109564483165741, 0.24477991461753845, 0.5256803035736084, -0.34740570187568665, -0.5463498830795288, 0.2754775583744049, 0.13982494175434113, -0.18656133115291595, 0.1122315526008606, -0.5011593699455261, -0.2046167254447937, 0.31162115931510925, -0.1594153642654419, -0.20753154158592224, -0.014510000124573708, 0.42473095655441284, -0.4891132116317749, 0.028539979830384254, 0.1810017228126526, -0.9866494536399841, -0.05495616793632507, -0.7321297526359558, -0.1719660758972168, 0.3024439215660095, -0.1328635960817337, 0.26963740587234497, -0.06975577026605606, -0.27000728249549866, -0.24105903506278992, -0.5123038291931152, 0.16348007321357727, -0.33994102478027344, -0.17357902228832245, -0.48170435428619385, -0.18732328712940216, 0.5428398251533508, 0.6891780495643616, -0.1832299530506134, 0.3233533203601837, 0.7944901585578918, 0.4977637231349945, 0.4076775014400482, -0.1397692859172821, 0.43167924880981445, 0.32176879048347473, -0.21904821693897247, 0.28295424580574036, -0.6286774277687073, 0.3855338990688324, 0.0010643021669238806, 0.2944009602069855, -0.057458311319351196, 0.646020233631134, -0.4285576343536377, 0.698723554611206, -0.3185272514820099, -0.15451715886592865, 0.04133523255586624, -0.39212650060653687, -0.4729136824607849, 0.7023749351501465, -0.42442789673805237, -0.17228271067142487, 0.7067471146583557, 0.4884031414985657, -0.07165393233299255, 0.22522661089897156, 0.015333865769207478, -0.15497197210788727, -0.7414198517799377, -0.060301680117845535, 0.25258514285087585, -0.23726920783519745, -0.04257877171039581, 0.761779248714447, 0.2903355360031128, 0.1490495800971985, -0.11228112131357193, 0.0825490653514862, 0.04330700263381004, 0.058528218418359756, 0.07657906413078308, -0.4181646406650543, -0.36473366618156433, 0.06852910667657852, -0.32714664936065674, 0.6039914488792419, -0.5212063193321228, -0.6702448129653931, 0.0015504006296396255, 0.6129909753799438, 0.061774201691150665, -0.5404680967330933, -0.23394158482551575, 0.21200641989707947, 0.29557275772094727, 0.5697206258773804, -0.04420575499534607, 0.5825904011726379, -0.2862927317619324, -0.5551785230636597, 0.16371597349643707, -0.05191024765372276, 0.3280180096626282, -0.24566622078418732, 0.17698432505130768, 0.20672866702079773, -0.6338671445846558, -1.2088955640792847, -0.03928070887923241, -0.28925076127052307, -0.43606409430503845, -0.516912043094635, -0.512188196182251, -0.1617652177810669, 0.2581433951854706, 0.5934277772903442, -0.02876148745417595, 0.026773063465952873, 0.384601354598999, -0.07766332477331161, -0.07662497460842133, -0.2925570011138916, -0.022820232436060905, -0.2423384189605713, 0.4505225718021393, 0.0746406763792038, -0.06352955847978592, 0.021227361634373665, -0.19180741906166077, 0.08769500255584717, 0.007102722767740488, 0.43431356549263, 0.36991429328918457, -0.7168229222297668, 0.19700609147548676, -0.5233698487281799, 0.2832438051700592, 0.39569082856178284, 0.10218160599470139, 0.37208858132362366, -0.13926124572753906, -0.16971905529499054, 0.34021899104118347, 0.3469892740249634, -0.4539809226989746, 0.05506923422217369, 0.16345283389091492, -0.4996577799320221, -0.27307331562042236, 0.274296373128891, -0.6172527074813843, 0.5629432797431946, -0.4028393626213074, -0.2618081569671631, 0.1991855949163437, -0.13865667581558228, -0.2712222933769226, 0.3798122704029083, 0.24870000779628754, -0.15882550179958344, -0.3800603747367859, 0.1605229526758194, -0.15693123638629913, -0.5174217820167542, -0.21409490704536438, -0.007524982560425997, 0.1405862271785736, -0.23784537613391876, -0.02088245004415512, -0.09726154804229736, 0.10771972686052322, 0.5788053870201111, -1.2501211166381836, 0.28328898549079895, -0.4357871115207672, 0.2915857434272766, 0.17118626832962036, -0.15358616411685944, 0.09305635094642639, -0.32631221413612366, -0.13645219802856445, -0.0675286129117012, -0.17264744639396667, 0.170592799782753, 0.5678290128707886, 0.5853453874588013, -0.00818612240254879, -0.1280214637517929, -0.4784136712551117, 0.27225393056869507, 0.47004249691963196, 0.36336565017700195, -0.393303781747818, -0.2477474808692932, 0.25744903087615967, 0.19610728323459625, -0.5735548138618469, -0.05068570002913475, 0.0996972844004631, 0.7760345935821533, -0.5712772607803345, -0.22618472576141357, 0.18940715491771698, -0.17080339789390564, 0.17103976011276245, 0.04633495584130287, 0.2606099843978882, -0.2350640445947647, -0.015733743086457253, -0.1034214124083519, 0.4079744517803192, -0.13284870982170105, -0.034367285668849945, -0.30008506774902344, 0.34666454792022705, 0.1897362917661667, 0.2076587826013565, 0.620930016040802, 0.6427150368690491, -0.06442463397979736, 0.03036537766456604, -0.22363358736038208, -0.28562310338020325, 0.02754301205277443, 0.022057007998228073, -0.2863307595252991, -0.11475096642971039, -0.2577754855155945, -0.47444456815719604, 0.0008597029955126345, -0.9148725867271423, 0.289427787065506, 0.19726069271564484, -0.07697375863790512, 0.13259157538414001, -0.10746007412672043, -0.12551304697990417, -0.06842536479234695, -0.20078718662261963, 0.10509540140628815, 0.137257382273674, -0.1624077558517456, -0.1533215492963791, -0.14844869077205658, 0.223578542470932, -0.5912423729896545, 0.10061763972043991, 0.0187752116471529, -0.10186709463596344, 0.09062555432319641, 0.12402129918336868, 0.13235537707805634, -0.528982937335968, -0.8216243982315063, 0.0017903355183079839, 0.423824667930603, -0.6583631634712219, -0.023158399388194084, 0.6735106706619263, 0.2080245465040207, 0.44413384795188904, 0.09043562412261963, -0.01800122670829296, 0.22470812499523163, 0.20015940070152283, 0.90082186460495, -0.05614948645234108, 1.019293189048767, 0.13549618422985077, 0.11026530712842941, -0.104835145175457, -0.3386267423629761, 0.016651591286063194, 0.3142569065093994, 0.3294540345668793, 0.7643976807594299, -0.1785922348499298, -0.0665743499994278, 0.3670116364955902, 0.042638540267944336, -0.32041075825691223, -0.06889759749174118, -0.23844094574451447, -0.05867145210504532, 0.050461795181035995, 0.2795117199420929, -0.08456066250801086, -0.5662654638290405, 0.007108216639608145, -0.001490783877670765, -0.16787534952163696, -0.34088748693466187, 0.09718570858240128, -0.40081787109375, -0.03180334344506264, -0.3739788830280304, 0.3632943332195282, -0.12137291580438614, -0.37078723311424255, 0.2599831819534302, 0.05892772972583771, 0.34132328629493713, -0.044582389295101166, 0.27623119950294495, -0.24652835726737976, -0.18635761737823486, -0.10521569103002548, 0.7980236411094666, 0.1341436803340912, -0.07782700657844543, 0.311428427696228, -0.269356906414032, -0.3792465031147003, -0.39770424365997314, -0.27382856607437134, -0.32677432894706726, -0.041858743876218796, -0.2803470492362976, 0.5532479882240295, -0.12689124047756195, 0.12337697297334671, 0.6872065663337708, 0.47963201999664307, 0.3796958327293396, -0.07937853038311005, -0.9284725785255432, -0.43187883496284485, -0.01568039506673813, -0.3430222272872925, 0.8607723116874695, -0.5549374222755432, 0.4388093054294586, -0.33234313130378723, 0.2360755056142807, -0.041795048862695694, 0.15924057364463806, -0.5336474776268005, -0.027740884572267532, 0.32822608947753906, -0.10032027214765549, -0.4087885618209839, -0.0698682963848114, 0.4320598840713501, 0.24757841229438782, 0.34941723942756653, 0.2530956268310547, -0.3505995571613312, 0.31422802805900574, -0.2792031764984131, -0.6127594113349915, -0.5542743802070618, -0.2336377054452896, 0.3069448173046112, -0.47043633460998535, 0.24826715886592865, 0.29062116146087646, -0.030662776902318, -0.237600639462471, -0.0063284398056566715, -0.15584613382816315, -0.48152825236320496, 0.31423184275627136, -0.031805817037820816, 0.43325379490852356, -0.44886425137519836, -0.1551852971315384, -0.040454670786857605, 0.37175628542900085, 0.39178523421287537, -0.11535990238189697, -0.01855532079935074, -0.49159878492355347, -0.12568244338035583, -0.5262734293937683, 0.4707423150539398, -0.31823471188545227, -0.024602387100458145, -0.40363723039627075, 0.16828471422195435, 0.01642208732664585, 0.26753365993499756, 0.18895472586154938, 0.03635348379611969, -0.22211387753486633, -0.652384877204895, 0.1801251471042633, 0.09976519644260406, -0.11348766833543777, -0.08381084352731705, 0.1062745600938797, 0.29097384214401245, -0.018029838800430298, -0.14328114688396454, -0.2917324900627136, 0.4332839548587799, 0.21473093330860138, -0.1505643129348755, 0.8871982097625732, -0.09780529141426086, 0.08404163271188736, 0.2961800992488861, 0.02299814112484455, -0.13569504022598267, 0.06042545661330223, 0.07559771090745926 ]
210820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae	Phasianidae	The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one and includes 184 species divided into 54 genera. It was formerly broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into three subfamilies: Rollulinae, Phasianinae, and Pavoninae. Sometimes, additional families and birds are treated as part of this family. For example, the American Ornithologists' Union includes the Tetraonidae (grouse), Numididae (guineafowl), and Meleagrididae (turkeys) as subfamilies in Phasianidae. Description Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from in the case of the king quail to in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey capably reaches a maximum weight of more than . Length in this taxonomic family can vary from in the king quail up to (including the elongated train) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds. Generally, sexual dimorphism is greater in larger-sized birds, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and powerful legs. Many have a spur on each leg, most prominently with junglefowl (including chickens), pheasants, turkeys, and peafowl. Some, like quails, partridges, and grouse, have reduced spurs to none at all. A few have two spurs on each of their legs instead of one, including peacock-pheasants and spurfowl. The bill is short and compact, particularly in species that dig deep in the earth for food such as the Mearns quail. Males of the bigger galliform species often boast brightly-coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as combs, wattles, and/or crests. Distribution and habitat The Phasianidae are mostly an Old World family, with a distribution that includes most of Europe and Asia (except the far north), all of Africa except the driest deserts, and south into much of eastern Australia and (formerly) New Zealand. The Meleagridini (turkeys) are native to the New World, while the Tetraonini (grouse) are circumpolar; both of these are members of Phasianinae. The greatest diversity of species is in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo. Overall, Rollulinae is restricted to the tropics of East & Southeast Asia and the mountains of Tanzania, Phasianinae have a circumpolar range in the temperate zones of both Eurasia and North America (but also range into the tropics of east and southeast Asia), and Pavoninae have a wide range across Africa, Eurasia, and Australasia in both temperate and tropical zones. The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some members of the group undertake long migrations, like ptarmigans and Old World quail. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peafowl and domestic chickens have also escaped or been released and became feral. Behaviour and ecology The phasianids have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, and roots, to small animals including insects, insect grubs, and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous. In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in monogamy (the typical breeding system of most birds). The francolins of Africa and some partridges are reportedly monogamous, but polygamy has been reported in the pheasants and junglefowl, some quail, and the breeding displays of peacocks have been compared to those of a lek. Nesting usually occurs on the ground; only the tragopans nest higher up in trees or stumps of bushes. Nests can vary from mounds of vegetation to slight scrapes in the ground. As many as 20 eggs can be laid in the nest, although 7-12 are the more usual numbers, with smaller numbers in tropical species. Incubation times can range from 14–30 days depending on the species, and is almost always done solely by the hen, although a few involve the male partaking in caring for the eggs and chicks, like the willow ptarmigan and bobwhite quail. Relationship with humans Several species of pheasants and partridges are extremely important to humans. The red junglefowl of Southeast Asia is the undomestic ancestor of the domesticated chicken, the most important bird in agriculture. Ring-necked pheasants, several partridge and quail species, and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are threatened by human activities. Systematics and evolution The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising more than 150 species. This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds. Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls; and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins. Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor. For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls. The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago. Recent genera Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball et al., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Subfamily Rollulinae Xenoperdix Dinesen et al. 1994 (forest partridges) Caloperdix Blyth 1861 (ferruginous partridge) Rollulus Bonnaterre 1791 (crested partridges) Melanoperdix Jerdon 1864 (black partridge) Arborophila Hodgson 1837 (hill partridges) Subfamily Phasianinae Tribe Lerwini Lerwa Hodgson 1837 (snow partridge) Tribe Ithaginini Ithaginis Wagler 1832 (blood pheasant) Tribe Lophophorini Tragopan Cuvier 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans) Tetraophasis Elliot 1871 (monal-partridges) Lophophorus Temminck 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals) Tribe Pucrasiini Pucrasia Gray 1841 (koklass pheasant) Tribe Meleagridini Meleagris Linnaeus 1758 (turkeys) Tribe Tetraonini Bonasa Stephens 1819 (ruffed grouse) Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius 1840 (hazel grouse) Centrocercus Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse) Dendragapus Elliot 1864 (blue grouse) Tympanuchus Gloger 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse) Lagopus Brisson 1760 (ptarmigans) Falcipennis Elliot 1864 (Siberian grouse) Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse) Tetrao Linnaeus 1758 (capercaillies) Lyrurus Swainson 1832 (black grouse) Tribe Rhizotherini Rhizothera Gray 1841 Tribe Phasianini Perdix Brisson 1760 (true partridges) Syrmaticus Wagler 1832 (long-tailed pheasants) Chrysolophus Gray 1834 (ruffed pheasants) Phasianus Linnaeus 1758 (true pheasants) Catreus Cabanis 1851 (cheer pheasant) Crossoptilon Hodgson 1838 (eared pheasants) Lophura Fleming 1822 non Gray 1827 non Walker 1856 (gallopheasants) Subfamily Pavoninae Tribe Pavonini Rheinardia Maingonnat 1882 (crested arguses) Argusianus Rafinesque 1815 (great argus) Afropavo Chapin 1936 (African peafowl) Pavo Linnaeus 1758 (Asiatic peafowl) Tropicoperdix Blyth 1859 Tribe Polyplectronini Haematortyx Sharpe 1879 (crimson-headed partridge) Galloperdix Blyth 1845 (Indian spurfowls) Polyplectron Temminck 1807 (peacock-pheasants) Tribe Gallini Bambusicola Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges) Gallus Brisson 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken) Peliperdix Bonaparte 1856 (Latham's francolin) Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852 Francolinus Stephens 1819 Campocolinus Crowe et al 2020 Scleroptila Blyth 1852 Tribe Coturnicini Tetraogallus Gray 1832 (snowcocks) Ammoperdix Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges) Synoicus Bosc 1792 Margaroperdix Reichenbach 1853 Coturnix Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails) Alectoris Kaup 1829 (rock partridges) Perdicula Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails) Ophrysia Bonaparte 1856 (Himalayan quail) Pternistis Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls) Past taxonomy This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans. Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield 1821 Xenoperdix Dinesen et al. 1994 (forest partridges) Caloperdix Blyth 1861 Rollulus Bonnaterre 1791 (crested partridges) Melanoperdix Jerdon 1864 Arborophila Hodgson 1837 (hill partridges) Rhizothera Gray 1841 Lerwa Hodgson 1837 Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859 Ammoperdix Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges) Synoicus Bosc 1792 Margaroperdix Reichenbach 1853 Coturnix Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails) Tetraogallus Gray 1832 (snowcocks) Alectoris Kaup 1829 (rock partridges) Pternistis Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls) Ophrysia Bonaparte 1856 Perdicula Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails) Bambusicola Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges) Scleroptila Blyth 1852 Peliperdix Bonaparte 1856 Francolinus Stephens 1819 (true francolins) Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852 Campocolinus Crowe et al 2020 Perdix Brisson 1760 (true partridges) Haematortyx Sharpe 1879 Galloperdix Blyth 1845 (Indian spurfowls) Tetraophasis Elliot 1871 (monal-partridges) Subfamily Meleagridinae Meleagris Linnaeus 1758 (turkeys) Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants) Polyplectron Temminck 1807 (peacock-pheasants) Gallus Brisson 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken) Ithaginis Wagler 1832 Tragopan Cuvier 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans) Lophophorus Temminck 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals) Rheinardia Maingonnat 1882 Argusianus Rafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants) Afropavo Chapin 1936 (African peafowl) Pavo Linnaeus 1758 (Asiatic peafowl) Syrmaticus Wagler 1832 (long-tailed pheasants) Phasianus Linnaeus 1758 (true pheasants) Chrysolophus Gray 1834 (ruffed pheasants) Lophura Fleming 1822 non Gray 1827 non Walker 1856 (gallopheasants) Catreus Cabanis 1851 Crossoptilon Hodgson 1838 (eared pheasants) Subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse) Pucrasia Gray 1841 (koklass pheasant) Bonasa Stephens 1819 (ruffed grouse) Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius 1840 (hazel grouse) Centrocercus Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse) Dendragapus Elliot 1864 (blue grouse) Tympanuchus Gloger 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse) Lagopus Brisson 1760 (ptarmigans) Falcipennis Elliot 1864 (Siberian grouse) Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse) Tetrao Linnaeus 1758 (capercaillies) Lyrurus Swainson 1832 (black grouse) Fossil genera Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Paleofile.com websites. †Alectoris” pliocaena Tugarinov 1940b †Bantamyx Kuročkin 1982 †Diangallus Hou 1985 †“Gallus” beremendensis Jánossy 1976b †“Gallus” europaeus Harrison 1978 †Lophogallus Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2010 †Megalocoturnix Sánchez Marco 2009 †Miophasianus Brodkorb 1952 [Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum ; Miogallus Lambrecht 1933] †Palaeocryptonyx Depéret 1892 [Chauvireria Boev 1997; Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; Lambrechtia Janossy 1974 ] †Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards 1869 [Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869] †Panraogallus Li et al. 2018 †Plioperdix Kretzoi 1955 [Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939] †Rustaviornis Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze 1972 †Schaubortyx Brodkorb 1964 †Shandongornis Yeh 1997 †Shanxiornis Wang et al. 2006 †Tologuica Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2009 Tribe Tetraonini (grouse) †Cynchramus Zelenkov Bonaparte 1828 †Palaealectoris Zelenkov Wetmore 1930 †Proagriocharis Zelenkov Martin & Tate 1970 †Rhegminornis Zelenkov Wetmore 1943 Phylogeny Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking ultra-conserved elements. The extinct Himalayan quail (genus Ophrysia) was not included in the study. The species numbers and the inclusion of the genera Canachites, Ortygornis, Campocolinus and Synoicus follows the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union. References External links Phasianidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection Bird families Extant Rupelian first appearances Taxa named by Thomas Horsfield	[ 0.07283314317464828, 0.17095789313316345, -0.7039626240730286, -0.3759894371032715, 0.11525209993124008, 0.957521378993988, 0.30752256512641907, 0.4731691777706146, -0.8915476202964783, -0.2824666500091553, -0.011596577242016792, -0.11658120900392532, -0.8197620511054993, -0.49043145775794983, 0.024747207760810852, 0.46182572841644287, 0.08803525567054749, 0.23432698845863342, 0.4937894940376282, -0.3945368528366089, -0.3337964117527008, -0.6129621267318726, 0.34872615337371826, -0.7546378970146179, 0.43822982907295227, -0.46001869440078735, 0.3252912759780884, 0.7930594682693481, 0.5198324918746948, -0.04270710423588753, 0.21207040548324585, 0.7847988605499268, 0.3140973150730133, -0.02066144347190857, -0.23196959495544434, 0.07101598381996155, -0.4528419077396393, -0.1949574202299118, -0.020966073498129845, -0.9447367191314697, 0.10653966665267944, -0.31811484694480896, 0.13457870483398438, 0.11437854915857315, -0.6548842787742615, -0.3034173250198364, -1.0507533550262451, 0.35718291997909546, -0.2998645305633545, 0.02585236355662346, 0.10966426879167557, 0.6901946663856506, -0.168198361992836, 0.47598686814308167, 0.39380064606666565, 0.6697334051132202, -0.9020246863365173, -0.07498154044151306, -0.3590667247772217, -0.2321443408727646, -0.0831725150346756, 0.10994300246238708, 0.38082095980644226, -0.21966463327407837, 0.2882135212421417, 0.6060212850570679, 0.06267919391393661, 0.5350100994110107, -0.3493523895740509, 0.05653629079461098, -0.19033998250961304, -0.16148650646209717, -0.1970677673816681, 0.7371228933334351, -0.2972480356693268, -0.21920764446258545, -0.3520914912223816, 0.2560940384864807, 0.7828864455223083, 0.20683497190475464, 0.6423057913780212, 0.7405167818069458, 0.6174084544181824, 0.11561153084039688, 0.19218359887599945, 0.10980754345655441, -0.32744863629341125, -0.26146212220191956, -0.5973191261291504, -0.012026923708617687, 0.12692642211914062, -0.137763112783432, 0.416633278131485, 0.24603143334388733, -0.236192524433136, -0.44852080941200256, -0.32187920808792114, -0.2297414392232895, 0.2235848754644394, -0.33409973978996277, -0.7015401721000671, 0.11975409835577011, 0.35064271092414856, -0.01978757046163082, -0.552891194820404, -0.23127834498882294, -0.3138343095779419, -0.4485081434249878, -0.1741977483034134, 0.26069754362106323, -0.8695520162582397, -0.22435623407363892, 0.29932886362075806, 0.04324064031243324, -0.11573327332735062, 0.7556248307228088, 0.06630787253379822, -0.3627547323703766, 0.2520354986190796, 0.027712862938642502, 0.5770440101623535, 0.5408312678337097, -0.19818881154060364, -0.03382093086838722, -0.5857436656951904, 0.11199870705604553, 0.39525306224823, 0.007245666813105345, -0.01831003651022911, -0.006117380224168301, 0.30778443813323975, 0.5780417323112488, -0.29050958156585693, 0.07357031852006912, 0.08119846135377884, -0.3365516662597656, 0.07933526486158371, 0.25088390707969666, 0.8900907039642334, 0.9402416348457336, -0.847260594367981, -0.35115644335746765, -0.07856709510087967, -0.30984634160995483, 0.07231058180332184, 0.05557473376393318, 0.34741517901420593, -0.3867093324661255, -0.3491820693016052, -0.8424204587936401, -0.12971732020378113, -0.20643272995948792, 0.436868280172348, 0.4090009331703186, -0.9464271664619446, -0.6815152764320374, 0.7731224298477173, -0.4773435890674591, 0.5168931484222412, -0.24156993627548218, 0.1303241103887558, -0.09935681521892548, 0.022922642529010773, -0.18742938339710236, -0.053731828927993774, 0.16017769277095795, 0.0273627657443285, 0.5514935851097107, -0.43668249249458313, 0.44692888855934143, -0.0032921149395406246, -0.27180400490760803, 0.9398943781852722, 0.24023009836673737, 0.0007345970370806754, -0.574032187461853, 0.04649560526013374, -0.015944618731737137, 0.412752628326416, 0.14933092892169952, -0.5756730437278748, 0.32173460721969604, -0.26050353050231934, 0.039495088160037994, 0.2393629401922226, -0.16198685765266418, 0.5911627411842346, -0.16837576031684875, 0.17750747501850128, -0.5141923427581787, -0.2548660635948181, 0.10394717007875443, 0.028194544836878777, 0.3431677520275116, 0.2641454041004181, 0.0043948255479335785, -0.6625001430511475, 0.045921437442302704, -0.008118757046759129, 0.30506187677383423, -0.3054485023021698, -0.3276412785053253, 0.11100344359874725, 0.36948060989379883, -0.9806573987007141, 0.2219853401184082, -0.5446934103965759, 0.5973849296569824, 0.2187209278345108, 0.3702719807624817, -0.3624662458896637, -0.4840041697025299, -0.05466432496905327, 0.00234608119353652, 0.16168725490570068, -0.3537496328353882, -0.7903791666030884, 0.5690063834190369, -0.3492420017719269, -0.4470689594745636, 0.7451609969139099, -0.05205826088786125, -0.37213966250419617, 0.4925987720489502, 0.07813000679016113, 0.6441705226898193, 0.8182090520858765, -0.6143707036972046, 0.3477194607257843, -0.8604894280433655, 0.1162663921713829, -0.21914739906787872, 0.07274319976568222, -0.748175323009491, -0.3149268627166748, -0.33620554208755493, 0.07664619386196136, -1.1269475221633911, 0.0701473131775856, -0.11416003853082657, 0.09468477964401245, -0.12608908116817474, -0.28040075302124023, 0.17072701454162598, 0.0346221923828125, -0.5780378580093384, -0.06664729118347168, 0.35821083188056946, -0.763593316078186, 0.06892091780900955, 0.2770746052265167, 1.3292056322097778, 0.4400138258934021, -0.011945624835789204, -0.2918730676174164, 0.5828610062599182, 0.5805394649505615, 0.49028611183166504, 0.08840455114841461, 0.05305677279829979, -0.6197056174278259, 0.37143245339393616, 0.3403394818305969, -0.049849048256874084, -0.2743428945541382, -0.7476049065589905, -0.20415374636650085, 0.0745026096701622, 0.4424566924571991, 0.4083528220653534, 1.083358883857727, -0.32315194606781006, -0.7303320169448853, 0.25873976945877075, -0.4005140960216522, -0.3620591461658478, 0.38455942273139954, -0.6701627373695374, -0.6076006293296814, -0.5525469779968262, -0.15157140791416168, 0.43424513936042786, 0.0015391873894259334, -0.2760975658893585, 0.03854471072554588, -0.11847041547298431, 0.6165889501571655, -0.5906360149383545, 0.4470899999141693, -0.5017132759094238, 0.42695119976997375, 0.354135125875473, -0.20276138186454773, 0.08657647669315338, -0.5793710350990295, -0.45771777629852295, -0.031207982450723648, 0.790668249130249, 0.3453906178474426, -0.40998122096061707, -0.45846670866012573, 0.3091249465942383, 0.3036198914051056, -0.20140454173088074, 0.4923245310783386, -0.14286121726036072, 0.38185423612594604, 0.13501304388046265, -5.533318042755127, 0.2779911756515503, 0.19546951353549957, -0.20690739154815674, 0.0146006615832448, 0.6727054119110107, 0.5114875435829163, -0.39307576417922974, -0.29875311255455017, -0.011675680056214333, 0.26719558238983154, -0.00575339887291193, -0.38114112615585327, -0.25252047181129456, 0.6437596678733826, 0.22342556715011597, -0.7196812629699707, -0.10198384523391724, 0.15263089537620544, 0.06880635768175125, -0.15988846123218536, 0.2516622245311737, 0.06815045326948166, 0.4505038857460022, -0.0572027787566185, -0.04017999395728111, 0.22616183757781982, -0.9669528603553772, -0.6049816608428955, 0.5156484842300415, -0.2688133418560028, -0.10400508344173431, 0.13940981030464172, -0.18717829883098602, 0.024603234604001045, -0.24831776320934296, 0.7991012930870056, 0.35272017121315, -0.10595549643039703, 0.02411842532455921, -0.20686309039592743, 0.3438757658004761, -0.021294644102454185, -0.21812380850315094, 0.01147722639143467, 0.15109822154045105, -0.5095531940460205, -0.14157018065452576, -0.10353688150644302, 0.4400385320186615, 0.37079623341560364, 0.20108744502067566, -0.38532131910324097, 0.29019197821617126, 0.19855570793151855, -0.14826099574565887, 0.47742971777915955, -0.34123730659484863, -0.383624404668808, 0.12024002522230148, 0.9702454209327698, -0.11423179507255554, -0.20088645815849304, -0.1936635971069336, 0.2823107838630676, -0.3969607353210449, -0.7527989149093628, 0.20083197951316833, 0.7818993330001831, 0.07867220044136047, 0.0689188539981842, -0.2495547980070114, 0.13329623639583588, -1.0075023174285889, 0.45426273345947266, -0.29225316643714905, -0.313011109828949, -0.2154737263917923, 0.03264720365405083, 0.4832145571708679, 0.4640178382396698, -0.5582459568977356, 0.22363588213920593, 0.12141761183738708, -0.06674207746982574, -1.2354692220687866, -1.3108793497085571, 0.3451472818851471, -0.4540809094905853, 0.1170145720243454, 0.6071575880050659, -0.4842085540294647, 0.3718523383140564, 0.13133180141448975, 0.7638235092163086, 1.1101858615875244, 0.17142057418823242, -0.27845948934555054, 0.576639711856842, -0.09042017161846161, 0.7208688855171204, 0.00771912420168519, -0.42233148217201233, 0.07501421123743057, -0.11509507894515991, -0.7328073382377625, 0.32796013355255127, 0.27136892080307007, 1.0461013317108154, -0.04372059926390648, 0.38228991627693176, -0.860115647315979, 0.30013564229011536, -0.870618999004364, 0.05466529726982117, -0.21938343346118927, -0.021549491211771965, 0.34489887952804565, 0.1317671239376068, -0.07063183933496475, -0.4135519564151764, -0.1271844506263733, -0.7260977029800415, 0.3682264983654022, -0.4893282949924469, 0.004166807513684034, -0.11498163640499115, -0.13911056518554688, -0.568210244178772, -0.7420895099639893, -0.18626946210861206, -0.5395626425743103, -0.30506137013435364, 0.2298736721277237, -0.14461369812488556, 0.3607630431652069, -0.48773470520973206, 0.2236194759607315, 0.506420373916626, -0.24544648826122284, -0.18622668087482452, -0.11374370753765106, -0.08489424735307693, 0.24966061115264893, 0.6550071835517883, 0.12070202827453613, -0.4559032618999481, -0.382294625043869, 0.25600767135620117, 0.5944072008132935, 0.423274427652359, -0.3135315775871277, 0.24401871860027313, 0.11647237092256546, -0.39777088165283203, -0.3727841377258301, 0.5518758296966553, 0.5318534970283508, 0.3055911660194397, -0.47134289145469666, -0.07127765566110611, -0.35003942251205444, -1.04429030418396, -0.2409437894821167, 0.2597244381904602, 0.10429295152425766, 0.11873303353786469, -0.5467037558555603, -0.2935696840286255, -0.023335417732596397, -0.054844506084918976, -0.3209490180015564, -0.2629495859146118, -0.01861429400742054, -0.14780399203300476, -0.3069555163383484, -0.33156755566596985, -0.016497110947966576, -0.5886679887771606, 0.17552627623081207, -0.8900651931762695, -0.1532588005065918, -0.2554629445075989, 0.025396084412932396, 0.16164341568946838, -0.2964796721935272, 0.4098503887653351, -0.6104176640510559, -0.1561134308576584, -0.12228765338659286, 0.43047502636909485, 0.21855036914348602, 0.3547618091106415, 0.14303292334079742, -0.5263758301734924, 0.49908870458602905, -0.2369878888130188, 0.34536364674568176, -0.21914194524288177, -0.8656667470932007, -0.4810926914215088, 0.33806630969047546, 0.24731935560703278, 0.08095509558916092, 0.043719228357076645, -0.5518219470977783, 0.580686628818512, -0.29997414350509644, -0.33242854475975037, 0.3579113781452179, -0.09411656856536865, -0.5856630802154541, -0.35118982195854187, 0.5247632265090942, -0.09315917640924454, 0.5311974883079529, -0.1335032880306244, 0.162222757935524, -0.25174275040626526, -0.09156633913516998, -0.0001416444720234722, 0.08105074614286423, -0.26983413100242615, -0.6422009468078613, -0.2866215705871582, 0.7188301682472229, 0.12438413500785828, -0.12365660071372986, 0.84135901927948, -0.7236691117286682, -0.5344060063362122, 0.11760426312685013, 0.07799506187438965, -0.25563886761665344, -0.720876157283783, -0.2974902093410492, 0.025384297594428062, -0.26721125841140747, 0.457985520362854, 0.46976354718208313, 0.2639557421207428, 0.7063576579093933, 0.2671326696872711, -0.09584091603755951, -0.081489197909832, -0.10011754184961319, 0.2184816598892212, -0.4046246409416199, -0.890784740447998, -0.4818267226219177, 0.49577972292900085, -0.049016501754522324, -0.27288320660591125, 0.3629437983036041, 0.35240814089775085, 0.16910581290721893, 0.11670367419719696, 0.29201433062553406, 0.13830538094043732, -0.12846021354198456, -0.03490786254405975, 0.26990628242492676, -0.6727681756019592, 0.11470216512680054, -0.17935648560523987, -0.32404831051826477, -0.5137804746627808, 0.3347924053668976, 0.5044578313827515, 0.03530638664960861, 0.3999685049057007, 0.1362399458885193, 0.2886093556880951, 0.11763862520456314, 0.6278685927391052, 0.3742106854915619, 0.6053586602210999, -0.4687129557132721, 0.47870153188705444, 0.2677713632583618, 0.09521521627902985, -0.26331910490989685, 0.49645140767097473, -0.22717337310314178, 0.39485427737236023, -0.8598499298095703, -0.07048351317644119, 0.05192115902900696, 0.021721908822655678, -0.13686148822307587, -0.32423099875450134, 0.2636150121688843, -0.14918361604213715, 0.26978132128715515, 0.19024641811847687, -0.06615381687879562, 0.39960411190986633, 0.14427690207958221, 0.0911354124546051, 0.45456209778785706, -1.0127878189086914, 0.20674312114715576, 0.11132984608411789, -0.6797919273376465, 0.3102000653743744, -0.32384347915649414, 0.13115207850933075, -0.4447743594646454, -0.6631096005439758, 0.26461347937583923, 0.3120324909687042, -0.27951404452323914, 0.14205586910247803, -0.11692655086517334, 0.05676964670419693, 0.5692152976989746, -0.08498372882604599, -0.5689669847488403, 0.8964828252792358, 1.0392688512802124, 0.37931159138679504, 0.1755162477493286, 0.33876657485961914, -0.3907545506954193, -0.5037323236465454, -0.25115448236465454, -0.6009270548820496, 0.6769048571586609, 0.28272220492362976, 0.4041554927825928, 0.828582227230072, 0.07406220585107803, -0.23578466475009918, 0.11458579450845718, 0.043143995106220245, -0.44458866119384766, -0.2276574671268463, -0.5679659247398376, -0.6365809440612793, 0.7535947561264038, 1.3000946044921875, 0.29238125681877136, 0.536095917224884, -0.041207604110240936, 0.07671598345041275, -0.1560349464416504, -0.3846302032470703, 0.21218180656433105, 0.21574969589710236, 0.31802818179130554, 0.49970918893814087, 0.41779276728630066, 0.2666526138782501, 0.056424517184495926, 0.605140209197998, 0.0415593646466732, 0.04001960530877113, 0.25229257345199585, -0.2822665274143219, 0.08611726760864258, 0.16207747161388397, 0.552860677242279, -0.4887196123600006, -0.16392265260219574, -0.8316540718078613, 0.20462855696678162, -0.267324298620224, -0.2075587958097458, -0.25635409355163574, 0.12547491490840912, 0.13630855083465576, 0.31350263953208923, -0.02603312022984028, 0.22652925550937653, 0.16040992736816406, 0.26783594489097595, -0.022628026083111763, 0.23083025217056274, -0.09048514813184738, -0.18210498988628387, -0.35956165194511414, -0.5560967326164246, 0.04156741499900818, -0.14986570179462433, 0.23637457191944122, -0.41793292760849, -0.178473100066185, -0.7395074963569641, -0.10697611421346664, 0.16131193935871124, -0.4568825960159302, -0.5472515821456909, 0.39978137612342834, -0.27911895513534546, 0.21659189462661743, -0.4531328082084656, 0.29734715819358826, 0.8930622339248657, -0.011228322982788086, -0.43179526925086975, 0.6078253984451294, -0.1488082855939865, -0.2899976670742035, -0.6801564693450928, 0.4271000623703003, -0.06668750941753387, 0.02062138542532921, 0.24932290613651276, -0.7456278204917908, 0.6740318536758423, 0.40502458810806274, 0.04405863210558891, 0.10193415731191635, 0.6361377239227295, 0.3407818675041199, 0.46903398633003235, 0.5977336764335632, -0.5220445394515991, -0.28343433141708374, -0.3890010416507721, 0.479744553565979, -0.014966853894293308, 0.3092135787010193, 0.1130264475941658, 0.2584696114063263, -0.29965752363204956, -0.10528133809566498, 0.1309320032596588, -0.584417998790741, 0.6653897166252136, -0.28036585450172424, 0.4260067045688629, 0.1560019850730896, -0.17930376529693604, -0.6124305725097656, -0.6348485350608826, 0.4966324269771576, 0.37891173362731934, 0.12624919414520264, -0.3003779947757721, 0.3390212953090668, -0.13664774596691132, 0.9646171927452087, -0.19040749967098236, 0.3127683401107788, -0.22357967495918274, -0.11673134565353394, -0.6412239670753479, -0.8342735767364502, 0.3729509711265564, 0.15292327105998993, 0.1443140208721161, -0.0015904633328318596, -0.06830472499132156, -0.13639719784259796, 0.7504959106445312, 0.1912631392478943, -0.11068626493215561, -0.010243814438581467, 0.2719441056251526 ]
210834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Royal%20Academies	Swedish Royal Academies	The Royal Academies are independent organizations, founded on Royal command, that act to promote the arts, culture, and science in Sweden. The Swedish Academy and Academy of Sciences are also responsible for the selection of Nobel Prize laureates in Literature, Physics, Chemistry, and the Prize in Economic Sciences. Also included in the Royal Academies are scientific societies that were granted Royal Charters. Arts and culture Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien), 1786 Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts (Kungl. Akademien för de Fria konsterna), 1773 Royal Swedish Academy of Music (Kungl. Musikaliska Akademien), 1771 Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities (Kungl. Vitterhets-, Historie- och Antikvitetsakademien), 1753 Sciences Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien), 1739 Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (Kungl. Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien), 1919 Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry (Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademien), 1813 Military Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (Kungl. Krigsvetenskapsakademien), 1796 Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences (Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet), 1771 Societies with a royal charter Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala (Kungl. Vetenskapssocieteten i Uppsala), 1710 Royal Physiographic Society in Lund (Kungl. Fysiografiska Sällskapet i Lund), 1772 Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg (Kungl. Vetenskaps- och Vitterhetssamhället i Göteborg), 1759 Royal Society of the Humanities at Uppsala (Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala), 1889 Royal Society of the Humanities in Lund (Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundet i Lund), 1918 Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy in Uppsala (Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien), 1932 Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Uppsala (Kungl. Vetenskapssamhället i Uppsala), 1954 Royal Skyttean Society in Umeå (Kungl. Skytteanska Samfundet), 1956 References Learned societies of Sweden	[ 0.8343826532363892, -0.053922683000564575, -0.06651090085506439, 0.29842492938041687, -0.3228447735309601, -0.208154559135437, 0.7772901654243469, 0.47685882449150085, -0.8969468474388123, 0.05431404709815979, -0.3101694881916046, 0.16950128972530365, 0.12161214649677277, 0.15411202609539032, -0.8071809411048889, 0.054510265588760376, 0.4778967499732971, 0.7498381733894348, 0.14851272106170654, -0.23415784537792206, -0.4110621511936188, 0.3126666843891144, 0.5927759408950806, -0.14997893571853638, 0.33231350779533386, -0.2258422076702118, 0.5082481503486633, 0.12297523766756058, -0.03513970226049423, 0.1461549699306488, -0.04953347146511078, 0.2570432722568512, -0.39130517840385437, -0.14460989832878113, -0.34416663646698, -0.3052860200405121, 0.11790674924850464, -0.42177021503448486, 0.153019979596138, -0.48332253098487854, 0.3186989724636078, -0.1330455094575882, -0.5946057438850403, -0.17021910846233368, -0.5078301429748535, -1.114008903503418, -0.9024782180786133, 0.5222058296203613, -0.2161286622285843, 0.7491863965988159, -0.6797834038734436, 0.10298819839954376, -0.15472620725631714, 1.0698425769805908, 0.1658727377653122, 0.26341474056243896, -0.571613073348999, -0.014475871808826923, 0.15262866020202637, 0.030878745019435883, 0.3216009736061096, 0.7963996529579163, -0.05647191405296326, 0.5361742973327637, 0.4378933310508728, -0.07611227035522461, -0.06986880302429199, 0.08323050290346146, -0.4612225890159607, -0.5765805244445801, -0.04238888993859291, 0.27103182673454285, 0.07447485625743866, -0.2586408853530884, 0.1199299544095993, -0.5167940258979797, -0.11175832152366638, -0.15072451531887054, 0.32295483350753784, -0.5465707182884216, 0.2230699211359024, 0.01844397932291031, 0.7009974718093872, 0.3405490517616272, 0.6396788954734802, 0.41479066014289856, -0.5865635275840759, -0.76668381690979, -0.5739972591400146, -0.21369704604148865, 0.3891080319881439, 0.20037390291690826, 0.6307897567749023, 0.027795033529400826, 0.40787413716316223, 0.20632022619247437, -0.06317067891359329, 0.1420641392469406, -0.5146719217300415, 0.8848162293434143, -0.57084059715271, 1.0545610189437866, -0.022208722308278084, -0.08005618304014206, -0.5220227837562561, -0.33365073800086975, -0.07887481153011322, 0.03512867912650108, -0.43526625633239746, 0.3769136071205139, -0.40554749965667725, -0.36931926012039185, -0.335762083530426, 0.29821258783340454, -0.26585015654563904, 0.4080347716808319, 0.30029258131980896, -0.47332456707954407, -0.26450082659721375, 0.5708512663841248, -0.022375568747520447, 0.5973478555679321, 0.07895291596651077, -0.0598568357527256, -0.18926675617694855, 0.18153168261051178, 0.17338934540748596, 0.8789774775505066, -0.15610627830028534, -0.3062450885772705, 0.28492167592048645, 0.6711643934249878, -0.4446393549442291, 0.1573224663734436, 0.12814660370349884, -0.053270161151885986, 0.30518707633018494, 0.09221778064966202, -0.08107978850603104, 0.5029951333999634, -0.8179321885108948, -0.6154822707176208, -0.1192668154835701, -0.3866807520389557, -0.10264188051223755, -0.4737860858440399, -0.18808206915855408, -0.3158343732357025, -0.6268124580383301, 0.25981053709983826, 0.05244595557451248, -0.14524860680103302, -0.018486928194761276, -0.02828327752649784, -0.08131550997495651, 0.6741018891334534, 0.3367573916912079, 0.41254234313964844, 0.3527534008026123, 0.5849160552024841, -0.27371740341186523, -0.09118663519620895, -0.08337816596031189, -0.24189303815364838, -0.04600660502910614, -0.1443290263414383, 0.19217689335346222, 0.8146381378173828, -0.21534311771392822, -0.174059197306633, -0.48339346051216125, -0.06335742026567459, 0.17317421734333038, -0.2538112699985504, 0.1084783747792244, 0.2516006827354431, 0.16429533064365387, -0.20211462676525116, 0.4950229525566101, -0.5758843421936035, -0.9506022334098816, 0.35225898027420044, 0.00015045538020785898, -0.32142871618270874, -0.010171190835535526, -0.11221549659967422, -0.07833267748355865, 0.4889679253101349, -0.22389787435531616, -0.11546515673398972, -0.45547252893447876, -0.6111491918563843, 0.47460830211639404, 0.32467591762542725, 0.8974180221557617, -0.058129120618104935, -0.44867581129074097, 1.197798252105713, -0.6414169073104858, 0.6615723371505737, 0.01919049769639969, -0.2995961904525757, -0.14625616371631622, -0.07027269899845123, -0.043500568717718124, 0.2915728986263275, -0.0850464329123497, -0.0006597276078537107, 0.5618641376495361, -0.42311039566993713, 0.21977956593036652, -0.773849368095398, 0.3835383653640747, -0.1486365795135498, 0.11047197878360748, -0.2425229549407959, -0.6432721614837646, 0.2750103175640106, 0.23057356476783752, -0.4311111569404602, 0.6571170091629028, -0.35113057494163513, 0.3660075068473816, 0.3744085133075714, 0.10451838374137878, 0.1520717740058899, -0.30565837025642395, 0.6383962035179138, 0.04944198951125145, -0.4228893518447876, 0.20514973998069763, -0.9085222482681274, 0.5552276372909546, -0.38465726375579834, -0.4397730529308319, 0.2097431868314743, -0.6309366226196289, 0.05644361674785614, 0.3259578049182892, -0.2853347659111023, 0.14522503316402435, 0.2741781771183014, -0.370351105928421, 0.3529539704322815, 0.47549477219581604, 0.738188624382019, -0.5748337507247925, -0.08230593055486679, -0.4605827033519745, 0.026095015928149223, -0.0713566243648529, -0.222506582736969, -0.38867223262786865, -0.4984642267227173, 0.042992278933525085, -0.10261378437280655, 0.19165541231632233, -0.012917276471853256, -0.22589588165283203, -0.20740076899528503, -0.43136826157569885, -0.2550879120826721, -0.19256378710269928, 0.26941248774528503, -0.016044488176703453, -0.16516569256782532, 0.38888028264045715, -0.5208033323287964, 0.6737588047981262, 0.505653977394104, 0.24141675233840942, -0.07394124567508698, -0.13563764095306396, 0.2074645608663559, -0.09479943662881851, -0.9420045018196106, 0.6835932731628418, -0.14985837042331696, -0.33945950865745544, -0.4909675121307373, -0.7461428642272949, 0.650816798210144, -0.024594716727733612, -0.6121342778205872, -0.736169159412384, -0.2624518573284149, 0.06772097945213318, -0.3003990650177002, -0.05835367366671562, 0.32286450266838074, 0.05983660742640495, -0.020501581951975822, -0.6464793086051941, -0.2916278541088104, 0.20840589702129364, -0.13946188986301422, 0.05799299478530884, -0.0588785745203495, 0.4086740016937256, -0.30452680587768555, -1.0846446752548218, 0.29238301515579224, -0.24490316212177277, 0.11259641498327255, 0.19218914210796356, 0.449888676404953, -0.2786839008331299, 0.2969718277454376, -5.612126350402832, -0.38538798689842224, -0.37171393632888794, -0.2409881353378296, 0.22991639375686646, 0.2670127749443054, 0.852872371673584, -0.48086193203926086, -0.02806612104177475, -0.09208409488201141, 0.535552978515625, 0.31987857818603516, 0.16660241782665253, 1.089382290840149, 0.3198118507862091, 0.5552366375923157, -0.10692942142486572, 0.11782818287611008, 0.0005414842162281275, 0.19904276728630066, -0.05240299925208092, -0.10250716656446457, 0.1155979111790657, 0.8662124872207642, 0.626121997833252, 0.5304238796234131, -0.2035098820924759, 0.17660364508628845, -0.6136020421981812, -0.6823801398277283, 0.08721032738685608, 0.029753893613815308, 0.2621452510356903, -0.5443863272666931, -0.13180336356163025, 0.26254841685295105, 0.7791115045547485, 0.6490659713745117, 0.04581275209784508, 0.015812164172530174, 0.34816238284111023, 0.23768801987171173, -0.3600274622440338, 0.24812854826450348, -0.1905616670846939, -0.4622485935688019, -0.7552477717399597, 0.8995662927627563, -0.9200240969657898, 0.6906599998474121, -0.03782753646373749, 0.08056439459323883, 0.4142630100250244, 0.042922697961330414, -0.27566826343536377, -0.4352184236049652, 0.23574939370155334, 0.19966433942317963, -0.6899808049201965, -0.11388352513313293, -0.11401759833097458, 0.30323588848114014, -0.3194238245487213, -0.19896376132965088, -0.20699268579483032, -0.3822495639324188, -0.34371519088745117, 0.146143838763237, 0.5186846852302551, 0.13125821948051453, -0.21962283551692963, 0.07304874062538147, -0.29000186920166016, -0.9926469326019287, 0.05762484297156334, -0.5839619040489197, 0.006965936161577702, -0.1106334924697876, 0.2413710355758667, 0.23979030549526215, 0.07809101790189743, -0.00037727472954429686, 0.09798693656921387, 1.0015790462493896, 0.3183289170265198, -0.4266854226589203, 0.21023692190647125, 0.045505035668611526, -0.16609719395637512, -0.4427325427532196, 0.507885217666626, -0.18089473247528076, -0.1864873170852661, 0.23451736569404602, 0.0347881056368351, 0.37203603982925415, -0.3479929566383362, -0.25916731357574463, 0.02424936182796955, -0.5269403457641602, 1.1315304040908813, 0.026436764746904373, 0.048949483782052994, -0.6459347009658813, -0.3110894560813904, -0.23617257177829742, -0.6257144808769226, 0.08707214146852493, 0.06573489308357239, -0.3688753545284271, -0.15246647596359253, -0.13126380741596222, 0.006500368006527424, -0.2142752856016159, 0.46355390548706055, -0.8662498593330383, -0.07598118484020233, 1.2491114139556885, -0.5339611768722534, 0.39503878355026245, -0.387464314699173, 0.38989630341529846, 0.39153748750686646, 0.05627943202853203, -0.2985765039920807, -0.08057297766208649, -0.20532868802547455, -0.04854995757341385, 0.03773052990436554, -0.1248694658279419, 0.703647255897522, -0.0030452979262918234, 0.003036190290004015, -0.07195614278316498, 0.08308960497379303, 0.25312697887420654, -0.5990813970565796, -0.060291945934295654, 0.3975771963596344, -0.5643158555030823, 0.18774725496768951, -0.14835599064826965, 0.27856481075286865, 0.6703242659568787, 0.541049599647522, 0.13179810345172882, -0.16784070432186127, 0.30402129888534546, -0.7407482266426086, 0.2828311324119568, -0.43580570816993713, 0.04230602830648422, 0.518954336643219, -0.5291380286216736, 0.41078582406044006, -0.331950306892395, -0.4798048138618469, 0.24948132038116455, -0.028025435283780098, -0.49780601263046265, -0.38627275824546814, -0.46312326192855835, -0.9600916504859924, 0.14323623478412628, 0.23011499643325806, -0.7575581073760986, -1.406162977218628, 0.11652308702468872, -0.21424999833106995, 0.5652906894683838, -0.036573197692632675, -0.561997652053833, -0.4823365807533264, -0.009936436079442501, 0.33140915632247925, 0.05321294814348221, 0.10312465578317642, -0.14904122054576874, -0.23042814433574677, -0.04628444463014603, 0.809904158115387, -0.07563631236553192, 0.18080878257751465, -0.07184095680713654, 0.9593579173088074, 0.03013033978641033, 0.21321119368076324, -0.13254451751708984, 0.24530862271785736, 0.10922210663557053, 0.40387406945228577, -0.17625658214092255, 0.6275242567062378, -0.01903235726058483, -0.5311394333839417, -0.6259194612503052, 0.14506250619888306, 0.2959330677986145, 0.3570096790790558, -0.42957356572151184, 0.8290464878082275, 0.37442144751548767, -0.3162645101547241, 0.17784970998764038, -0.18261970579624176, -0.5728757381439209, 0.08558987081050873, 0.46403515338897705, -0.10617974400520325, 0.6799731850624084, -0.9379540085792542, -0.565518856048584, -0.1218448132276535, 0.31733718514442444, -0.7648003697395325, -0.1507285237312317, 0.4366350471973419, -0.8930094242095947, -0.4334574341773987, -0.3512028753757477, -0.23752154409885406, -0.09761081635951996, -0.6551586389541626, -0.35922175645828247, -0.4835672080516815, -0.015441883355379105, 0.11032000184059143, -0.34012067317962646, 0.7243807911872864, -0.23634137213230133, 0.8242315649986267, 0.0066496687941253185, 0.024283459410071373, -0.9533268809318542, -0.0883512869477272, -0.003974496386945248, 0.02945663593709469, 0.5268435478210449, 0.4485929608345032, 0.451710969209671, 0.3119412362575531, 1.1290373802185059, 0.09615343809127808, -0.2453206479549408, 0.43419092893600464, 0.23215889930725098, 0.4490598738193512, -0.41410133242607117, -0.3847092092037201, 0.22728797793388367, 0.25526556372642517, -0.44846129417419434, 0.1600911170244217, -0.28630656003952026, 0.9885696768760681, -0.3775099217891693, 0.15017381310462952, 0.6741629242897034, -0.03084421716630459, 0.045659203082323074, -0.06125599518418312, -0.30678415298461914, -0.6367437839508057, -0.11941487342119217, 0.24584805965423584, -0.15173569321632385, -0.680970311164856, -0.3077673316001892, 0.6970179080963135, -0.5500956773757935, 0.09709076583385468, -0.28221458196640015, 0.5245414972305298, 0.14719004929065704, -0.22078478336334229, 0.11901921778917313, -0.14474260807037354, -0.1665208637714386, -0.0474497526884079, 0.11439786106348038, -0.45312321186065674, 0.11665885895490646, -0.24500565230846405, -0.7807671427726746, -0.29299479722976685, -0.9789215922355652, -0.28821679949760437, 0.21993841230869293, -0.043177150189876556, 0.3178776800632477, -0.42146211862564087, -0.38257157802581787, -0.2222142070531845, 0.6466400623321533, 0.05078849196434021, 0.44650521874427795, 0.018021544441580772, 0.09580285847187042, 0.5778343081474304, 0.5179248452186584, -0.5905486941337585, 0.05806698277592659, 0.24942919611930847, 0.09707563370466232, 0.4109538197517395, 0.7389923930168152, 0.11805876344442368, 0.18427124619483948, -0.6151736378669739, 0.18813452124595642, 0.09264155477285385, -0.17193526029586792, 0.2826477587223053, 0.04756985232234001, -0.49044474959373474, -0.4961543381214142, -0.18704815208911896, -0.32090818881988525, 0.13605636358261108, 0.36258774995803833, 0.22084780037403107, 0.18774546682834625, 0.2909865081310272, 0.2666949927806854, -0.3751400411128998, 0.42414477467536926, 0.03766884282231331, 0.11513042449951172, -0.059960052371025085, -0.30851152539253235, 0.12237904220819473, 0.20793215930461884, -0.4284847676753998, 0.809573233127594, -0.16670754551887512, -0.04066578671336174, 0.024094808846712112, -0.7660242319107056, -0.2854681611061096, 0.3842458128929138, 0.3953719437122345, 0.11348903179168701, 0.17381341755390167, 0.17332535982131958, -0.5200452208518982, 0.2095615714788437, 0.24521279335021973, 0.034960657358169556, -0.04653000086545944, 0.015559779480099678, 0.4709629714488983, -0.16624659299850464, 0.5687350630760193, -0.3574388027191162, 0.14397037029266357, 0.13917230069637299, -0.17969705164432526, 0.1624155342578888, -0.22156988084316254, -0.058310043066740036, -0.3259163200855255, 0.1627865433692932, 0.020020421594381332, 0.334708034992218, -0.1766006499528885, 0.17763708531856537, 0.5159875750541687, 0.2797788381576538, 0.048586100339889526, -0.4900723099708557, 0.2872101068496704, -0.2073632776737213, -0.07502607256174088, -0.31691473722457886, 0.11072105169296265, -0.09416390210390091, 0.9931309819221497, 0.33181366324424744, 0.46353861689567566, 0.2184234857559204, -0.10976555198431015, 0.3698604702949524, 0.0669257640838623, -0.9332754611968994, -0.2863171398639679, 0.09724161773920059, -0.24586576223373413, 0.013814358972012997, 0.07501509040594101, 0.05437999591231346, 0.1726357638835907, 0.062315165996551514, 0.35343438386917114, 0.7558342814445496, -1.035565972328186, -0.06198577582836151, -0.28741106390953064, 0.6079797744750977, -0.156561940908432, -0.8081533908843994, -0.4628365635871887, 0.38478606939315796, 0.2558276057243347, 0.09529044479131699, -0.7504453659057617, 0.3637502193450928, -0.06453277915716171, -0.08160217106342316, 0.44760215282440186, 0.5604886412620544, 0.1757201850414276, -0.12945973873138428, 0.3825635313987732, 0.1711617261171341, -0.14995741844177246, 0.13544084131717682, 0.610571026802063, -0.24857456982135773, -0.18552011251449585, 0.31762024760246277, 0.015288368798792362, -0.104410819709301, 0.3813987672328949, 0.19943541288375854, -0.1676398515701294, -0.19452956318855286, 0.23916542530059814, 0.2743813097476959, -0.2869196832180023, 0.2545710802078247, -1.0855779647827148, -0.8489822745323181, -0.4136885106563568, 0.16307131946086884, -0.2260824590921402, 0.1962575763463974, 0.33465608954429626, 0.45925113558769226, 0.8485584259033203, -0.9183910489082336, -0.204652339220047, 0.27651509642601013, 0.7311703562736511, 0.20830266177654266, 0.597745418548584, 0.6520828604698181, -0.012538592331111431, -0.11384814232587814, -0.5681484937667847, -0.16117560863494873, -0.11130490154027939, -0.5087170004844666, 0.2923874855041504, -0.18605799973011017, -0.09838372468948364, -0.4995565712451935, 0.504947304725647, -0.24085599184036255, -0.11006858944892883, -0.16640911996364594 ]
210836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco%20%28musician%29	Falco (musician)	Johann "Hans" Hölzel (; 19 February 1957 – 6 February 1998), better known by his stage name Falco, was an Austrian musician, singer and composer. Falco had several international hits including "Rock Me Amadeus", "Der Kommissar", "Vienna Calling", "Jeanny", "The Sound of Musik", "Coming Home (Jeanny Part II, One Year Later)", and posthumously "Out of the Dark". "Rock Me Amadeus" reached No. 1 on the Billboard charts in 1986, making him the only artist whose principal language was German to score a vocal number-one hit in the United States (Bert Kaempfert reached No. 1 in January 1961 with the instrumental "Wonderland by Night"). According to his estate, he has sold 20 million albums and 40 million singles, which makes him the best-selling Austrian singer of all time. Early years Johann Hölzel was born on 19 February 1957 to Alois Hölzel and Maria Hölzel in a working class district of Vienna. Maria would later recall that she had been pregnant with triplets. As it was a dizygotic pregnancy, she miscarried the identical twins during the third month and Falco, who was conceived via a separate ovum, survived. Falco mused that "three souls in one breast sounds a little over-dramatic, but I do sense them sometimes. In my moodiness. I'll be really up and then right after I'll be really down." In 1963, Falco began his schooling at a Roman Catholic private school; four years later, at age ten, he switched to the Rainergymnasium in Margareten. Falco's father left the family while he was still a child, and he was raised by his mother. Falco began to show signs of unusual musical talent very early. As a toddler, he was able to keep time with the drumbeat in songs he heard on the radio. He was given a child's grand piano for his fourth birthday; a year later, his birthday gift was a record player which he used to play music by Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard, and the Beatles. Falco wanted to be a pop star from a very early age. At age 16, he attended the Vienna Conservatoire, but he became frustrated and soon left. His mother insisted he begin an apprenticeship with the Austrian employee pension insurance institute. This too only lasted a short time. At seventeen, he got conscripted for eight months of military service with the Austrian army. In late 1970s Vienna, he became part of the Viennese nightlife, which included not just music but also striptease, performance art and a general atmosphere of satirizing politics and celebrating chaos. He played bass guitar in a number of bands under various pseudonyms, including "John Hudson" and "John DiFalco." One such band with whom he appeared was Drahdiwaberl, an Austrian group that employed shock tactics and stage antics. It was around this time he began performing under the stage name of Falco. Despite being closely tied with the Viennese underground club scene, Falco looked uncharacteristically clean-cut. In contrast to shabbier fashions, he had short hair (due to his military service) and wore Ray-Ban sunglasses and suits. His distinct style, coupled with his singing performance of the song "Ganz Wien" ("All of Vienna") led to manager Markus Spiegel offering to sign Falco in 1981. Ironically, it was at a concert for drug prevention and "Ganz Wien" has a line proclaiming "All Vienna is on heroin today." Individual success Once Falco was signed as a solo artist, he continued composing his own music and hired songwriter Robert Ponger. In 1981 Falco brought his intended first single "Helden von heute" to manager Horst Bork, but received a lukewarm reception. Bork felt that the B-side "Der Kommissar" was much stronger. Falco was hesitant, since the track is a German-language song about drug consumption that combines rap verses with a sung chorus. Though beginning to break through in America, rap was still rare in Western Europe at the time. Bork insisted and the song became a number-one success in Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Japan, while charting high in several other nations. Though "Der Kommissar" failed to break through in the UK and US, the British rock band After the Fire covered the song with new English lyrics. This version charted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. That same year, American singer Laura Branigan recorded a non-single version of the song with new English lyrics under the title "Deep in the Dark" on her album Branigan 2. Einzelhaft, the album on which "Der Kommissar" appears, also topped the charts in Austria and the Netherlands. Falco and Ponger returned to the studio in 1983 to record Falco's second album Junge Roemer ("Young Romans"). It was a difficult project, as the two artists felt immense pressure to match their previous success and the recording process was plagued by delays. Junge Roemer was released in 1984. Even though the music video for the single "Hoch wie nie" ("Higher Than Ever") was aired on prime time TV in Austria, it failed to ignite interest internationally. Junge Roemer only charted in Austria where it went to number one. Outside of Austria and Spain, the title track and main single "Junge Roemer" failed to repeat the success of "Der Kommissar". As a reaction, Falco began to experiment with English lyrics in an effort to broaden his appeal. He parted ways with Ponger and chose a new production team: the brothers Rob and Ferdi Bolland from the Netherlands. Falco recorded "Rock Me Amadeus" inspired in part by the Oscar-winning film Amadeus, and the song became a worldwide hit in 1986. It reached No. 1 in over a dozen countries, including the US, UK, and Japan, bringing the success that had eluded him in markets a few years earlier. The song remained in the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks. His album Falco 3 peaked at the number three position on the Billboard album charts. Unusually for a white act, especially one from mainland Europe, "Rock Me Amadeus" reached number six in the Billboard Top R&B Singles Chart, and Falco 3 peaked at number 18 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. Follow-up single "Vienna Calling" was another international pop hit, peaking at No. 18 of the Billboard Charts and No. 17 on the US Cash Box Charts in 1986. A double A-side 12" single featuring remixes of those two hits peaked at No. 4 on the US Dance/Disco charts. "Jeanny", the third release from the album Falco 3, brought the performer back to the top of the charts across Europe. Highly controversial when it was released in Germany and the Netherlands, the story of "Jeanny" was told from the point of view of a possible rapist and murderer. Several DJs and radio stations refused to play the ballad, which was ignored in the US, though it became a huge hit in many European countries, and inspired a sequel on his next album. After the success of "Rock Me Amadeus," there were talks of crossing over more permanently into the U.S. by working with American producers and collaborating with other American artists. These possibilities fell through, in part, due to Falco's personal problems. At this point in his career, he was dangerously addicted to alcohol and other drugs. In 1986, the album Emotional was released, produced by Rob and Ferdi Bolland (Bolland & Bolland). Songs on the album included "Coming Home (Jeanny Part II, One Year Later)", "The Kiss of Kathleen Turner", and "Kamikaze Capa" which was written as a tribute to the late photojournalist Robert Capa. "The Sound of Musik" was another international success, and a Top 20 US dance hit, though it failed to make the US pop charts. In 1987, Falco went on the Emotional world tour ending in Japan. In the same year he sang a duet with Brigitte Nielsen, "Body Next to Body"; the single was a Top 10 hit in German-speaking countries. The album Wiener Blut ("Viennese Blood") was released in 1988 but it did not get much publicity outside Germany and Austria. After 1986, there were a number of European hits, but Falco was rarely heard in the US and the UK. His 1992 comeback attempt, the album Nachtflug ("Night Flight") including the song "Titanic", was successful in Austria only. Starting in the early 1990s, Falco lived in the Dominican Republic, where he worked on his last album from 1995 to 1998. Out of the Dark (Into the Light) was released posthumously on 27 February 1998 in Europe and worldwide in March. It charted at number one in Austria for 21 weeks. Personal life Falco has been described by those who knew him as having a complex personality. He has been called ambitious, eccentric, caring, egotistical and deeply insecure. Thomas Rabitsch, a keyboardist who met Falco when the aspiring pop star was only 17 years old, said he was a quiet young man and precise bass player, but also arrogant and with a "very high opinion of himself." Markus Spiegel, the manager who discovered Falco, admitted that the pop star was "an extremely difficult artist" and known womanizer. Peter Vieweger, a guitarist who knew Falco before his success and continued to play in Falco's touring band and on his albums, remembers Falco as being "scared he would fail or be unmasked and not be as good as people thought he was." Through the 1980s and into the '90s, he became dependent on alcohol and cocaine. When under the influence he was unreliable at best and abusive at worst. Ferdi Bolland recalls that Falco was often so severely intoxicated that the writing process revolved around his "inability to be coherent, to even stand for a long time." Despite pleas from his manager and collaborators to get help, Falco stubbornly refused. While Falco was in a relationship with Isabella Vitkovic, she gave birth to a baby girl, Katharina, in 1986. The couple married in 1988, but it was a "love-hate" relationship, as Katharina describes it, and the marriage was short-lived. He believed that Katharina was his own daughter until a paternity test proved otherwise when she was seven years old. After this, Katharina's relationship with him became strained. Though they kept in contact, she took her mother's surname and claimed that she was written out of his will. She was 12 years old when he died. She did not reconcile with Falco's mother, Maria Hölzel, until a few years before Hölzel's death at the age of 87 in April 2014. Katharina subsequently published a memoir in 2008 called Falco war mein Vater (Falco Was My Father). Death Falco died of severe injuries received on 6 February 1998, 13 days before his 41st birthday, when his Mitsubishi Pajero collided with a bus on the road linking the towns of Villa Montellano and Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic. At the time of his death he was planning a comeback, which was successful with the posthumously released album Out of the Dark (Into the Light). His body was returned to Austria and buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery. Tributes In 1998, Rob and Ferdi Bolland (Dutch producers and co-writers of about half of Falco's albums) released the EP Tribute to Falco under the name The Bolland Project feat. Alida. The title track featured samples of Falco's music; the other tracks were "We Say Goodbye" and "So Lonely". The film Falco: Damn It, We're Still Alive! was released in Austria on 7 February 2008, ten years and one day after Falco's death. This title also lends its name to a posthumously-released album by Falco, Verdammt wir leben noch, which translates to "Damn, we're still alive!" Written and directed by Thomas Roth, the movie features musician Manuel Rubey as adult Falco. The end credits include the line "With love, Ferdi & Rob", his frequent collaborators the Bollands. Falco's friend Niki Lauda named one of the Boeing airplanes in his Lauda Air fleet "Falco" after the singer. Although "Der Kommissar" saw nearly contemporaneous and fairly straightforward mainstream covers including the loose translation by After the Fire and the reinterpretation by Suzy Andrews, both in 1982 and 1983, Falco's song "Rock Me Amadeus" has seen more frequent use. Megaherz covered this song on their album Kopfschuss. The track has been sampled by groups including the Bloodhound Gang, who also refer to Falco in their 1999 song "Mope", and by German rapper Fler in "NDW 2005" from Neue Deutsche Welle. The restaurant Marchfelderhof in a Vienna suburb maintains a permanent reserved table for Falco. The 1999 film Sugar Town is dedicated to Falco. Discography Studio albums Einzelhaft (1982) Junge Roemer (1984) Falco 3 (1985) Emotional (1986) Wiener Blut (1988) Data de Groove (1990) Nachtflug (1992) Out of the Dark (Into the Light) (1998) Verdammt wir leben noch (1999) The Spirit Never Dies (2009) References Further reading External links – Official site (in German) Official Falco – Promotional site by Sony BMG [ Falco Billboard Single Charts Discography] 1957 births 1998 deaths A&M Records artists Austrian bass guitarists 20th-century Austrian male singers Austrian new wave musicians Austrian pop singers Austrian rappers Austrian soldiers Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery Dance musicians English-language singers from Austria Hansa Records artists Male bass guitarists Road incident deaths in the Dominican Republic Sire Records artists 20th-century guitarists 20th-century bass guitarists	[ -0.19414736330509186, 0.3449037969112396, -0.13434796035289764, -0.5993695259094238, 0.22956153750419617, 0.8110611438751221, -0.032049499452114105, -0.07226679474115372, -0.24197623133659363, -0.48418989777565, 0.01364915817975998, -0.11240177601575851, -0.6345701813697815, 0.010634718462824821, -0.3573228418827057, -0.030912606045603752, 0.3176349997520447, -0.10782751441001892, -0.770596981048584, -0.24278400838375092, 0.08152492344379425, 0.13163678348064423, -0.24364273250102997, 0.5936352610588074, -0.6823020577430725, 0.5914118885993958, -0.5832569003105164, -0.03729744255542755, 0.4603433907032013, -0.23291955888271332, 0.08549349009990692, 0.7972350716590881, 0.7309985160827637, -0.45129266381263733, -0.2211289256811142, 0.9647547602653503, 0.15783801674842834, -0.3860170841217041, 0.010180721059441566, -0.22385907173156738, -0.2604113221168518, 0.05026240646839142, -0.053390827029943466, 0.5533767342567444, -0.039767783135175705, -0.12971605360507965, -1.2093684673309326, 0.7212737202644348, -0.968458890914917, -0.5492780804634094, -0.28088393807411194, -0.3709923028945923, 0.15459352731704712, 0.9419007897377014, -0.26497283577919006, -0.9614660143852234, -0.3915736973285675, 0.2930253744125366, 0.2474650889635086, -0.09751925617456436, 0.045160435140132904, -0.15486843883991241, 0.22010859847068787, -0.8100259900093079, 0.2403610199689865, -0.25661835074424744, 0.10093782842159271, 0.4729120135307312, 0.13701947033405304, -0.4005253314971924, -0.4018072783946991, 0.8562581539154053, -0.019880807027220726, -0.8923776149749756, 0.2676226794719696, -0.4905325770378113, 0.24911703169345856, -0.23826536536216736, -0.1638953536748886, 0.7950258255004883, 0.19199511408805847, -0.07557208836078644, 1.3734252452850342, 0.0007256513927131891, 0.5715166330337524, -0.22348690032958984, -0.8262495398521423, 0.5543344616889954, -0.8014421463012695, -0.366692453622818, -0.5782527923583984, -1.128923773765564, 0.5379513502120972, 0.4279421269893646, 0.15633101761341095, 0.2694453001022339, -0.13299836218357086, 0.3222866356372833, 0.09051084518432617, 0.05921010673046112, 0.5028485655784607, -0.40434375405311584, 0.025808438658714294, -0.34769898653030396, -0.33524224162101746, -0.04196703061461449, -0.16829553246498108, -0.1839579939842224, -0.1629166454076767, 0.23965118825435638, -0.7174628973007202, -0.01604553870856762, 0.21864017844200134, 0.14210976660251617, 0.09071153402328491, 0.25449293851852417, -0.27484607696533203, -0.2285187691450119, -0.5282354354858398, 0.40741896629333496, 0.7787532210350037, 0.3609624207019806, 0.015234587714076042, 0.21235661208629608, -0.7310657501220703, -0.09199068695306778, 0.17388471961021423, 0.570345401763916, -0.6265881061553955, 0.20599116384983063, 0.07691285759210587, 0.9952858686447144, -0.19665147364139557, -0.08241362124681473, 0.14532259106636047, -0.08300288021564484, 0.0647546574473381, 0.25547608733177185, -0.2541855275630951, -0.30922868847846985, -0.8564594984054565, -0.01480900775641203, -0.5106002688407898, -0.6092759966850281, 0.10355329513549805, -0.10154196619987488, -0.47215887904167175, -0.1425129473209381, 0.4408334195613861, -0.23290589451789856, -0.004276967607438564, -0.04696246609091759, -0.09456603974103928, -0.2575724720954895, -0.5263116359710693, 0.3348037898540497, 0.5279296636581421, -0.28180748224258423, 0.40221670269966125, -0.4565884470939636, 0.7655102610588074, -0.4230736196041107, -0.4035594165325165, 0.030537230893969536, 0.2643025517463684, -0.16523230075836182, 0.2589537501335144, 0.5181846618652344, -0.20099927484989166, 0.23540541529655457, -0.24889671802520752, 0.08575510233640671, -0.5883021354675293, 0.3384932279586792, -0.5379919409751892, 0.24497152864933014, 0.4737420380115509, 0.31684309244155884, 0.23000775277614594, -0.23744286596775055, -0.6595338582992554, -0.40774235129356384, 0.20770207047462463, 0.26798397302627563, -0.035884417593479156, 0.414449542760849, -0.24126824736595154, 0.4340161681175232, 0.9433325529098511, -0.22570860385894775, -0.4282954931259155, -0.4759121239185333, 0.6547449827194214, 0.27124935388565063, 0.6981955766677856, 0.489132285118103, -0.5485565066337585, -0.03206948563456535, 0.3685952425003052, 0.09529640525579453, -0.42059749364852905, -0.321621298789978, 0.5287149548530579, 0.05261775106191635, 0.4663228392601013, 0.20583678781986237, 0.4606538712978363, 0.058477118611335754, -0.17516884207725525, 0.19567514955997467, 0.38803204894065857, -0.5606640577316284, 0.3243652284145355, 0.5836089253425598, -0.1618499457836151, -0.5670181512832642, -0.8146893382072449, 0.05680418759584427, 0.2257034331560135, -0.4158002436161041, 0.3187594413757324, 0.3327234983444214, -0.5639067888259888, 0.4234727919101715, 0.12231392413377762, 1.5014392137527466, -0.07595101743936539, -0.07575549185276031, 0.23353761434555054, -0.2771039605140686, 0.2987756133079529, 0.043713267892599106, 0.20978789031505585, -0.009217454120516777, -0.33557552099227905, 0.2185782492160797, 0.22085866332054138, -0.24316935241222382, -0.008823871612548828, -0.6576458811759949, 0.6527140736579895, 0.44613680243492126, -0.5944137573242188, -0.08339094370603561, 0.1819799244403839, 0.20438091456890106, 0.321468323469162, 0.026376789435744286, -0.4432775378227234, 0.4985806345939636, 0.2766151428222656, 0.2184126228094101, 0.3540203869342804, 0.49130648374557495, -0.12860402464866638, -0.32432669401168823, 0.6632616519927979, 0.17264342308044434, 0.3669952154159546, 0.3389182388782501, 0.4383997917175293, -0.6032983660697937, 0.7586849331855774, -0.39150571823120117, -0.648999035358429, -0.8410276770591736, 0.6468232870101929, -0.4111650884151459, 0.476073294878006, -0.668323278427124, 0.37294235825538635, 0.19822973012924194, -0.3761402666568756, 0.8950474262237549, -0.11278866231441498, -0.4186720550060272, -0.9310645461082458, -0.649297833442688, 0.17532572150230408, -0.7592566013336182, 0.3779361844062805, 0.3577687740325928, -0.32572999596595764, -0.1487499624490738, -0.9500043392181396, 0.32145553827285767, 0.3897659182548523, -0.08458662778139114, 0.5880693197250366, 0.47809234261512756, -0.22973859310150146, 1.0125774145126343, -0.12858912348747253, 0.24179871380329132, -0.07997992634773254, 0.2878195345401764, -0.12228157371282578, -0.22791016101837158, -0.41794586181640625, -0.47151774168014526, -0.36884719133377075, -0.14779531955718994, -0.006077183410525322, -0.010561942122876644, 0.08459200710058212, 0.02941901795566082, -0.4327660799026489, -0.12622776627540588, -5.300893306732178, 0.3028408885002136, 0.17033536732196808, -0.03061080537736416, -0.1391647309064865, 0.4925607740879059, 0.38711342215538025, -0.5526267886161804, 0.529305636882782, -0.14489980041980743, -0.16682247817516327, 0.008519615978002548, -0.4874357283115387, 0.8667291402816772, -0.038975805044174194, -0.22397089004516602, -0.1871340423822403, -0.3392297029495239, 0.1524364948272705, -0.047181740403175354, 0.06850076466798782, -0.13396795094013214, 0.4758724570274353, 0.34952205419540405, -0.18626801669597626, 0.16364820301532745, -0.8185826539993286, -0.23899173736572266, -0.9052428603172302, -0.36428216099739075, -0.06555529683828354, -0.5798174142837524, -0.3727962076663971, 0.03462136536836624, 0.046514369547367096, 0.09453875571489334, 0.5530235767364502, 0.587892472743988, -0.1242552176117897, -0.10927718877792358, 0.13170740008354187, 0.10745049268007278, -0.23716586828231812, -0.10221835225820541, 0.21061073243618011, -0.12771345674991608, -0.6699918508529663, -0.20471130311489105, -0.223390132188797, 1.0989254713058472, 0.271280974149704, -0.6705732941627502, 0.31807786226272583, -0.49876338243484497, 0.09759964793920517, 0.35313066840171814, 0.32949721813201904, 0.3964011073112488, -0.24878127872943878, 0.3730786144733429, 0.3730332553386688, 0.022372731938958168, -0.518677294254303, -0.44399088621139526, -0.3865845203399658, 0.6117502450942993, 0.0025191681925207376, 0.4979345500469208, 0.5221218466758728, 0.14028127491474152, 0.4379318654537201, 0.3549589514732361, 0.10233575850725174, -1.309358835220337, -0.09724629670381546, -1.0743647813796997, -0.12472670525312424, -0.3300780951976776, -0.7524399757385254, 0.392710417509079, -0.18362237513065338, -0.0956563651561737, 0.00485135056078434, 0.24834153056144714, 0.5618758797645569, 0.8176437020301819, -0.5406420230865479, 0.24474672973155975, -0.31516769528388977, -0.08500290662050247, 0.5221018195152283, -0.4736671447753906, -0.0850628912448883, 0.5695120096206665, 0.10057670623064041, 0.7160367965698242, 0.1826065182685852, 0.6155789494514465, 0.7132384777069092, 0.5052432417869568, 0.3858616352081299, -0.47856882214546204, -0.004312488250434399, -0.4861612319946289, 0.4399161636829376, -0.1737169474363327, 0.39805254340171814, -0.15920120477676392, 0.9881154298782349, -0.08972126245498657, -0.1715109795331955, 0.6653462052345276, -0.019766997545957565, -0.9971290826797485, 0.20197808742523193, -0.6558979749679565, -0.3030954599380493, 0.48991453647613525, -0.2293938249349594, -0.15554708242416382, 0.23276236653327942, -0.37725234031677246, 0.42009517550468445, -0.4742855429649353, -0.40251103043556213, 0.2585921883583069, -0.5956767797470093, -0.16560260951519012, -0.06189795956015587, -0.10116378962993622, -0.5627216100692749, 0.8626954555511475, 0.02321569435298443, 0.31358930468559265, 0.41696974635124207, -0.2480524629354477, -0.7917132377624512, -0.3325694501399994, 0.5048334002494812, -0.3467056453227997, 0.4113490581512451, -0.5285952687263489, -0.36363258957862854, 0.04517355188727379, 0.1769159734249115, 0.13709962368011475, -0.28332826495170593, -0.15188980102539062, -0.5990799069404602, 0.5504655838012695, 0.6257634162902832, 0.053394827991724014, 0.29399967193603516, -0.4170910120010376, -0.5606531500816345, 0.2727137804031372, -0.2826152443885803, -0.10889406502246857, -0.13149476051330566, 0.12752720713615417, 0.6970497369766235, -0.25911688804626465, -1.065273404121399, 0.02398996613919735, 0.21539713442325592, 0.20794488489627838, -0.06085323914885521, -0.23795540630817413, -0.5570583343505859, 0.4925524890422821, 0.27181360125541687, -0.6899869441986084, 0.042681723833084106, -0.01344231702387333, 0.20570243895053864, -0.17082259058952332, -0.16622650623321533, -0.17885559797286987, -0.25498998165130615, 0.44577541947364807, -0.07396069914102554, -0.05651680380105972, -0.9708926677703857, -0.23019807040691376, 0.06606809794902802, 0.05468873307108879, -0.407699316740036, -0.3267025351524353, -0.14137369394302368, -0.13024242222309113, -0.3643967807292938, -0.21736834943294525, 0.17058654129505157, 0.13242550194263458, 0.038662396371364594, -0.591999351978302, -0.24398237466812134, -0.09396947920322418, 0.223430335521698, -0.7263921499252319, 0.21482452750205994, -0.31524255871772766, -0.01449813786894083, -0.27533531188964844, -0.010407577268779278, -0.7758587002754211, 0.019897043704986572, -0.27330121397972107, -0.21542538702487946, 0.698113739490509, -0.3117179572582245, -0.7439551949501038, 0.16217227280139923, 0.5451273918151855, -0.6564028263092041, 0.25635120272636414, -0.036093294620513916, -0.11100039631128311, -0.9520493745803833, -0.12441425770521164, -0.789696216583252, 0.7870472073554993, 0.05155865103006363, 0.3154461979866028, -0.37916821241378784, -0.23725424706935883, 0.28449660539627075, -0.09299906343221664, 0.11521829664707184, -0.7858778238296509, 0.13093301653862, 0.06593108922243118, -0.2629818916320801, 0.25028252601623535, -0.4425714910030365, -0.08763683587312698, 0.2655898630619049, 0.12385401129722595, -0.027889017015695572, 1.00584077835083, 0.8361260890960693, 0.4873734414577484, 0.0347713828086853, 0.07588955760002136, 0.29833102226257324, 0.26760250329971313, 0.523888349533081, -0.2511434257030487, -0.10612268000841141, -0.04002572223544121, 0.5159794092178345, 0.27640363574028015, -0.6265681982040405, -0.2363308221101761, 1.0532907247543335, -0.558079183101654, 0.17863892018795013, 0.1699497401714325, 0.2619897723197937, 0.052975133061409, 0.2686922550201416, 0.11435936391353607, 0.832017183303833, 0.08067591488361359, 0.25065457820892334, 0.2591557502746582, -0.3066941201686859, 0.14598867297172546, 0.02766915038228035, 0.11811000853776932, 0.05270429328083992, 0.23001350462436676, 0.22780947387218475, 0.0678810328245163, -0.1361142247915268, 0.3768899142742157, 0.0004910287680104375, -0.5366051197052002, 0.6160237193107605, -0.14091984927654266, -0.4167364239692688, 0.052324678748846054, 0.2417730689048767, -0.5723541378974915, -0.13533160090446472, -0.345637708902359, -0.523400068283081, -0.07488217204809189, -0.09552371501922607, 0.21322856843471527, -0.21428993344306946, 0.03463347628712654, -0.2519350051879883, 0.42962634563446045, 0.11509418487548828, 0.025631530210375786, -0.3406086266040802, 0.5332619547843933, -0.5088041424751282, -0.4059366285800934, -0.12948264181613922, 0.17732930183410645, 0.45913395285606384, -0.12318260967731476, 0.07852630317211151, -0.15680964291095734, -0.09349758177995682, -0.7386028170585632, -0.7949116230010986, 0.2091568559408188, 0.10850538313388824, -0.3295150101184845, -0.1478787362575531, 0.8669124245643616, -0.03685901314020157, 0.47284170985221863, 0.39476972818374634, -0.40564969182014465, 0.0943552702665329, -0.11623919010162354, 0.4688698649406433, -0.6385657787322998, 0.6127259731292725, 0.36973145604133606, 0.403404176235199, 0.5240944027900696, 0.7063835859298706, -0.2654518187046051, 0.060666684061288834, 0.18827809393405914, 0.10568717867136002, -0.38977986574172974, 0.2710091173648834, 0.5131311416625977, -0.3369733989238739, -0.24134120345115662, 0.4594097137451172, -0.3369085490703583, -0.4263504147529602, 0.4215371906757355, 0.007595463190227747, 1.0072077512741089, -0.3059737980365753, -0.25070318579673767, 0.1712668091058731, -0.030830111354589462, -0.6501488089561462, 0.745733380317688, -0.19672738015651703, -0.3753977119922638, 0.019213208928704262, 0.3337797522544861, 0.020778147503733635, -0.3548196852207184, 0.1958336979150772, 0.3601135313510895, 0.9727355241775513, -0.3217637836933136, 0.2325226068496704, 0.3815980553627014, 0.32998496294021606, -0.38454321026802063, 1.119404911994934, 0.5009617209434509, -0.054717935621738434, 0.138576939702034, -0.6703386902809143, -0.624231219291687, -0.15130724012851715, 0.028314825147390366, -0.027587180957198143, -0.11340896785259247, -0.612414538860321, 0.829783022403717, 0.5472414493560791, -0.0003608277183957398, 0.034943562000989914, 0.26719385385513306, -0.06311219185590744, 0.05362410470843315, -0.77517169713974, -0.32515719532966614, 0.030364587903022766, -0.3620242774486542, 0.16287419199943542, -0.9385654330253601, -0.19478340446949005, -0.7250962853431702, 0.2581498622894287, 0.007881014607846737, 0.11032724380493164, -0.7919478416442871, 0.041629329323768616, 0.22354409098625183, -0.5722819566726685, -0.709372341632843, 0.049666211009025574, 0.8996945023536682, 0.0055429646745324135, 0.0666709691286087, 0.7940571308135986, 0.36080870032310486, 0.45757219195365906, -0.4607185423374176, -0.2240070402622223, -0.05659767985343933, -0.5465404391288757, 0.26237836480140686, -0.3476640582084656, 0.7435070872306824, 0.21330727636814117, 0.08037077635526657, -0.15867649018764496, 0.4341900050640106, -0.18069988489151, 0.24504157900810242, 0.504553496837616, -0.679122805595398, -0.10474372655153275, 0.04447374492883682, 0.5843375325202942, 0.11498147994279861, 0.3077271580696106, -0.19827674329280853, -0.33742231130599976, 0.7067806720733643, 0.04870196804404259, -0.6925268769264221, -0.5117740631103516, 0.5114631056785583, -0.17562012374401093, 0.6753084659576416, -0.7173845767974854, -0.4674391746520996, -0.521626889705658, -0.614616870880127, 0.5161007642745972, -0.2651880383491516, 0.21167974174022675, -0.7976794242858887, 0.8745201230049133, 0.2582302689552307, -0.0815223827958107, -0.070528045296669, 0.13942115008831024, 0.10129959881305695, -0.19811411201953888, -0.4541437029838562, -0.12113950401544571, 0.5212543606758118, 0.009858964942395687, -0.3083498775959015, 1.037433385848999, -0.8147396445274353, -0.40631571412086487, 0.09054053574800491, 0.49128755927085876, 0.004207979422062635, 0.2777628004550934, -0.4716932475566864 ]
210837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie%20Falco	Edie Falco	Edith Falco (born July 5, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Carmela Soprano on the HBO series The Sopranos (1999–2007), and as Nurse Jackie Peyton on the Showtime series Nurse Jackie (2009–2015). She also played Diane Whittlesey in HBO's prison drama Oz (1997–2000). In 2016, she played Sylvia Wittel on the web series Horace and Pete. In 2017, she portrayed defense attorney Leslie Abramson in the first season of the true crime anthology series Law & Order True Crime. Falco's film work includes lead roles in Laws of Gravity (1992), for which she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead and Judy Berlin (1999), and supporting roles in films including Sunshine State (2002), Freedomland (2006), and The Comedian (2016). For her role in the 2011 Broadway revival of The House of Blue Leaves, she earned a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. Falco has won two Golden Globe awards (from eleven nominations) and four Emmy awards (from fourteen nominations), all for individual performances. Early life Falco was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn on July 5, 1963, the daughter of Judith Anderson, an actress, and Frank Falco, a jazz drummer who later worked for an advertising agency. Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had Swedish, English, and 1/16th Cornish, ancestry. She has two brothers, Joseph and Paul, and a sister, Ruth. Her uncle is novelist, playwright, and poet Edward Falco. In 2012, Falco was the subject of an episode of Who Do You Think You Are? which focused on one of her ancestors, a Cornish master mariner from Penzance who was born at sea and died in 1840. From the age of four, Falco was raised on Long Island, moving with her family to Hicksville, then North Babylon, and finally West Islip. As a child, she acted in plays at the Arena Players Repertory Theater in East Farmingdale, where her mother also performed. Her family eventually moved to Northport, where she attended high school and played Eliza Doolittle in a production of My Fair Lady during her senior year. Falco graduated from Northport High School in 1981. She attended the acting program at State University of New York at Purchase, and graduated in 1986 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in acting. Career 1987–1999: Early career Early in her career, Falco made appearances on television shows like Law & Order and Homicide: Life on the Street. Tom Fontana, executive producer of Homicide, cast Falco as Eva Thormann, the wife of an injured police officer, after watching Falco's performance in Laws of Gravity, a 1992 film directed by Nick Gomez. Fontana said of her, "She's an actress who's unadorned by any embroidery. She does everything with such simplicity and honesty, it's breathtaking." A struggling actress at the time, Falco said her salary from these television episodes paid for one month's worth of rent. Her first big break in films was a small speaking role in the 1994 Woody Allen film Bullets over Broadway. Her friendship with former SUNY Purchase classmate Eric Mendelsohn, who was the assistant to Allen's costume designer, Jeffrey Kurland, helped her to be cast in the role. Mendelsohn went on to direct Falco in his feature film Judy Berlin, for which he won Best Director honors at the Sundance Film Festival. Falco went on to star in Mendelsohn's next film 3 Backyards, for which he won Best Director a second time. During this time, Falco appeared in the films Trust, Cop Land, Private Parts (nonspeaking part), Random Hearts, On Broadway, she appeared in the Tony Award-winning Side Man and in the revivals of Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune opposite Stanley Tucci, and 'night, Mother opposite Brenda Blethyn. In 1997, Falco started portraying prison officer Diane Whittlesey, in the HBO series Oz. Falco got the role after working with Fontana on Homicide. 1999–2007: The Sopranos Falco received her breakout role in the HBO drama The Sopranos. The series premiered in 1999 and ended in 2007. She portrayed Carmela Soprano, wife of Mafia boss Tony Soprano. The series received wide acclaim, and is often considered to be one of the greatest television series of all time. For her role on the series, Falco won three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and five Screen Actors Guild Awards. As of 2008, Falco, The X-Files star Gillian Anderson, Ugly Betty star America Ferrera, and 30 Rocks Tina Fey were the only actresses to have received a Golden Globe, an Emmy, and a SAG Award in the same year. Falco won these awards in 2003 for her performance as Carmela Soprano during the fourth season of The Sopranos. During her tenure on The Sopranos, Falco appeared in films such as Freedomland, and John Sayles' Sunshine State, for which she received the Los Angeles Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress. Falco also guest starred on the television series Will & Grace and had a recurring role on the second season of 30 Rock as Celeste Cunningham. 2007–2015: Nurse Jackie and Horace and Pete Falco starred as the title character in the Showtime dark comedy series Nurse Jackie, which premiered on June 8, 2009, and ended on June 28, 2015. In 2011, Falco played the part of Bananas in the Broadway revival of House of Blue Leaves in New York City with Ben Stiller and Jennifer Jason Leigh, for which she received her first and only Tony Award nomination. It was announced in January 2013 that Falco would star in Liz Flahive's The Madrid off-Broadway. The limited engagement, directed by Leigh Silverman, began previews on February 5 with an official opening on February 26. Along with Falco, the play starred John Ellison, Christopher Evan Welch, Phoebe Strole, and Frances Sternhagen. 2016-present: Return to television In 2016, Falco started portraying Sylvia Wittel on the Louis CK series, Horace and Pete. The first episode was released on January 30, 2016, on C.K.'s website without any prior announcements. New episodes premiered weekly until the tenth episode was released on April 2, 2016. In September 2017, she began portraying Leslie Abramson in the first season of the NBC true crime anthology series Law & Order True Crime, subtitled The Menendez Murders. In 2020, she appeared as the lead character in the Paul Attanasio TV series Tommy. Falco originally reprised her breakout role as Carmela Soprano for the 2021 film The Many Saints of Newark, a The Sopranos prequel. However, her scenes were cut from the finished film. Falco also starred in the hit FX true crime series “Impeachment” as Hillary R. Clinton, wife of President Bill Clinton. Politics During the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Falco appeared in a 30-second television commercial on behalf of Mothers Opposing Bush in which she said, "Mothers always put their children first. Mr. Bush, can you say the same?" Falco has become the spokesperson for Health Care for America Now and appeared on CNN on June 25, 2009. Personal life In 2003, Falco was diagnosed with breast cancer. She chose not to make the news public until the following year. She has struggled with alcoholism and decided to become sober in the early 1990s after "one particular night of debauchery". She said in an interview that it was difficult to be around the hard-partying cast of The Sopranos, stating, "This cast, in particular, they really love to hang out and party. They make it look like fun. And it was fun for me! They spend a lot more time without me than with me, by my own choice. I'm always invited, and I'm always there for two minutes and I leave, because I can't live in that world anymore. It's too dangerous." She is an advocate of Alcoholics Anonymous' 12-step program. Falco is a Buddhist. She adopted a son in 2005 and a daughter in 2008. She is a vegan and has worked with PETA on projects, including a public-service message urging parents to keep their children away from the circus. She told Parade'' magazine, "I believe this is at the base of everything bad in society—you can bring it back to cruelty to animals. If you don't have respect for the life of any kind, it will manifest in more obvious ways." Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links Biography at Hollywood.com Edie Falco at Emmys.com 1963 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from New York (state) American Buddhists American film actresses American people of Cornish descent American people of English descent American people of Italian descent American people of Swedish descent American stage actresses American television actresses Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Living people Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Brooklyn People from Hicksville, New York People from North Babylon, New York People from West Islip, New York State University of New York at Purchase alumni Theatre World Award winners	[ -0.3852388262748718, -0.33244967460632324, -0.31016793847084045, -0.18594323098659515, 0.15977436304092407, 0.8612081408500671, 0.43067508935928345, -0.042934369295835495, -0.348922997713089, -0.06887688487768173, 0.465829074382782, 0.5752032995223999, 0.09654952585697174, 0.2786644399166107, -0.507655680179596, 0.2676186263561249, 0.4497429132461548, 0.4078603684902191, -0.029078079387545586, -0.6586902737617493, -0.4476875066757202, -0.24455174803733826, 0.16108721494674683, 0.48908817768096924, -0.8248326778411865, 0.9178807735443115, -0.39238253235816956, 0.05443545803427696, 0.1868402659893036, 0.11121760308742523, 0.016811728477478027, 0.2750822603702545, 0.6168652772903442, -0.15867680311203003, -0.4427230656147003, 0.5432151556015015, -0.2258860170841217, 0.015260016545653343, -0.2326473593711853, 0.067757748067379, -0.6841649413108826, 0.2042686641216278, -0.026398222893476486, -0.22073404490947723, -0.4822452962398529, -0.17013393342494965, -1.843906283378601, -0.1359158754348755, -0.5315137505531311, -0.7381402850151062, -0.3430321216583252, 0.08219028264284134, 0.46879732608795166, 0.2794032692909241, 0.09769228100776672, -0.6708407402038574, -0.38897860050201416, 0.10418107360601425, 0.007619354873895645, -0.24994401633739471, 0.11633297055959702, -0.7648657560348511, 0.16643007099628448, -1.0066969394683838, 0.3683173656463623, 0.2519553303718567, 0.5302836298942566, -0.02909679152071476, -0.03174378722906113, -0.5222443342208862, 0.23937362432479858, 0.46720585227012634, 0.5394607186317444, -0.8710150718688965, 0.22126781940460205, -0.3300034999847412, 0.21535558998584747, -0.12391716986894608, -0.2754483222961426, 0.29576465487480164, 0.12095538526773453, -0.04842618107795715, 0.808387279510498, 0.5167886018753052, 0.305098295211792, -0.5710631608963013, -0.4212794005870819, 0.43649566173553467, -0.3651130199432373, 0.484803706407547, -1.1354782581329346, -0.25756189227104187, -0.006063505541533232, 0.5419227480888367, -0.02912365458905697, -0.319622665643692, 0.06584511697292328, -0.01277807354927063, 0.3297659754753113, 0.056364405900239944, -0.2595500946044922, -0.34257566928863525, 0.11396628618240356, -0.806521475315094, -0.548930823802948, 0.2005235254764557, 0.06454470753669739, 0.12150849401950836, -0.3032977879047394, -0.21815991401672363, -0.12416020035743713, 0.37270230054855347, -0.45169907808303833, -0.4021637439727783, -0.3109513521194458, 0.6203674674034119, 0.8276248574256897, 0.228676900267601, -0.4039354920387268, 0.3640870451927185, 0.4107367992401123, -0.2017591893672943, 0.20677393674850464, 0.4286048114299774, -0.496031254529953, 0.5835116505622864, -0.17878487706184387, -0.008185005746781826, 0.03886833414435387, 0.35321563482284546, -0.05755066126585007, 0.7753170728683472, -0.25125065445899963, -0.3167306184768677, -0.12401040643453598, -0.029428930953145027, -0.07428953051567078, 0.4803934693336487, 0.13303221762180328, -0.05071286857128143, -0.34165671467781067, 0.19640304148197174, -1.184559941291809, -0.06248553842306137, 0.6067761182785034, -0.37168946862220764, 0.28577858209609985, 0.14023205637931824, 0.07009579986333847, 0.23991824686527252, -0.4056844413280487, 0.28513774275779724, 0.22718031704425812, -0.5378777980804443, -0.37203824520111084, -0.03401419520378113, 0.6719666719436646, -0.43603515625, 0.37640708684921265, 0.16299502551555634, 0.6682713031768799, 0.14267584681510925, -0.031779516488313675, 0.004657660145312548, 0.3401648998260498, -0.08525009453296661, -0.00010625420691212639, -0.5339609384536743, 0.0922028198838234, 0.19809545576572418, -0.3728530704975128, 0.21537114679813385, 0.10511486977338791, 0.011803952045738697, -0.6706928610801697, -0.007141091860830784, -0.14342281222343445, 0.1502351462841034, -0.7780964374542236, -0.03142109140753746, -0.30681559443473816, -0.2054963856935501, 0.014199023135006428, 0.10410129278898239, 0.422602117061615, 0.31638336181640625, -0.006835500709712505, -0.10356515645980835, 0.6963649392127991, -0.04638299345970154, -0.3593721389770508, -0.4527657926082611, 0.3776741623878479, 0.2985186278820038, -0.07698884606361389, -0.20515798032283783, -0.13075710833072662, 0.3069761395454407, 0.011862332001328468, -0.4364834129810333, -0.11810804158449173, -0.694874107837677, 0.2646021842956543, 0.33566632866859436, 0.04768119752407074, 0.42511096596717834, 0.6907820701599121, 0.4938427805900574, 0.10577387362718582, 0.9213386178016663, -0.3510511517524719, -0.8166907429695129, 0.01455628965049982, 0.9553340077400208, 0.11112191528081894, -0.8211126327514648, -0.8023519515991211, -0.4808361828327179, 0.6599343419075012, -0.5663126111030579, 0.2549797594547272, 0.7743788361549377, -0.2371215671300888, -0.15925179421901703, -0.4217635989189148, 0.5664065480232239, -0.08753633499145508, 0.17534855008125305, 0.6432758569717407, -0.568246603012085, 0.4203888475894928, 0.41940373182296753, 0.09519509226083755, -0.767204761505127, -0.2836425304412842, 0.18130314350128174, 0.5834648609161377, -0.37460651993751526, -0.068132184445858, -0.9073802828788757, 0.6526437997817993, 0.43720126152038574, -0.6716025471687317, 0.4020704925060272, 0.18776832520961761, -0.09279000759124756, 0.5036672949790955, 0.2068086564540863, -0.1696675568819046, -0.15819433331489563, 0.33975139260292053, 0.2403244823217392, 0.32556459307670593, -0.1497158259153366, 0.045167360454797745, -0.049639876931905746, -0.2644600570201874, 0.26395052671432495, 0.9218100905418396, 0.5332006216049194, 0.24015717208385468, 0.052186619490385056, 0.34829068183898926, -0.12739624083042145, -0.3968549370765686, 0.3053074777126312, -0.30987194180488586, -0.7177417278289795, 0.08089057356119156, -0.22789686918258667, 0.18006645143032074, 0.025073794648051262, -0.3306387960910797, -0.2451470047235489, 0.034882329404354095, 0.4802500903606415, -0.3657448887825012, 0.01826770417392254, -0.7625332474708557, -0.6241985559463501, 0.5038059949874878, 0.798456072807312, -0.05072404816746712, -0.5880460739135742, -0.45614293217658997, -0.5498529076576233, 0.21252793073654175, -0.08243154734373093, -0.3413752019405365, -0.19167262315750122, -0.13822996616363525, 0.42287111282348633, -0.3123006820678711, 0.5758134722709656, -0.1864185333251953, -0.14769399166107178, 0.07468259334564209, 0.5321579575538635, -0.24667643010616302, -0.031998373568058014, -0.07627390325069427, 0.7014225721359253, -0.09214158356189728, 0.17869161069393158, 0.31325769424438477, 0.23840613663196564, 0.08561884611845016, -0.24243345856666565, -5.498596668243408, 0.04449187591671944, 0.33985647559165955, -0.14433510601520538, 0.7004244327545166, -0.19410133361816406, 0.2889478802680969, -0.03574793040752411, 0.34532779455184937, 0.4280439019203186, 0.10134544223546982, 0.4631102979183197, -0.5048810839653015, 0.5208487510681152, 0.155589297413826, 0.0006013093516230583, -0.06509419530630112, -0.7643837928771973, -0.24563826620578766, 0.7335740923881531, -0.2053532749414444, 0.059989262372255325, -0.16399115324020386, 0.2164742797613144, -0.010247432626783848, -0.2405289113521576, -0.3858371078968048, -0.1970255821943283, -0.8358200192451477, -0.256052702665329, -0.2630409896373749, 0.06654638051986694, -0.7953161597251892, 0.10333260893821716, -0.26553410291671753, -0.23518376052379608, 0.525564968585968, -0.21083027124404907, -0.14796403050422668, -0.7510629892349243, -0.17754040658473969, 0.21339745819568634, -0.8936590552330017, 0.11979106813669205, 0.36166176199913025, -0.20895087718963623, -0.618841290473938, -1.0171843767166138, 0.11660461872816086, 0.5536672472953796, 0.3368079364299774, 0.09157499670982361, 0.6056978106498718, -0.00985701847821474, 0.762908399105072, -0.015874365344643593, 0.15488708019256592, 0.23321481049060822, -0.7124605774879456, 0.25756970047950745, 0.06715419143438339, -0.26232782006263733, 0.013633469119668007, -0.033299125730991364, -0.24646827578544617, 0.16725343465805054, 0.1757098287343979, 0.2393755167722702, 0.1503266841173172, -0.5029112696647644, 0.03496774658560753, -0.11477886885404587, -0.09928914904594421, -1.3026444911956787, 0.5332407355308533, -0.5423659682273865, 0.537972092628479, -0.007689539343118668, -0.8385922312736511, -0.5913410186767578, 0.47831806540489197, -0.5648893713951111, 1.1391322612762451, 0.36725693941116333, 0.32159513235092163, 0.15913772583007812, 0.03080045059323311, 0.10299237072467804, 0.05977024510502815, -0.06564666330814362, -0.21516819298267365, 0.05370519682765007, 0.13309869170188904, 0.09417406469583511, 0.054065484553575516, 0.26641133427619934, 0.641495943069458, 0.6112769842147827, 0.006243685260415077, 0.18917913734912872, -0.3052148222923279, -0.4920685589313507, 0.37431231141090393, -0.4256984293460846, -0.057650309056043625, 0.23437727987766266, 0.5710123181343079, -0.06881880015134811, 0.7015609741210938, -1.0202239751815796, -0.007040518335998058, 0.639860212802887, -0.3645230531692505, -0.4882151484489441, 0.08893796801567078, 0.12914851307868958, -0.23964497447013855, 0.4551199674606323, 0.19702935218811035, 0.2554343044757843, 0.39966943860054016, 0.17809386551380157, 0.0012142229825258255, 0.33484646677970886, 0.06689302623271942, 0.0488143265247345, 0.15884007513523102, 0.1906292587518692, 0.10786246508359909, 0.1758495271205902, -0.9175360798835754, 0.22748690843582153, 0.3788060247898102, -0.21299931406974792, 0.17758958041667938, -0.07119192183017731, -0.7014262080192566, 0.08997385948896408, 0.3022155165672302, 0.2103957086801529, 0.5569201111793518, -0.4976441264152527, -0.21996621787548065, 0.45564281940460205, 0.12539829313755035, -0.1033908873796463, 0.36918866634368896, 0.02918878197669983, -0.5745755434036255, 0.33741289377212524, 0.4454355537891388, 0.08003843575716019, 0.4528264105319977, -0.7861129641532898, -0.5046764016151428, 0.5577636957168579, 0.22640231251716614, -0.414093941450119, 0.10745709389448166, -0.02973736822605133, 0.056849658489227295, -0.17109960317611694, -0.6226720809936523, 0.2873838543891907, -0.2523355185985565, 0.11262353509664536, -0.2337283343076706, -0.4420311748981476, -0.6514298319816589, 0.8422093391418457, -0.10136885195970535, -0.46249014139175415, 0.15965966880321503, 0.4992468059062958, 0.17416363954544067, 0.40615615248680115, -0.36715221405029297, -0.08870882540941238, -0.19075705111026764, 0.15924815833568573, 0.04558588191866875, -0.39785805344581604, -1.21018385887146, -0.19722457230091095, -0.31228581070899963, 0.08592899888753891, -0.4257184565067291, -0.11172982305288315, -0.5887094736099243, 0.45187637209892273, -0.1833030730485916, -0.08251766115427017, -0.19926990568637848, 0.07414960861206055, -0.7325151562690735, 0.21713757514953613, 0.029136227443814278, -0.46067753434181213, 0.2249419093132019, -0.25801724195480347, -0.12446921318769455, 0.24930156767368317, -0.9131668210029602, -0.3085443377494812, 0.2363506555557251, -0.8696006536483765, 0.12295670807361603, 0.16111356019973755, 0.0017390589928254485, 0.6812536716461182, -0.14956343173980713, -0.08582553267478943, 0.08845439553260803, 0.07157906889915466, 0.11798097938299179, -0.11956289410591125, 0.4564666450023651, 0.03735803812742233, -0.062406882643699646, -0.5393605828285217, -0.37604644894599915, -0.8566833138465881, 0.14149288833141327, 0.0313967727124691, -0.8390136957168579, 0.21426905691623688, 0.28689178824424744, -0.6585328578948975, 0.677478551864624, -0.05763939768075943, -0.2898072302341461, 0.36229294538497925, -0.13664865493774414, 0.0744183361530304, -0.41537758708000183, -0.41668134927749634, -0.3807046115398407, 0.4069593846797943, -0.5397320985794067, 0.1822527050971985, 0.47148725390434265, 0.4591130316257477, -0.36460694670677185, 0.3570435345172882, 0.502813458442688, 0.5835403203964233, -0.44505026936531067, -0.7842027544975281, -0.3749639093875885, 0.3544871509075165, 0.4644593298435211, -0.1578553318977356, -0.24410396814346313, 0.23412588238716125, 0.618682861328125, -0.6713008880615234, 0.2287055402994156, -0.20200283825397491, -0.08973836153745651, -0.21435405313968658, -0.030480660498142242, -0.2881827652454376, -0.2675026059150696, -0.029759002849459648, -0.3437453806400299, 0.22568227350711823, -0.09120897203683853, -0.28848955035209656, 0.3462298810482025, -0.6198444962501526, -0.25582608580589294, 0.1181052103638649, -0.029307512566447258, 0.15615227818489075, -0.2568616569042206, 0.49451959133148193, 0.25543883442878723, -0.43458107113838196, 0.0882859006524086, 0.040904704481363297, 0.2374895215034485, 0.39114221930503845, -0.5617345571517944, -0.39774757623672485, 0.11923661082983017, -0.31210747361183167, 0.33521318435668945, -0.2733643054962158, -0.4331703186035156, 0.18005967140197754, 0.39595386385917664, 0.33043551445007324, -0.170016348361969, -0.19954702258110046, -0.2531472146511078, -0.11511582881212234, -0.036084309220314026, 1.229196548461914, -0.052101753652095795, 0.04970954358577728, -0.06725408136844635, 0.4556514620780945, -0.062497373670339584, -0.3235773742198944, -0.3730793595314026, -0.3069591224193573, -0.11763753741979599, -0.9624828696250916, -0.635067880153656, 0.43901562690734863, 0.12206027656793594, -0.17348749935626984, 0.6186542510986328, 0.687143087387085, -0.16102921962738037, 0.3122534155845642, 0.6658852696418762, -0.09434463828802109, -0.13626764714717865, 0.007552137598395348, -0.3633131980895996, -0.3216758370399475, 0.5342873930931091, -0.1012445017695427, 0.5916796326637268, 1.0735324621200562, 0.4705813229084015, 0.569499135017395, -0.19134770333766937, 0.5162235498428345, 0.2780797481536865, -0.7750736474990845, 0.7443138957023621, 0.5295075178146362, 0.14489789307117462, -0.8433346152305603, 0.4849306643009186, 0.2255460023880005, 0.5576280951499939, 0.5418330430984497, -0.2807518541812897, 0.6557030081748962, 0.04207237809896469, 0.4429435431957245, 0.037618812173604965, 0.12341125309467316, -0.15123620629310608, 0.688269853591919, -0.7117844223976135, -0.7204601168632507, -0.29717469215393066, 0.034894026815891266, 0.2176869660615921, -0.7194172739982605, 0.7529520392417908, -0.1811584085226059, 0.3356681764125824, -0.3091042935848236, -0.09248416870832443, -0.3072282075881958, -0.7742829918861389, -0.8965053558349609, 1.180433988571167, 0.9255093336105347, -0.21287168562412262, -0.44755592942237854, -0.401966392993927, -0.6029471755027771, -0.3178357183933258, 0.2685123383998871, -0.04131041839718819, 0.39106741547584534, -0.5709812045097351, 0.740208089351654, 0.3881931006908417, 0.4647771716117859, 0.3190584182739258, -0.6337102055549622, -0.21448229253292084, 0.0907231792807579, -0.6707410216331482, 0.2250269055366516, -0.15586882829666138, -0.20461051166057587, 0.28070470690727234, -0.18363070487976074, -0.15593846142292023, 0.08263470977544785, 0.6589552760124207, -0.03327006846666336, 0.6408198475837708, -0.41865265369415283, -0.07837940007448196, 0.1621527373790741, -0.19600361585617065, 0.19299769401550293, -0.32981735467910767, 0.5762951970100403, 0.6182191371917725, 0.5619277358055115, 0.41163885593414307, 1.0332037210464478, 0.3116810917854309, 0.02200053073465824, -0.624173641204834, -0.08038223534822464, 0.11975125968456268, 0.4758617877960205, -0.28037846088409424, -0.34498754143714905, 0.4300866723060608, -0.09281592816114426, -0.21601559221744537, 0.16342002153396606, -0.48968443274497986, 0.41644129157066345, 0.5414025187492371, 0.26757916808128357, -0.07140658795833588, -0.12849929928779602, -0.4452905058860779, 0.2662891149520874, 0.12349817156791687, -0.12802554666996002, 0.06385860592126846, 0.9004748463630676, -0.28077366948127747, -0.28437140583992004, -0.08967740833759308, 0.0007216537487693131, -0.01668795384466648, 0.4437020421028137, -0.29684028029441833, -0.03155500069260597, -0.4250650107860565, 0.00015673600137233734, -0.02178851142525673, 0.13938312232494354, 1.0306158065795898, -0.1620388627052307, 0.34493663907051086, 0.3112105131149292, -0.2383473664522171, 0.06022975593805313, -0.6826253533363342, -0.2109619677066803, -0.5006609559059143, -0.3232341706752777, 0.6608985662460327, 0.3768185079097748, -0.04289230331778526, -0.4822433292865753, 0.23687143623828888, -0.42844894528388977, -0.5891388058662415, -0.07357796281576157, 0.16409148275852203, -0.2822279632091522, 0.5596873760223389, -0.2816374599933624 ]
210841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibonito%2C%20Puerto%20Rico	Aibonito, Puerto Rico	Aibonito () is a small mountain town and municipality in Puerto Rico located in the Sierra de Cayey mountain range, north of Salinas; south of Barranquitas and Comerio; east of Coamo; and west of Cidra, and Cayey. Aibonito is spread over 8 barrios and Aibonito Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area. Aibonito is located at a relatively high elevation (its main square is the highest in the island at 2,401 ft [731 m] above sea level), which makes its climate cooler than most of Puerto Rico's towns. Etymology and nicknames There are several theories and stories regarding the name of the town. Some people say that it is derived from the Taíno word Jatibonicu, which was the name of a legendary cacique (chief) of the area, but most likely was the name of the tribe lead by chief Orocobix. The name Aibonito is possibly a combination of Spanish and Taíno from Hatibon or Jatibon, which the native name of the Aibonito River. Jatibon most likely translates to "black river" or "night river", the indigenous name of the river which was later turned into a diminutive in Spanish (Jatibon-ito). It is common to have native place names in Puerto Rico be historically adopted and modified into the Spanish language such as Mucarabones for example, which is a plural of Mucarabon, meaning "owl river" in Taíno. There's also a legend that tells of a Spanish soldier called Diego Alvarez who on May 17, 1615, reached one of the highest peaks in the area and upon watching the view, exclaimed "¡Ay, qué bonito!" ("Oh, how pretty!") which eventually was turned into the name of the region. If this is the case it would be considered folk etymology. Some of the municipality's nicknames include: Ciudad de las Flores ("City of Flowers") and Jardín de Puerto Rico ("Puerto Rico's garden") after the region's floral industry and annual festival, and Ciudad Fría ("Cold City") and Nevera de Puerto Rico ("Puerto Rico's refrigerator") after the fact that the municipality has recorded some of the island's lowest temperatures. History Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, it is believed that there were Taíno settlements in the region that belonged to Cacique Orocobix domain. After the Spanish arrived, it is believed that a ranch was established in the region by Pedro Zorascoechea in 1630, which led the development of a hamlet. However, it wasn't until 1822 when Don Manuel Veléz presented himself before the government, representing the inhabitants of the area, to ask for Aibonito to be officially declared a town. This was authorized on March 13, 1824, by Governor Don Miguel de la Torre. The first Catholic church in Aibonito was built in 1825. The building was replaced by the current church, which was started in 1887 and completed in 1897. After the town was officially constituted, barrios started developing in the area. On the Spanish–American War of 1898, around 800 Spanish and Puerto Rican soldiers were able to defeat the invading American troops due to their strategic placement in Asomante Mountain. This scrimmage came to an end when the Spanish government surrendered on August 12, 1898. The Spanish and Puerto Rican forces at Asomante never surrendered and would have held their position indefinitely if not for the buckling of the Spanish government in Madrid. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Aibonito was 8,596. Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, triggered numerous landslides in Aibonito with the significant amount of rainfall. Around 1,500 homes were completely or partially destroyed. The hurricane destroyed the poultry industry of Aibonito with nearly 1.8 million chickens killed. Known as "The Garden of Puerto Rico" Aibonito has celebrated a flower festival since 1969. Aibonito's floriculture industry was completedly decimated by Hurricane María. Geography Aibonito is located in the Sierra de Cayey, part of the Cordillera Central in Puerto Rico. Aibonito is the town with the highest elevation in Puerto Rico, located at 2,401 feet above sea level. Some of its mountains are La Sierra (2,394 ft), Asomante (2,042 ft) and Buena Vista (2,042 ft). Barrios Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Aibonito is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a small barrio referred to as , near the center of the municipality. Aibonito barrio-pueblo Algarrobo Asomante Caonillas Cuyón Llanos Pasto Plata Robles Sectors Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others. Special Communities (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Aibonito: the Municipal neighborhood, Algarrobo barrio, Amoldadero and Los Muros in La Plata barrio, El Campito, El Coquí, El Fresal, La Españolita, La Represa, Las Bambúas, Los Cuadritos, Parcelas Nuevas in Pasto barrio, Parcelas Rabanal, Parcelas Viejas in Pasto, San Luis, Sector El Nueve, and Sector Gallera. Water features Some of the rivers that flow through Aibonito are the Río de Aibonito, Río Cuyón, Río de la Plata and Río Usabón. Rio Manu Climate Aibonito features a rather mild tropical rainforest climate, owing to its elevation and location, close but still slightly removed from the equator, as well as being directly exposed to the wind and moisture of the Trade Winds. It borders on a subtropical highland climate, and also a humid subtropical climate, though like the former, summers are not much hotter than the warm to cool winters, as it is typical of higher elevations near the equator. As the trade winds coming from the northeast go through orographic lift, rainfall is both greater and more consistent throughout the year than in coastal areas (particularly the south coast only minutes away), with fog being a common occurrence. Aibonito holds the record for the lowest temperature in Puerto Rico. That is on March 9, 1911. The highest temperature record is recorded on September 29, 1920. Aibonito is among Puerto Rico's coolest towns. Demographics Tourism Landmarks and places of interest Two of the older landmarks of Aibonito are the , and . Their building facades reflect early 20th century architecture. The Mirador Overlook allows for panoramic views of the Plata Valley. The Degetau Stone (in ) was where Federico Degetau, a writer, found his inspiration. is the restored, house museum of the writer. San José Church, which was designed by architect Pedro Cobreros between 1887 and 1897, was built in 1898 is located in the central plaza. There is a plaque commemoration the 100th anniversary of the Spanish–American War at Asomante Memorial, a place with a view of the Central Mountain Range. The Asomante Trench in is where part of the Spanish–American War took place. The main square is named after Segundo Ruíz Belvis, a national abolitionist hero. The San Cristóbal Canyon, a nine-kilometers-long canyon with waterfalls is located between Aibonito and Barranquitas. In Robles barrio there is an iron bridge with PR-176 and was built in 1892. The annual Festival of Flowers is celebrated each June in Aibonito. To stimulate local tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo (I'm Touring) campaign in 2021. The campaign featured a passport book with a page for each municipality. The Aibonito passport page lists , , Meyer's Nurseries for agritourism, and several travel routes through Aibonito including the , , and as places of interest. Culture Sports Aibonito had a BSN basketball franchise called the Polluelos de Aibonito. In 1986 they beat the defending champions, Atléticos de San Germán, in seven games to win their only championship. In 1987, the Polluelos reached the finals once again, but that time, they lost in seven games to the Titanes de Morovis. Recently, the Polluelos have not been able to see action on the BSN's tournaments because of economic and team ownership problems. Also Aibonito had a Double AA baseball. The franchise is also Polluelos de Aibonito. In 1966 they won the only baseball championship. Festivals and events Aibonito celebrates its patron saint festival in late July or early August. The is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment. Aibonito celebrates a Flower Festival between late June and early July. During this event, many visitors from other towns and countries come to Aibonito to see a huge display of various flowers and others. Aibonito also celebrates a Festival de la Montaña in November. Economy Agriculture Aibonito has several plantations of tobacco and coffee. They are also known for their flower plantations. Also, a popular chicken producer in the island, To-Ricos, operates from Aibonito. Business Baxter International has one of its factories located in Aibonito. They produce medical tools for the hospitals and other medical uses. Industrial Other industries located in Aibonito are clothing, furniture and tapestry factories, as well as pottery and ceramics. Current projects In 2014, William Alicea Pérez, the mayor of Aibonito stressed that many improvements had been made to the town and municipality of Aibonito and to its urban center. Several infrastructure projects were completed in 2014, including the inauguration of an assisted living center, and a stadium and he announced future plans for a gym, progress on another stadium and other projects that were under way for the benefit of Aibonito. Pérez indicated that its urban center had been transformed and would continue to be improved upon. The construction of a gym for boxing and martial arts is underway with the help of Miguel Cotto, a Puerto Rican boxing champion. Government All municipalities in Puerto Rico are administered by a mayor, elected every four years. On November 4, 2008, William Alicea Pérez (of the New Progressive Party), won the elections, beating former mayor Jose Alberto Diaz (PPD) by 3,658 votes. The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VI, which is represented by two Senators. In 2012, Miguel Pereira Castillo and Angel M. Rodríguez were elected as District Senators. Transportation There are 15 bridges in Aibonito. Symbols The has an official flag and coat of arms. Flag The flag of Aibonito features four equal horizontal bands of blue, white, red, and yellow; a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears the town's coat of arms. Coat of arms The coat of arms features a four-paneled shield. The upper left corner features the Asomante Mountain with a sword in front, representing the last battles of the Spanish–American War that took place there. The upper right corner features a white band on a blue field, symbolizing the fog that covers the region in winter. To each side of the band, a purple color flower and a golden lily. The lower left corner features the gold tower of Casa Manresa, to symbolize the spiritual value of the institution. In the lower right corner a divided green mountain which represents the San Cristóbal Canyon with a seashell above it that symbolizes Apostle James. Notable people Obie Bermudez, artist Rubén Berrios Martínez, politician Rafael Pont Flores, journalist Eliu Rivera, New Jersey politician Ramón Vázquez, baseball player and coach Orlando Rosa, 1996 Olympian Freestyle Wrestling Ezekiel Rodriguez, Self-Made millionaire and stock investor See also List of Puerto Ricans History of Puerto Rico Villa Julita References External links Municipalities of Puerto Rico	[ 0.06663209944963455, 0.3688633143901825, 0.1166786327958107, -0.03338409960269928, 0.1730831414461136, 0.7188247442245483, 0.7276504039764404, 0.4084007740020752, -0.309840589761734, 0.05977374315261841, -0.09368710219860077, 0.57281893491745, -0.23012305796146393, 0.20730149745941162, -0.4069806635379791, 0.7984418869018555, 0.8674649000167847, 0.5716972947120667, 0.22289764881134033, -0.6375013589859009, -0.1953224092721939, -0.6693962216377258, 0.13156498968601227, 0.23379996418952942, -0.08912329375743866, 0.09408345073461533, -0.3296044170856476, 0.40055975317955017, 0.5047904253005981, -0.13499566912651062, 0.06458303332328796, 0.5678587555885315, -0.2110203504562378, -0.5152202844619751, 0.08394026011228561, 0.3380044102668762, 0.14042408764362335, -0.600016176700592, 0.4101448059082031, -0.027143100276589394, -0.1900443136692047, 0.27691587805747986, 0.161493182182312, 0.4756096601486206, -0.15239585936069489, -0.3591887652873993, -1.2097269296646118, 0.38533103466033936, -0.587759792804718, 0.14482295513153076, -0.9258051514625549, 0.3319452404975891, 0.2106068879365921, -0.13102994859218597, 0.14246352016925812, 0.5533409118652344, -1.1988978385925293, -0.3440624475479126, 0.24370399117469788, 0.07138178497552872, -0.20462186634540558, 0.5100461840629578, 0.31048211455345154, -0.16813546419143677, -0.44520363211631775, 0.01858038641512394, 0.12403010576963425, 0.2746456563472748, 0.0020203199237585068, -0.1829923540353775, -0.17699767649173737, 0.16678458452224731, -0.13534900546073914, -0.5525991320610046, -0.2911173105239868, -0.5124139785766602, -1.0145926475524902, 0.4566311836242676, 0.031159138306975365, 0.8034189343452454, 0.12560546398162842, -0.1670834869146347, 0.8047412037849426, -0.502055287361145, 0.7374836206436157, 0.6014008522033691, -0.45038753747940063, 0.45169344544410706, -0.6304548382759094, 0.41842520236968994, -0.22225269675254822, -0.06615684181451797, 0.4677869379520416, 0.023717297241091728, -0.37449783086776733, 0.07162535935640335, -0.0960703045129776, 0.017810437828302383, 0.15647585690021515, 0.6515098214149475, -0.0752580538392067, 0.15063844621181488, 0.5883388519287109, 0.0985322818160057, -0.5935567021369934, 0.057940155267715454, -0.7173250913619995, -0.36767759919166565, -0.3003980815410614, -0.5172337889671326, -0.7198241949081421, 0.17409956455230713, 0.15109647810459137, -0.10430482774972916, 0.2881556451320648, 0.17495028674602509, 0.565254271030426, -0.2675115764141083, -0.22348599135875702, -0.2492140233516693, 0.3134625554084778, 1.1944468021392822, -0.613696277141571, 0.4197501540184021, 0.15061496198177338, -0.03010544739663601, 0.23403218388557434, -0.13906380534172058, 0.07007034868001938, 0.40039822459220886, -0.0054197353310883045, 0.10274222493171692, -0.2664763033390045, 0.6459941864013672, 0.37526240944862366, -0.9339081645011902, -0.4949324429035187, 0.24554863572120667, 0.3888660967350006, 0.0070907906629145145, -0.9930447340011597, -0.1552102416753769, -0.28723135590553284, -0.27733999490737915, 0.7703201174736023, 0.08987525850534439, -0.4782438278198242, -0.3852297067642212, -0.049812015146017075, -0.35460394620895386, 0.11603710055351257, -0.059363897889852524, -0.171339750289917, 0.5034542083740234, -0.938194751739502, -0.6865297555923462, 0.0986371859908104, -0.6451485753059387, 0.2703081965446472, 0.19742298126220703, 0.30298855900764465, 0.05529102683067322, 0.17405152320861816, 0.18373163044452667, -0.06924701482057571, 0.06793756037950516, 0.684573769569397, 0.45608779788017273, 0.5641860365867615, 0.9112983345985413, -0.1765412539243698, -0.0500379242002964, 0.5458139181137085, -0.9438610672950745, -0.1342131644487381, -0.6180506944656372, 0.5065218806266785, 0.003481506137177348, -0.17373406887054443, -0.035070281475782394, -0.659180760383606, 0.2240903377532959, -0.1461813598871231, 0.24895253777503967, -0.36658188700675964, 0.06481517106294632, 0.3818817436695099, 0.4196021258831024, 0.005916405003517866, 0.2527685761451721, 0.13765719532966614, -0.6831249594688416, -0.24237795174121857, -0.3117869794368744, 0.6104403734207153, 0.13515569269657135, -0.6091542840003967, 0.9487097859382629, -0.22248931229114532, 0.14442892372608185, -0.514744758605957, 0.18383021652698517, 1.0339330434799194, 0.20601126551628113, -0.5448932647705078, 0.1863420307636261, 0.3961133658885956, 0.7207294702529907, -0.17480194568634033, 1.0522345304489136, -0.6260801553726196, 0.17138662934303284, 0.11591958999633789, -0.0014446431305259466, -0.21603767573833466, -0.2829848825931549, 0.0751219093799591, -0.08405419439077377, 0.4006918966770172, -0.16876381635665894, 0.5837894678115845, -0.1462467908859253, 0.03776314854621887, 0.326457142829895, 0.270288348197937, 1.070398211479187, 1.1780792474746704, -0.185956209897995, 0.7466000914573669, -0.5412237048149109, 0.37920692563056946, 0.19541355967521667, 0.42809194326400757, -0.04529479518532753, 0.20020052790641785, 0.5346986651420593, -0.171891987323761, -0.9242644309997559, 0.10511362552642822, -0.32764047384262085, 0.14028611779212952, 0.23718658089637756, -0.5699732899665833, 0.3129419684410095, 1.070523738861084, 0.5515475869178772, -0.004205517470836639, 0.3488748073577881, -0.15852542221546173, -0.07979702204465866, 0.013515076600015163, -0.08008546382188797, 0.13022930920124054, -0.14653372764587402, 0.29029330611228943, 0.0925787165760994, -0.25428536534309387, -0.3453197777271271, 0.0672956258058548, -0.06729084998369217, -0.8009734153747559, -0.04426855593919754, -0.04319232329726219, 0.45923566818237305, 0.3144923150539398, -0.3160915970802307, 0.23249413073062897, -0.8480398058891296, 0.2610061466693878, -0.5513216257095337, 0.5304744839668274, -0.526792585849762, 0.07160689681768417, -0.17327658832073212, 0.3968260586261749, -0.15880602598190308, -0.23978792130947113, 0.2676587700843811, -1.2191424369812012, 0.14435133337974548, 0.09932561218738556, 0.6488947868347168, -0.49668553471565247, -0.45907270908355713, -0.31694310903549194, -0.5574384927749634, 0.4823106825351715, -0.9207417368888855, -1.102387547492981, -0.14802205562591553, -0.21323178708553314, -0.2329609990119934, -0.2693029046058655, 0.7796521782875061, -0.39999982714653015, -0.07012207806110382, 0.028448360040783882, 0.34856727719306946, 0.6828383803367615, -1.001696228981018, 0.018327658995985985, -0.06728116422891617, -0.02983107604086399, -0.20456254482269287, 0.11882279068231583, 0.06322599202394485, 0.5235158801078796, 0.042662717401981354, -5.311057090759277, 0.8451045751571655, -0.27728062868118286, -0.3362012505531311, 0.4139728546142578, -0.38139480352401733, 0.47011154890060425, 0.031261589378118515, 0.4681195914745331, -0.2848917543888092, -0.032309360802173615, -0.400073379278183, 0.3507484495639801, 0.8845494985580444, 0.3167535662651062, 1.2288650274276733, 0.07657977938652039, -0.04018712788820267, 0.5458888411521912, -0.27599480748176575, -0.5045843124389648, 0.19839584827423096, -0.4693780839443207, 0.730794370174408, 0.5376124978065491, 0.33286041021347046, -0.41752153635025024, -0.15177971124649048, -0.7812263369560242, 0.06275001168251038, -0.4562981426715851, 0.08339136093854904, -0.14807181060314178, 0.19524706900119781, -0.10181140899658203, 0.46434450149536133, 0.43795567750930786, -0.3533320426940918, 0.4770936965942383, -0.3748105764389038, -0.1449306607246399, 0.20836135745048523, -0.21730516850948334, -0.1762913018465042, 0.11354304850101471, -0.47805777192115784, -0.4901396632194519, -0.5455884337425232, 0.39173176884651184, -0.029350249096751213, 0.49352651834487915, -0.38674646615982056, 0.22593699395656586, 0.22776015102863312, 0.39315733313560486, -0.2417430877685547, 0.4623565673828125, -0.006312090903520584, -0.1753758043050766, 1.133582353591919, 0.4557175636291504, -0.23750148713588715, 0.001988718518987298, -0.6701149344444275, 0.031586404889822006, 0.28502389788627625, 0.7232681512832642, 0.0824287161231041, 0.7586908340454102, -0.09119921922683716, -0.3420054316520691, 0.3585365116596222, -0.34048518538475037, -0.9694527983665466, 0.08084658533334732, -0.10483741760253906, -0.5778077244758606, 0.46026432514190674, -1.1367690563201904, -0.04944339767098427, -0.039353158324956894, 0.02794560045003891, -0.18212397396564484, 0.4260290265083313, -0.2742733657360077, -0.1993647813796997, 0.5344476103782654, -0.015570677816867828, -0.18095964193344116, 0.45212504267692566, 0.6545668244361877, -0.07787434756755829, 0.4556444585323334, 0.0072714341804385185, -0.00597810884937644, 0.4901731610298157, 0.05592941865324974, 0.21340546011924744, -0.05111018195748329, 0.0778152123093605, 0.3701748847961426, -0.22929754853248596, 0.429416686296463, -0.5269902944564819, 0.09401719272136688, -0.1140984520316124, 0.2847127914428711, 0.5912870764732361, -0.05503084510564804, -0.13536182045936584, -0.302531361579895, 0.31905892491340637, -0.7018399238586426, 0.01543685793876648, 0.7383022904396057, -0.4108860194683075, -0.28311219811439514, -0.14826340973377228, 0.290880411863327, 0.015445899218320847, 0.21129293739795685, 0.2871844172477722, 0.22252501547336578, 0.24279111623764038, -0.6598420739173889, -1.035535454750061, 0.3013213574886322, 0.8324258327484131, 0.20012781023979187, 0.025328440591692924, -0.013796275481581688, 0.09815093874931335, -0.05629553645849228, -0.14468294382095337, 0.16357573866844177, -0.26871615648269653, 0.23453626036643982, -1.1896885633468628, 0.6186909079551697, 0.1500246673822403, 0.49590444564819336, -0.3852706551551819, -0.7786087393760681, 0.25226742029190063, 0.03171122074127197, 0.41351088881492615, -0.331309974193573, -0.8926357626914978, -1.0896308422088623, 0.5301823019981384, -0.2860526442527771, 0.05289239436388016, -0.56414395570755, -0.28702178597450256, -0.4623478949069977, -0.18793249130249023, -0.050747089087963104, -0.3010125160217285, 0.10953813791275024, 0.2809508144855499, 0.4851398169994354, -0.3731888234615326, -0.6558893918991089, 0.20305873453617096, -0.00481489347293973, -0.25839126110076904, -0.5745344758033752, -0.6513212323188782, 0.0349002480506897, 0.36147817969322205, 0.065080426633358, -0.35686618089675903, -0.2278667837381363, -0.23052315413951874, 0.27314236760139465, -0.7687002420425415, 0.07975535094738007, 0.6814419031143188, -0.07148642092943192, -0.09685175120830536, 0.5623930096626282, 0.01651383750140667, -0.08585624396800995, 0.29352468252182007, 0.41327714920043945, -0.7551548480987549, -0.3349197804927826, -0.2731828987598419, -0.5412425994873047, -0.03552580252289772, -0.06588996201753616, -0.09063612669706345, 0.6931244134902954, -0.1858673244714737, -0.5490760207176208, -0.7616417407989502, -0.0062948246486485004, -0.17279978096485138, -0.0733208954334259, -0.3184110224246979, -0.5917213559150696, 0.29126816987991333, -0.6915522813796997, 0.9590036273002625, -0.5438916683197021, -0.7034170627593994, 0.05483140051364899, 0.41270211338996887, -0.6835456490516663, 0.15677502751350403, -0.34974104166030884, -0.6436241865158081, 0.12370232492685318, 0.8601322174072266, 0.030239887535572052, 0.4676803648471832, -0.4452561140060425, 0.222913458943367, -0.46744462847709656, -0.32538583874702454, -0.11595017462968826, 0.1756579428911209, 0.1910586804151535, -0.15535353124141693, 0.028074117377400398, 0.7949216365814209, 0.5256394147872925, -0.41092702746391296, 0.9841316342353821, -0.21545098721981049, 0.008803611621260643, -0.08508184552192688, 0.1794712245464325, 0.2012624442577362, -0.6042602062225342, -0.2510409355163574, -0.07202687114477158, 0.2618478536605835, 0.5529853105545044, 0.22596290707588196, -0.09311848133802414, 0.36100438237190247, -0.24157893657684326, -0.27836960554122925, 0.06835002452135086, 0.0964401513338089, -0.28878942131996155, -0.24044083058834076, -0.7925122380256653, 0.08312579244375229, -0.4751651883125305, -0.780810534954071, -0.3354949951171875, -0.06526076793670654, 0.23363320529460907, -0.3895869255065918, -0.1685211956501007, 0.6815300583839417, 0.01024092547595501, -0.17447669804096222, 0.08692119270563126, -0.0035923346877098083, -0.11129384487867355, -0.2185072898864746, -0.31934478878974915, -0.5127040147781372, -0.039742179214954376, -0.16620570421218872, 0.9155679941177368, 0.1011679545044899, 0.14411871135234833, -0.12078898400068283, -0.05386245995759964, 0.1691337376832962, 0.10687607526779175, 0.14121031761169434, 0.14904673397541046, -0.41264888644218445, -0.17758910357952118, -0.10036435723304749, -1.1323517560958862, -0.17713181674480438, -0.09021717309951782, 0.36116182804107666, -0.03921984136104584, -0.4018528461456299, 0.18652145564556122, 0.12541840970516205, -0.5403962135314941, 0.18758395314216614, -0.460773766040802, -0.057236019521951675, 0.39924028515815735, -0.9818536639213562, -0.1978341042995453, 0.19413365423679352, -0.1758510023355484, 0.33771461248397827, -0.19209937751293182, -0.27235147356987, -0.7259956002235413, 0.4147247076034546, -0.03358640521764755, -0.08175018429756165, -0.456505686044693, -0.5953977108001709, 0.34905362129211426, -0.3305346369743347, -0.6055143475532532, 0.33646634221076965, -0.5941882133483887, 0.29142946004867554, 0.24820414185523987, 0.5948775410652161, -0.07719461619853973, 0.9885755181312561, 0.25966039299964905, -0.3080774247646332, 0.088788703083992, 0.5146064162254333, 0.0645560473203659, -0.29513463377952576, 0.21317848563194275, 0.5878100991249084, 0.4060940742492676, 0.9207273721694946, -0.43756920099258423, -0.2591671943664551, -0.15397502481937408, 0.5771607160568237, 0.3258325159549713, -0.37363147735595703, -0.6262496113777161, 0.08943071961402893, -0.6619771718978882, -0.2956573963165283, -0.40330228209495544, -0.62758868932724, -0.20269039273262024, 0.9690250754356384, 0.5855908393859863, 0.9879303574562073, -0.13128086924552917, -0.3960043489933014, 0.07964454591274261, -0.1368212103843689, 0.21003523468971252, 0.1717982143163681, 0.05926913395524025, -0.44769811630249023, 0.5138135552406311, 0.13613054156303406, 0.034195300191640854, -0.3819279670715332, -0.6300761699676514, 0.9316839575767517, -0.21454903483390808, -0.4922458827495575, -0.3705585300922394, 0.23567207157611847, 0.04278498515486717, -0.40196776390075684, -0.056738048791885376, -0.21305622160434723, -0.5171626806259155, -0.6678969860076904, 0.1752208024263382, -0.2934947907924652, -0.21268314123153687, 0.5184889435768127, -0.5483164191246033, 0.039173126220703125, 0.06627992540597916, 0.12163722515106201, 0.20653465390205383, 1.0159351825714111, 0.07775028795003891, 0.7505072951316833, -0.2915065586566925, 0.531277596950531, -0.3092704713344574, 0.3205031752586365, -0.5206889510154724, -0.3837372362613678, -0.19487057626247406, -0.047142334282398224, -0.24501454830169678, 0.1959632784128189, -0.07510203123092651, 0.32094159722328186, -0.5500866174697876, -0.36941835284233093, -0.22937865555286407, 0.4027973413467407, 0.21537327766418457, -0.042360320687294006, -0.08636841922998428, 0.8568253517150879, 1.1017029285430908, 0.26840129494667053, 0.29655006527900696, 0.12743207812309265, -0.2959381937980652, 0.2280903309583664, -0.2700597643852234, 0.10341768711805344, 0.11380773782730103, 0.29129037261009216, -0.4187205731868744, 0.3224170506000519, 0.26587721705436707, 0.4042499363422394, -0.4076477885246277, 0.1388569176197052, -0.05177268385887146, 0.5144041180610657, 0.632722795009613, -0.14344918727874756, -0.560390055179596, -0.22920070588588715, 0.3847903311252594, -0.7625182271003723, -0.20491115748882294, 0.5396037697792053, 0.3519938290119171, -0.3278825879096985, -0.0067075821571052074, -0.3583667576313019, -0.6856717467308044, 0.20244835317134857, 0.3708263635635376, -0.22262030839920044, -0.5669236779212952, 0.03607660531997681, -0.1955433338880539, -0.45255863666534424, 0.1101372018456459, 1.0185312032699585, 0.685646116733551, -0.4579629898071289, 0.10629784315824509, -0.13618741929531097, 0.2940419912338257, -0.5754697322845459, 0.4630345404148102, -0.5262532830238342, -0.30627480149269104, -0.7703838348388672, -0.5374283790588379, 0.5089273452758789, -0.07433848083019257, -0.13384278118610382, 0.1471085250377655, 0.07681458443403244, -0.537315309047699, 0.28740543127059937, 0.8965678811073303, -0.7582057118415833, 0.5911179184913635, -0.34588396549224854 ]
210844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Engineering%20Sciences	Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences	The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences or Kungliga Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien (IVA), founded on 24 October 1919 by King Gustaf V, is one of the royal academies in Sweden. The academy is an independent organisation, which promotes contact and exchange between business, research, and government, in Sweden and internationally. It is the world's oldest academy of engineering sciences.(OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Sweden 2012). Leadership The King is the patron of the Academy. The following people have been presidents of IVA since its foundation in 1919: 1919–1940: Axel F. Enström 1941–1959: Edy Velander 1960–1970: Sven Brohult 1971–1982: Gunnar Hambraeus 1982–1994: Hans G. Forsberg 1995–2000: Kurt Östlund 1999–2001: (temporary) Enrico Deiaco 2001–2008: Lena Treschow Torell 2008–2017: Björn O. Nilsson 2017–2023: Tuula Teeri Academy member Each year, outstanding scientists and engineers from universities and industries are elected into membership of IVA. Currently, the academy has 1000 Swedish and 300 foreign members. Foreign members are non-resident and non-citizen of Sweden. All new members are nominated by existing members. Focus areas The academy focuses on twelve areas of engineering sciences: Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering Building and Construction Chemical Engineering Mining and Materials Management Basic and Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences Forest Technology Economics Biotechnology Education and Research Policy Information Technology Each focus area is addressed by a committee with a representative chair. Awards The academy awards several prizes: Large Gold Medal (since 1924), Gold Medal (since 1921), Brinell medal (Brinellmedaljen, since 1936, and named after Johan August Brinell), Gold Plaque (since 1951), Honorary Sign (since 1919), Axel F. Enstrom Medal (1959–1981), amongst others. See also List of Swedish scientists Royal Academy of Engineering, UK Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, Spain National Academy of Engineering, USA References External links The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences 1919 establishments in Sweden Engineering Sciences Science and technology in Sweden National academies of engineering	[ 0.482621431350708, 0.46774566173553467, 0.3398182988166809, 0.15137991309165955, -0.23664042353630066, 0.2721702754497528, 0.5638933777809143, 0.22810502350330353, -0.7064207792282104, 0.04809868335723877, -0.004322311375290155, 0.43322786688804626, 0.0931275337934494, 0.46690770983695984, -0.5699313282966614, 0.3215600252151489, 0.4527651071548462, 0.5226760506629944, -0.2030385285615921, -0.09705804288387299, -0.212795227766037, 0.31351760029792786, 1.0853500366210938, 0.0663018599152565, 0.4424017667770386, -0.38358667492866516, 0.3805132806301117, -0.04145574942231178, 0.32557961344718933, 0.11421550065279007, 0.12917421758174896, -0.008391520008444786, -0.5893163681030273, -0.31185394525527954, -0.6617883443832397, -0.14675341546535492, -0.11216360330581665, -0.13636860251426697, 0.0376063734292984, -0.13112498819828033, 0.06164775788784027, -0.1734781712293625, -0.5626929998397827, 0.05639888346195221, -0.23941126465797424, -1.1050156354904175, -0.9519967436790466, 0.47179216146469116, -0.31979185342788696, 0.6266452074050903, -0.2633819282054901, 0.40689969062805176, -0.30683624744415283, 0.7949345111846924, 0.010292774066329002, 0.09291865676641464, -0.2973977029323578, 0.1825384795665741, -0.41110455989837646, -0.14453604817390442, 0.4185921847820282, 0.6146036982536316, 0.03310200199484825, 0.5731572508811951, 0.6883066892623901, 0.27904123067855835, -0.03231737017631531, -0.12403871864080429, -0.581362783908844, -0.3674132227897644, -0.013510224409401417, 0.4495678246021271, -0.21575157344341278, -0.3197958171367645, -0.03074292093515396, -1.269340991973877, -0.11632658541202545, -0.25760453939437866, 0.09951841831207275, -0.3608753979206085, 0.6540858745574951, -0.09423770755529404, 0.5296501517295837, 0.19092674553394318, 0.45125943422317505, 0.7045931816101074, -0.7991213798522949, -0.46595391631126404, -0.75117427110672, -0.4070371985435486, 0.22285425662994385, 0.16387683153152466, 0.6040050387382507, -0.04381599277257919, 0.6099075675010681, 0.03129439800977707, -0.19336147606372833, 0.21817387640476227, -0.6002416014671326, 0.7850311994552612, -0.2526939809322357, 0.5321180820465088, -0.22848457098007202, -0.25307953357696533, -0.4178656041622162, -0.0608273446559906, -0.1242271140217781, 0.30156925320625305, -0.35859572887420654, 0.11469894647598267, -0.6055771112442017, -0.21547627449035645, -0.18458327651023865, 0.2916954755783081, -0.3767390847206116, 0.2852941155433655, 0.1604371815919876, -0.5504239201545715, 0.0972248911857605, 0.5266188979148865, -0.024796226993203163, 0.7194182872772217, -0.26171261072158813, 0.4258243143558502, -0.10216933488845825, 0.3995646834373474, 0.05163634940981865, 0.8131338357925415, -0.5807766914367676, -0.5044743418693542, 0.42647141218185425, 0.5721698999404907, -0.07217517495155334, 0.1793762743473053, -0.03224381059408188, -0.005397587548941374, 0.20333458483219147, 0.13658840954303741, -0.7108842134475708, 0.6302956938743591, -0.899276614189148, -0.8396967053413391, -0.2393505573272705, -0.4739730954170227, -0.4906342923641205, -0.6554825305938721, -0.020963776856660843, -0.2844410240650177, -0.3944717347621918, -0.030428791418671608, 0.20742301642894745, -0.45990806818008423, -0.5890563130378723, 0.016929833218455315, 0.37080660462379456, 0.8650000095367432, 0.39517277479171753, 0.41870760917663574, 0.5434495806694031, 0.3505893051624298, 0.03618980199098587, 0.11989712715148926, -0.0688866451382637, 0.18922685086727142, 0.112411268055439, -0.35625559091567993, 0.38453033566474915, 0.6348491311073303, -0.21734121441841125, 0.13338229060173035, -0.21453264355659485, -0.4384751319885254, 0.10135393589735031, 0.18593056499958038, 0.04574092477560043, -0.09467976540327072, 0.2623478174209595, -0.203955739736557, 0.39976856112480164, -0.2497347742319107, -0.7325085997581482, 0.22920441627502441, -0.0848110169172287, 0.09056412428617477, 0.009699836373329163, -0.06964302062988281, 0.056777942925691605, 0.267781138420105, -0.20855265855789185, 0.11271073669195175, -0.21465547382831573, -0.7242142558097839, 0.4986421465873718, 0.05513136833906174, 0.9415133595466614, 0.14167256653308868, -0.6767717003822327, 1.281189203262329, -0.8175067901611328, 0.8780557513237, 0.21029315888881683, -0.4838286340236664, -0.06559483706951141, -0.36385485529899597, 0.1687299907207489, 0.09864021837711334, -0.3076432943344116, 0.010257549583911896, 0.1993226557970047, -0.21402204036712646, 0.4703548550605774, -0.6009666919708252, 0.1411813348531723, -0.30530741810798645, -0.042018577456474304, -0.3565268814563751, -0.5467522144317627, 0.39781704545021057, 0.2752015292644501, -0.18260663747787476, 0.9254029393196106, -0.051649052649736404, 0.5039483904838562, 0.3878140449523926, 0.3114088177680969, -0.006119026802480221, 0.14685885608196259, 0.9437977075576782, -0.010741974227130413, -0.3588998317718506, 0.19377902150154114, -0.9398809671401978, 0.7863374948501587, -0.06564155220985413, -0.3325848877429962, 0.12193427234888077, -0.9430696964263916, 0.4173353314399719, 0.16652798652648926, -0.5596885681152344, 0.31460893154144287, 0.5899298191070557, -0.6516003012657166, 0.5462098717689514, 0.659751832485199, 0.398967981338501, -0.4449266493320465, -0.1528063863515854, -0.43326088786125183, 0.16404131054878235, -0.4100615680217743, -0.3210892081260681, -0.5058079361915588, -0.03832169622182846, -0.5482995510101318, 0.010200506076216698, 0.13927492499351501, 0.09451550990343094, -0.430745005607605, 0.08266162127256393, -0.1724025011062622, -0.4399016797542572, -0.0755569264292717, 0.32366445660591125, 0.27411088347435, -0.03265872597694397, 0.13096663355827332, -0.5908603668212891, 0.6340181231498718, 0.4999963939189911, 0.31200718879699707, 0.30891263484954834, 0.22912047803401947, 0.27467235922813416, -0.453575074672699, -1.097460389137268, 0.31315451860427856, -0.40938058495521545, -1.0423908233642578, -0.3886493146419525, -0.4027177691459656, 0.7753711938858032, 0.004540362861007452, -0.2777860164642334, -0.4607505202293396, 0.1321222484111786, -0.07352814078330994, -0.33954063057899475, 0.0080836471170187, 0.0762581005692482, -0.24052459001541138, 0.32079026103019714, -0.5429436564445496, -0.4724673926830292, 0.3630449175834656, -0.15617124736309052, 0.33452311158180237, -0.15510284900665283, 0.5786216855049133, -0.05622825399041176, -1.120811939239502, 0.26051241159439087, -0.24228855967521667, 0.215389221906662, 0.14971867203712463, 0.017342114821076393, 0.04384990409016609, 0.49516916275024414, -5.592072486877441, -0.5833843946456909, -0.24774542450904846, -0.4735298454761505, 0.4351080060005188, 0.4013369381427765, 0.4250337481498718, -0.1814757138490677, 0.2733302712440491, -0.2092348337173462, 0.28557661175727844, 0.46980205178260803, 0.3436242341995239, 0.9547595977783203, 0.006276163272559643, 0.6377277374267578, -0.264312744140625, -0.10717226564884186, 0.14110291004180908, -0.09948912262916565, 0.12408437579870224, -0.5757791996002197, -0.26595789194107056, 0.7501552700996399, 0.7327103614807129, 0.6500304937362671, -0.5935255885124207, 0.2878200113773346, -0.08737398684024811, -0.556067168712616, 0.11721770465373993, -0.24241456389427185, 0.41397085785865784, -0.5698021650314331, -0.09702691435813904, 0.05356409400701523, 0.6182519197463989, 0.9074481129646301, 0.21892474591732025, 0.16054683923721313, 0.3781271278858185, -0.05814947187900543, -0.29755154252052307, -0.0540589913725853, -0.2705070376396179, -0.4942616820335388, -0.35436373949050903, 0.9935452938079834, -0.5826983451843262, 0.6609957218170166, -0.03536856174468994, 0.2482345849275589, 0.35322046279907227, 0.25188159942626953, -0.45058372616767883, -0.06392382830381393, -0.15785345435142517, 0.275760680437088, -0.5880981683731079, 0.15301838517189026, -0.27220773696899414, 0.5301290154457092, -0.15182717144489288, -0.30792975425720215, -0.5081757307052612, -0.35738635063171387, -0.5587038397789001, 0.13733820617198944, 0.34920021891593933, -0.15829803049564362, 0.16704031825065613, 0.574349045753479, -0.2614436447620392, -0.9850035905838013, -0.002206874778494239, -0.6105130314826965, 0.06706055253744125, -0.29356545209884644, 0.10496988892555237, 0.04281100630760193, 0.1446143388748169, 0.004004815127700567, 0.29973700642585754, 0.7413974404335022, 0.08332941681146622, -0.010322295129299164, 0.3182079493999481, -0.20291899144649506, -0.15640634298324585, -0.42157503962516785, 0.3608802258968353, -0.1033816933631897, -0.13898038864135742, 0.19918054342269897, -0.2034437656402588, 0.31331178545951843, -0.11798995733261108, 0.19655010104179382, 0.3079613745212555, -0.6836545467376709, 0.8710734844207764, -0.13011470437049866, 0.23614521324634552, -0.7325785756111145, -0.5192791223526001, -0.6422775983810425, -0.36934033036231995, -0.24099744856357574, 0.299223929643631, -0.27450233697891235, -0.18378789722919464, -0.2308708280324936, -0.22987830638885498, -0.145951047539711, 0.40848761796951294, -0.43324214220046997, -0.07963112741708755, 0.7195777297019958, -0.5650888085365295, 0.10225073248147964, -0.5441287159919739, 0.15205879509449005, 0.4343327581882477, -0.09379865229129791, 0.2656135857105255, 0.050186239182949066, -0.10833030939102173, 0.3679426908493042, -0.2525879144668579, -0.35225313901901245, 0.2583165168762207, 0.4737863540649414, -0.04321363940834999, 0.29199692606925964, 0.011602448299527168, -0.020166592672467232, -0.7510868310928345, 0.2062850445508957, 0.5746612548828125, -0.3240775465965271, 0.221374049782753, -0.09669651091098785, 0.2776491641998291, 0.2949889898300171, 0.0238140020519495, 0.2333035171031952, -0.16197235882282257, 0.45154333114624023, -0.5956646800041199, 0.15146319568157196, -0.4242912828922272, -0.11572667211294174, 0.3960466682910919, -0.3232101500034332, 0.11289899796247482, 0.5145964622497559, -0.34770649671554565, 0.44989892840385437, -0.505561113357544, -0.7830713391304016, -0.17887504398822784, -0.2858542501926422, -0.9328529834747314, -0.19362683594226837, 0.3405874967575073, -0.3282638490200043, -1.2358438968658447, 0.02221475914120674, -0.13131237030029297, 0.6874664425849915, -0.03250988572835922, -0.1814941167831421, -0.754570722579956, -0.610016942024231, 0.2535035312175751, 0.07534071058034897, 0.09305727481842041, -0.2583571672439575, -0.08232464641332626, -0.12797926366329193, 0.7299062609672546, -0.013660101220011711, 0.0313091054558754, 0.38477373123168945, 0.3880922198295593, 0.06529868394136429, -0.07683566212654114, -0.36314210295677185, 0.16901223361492157, -0.07530147582292557, 0.2225416749715805, -0.44432204961776733, 0.6647002100944519, -0.37110254168510437, -0.4876991808414459, -0.33738741278648376, -0.06204591691493988, 0.580084502696991, -0.06469020992517471, -0.45687395334243774, 0.6010910868644714, 0.4489184319972992, 0.2382708489894867, -0.00100289611145854, -0.1295340657234192, -0.6619391441345215, 0.21627028286457062, 0.4567844569683075, -0.3166835308074951, 0.7365310788154602, -0.817518413066864, -0.43516597151756287, -0.12619352340698242, 0.5797296166419983, -0.8613234758377075, -0.012803220190107822, 0.5564930438995361, -0.5202316641807556, -0.7550063729286194, -0.34250113368034363, -0.5405730605125427, 0.2495076209306717, -0.19310587644577026, -0.14963126182556152, -0.4432515799999237, -0.10048778355121613, 0.18401163816452026, 0.16217917203903198, 1.1940182447433472, -0.40193817019462585, 0.8622018098831177, 0.22571298480033875, -0.20002339780330658, -0.25546297430992126, 0.04817758500576019, 0.05268940329551697, 0.12342347204685211, 0.4356943368911743, -0.10010821372270584, 0.19365285336971283, 0.01660921238362789, 0.6239081025123596, 0.1686430275440216, -0.5018212795257568, 0.40642955899238586, -0.2432398796081543, 0.4338968098163605, -0.06636680662631989, -0.45846763253211975, -0.039367690682411194, 0.48672881722450256, -0.37055128812789917, -0.3058783710002899, -0.1657785326242447, 0.6229889392852783, -0.5045378804206848, 0.29190003871917725, 0.5174638032913208, -0.18176883459091187, 0.003389902412891388, -0.4680980443954468, 0.11792538315057755, -0.6103834509849548, 0.0625339150428772, 0.06482066959142685, 0.16667123138904572, -0.5509917140007019, -0.8608829975128174, 0.5106793642044067, -0.16922934353351593, 0.22391916811466217, -0.47972047328948975, 0.060951635241508484, 0.3679707944393158, -0.21626946330070496, 0.08720087260007858, -0.14954575896263123, -0.0560825951397419, 0.09441371262073517, 0.16596630215644836, -0.5887797474861145, 0.20520390570163727, -0.2116377353668213, -0.6299712657928467, -0.28002044558525085, -1.238160252571106, 0.026929037645459175, 0.21833303570747375, -0.28333210945129395, 0.3699036240577698, -0.3899588882923126, -0.3501826524734497, -0.06943847984075546, 0.6071759462356567, -0.28374698758125305, 0.5582637190818787, -0.07334727048873901, 0.36518898606300354, 0.3183607757091522, 0.2035975456237793, -0.24877814948558807, 0.02575034461915493, 0.1172867938876152, -0.04770803079009056, 0.11116880178451538, 0.6494335532188416, 0.2852582037448883, 0.7587002515792847, -0.601742684841156, 0.3199327886104584, 0.14455129206180573, -0.16945220530033112, -0.04666711017489433, 0.2652880847454071, -0.6779246926307678, -0.607226550579071, 0.32976555824279785, -0.6536754965782166, -0.07942362874746323, 0.04039150848984718, -0.02734074555337429, 0.21331322193145752, 0.10312554240226746, 0.03401447460055351, -0.48759305477142334, 0.6471760869026184, -0.057183943688869476, 0.11362823843955994, -0.07889359444379807, 0.09081840515136719, 0.002275609876960516, 0.11719800531864166, -0.2685019373893738, 0.7516624927520752, -0.18681614100933075, 0.17393076419830322, -0.08782635629177094, -1.0390441417694092, -0.38166946172714233, 0.7038132548332214, 0.44188588857650757, 0.6130803227424622, 0.27315548062324524, 0.3480711281299591, -0.45571163296699524, 0.36350589990615845, -0.030622879043221474, 0.20116209983825684, -0.1906411200761795, -0.13927528262138367, 0.2541140615940094, -0.5546917915344238, 0.46163585782051086, -0.6543131470680237, -0.08555729687213898, 0.06796181946992874, -0.22604049742221832, -0.04272278770804405, -0.14046750962734222, 0.10693364590406418, -0.05693880096077919, 0.08667959272861481, 0.6638979911804199, 0.26421451568603516, -0.42215457558631897, 0.07247896492481232, 0.310425728559494, 0.04293421283364296, 0.13549518585205078, -0.24414664506912231, 0.34279006719589233, -0.1988016813993454, -0.21528059244155884, -0.1978316307067871, -0.14249391853809357, 0.20178645849227905, 0.6104058623313904, 0.7104489207267761, 0.32265105843544006, 0.43673643469810486, -0.24467766284942627, 0.6375197172164917, -0.34689342975616455, -0.9624160528182983, -0.45933595299720764, -0.07123246788978577, -0.05383295565843582, 0.2008712738752365, 0.3219098448753357, 0.03154662251472473, 0.2820931673049927, -0.20909430086612701, 0.05841853469610214, 0.6045953035354614, -1.0867254734039307, -0.19703416526317596, 0.10643882304430008, 0.2068808674812317, 0.12241233140230179, -0.7323145866394043, -0.1507268249988556, 0.25091952085494995, 0.3847259283065796, -0.2600439786911011, -0.6853963136672974, 0.6078843474388123, -0.19746969640254974, 0.12958478927612305, 0.6084269881248474, 0.11554063111543655, -0.06943980604410172, -0.09568871557712555, -0.017386434599757195, 0.2241838574409485, -0.2573244869709015, -0.41538694500923157, 1.006890892982483, -0.4354258179664612, 0.07823209464550018, 0.0942932665348053, -0.47071367502212524, -0.13389278948307037, 0.05272843688726425, 0.29070326685905457, -0.09914321452379227, 0.1489894986152649, 0.33784404397010803, 0.4714856445789337, 0.16832756996154785, 0.3014177083969116, -0.8818994760513306, -0.7373906970024109, -0.5275896191596985, 0.42461374402046204, -0.4635688364505768, 0.3214532732963562, 0.23820550739765167, 0.4015953540802002, 0.4207157492637634, -0.7982816696166992, -0.1511126160621643, 0.20052362978458405, 0.5878505110740662, 0.12754172086715698, 0.4422267973423004, 0.40077489614486694, -0.47499364614486694, -0.23562592267990112, -0.3633447587490082, 0.12628765404224396, 0.30230748653411865, -0.2150176763534546, 0.5489371418952942, -0.1302454024553299, 0.029407905414700508, -0.37335652112960815, 0.44650188088417053, -0.5453248620033264, 0.18053212761878967, 0.16819095611572266 ]
210845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodpecker	Woodpecker	Woodpeckers are part of the family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti. Members of this family are chiefly known for their characteristic behaviour. They mostly forage for insect prey on the trunks and branches of trees, and often communicate by drumming with their beaks, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance. Some species vary their diet with fruits, birds' eggs, small animals, tree sap, human scraps, and carrion. They usually nest and roost in holes that they excavate in tree trunks, and their abandoned holes are of importance to other cavity-nesting birds. They sometimes come into conflict with humans when they make holes in buildings or feed on fruit crops, but perform a useful service by their removal of insect pests on trees. The Picidae are one of nine living families in the order Piciformes, the others being barbets (comprising three families), toucans, toucan-barbets, and honeyguides, which (along with woodpeckers) comprise the clade Pici, and the jacamars and puffbirds in the clade Galbuli. DNA sequencing has confirmed the sister relationships of these two groups. The family Picidae includes about 240 species arranged in 35 genera. Almost 20 species are threatened with extinction due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation, with one, the Bermuda flicker, being extinct and a further two possibly being so. General characteristics Woodpeckers range from tiny piculets, the smallest of which appears to be the bar-breasted piculet at in length and a weight of . Some of the largest woodpeckers can be more than in length. The largest surviving species is the great slaty woodpecker, which weighs on average and up to , and measures , but the extinct imperial woodpecker, at , and ivory-billed woodpecker, around and , were probably both larger. The plumage of woodpeckers varies from drab to conspicuous. The colours of many species are based on olive and brown and some are pied, suggesting a need for camouflage; others are boldly patterned in black, white, and red, and many have a crest or tufted feathers on their crowns. Woodpeckers tend to be sexually dimorphic, but differences between the sexes are generally small; exceptions to this are Williamson's sapsucker and the orange-backed woodpecker, which differ markedly. The plumage is moulted fully once a year apart from the wrynecks, which have an additional partial moult before breeding. Woodpeckers, piculets, and wrynecks all possess characteristic zygodactyl feet, consisting of four toes, the first (hallux) and the fourth facing backward and the second and third facing forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up tree trunks, which is beneficial for activities such as foraging for food or nest excavation. In addition to their strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short, strong legs. This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. Exceptions are the black-backed woodpecker and the American and Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers, which have only three toes on each foot. The tails of all woodpeckers, except the piculets and wrynecks, are stiffened, and when the bird perches on a vertical surface, the tail and feet work together to support it. Woodpeckers have strong bills that they use for drilling and drumming on trees, and long, sticky tongues for extracting food (insects and larvae). Woodpecker bills are typically longer, sharper, and stronger than the bills of piculets and wrynecks, but their morphology is very similar. The bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the pecking action in birds that regularly use it on wood. The beak consists of three layers; an outer sheath called rhamphotheca, made of scales formed from keratin proteins, an inner layer of bone which has a large cavity and mineralised collagen fibers, and a middle layer made of porous bone which connects the two other layers. Furthermore, the tongue bone (or hyoid bone) of the woodpecker is very long, and winds around the skull through a special cavity, thereby cushioning the brain. Combined, this anatomy helps the beak absorb mechanical stress. Species of woodpecker and flicker that use their bills in soil or for probing as opposed to regular hammering tend to have longer and more decurved bills. Due to their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. Their long, sticky tongues, which possess bristles, aid these birds in grabbing and extracting insects from deep within a hole in a tree. The tongue was reported to be used to spear grubs, but more detailed studies published in 2004 have shown that the tongue instead wraps around the prey before being pulled out. Many of the foraging, breeding, and signaling behaviors of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using their bills. To prevent brain damage from the rapid and repeated powerful impacts, woodpeckers have a number of physical features that protect their brains. These include a relatively small and smooth brain, narrow subdural space, little cerebrospinal fluid surrounding it to prevent it from moving back and forth inside the skull during pecking, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which maximises the contact area between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact. The skull consists of strong but compressible, sponge-like bone, which is most concentrated in the forehead and the back of the skull. Another anatomical adaptation of woodpeckers is the enormously elongated hyoid bone which subdivides, passes on either side of the spinal column and wraps around the brain case, before ending in the right nostril cavity. It plays the role of safety-belt. Computer simulations have shown that 99.7% of the energy generated in pecking is stored in the form of strain energy, which is distributed throughout the bird's body, with only a small remaining fraction of the energy going into the brain. The pecking also causes the woodpecker's skull to heat up, which is part of the reason why they often peck in short bursts with brief breaks in between, giving the head some time to cool. During the millisecond before contact with wood, a thickened nictitating membrane closes, protecting the eye from flying debris. These membranes also prevent the retina from tearing. Their nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them. Woodpeckers are capable of repeated pecking on a tree at high decelerations on the order of (1000 g). Some large woodpeckers such as Dryocopus have a fast, direct form of flight, but the majority of species have a typical undulating flight pattern consisting of a series of rapid flaps followed by a swooping glide. Many birds in the genus Melanerpes have distinctive, rowing wing-strokes while the piculets engage in short bursts of rapid direct flight. Distribution, habitat, and movements Global distribution Woodpeckers have a mostly cosmopolitan distribution, although they are absent from Australasia, Madagascar, and Antarctica. They are also absent from some of the world's oceanic islands, although many insular species are found on continental islands. The true woodpeckers, subfamily Picinae, are distributed across the entire range of the family. The Picumninae piculets have a pantropical distribution, with species in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Neotropics, with the greatest diversity being in South America. The second piculet subfamily, the Nesoctitinae, has a single member, the Antillean piculet, which is restricted to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. The wrynecks (Jynginae) are found exclusively in the Old World, with the two species occurring in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Most woodpeckers are sedentary, but a few examples of migratory species are known, such as the rufous-bellied woodpecker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, and Eurasian wryneck, which breeds in Europe and west Asia and migrates to the Sahel in Africa in the winter. More northerly populations of Lewis's woodpecker, northern flicker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted sapsucker, and red-naped sapsucker all move southwards in the fall in North America. Most woodpecker movements can be described as dispersive, such as when young birds seek territories after fledging, or eruptive, to escape harsh weather conditions. Several species are altitudinal migrants, for example the grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, which moves to lowlands from hills during winter. The woodpeckers that do migrate, do so during the day. Habitat requirements Overall, woodpeckers are arboreal birds of wooded habitats. They reach their greatest diversity in tropical rainforests, but occur in almost all suitable habitats, including woodlands, savannahs, scrublands, and bamboo forests. Even grasslands and deserts have been colonised by various species. These habitats are more easily occupied where a small number of trees exist, or in the case of desert species like the Gila woodpecker, tall cacti are available for nesting. Some are specialists and are associated with coniferous or deciduous woodlands, or even, like the acorn woodpecker, with individual tree genera (oaks in this case). Other species are generalists and are able to adapt to forest clearance by exploiting secondary growth, plantations, orchards, and parks. In general, forest-dwelling species need rotting or dead wood on which to forage. Several species are adapted to spending a portion of their time feeding on the ground, and a very small minority have abandoned trees entirely and nest in holes in the ground. The ground woodpecker is one such species, inhabiting the rocky and grassy hills of South Africa, and the Andean flicker is another. The Swiss Ornithological Institute has set up a monitoring program to record breeding populations of woodland birds. This has shown that deadwood is an important habitat requirement for the black woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, middle-potted woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker, European green woodpecker, and Eurasian three-toed woodpecker. Populations of all these species increased by varying amounts from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the amount of deadwood in the forest increased and the range of the white-backed woodpecker enlarged as it extended eastwards. With the exception of the green and middle-spotted woodpeckers, the increase in the amount of deadwood is likely to be the major factor explaining the population increase of these species. Behaviour Most woodpeckers live solitary lives, but their behaviour ranges from highly antisocial species that are aggressive towards their own kind, to species that live in groups. Solitary species defend such feeding resources as a termite colony or fruit-laden tree, driving away other conspecifics and returning frequently until the resource is exhausted. Aggressive behaviours include bill pointing and jabbing, head shaking, wing flicking, chasing, drumming, and vocalisations. Ritual actions do not usually result in contact, and birds may "freeze" for a while before they resume their dispute. The coloured patches may be flouted, and in some instances, these antagonistic behaviours resemble courtship rituals. Group-living species tend to be communal group breeders. In addition to these species, a number of species may join mixed-species foraging flocks with other insectivorous birds, although they tend to stay at the edges of these groups. Joining these flocks allows woodpeckers to decrease their anti-predator vigilance and increase their feeding rate. Woodpeckers are diurnal, roosting at night inside holes and crevices. In many species the roost will become the nest-site during the breeding season, but in some species they have separate functions; the grey-and-buff woodpecker makes several shallow holes for roosting which are quite distinct from its nesting site. Most birds roost alone and will oust intruders from their chosen site, but the Magellanic woodpecker and acorn woodpecker are cooperative roosters. Drumming Drumming is a form of nonvocal communication used by most species of woodpeckers, and involves the bill being repeatedly struck on a hard surface with great rapidity. After a pause, the drum roll is repeated, with each species having a pattern that is unique in the number of beats in the roll, the length of the roll, the length of the gap between rolls, and the cadence. The drumming is mainly a territorial call, equivalent to the song of a passerine, with male birds drumming more frequently than females. Woodpeckers choose a surface that resonates, such as a hollow tree, and may use man-made structures such as gutters and downpipes. Drumming serves for the mutual recognition of conspecifics and plays a part in courtship rituals. Individual birds are thought to be able to distinguish the drumming of their mates and those of their neighbours. Calls Woodpeckers do not have such a wide range of songs and calls as do passerine birds, and the sounds they make tend to be simpler in structure. Calls produced include brief, high-pitched notes, trills, rattles, twittering, whistling, chattering, nasal churrs, screams, and wails. These calls are used by both sexes in communication and are related to the circumstances of the occasion; these include courtship, territorial disputes, and alarm calls. Each species has its own range of calls, which tend to be in the 1.0 to 2.5 kHz range for efficient transmission through forested environments. Mated couples may exchange muted, low-pitched calls, and nestlings often issue noisy begging calls from inside their nest cavity. The wrynecks have a more musical song, and in some areas, the song of the newly arrived Eurasian wryneck is considered to be the harbinger of spring. The piculets either have a song consisting of a long, descending trill, or a descending series of two to six (sometimes more) individual notes, and this song alerts ornithologists to the presence of the birds, as they are easily overlooked. Diet and feeding Most woodpecker species feed on insects and other invertebrates living under bark and in wood, but overall, the family is characterized by its dietary flexibility, with many species being both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. The diet includes ants, termites, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, spiders, other arthropods, bird eggs, nestlings, small rodents, lizards, fruit, nuts, and sap. Many insects and their grubs are taken from living and dead trees by excavation. The bird may hear sounds from inside the timber indicating where creating a hole would be productive. Crustaceans, molluscs, and carrion may be eaten by some species, including the great spotted woodpecker, and bird feeders are visited for suet and domestic scraps. Other means are also used to garner prey. Some species, such as the red-naped sapsucker, sally into the air to catch flying insects, and many species probe into crevices and under bark, or glean prey from leaves and twigs. The rufous woodpecker specialises in attacking the nests of arboreal ants, and the buff-spotted woodpecker feeds on and nests in termite mounds. Other species, such as the wrynecks and the Andean flicker, feed wholly or partly on the ground. Ecologically, woodpeckers help to keep trees healthy by keeping them from suffering mass infestations. The family is noted for its ability to acquire wood-boring grubs from the trunks and branches, whether the timber is alive or dead. Having hammered a hole into the wood, the prey is extracted by use of a long, barbed tongue. Woodpeckers consume beetles that burrow into trees, removing as many as 85% of emerald ash borer larvae from individual ash trees. The ability to excavate allows woodpeckers to obtain tree sap, an important source of food for some species. Most famously, the sapsuckers (genus Sphyrapicus) feed in this fashion, but the technique is not restricted to these, and others such as the acorn woodpecker and white-headed woodpecker also feed on sap. The technique was once thought to be restricted to the New World, but Old World species, such as the Arabian woodpecker and great spotted woodpecker, also feed in this way. Breeding All members of the family Picidae nest in cavities, nearly always in the trunks and branches of trees, well away from the foliage. Where possible, an area of rotten wood surrounded by sound timber is used. Where trees are in short supply, the gilded flicker and ladder-backed woodpecker excavate holes in cactus, and the Andean flicker and ground woodpecker dig holes in earth banks. The campo flicker sometimes chooses termite mounds, the rufous woodpecker prefers to use ants' nests in trees and the bamboo woodpecker specialises in bamboos. Woodpeckers also excavate nest holes in residential and commercial structures and wooden utility poles. Woodpeckers and piculets excavate their own nests, but wrynecks do not, and need to find pre-existing cavities. A typical nest has a round entrance hole that just fits the bird, leading to an enlarged vertical chamber below. No nesting material is used, apart from some wood chips produced during the excavation; other wood chips are liberally scattered on the ground, thus providing visual evidence of the site of the nest. Many species of woodpeckers excavate one hole per breeding season, sometimes after multiple attempts. It takes around a month to finish the job and abandoned holes are used by other birds and mammals that are cavity nesters unable to excavate their own holes. Cavities are in great demand for nesting by other cavity nesters, so woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. This may come from other species of woodpecker, or other cavity-nesting birds such as swallows and starlings. Woodpeckers may aggressively harass potential competitors, and also use other strategies to reduce the chance of being usurped from their nesting sites; for example, the red-crowned woodpecker digs its nest in the underside of a small branch, which reduces the chance that a larger species will take it over and expand it. Members of Picidae are typically monogamous, with a few species breeding cooperatively and some polygamy reported in a few others. Polyandry, where a female raises two broods with two separate males, has also been reported in the West Indian woodpecker. Another unusual social system is that of the acorn woodpecker, which is a polygynandrous cooperative breeder where groups of up to 12 individuals breed and help to raise the young. Young birds from previous years may stay behind to help raise the group's young, and studies have found reproductive success for the group goes up with group size, but individual success goes down. Birds may be forced to remain in groups due to a lack of habitat to which to disperse. A pair works together to help build the nest, incubate the eggs, and raise their altricial young. In most species, though, the male does most of the nest excavation and takes the night shift while incubating the eggs. A clutch usually consists of two to five round, white eggs. Since these birds are cavity nesters, their eggs do not need to be camouflaged and the white color helps the parents to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about 11–14 days before they hatch. About 18–30 days are then needed before the chicks are fully fledged and ready to leave the nest. In most species, soon after this, the young are left to fend for themselves, exceptions being the various social species, and the Hispaniolan woodpecker, where adults continue to feed their young for several months. In general, cavity nesting is a successful strategy and a higher proportion of young is reared than is the case with birds that nest in the open. In Africa, several species of honeyguide are brood parasites of woodpeckers. Systematics and evolutionary history The Picidae are just one of nine living families in the order Piciformes. Other members of this group, such as the jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides, have traditionally been thought to be closely related to the woodpecker family (true woodpeckers, piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers). The clade Pici (woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides) is well supported and shares a zygodactyl foot with the Galbuli (puffbirds and jacamars). More recently, several DNA sequence analyses have confirmed that Pici and Galbuli are sister groups. The name Picidae for the family was introduced by English zoologist William Elford Leach in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1820. The phylogeny has been updated according to new knowledge about convergence patterns and evolutionary history. Most notably, the relationship of the Picinae genera has been largely clarified, and the Antillean piculet was found to be a surviving offshoot of protowoodpeckers. Genetic analysis supports the monophyly of the Picidae, which seem to have originated in the Old World, but the geographic origins of the Picinae is unclear. The Picumninae are returned as paraphyletic. Morphological and behavioural characters, in addition to DNA evidence, highlights genus Hemicircus as the sister group of all remaining true woodpeckers, besides a sister-group relationship between the true woodpecker tribes Dendropicini and Malarpicini. The evolutionary history of this group is not well documented, but the known fossils allow some preliminary conclusions; the earliest known modern picids were piculet-like forms of the Late Oligocene, about 25 million years ago (Mya). By that time, however, the group was already present in the Americas and Europe, and they actually may have evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the Early Eocene (50 Mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-Miocene (10–15 Mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. A feather enclosed in fossil amber from the Dominican Republic, dated to about 25 Mya, however, seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then. Stepwise adaptations for drilling, tapping, and climbing head first on vertical surfaces have been suggested. The last common ancestor of woodpeckers (Picidae) was incapable of climbing up tree trunks or excavating nest cavities by drilling with its beak. The first adaptations for drilling (including reinforced rhamphotheca, frontal overhang, and processus dorsalis pterygoidei) evolved in the ancestral lineage of piculets and true woodpeckers. Additional adaptations for drilling and tapping (enlarged condylus lateralis of the quadrate and fused lower mandible) have evolved in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (Hemicircus excepting). The inner rectrix pairs became stiffened, and the pygostyle lamina was enlarged in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (Hemicircus included), which facilitated climbing head first up tree limbs. Genus Hemicircus excepting, the tail feathers were further transformed for specialized support, the pygostyle disc became greatly enlarged, and the ectropodactyl toe arrangement evolved. These latter characters may have facilitated enormous increases in body size in some lineages. Prehistoric representatives of the extant Picidae genera are treated in the genus articles. An enigmatic form based on a coracoid found in Pliocene deposits of New Providence in the Bahamas, has been described as Bathoceleus hyphalus and probably also is a woodpecker. List of genera The phylogeny of woodpeckers is still being refined and the positions of some genera continue to be unclear and conflicting findings arose from analyses as of 2016. For more detail, see list of woodpecker species. Family: Picidae Subfamily: Jynginae – wrynecks Jynx (2 species) Subfamily: Picumninae – piculets Picumnus – piculets (26 species) Sasia – Asian piculets (3 species) Subfamily: Picinae – true woodpeckers Tribe Nesoctitini Nesoctites – monotypic: Antillean piculet Tribe Hemicircini Hemicircus – 2 species Tribe Picini Micropternus – monotypic: rufous woodpecker Meiglyptes – 3 species Gecinulus – 3 species Dinopium – 5 species (flamebacks) Picus – 13 species Chrysophlegma – 3 species Pardipicus – 2 species Geocolaptes – monotypic: ground woodpecker Campethera – 11 species Mulleripicus – 3 species Dryocopus – 6 species Celeus – 13 species Piculus – 7 species Colaptes – 14 species Tribe Campephilini Campephilus – 11 species Blythipicus – 2 species Reinwardtipicus – monotypic: orange-backed woodpecker Chrysocolaptes – 9 species (flamebacks) Tribe Melanerpini Sphyrapicus – 4 species (sapsuckers) Melanerpes – 24 species Picoides – 3 species Yungipicus – 7 species Leiopicus – monotypic: yellow-crowned woodpecker Dendrocoptes – 3 species Chloropicus – 3 species Dendropicos – 12 species Dendrocopos – 12 species Dryobates – 5 species Leuconotopicus – 6 species Veniliornis – 14 species Xiphidiopicus – monotypic: Cuban green woodpecker Incertae sedis fossils Genus: †Palaeopicus (Late Oligocene of France) †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of New Mexico, US) †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) Genus: †Palaeonerpes (Ogallala Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, US) – possibly dendropicine Genus: †Pliopicus (Early Pliocene of Kansas, US) – possibly dendropicine cf. Colaptes DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, US) – malarpicine? Relationship with humans In general, humans consider woodpeckers in a favourable light; they are viewed as interesting birds and fascinating to watch as they drum or forage, but their activities are not universally appreciated. Many woodpecker species are known to excavate holes in buildings, fencing, and utility poles, creating health and/or safety issues for affected strctures. Such activity is very difficult to discourage and can be costly to repair. Woodpeckers also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, downspouts, chimneys, vents, and aluminium sheeting. Drumming is a less-forceful type of pecking that serves to establish territory and attract mates. Houses with shingles or wooden boarding are also attractive as possible nesting or roosting sites, especially when close to large trees or woodland. Several exploratory holes may be made, especially at the junctions of vertical boards or at the corners of tongue-and-groove boarding. The birds may also drill holes in houses as they forage for insect larvae and pupae hidden behind the woodwork. Woodpeckers sometimes cause problems when they raid fruit crops, but their foraging activities are mostly beneficial as they control forest insect pests such as the woodboring beetles that create galleries behind the bark and can kill trees. They also eat ants, which may be tending sap-sucking pests such as mealybugs, as is the case with the rufous woodpeckerin coffee plantations in India. Woodpeckers can serve as indicator species, demonstrating the quality of the habitat. Their hole-making abilities make their presence in an area an important part of the ecosystem, because these cavities are used for breeding and roosting by many bird species that are unable to excavate their own holes, as well as being used by various mammals and invertebrates. The spongy bones of the woodpecker's skull and the flexibility of its beak, both of which provide protection for the brain when drumming, have provided inspiration to engineers; a black box needs to survive intact when a plane falls from the sky, and modelling the black box with regard to a woodpecker's anatomy has increased the resistance of this device to damage 60-fold. The design of protective helmets is another field being influenced by the study of woodpeckers. One of the accounts of the founding of Rome, preserved in the work known as Origo Gentis Romanae, refers to a legend of a woodpecker bringing food to the boys Romulus and Remus during the time they were abandoned in the wild, thus enabling them to survive and play their part in history. Status and conservation In a global survey of the risk of extinction faced by the various bird families, woodpeckers were the only bird family to have significantly fewer species at risk than would be expected. Nevertheless, several woodpeckers are under threat as their habitats are destroyed. Being woodland birds, deforestation and clearance of land for agriculture and other purposes can reduce populations dramatically. Some species adapt to living in plantations and secondary growth, or to open countryside with forest remnants and scattered trees, but some do not. A few species have even flourished when they have adapted to man-made habitats. There are few conservation projects directed primarily at woodpeckers, but they benefit whenever their habitat is conserved. The red-cockaded woodpecker has been the focus of much conservation effort in the southeastern United States, with artificial cavities being constructed in the longleaf pines they favour as nesting sites. Two species of woodpeckers in the Americas, the ivory-billed woodpecker is critically endangered and the imperial woodpecker is classified as extinct in the wild, with some authorities believing them extinct, though possible but disputed ongoing sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers have been made in the United States and a small population may survive in Cuba. A critically endangered species is the Okinawa woodpecker from Japan, with a single declining population of a few hundred birds. It is threatened by deforestation, golf course, dam,and helipad construction, road building, and agricultural development. Brain impact research Anatomy Woodpeckers possess many sophisticated shock-absorption mechanisms that help protect itself from head injury. Micro-CT scans show that plate-like spongy bone are in the skull with an uneven distribution, highly accumulated in the forehead and occiput but not in other regions. Along with the long hyoid bone “safety belt” the woodpecker has uneven beak lengths which drastically reduce strains when compared to equal length. Models have shown that pecking force is changed to strain energy and stored into the body at around 99% absorption while 1% is in the head. The head also has many factors that reduce strain to the brain and small portions of energy is dissipated into the form of heat, therefore the pecks are always intermittent. Tau protein accumulation has been studied as its associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), this has been studied and is brought up in sports where the athlete suffers repeated concussions. Tau is important as it helps hold together and stabilize brain neurons. Woodpeckers' brains share similarities to humans with CTE showing most build-up in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These accumulations are not known yet if they are pathological or the result of behavioral changes. More research is being done on the subject and the woodpecker is a suitable animal model to study. The orientation of the brain within the skull increases the area of contact when pecking to reduce stress on the brain, and their small size helps, given the acceleration speeds. Mechanical properties Straight-line trajectory was theorized to be the reason why woodpeckers do not injure themselves, since centripetal forces were the cause of concussion, but they do not always peck in straight lines, so they produce and resist centripetal forces. Laboratory tests show that the woodpeckers' cranial bone produces a significantly higher Young's modulus and ultimate strength scores compared to other birds its size. The cranial bone has a high bone mineral density with plate-like structures that are thick with high numbers of trabeculae that are spaced closely together which all may lead to lower deformation while pecking. The jaw apparatus was studied, looking into its cushioning effects. When comparing the same impact to the beak and to the forehead, the forehead experiences an impact force 1.72 times that of the beak, due to the contact time being 3.25 ms in the forehead and 4.9 ms in the beak. This is impulse momentum where impulse is the integral of force over time. The quadrate bone and joints play an important role in extending impact time, which decreases impact load to brain tissue. Bio-inspired ideas Beams Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams are inspired by the woodpecker's design; this beam's goal is to withstand continuous impacts without the need of replacement. The BHSB is composed of carbon fiber-einforced plastic (CFRP), this is to mimic the high-strength beak. Next is a rubber layer core for the hyoid bone for absorbing and spreading impact, a second core layer of aluminum honeycomb that is porous and light like the woodpecker's spongey bone for impact cushioning. The final layer is the same as the first a CFRP to act as the skull bone. Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams when compared to conventional beams reduced area damage by 50-80% and carried 40 to 5% of the level of stresses in the bottom layer while having an impact-resistance efficiency 1.65 to 16.22 times higher. References Citations General bibliography Further reading </ref> External links Woodpecker videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Woodpecker attacks dove nest Woodpecker attacks baby birds 01 . Pici (taxon) . Extant Miocene first appearances Oligocene birds	[ -0.17935684323310852, 0.4383612275123596, -0.900029182434082, -0.020736226812005043, 0.048484887927770615, 0.6352492570877075, 0.4381774663925171, 0.19996100664138794, -0.8361333012580872, -0.2097201645374298, -0.262477308511734, 0.1505366414785385, -0.33877405524253845, -0.174953430891037, -0.4659210443496704, 1.0463558435440063, 0.1485608071088791, 0.5658932328224182, 0.22467201948165894, -0.6466004252433777, -0.5787287950515747, -0.2664811611175537, 0.641947865486145, -0.3707733750343323, 0.899038553237915, -0.07725783437490463, 0.11604010313749313, -0.16786888241767883, 0.3354596793651581, 0.3048447370529175, -0.1941373199224472, 0.7892279624938965, 0.42374953627586365, -0.319492906332016, 0.07563136518001556, -0.5852614045143127, -0.3901292383670807, -0.9176021218299866, 0.6112940907478333, -0.6137031316757202, 0.251318097114563, -0.31535300612449646, 0.29244643449783325, 0.8915203809738159, -0.06514925509691238, -0.19842728972434998, -1.0885063409805298, 0.712393045425415, -0.1751588135957718, 0.31156331300735474, -0.41527098417282104, 0.5327749252319336, 0.05126342549920082, 1.186660885810852, 0.3242315948009491, 0.45524775981903076, -0.7420409917831421, -0.11307359486818314, 0.19426201283931732, -0.22871720790863037, -0.29392528533935547, 0.5716308355331421, -0.44160398840904236, -0.10991672426462173, 0.33487772941589355, 0.04459700360894203, 0.2833295464515686, 0.3383297324180603, -0.6195107102394104, 0.7239365577697754, -0.5695875883102417, -1.2088676691055298, 0.024955587461590767, 0.26915064454078674, -0.0028600275982171297, -0.31295663118362427, 0.10299945622682571, 0.06285849958658218, 0.5330608487129211, -0.20121921598911285, 0.6675152778625488, 0.6605692505836487, 0.3592454791069031, 0.15687613189220428, 0.1720571368932724, 0.5485764145851135, -1.0020910501480103, -0.3271386921405792, -0.34711962938308716, -0.12044879794120789, -0.10079345852136612, -0.12357441335916519, 0.08452904224395752, 0.26946863532066345, -0.17102810740470886, -0.42377573251724243, -0.1574283391237259, -0.3116488456726074, 0.4061480760574341, 0.4854603707790375, 0.11231119185686111, 0.6041635870933533, 0.8495257496833801, 0.11660635471343994, -0.47196897864341736, 0.15736892819404602, -0.3339855670928955, -0.06620606034994125, 0.030594265088438988, 0.09917054325342178, -0.4246905446052551, -0.0018823504215106368, -0.4588320553302765, 0.05152519419789314, 0.1627369225025177, 0.5696576833724976, 0.6365625858306885, -0.5369939804077148, 0.027459993958473206, -0.10370295494794846, -0.15605700016021729, 0.7171159982681274, -0.26133793592453003, 0.1338128298521042, -0.12767238914966583, 0.16632314026355743, 0.8856133818626404, 0.8133708834648132, -0.2235412299633026, -0.33588698506355286, 0.8790238499641418, 0.9768207669258118, -0.2923506498336792, -0.15608222782611847, 0.5733064413070679, -0.4624788165092468, -0.05224568396806717, 0.11536367982625961, 0.5291789770126343, 0.5973805785179138, -0.6965427398681641, -0.6228218078613281, -0.19714686274528503, -0.23750026524066925, 0.21899335086345673, 0.16481120884418488, -0.07234568893909454, -0.7745948433876038, -0.2294919639825821, -0.32556432485580444, 0.4162616431713104, -0.17841443419456482, -0.16754017770290375, 0.1201702356338501, -1.0355788469314575, -0.10538244992494583, 0.4823344647884369, -0.6126682758331299, 0.44292014837265015, -0.0006902983877807856, -0.28180602192878723, -0.7077934741973877, -0.7413140535354614, -0.3274071216583252, -0.06946494430303574, 0.28453683853149414, -0.22501680254936218, 0.623896062374115, -0.22396694123744965, 0.381293922662735, -0.40810492634773254, 0.3511168658733368, 0.16537366807460785, -0.6346262097358704, -0.16846279799938202, -0.4872521758079529, -0.030192404985427856, 0.4479195773601532, 0.7007184028625488, 0.4737415611743927, -0.69564288854599, 0.5117894411087036, -0.001498777186498046, -0.6775899529457092, -0.16335000097751617, 0.08859329670667648, 0.3671504557132721, 0.0431094616651535, 0.05553222447633743, -0.22882597148418427, -0.3685966432094574, 0.052941013127565384, -0.1307060718536377, -0.1420983374118805, 0.9320558905601501, 0.0748216062784195, -0.5233136415481567, 0.5064213275909424, -0.2500760555267334, 0.1458902508020401, -0.284334272146225, -0.16904087364673615, 0.732160747051239, -0.44610926508903503, -1.4188843965530396, 0.18355078995227814, 0.1764134168624878, 0.14475838840007782, 0.6135004162788391, -0.3343590795993805, -0.23347315192222595, 0.05111795291304588, 0.24702852964401245, -0.00004728016210719943, -0.07856873422861099, -0.0704539492726326, -0.33676615357398987, 0.43744221329689026, 0.02663559466600418, -0.9165753722190857, 0.45525261759757996, 0.2010641247034073, 0.002205044962465763, 0.5048031806945801, -0.06219933182001114, 0.7850379347801208, 0.34792929887771606, -0.12563535571098328, 0.3215186297893524, -0.21115924417972565, 0.07592630386352539, -0.375163197517395, -0.09007152915000916, -0.4291563630104065, -0.5966163873672485, 0.005955476779490709, -0.33837005496025085, -0.7620219588279724, 0.18783514201641083, -0.2504832148551941, 0.16360299289226532, -0.10792465507984161, -0.35195016860961914, 0.07788300514221191, 0.4458124339580536, -0.1870928555727005, 0.08885631710290909, 0.6976099610328674, -0.2481193095445633, 0.21337684988975525, 0.05121839791536331, 0.9159397482872009, 0.4770345091819763, -0.6472245454788208, 0.18586009740829468, -0.06087737902998924, 0.5646824240684509, 0.36553117632865906, 0.03047597035765648, 0.08710423856973648, -0.1921892613172531, 0.03457658737897873, -0.2057926058769226, 0.38203907012939453, -0.5983905792236328, -1.0042394399642944, -0.14016298949718475, -0.3066258430480957, 0.7075033187866211, 0.33789491653442383, 0.22204001247882843, 0.07526807487010956, -0.22993212938308716, 0.09746032953262329, 0.12841257452964783, -0.09906090050935745, -0.31722551584243774, -0.1279158890247345, -0.5197812914848328, -0.06230298802256584, 0.02849159575998783, 0.47871842980384827, 0.4102681875228882, -0.7446552515029907, 0.03515900671482086, -0.10304667800664902, 0.6006221771240234, -1.0511590242385864, 0.1873406171798706, -0.5014601349830627, 0.13273845613002777, 0.21887873113155365, 0.12254762649536133, 0.6787146925926208, -0.4570673704147339, 0.35995736718177795, -0.828219473361969, 0.6066750288009644, 0.18639907240867615, -0.8252232670783997, 0.009879046119749546, 0.16979078948497772, -0.16838547587394714, -0.25603821873664856, 0.08332882076501846, 0.15682968497276306, 0.16724473237991333, -0.2768383026123047, -5.223374366760254, -0.0710361897945404, 0.35062021017074585, -0.6560408473014832, 0.10452248901128769, 0.7455030679702759, 0.10523442178964615, -0.6708922982215881, -0.01807818002998829, 0.4778847098350525, 0.5029879808425903, 0.10465914011001587, -0.04516627639532089, 0.5799328088760376, 0.44702857732772827, 0.2588083744049072, -0.07676398754119873, -0.2520836293697357, -0.19922995567321777, -0.1891791671514511, -0.08899421244859695, 0.020549751818180084, 0.3060411810874939, -0.014596185646951199, 0.4057433605194092, -0.6243897080421448, -0.058927226811647415, -0.7461166977882385, -0.2670571506023407, 0.1408386528491974, -0.21937596797943115, 0.12864431738853455, 0.3266953229904175, 0.03623804450035095, -0.22607208788394928, -0.04564712569117546, 0.5636844038963318, 0.6606371998786926, -0.01244476716965437, 0.03868643566966057, -0.6651732325553894, 0.011997065506875515, 0.2792993485927582, -0.2625320553779602, 0.732477068901062, 0.07565628737211227, 0.39252448081970215, -0.3360304832458496, -0.23917990922927856, 0.6871048808097839, -0.05703176185488701, -0.0034963267389684916, 1.1760368347167969, 0.17394863069057465, 0.6091687679290771, -0.27756747603416443, 0.6389659643173218, 0.20256507396697998, -0.07033269852399826, -0.06331803649663925, 0.7120296359062195, -0.02153322659432888, -0.08053995668888092, -0.19663399457931519, -0.012279966846108437, -0.14039179682731628, -1.0933966636657715, 0.1444719284772873, 0.8502522110939026, -0.01007929164916277, -0.140111044049263, 0.0348370335996151, -0.504576563835144, -0.8394300937652588, 0.8240064978599548, -0.4543836712837219, -0.31808656454086304, 0.09023504704236984, 0.02717462182044983, 0.7381047606468201, 0.2754797637462616, -0.12647545337677002, -0.3981460928916931, -0.04998721182346344, -0.3035692274570465, -0.3492897152900696, -0.9030219912528992, -0.21133320033550262, -0.05856487527489662, -0.00202634884044528, 0.42213547229766846, -0.10597700625658035, -0.20002879202365875, 0.2525602877140045, 0.7971969842910767, 0.464409202337265, 0.8575470447540283, -0.2645244598388672, 0.5521953105926514, -0.1478394716978073, 0.8751212954521179, 0.33882343769073486, -0.28156694769859314, -0.15423813462257385, -0.00003218347410438582, -0.7930840849876404, 0.401539146900177, 0.3369787931442261, 0.4439484775066376, -0.200955331325531, 0.1789896935224533, -0.755466878414154, -0.28937461972236633, -0.46486803889274597, -0.2103041112422943, -0.20309415459632874, 0.24341914057731628, -0.2311856597661972, 0.3845018148422241, -0.16392526030540466, -0.05334585905075073, 0.023100007325410843, -0.4782707691192627, -0.30144286155700684, -0.479218989610672, -0.5148197412490845, 0.0770929828286171, 0.22847433388233185, -1.0454435348510742, -0.8094911575317383, -0.08714400976896286, 0.0811377465724945, -0.012538655661046505, 0.19986265897750854, -0.12739092111587524, 0.2170165628194809, -0.03921964392066002, 0.22972269356250763, 0.4337179660797119, -0.07676828652620316, -0.37826281785964966, -0.7530913352966309, -0.2094734162092209, -0.3421380817890167, 1.0462146997451782, 0.5126519799232483, -0.8959097266197205, -0.5450507402420044, -0.43805038928985596, 0.9526983499526978, -0.12423372268676758, -0.15273380279541016, -0.2695107161998749, 0.01926344633102417, 0.3597066402435303, -0.9491522908210754, -0.2141910195350647, 0.12552888691425323, -0.07080734521150589, -1.2411507368087769, 0.06967198103666306, -0.2018030732870102, -0.4574439823627472, -0.21102231740951538, 0.3323668837547302, 0.08813180774450302, -0.3586258590221405, -0.3143891990184784, -0.3814346492290497, 0.6348304748535156, 0.2305561900138855, 0.04443756118416786, -0.7117843627929688, 0.2491615265607834, 0.3750742971897125, -0.4840959906578064, -0.21077823638916016, 0.2019745260477066, -0.6756620407104492, -0.21810677647590637, -0.02033263072371483, 0.22818487882614136, 0.09825821220874786, -0.20257166028022766, 0.3231315612792969, -1.037886142730713, 0.6264663338661194, 0.08973149955272675, -0.05715886875987053, -0.2841688394546509, 0.474975049495697, 0.01028054766356945, 0.34869977831840515, 0.19150099158287048, -0.41488316655158997, 0.12100396305322647, 0.337443083524704, 0.4771750271320343, -0.21044544875621796, -1.0090038776397705, 0.053269390016794205, -0.2432979792356491, 0.04080582037568092, 0.27495718002319336, 0.5149280428886414, 0.14189621806144714, 0.30001452565193176, -0.08016642928123474, -0.6067177057266235, 0.5086866617202759, -0.052498117089271545, -0.34172722697257996, -0.2144228219985962, 0.6776885390281677, -0.14411099255084991, 0.339616060256958, 0.3601248562335968, 0.014664865098893642, -0.31012073159217834, -0.039603810757398605, 0.07568204402923584, 0.23286809027194977, -0.1640760451555252, -0.002613154938444495, -0.5030345320701599, 0.4635556638240814, -0.09177638590335846, 0.23051369190216064, 0.8237852454185486, -1.03265380859375, -0.6697861552238464, -0.3365125358104706, 0.2585887312889099, -0.14701537787914276, 0.2577148377895355, -0.1279725730419159, -0.39721912145614624, -0.0541582815349102, 0.035690661519765854, 0.7111867070198059, 0.10920772701501846, 1.2285021543502808, 0.17099745571613312, -0.06593844294548035, -0.34474149346351624, 0.2396557480096817, -0.06650605797767639, -0.4833124577999115, -0.9146713614463806, -0.5802705883979797, 0.04508720338344574, -0.005714443977922201, 0.4986179769039154, 0.5216571092605591, 0.21574032306671143, -0.5303911566734314, -0.38914912939071655, 0.7256444692611694, 0.3417236804962158, 0.36086371541023254, -0.16933807730674744, -0.14824488759040833, -0.5412905216217041, 0.4663597345352173, 0.20321306586265564, -0.8384659886360168, -0.7863887548446655, 0.11602272093296051, 0.04642803966999054, -0.28300100564956665, 0.36735570430755615, 0.1888897866010666, -0.20886918902397156, -0.1860744059085846, 0.1860218048095703, 0.46442097425460815, -0.1707720309495926, -0.5089460611343384, 0.018157465383410454, -0.1460043042898178, -0.4151117205619812, -0.14969812333583832, 0.03094080649316311, -0.5830838084220886, -0.15399804711341858, -0.31153568625450134, -0.2779483199119568, -0.46226710081100464, 0.021291710436344147, -0.6780471205711365, -0.5199272036552429, 0.25559818744659424, -0.077885702252388, 0.4511467516422272, 0.6278563737869263, 0.2855432331562042, 0.3340190649032593, 0.47178515791893005, -0.1721011847257614, 0.7145616412162781, -1.0550791025161743, 0.4965780973434448, 0.3290520906448364, -0.49413806200027466, 0.6657776236534119, -0.11237462610006332, -0.3149961531162262, 0.041766297072172165, -0.6075567603111267, -0.29281824827194214, -0.1559039205312729, -0.21915696561336517, -0.06674224138259888, 0.4047432839870453, -0.013127787038683891, -0.09630636870861053, 0.4614253044128418, -0.533515453338623, 0.26861801743507385, 0.7985855340957642, 0.21440067887306213, -0.3608977794647217, 0.4107268154621124, 0.16990329325199127, -0.5100674033164978, 0.5353008508682251, -0.8202692866325378, -0.1832580715417862, 0.3260748088359833, -0.10748565196990967, 1.0455282926559448, 0.2930833399295807, -0.7818295359611511, 0.47407039999961853, 0.09617078304290771, -0.4867733418941498, -0.31604811549186707, -0.777737557888031, -0.30932438373565674, 1.0874825716018677, 1.2798088788986206, 0.25993120670318604, 0.176838219165802, 0.2929520308971405, -0.004057872574776411, 0.4025613069534302, -0.21938097476959229, -0.06528853625059128, -0.057105500251054764, 0.04026928171515465, 0.6657007932662964, 0.13694903254508972, 0.499546617269516, -0.33121103048324585, 0.44311660528182983, 0.3768414855003357, -0.21919213235378265, 0.4182468354701996, -0.5673943161964417, 0.1328333169221878, 0.32554125785827637, 0.15710213780403137, -0.22195036709308624, -0.21760156750679016, -0.6860008835792542, 0.35212743282318115, -0.7206897735595703, 0.38788631558418274, -0.926045298576355, 0.113519087433815, -0.00020382562070153654, 0.4350675940513611, -0.0776277482509613, -0.4271101653575897, 0.13465037941932678, -0.16791239380836487, -0.19018180668354034, 0.3163418173789978, 0.4636715352535248, 0.04574960842728615, -0.1614452600479126, -0.7658350467681885, 0.10068972408771515, -1.246864676475525, 0.2712969481945038, 0.06361313164234161, -0.1554708331823349, 0.34681442379951477, 0.2984483540058136, -0.04772917926311493, -0.4305523931980133, 0.12862196564674377, -0.05579172447323799, 0.7325823903083801, -0.22888872027397156, -0.7984494566917419, 0.2350485473871231, 1.1791001558303833, -0.08315658569335938, -0.13846337795257568, 0.6908826231956482, 0.35120680928230286, -0.5255273580551147, -0.03323962911963463, -0.21680091321468353, 0.3131611943244934, -0.1751491129398346, -0.5917714834213257, -0.47309911251068115, 0.9992601871490479, 0.6784545183181763, 0.20314790308475494, -0.040685709565877914, 0.019260194152593613, -0.47082290053367615, 0.26374247670173645, 0.9953510165214539, -0.0810626670718193, 0.0847320556640625, -0.6063531637191772, 0.17867520451545715, -0.403697669506073, 0.7117455005645752, 0.5631098747253418, 0.0977877601981163, -0.08525359630584717, 0.46781453490257263, -0.2874723970890045, -0.6536967754364014, 0.4180319905281067, -0.5359399318695068, 0.3518049418926239, -0.25770658254623413, 0.15069571137428284, 0.06398934870958328, -0.4259907603263855, 0.644564151763916, 0.22026567161083221, 0.1444932073354721, -0.18570460379123688, -0.014085536822676659, -0.1875583678483963, 0.4543701112270355, -0.6969821453094482, -0.36492830514907837, 0.10438651591539383, 0.3156857490539551, -1.0343915224075317, -0.3218798041343689, 0.15310460329055786, 0.15700814127922058, -0.8326203227043152, 0.15167582035064697, -0.06829982995986938, -0.6126341223716736, 0.11471833288669586, 0.27514058351516724, -0.2828670144081116, 0.17395320534706116, -0.4658660590648651 ]
210848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukien	Fukien	Fukien () can refer to Fujian, a province of the People's Republic of China Fujian Province, Republic of China, a province of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Fukien AC, an athletics club in Hong Kong See also Hokkien (disambiguation)	[ 0.481178879737854, -0.04072488471865654, -0.3258548378944397, -0.3140823543071747, -0.5821720957756042, 0.04563402011990547, 0.1900862157344818, 0.4841715395450592, -0.20592989027500153, 0.014492044225335121, -0.11789963394403458, 0.01970941759645939, 0.2276398241519928, -0.05289312079548836, -0.5168918371200562, 0.13217288255691528, 0.5014386177062988, 0.8579211235046387, -0.14750050008296967, -0.2138063609600067, -0.542616605758667, -0.40759146213531494, 0.382080614566803, -0.5299142003059387, 0.17385384440422058, 0.11084409058094025, 0.7319613099098206, 0.8209184408187866, 0.20546603202819824, -0.24584193527698517, -0.26879581809043884, 0.6384655833244324, -0.2212526947259903, -0.07276294380426407, 0.5260584950447083, 0.012659948319196701, 0.36382073163986206, -0.18405157327651978, 0.2570575475692749, -0.24037788808345795, 0.2743554413318634, -0.22862164676189423, 0.6031354069709778, 0.5176196694374084, 0.41058582067489624, -0.7187180519104004, -1.6655287742614746, -0.011328009888529778, -1.1358789205551147, 0.2085302174091339, -0.3615720272064209, 0.1263435333967209, -0.16427263617515564, 0.64354407787323, 0.16925694048404694, 0.8540433049201965, -0.9615560173988342, -0.31310373544692993, 0.3652767539024353, 0.30092695355415344, 0.5546492338180542, 0.20444335043430328, -0.009130798280239105, 0.24816685914993286, -0.037406619638204575, 0.4801780581474304, -0.1080729067325592, 0.24803343415260315, -0.3533548414707184, -0.45057910680770874, 0.16341501474380493, 0.2677735984325409, -0.23239625990390778, -0.03255012631416321, -0.003578311065211892, -0.016869494691491127, -0.42843255400657654, -0.05558173358440399, 0.27316227555274963, 0.1175038293004036, -0.2633580267429352, -0.14731968939304352, 0.9308366775512695, 0.18620450794696808, 0.48354071378707886, 0.45552363991737366, -0.3128912150859833, 0.023107999935746193, -0.11931876093149185, 0.9476413726806641, 0.2050981968641281, -0.059369880706071854, 0.33911219239234924, -0.0502144955098629, -0.38854023814201355, -0.017198044806718826, -0.07805035263299942, 0.6841883063316345, 0.34764277935028076, -0.10024239867925644, -0.3558639585971832, 0.2797962725162506, 0.12637276947498322, 0.3622490465641022, -0.9007706642150879, -0.44109293818473816, -0.4130595028400421, -0.1938752681016922, -0.03469270095229149, -0.4825775921344757, -0.4605095386505127, 0.26043185591697693, 0.7699266076087952, -0.051092442125082016, 0.058300796896219254, -0.26023513078689575, 0.4387131631374359, -0.4024345874786377, -0.5427283048629761, 0.08618956804275513, 0.495720773935318, 0.5836151838302612, -0.11344468593597412, -0.46770089864730835, 0.6006921529769897, 0.2939716875553131, 0.24012801051139832, 0.46574488282203674, 0.19846680760383606, 0.0853709727525711, 0.08170220255851746, 0.5343011021614075, -0.4998677670955658, 0.20174984633922577, 0.5523794293403625, -0.8724496960639954, 0.09196650981903076, -0.12450989335775375, 0.2196527123451233, -0.11838497966527939, -0.7180039286613464, 0.09105542302131653, -1.3742146492004395, -0.21779286861419678, 0.06630798429250717, 0.01866510882973671, -0.7288600206375122, -0.6019981503486633, 0.09228593856096268, 0.02169930562376976, -0.14728763699531555, 0.14239642024040222, 0.10003657639026642, 0.7512243390083313, -0.7452295422554016, 0.14780688285827637, 0.8011563420295715, -0.22574186325073242, 0.3765051066875458, 0.2879323661327362, -0.7654961943626404, -0.40148648619651794, -0.4254966378211975, 0.10534022003412247, -0.11180737614631653, 0.061573710292577744, 0.8728386759757996, 0.4232169985771179, -0.07365445047616959, 0.3814791142940521, -0.5660234093666077, -0.2755635678768158, -0.11417488008737564, -0.16601991653442383, -0.3230268359184265, -0.18470606207847595, 0.4981098473072052, 0.2176816314458847, 0.17941415309906006, -0.11728499084711075, -0.9145293831825256, 0.07236802577972412, 0.45438966155052185, 0.2101743221282959, 0.3021160066127777, -0.2662978768348694, 0.8614490628242493, 0.2917003929615021, -0.18003112077713013, 0.5217075347900391, 0.5552586317062378, -0.5248152017593384, 0.37978649139404297, -0.34066256880760193, 0.5032283663749695, 0.23661372065544128, -0.42333343625068665, 0.5046976804733276, -0.01478189043700695, 0.4854889512062073, -0.0849030464887619, 0.009398920461535454, 0.13220003247261047, 0.023068998008966446, -0.5906612873077393, 0.8934739828109741, 0.5491158962249756, 0.5247694253921509, 0.4451233744621277, 0.03971986845135689, 0.35398486256599426, -0.029058096930384636, 0.17123529314994812, -0.4338608682155609, -0.34190788865089417, -0.5042532086372375, -0.13290753960609436, 0.11200688779354095, -0.012551634572446346, -0.6897830963134766, 0.6314205527305603, -0.16911481320858002, -0.5284119248390198, 0.5693817734718323, 0.5082891583442688, 0.9232789278030396, 0.27908509969711304, 0.3365565240383148, 0.21470078825950623, -0.07136198878288269, 0.43218880891799927, -0.24320946633815765, 0.03427191823720932, -0.11208692193031311, -0.1792687028646469, 0.2501388192176819, 0.2365705966949463, -0.7391089200973511, 0.2539122998714447, -0.2580249011516571, 0.19436363875865936, 0.502995491027832, -0.5491365194320679, -0.10460364818572998, 0.5692054629325867, 0.17089563608169556, -0.41757652163505554, 0.03855753690004349, -0.36921757459640503, -0.21844977140426636, 0.3371548056602478, -0.01272348128259182, 0.08563609421253204, -0.05075332149863243, 0.5362711548805237, 0.03583589941263199, -0.12136594951152802, 0.34942662715911865, 0.2132263481616974, -0.2530807852745056, -0.32672199606895447, 0.24302031099796295, 0.5156975984573364, 0.28285109996795654, -0.49108418822288513, -0.22644682228565216, -0.06249095872044563, -0.37522608041763306, 0.34669092297554016, -0.23021180927753448, 0.250504732131958, 0.1386769711971283, -0.7848341464996338, -0.7572810649871826, -0.483065664768219, -0.34212979674339294, -0.8246369361877441, 0.4984191656112671, -1.1382079124450684, -0.10704690963029861, -0.07121413946151733, 0.39695772528648376, 0.2911684215068817, -0.4556143879890442, -0.14598678052425385, -0.4107453227043152, -0.14798738062381744, -0.3338083326816559, -0.36959680914878845, 0.10414192825555801, -0.2808580696582794, -0.03373607248067856, -0.37710297107696533, -0.016884686425328255, -0.05507446080446243, -0.3204312026500702, -0.4426996409893036, -0.022821785882115364, 0.37209832668304443, -0.7460305094718933, -0.5325696468353271, 0.11819807440042496, -0.45068252086639404, -0.35396715998649597, 0.1650323122739792, -0.13674113154411316, -0.35449695587158203, -0.10677558928728104, -5.5241899490356445, 0.19884859025478363, -0.023917658254504204, 0.38954612612724304, 0.5834446549415588, -0.3235049247741699, 0.3644986152648926, -0.7855277061462402, -0.03666579723358154, 0.2189406007528305, 0.10519653558731079, -0.2355840802192688, 0.34090057015419006, 0.07917805016040802, 0.13424822688102722, 0.5977824330329895, 0.44717738032341003, 0.08269335329532623, 0.45269930362701416, -0.2635471224784851, -0.3715035617351532, 0.24974142014980316, 0.12898865342140198, 1.002913236618042, 0.35531407594680786, 0.7537561058998108, -0.3509315550327301, 0.13957537710666656, -0.6429194808006287, -0.6474613547325134, -0.21296755969524384, 0.15224425494670868, 0.6482862830162048, 0.0416366308927536, -0.0816580206155777, -0.08026447147130966, 0.9500481486320496, 0.16781572997570038, 0.22342754900455475, -0.6586360335350037, -0.27943745255470276, 0.34570199251174927, -0.6117202043533325, -0.5603592991828918, 0.2509647011756897, -0.5292088389396667, -0.7132061719894409, 0.05173235386610031, -0.4843643009662628, 0.6141836047172546, 0.45088520646095276, -0.019219115376472473, 0.3055833578109741, 0.22477173805236816, 0.2748206853866577, -0.01998952217400074, 0.2443210929632187, 0.11329566687345505, -0.2768348455429077, 0.24092735350131989, 0.43998679518699646, -0.15780185163021088, -0.07433507591485977, -0.2667926549911499, -0.4194323420524597, -0.3422572612762451, -0.054638102650642395, -0.003011084394529462, 0.03279547765851021, 0.10762710124254227, -0.7929173111915588, -0.28421545028686523, -0.04088519513607025, -1.0741819143295288, 0.15204833447933197, 0.2752247154712677, -0.3792981505393982, 0.16962526738643646, -0.13167862594127655, 0.5519071817398071, -0.36804434657096863, -0.079679474234581, -0.2989515960216522, 1.0571798086166382, 0.012847797945141792, -0.5647901892662048, 0.03547379747033119, 0.4350341558456421, 0.10905291885137558, -0.08572293072938919, 0.8156553506851196, -0.1549806147813797, 0.611406147480011, 0.30774322152137756, 0.003595446003600955, 0.4625396430492401, 0.30104273557662964, -0.37185409665107727, 0.15580494701862335, -1.0215824842453003, 0.4381638765335083, -0.09719082713127136, -0.20417702198028564, -0.3970925211906433, -0.01582920551300049, -0.2226213961839676, 0.11367478221654892, 0.3868657350540161, 0.7612240314483643, -0.04185067489743233, -0.0864667296409607, -0.013710095547139645, -0.6691876649856567, -0.055856022983789444, 0.457819402217865, -0.5990900993347168, -0.8354091048240662, -0.049649812281131744, 0.4672899544239044, 0.47029122710227966, -0.0656093880534172, 0.7302891612052917, 0.11522266268730164, -0.607718288898468, 0.04424399510025978, -0.30390599370002747, -0.14307717978954315, 0.5548213720321655, -0.3396257162094116, 0.11396704614162445, 0.4609454572200775, -0.18887586891651154, 0.14846743643283844, 0.36893922090530396, -0.1675509363412857, -0.254058837890625, -0.8967463374137878, -0.5748798251152039, 0.19779345393180847, -0.18769587576389313, 0.5763658881187439, 0.07599351555109024, -0.027657127007842064, 0.27864938974380493, 0.15851566195487976, 0.7016077637672424, -0.12056096643209457, -0.10729263722896576, -0.9083690047264099, 0.4329986870288849, 0.5116812586784363, -0.9866892695426941, 0.5697287321090698, -0.7611689567565918, -0.3673674166202545, 0.44969642162323, -0.40833720564842224, 0.3430522084236145, -0.20652781426906586, -0.4074971675872803, 0.4079999327659607, -0.09031128883361816, -0.8931392431259155, 0.2690644860267639, -0.37935054302215576, -0.6266158223152161, 0.02097891829907894, 0.23258866369724274, 0.06475213915109634, 0.38913485407829285, 0.2862473130226135, -0.46095535159111023, -0.9731512069702148, -0.020399250090122223, 0.007990655489265919, -0.38721492886543274, 0.20241498947143555, 0.9227932691574097, -0.32681214809417725, -0.43053701519966125, 0.18546517193317413, 0.09524098038673401, 0.31271591782569885, 0.38725993037223816, 0.46375149488449097, -0.2718815207481384, 0.3563959002494812, -0.4307817220687866, -0.5279558300971985, 0.42864447832107544, 0.21530136466026306, 0.5682435035705566, 0.4768887460231781, 0.6753926873207092, -0.267384797334671, -0.7289019823074341, 0.13151298463344574, 0.8675548434257507, -0.24118439853191376, -0.06680132448673248, 0.04333009943366051, 0.280276894569397, -0.26820647716522217, 0.40757423639297485, 0.3053600788116455, -0.47098028659820557, 0.0898357704281807, 0.04584356024861336, 0.03280148282647133, -0.26580241322517395, -0.5258111953735352, -0.8557130694389343, 0.25285255908966064, -0.034648437052965164, -0.7809422612190247, 0.055314648896455765, 0.13528163731098175, -0.2817019522190094, 0.006093367002904415, -1.075480341911316, -0.07778720557689667, 0.10395421087741852, -0.43987688422203064, -0.12684758007526398, -0.27902722358703613, 0.2854348123073578, 0.17404474318027496, -0.31043246388435364, -0.006604652386158705, -0.35662198066711426, -0.12984450161457062, 0.1107659786939621, 0.5072511434555054, 0.4103207588195801, 0.020153388381004333, 0.06457527726888657, 0.05648426339030266, 0.14186829328536987, 0.12219677865505219, 0.27905505895614624, 0.05131447687745094, 0.5336742401123047, -0.04372250661253929, -0.5162346959114075, -0.5702394843101501, 0.36305931210517883, 0.6056487560272217, -0.4107798933982849, -0.8300477266311646, 0.7234036326408386, 0.12005770951509476, -0.5269542932510376, -0.7083062529563904, -0.22583231329917908, 0.33246344327926636, -1.0861961841583252, -0.03515925630927086, 0.8079349994659424, 0.40380939841270447, -0.0691966861486435, -0.21984903514385223, -0.3443950414657593, -0.31918206810951233, 0.17419138550758362, -0.2078431099653244, 0.15612341463565826, -0.7793638110160828, -0.05973884090781212, 0.16448116302490234, -0.05048154294490814, -0.4769003987312317, -0.35807549953460693, 0.5003892183303833, 0.6552585363388062, 0.12042665481567383, -0.23483224213123322, 0.11852525174617767, -0.36720648407936096, -0.2120610773563385, -0.157817542552948, -0.5446346998214722, -0.07226607948541641, 0.08394141495227814, -0.6413109302520752, 0.2915091812610626, -0.7190762758255005, 0.19480419158935547, 0.3199731409549713, -0.5692071914672852, 0.5546960830688477, -0.047911904752254486, -0.3599506616592407, -0.10702040791511536, -0.17601297795772552, -0.6731314063072205, -0.12121880054473877, 0.37704846262931824, 0.23716318607330322, -0.3242795467376709, -0.2520861327648163, -0.9077237248420715, 0.311089426279068, -0.08200594782829285, -0.19245865941047668, 0.36237168312072754, -0.29698535799980164, 0.010505870915949345, -0.5578320026397705, -0.36533260345458984, 0.3436461091041565, -0.07230634242296219, 0.46729594469070435, 0.02062121033668518, 0.8914723992347717, 0.1593259871006012, 0.24120616912841797, 0.13385261595249176, -0.7332767844200134, -0.2417588084936142, 0.629725456237793, 0.1449681520462036, -0.2543568015098572, 0.4348228871822357, 0.3397212028503418, 0.021207209676504135, 0.5125727653503418, -0.11995021253824234, -0.36285099387168884, 0.6822617053985596, 0.03560052439570427, 0.1394396722316742, -0.007545762695372105, -0.6218194365501404, 0.0347546748816967, -0.05666375160217285, -0.5985375046730042, 0.27548786997795105, -0.676092803478241, -0.15410789847373962, 0.5298776626586914, 0.3929682672023773, 0.934965193271637, -0.2384984940290451, -0.5623673796653748, 0.9301306009292603, -0.21537286043167114, -0.06061313673853874, -0.05484004691243172, 0.4716745615005493, -0.3785083591938019, 0.6771162152290344, 0.02082107961177826, 0.27348482608795166, -0.5642615556716919, 0.14973798394203186, 0.40261679887771606, -0.7433398365974426, -1.0002635717391968, 0.009458327665925026, -0.028172271326184273, 0.14430047571659088, -0.3860662877559662, -0.15867771208286285, -0.040761061012744904, 0.06224780157208443, -0.31386613845825195, -0.09164491295814514, -0.11796453595161438, -0.4097108542919159, 0.8195082545280457, 0.2395634949207306, 0.45319822430610657, 0.21026623249053955, -0.23367218673229218, -0.006834316533058882, 0.265106201171875, 0.2887651324272156, 0.3107133209705353, -0.3596000373363495, 0.054511312395334244, -0.045618318021297455, 0.47807401418685913, -0.17508754134178162, -0.9807093143463135, 0.3370763063430786, 0.301211953163147, -0.04031430557370186, 0.26622632145881653, -0.605779767036438, 0.5516146421432495, -0.051289308816194534, -0.11441540718078613, -0.2931532561779022, 0.16743287444114685, 0.018599674105644226, -0.29884445667266846, -0.56363445520401, 0.5530040860176086, 0.6617740392684937, 0.39332056045532227, 0.1150224581360817, 0.35711824893951416, 0.16634514927864075, 0.10901638120412827, -0.4681783616542816, -0.00453540263697505, -0.004700472112745047, 0.5176733732223511, -0.586520791053772, 0.2526058852672577, 0.7590531706809998, 0.6213586926460266, 0.3084281086921692, 0.3557920455932617, 0.1336042433977127, 0.3380314111709595, 0.6045360565185547, -0.3621329665184021, -0.3942560851573944, -0.007835988886654377, -0.12187179923057556, -0.6055880188941956, -0.0002637728175614029, 0.8477485775947571, -0.17752569913864136, -0.40839076042175293, 0.5125259160995483, -0.29319924116134644, -0.6924276947975159, 0.15749071538448334, -0.46908754110336304, -0.15679237246513367, -0.5845268368721008, -0.21474458277225494, -0.3408085107803345, -0.2515910863876343, 0.2230333685874939, 0.9588367342948914, 0.3134368658065796, -0.15651638805866241, 0.37011975049972534, 0.013892658054828644, -0.023190220817923546, 0.5020627975463867, -0.8210735321044922, 0.04281448572874069, 0.37841537594795227, -0.09015173465013504, -0.3238624632358551, 0.2264558970928192, 0.427553653717041, -0.632520854473114, 0.2971448004245758, 0.07002553343772888, 0.15786026418209076, -0.08808151632547379, 0.38271304965019226, -0.3666783571243286, 0.35868245363235474, -0.008931905962526798 ]
210849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollos%20de%20Caguas%20%28basketball%29	Criollos de Caguas (basketball)	Criollos de Caguas were a professional basketball team based in Caguas, Puerto Rico. History The Criollos professional basketball team began to play during the 1969 season, joining their counterparts the Criollos of baseball. Unlike their baseball counterparts, however, the basketball Criollos did not enjoy a wild and steady success, instead settling for moderate success. The Criollos, with Cayey's resident Willie Melendez and Bayamon-born Willie Quiñones on their side, reached the semi-finals in 1985. Melendez was traded to the Polluelos de Aibonito the following season, however, and The Criollos then went on a downward spiral, going 12–21 in 1986, 7–23 in 1987, 9–24 in 1988 and 10–20 in 1989. Quinones, although the Criollos only once posted a winning record with him as a player, always refused to be traded as he declared over and over again that he would only play for his hometown's team. He and Melendez (Melendez with 6,123) are members of the exclusive group of basketball players that have scored 5,000 or more points in Puerto Rican basketball history, 5,000 points being a coveted number because of the relatively small number of games played each year (from 30 to 33 games per season). In 1987, Caguas Mayor Angel O. Berrios took over as team owner. In the 1990s, a Criollos revival began, and he hired such players as Luis Allende and Gary Joe Burgos. The Criollos reached the semi-finals again in 2002, and got to the playoffs in 2003, losing in the first round. The Criollos decided not to play during the 2005 BSN season, partly because of economical reasons, but the team returned for the 2006 season and won the tournament for the first time in their history after beating the Cangrejeros de Santurce in the finals. The Criollos entered the league's "Super 6" semifinals. They remained with possibilities of earning advancing until the final stages of the phase, gathering 20 points. On June 10, 2008, one of the team's games against the Arecibo Captains was cancelled when the league suspected that one of the Captains' players was playing against the league's rules. References External links Puerto Rican League official website BSN teams Caguas, Puerto Rico 1976 establishments in Puerto Rico Basketball teams established in 1969	[ -0.1922467201948166, 0.2918345034122467, -0.3477904796600342, 0.3765271306037903, -0.3047833740711212, -0.025506645441055298, 0.30980560183525085, 1.0397089719772339, -0.6989208459854126, 0.04480362311005592, 0.5678097009658813, 0.09280581772327423, -0.11213002353906631, 0.31650301814079285, -0.32851964235305786, 0.2899974286556244, 0.4960674047470093, 0.7800043821334839, 0.5447779297828674, -0.8035317063331604, -0.5684055685997009, -0.289814829826355, 0.08926746249198914, 0.46257832646369934, -0.39449089765548706, -0.007802942302078009, -0.08874649554491043, 1.0253217220306396, 0.25563478469848633, -0.4432273209095001, 0.6881210803985596, 0.8001265525817871, 0.5186670422554016, -0.08881288766860962, 0.21743974089622498, 0.04733527824282646, 0.11550202965736389, -0.5331780314445496, 0.4208565652370453, -0.33355170488357544, 0.04366683214902878, 0.0878729522228241, -0.13919371366500854, 0.4160718023777008, 0.47955140471458435, -0.247495636343956, -1.4009183645248413, 0.22893844544887543, -1.1444272994995117, -0.24775291979312897, -0.32051220536231995, 0.8312619924545288, 0.05845195800065994, 0.0931972786784172, -0.25253963470458984, 0.8416293263435364, -0.6887800097465515, -0.023235836997628212, -0.19378779828548431, -0.0769985094666481, 0.3549846112728119, 0.4309898614883423, 0.7033330202102661, -0.23996160924434662, 0.008625060319900513, -0.06251072883605957, 0.28448793292045593, -0.12822729349136353, 0.3343128263950348, 0.016185259446501732, -0.3196369409561157, -0.059861619025468826, -0.09297588467597961, -0.3334282636642456, -0.2544616460800171, -0.5664103627204895, -0.11998375505208969, -0.2687544524669647, 0.09811927378177643, 0.35120436549186707, 0.18237896263599396, -0.2102605253458023, 0.6512920260429382, 0.43886101245880127, 0.33305221796035767, 0.8787712454795837, -0.5519880056381226, -0.720252275466919, -0.16886258125305176, 0.6760952472686768, -1.0194538831710815, 0.28562888503074646, 0.7105311155319214, 0.1036093607544899, -0.2926846742630005, 0.09059262275695801, -0.253091424703598, 0.32245731353759766, 0.11694425344467163, 0.19061700999736786, -0.06875002384185791, 0.2440483272075653, 0.11498148739337921, 0.4950469434261322, -0.6002247333526611, 0.3884720802307129, -0.353580504655838, -0.15470974147319794, -0.7502995729446411, -0.3569237291812897, -0.2673303186893463, 0.18673664331436157, 0.3659193813800812, 0.23789581656455994, -0.013130796141922474, -0.26839104294776917, 0.7501405477523804, -0.013471185229718685, -0.37153589725494385, 0.19592784345149994, -1.0417861938476562, 0.7368653416633606, -0.6629436612129211, 0.1622168868780136, 0.15194982290267944, 0.587302565574646, 0.5832011699676514, -0.05804001912474632, 0.047910407185554504, 0.1651151031255722, 0.28974801301956177, 0.5232223868370056, -0.47285062074661255, 0.2864532172679901, 0.22453011572360992, -0.7777846455574036, -0.15095336735248566, 0.060165781527757645, -0.09085783362388611, 0.0051650251261889935, -0.6876354813575745, -0.6155971884727478, -0.5064759254455566, -0.3828285038471222, 0.32889324426651, -0.014477616176009178, -0.12080499529838562, -0.2997145652770996, -0.11972112953662872, -0.08798135071992874, 0.32302290201187134, -0.23763254284858704, -0.04582906514406204, -0.2378917932510376, -0.525316059589386, 0.45585817098617554, 0.1380453258752823, -0.5486835241317749, 0.2554360628128052, 0.5138880014419556, -0.2629651427268982, 0.06724075973033905, -0.2375209927558899, 0.4149969816207886, -0.29858705401420593, -0.22129258513450623, 0.4066396951675415, 0.03353109210729599, 0.3301835358142853, 0.819070041179657, -0.3376199007034302, -0.35084882378578186, 0.04548026621341705, -0.625732958316803, -0.5150469541549683, -0.4985039234161377, 0.5400016903877258, -0.05732294172048569, -0.20436669886112213, -0.03329283744096756, -0.42815664410591125, 0.4917677342891693, 0.267989844083786, 0.1139536052942276, 0.08925497531890869, 0.20587395131587982, 0.49677157402038574, 0.08906092494726181, 0.24595405161380768, -0.21669583022594452, -0.10544826835393906, 0.11202509701251984, -0.2566770017147064, -0.24070504307746887, 1.1791311502456665, -0.4455891251564026, -0.6859909296035767, 0.700939416885376, 0.1444680392742157, 0.2398563027381897, -0.32014429569244385, 0.7714893221855164, 0.27121591567993164, 0.16110002994537354, -0.620750367641449, -0.006412140093743801, 0.29796308279037476, 0.486808180809021, 0.1451287865638733, 0.8578233122825623, -0.3663601279258728, 0.06998830288648605, -0.2915375828742981, -0.4252697229385376, -0.5783442258834839, -0.6002694964408875, -0.036911264061927795, 0.6616933345794678, 0.4410227835178375, -0.18834975361824036, 0.6075867414474487, -0.36693039536476135, 0.053010862320661545, 0.9120441675186157, 0.06014517694711685, 0.9972677826881409, -0.17814421653747559, -0.2193382829427719, 0.5574764013290405, -0.5752707719802856, 0.42893165349960327, 0.6795984506607056, 0.311164915561676, -0.6868174076080322, 0.12115415185689926, 0.4791480302810669, -0.39390337467193604, -0.8153277635574341, -0.41449618339538574, 0.35564813017845154, -0.27210691571235657, 0.2527103126049042, -0.4010237157344818, 0.09857047349214554, 0.48122334480285645, -0.6091596484184265, -0.6510682106018066, 0.17589199542999268, -0.01563236489892006, -0.49110186100006104, -0.06324676424264908, 0.059048086404800415, -0.004165687132626772, -0.0045712669380009174, 0.5435200333595276, 0.014668973162770271, 0.1410975307226181, -0.719424843788147, -0.15951010584831238, -0.17009185254573822, -0.01624831184744835, 0.3654957413673401, 0.26577228307724, 0.4052465558052063, -0.38079532980918884, -0.6442621350288391, 0.2456514686346054, -0.6368632912635803, 0.0598297119140625, -0.17173737287521362, 0.1892007440328598, -0.028529243543744087, -0.07340434938669205, -0.39201003313064575, -0.25710204243659973, -0.2157696783542633, -0.4155656397342682, 0.31924036145210266, -0.7291771173477173, -0.4220809042453766, -0.36401334404945374, 0.23825755715370178, -0.029306741431355476, -0.16700366139411926, -0.38575246930122375, 0.08304580301046371, 0.4730840027332306, 0.05544155091047287, 0.032409124076366425, -0.12664824724197388, -0.3448507785797119, 0.22450916469097137, -0.4121585488319397, 0.34569722414016724, 0.032926928251981735, 0.38776347041130066, 0.05492856726050377, 0.2503476142883301, 0.6516576409339905, -0.8213538527488708, -0.6579166650772095, 0.2877648174762726, -0.07936683297157288, -0.1467849463224411, 0.22000883519649506, -0.33329081535339355, -0.15789496898651123, -0.09722119569778442, -5.425603866577148, 0.5158507227897644, -0.6984768509864807, -0.5573267936706543, 0.1360580176115036, -0.10836417227983475, 0.13887903094291687, -0.5136667490005493, 0.10887829214334488, 0.059657901525497437, 0.19588789343833923, -0.054181694984436035, 0.09516352415084839, 0.5596789121627808, 0.46767476201057434, 0.8764039278030396, 0.7997778654098511, -0.0011543288128450513, 0.39172565937042236, -0.1190294474363327, -0.016759246587753296, 0.1465475857257843, -0.49686259031295776, 0.3213968575000763, 0.16497313976287842, 0.7648879289627075, -0.8039595484733582, -0.14040397107601166, -0.9674188494682312, -0.3457750976085663, -0.11558718234300613, 0.06490115076303482, -0.03177691996097565, 0.4657517969608307, -0.036711614578962326, 0.07265172898769379, 0.6022258400917053, -0.09326276183128357, -0.0968686044216156, -0.26228955388069153, -0.3991245627403259, 0.6860198974609375, -0.5716473460197449, 0.19557827711105347, 0.44383755326271057, 0.08323787897825241, -0.49501436948776245, 0.11589821428060532, -0.07193058729171753, 0.7356666326522827, 0.2891682982444763, -0.5705597400665283, 0.3638814389705658, 0.6624237895011902, 0.18060964345932007, -0.28350722789764404, 0.6351310610771179, -0.5996723771095276, -0.4338522255420685, 1.1482555866241455, 0.39241835474967957, -0.20093223452568054, 0.3324050009250641, -1.3593374490737915, -0.3984720706939697, -0.21961252391338348, 0.03899689018726349, -0.05739935487508774, 0.5194758176803589, 0.5062337517738342, -0.08692997694015503, 0.8938794732093811, -0.3981161415576935, -0.6852440237998962, 0.021271634846925735, 0.2397782951593399, -0.24814021587371826, 0.3917404115200043, 0.009200194850564003, 0.17767417430877686, 0.32662615180015564, -0.406601220369339, -0.7736910581588745, 0.5254058241844177, -0.1317598670721054, -0.11502106487751007, 0.12566643953323364, 0.42617321014404297, -0.819998025894165, 0.3815279006958008, 0.5706257820129395, -0.44080454111099243, 0.48754170536994934, 0.468740314245224, -0.4452541172504425, 0.7044182419776917, -0.17802734673023224, -0.02914337068796158, -0.12143456190824509, -0.8391339778900146, 0.39932867884635925, -0.4172014594078064, 0.24431730806827545, -0.5319462418556213, -0.4793861508369446, -0.1684304028749466, 0.07771198451519012, 0.254925012588501, 0.19764794409275055, -0.2471577525138855, 0.4129684865474701, 0.026713009923696518, -0.3304385840892792, -0.39883702993392944, 0.7662659883499146, -0.042633477598428726, -0.002945398213341832, 0.07888196408748627, 0.06888655573129654, -0.4686887860298157, 0.22031758725643158, 0.519385576248169, 0.7541733384132385, -0.6726611852645874, -0.768509566783905, -0.1611996293067932, 0.6085110306739807, 0.6113824248313904, -0.18099811673164368, 0.09480828046798706, -0.14930392801761627, 0.09176180511713028, 0.17322759330272675, 0.002128904452547431, 0.18765988945960999, 0.05531523749232292, -0.851578414440155, -0.5411567687988281, 0.7185344696044922, -0.5850226879119873, 0.031241724267601967, -0.21205763518810272, 0.0018438081024214625, 0.1334027498960495, -0.2736419141292572, 0.06754211336374283, -0.11510585993528366, -0.4572736322879791, -0.7327902913093567, 0.6756203174591064, -0.20646852254867554, -0.46223482489585876, 0.057937141507864, -0.08348501473665237, 0.14520977437496185, -0.14771117269992828, -0.007090384140610695, -0.038695018738508224, -0.16086967289447784, -0.7626550197601318, 0.8535562753677368, -0.1467697024345398, -1.0740350484848022, 0.8448736667633057, 0.38869988918304443, -0.09718318283557892, -0.610750138759613, -0.359576940536499, -0.3946727514266968, 0.422589510679245, 0.013647411949932575, -0.8570974469184875, -0.7069254517555237, -0.020622601732611656, 0.2934347689151764, -0.4163391888141632, -0.07217156887054443, 0.38640421628952026, -0.16777846217155457, -0.25793248414993286, 0.10850253701210022, 0.025545796379446983, 0.0632198303937912, -0.05294450372457504, 0.557948112487793, -0.24810437858104706, -0.44920551776885986, -0.06241954118013382, 0.03657399117946625, 0.3633212745189667, 0.3229503929615021, 0.20227698981761932, 0.8308908343315125, -0.18718785047531128, -0.46315905451774597, -0.4741276204586029, -0.14142052829265594, 0.05865444988012314, -0.09378490597009659, -0.6016045808792114, -0.5225229859352112, 0.2795447111129761, -0.2918860912322998, 0.36062657833099365, 0.23036274313926697, -0.6264118552207947, 0.41140100359916687, 0.23411589860916138, -0.6637195348739624, 0.5105609893798828, -0.15822924673557281, -0.6597917079925537, 0.47459089756011963, 0.5509538054466248, -0.10597382485866547, 0.08024381846189499, 0.15416951477527618, 0.3236984610557556, -0.9090291857719421, -0.24024583399295807, 0.0408330112695694, -0.10070887953042984, -0.45962056517601013, -0.3515668511390686, -0.7148646116256714, 0.6647282242774963, 0.3788638412952423, -0.2879333794116974, 0.396397203207016, -0.07005023956298828, -0.11534503102302551, -0.13671566545963287, 0.39693978428840637, -0.5183537602424622, 0.07083874195814133, 0.08733580261468887, 0.2803837060928345, 0.2945702075958252, 0.1919424831867218, -0.353166401386261, 0.17952725291252136, 0.5198411345481873, 0.26693546772003174, -0.16625307500362396, 0.5962378978729248, 0.13155090808868408, 0.34935683012008667, 0.2637717127799988, -0.4228707551956177, 0.039183977991342545, 0.003931162413209677, -0.49846601486206055, -0.8831459283828735, -0.22690245509147644, 0.37723129987716675, 0.10275868326425552, -0.6111360788345337, 0.3768635392189026, 0.4240718185901642, -0.01741972006857395, 0.06446520984172821, -0.5680315494537354, -0.754400372505188, 0.059163764119148254, -0.002195132663473487, 0.20111414790153503, 0.44890087842941284, -0.38920730352401733, 0.33141911029815674, 0.4712173640727997, 0.017713531851768494, -0.04840504750609398, -0.15315549075603485, 1.1884695291519165, -0.38558462262153625, 0.38955044746398926, -0.1033213883638382, -0.6400619745254517, 0.16120047867298126, -0.1698843389749527, -0.9286829233169556, -0.08658210188150406, -0.050512365996837616, 0.19111528992652893, -0.022755619138479233, 0.17972677946090698, -0.490342915058136, 0.3545524477958679, 0.1365993469953537, 0.012456720694899559, -0.27218472957611084, -0.1676049679517746, 0.0443132147192955, -0.30660343170166016, 0.26191309094429016, -0.5685364007949829, 0.3000694811344147, -0.1613944172859192, 0.278790146112442, 0.11648352444171906, -0.6757598519325256, 0.5303362607955933, 0.18424585461616516, 0.0064665647223591805, 0.390931636095047, -0.041399624198675156, 0.2815251052379608, 0.29974377155303955, -0.7469506859779358, 0.2475382536649704, -0.6354000568389893, -0.2618843913078308, -0.026009995490312576, 0.8475404381752014, -0.6511539816856384, 0.17281761765480042, 0.7080150246620178, -0.5462881922721863, 0.32232537865638733, 0.23480938374996185, -0.016253076493740082, 0.24861744046211243, 0.49458980560302734, -0.10779321193695068, 0.6020775437355042, 0.8924643993377686, -0.9432744979858398, -0.43027263879776, 0.71367347240448, 0.2304229885339737, 0.22537346184253693, -0.5940348505973816, -0.5533077716827393, -0.10730167478322983, -0.4166167080402374, 0.09297995269298553, -0.28565943241119385, -0.7719518542289734, -0.028726207092404366, 0.5710201263427734, 0.7798826098442078, 0.1540529727935791, -0.4418811798095703, -0.21173186600208282, 0.021639566868543625, 0.4622287452220917, 0.2627416253089905, 0.3194526433944702, 0.12369183450937271, -0.5109755992889404, 0.5269695520401001, 0.3377987742424011, 0.5061056017875671, 0.026291565969586372, -0.09530486911535263, 0.47387203574180603, 0.2585463225841522, 0.08544948697090149, -0.47701016068458557, -0.14897266030311584, -0.07907206565141678, -0.2505614459514618, 0.153463676571846, -0.5385473966598511, -0.5993391275405884, -0.46341732144355774, 0.2251131534576416, 0.004089575260877609, -0.3395862579345703, 0.5621365308761597, -0.7263839840888977, 0.19389349222183228, -0.30054181814193726, 0.6571260094642639, -0.07864828407764435, -0.24665619432926178, 0.18346764147281647, 0.727157473564148, 0.27542439103126526, 0.1036260649561882, -0.06024382263422012, 0.573763906955719, -0.7451987266540527, -0.09397760033607483, -0.28845226764678955, -0.32029303908348083, -0.2683505415916443, -0.06060964986681938, 0.012560926377773285, 0.058128662407398224, -0.07867895066738129, -0.9932554960250854, -0.11612574011087418, 0.3634517192840576, 0.4392467439174652, 0.13883143663406372, -0.3782723844051361, 1.0070985555648804, 0.7953166365623474, -0.09922997653484344, -0.13961121439933777, -0.14820395410060883, -0.1374429166316986, 0.3802042603492737, -0.1177765429019928, -0.6182501316070557, -0.5076569318771362, 0.26913881301879883, -0.5526897311210632, -0.060968343168497086, -0.16848953068256378, -0.20201167464256287, -0.6864117980003357, 0.6796063780784607, -0.009250740520656109, 0.3545989692211151, 0.432142972946167, -0.3688272535800934, -0.5613267421722412, 0.04927505925297737, 0.1918376386165619, -0.7440360188484192, 0.21892192959785461, 0.6876431703567505, 0.6195876598358154, -0.7355936169624329, 0.27024325728416443, -0.3154921233654022, -0.8215134739875793, 0.1820986121892929, 0.5251486897468567, -0.04171169549226761, -0.30419865250587463, -0.004948924295604229, -0.24776822328567505, -1.05551278591156, 0.593680202960968, 0.9575729966163635, 0.8317752480506897, 0.1441795825958252, 0.4503902494907379, -0.3103882670402527, 0.9586248397827148, -0.47494393587112427, 0.15129956603050232, -0.37623852491378784, 0.24695658683776855, -0.1678786277770996, -0.2705371379852295, 0.09818124026060104, 0.12796831130981445, -0.1275157332420349, 0.4571782946586609, -0.2744891941547394, 0.07208017259836197, 0.04476498067378998, -0.3306442201137543, -0.9201249480247498, 0.15587492287158966, -0.5014559030532837 ]
210851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20War%20Sciences	Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences	The Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (), founded 12 November 1796 by Gustaf Wilhelm af Tibell, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. The Academy is an independent organization and a forum for military (army and air force) and defense issues. Membership is limited to 160 chairs under the age of 62. Presidents 1799–1800: Per Ulrik Lilliehorn ????–????: ? 1904–1906: Richard Berg ????–????: ? ????–????: Gustaf Uggla ????–????: Herman Wrangel ????–????: Gustaf Dyrssen 1927–1929: Henning von Krusenstierna 1929–1931: Bror Munck 1931–1933: Carl Gustaf Hammarskjöld 1933–1935: Carl Fredrik Riben 1935–1937: Ludvig Hammarskiöld 1937–1939: Oscar Nygren 1939–1941: Otto Lybeck 1941–1943: Lennart Lilliehöök 1943–1945: Erik Testrup 1945–1947: Archibald Douglas 1948–1949: Bengt Nordenskiöld 1949–1951: Helge Strömbäck 1951–1953: Birger Hedqvist 1953–1955: Stig H:son Ericson 1955–1957: Axel Ljungdahl 1957–1959: Ivar Gewert 1959–1961: Erik Samuelson 1961–1963: Rudolf Kolmodin 1963–1965: Bert Carpelan 1965–1967: Lage Thunberg 1967–1969: Åke Lindemalm 1969–1971: Carl Eric Almgren 1971–1973: Stig Norén 1973–1975: Bengt Lundvall 1975–1977: Ove Ljung 1977–1979: Dick Stenberg 1979–1982: Gunnar Thyresson 1982–1985: Gunnar Eklund 1985–1988: Per Sköld 1988–1991: Sven-Olof Olson 1991–1996: Carl-Olof Ternryd 1996–1999: Peter Nordbeck 1999–2002: Jörn Beckmann 2002–2006: Erik Norberg 2007–2010: Bo Huldt 2010–2014: Frank Rosenius 2014–2018: Mikael Odenberg 2018–present: Sverker Göranson Notable members Karl Amundson Magnus Ranstorp Mertil Melin Michael Moore Frederik Due (honorary member) Anders Tegnell See also Society and Defense Swedish Army Swedish Air Force External links Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences – Official site 1796 establishments in Sweden War Sciences Military of Sweden Scientific organizations established in 1796 Think tanks based in Sweden Military-related organizations	[ 0.3514721989631653, 0.7024202942848206, -0.10272951424121857, -0.036503929644823074, -0.23954296112060547, 0.6423657536506653, 0.6951195597648621, -0.03967210650444031, -0.9049538373947144, -0.12022039294242859, -0.07703585922718048, 0.42271992564201355, 0.3879301846027374, 0.5020687580108643, -0.6420390605926514, 0.3800792694091797, 0.423080176115036, 0.4821948707103729, -0.10192983597517014, -0.16677828133106232, -0.40504926443099976, 0.09577290713787079, 0.9033228754997253, 0.2891431152820587, 0.10670764744281769, -0.30749955773353577, 0.4908393621444702, 0.11413364112377167, 0.5404525995254517, 0.2703133821487427, -0.07459603250026703, 0.1498962938785553, -0.5140494108200073, -0.1578511893749237, -0.4909324645996094, -0.10070206224918365, -0.11794114112854004, 0.20142586529254913, 0.28777027130126953, -0.1058424711227417, 0.2533571124076843, 0.09047964960336685, -0.49154818058013916, 0.055614273995161057, -0.22564931213855743, -1.0858347415924072, -0.9918661117553711, 0.6950423717498779, -0.4362078607082367, 0.28673216700553894, 0.18598315119743347, 0.4229600131511688, -0.037339191883802414, 0.6665846705436707, -0.23618251085281372, 0.5849156975746155, -0.7424249053001404, -0.02757508121430874, -0.16171875596046448, -0.20984230935573578, 0.27404260635375977, 0.48173266649246216, 0.309148907661438, 0.5017251372337341, 0.4690968692302704, -0.11651583015918732, 0.18779823184013367, 0.04266614466905594, -0.06682776659727097, -0.45962804555892944, -0.21540652215480804, 0.4687315821647644, -0.10144520550966263, -0.36200934648513794, 0.12214554846286774, -0.9506076574325562, 0.10578927397727966, -0.010167337022721767, 0.00993856880813837, -0.44471725821495056, 0.24114008247852325, -0.294049471616745, 0.8393146395683289, 0.04032401740550995, 0.46774667501449585, 0.5841064453125, -0.44472184777259827, -0.6650564074516296, -0.7829843163490295, -0.302938848733902, 0.561328649520874, 0.3189469277858734, 0.565552830696106, 0.030575109645724297, 0.5226883292198181, 0.21130609512329102, -0.2707412540912628, 0.5668935179710388, -0.39289185404777527, 0.6599913835525513, -0.24127528071403503, 0.7862497568130493, -0.04725731164216995, -0.16196130216121674, -0.4684370160102844, -0.1816941797733307, 0.16950878500938416, 0.04980532079935074, -0.32078883051872253, 0.2791045606136322, -0.3717283010482788, -0.38576817512512207, -0.20615136623382568, 0.21151112020015717, -0.6735985279083252, 0.24802763760089874, 0.19270986318588257, -0.7231133580207825, -0.06955824792385101, 0.5946066379547119, -0.29235246777534485, 0.9495000839233398, -0.23057562112808228, 0.459951251745224, -0.03130228444933891, 0.31174543499946594, 0.5217652320861816, 0.643578827381134, -0.5863537192344666, -0.28891149163246155, 0.586304783821106, 0.8035269975662231, -0.32689765095710754, 0.37378326058387756, -0.0740809366106987, 0.08986789733171463, 0.2361074984073639, 0.16908510029315948, -0.5909084677696228, 0.6176612973213196, -0.9601337313652039, -1.1773594617843628, -0.10786844044923782, -0.21172522008419037, -0.35331833362579346, -0.6414811611175537, -0.1661558449268341, -0.5950769186019897, -0.35907042026519775, 0.14761321246623993, 0.4420551657676697, -0.2089664787054062, -0.1603211760520935, -0.14676572382450104, 0.17666810750961304, 0.6014697551727295, 0.12219546735286713, 0.34037622809410095, 0.6264244914054871, 0.3563072979450226, 0.11666631698608398, 0.0404091514647007, -0.29875192046165466, 0.1518830806016922, -0.16496394574642181, -0.2874065339565277, 0.37437736988067627, 0.5931000709533691, -0.38400599360466003, -0.11857113242149353, -0.4189659059047699, -0.15669259428977966, 0.09995348006486893, 0.29290130734443665, 0.11201103031635284, 0.18788877129554749, 0.36491119861602783, -0.1327252835035324, 0.48302799463272095, -0.38056680560112, -0.7008646726608276, 0.16849127411842346, -0.05475388094782829, -0.20503956079483032, 0.3890604078769684, 0.06940523535013199, 0.0996863842010498, 0.014670029282569885, -0.09982427954673767, -0.25049176812171936, -0.5773782134056091, -0.7984282970428467, 0.498004674911499, 0.3202528655529022, 1.2924129962921143, 0.1483490765094757, -0.9110437035560608, 1.0763298273086548, -0.9537222981452942, 0.7533451318740845, 0.02510135993361473, -0.3921205997467041, 0.06961967051029205, 0.020571086555719376, 0.0432550385594368, -0.25925350189208984, -0.4437357187271118, -0.03434430807828903, 0.3791402578353882, -0.005809818860143423, 0.5740412473678589, -0.6154555082321167, -0.3524267375469208, 0.08005225658416748, 0.34697604179382324, -0.05095857009291649, -0.7100346684455872, 0.1985161453485489, 0.4084150791168213, -0.3365713953971863, 0.6575286984443665, -0.35058659315109253, 0.5703425407409668, 0.5243632197380066, 0.18382377922534943, 0.2879769802093506, 0.05082642287015915, 0.9633499383926392, -0.22296838462352753, -0.7660821080207825, 0.27277833223342896, -0.7336062788963318, 0.5548708438873291, -0.2937847673892975, -0.2689805030822754, -0.10125299543142319, -0.5064947009086609, 0.49259334802627563, -0.11939923465251923, -0.5688210725784302, 0.18002939224243164, 0.34886112809181213, -0.19594521820545197, 0.2678252160549164, 0.36378762125968933, 0.4813710153102875, -0.22403645515441895, -0.267478346824646, -0.40902259945869446, -0.1608043760061264, -0.3611159920692444, 0.26383697986602783, -0.06533610820770264, -0.07992095500230789, -0.7000712156295776, -0.15343718230724335, 0.2883695363998413, -0.2182566374540329, -0.6257807016372681, -0.05953263118863106, -0.0708824023604393, -0.37000229954719543, 0.00818717572838068, 0.12117912620306015, 0.19831520318984985, -0.24035346508026123, 0.2313947230577469, -0.6034561395645142, 0.40976446866989136, 0.6710899472236633, 0.34056946635246277, -0.046828821301460266, 0.3820042908191681, 0.32989320158958435, -0.18481843173503876, -1.296215534210205, 0.35438787937164307, -0.5567488074302673, -0.7648828029632568, -0.38674694299697876, -0.493539959192276, 0.6771832704544067, 0.2559949457645416, -0.19873562455177307, -0.4692489206790924, 0.06094235181808472, 0.009787628427147865, -0.16060958802700043, 0.2355874627828598, 0.39273256063461304, -0.044566914439201355, 0.4377393126487732, -0.7360948324203491, -0.3825487196445465, 0.3751783072948456, 0.13355888426303864, 0.09681949019432068, -0.20110705494880676, 0.5552478432655334, 0.06874693185091019, -1.2721972465515137, 0.3292441666126251, -0.23438461124897003, 0.16887904703617096, -0.014885160140693188, -0.390077143907547, -0.09717349708080292, 0.43442288041114807, -5.506751537322998, -0.6374646425247192, -0.40530622005462646, -0.5795211791992188, 0.2447938770055771, 0.5163080096244812, 0.35146820545196533, -0.4114553928375244, 0.21688731014728546, -0.02835693210363388, 0.524681806564331, 0.34181204438209534, 0.30738797783851624, 0.8579528331756592, 0.46864673495292664, 0.4949621558189392, -0.24423830211162567, 0.2606029510498047, 0.07674096524715424, -0.3025120794773102, 0.0995420515537262, -0.019268274307250977, -0.22611260414123535, 0.7801473140716553, 0.8076038956642151, 1.0356526374816895, -0.3096340596675873, 0.17704690992832184, -0.24547816812992096, -0.35824519395828247, -0.25077304244041443, -0.06649092584848404, 0.7210564613342285, -0.36060062050819397, -0.31581535935401917, -0.054844826459884644, 0.0983586236834526, 0.9012237787246704, 0.04062992334365845, 0.16854462027549744, 0.35588374733924866, 0.10477027297019958, -0.18170331418514252, -0.1292155534029007, -0.07092685252428055, -0.24373261630535126, -0.5058379173278809, 1.061156153678894, -0.5171458125114441, 0.6210904121398926, -0.08040731400251389, -0.05803961679339409, -0.18559670448303223, 0.19423915445804596, -0.37154173851013184, -0.2753734886646271, 0.11722585558891296, 0.1373855471611023, -0.582116961479187, 0.07844182103872299, -0.3186318576335907, 0.14374341070652008, -0.09906189143657684, -0.1784718781709671, -0.32202720642089844, -0.38145214319229126, -0.4876798689365387, -0.11489027738571167, 0.11681197583675385, -0.1664150059223175, -0.023127198219299316, 0.47461599111557007, -0.1763102263212204, -0.8867828845977783, -0.053022533655166626, -0.7089079022407532, -0.30264806747436523, -0.21900574862957, 0.17290499806404114, 0.061099808663129807, 0.10369300842285156, -0.3365963399410248, 0.3516256511211395, 0.7831439971923828, 0.08713134378194809, -0.15583255887031555, 0.19121161103248596, -0.43199434876441956, -0.4145173132419586, -0.2379254698753357, 0.011699497699737549, -0.5172548294067383, -0.2393406480550766, 0.16835026443004608, -0.3327108919620514, 0.40678322315216064, -0.4717612862586975, 0.04882976412773132, 0.5092240571975708, -0.5362180471420288, 0.8532769083976746, -0.019047722220420837, 0.13593144714832306, -0.8306441903114319, -0.34107935428619385, -0.42364829778671265, 0.1374811977148056, -0.053102847188711166, 0.4074500501155853, -0.18049119412899017, -0.2569963335990906, -0.20639272034168243, -0.024016859009861946, -0.25277623534202576, 0.17194318771362305, -0.7113161683082581, 0.1828378438949585, 0.8064786195755005, -0.5215217471122742, -0.10873661190271378, -0.6230068802833557, -0.03158720210194588, 0.47409194707870483, -0.18848751485347748, 0.21638911962509155, -0.07409682869911194, -0.14307862520217896, -0.03342042863368988, -0.16681033372879028, -0.17440007627010345, 0.397706538438797, 0.3195064663887024, 0.15441220998764038, 0.19136588275432587, 0.39685922861099243, -0.22985555231571198, -0.7730083465576172, 0.07479968667030334, 0.7077676057815552, -0.2944333553314209, 0.1592695415019989, -0.23400819301605225, -0.12295547872781754, 0.5386115908622742, -0.28404250741004944, 0.39638397097587585, -0.17609268426895142, 0.26203325390815735, -0.33794915676116943, 0.20299836993217468, -0.7730700373649597, 0.2512691617012024, 0.6934239864349365, 0.09198982268571854, 0.2605382800102234, 0.1280570924282074, -0.03416087105870247, 0.6257199048995972, -0.5899015665054321, -0.8089245557785034, -0.18347732722759247, -0.2899683117866516, -0.9625111222267151, -0.2651577293872833, 0.22304752469062805, -0.505221426486969, -1.2717474699020386, 0.04366631805896759, -0.05907642841339111, 0.8545066118240356, -0.006651097442954779, -0.40506094694137573, -0.7750174403190613, -0.28699490427970886, 0.18233318626880646, 0.14979910850524902, 0.3813973069190979, -0.09511715918779373, -0.08699644356966019, 0.11405069380998611, 0.47586575150489807, 0.20260143280029297, 0.017802590504288673, 0.2983430027961731, 0.2990936040878296, 0.4966503083705902, -0.14882519841194153, -0.5243175625801086, 0.030016588047146797, 0.2149214893579483, 0.0345267616212368, -0.47450050711631775, 0.6506202220916748, -0.42783108353614807, -0.2898515462875366, -0.1667783260345459, 0.03897060453891754, 0.5533514618873596, 0.15903325378894806, -0.2789511978626251, 0.6794620752334595, 0.6912344098091125, 0.08771662414073944, 0.0010590692982077599, -0.1671023815870285, -0.7683935165405273, 0.2747292220592499, 0.6875845789909363, -0.05891665443778038, 0.8114508390426636, -0.9048067331314087, -0.32715898752212524, -0.2551473081111908, 0.4630396366119385, -0.6632207036018372, 0.07520201057195663, 0.5269098877906799, -0.38133037090301514, -0.5226157307624817, -0.26808175444602966, -0.4162091612815857, 0.0810568705201149, -0.5419040322303772, -0.25497114658355713, -0.5739925503730774, 0.12603770196437836, 0.17086707055568695, -0.3388630747795105, 1.1078487634658813, -0.08389804512262344, 0.5947587490081787, 0.036160845309495926, 0.22319689393043518, -0.2350791096687317, 0.12405693531036377, -0.15553879737854004, 0.10114863514900208, 0.42049869894981384, 0.07652021944522858, 0.29347261786460876, 0.011577732861042023, 0.7231993675231934, 0.14163130521774292, -0.10049188137054443, 0.29133331775665283, -0.120077945291996, 0.6281095147132874, -0.14070932567119598, -0.37030601501464844, -0.050510574132204056, 0.154743954539299, -0.6205437183380127, -0.37382712960243225, -0.3653371334075928, 1.0564239025115967, -0.25535130500793457, 0.14324648678302765, 0.9085257649421692, -0.23714983463287354, -0.057088930159807205, -0.5602566599845886, 0.3195984363555908, -0.7433503866195679, -0.23019687831401825, 0.15673771500587463, 0.2573428452014923, -0.38299641013145447, -0.6714622378349304, 0.18825934827327728, -0.019549516960978508, 0.16097119450569153, -0.6266160011291504, 0.13229094445705414, 0.7715685963630676, 0.0787879154086113, 0.25660014152526855, -0.33407852053642273, 0.05639852210879326, 0.2620953917503357, 0.434529185295105, -0.5087566375732422, -0.01170475222170353, -0.12081828713417053, -0.7618097066879272, -0.14096833765506744, -1.2349441051483154, -0.08966197818517685, 0.2022428959608078, 0.13816747069358826, 0.23146125674247742, -0.4593050181865692, -0.3209740221500397, -0.010641241446137428, 0.41545209288597107, -0.06820313632488251, 0.5915189385414124, -0.3590439558029175, 0.1546265333890915, 0.39640575647354126, 0.20319963991641998, -0.5513821840286255, 0.2540578246116638, -0.020556017756462097, -0.21998310089111328, 0.2988327145576477, 0.45720598101615906, 0.2597423493862152, 0.82380211353302, -0.8480271100997925, 0.6270426511764526, 0.39096149802207947, -0.3124755918979645, -0.06281150132417679, -0.3105829954147339, -0.43449845910072327, -0.43969637155532837, 0.6668605804443359, -0.6401377320289612, -0.029741106554865837, -0.22069555521011353, 0.0038288638461381197, 0.0599789023399353, 0.44102710485458374, 0.043806977570056915, -0.47230052947998047, 0.7062157988548279, -0.42260587215423584, 0.17580440640449524, -0.0781850665807724, -0.1739906221628189, -0.2705136239528656, 0.29136139154434204, -0.7422881722450256, 0.7599931359291077, -0.1198284849524498, 0.17708897590637207, 0.07854126393795013, -0.9383248090744019, -0.12707923352718353, 0.6371769905090332, 0.5497776865959167, 0.22210907936096191, -0.0031301260460168123, 0.3352634012699127, -0.7222775816917419, 0.3177507817745209, -0.17693676054477692, 0.22676634788513184, -0.02184470184147358, -0.3379756212234497, 0.29327860474586487, -0.31866803765296936, 0.439740389585495, -0.5336766242980957, 0.26979002356529236, 0.2500728368759155, -0.11264259368181229, -0.11493487656116486, -0.17033888399600983, -0.046237993985414505, 0.2139199823141098, -0.19816453754901886, 0.7150678634643555, 0.17735637724399567, -0.14008505642414093, 0.4303617775440216, 0.14427350461483002, -0.10318733006715775, 0.2594478130340576, -0.2848663628101349, -0.014238482341170311, -0.36121100187301636, 0.03141261637210846, -0.06511100381612778, -0.13363732397556305, -0.14567989110946655, 0.8760221004486084, 0.5211464166641235, 0.5460583567619324, 0.1899663507938385, -0.3801194727420807, 0.6349846124649048, -0.062247857451438904, -0.893121063709259, -0.2332734316587448, -0.1765376776456833, -0.01646556705236435, 0.08015069365501404, 0.4573761522769928, -0.3472833037376404, 0.5302966237068176, -0.5150989294052124, -0.27964988350868225, 0.4116651713848114, -1.115253210067749, -0.227599635720253, 0.2852545380592346, 0.13517357409000397, 0.09378428012132645, -0.5132632851600647, -0.4876915514469147, 0.08995397388935089, 0.2887478172779083, -0.047393374145030975, -0.7027115821838379, 0.19081450998783112, -0.394148051738739, 0.19819675385951996, 0.2367481291294098, 0.3679593503475189, -0.17489634454250336, -0.2513468265533447, -0.16272303462028503, 0.0760623887181282, -0.28348445892333984, -0.5384924411773682, 0.7304057478904724, -0.6395220756530762, 0.09675142168998718, -0.17592620849609375, -0.32054805755615234, -0.2339889109134674, 0.1142575815320015, 0.14957013726234436, -0.10509993135929108, -0.09807827323675156, 0.3849966526031494, 0.2576659023761749, 0.17820779979228973, 0.1321658045053482, -0.7080985903739929, -0.5751308798789978, -0.49588698148727417, 0.14690452814102173, -0.176313579082489, 0.04678400978446007, 0.6119475960731506, 0.5095754265785217, 0.7589149475097656, -0.92920982837677, 0.07303972542285919, -0.08170212805271149, 0.5194181799888611, -0.032374005764722824, 0.855775773525238, 0.23028318583965302, -0.37519586086273193, -0.5117117166519165, -0.19000427424907684, 0.7187849879264832, 0.14350669085979462, -0.3526950180530548, 0.5779660940170288, -0.4575042724609375, 0.1714015156030655, 0.19422727823257446, 0.12770932912826538, -0.4941858947277069, 0.004956703167408705, -0.06359666585922241 ]
210852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Society%20of%20Naval%20Sciences	Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences	The Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences (, KÖMS), founded in 1771 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. The Society is an independent organization and a forum for navy and defence issues. Fellowship is limited to 120 chairs under the age of 60. Chairmen 1826–1827: Johan Lagerbielke 1832–1837: Carl August Gyllengranat 1838–1844: Carl August Gyllengranat 1857–1858: Carl August Gyllengranat 1923–1928: Ulf Carl Sparre 1929–1933: Charles de Champs 1934–1936: Claës Lindsström 1936–1938: Gunnar Bjurner 1939–1942: Hans Simonsson 1943–1949: Gösta Ehrensvärd 1950–1958: Erik Samuelson 1958–1961: Sigurd Lagerman 1961–1963: Bertil Berthelsson 1963–1966: Stig Bergelin 1966–1969: Dag Arvas 1969–1970: Åke Lindemalm 1970–1978: Bengt Lundvall 1979–1984: Bengt Rasin 1983–1986: Jan Enquist 1987–1992: Bror Stefenson 1992–2000: Claes Tornberg 2000–2002: Bertil Björkman 2002–2005: Göran Larsbrink 2005–2010: Leif Nylander 2010–2014: Thomas Engevall 2014–2018: Michael Zell 2018–present: Anders Grenstad See also Society and Defense Swedish Navy External links 1771 establishments in Sweden Naval Sciences Military of Sweden 1771 in Sweden Military-related organizations	[ 0.2386789321899414, 0.2593620717525482, 0.1547802984714508, 0.16749411821365356, -0.12059111148118973, 0.3674888014793396, 0.5677012205123901, 0.20518212020397186, -1.064005970954895, -0.19388113915920258, 0.05690431967377663, 0.06604795902967453, 0.4029666483402252, 0.38880228996276855, -0.721882164478302, 0.3348323702812195, 0.566910445690155, 0.5424842238426208, 0.14979848265647888, -0.10791301727294922, -0.5962847471237183, 0.22248534858226776, 0.9435829520225525, 0.10488730669021606, 0.26223599910736084, -0.23674780130386353, 0.42250367999076843, 0.1689336895942688, 0.5994310975074768, 0.09751325845718384, -0.09284882992506027, 0.20857317745685577, -0.3921070992946625, -0.14506328105926514, -0.3289163410663605, -0.27221792936325073, -0.34015709161758423, 0.043800752609968185, 0.1760791540145874, -0.06971877068281174, 0.14891301095485687, -0.183354914188385, -0.24413393437862396, -0.0023097132798284292, -0.13905690610408783, -0.902660608291626, -1.014540195465088, 0.6372328400611877, -0.08191101998090744, 0.5024349689483643, -0.02937614545226097, 0.20562021434307098, -0.02646610140800476, 0.6818352937698364, -0.1596895009279251, 0.27381542325019836, -0.7427708506584167, 0.2458547204732895, -0.2060193419456482, -0.23576495051383972, 0.17773616313934326, 0.6698175668716431, 0.18230748176574707, 0.1910858154296875, 0.5863733291625977, 0.2659223675727844, 0.30149996280670166, -0.048885881900787354, -0.23041892051696777, -0.37505754828453064, 0.28953489661216736, 0.4007859230041504, -0.07312924414873123, -0.3950330317020416, -0.02967178449034691, -1.0461701154708862, 0.18860997259616852, -0.16144204139709473, 0.25105202198028564, -0.2425064742565155, 0.22883804142475128, -0.21826155483722687, 0.7904303669929504, 0.23462621867656708, 0.4667443633079529, 0.45871275663375854, -0.5946041345596313, -0.48313191533088684, -0.6792451739311218, -0.3993685841560364, 0.514813244342804, 0.2989215850830078, 0.7271944284439087, -0.006406282540410757, 0.41587573289871216, 0.5228200554847717, -0.36314156651496887, 0.695755124092102, -0.1847209632396698, 0.582840621471405, -0.4576420485973358, 0.8507798910140991, 0.045209817588329315, -0.09510643035173416, -0.303459107875824, -0.31850332021713257, 0.16186848282814026, 0.012519743293523788, -0.3874216377735138, 0.13785886764526367, -0.5103074312210083, -0.3597002923488617, -0.12329904735088348, 0.3753398358821869, -0.4027172923088074, 0.30734074115753174, 0.30735522508621216, -0.747674286365509, -0.3076070249080658, 0.225236713886261, -0.19042040407657623, 0.705040693283081, 0.1749437004327774, 0.5569720268249512, 0.004763388074934483, 0.6224809288978577, 0.40509527921676636, 0.9114054441452026, -0.24468670785427094, -0.5680734515190125, 0.5149692296981812, 0.9206847548484802, -0.5298289060592651, 0.26316630840301514, 0.030248843133449554, 0.18850460648536682, 0.1460016518831253, 0.110964335501194, -0.60761958360672, 0.7279186248779297, -0.7639554142951965, -0.9504972100257874, 0.08042534440755844, -0.13649985194206238, -0.3246752917766571, -0.35632413625717163, 0.08199433237314224, -0.5049272775650024, -0.5197832584381104, 0.008920544758439064, 0.30921387672424316, -0.1238655224442482, -0.3232266902923584, -0.19961795210838318, 0.32828807830810547, 0.5952368378639221, 0.3968828320503235, 0.33064454793930054, 0.4065776467323303, 0.5676875710487366, -0.3019710183143616, -0.06287635862827301, -0.3027053475379944, 0.1165420413017273, 0.2206968367099762, -0.48255833983421326, 0.35056552290916443, 0.631050705909729, -0.22064772248268127, 0.1767825335264206, -0.287964791059494, -0.08163228631019592, 0.06235416606068611, 0.21265578269958496, 0.22733174264431, 0.047376107424497604, 0.19058401882648468, -0.317320853471756, 0.6040663123130798, -0.6785572171211243, -0.7556321620941162, 0.38851290941238403, 0.17188170552253723, -0.29461294412612915, 0.32323145866394043, 0.04861084744334221, 0.05594085529446602, 0.2521172761917114, -0.11493586748838425, 0.0022691194899380207, -0.1913124918937683, -0.6741427779197693, 0.7705050110816956, 0.2532166540622711, 1.5444748401641846, 0.24786688387393951, -0.519615650177002, 1.0081329345703125, -0.830299437046051, 0.5890880823135376, -0.03470674157142639, -0.12949404120445251, -0.09767107665538788, 0.0927731990814209, 0.007134309969842434, -0.10647221654653549, -0.33914995193481445, -0.13011786341667175, 0.32086706161499023, -0.23534853756427765, 0.17365382611751556, -0.7851546406745911, -0.0014346836833283305, -0.21276523172855377, 0.21512587368488312, -0.28860291838645935, -0.471969336271286, 0.40160953998565674, 0.3251701891422272, -0.37016725540161133, 0.7129765748977661, -0.41899755597114563, 0.7305487394332886, 0.5982368588447571, 0.47397610545158386, 0.2993539869785309, 0.27092960476875305, 0.8212639093399048, -0.09805329144001007, -0.3943289816379547, 0.2856479585170746, -0.9379706382751465, 0.5289557576179504, -0.3332870602607727, -0.264001727104187, -0.047764215618371964, -0.44615790247917175, 0.0864967629313469, -0.034490421414375305, -0.34087902307510376, 0.284234881401062, 0.21128295361995697, -0.5138590335845947, 0.5690643787384033, 0.48029035329818726, 0.5817420482635498, -0.41056960821151733, -0.41879212856292725, -0.1700160950422287, -0.4211272597312927, -0.3022439479827881, 0.0021498771384358406, -0.40380167961120605, -0.4003543257713318, -0.560843825340271, -0.06297550350427628, 0.4389980137348175, -0.11826225370168686, -0.48008638620376587, -0.059815146028995514, -0.31520652770996094, -0.4798687994480133, -0.09355760365724564, 0.23426169157028198, -0.010695834644138813, -0.5201716423034668, 0.21530263125896454, -0.8114150762557983, 0.8232851624488831, 0.7605492472648621, 0.22132331132888794, 0.05558246374130249, 0.3082633316516876, 0.3314724564552307, -0.22194361686706543, -1.3055031299591064, 0.5340149998664856, -0.4527668058872223, -0.6678062677383423, -0.4272664189338684, -0.6457310914993286, 0.4758433401584625, 0.21026989817619324, -0.4051869213581085, -0.4342820346355438, -0.031098954379558563, 0.010115162469446659, -0.09024877101182938, 0.14719384908676147, -0.020825468003749847, -0.09967406094074249, -0.007625228259712458, -0.6171615123748779, -0.4744347929954529, 0.2661110758781433, 0.072057344019413, 0.03353167325258255, -0.09063048660755157, 0.4826940596103668, -0.10208127647638321, -1.4061157703399658, 0.188899964094162, -0.2540486752986908, 0.17776909470558167, 0.08448287844657898, -0.23469926416873932, -0.02530965581536293, 0.5662641525268555, -5.476751327514648, -0.4838657081127167, -0.3720818758010864, -0.39029356837272644, 0.2184232920408249, 0.40334105491638184, 0.702165424823761, -0.24761620163917542, 0.4510061740875244, -0.23429414629936218, 0.2504703402519226, 0.591935932636261, 0.22846361994743347, 0.8219779133796692, 0.23769409954547882, 0.5122153759002686, -0.07885846495628357, 0.0239708311855793, -0.018457923084497452, -0.486785888671875, 0.09744724631309509, -0.32093486189842224, -0.0842844769358635, 0.8247107267379761, 0.603295624256134, 1.012275218963623, -0.30260905623435974, 0.1205577626824379, -0.43537211418151855, -0.5148118734359741, -0.26677584648132324, -0.011534054763615131, 0.5542173385620117, -0.595280647277832, -0.3031226694583893, -0.2965892255306244, 0.3419725000858307, 0.921792209148407, 0.11093555390834808, -0.061817098408937454, 0.19172026216983795, 0.24011918902397156, -0.5803137421607971, 0.09016553312540054, -0.1253235936164856, -0.11232993006706238, -0.4279920160770416, 1.1589306592941284, -0.5674877166748047, 0.7618619203567505, -0.16121028363704681, -0.18316146731376648, 0.10150948166847229, 0.04608936980366707, -0.475430965423584, -0.5560436844825745, 0.042814332991838455, 0.12072724103927612, -0.3399651050567627, -0.08256185799837112, -0.13641571998596191, 0.179212287068367, -0.0929202064871788, -0.410076379776001, -0.30468568205833435, -0.36214345693588257, -0.5675672888755798, -0.09818360209465027, 0.07391612231731415, -0.025039510801434517, -0.3335309326648712, 0.48477303981781006, 0.010133164934813976, -0.7844956517219543, 0.05703134089708328, -0.5989828705787659, 0.07159562408924103, -0.13013577461242676, 0.1875799596309662, 0.14792338013648987, 0.14474916458129883, -0.19052141904830933, 0.09165460616350174, 1.1619750261306763, 0.12298215180635452, -0.36536484956741333, 0.09980352967977524, -0.4527040421962738, -0.38748741149902344, -0.5970144867897034, 0.5133829712867737, -0.33143606781959534, -0.11914164572954178, 0.4802892208099365, -0.16014321148395538, 0.3979809880256653, -0.236578106880188, 0.10219383239746094, 0.2946522831916809, -0.5888953804969788, 0.8452405333518982, 0.24993903934955597, 0.19941656291484833, -0.5477590560913086, -0.37769728899002075, -0.4367823004722595, -0.3273565173149109, 0.028118643909692764, 0.31490543484687805, -0.29988428950309753, -0.2753908932209015, -0.527915358543396, -0.29975733160972595, 0.06184818968176842, 0.18949298560619354, -0.6066308617591858, 0.12879735231399536, 0.6108245849609375, -0.4413352608680725, 0.1360618770122528, -0.5381854772567749, 0.21595337986946106, 0.4545349180698395, -0.0827515572309494, 0.05523274466395378, -0.42675086855888367, -0.1405472755432129, -0.0736626386642456, -0.1490102857351303, -0.16816909611225128, 0.47856876254081726, 0.4497758448123932, 0.21825823187828064, 0.26877516508102417, 0.32003071904182434, 0.004826834425330162, -0.8047675490379333, -0.16265423595905304, 0.5703831315040588, -0.2335846871137619, 0.06972800940275192, -0.20020462572574615, -0.09912580996751785, 0.2854496240615845, -0.11488606780767441, 0.5913798213005066, -0.002792244078591466, 0.26079586148262024, -0.26607179641723633, 0.5403192043304443, -0.7644872069358826, -0.00388506636954844, 0.6976122260093689, -0.1684584617614746, 0.3235759437084198, 0.15115734934806824, 0.17515945434570312, 0.515221357345581, -0.8147075176239014, -0.3533809781074524, -0.45842403173446655, -0.40514567494392395, -0.689797580242157, -0.2869442105293274, 0.23321518301963806, -0.5263885855674744, -1.6022299528121948, 0.13212653994560242, 0.05151673033833504, 0.4573429226875305, -0.2339666187763214, -0.19425898790359497, -0.7336878180503845, -0.4478195309638977, 0.39829275012016296, 0.04852023720741272, 0.0697677806019783, 0.29345613718032837, -0.4297516345977783, -0.025415915995836258, 0.4356670081615448, -0.005463414825499058, 0.1344057023525238, 0.409354031085968, 0.7045139074325562, 0.3528937101364136, 0.16235880553722382, -0.4854317903518677, 0.22018857300281525, 0.3197874426841736, -0.054412759840488434, -0.2924138009548187, 0.5262927412986755, 0.03300746902823448, -0.5609164834022522, -0.23210084438323975, 0.15628719329833984, 0.8685681819915771, 0.14989982545375824, -0.2523795962333679, 0.5307440757751465, 0.6026320457458496, -0.19922181963920593, -0.07754477858543396, -0.35657191276550293, -0.5872307419776917, 0.3237873613834381, 0.47246813774108887, 0.0162558164447546, 0.7834091186523438, -0.9000133872032166, -0.46587368845939636, 0.08859829604625702, 0.5460295677185059, -0.8749691247940063, -0.1389620304107666, 0.5652605891227722, -0.5511319637298584, -0.41100960969924927, -0.22904904186725616, -0.597114086151123, -0.03219718486070633, -0.35155588388442993, -0.35280531644821167, -0.5680533647537231, 0.30256593227386475, 0.174581378698349, 0.019836025312542915, 0.7262145280838013, -0.1864275187253952, 0.7043173909187317, -0.13815990090370178, 0.03469033166766167, -0.4614335894584656, 0.1125568374991417, -0.07037440687417984, 0.07139959931373596, 0.537083089351654, 0.08159344643354416, 0.49739959836006165, 0.023426638916134834, 0.7051857709884644, 0.16492635011672974, -0.2250138819217682, 0.23457267880439758, -0.2767510414123535, 0.7381809949874878, -0.09134136140346527, -0.3078896105289459, -0.3042532801628113, 0.4407041370868683, -0.7376635074615479, -0.42044296860694885, -0.43283870816230774, 0.9707044959068298, -0.29236042499542236, 0.24082961678504944, 0.48403340578079224, -0.2958810031414032, -0.19526126980781555, -0.46947336196899414, 0.10872175544500351, -0.7508459091186523, -0.2099965363740921, 0.2091629058122635, 0.018733365461230278, -0.4262921214103699, -0.7578443884849548, 0.3511791229248047, -0.08798520267009735, 0.19000545144081116, -0.5777363777160645, 0.1658344268798828, 0.6360551714897156, 0.05412404611706734, 0.4038078784942627, -0.341999351978302, 0.04124413803219795, 0.11454957723617554, 0.24668993055820465, -0.5277662873268127, 0.20794770121574402, -0.10475736856460571, -0.7908271551132202, -0.3290562629699707, -1.2168066501617432, -0.23423798382282257, 0.1452585756778717, 0.09511735290288925, 0.38785284757614136, -0.3409653306007385, -0.4527524411678314, -0.24942947924137115, 0.5569339990615845, 0.04189934581518173, 0.24071873724460602, -0.18836252391338348, 0.19661308825016022, 0.3180147707462311, 0.38725218176841736, -0.6709448099136353, -0.003159572836011648, -0.09633926302194595, -0.26448288559913635, 0.33413249254226685, 0.5792737007141113, 0.3208087384700775, 0.7542937397956848, -0.5888954997062683, 0.6313779354095459, 0.04124061390757561, -0.37397316098213196, 0.0554836243391037, 0.00452299602329731, -0.5582296252250671, -0.5108526349067688, 0.26552948355674744, -0.7226255536079407, 0.11154443025588989, -0.07263481616973877, 0.11233530193567276, 0.18114013969898224, 0.24169163405895233, 0.2655252516269684, -0.654795229434967, 0.6230275630950928, -0.22056865692138672, 0.25810426473617554, 0.09845224767923355, -0.10283968597650528, -0.1781521588563919, 0.21063919365406036, -0.5996211171150208, 0.5133638978004456, -0.26262369751930237, 0.3172822892665863, 0.0498749278485775, -1.0056082010269165, -0.20728787779808044, 0.5666146874427795, 0.3903700113296509, 0.12837567925453186, 0.18353323638439178, -0.06760704517364502, -0.3872743844985962, 0.530110239982605, -0.0641767680644989, 0.11964991688728333, -0.12116111069917679, -0.43062496185302734, 0.17095261812210083, -0.4954570233821869, 0.6223252415657043, -0.7696794867515564, 0.15003159642219543, 0.04123932123184204, -0.3008960485458374, -0.30130505561828613, 0.10265910625457764, -0.09624575823545456, 0.08098890632390976, -0.09688220173120499, 0.5376567244529724, 0.389310747385025, -0.4690901041030884, 0.6585500836372375, 0.49574610590934753, -0.13555367290973663, 0.1920979619026184, -0.41294652223587036, -0.018023520708084106, -0.3944791853427887, -0.09433488547801971, -0.011043881066143513, -0.25506752729415894, 0.05442740395665169, 0.5972926616668701, 0.6860312819480896, 0.421898752450943, 0.04483110085129738, -0.44970008730888367, 0.7626513838768005, -0.09861791878938675, -0.9625265002250671, -0.13233210146427155, -0.06730524450540543, -0.10315217077732086, 0.0003595493908505887, 0.4476759731769562, -0.11608733236789703, 0.3541034162044525, -0.43129196763038635, -0.11302294582128525, 0.5036680698394775, -1.310828685760498, -0.20398274064064026, 0.3749503195285797, 0.3387145400047302, 0.5325843095779419, -0.4175846576690674, -0.5854479074478149, 0.18072791397571564, 0.4288162589073181, 0.19623343646526337, -0.659328043460846, 0.32777512073516846, -0.428226500749588, 0.12170810252428055, 0.49939510226249695, 0.1624084860086441, 0.12477140128612518, 0.14372508227825165, -0.13996972143650055, 0.15698574483394623, -0.17266187071800232, -0.34187552332878113, 0.8167215585708618, -0.5721994042396545, 0.029190417379140854, 0.18246066570281982, -0.5223578810691833, -0.04967319592833519, 0.12163694947957993, 0.18860605359077454, -0.21291416883468628, -0.2958621084690094, 0.311485230922699, 0.19418518245220184, 0.11997324973344803, 0.14798316359519958, -0.8537236452102661, -0.5242158770561218, -0.8372775316238403, 0.3970850706100464, -0.24519580602645874, -0.04974096268415451, 0.49207109212875366, 0.3161613643169403, 0.6143718361854553, -0.8204392790794373, 0.03051520138978958, -0.0377349779009819, 0.5630486011505127, 0.12302897125482559, 0.7919127345085144, 0.4413782060146332, -0.42791393399238586, -0.23964092135429382, -0.5416689515113831, 0.6048471331596375, 0.21272088587284088, -0.49299484491348267, 0.44143396615982056, -0.4441327750682831, -0.042362816631793976, -0.28687217831611633, 0.3624340295791626, -0.6375606060028076, 0.07095782458782196, 0.025969384238123894 ]
210857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Broadcasting%20Company	British Broadcasting Company	The British Broadcasting Company Ltd. (BBC) was a short-lived British commercial company formed on 18 October 1922 by British and American electrical companies doing business in the United Kingdom. Licensed by the British General Post Office, their original office was located on the second floor of Magnet House, the GEC buildings in London and consisted of a room and a small antechamber. On 14 December 1922, John Reith was hired to become the Managing Director of the company at that address. The company later moved its offices to the premises of the Marconi Company. The BBC as a commercial broadcasting company did not sell air time but it did carry a number of sponsored programmes paid for by British newspapers. On 31 December 1926, the company was dissolved, and its assets were transferred to the non-commercial and crown-chartered British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Brief history Post Office stations In Britain prior to 1922, the General Post Office (GPO) retained exclusive rights given to it by the government to manage and control all means of mass communication – with the exception of the printed word for which authority had devolved to another governmental entity. The laws which evolved into the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1947, upon which all modern British communication laws are built in one way or another, concern four essential activities: the establishment of a station for purposes of broadcasting, the use of a station for purposes of broadcasting, the installing of a transmitter or receiver, and the use of a transmitter or receiver. All four of these activities require a government licence which was originally granted by the General Post Office. "Electrical" post offices The invention of the electrical telegraph came under the control of the Telegraph Act 1869 which was based upon a law that forbade the encoding of electrical cables with messages without a licence. The messages were viewed as electrical forms of a letter. This invention was followed by the wireless telegraph which was then placed under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904. Advent of wireless broadcasting In the US, the development of the telegraph, wireless telegraph, telephone and wireless telephony proceeded according to the dictates of entrepreneurial commercial interests concerned only with supply and demand for profit. Beginning in August 1920, commercial broadcasting stations programming to the general public had begun broadcasting in the United States, licensed by the Department of Commerce (these duties were transferred in 1934 to the Federal Communications Commission) and offering several hours of programming, usually at night. Two of the first stations were WWJ in Detroit (then known as 8MK) and KDKA in Pittsburgh (which has claimed to be the first station specifically licensed for commercial broadcasting; however commercial licences were actually not awarded until September 1921). These pioneering stations continue in daily 24-hour operation today under the ownership and management of CBS. In the United Kingdom, all broadcasts were licensed by the GPO, who were reluctant to license any fully commercial stations and only 'experimental' stations were allowed on air. First test broadcasts Beginning in 1920, a number of licences were issued to British and American subsidiary companies in Britain for the purpose of conducting experimental transmissions under terms of a licence issued by the General Post Office in accordance with the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904. On 15 June 1920, Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Limited, in Chelmsford, Essex, was licensed to conduct an experimental broadcast from the New Street Works factory, featuring Dame Nellie Melba. The signal was received throughout Europe and as far as Newfoundland, Canada. Further transmissions were also made. Military intervention On 23 November 1920, the General Post Office halted all further transmissions due to complaints of alleged interference with military communications. As the number of wireless receiving sets increased during the early 1920s, the General Post Office came under extreme pressure from hobby listeners to allow the experimental wireless broadcasts to resume. Test transmissions resume On 14 February 1922, which was two years after ceasing their original transmissions, the Marconi Company was issued a licence for experimental transmissions under the call sign 2MT. Peter Eckersley was given charge of providing both the broadcast entertainment and the engineering. The station operated out of a hut in a field at Writtle near Chelmsford. On 11 May 1922, the Marconi Company was issued another licence for experimental broadcasts from a station identified as 2LO which was located at Marconi House in the Strand, London. The programme consisted of a boxing commentary of the fight between Kid Lewis and Georges Carpentier. Further tests were also advertised as demonstrations of "Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony" which were "subject to permission from the Postmaster General". These demonstrations were performed by the "Demonstration Department (of) Marconi's London Wireless Station 2LO". On 16 May 1922, the Metropolitan Vickers Company Ltd. ("Metrovick") commenced test broadcasting from its own station in Manchester, identified as 2ZY. A committee is appointed On 23 May a committee of representatives was appointed from the "Big Six" companies – Marconi, Metropolitan-Vickers, Radio Communication Company, British Thomson-Houston, General Electric Company and Western Electric. The Post Office also pressed for the inclusion of a representative from the smaller firms manufacturing radio equipment in the UK – Frank Phillips of Burndept. George Campbell was one of the members on the committee. Incorporation and shares On 18 October 1922 the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. was incorporated under the Companies Acts 1908 to 1917 with a share capital of £60,006, with cumulative ordinary shares valued at £1 each. No further capital could be issued without the Postmaster-General's consent: The shares were equally held by six companies: Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company Radio Communication Company The British Thomson-Houston Company The General Electric Company Western Electric Company The shareholders gave the BBC the benefit of their respective patents, and only radio sets supplied by BBC companies were permitted to be licensed to receive programmes. The ability of the shareholders to profit from the BBC was limited as part of the agreement with the Postmaster General: Directors The initial remit of the British Broadcasting Company was to establish a nationwide network of radio transmitters many of which had originally been owned by member companies, from which the BBC was to provide a national broadcasting service. International influences The British Broadcasting Company was formed using a blueprint that the US Navy and the General Electric Company had attempted to institute in the USA. Early in World War I, all of the ship-to-shore and transatlantic radio stations controlled by a US subsidiary company of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Limited in Chelmsford, England, were seized and handed to the US Navy for the duration of the War. After the War, the US Congress forced the US Navy to divest itself of the stations and they turned to the General Electric Company which in 1919 formed a subsidiary called the Radio Corporation of America. With the US Navy on its board, RCA then absorbed the former Marconi stations. In 1926 RCA created the National Broadcasting Company, the first network in the United States. Peaking in the 1930s, there were attempts to bring all radio communications in America back under single monopoly control by using the patent laws. This move failed. The Western Electric Company Ltd. in the UK was originally formed as a subsidiary of American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in the USA where it served as its manufacturing subsidiary to equip the AT&T Bell Telephone system. The British Thomson-Houston Company Ltd. was a controlled UK subsidiary of the General Electric Company in the USA. The Hotpoint Electric Appliance Company Ltd. was formed by British Thomson-Houston (BTH) in 1921. The only other company later added to the original shareholders of the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. was Burndept Limited. It represented the interests of over twenty small electrical manufacturers in the UK. Income The British Broadcasting Company did not sell air time for commercials but its licence did allow for it to carry sponsored programming, and eight such sponsored broadcasts were aired in 1925. However, the main source of its income was from the sale of radio receiving sets and transmitters manufactured by its shareholding member companies as well as from a portion of the government (GPO) licence fee that had to be purchased by BBC listeners. Timeline 1922 18 October: The British Broadcasting Company Ltd. is formed but not registered. 1 November: The first broadcast receiving licences are issued. 14 November: 2LO begins broadcasting on medium wave from Marconi House to London. The first news bulletin is read by Arthur Burrows, the company's founding Director of Programmes. 15 November: 5IT in Birmingham and 2ZY in Manchester begin broadcasting. All three BBC stations broadcast the General Election results. 14 December: John C. W. Reith is hired as the company's managing director. 15 December: The British Broadcasting Company Ltd. is registered as an incorporated company. 24 December: 5NO begins broadcasting to Newcastle. 30 December: John Reith begins work as Managing Director. 31 December: 35,774 receiving licences have been issued by the General Post Office. The BBC has four employees. 1923 18 January: Postmaster General Neville Chamberlain issues the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. with a broadcasting licence from the General Post Office. 13 February: 5WA begins broadcasting to Cardiff. 6 March: 5SC begins broadcasting to Glasgow. 16 March: The first return of shareholders is filed. Substantiated claim. 1 May: New studios are opened at Savoy Hill. 6 June: Edgar Wallace becomes the first British radio sports reporter when he makes a report on The Derby. 29 August: The first network news bulletin is delivered by all BBC stations. 28 September: First published edition of The Radio Times. 1 October: Publication of Sykes Committee Report on Broadcasting. 10 October: 2BD begins broadcasting to Aberdeen. 17 October: 6BM begins broadcasting to Bournemouth. 16 November: 6FL begins broadcasting to Sheffield as the first relay station. 26 November: First experimental broadcast to North America. 30 December: First landline relay from Radiola Paris, France. 31 December: First broadcast of the Big Ben chimes. BBC staff numbers 177. 1924 5 February: First daily broadcast of the Greenwich time signal. 17 February: First daily broadcast of the Big Ben time signal. 28 March 5PY begins broadcasting to Plymouth as a relay station. 1 May: 2EH begins broadcasting to Edinburgh as a relay station. 11 June: 6LV begins broadcasting to Liverpool as a relay station. 8 July: 2LS begins broadcasting to Leeds and Bradford as a relay station. 9 July: 5XX begins experimental broadcasts on long wave from Chelmsford. 15 August: 6KH began broadcasting to Hull as a relay station. 15 September: 2BE begins broadcasting to Belfast. 16 September: 5NG begins broadcasting to Nottingham as a relay station. 21 October: 6ST begins broadcasting to Stoke-on-Trent as a relay station. 12 November: 2DE begins broadcasting to Dundee as a relay station. 26 November: First transatlantic relay broadcast from KDKA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 12 December: 5SX begins broadcasting to Swansea as a relay station. 31 December: Over 1 million receiving licences have been issued by the General Post Office. The BBC has 20 radio transmitting stations in operation and 465 employees. 1925 Various dates: Eight sponsored concerts are broadcast by the BBC. 3 April: BBC Deputy Managing Director Rear-Admiral Charles Carpendale becomes President of the First General Assembly of the International Broadcasting Union at Geneva, Switzerland. 6 April: 2LO's transmitter power is increased with the move from Marconi House to the roof of Selfridges department store in Oxford Street. 17 July: First published edition of The Radio Supplement. 27 July: The 5XX experimental longwave station is moved from Chelmsford to Daventry where it commences regular broadcasting on 1600 metres. 31 December: BBC staff numbers reach 658. 1926 4 January: John Reith begins to impose his dress code on the BBC's radio announcers, who must wear dinner jackets in the evening, as a mark of respect towards performers obliged to dress formally. 16 January: Catholic priest and broadcaster Fr Ronald Knox broadcasts Broadcasting from the Barricades, a satirical news report of a fictional riot. A significant part of the public believes the programme to be genuine, and Knox's satire provokes a minor panic similar to that caused by Orson Welles's The War of the Worlds broadcast twelve years later. 5 March: The Crawford parliamentary committee publishes its broadcasting report, which calls for the takeover of the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. by a government-owned non-commercial British Broadcasting Commission. 18 June: The BBC's Radio Supplement publication is replaced by its new periodical, World Radio. 22 July: Final return of shareholders filed. Substantiated claim. 14 November: The International Broadcasting Union publishes its Geneva Plan, which reduces the number of BBC wavelengths. This forces the company to move towards a restructuring of its services which will see most of its local radio stations replaced by regional stations. 16 December: Over 100 staff and directors of the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. attend a dinner party given for Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin. 20 December: Publication of the royal charter and licence agreements creating the British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 December: The General Post Offices has issued 2¼ million receiving licences. The contracts of 773 British Broadcasting Company staff are terminated and, with the dissolution of the company, shareholders are paid at par value. All assets, plant and copyrights held by the British Broadcasting Company are transferred to the Postmaster General. 1927 1 January: The British Broadcasting Corporation is established, and all assets received by the Postmaster General from the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. are transferred. John Reith takes office as the first director general, and all staff previously employed by the company are engaged under new contracts to the corporation. See also BBC Radio, a specific article about BBC domestic radio broadcasting services Radio Drama Company, a BBC company of actors established in 1939 BBC Television, a specific article about BBC domestic television services BBC World Service, a specific article about BBC external radio and television broadcasting services References Bibliography This book contains historical background relating to the British Broadcasting Company Ltd., its founding companies; their transatlantic connections; General Post Office licensing system; commercial competitors from Europe prior to World War II and offshore during the 1960s. The first two lengthy chapters of this book cover in detail the BBC's history prior to the creation of the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927. Contains a full page readable reproduction of the first edition of the Radio Times, 28 September 1923. The lead article is by Arthur R. Burrows, Director of Programmes for the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. His headline asks: "What's in the air?" Its stations are listed as serving "London, Cardiff, Birmingham, Newcastle, Manchester, Glasgow." An article by Peter Eckersley promises to inform readers about "Simultaneous Broadcasting." Peter Eckersley was hired as Chief Engineer by the British Broadcasting Company Ltd. Sponsorship of programmes by the British Broadcasting Company: See page 189 for details of eight sponsored concerts during 1925 by the Evening Standard, News of the World, Daily Herald, Weekly Dispatch, Answers and Titbits. The sponsorship consisted of these publications advertising in print the fact that their concerts were being broadcast by the BBC which at that time could not afford to produce its own concert programmes that would match the standard of those produced by the newspaper sponsors. External links History of Writtle where Captain Peter Eckersley conducted the first licensed British broadcasts. This site contains pictures of Peter Eckersley and the now famous shed from which he conducted his first broadcasts on behalf of Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Company, Limited. Marconi House Information and images of the early London radio studios of the British Broadcasting Company. (The first BBC office was in the GEC building.) Radio Licence funding history The BBC was, and is, funded by a mandatory licence fee. information and images of radio licences. Radio broadcasting companies of the United Kingdom Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom BBC British companies established in 1922 Mass media companies established in 1922 Mass media companies disestablished in 1926 1926 disestablishments in the United Kingdom	[ 0.5465800762176514, 0.8059195876121521, 0.008833413012325764, -0.7285010814666748, -0.6467180848121643, -0.07764174789190292, -0.09125525504350662, 0.3233201205730438, -0.5739493370056152, 0.2138466089963913, -0.7447723746299744, 0.38054147362709045, -0.20062649250030518, 0.5984392762184143, -0.2065706104040146, 0.009165335446596146, -0.13547050952911377, 0.38334566354751587, 0.12170246243476868, -0.8361138701438904, -0.3350532054901123, 0.4383125305175781, 0.08775171637535095, -0.30682653188705444, 0.026163199916481972, -0.12151770293712616, 0.36631348729133606, -0.15028837323188782, 0.2438725233078003, -0.463990718126297, 0.3634059727191925, 0.13857269287109375, -0.055797118693590164, 0.13985814154148102, 0.06660310178995132, -0.4559014141559601, 0.35489383339881897, -0.5403369069099426, -0.6300908327102661, -0.4854814410209656, 0.14478398859500885, 0.24431271851062775, 0.3255489468574524, 0.5447063446044922, -0.11557459831237793, -0.2502233684062958, -1.3984538316726685, 0.21911607682704926, -0.3405260443687439, -0.018237559124827385, -0.49635758996009827, 0.4232192933559418, 0.6252667903900146, 0.29704099893569946, 0.32254868745803833, 0.5151470899581909, 0.07295914739370346, 0.30348214507102966, 0.0770336464047432, 0.1617194265127182, 0.8668519854545593, -0.47522279620170593, 0.17072178423404694, 0.05178137123584747, 0.30681541562080383, -0.22209922969341278, 0.09658388048410416, 0.2835341989994049, -0.27720144391059875, -0.3272145390510559, -0.18419435620307922, -0.21740615367889404, -0.31161028146743774, 0.04235813394188881, -0.2327815592288971, -0.548617422580719, 0.03331046923995018, -0.02693871594965458, -0.006194088142365217, -0.21099096536636353, 0.3842141032218933, 0.5726599097251892, 0.07491443306207657, 0.008565086871385574, 0.10769014805555344, 0.21156209707260132, -0.7966936230659485, -0.3117135465145111, -0.10909691452980042, 0.8498455882072449, -0.47195032238960266, -0.14998653531074524, 0.5368248820304871, -0.27305930852890015, 0.2593799829483032, 0.02739011123776436, -0.23946280777454376, 0.17346502840518951, 0.19859148561954498, 0.3625200688838959, -0.7252741456031799, 0.17288924753665924, 0.3035232126712799, -0.20622940361499786, -0.10427366942167282, -0.024017704650759697, -0.657583475112915, -0.34381434321403503, -0.35064640641212463, -0.959219217300415, -0.01134292408823967, 0.09031365066766739, -0.07147243618965149, 0.38705047965049744, -0.12685318291187286, 0.23907093703746796, 0.43367400765419006, -0.32441043853759766, -0.18062736093997955, 0.08333630859851837, 0.0846906453371048, 0.7268500328063965, -0.6153244972229004, 0.15521115064620972, -0.2778717279434204, 0.17551526427268982, 0.21044540405273438, -0.0006068432121537626, -0.4312790036201477, 0.31831854581832886, 0.005359819158911705, 0.6961457133293152, -0.2651146948337555, -0.08095697313547134, -0.2908145785331726, -0.04622785001993179, 0.38324975967407227, 0.15514695644378662, 0.10300324857234955, 0.018859000876545906, -0.7967681288719177, 0.08271105587482452, -2.156343698501587, 0.20319011807441711, 0.2044077068567276, -0.4697227478027344, -0.30729663372039795, -0.017879333347082138, -0.26884976029396057, 0.05045477673411369, -0.022286856546998024, -0.42221149802207947, 0.06436232477426529, 0.5844908952713013, -0.2836254835128784, -0.17123529314994812, 0.9687027931213379, -0.09227970242500305, 0.2846945822238922, 0.3918483853340149, -0.19345571100711823, -0.3517966866493225, 0.09898670017719269, -0.042480990290641785, -0.12431611120700836, 0.34040960669517517, 0.2624724209308624, 0.24236945807933807, 0.42743733525276184, 0.1652439385652542, -0.3021491765975952, -0.1637388914823532, 0.3995635211467743, -0.48885002732276917, 0.19058763980865479, -0.5982154011726379, 0.3977660834789276, 0.3767886161804199, -0.07434862107038498, -0.33866968750953674, -0.5666081309318542, -0.0890430361032486, -0.07632499933242798, 0.07512786239385605, 0.17674368619918823, -0.10832533985376358, 0.601518988609314, -0.015058659017086029, -0.5070492029190063, 0.10921584069728851, -0.09509507566690445, -0.30423685908317566, -0.015110642649233341, -0.43624669313430786, 0.5974496006965637, -0.010489455424249172, -0.09917209297418594, 0.12808598577976227, 0.36923980712890625, 0.02991843782365322, 0.15789884328842163, 0.08658058941364288, 0.08083485066890717, -0.3646632432937622, -0.29444053769111633, 1.6285918951034546, 0.7270521521568298, -0.04927198216319084, 0.5235604047775269, 0.3909045457839966, 0.1027195081114769, -0.17599719762802124, 0.377685010433197, -0.2826131284236908, 0.33020931482315063, -0.6922239661216736, -0.0429544523358345, 0.18636274337768555, 0.17813123762607574, -0.28158044815063477, 0.4954100549221039, 0.4684098958969116, 0.0662665069103241, 0.6190003156661987, -0.31563353538513184, 0.5376604199409485, -0.25486624240875244, 0.1394812911748886, 0.11332972347736359, -0.4727604389190674, 0.5324748754501343, -0.050536029040813446, -0.22945722937583923, -0.3382214903831482, -0.23528780043125153, -0.39937159419059753, -0.4439273178577423, -0.5400192737579346, 0.12538979947566986, 0.005594604182988405, 0.7919543981552124, -0.24849720299243927, -0.4026830494403839, 0.12640845775604248, -0.09755673259496689, 0.12659010291099548, -0.2224729061126709, 0.3166691064834595, 0.28168022632598877, 0.04395805671811104, 0.9384924173355103, -0.09747936576604843, 0.32562121748924255, -0.4779279828071594, 0.22455477714538574, 0.15361687541007996, -0.18182042241096497, -0.3636230230331421, 0.39226415753364563, 0.2749268114566803, 0.09818064421415329, 0.0343732051551342, 0.12517458200454712, 0.07433266937732697, -0.3201695382595062, -0.6874680519104004, -0.6243509650230408, -0.4894404113292694, -0.07663242518901825, -0.41205787658691406, 0.5605589151382446, -0.05280928686261177, -0.07435490936040878, -2.1335926055908203, 0.6313120126724243, 0.414069801568985, 0.5630359649658203, 0.2556464374065399, -0.1012236699461937, 0.07731132209300995, 0.30042025446891785, -0.12995977699756622, -0.13133585453033447, 0.12448544055223465, -0.6667913198471069, 0.24947288632392883, -0.15550577640533447, -0.36801403760910034, 0.3024505376815796, 0.0726279467344284, -0.22179029881954193, 0.27717307209968567, -0.12179318070411682, 0.3030732274055481, 0.07236260920763016, 0.4479646682739258, 0.20188648998737335, -0.13427819311618805, -0.37527307868003845, -0.8633155226707458, -0.5351799726486206, 0.6732683181762695, -0.8552818298339844, -0.33199864625930786, 0.24375121295452118, -0.10755332559347153, 0.06130892410874367, -0.6093716025352478, -5.2617573738098145, -0.03079751692712307, -0.10402151197195053, -0.4424692690372467, 0.6547185182571411, -0.35174527764320374, 0.30264315009117126, -0.2695775628089905, 0.06329968571662903, -0.1456252932548523, -0.19125483930110931, -0.3185719847679138, -0.16920693218708038, 0.5672963857650757, 0.5995315909385681, 0.31986114382743835, 0.060938771814107895, 0.14796608686447144, 0.8025802969932556, 0.15312375128269196, 0.3091333210468292, -0.6247912049293518, 0.30539920926094055, 0.11110785603523254, -0.07545671612024307, 0.5521045923233032, 0.00747706787660718, 0.26787739992141724, -0.24655355513095856, 0.2562982141971588, 0.2534010112285614, -0.7758908271789551, 0.13175934553146362, -0.2354883998632431, 0.12504486739635468, -0.04880306124687195, 0.7362020611763, 0.7485969662666321, 0.4286262094974518, -0.6447764039039612, -0.16915862262248993, 0.5202515125274658, -0.34975558519363403, 0.3786434531211853, 0.4738236665725708, 0.029892969876527786, -0.6063127517700195, -0.17708587646484375, -0.10124282538890839, 0.822858452796936, 0.08172736316919327, 0.7365373373031616, 0.4270510673522949, 0.09224647283554077, -0.3287865221500397, -0.3496386706829071, 0.021968156099319458, -0.4141649007797241, -0.05570086091756821, -0.3325968384742737, 0.6049551963806152, 0.03004181571304798, 0.2991964519023895, -0.17689435184001923, -0.37668177485466003, -0.4114837944507599, -0.5333895683288574, -0.36944884061813354, 0.7492713332176208, 0.0730632096529007, -0.35522106289863586, -0.06506737321615219, 0.29194411635398865, -0.6677892804145813, -0.38748955726623535, -0.2756119966506958, 0.41574549674987793, 0.3944054841995239, 0.7477272152900696, 0.25104230642318726, 0.07827345281839371, 0.04339345172047615, -0.5252313613891602, 0.48198169469833374, -0.08285411447286606, -0.866304337978363, -0.27333372831344604, 0.382405161857605, -0.24563182890415192, -0.6640075445175171, 0.29900655150413513, -0.12920747697353363, -0.20867452025413513, 0.9625463485717773, -0.053532879799604416, 0.14821834862232208, 0.05402357503771782, 0.333675742149353, 0.5869042873382568, -0.2552749514579773, -0.15858587622642517, -0.3827988803386688, -0.27015551924705505, -0.7685708403587341, -0.18002353608608246, -0.5716041326522827, -0.31467148661613464, 0.01405226532369852, -0.32572081685066223, -0.5943855047225952, -0.22022150456905365, 0.060338057577610016, -1.0899033546447754, -0.03117903135716915, 0.6532397866249084, 0.07641869783401489, -0.0938648134469986, 0.4058149755001068, 0.017609061673283577, 0.29689934849739075, 0.4699828326702118, 0.6525881290435791, 0.3240470290184021, -0.22666777670383453, -0.42305994033813477, -0.007853786461055279, 0.15811479091644287, -0.3772805631160736, -0.0638476088643074, -0.2874945402145386, 0.013536972925066948, -0.014633798971772194, 0.12194795906543732, 0.09619130194187164, -0.29636797308921814, -0.11289722472429276, -0.625567615032196, 0.4363885223865509, 0.3212086856365204, -0.36449551582336426, -0.013957765884697437, 0.13504727184772491, 0.1619545966386795, 0.3441663384437561, 0.4064171314239502, 0.44195568561553955, 0.12862832844257355, 0.04829636961221695, -0.07094882428646088, 0.3045932352542877, 0.13423675298690796, -0.6805371642112732, 0.41649553179740906, -0.2819218337535858, -0.33650949597358704, -0.24264048039913177, -0.25638914108276367, -0.04872472956776619, -0.45173367857933044, -0.5480412840843201, -0.1709592491388321, -0.10455235093832016, -0.6452282667160034, 0.5390763282775879, 0.8287201523780823, -0.5182366967201233, -0.461820513010025, -0.07833614200353622, 0.0750216469168663, 0.4565689265727997, -0.35403570532798767, -0.15290561318397522, -0.5627963542938232, -0.22478929162025452, 0.3842594623565674, 0.7724780440330505, -0.2011559158563614, -0.2499488890171051, -0.012761012651026249, 0.16842547059059143, 0.036225877702236176, 0.1321573555469513, -0.5020291209220886, 0.5387255549430847, -0.18125692009925842, -0.5897423028945923, -0.34575462341308594, -0.45071104168891907, 0.11410097032785416, 0.0620579831302166, 0.3577333390712738, 0.3201145529747009, 0.9564412236213684, 0.13480865955352783, -0.6610665917396545, 0.029192758724093437, -0.21914926171302795, 0.15220040082931519, 0.15916413068771362, -0.62264484167099, 0.24283014237880707, 0.44160082936286926, -0.31397974491119385, -0.34709298610687256, -0.2726786136627197, -0.4656048119068146, 0.4601899981498718, 0.03159816190600395, -1.081264853477478, 0.7391717433929443, -0.1532994955778122, -0.5435666441917419, -0.1266842782497406, 0.5049020648002625, -0.7155722379684448, -0.6897443532943726, 0.32401642203330994, 0.1981499046087265, 0.10556205362081528, -0.3812294006347656, 0.16914959251880646, -0.24203795194625854, -0.027032501995563507, 0.2494109869003296, -0.3862372636795044, 0.6255284547805786, 0.148842915892601, -0.5982288122177124, 0.5490084886550903, -0.3392332196235657, -0.14871752262115479, -0.048552464693784714, 0.30322495102882385, 0.22000038623809814, 0.013907729648053646, 0.4322928190231323, -0.28955328464508057, 0.1270401030778885, -0.171123668551445, 0.4035007655620575, 0.8375499248504639, 0.6740171909332275, -0.024600660428404808, -0.6233886480331421, -0.025142943486571312, 1.1292798519134521, 0.8764229416847229, 0.09911056607961655, -0.1480858474969864, 0.039055969566106796, 0.4006318151950836, -0.005394895561039448, -0.9658852815628052, -0.0756608322262764, 0.6074314117431641, -0.7249759435653687, 0.2303031086921692, 0.5939897298812866, 0.03576459363102913, -0.42728355526924133, 0.22004474699497223, 0.5088002681732178, -0.5434727668762207, 0.44537925720214844, 0.36732035875320435, 0.4388408362865448, -0.20624220371246338, -0.1591278314590454, 0.1859481781721115, 0.06343536078929901, -0.19179385900497437, -0.26052650809288025, 0.09717848151922226, 0.7229778170585632, 0.27752596139907837, -0.38384562730789185, 0.275972843170166, -0.5921700596809387, 0.0520920529961586, -0.07184924930334091, 0.9133338332176208, -0.022985583171248436, 0.5579423904418945, -0.47768455743789673, 0.3947805166244507, -0.810949981212616, -0.2653248608112335, 0.3806965947151184, -0.5310100317001343, -0.30619293451309204, -0.16580095887184143, -0.5391192436218262, -0.17148208618164062, 0.3402257263660431, -0.40215373039245605, 0.11301655322313309, -0.1463354080915451, -0.3161652386188507, 0.436838299036026, 0.2410653829574585, -0.5271373987197876, 0.4859882891178131, 0.14541950821876526, -0.07342927902936935, 0.4713793694972992, 0.12078457325696945, 0.07957881689071655, -0.541549801826477, 0.10662336647510529, -0.3950142562389374, 0.13970895111560822, -0.18859829008579254, 0.24503539502620697, 0.9096804857254028, -0.1770213097333908, 0.02328287623822689, 0.6559908986091614, -0.12028739601373672, 0.3307115137577057, 0.25504302978515625, -0.19750522077083588, -0.25760847330093384, 0.5899884104728699, 0.07245489954948425, -0.2465369999408722, 0.2971719801425934, 0.07752355188131332, -0.2111380696296692, 0.4790339767932892, -0.5685481429100037, 0.26403385400772095, 0.014553800225257874, -0.5844246745109558, 0.8258458971977234, -0.6892365217208862, -0.43628817796707153, 0.18597552180290222, -0.13314026594161987, -0.5310995578765869, 0.6037465333938599, -0.02222248911857605, -0.10465874522924423, -0.21064046025276184, -0.5531941652297974, 0.0717787891626358, 0.36962297558784485, -0.09766976535320282, 0.2361750453710556, 0.26841315627098083, 0.27036333084106445, 0.7028728723526001, 0.15262331068515778, 0.4118387699127197, -0.082996666431427, 0.3227630853652954, -0.0511150024831295, 0.6991005539894104, -0.08627694100141525, 0.35891610383987427, -1.7484636306762695, -0.3874668776988983, 0.47665461897850037, 0.2536996603012085, 0.4123122990131378, 0.22817331552505493, 0.23109674453735352, 0.2371455579996109, -0.5375837087631226, 0.3768783509731293, 0.4765930473804474, 0.4792920649051666, -0.33553096652030945, 0.0060706003569066525, 0.02791258879005909, -0.12500189244747162, 0.3944483697414398, 0.2560895085334778, -0.07402719557285309, 0.261364609003067, -0.04430944472551346, -0.3033040165901184, 0.13600879907608032, -0.2067497968673706, -0.780133068561554, -0.19896185398101807, -0.2919470965862274, -0.6708368062973022, 0.11051004379987717, -0.1877155601978302, -0.056414298713207245, -0.0429547019302845, -0.799492597579956, -0.2578014135360718, -0.26603665947914124, -0.7644712328910828, -0.12375222891569138, -0.08069280534982681, 0.1033615991473198, 0.13200698792934418, -0.392538845539093, 0.0915486216545105, 0.8900962471961975, 0.030997635796666145, -0.2150869369506836, 0.24715164303779602, 0.20756995677947998, -0.2469315379858017, 0.1687573343515396, -0.2424909919500351, 0.4654502272605896, 0.1950763463973999, -0.22158610820770264, 0.11855581402778625, 0.4954080283641815, -0.46615809202194214, 0.7846586108207703, 0.8458739519119263, -0.46625691652297974, -0.13421468436717987, 0.6577571630477905, 0.05942496657371521, -0.07448610663414001, -0.23695893585681915, 0.734618604183197, -0.18903052806854248, 0.05957473814487457, 0.2965702712535858, 0.0931512713432312, -0.27637234330177307, 0.42243483662605286, -0.25373777747154236, 0.11055706441402435, -0.45010000467300415, -0.3957649767398834, -0.155780628323555, 0.1759004145860672, 0.16936010122299194, 0.6427644491195679, 0.4495837986469269, -0.2957940101623535, -0.09576401859521866, 0.26346439123153687, 1.0013835430145264, -0.10875072330236435, -3.1794984340667725, -0.48623737692832947, 0.6392140984535217, -0.3483612537384033, -0.594666063785553, 0.4801311492919922, 0.18090973794460297, -0.6629676222801208, 0.17518927156925201, -0.061653021723032, 0.18629106879234314, -0.27235254645347595, 0.543595016002655, -0.3805001974105835, 0.35359933972358704, 0.32171913981437683 ]
210860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Mario%20Bros.%20%28film%29	Super Mario Bros. (film)	Super Mario Bros. (also known as Super Mario Bros.: The Movie) is a 1993 adventure comedy film loosely based on the Mario video game series by Nintendo. It is the first feature-length live-action film to be based on a video game. The film was directed by the husband-and-wife team of Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel, written by Parker Bennett, Terry Runté and Ed Solomon and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures through Hollywood Pictures. Its story follows brothers Mario (Bob Hoskins) and Luigi (John Leguizamo) in their quest to rescue Princess Daisy (Samantha Mathis) from a dystopic parallel universe ruled by the ruthless President Koopa (Dennis Hopper). Given free creative license by Nintendo, the screenwriters envisioned the film as a subversive comedy with a "weird and dark" tone, with influences from Ghostbusters (1984) and The Wizard of Oz (1939). The setting was primarily inspired by the game Super Mario World (1990), with other elements drawn from fairy tales and contemporary American culture. The production innovated and introduced many filmmaking techniques now considered pivotal in the transition from practical to digital visual effects, including the use of Autodesk Flame. Filming took place from May to July 1992. Released on May 28, 1993, the film was a critical and financial failure, grossing $38.9 million worldwide, against a budget of $42–48 million. The film was met with generally negative reviews from critics who criticized the confusing narrative, perceived lack of faithfulness to its source material and inconsistent tone, but praised the innovative special effects, creative artistic direction, and the performances of its actors. Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto felt the film tried too hard to replicate the games instead of being a good film. Despite a poor reception, the film gained a cult following in later years and has been recently regarded as a cult classic. In 2012, a webcomic sequel was produced in collaboration with Bennett. It remained the only live-action film based on a Nintendo game property until Pokémon: Detective Pikachu (2019). As of 2018, a new animated Mario film is in development by Universal Pictures through its Illumination division, with Miyamoto serving as co-producer alongside Illumination founder Chris Meledandri, with the film's theatrical release planned for December 21, 2022 in North America. Plot 65 million years ago, a meteorite crashes into the Earth, killing the dinosaurs and splitting the universe into two parallel dimensions. The surviving dinosaurs cross into a new dimension, evolving into a humanoid race and founding the city of Dinohattan. Twenty years ago, a mysterious woman leaves a large egg, along with a rock, at a Catholic orphanage. As she attempts departure, President Koopa accosts her, demanding the rock's location. Rocks then fall onto the woman, killing her. The egg hatches, containing an infant girl. In the present, two Italian-American plumber brothers Mario and Luigi Mario live in Brooklyn, New York, close to being driven out of business by the mafia-operated Scapelli Construction Company led by Anthony Scapelli. Luigi falls for NYU student Daisy, who is digging under the Brooklyn Bridge for dinosaur bones. After a date, Daisy returns Luigi to the bridge and witnesses two of Scapelli's men sabotaging it by leaving the water pipes open. Mario and Luigi fix it, but Iggy and Spike, Koopa's henchmen and cousins, knock them unconscious and kidnap Daisy. Upon awakening, the brothers pursue them through an interdimensional portal to Dinohattan. Iggy and Spike realize they forgot Daisy's rock, a meteorite fragment which Koopa wants to obtain to merge his world with the human world. Daisy turns out to be the long-lost princess of the other dimension. When Koopa overthrew Daisy's father as king and devolved him into fungus, her mother the queen took her to Brooklyn. The portal was then sealed, but Scapelli's men inadvertently reopened the portal when they blasted the cave. Koopa sends his cousins to find Daisy and the rock to merge the dimensions and make him dictator of both worlds. However, after Koopa subjects them to an experiment to increase their intelligence, they realize Koopa's evil intentions and side with the Mario Bros. Daisy is taken to Koopa Tower, where she meets Yoshi. Koopa informs Daisy that she descended from the dinosaurs, believing only she can merge the worlds because of her royal heritage. The Mario Bros. rescue Daisy, aided by Toad, a good-natured guitarist devolved into a Goomba, a semi-humanoid dinosaur, as punishment for a protest. Koopa's wife, Lena, merges the two worlds, although the meteorite’s energy kills her. Koopa devolves Scapelli into a chimpanzee before going after Mario, but Luigi and Daisy remove the fragment from the meteorite, and the worlds separate again. In Dinohattan, Mario and Luigi fire devolution guns at Koopa and blast him with a Bob-omb. Koopa, now a ferocious, semi-humanoid Tyrannosaurus, attempts to kill the Mario Bros., who permanently destroy him by devolving him into an actual Tyrannosaurus rex, then primeval slime. Daisy's father is restored as king, and the citizens celebrate and immediately destroy anything with Koopa's likeness. Luigi professes his love for Daisy and wants her to come to Brooklyn with him, but Daisy, having found both her home and father, decides to stay in Dinohattan. Crestfallen, Luigi kisses Daisy goodbye as he and Mario return home to Brooklyn. Three weeks later, the Mario Bros. are getting ready for dinner when their story comes on the news and the anchorman says they should be called the "Super Mario Bros." Daisy then arrives and asks the Mario Bros to help her on a new mission. In a post-credits scene, two Japanese business executives propose making a video game based on Iggy and Spike, now on Earth, to be named The Super Koopa Cousins. Cast Production Development The suggestion for a film based on the Super Mario Bros. was first put forward by Roland Joffé during a script meeting at his production company Lightmotive. Joffé met the Nintendo of America president and Hiroshi Yamauchi's son-in law, Minoru Arakawa. He presented Arakawa with an initial draft of the script. One month after their meeting, Joffé went to Nintendo's headquarters in Kyoto to meet Hiroshi Yamauchi. He pitched to Yamauchi the storyline which led to Nintendo receiving interest in the project. Joffé left with a $2 million contract giving the temporary control of the character of Mario over to Joffé. Nintendo retained merchandising rights for the film through a "creative partnership" with Lightmotive. When Yamauchi asked Joffé why Nintendo should sell the rights to Lightmotive over a major company Joffé assured that Nintendo would have more control over the film. However, Nintendo had no interest in creative control and believed the Mario brand was strong enough to allow an experiment with an outside industry. "I think they looked at the movie as some sort of strange creature that was kind of rather intriguing to see if we could walk or not", said Joffé. Joffé wondered, "How do we catch this wonderful mixture of images and inputs and strangeness?" The first screenplay was written by Oscar-winning screenwriter Barry Morrow. His story followed brothers Mario and Luigi on an existential road trip so similar to Morrow's prior Rain Man that production titled the script "Drain Man". Morrow described his screenplay as "a study in contrast, like Laurel and Hardy or Abbott and Costello", that would have "an odyssey and a quest" like the game itself. Co-producer Fred Caruso later said that Morrow's story was "more of a serious drama piece as opposed to a fun comedy". Screenwriters Jim Jennewein and Tom S. Parker were brought on next to write a more traditional adaptation. "So right away we knew that the best way to do this is to essentially have a journey into this world, not unlike The Wizard of Oz", said Jennewein. His and Parker's take on the story was to subvert fairy tale clichés and satirize them, as well as focus on the relationship between Mario and Luigi. Jennewein said, "Essentially what we did was what Shrek did [...] And we knew the story had to be about the brothers and that the emotional through-line would be about the brothers." Greg Beeman of License to Drive was attached to direct and development had already moved into pre-production, but the failure of Beeman's recent Mom and Dad Save the World led to his dismissal by nervous producers. Joffé then offered Harold Ramis the director position, but though he was a fan of the video game, Ramis declined the opportunity, which he would later reflect being "glad" about and which the Associated Press would observe was his "smartest career decision". Joffé said, "We tried some various avenues that didn't work, that came up too medieval or somehow wasn't the right thing. I felt the project was taking a wrong turn [...] And that's when I began thinking of Max Headroom." Joffé traveled to Rome to meet with creators Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel. Morton said, "We come from the Tim Burton school of filmmaking, because our background is in animation and comic books [...] So we started off basing everything in reality, and then tried to have fun and exaggerate it as much as possible." Joffé, Morton, and Jankel agreed their approach in adapting the video games should follow the darker tone popularized by the 1989 Batman and 1990 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Joffé said, "This wasn't Snow White and the Seven Dinosaurs [...] The dino world was dark. We didn't want to hold back." Morton described the film as a prequel to the video games that tells the "true story" behind Nintendo's inspiration. Joffé viewed the games as a "mixture of Japanese fairy tales and bits of modern America", and wanted to create a "slightly mythic vision of New York". Screenwriter Parker Bennett elaborated: "Our take on it was that Nintendo interpreted the events from our story and came up with the video game. We basically worked backwards." The concept of a parallel universe inhabited by dinosaurs was inspired by Dinosaur Land from the recently released Super Mario World. Jankel envisioned the parallel dimension as "[...] a whole world with a reptile point-of-view, dominated by aggressive, primordial behavior and basic instincts", while Morton considered the ecological and technological consequences of a dinosaur society that holds fossil fuels sacred. Joffé noted, "It's a wonderful parody of New York and heavy industry [...] We call it the New Brutalism." Screenwriters Parker Bennett and Terry Runté were tasked with balancing comedy with the darker tone: Bennett said, "Ghostbusters was the model [...] We were aiming towards funny, but kind of weird and dark." Despite working well with the directors, Bennett and Runté were dismissed by the producers for being too comedic and British writing team Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais were brought on to deliver a more adult and feminist tone. Princess Daisy and Lena's roles were expanded while Bertha, a black woman, was introduced. This script signed the main cast, finally convincing Bob Hoskins to take on the role of Mario. The film officially moved into pre-production. However, producers Joffé and Eberts feared the project had both skewed too far from the intended young adult/family audiences, and had become too effects-heavy to film within budget, so without informing directors Morton and Jankel or the signed cast they hired screenwriters Ed Solomon and Ryan Rowe to provide a more family-friendly script with more restrained effects requirements. The script doctoring was partially motivated by Disney purchasing the film's distribution rights. The cast only discovered the new screenplay upon arriving in Wilmington, NC. Directors Morton and Jankel considered leaving the project, but decided to stay after talking it over with each other and realizing that no other director could at that point come on and understand the material enough to properly adapt it. Morton and Jankel also felt they owed it to the cast/crew and believed they could reclaim their vision during production. Rowe returned home to work on another project, but Solomon remained for several weeks to provide additional rewrites. Without invitation, Bennett and Runté took a road trip to Wilmington whereupon they were immediately re-hired. They would remain through production to provide final rewrites, dialogue for ADR, and the dialogue for the expository animated dinosaur opening. The intelligent fungus was inspired by both the Mushroom Kingdom from the games and tabloid reports of a discovered gigantic fungus. Production Designer David Snyder recalled: "As each script developed the fungus was sort of a metaphor for the mushroom element in a Nintendo game." Joffé reflected, "For me a screenplay is never finished [...] You work a screenplay all the time. When you bring actors in a screenplay goes through another evolution. So you can say that rather like the fungus in the movie the screenplay constantly evolves." Casting After securing the rights to the film, Lightmotive went to work finding the casting for the characters. Initially, Dustin Hoffman expressed interest in portraying Mario. However, Arakawa didn't believe that he was the right man for the role. Danny DeVito was offered both the role of Mario and the director's mantle. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Michael Keaton were both approached to play Koopa, but both turned down the role. Tom Hanks was considered for the role of Luigi, but a string of recent box-office failures dropped him from consideration. Actors Bob Hoskins and John Leguizamo were ultimately cast as Mario and Luigi. Initially, Hoskins disliked the script and did not want to do another children's film: "I'd done Roger Rabbit. I'd done Hook. I didn't want to become like Dick Van Dyke." Hoskins wondered how he would prepare for the role, saying "I'm the right shape. I've got a mustache. I worked as a plumber's apprentice for about three weeks and set the plumber's boots on fire with a blowtorch." Producer Roland Joffé kept sending Hoskins new script revisions until finally the actor agreed. Co-director Jankel said, "Bob was a no brainer [...] Unabashed shameless physical type casting. Bob was brilliant at assuming the character, in a slightly amplified way that would be in keeping with his supposed subsequent game iteration." "What I liked about the script was the adventure and the action that was involved", said Leguizamo. He joked that "You always see a lot of Italians playing Latin people, like Al Pacino did in Scarface. Now it's our turn!" Jankel said, "John was a brilliant up and coming stand-up comic and actor [...] We went to see him at Second City, and we were 100% sold. He had a wonderful combination of empathy and irreverence but was entirely without guile. It was not specifically scripted to be cast with a Hispanic or Latino actor, but it made perfect sense that the Mario Bros. themselves should be this contemporary unconventional family, so the small unit of just two, couldn't be pegged as one thing or another." According to Mojo Nixon, he was cast in the role of Toad because the production wanted an actual musician for the character, but their first choice Tom Waits was unavailable. Nixon's agent pitched him to casting as a "third-rate Tom Waits—for half-price". Filming Several weeks before shooting was to begin, Walt Disney Company purchased the distribution rights to the film and demanded significant rewrites. Morton said the final result was a script that was not at all like the script that he, Jankel, and the cast had signed on to film, and that the tone of the new script was not at all compatible with the sets, which had already been built. Leguizamo said, "It's eight-year-olds who play the game and that's where the movie needed to be aimed. [...] But [the directors] kept trying to insert new material. They shot scenes with strippers and with other sexually-explicit content, which all got edited out anyway." Principal photography of the film began on May 6, 1992, and wrapped on July 27, 1992. Contrary to many reports, directors Morton and Jankel did complete the contracted shooting of the film, though Director of Photography Dean Semler and several second unit directors provided additional reshoots. Morton and Jankel would even provide such instructions as what aperture the camera had to be at, to which Semler responded by questioning his employment on the production. Morton said, "I was locked out of the editing room [...] I had to get the DGA to come and help me get back into the editing room. I tried to get the editor to cut it digitally, but they refused. They wanted to edit on Moviola and Steenbeck machines, so the process was laboriously slow, which didn't help us get the special effect cut in on time." Production design Production Designer David Snyder approached turning the Mushroom Kingdom into the live-action setting of Dinohattan (also known as DinoYawk or Koopaville) by "[taking] all the elements that are in the video game" and "[turning] them into a metaphor and [combining] them with 3-D and real characters". "Koopa gets a single glimpse of Manhattan at the beginning of the movie", according to Art Director Walter P. Martishius. This inspires Koopa to recreate Dinohattan, but "he didn't get it quite right. The place is twisted, off balance, different. And he doesn't even know it." Co-producer Fred Caruso located the deserted Ideal Cement Co. plant in Wilmington, North Carolina. Snyder found the location a unique opportunity: "In this building, with all the existing concrete structure, we could hang the scenery from the structure, and not have to build scaffolding, and could integrate the concrete structure into the film's design." Snyder said: "In Blade Runner (a film he was the Art Director on), the street was one level. Here I have a street level, a pedestrian walkway and above that Koopa's Room, plus six or seven stories in height. I have more flexibility in layering of levels. It's a major, major opportunity. You'd never be able to do this on a sound stage. There isn't a sound stage big enough." "We've designed this film with the idea of looking at New York while on some mind-altering drugs." The intelligent fungus was created from fishing lure base and hot glue by prop designer Simon Murton. Creatures effects Lead creatures designer and supervisor Patrick Tatopoulos was aware of the concurrent Jurassic Park production, so consciously designed the dinosaurs for Super Mario Bros. to be more cute and cartoon-like with inspiration from Beetlejuice. Tatopolous described Yoshi as "an abstract, fantasy T. rex", and designed the baby dinosaur with large eyes to evoke a softer and less menacing quality. Lead SFX sculptor Mark Maitre compared Yoshi to a cross between "a Tyrannosaurus Rex and an iguana". Four versions of the Yoshi puppet were built: a stand-in, a wireless model, a half-puppet for the tongue, and a fully functional model. The fully functional puppet utilized 70 cables and nine operators, costing . Producers from Jurassic Park visited the set and were so impressed with the Yoshi puppet they briefly considered hiring its engineers for a second Jurassic Park creatures shop. Originally, the Goombas were only background characters, but their final designs were so impressive that directors Morton and Jankel promoted them to main characters with major stunts. Visual effects Super Mario Bros. innovated and introduced many techniques considered pivotal in the transition from practical to digital visual effects. It is the first film to have used the software Autodesk Flame, now an industry standard. It is also the first film scanned with a digital intermediate, allowing for the compositing of more than 700 visual effects shots. The disintegration effect for the inter-dimensional merge was inspired by the Transporter from Star Trek. Reception Box office The film grossed in the United States and Canada, selling approximately tickets in the United States. In Asia, the film earned () from distribution rentals in Japan, and sold 106,083 tickets in the South Korean capital of Seoul City. In Europe, the film grossed () in the United Kingdom, sold 391,800 tickets in France, and sold 290,098 tickets in Germany. In total, the film grossed $17,997,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $38,912,465. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's consensus states: "Despite flashy sets and special effects, Super Mario Bros. is too light on story and substance to be anything more than a novelty". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 35 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F. Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times said "It's a movie split in two: wildly accomplished on one level, wildly deficient on another." He gave the film high marks for its effects and the "sheer density and bravura of the production design", but ultimately provided a low final score for poor writing. Janet Maslin of The New York Times also commended the film's visual effects, and suggested Bob Hoskins could "handle any role with grace and good humor", but concluded "it doesn't have the jaunty hop-and-zap spirit of the Nintendo video game from which it takes – ahem – its inspiration". "The movie's no stinker", asserted Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune, who lauded Hoskins and Leguizamo for their brotherly dynamic and called the Goombas "wonderfully daffy supporting characters". Hal Hinson of The Washington Post likewise praised the film for its performances and creatures effects, and proclaimed "In short, it's a blast." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two thumbs down on the television program Siskel & Ebert At the Movies, citing tonal inconsistency and lack of narrative, and the film was on their list for one of the worst films of 1993. Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun thought Yoshi had "more personality than all the human actors put together". Hal Hinson of The Washington Post declared the Goombas "the best movie heavies since the flying monkeys in The Wizard of Oz." Super Mario Bros. was one of four films under consideration for the Best Visual Effects award at the 66th Academy Awards; though the Academy ultimately nominated The Nightmare Before Christmas. Home media The film was first released on VHS in 1994 and on DVD in the United States in 2003 and again in 2010. The quality of the DVD release was widely derided for being non-anamorphic and only English Dolby Digital 5.1. The film was released on Blu-ray by Second Sight Films in the United Kingdom on November 3, 2014. The film was re-released as a limited edition Blu-ray steelbook by Zavvi in the UK in February 2017. The film was released on Blu-ray in Japan on December 22, 2017, which featured the same features and extras as Second Sight Films' release. , fan website Super Mario Bros.: The Movie Archive is working with original VFX Supervisor Christopher F. Woods on a 4K resolution transfer and restoration for a future Region A release. Legacy In a 2007 interview, Hoskins said "The worst thing I ever did? Super Mario Brothers. It was a fuckin' nightmare. The whole experience was a nightmare. It had a husband-and-wife team directing, whose arrogance had been mistaken for talent. After so many weeks their own agent told them to get off the set! Fuckin' nightmare. Fuckin' idiots." He and Leguizamo would get drunk before each day of filming and would continue to drink between takes. In a 2011 interview, he was asked, "What is the worst job you've done?", "What has been your biggest disappointment?", and "If you could edit your past, what would you change?" His answer to all three was Super Mario Bros. However, his son, Jack Hoskins, is a fan of the film and praised his performance. Leguizamo prepared a video message for the film's 20th anniversary in 2013, saying "I'm glad people appreciate the movie [...] it was the first, nobody had ever done it before [...] I'm proud of the movie in retrospect." Hopper disparaged the production, recounting in 2008: "It was a nightmare, very honestly, that movie. It was a husband-and-wife directing team who were both control freaks and wouldn't talk before they made decisions. Anyway, I was supposed to go down there for five weeks, and I was there for 17. It was so over budget." Mathis said in 2018 for the film's 25th anniversary: "There are a lot of people who are really excited to meet me because I was Princess Daisy. That's all you can ask for as an actor—that your work, and something you were part of, left an impression on people and makes them feel good." Co-director Morton reflected on the movie in 2016 as a "harrowing" experience. Morton felt "very uneasy" being put in the position of having to defend the new script. In addition, working with Dennis Hopper was "really, really hard. Really hard. I don't think [Hopper] had a clue what was going on." He described the experience as humiliating, but Morton was proud of the film's originality. Speaking with Game Informer for the film's 20th anniversary, Morton said: "I wanted parents to really get into it. At that time, there was a very hardcore movement against video games, and a lot of anti-video games sentiment. I wanted to make a film that would open it up and get parents interested in video games." Co-director Jankel said, "I do feel in my heart, it was a hell of an achievement to have made it, under those circumstances, and it has in time, happily, achieved cult status [...] I am often hearing how many people loved it growing up, watch it repeatedly, and are genuine fans." Producer Joffé remains proud: "It's not that I defend the movie, it's just that, in its own extraordinary way, it was an interesting and rich artefact and has earned its place. It has strange cult status." Joffé never heard what Yamauchi or Nintendo thought of the finished product. He said, "They never phoned up to complain [...] They were very polite, Nintendo." Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto said: "[In] the end, it was a very fun project that they put a lot of effort into [...] The one thing that I still have some regrets about is that the movie may have tried to get a little too close to what the Mario Bros. video games were. And in that sense, it became a movie that was about a video game, rather than being an entertaining movie in and of itself." Cultural impact Ryan Hoss, a longtime fan of the film, launched the fansite Super Mario Bros.: The Movie Archive in 2007, saying to Playboy for the film's 25th anniversary that "I had this collection, and the Internet was growing in terms of fansites during that era, the late '90s, and I always knew the Mario Bros. movie was misunderstood and a sore spot in people's minds—at least, the way it was being portrayed on the Internet, the 'worst movie ever' kind of deal." He characterized the site: "It's a way to celebrate the film itself and showcase the work of all the people who had a part in it—warts and all, good and bad." In 2010 Steven Applebaum joined the site as editor-in-chief to help collect production materials and organize interviews. He said, "Most of the [cast and crew] were very happy about it because, at the time, it was a very revolutionary movie [...] They were introducing a lot of great special effects that hadn't been done before, and they had these really talented actors, and it was a project they were proud to work on. [...] Giving them a chance to talk about everything they did, it really helped them to share what they contributed and what they felt was important to the industry." The film returned to theaters through fan efforts in 2012, and in 2013 for the 20th anniversary. The Nintendo Power 20th anniversary retrospective issue states that the fact that the film was maderegardless of qualityshows how much the game series had impacted popular culture. Themes Thomas Leitch has written that Super Mario Bros. is an example of postliterary adaptation and that it "drops facetious references" to The Wizard of Oz, Star Wars, and Doctor Zhivago. Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun compared the Goombas to the winged monkeys of The Wizard of Oz, suggesting they similarly evoke a "mix of pity and terror". The phrase "Trust the Fungus" from the film has been compared to "May the Force be with you" from Star Wars. Sequel webcomic In 2013, fansite editors Steven Applebaum and Ryan Hoss teamed with one of the film's original screenwriters, Parker Bennett, on a fanfiction webcomic sequel. Development on the sequel began after a 2010 interview in which Bennett admitted the sequel hook was more an homage to the ending of the original Back to the Future and was not a serious indication of a potential continuation. However, Applebaum and Hoss later asked Bennett what he would have done if given the opportunity and Bennett provided broad points about the consequences of the first film and the themes that they would have explored. The adventure picks up with Mario and Luigi returning to Dinohattan to aid Daisy in defeating mad scientist Wart, the final boss from Super Mario Bros. 2. "We did heavily discuss the world of the film, from its backstory to the character's motivations", says Applebaum. Bennett provided general direction before "[passing] the torch" to Applebaum and Hoss. Extended cut On June 1, 2021, editor and film restorationist Garrett Gilchrist and members of The Super Mario Bros. (Movie) Archive released a "semi-official" restoration of the extended cut of Super Mario Bros. The restorationists dubbed it "The Morton-Jankel Cut," since it was based on an earlier VHS workprint of the film which had been discovered. Gilchrist was hired to get the most quality possible out of the low-quality VHS. The film is extended by twenty minutes in this cut, with additional scenes including Koopa devolving a technician into slime for the crime of sneezing, Mario's rivalry with the mafia-affiliated Scapelli plumbing company, and an anti-Koopa rap by Spike and Iggy at the Boom Boom Bar, backed up with scantily-clad lizard dancers. While the "Morton-Jankel Cut" was theoretically intended as an official Blu-ray extra, there are currently no plans for this to happen, and it was leaked to Archive instead. The Australian Blu-ray by Umbrella (released October 2021) uses a raw edit of the VHS workprint rather than Gilchrist's restoration. Soundtrack The soundtrack, released on May 10, 1993, by Capitol Records, featured two songs from Roxette: "Almost Unreal", which was released as a single, and "2 Cinnamon Street", which is an alternate version of the song "Cinnamon Street" from Roxette's album Tourism. The music video for "Almost Unreal" was inspired by the film, featuring scenes from the film and a de-evolution theme. "Almost Unreal" was originally written for the film Hocus Pocus, but was never used and ended up attached to the Mario film instead. The change angered Roxette co-founder Per Gessle. * These tracks were not included in the U.S. and Canada releases, only on the international versions of the album. Upcoming animated film Rumors of a theatrical animated Mario film began in late 2014, with leaked emails between film producer Avi Arad and Sony Pictures head Tom Rothman suggesting that Sony would be producing the film. On November 14, 2017, Universal Pictures and Illumination announced they will release a computer-animated Mario film. On January 31, 2018, Nintendo of America announced its partnership with Illumination, stating that the film will be co-produced by Shigeru Miyamoto and Chris Meledandri. On November 6, 2018, Meledandri stated that the film will be a "priority" for the studio, with a tentative 2022 release date, while reaffirming that Miyamoto will be involved "front and center" in the film's creation. Speaking of the challenge of adapting the series into an animated film, Meledandri stated the film would be "an ambitious task...taking things that are so thin in their original form and finding depth that doesn't compromise what generations of fans love about Mario, but also feels organic to the iconography and can support a three-act structure." On January 31, 2020, Nintendo stated that the film is "moving along smoothly" for release in 2022. Nintendo owns the rights to the film, and both Nintendo and Universal funded production. References Text in this article was copied from Super Mario Bros. (film) at the Super Mario wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. External links Super Mario Bros. The Movie Archive 1990s adventure comedy films 1990s buddy films 1990s dystopian films 1990s fantasy adventure films 1990s science fiction comedy films 1993 comedy films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children's adventure films American children's comedy films American children's fantasy films American dystopian films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy-comedy films American science fantasy films American science fiction comedy films British adventure comedy films British buddy films British children's adventure films British children's comedy films British children's fantasy films British fantasy adventure films British science fiction comedy films Cinergi Pictures films English-language films fiction portraying humans as aliens films about brothers films about dinosaurs films about orphans films about parallel universes films featuring puppetry films scored by Alan Silvestri films set in 1973 films set in 1993 films set in Brooklyn films set in New York City films shot in New York City films shot in North Carolina films with live action and animation films with screenplays by Ed Solomon Hollywood Pictures films live-action films based on video games Mario films works based on Nintendo video games Films directed by Annabel Jankel Films directed by Rocky Morton	[ -0.31016650795936584, 0.08715290576219559, -0.06296677142381668, 0.31651729345321655, -0.20534606277942657, -0.19277819991111755, 0.5136293768882751, 0.27301979064941406, -0.5389954447746277, -0.07754069566726685, -0.20562511682510376, 0.089931420981884, 0.08881846815347672, 0.6495898365974426, 0.2404766082763672, -0.07955285161733627, 0.04959998279809952, 0.6428893208503723, 0.09181526303291321, -0.8659120798110962, -0.46317097544670105, 0.4408791959285736, 1.1799077987670898, -0.5725625157356262, -0.10464046895503998, -0.11986163258552551, 0.3004399836063385, 0.7236302495002747, -0.14726661145687103, -0.35257652401924133, -0.3516301214694977, -0.1265704184770584, 0.18492458760738373, -0.22015425562858582, -0.15860547125339508, -0.4157326817512512, -0.17828486859798431, 0.01119155716150999, -0.2752855122089386, -0.9197012782096863, 0.598029375076294, -0.19097749888896942, 0.10114952176809311, -0.049094464629888535, 0.14561036229133606, -0.48811760544776917, -0.9762073159217834, 0.17154286801815033, -0.9470514059066772, -0.4981546401977539, -0.05211249738931656, 0.4511246383190155, 0.007250756025314331, 0.2008970081806183, 0.36140328645706177, 1.4157087802886963, -0.32392996549606323, 0.20684736967086792, -0.1351960003376007, 0.03601393476128578, 0.08420547842979431, 0.03442683070898056, -0.13747817277908325, -0.31531840562820435, 0.30923646688461304, -0.3264281153678894, 0.3151222765445709, 0.2536730468273163, 0.3802117109298706, -0.8276574611663818, 0.089873768389225, -0.7231913805007935, 0.38303041458129883, 0.3110615611076355, 0.05488354712724686, -0.42142513394355774, 0.05956799164414406, 0.49137991666793823, 0.04537003114819527, -0.30448052287101746, -0.028318440541625023, -0.7055673003196716, 0.6824930310249329, 0.4213225245475769, -0.15086232125759125, 0.03134292736649513, 0.6037878394126892, -0.41000375151634216, -0.547286331653595, 0.5259379148483276, -0.7762302756309509, -0.35915446281433105, 0.6295408010482788, 0.4059991240501404, 0.2835261821746826, -0.6158198714256287, -0.6230971813201904, -0.025346968322992325, 0.4740750789642334, 0.08903718739748001, -0.12526044249534607, 0.4828312397003174, 0.08469300717115402, 0.03269879147410393, -0.7309083342552185, 0.03852004185318947, -0.06671994179487228, -0.2658858895301819, -0.34171465039253235, 0.11908869445323944, -0.7071194052696228, 0.2725570499897003, -0.2865579426288605, 0.07893655449151993, -0.21423181891441345, 0.39045149087905884, 0.2744882106781006, -0.3821318447589874, -0.4279468357563019, 0.2808588445186615, 0.9000904560089111, 0.2329319566488266, -0.15380585193634033, 0.5874935984611511, 0.43805035948753357, 0.7938932180404663, 0.1757621467113495, -0.008070331998169422, 0.17745721340179443, -0.032360490411520004, 0.10214722901582718, 0.35755565762519836, -0.39272019267082214, -0.05787721648812294, 0.025714613497257233, -0.6840760707855225, 0.12570194900035858, 0.24128244817256927, -0.5987169146537781, -0.4563707113265991, -0.9723326563835144, -0.36500295996665955, -0.09306027740240097, 0.005966429132968187, 0.6841124296188354, 0.18615497648715973, -0.044573355466127396, -0.16416409611701965, -0.4121001660823822, -0.05257952958345413, -0.23730184137821198, 0.03766707703471184, -0.21279507875442505, -0.2746202349662781, -0.20372582972049713, 0.9386516809463501, 0.802290678024292, -0.35021981596946716, -0.1883535236120224, 0.21863633394241333, -0.03438744321465492, 0.009515243582427502, -0.18889504671096802, -0.049770716577768326, 0.16765543818473816, -0.24466420710086823, 0.11008547246456146, 0.34032872319221497, 0.12728166580200195, 0.05847411975264549, 0.13937479257583618, 0.29309532046318054, 0.1418805569410324, -0.3390687108039856, 0.15594123303890228, -0.18059775233268738, 0.8936728835105896, 0.8502949476242065, 0.33008337020874023, -0.28206005692481995, -0.3166618049144745, 0.20113635063171387, -0.05530623719096184, 0.08725307881832123, 0.2391505092382431, 0.43804508447647095, 0.44687604904174805, 0.06152474507689476, -0.0010357946157455444, -0.08747231215238571, 0.014262108132243156, 0.0669318288564682, -0.1473558396100998, -0.3557026982307434, 0.6103277802467346, 0.42687174677848816, -0.8781965374946594, -0.06655513495206833, 0.5804882049560547, 0.3026350140571594, -0.1769312173128128, -0.18163375556468964, 0.6330993175506592, 0.48282942175865173, -0.9655428528785706, 0.016736773774027824, -0.11978399008512497, 0.32614243030548096, 0.2632611393928528, 0.5992000699043274, -0.1577688753604889, 0.3610497713088989, -0.02421770617365837, 0.01575508899986744, 0.24568374454975128, -0.14614635705947876, -1.432316780090332, -0.14443835616111755, 0.0834854319691658, -0.18578138947486877, -0.09896604716777802, -0.06822378933429718, -0.20788130164146423, 0.010596375912427902, -0.3063828647136688, 1.1506861448287964, -0.06558290868997574, -0.11841205507516861, 0.27942246198654175, -0.5005627870559692, 0.2807985544204712, 0.2549471855163574, -0.380438894033432, -0.2894204258918762, 0.0014324074145406485, 0.19489353895187378, 0.3260984420776367, -0.14531545341014862, 0.19333913922309875, 0.012738392688333988, -0.21704590320587158, 0.3917909264564514, -0.37075167894363403, 0.2016977071762085, -0.08039464056491852, 0.26965805888175964, 0.1507178694009781, 0.3931160271167755, -0.5658842325210571, -0.15452994406223297, 0.28441378474235535, -0.5428581833839417, 0.38546034693717957, 0.1039988249540329, 0.6916948556900024, 0.18000008165836334, -0.41070836782455444, -0.455758661031723, -0.22398439049720764, -0.05547131597995758, 0.22606217861175537, -0.059539929032325745, -0.09243638068437576, 0.1821402758359909, -0.4724366068840027, -0.6394724249839783, -0.5427761077880859, -0.35624533891677856, -0.03980701044201851, 0.6135676503181458, -0.1638554334640503, -0.04494938254356384, -0.12871375679969788, -0.11554186791181564, 0.6528061032295227, -0.4411068260669708, -0.7551559209823608, 0.803087055683136, -0.09245900064706802, -0.1407271772623062, 0.22735004127025604, 0.8572795391082764, -0.017133159562945366, -0.2905865013599396, -0.9745162725448608, -0.5180200934410095, 0.1822965145111084, -0.4981769025325775, 0.017393793910741806, -0.6805189847946167, 0.07688155770301819, -0.3067997992038727, -0.5640261173248291, 0.2528124451637268, -0.19176587462425232, 0.3434562087059021, 0.05496590957045555, 0.28113868832588196, 0.3651564419269562, -0.12660875916481018, -0.26247379183769226, 0.21087335050106049, -0.5409672260284424, -0.47809234261512756, 0.06645161658525467, 0.16718420386314392, -0.30815616250038147, -0.4179013967514038, -5.758304119110107, -0.12600356340408325, -0.7017675638198853, 0.10571412742137909, 0.18473854660987854, -0.36613309383392334, 0.2472703754901886, -0.19082924723625183, 0.39904168248176575, 0.14777275919914246, -0.3512750267982483, -0.035527799278497696, -0.03872254863381386, -0.05789186805486679, -0.20282872021198273, -0.42372027039527893, 0.7874237895011902, -0.253072053194046, 0.1422930657863617, -0.21477153897285461, -0.01616811379790306, -0.21659253537654877, 0.04763919860124588, 0.09408481419086456, 0.18187043070793152, 0.9129273891448975, -0.12877781689167023, 0.24799512326717377, -0.2885633409023285, 0.4791364073753357, -0.15557314455509186, -0.27762410044670105, -0.21911366283893585, -0.5626505613327026, -0.15136833488941193, -0.024207856506109238, 0.8837960958480835, 0.03904658183455467, 0.4680987000465393, -0.17939338088035583, -0.21555157005786896, -0.10383573174476624, -0.31497615575790405, -0.13946533203125, 0.7068434953689575, -0.23986777663230896, -0.1638576239347458, 0.21887773275375366, -0.2584564685821533, 0.4939596652984619, 0.8385969996452332, 0.0007532771560363472, 0.38726481795310974, 0.10163166373968124, 0.7413391470909119, -0.14005975425243378, 0.33133530616760254, -0.05359498783946037, -0.252874493598938, -0.4766666889190674, 0.4614967405796051, 0.026476183906197548, -0.6199820637702942, 0.0667349100112915, 0.4883137047290802, -0.10593665391206741, 0.22035908699035645, -0.2050047069787979, -0.16715237498283386, -0.11977215111255646, -0.6082459092140198, -0.3130257725715637, -0.07130590081214905, -0.8087472915649414, 0.251181423664093, 0.49498364329338074, -0.31073635816574097, 0.5135319232940674, -0.3191509544849396, -0.11781087517738342, -0.4979141354560852, -0.13185752928256989, -0.38471055030822754, 0.026920247822999954, -0.0732659101486206, 0.14481188356876373, -0.06545273959636688, -0.2381773591041565, -0.15490588545799255, 0.3543717563152313, 0.36147063970565796, -0.17869453132152557, 0.5067960023880005, 0.32510101795196533, 0.5806894302368164, 0.37035438418388367, 0.08939862251281738, -0.03412370756268501, 0.6869248151779175, 0.06638159602880478, -0.1303822249174118, -0.47116219997406006, 0.02010994404554367, -0.7497715950012207, -0.43230706453323364, -0.271327406167984, 0.702523946762085, 0.47449925541877747, -0.039402447640895844, -0.4055357575416565, -0.3631804585456848, -0.8076897263526917, -0.6803184747695923, 0.3407500088214874, 0.9513037204742432, 0.07826682925224304, -0.2591935694217682, 0.8947888612747192, 0.6468518972396851, 0.6882157325744629, -0.1800318956375122, 0.4349839389324188, -0.5028605461120605, 0.012069398537278175, 0.016094747930765152, 0.5284051895141602, 0.11717460304498672, 0.27889928221702576, 0.4734901785850525, -0.15482036769390106, -0.4278689920902252, 0.36149054765701294, 0.019343093037605286, 0.14730453491210938, 0.40501174330711365, -0.5288465619087219, -0.134485125541687, 0.1179136261343956, -0.16686628758907318, -0.6769540905952454, 0.23880046606063843, -0.4459908604621887, 0.3659183382987976, 0.3700159788131714, -0.15208156406879425, -0.4406072199344635, 0.32409027218818665, -0.17106667160987854, 0.46883875131607056, 0.504462718963623, -0.037924669682979584, -0.5961529612541199, 0.8838422894477844, -0.24268223345279694, -0.6078731417655945, 0.005372302141040564, 0.10946806520223618, -0.13552147150039673, 0.29673200845718384, -0.4551781415939331, 0.6677983999252319, -0.6019870042800903, -0.7571049332618713, 0.8925025463104248, 0.1215459555387497, -0.0826001763343811, -0.10434732586145401, -0.6302835941314697, -0.39498233795166016, 0.5177701115608215, 0.3062920868396759, 0.4447191655635834, -0.6446990966796875, 0.3683513104915619, 0.36730727553367615, -0.06766542047262192, -0.03921465948224068, -0.533016562461853, 0.7492977380752563, -0.2653792202472687, -0.2059161365032196, -0.352566123008728, -0.03799710422754288, 0.13069072365760803, -0.4430098533630371, -0.20778390765190125, -0.23272301256656647, -0.06862522661685944, -0.21059860289096832, 0.08570116758346558, 0.0448775514960289, 0.8958207368850708, 0.7890236973762512, -0.3500519394874573, -0.7565216422080994, -0.11647713929414749, -0.1712278425693512, 0.8857801556587219, -0.11702602356672287, -0.508679986000061, 0.12182244658470154, 0.028637709096074104, -0.4960443079471588, 0.047093190252780914, 0.8069982528686523, -0.34889790415763855, 0.37085652351379395, 0.43763789534568787, -0.12038085609674454, 0.21139024198055267, 0.05555477365851402, -0.5567851066589355, 0.10821601003408432, -0.39768901467323303, 0.18107688426971436, -0.19739291071891785, 0.3692386746406555, 0.12886537611484528, 0.15151196718215942, -0.40188154578208923, -0.27458080649375916, -0.37013328075408936, -0.26021549105644226, -0.40973925590515137, -0.8447325229644775, 0.37433359026908875, 0.4391471743583679, -0.4979592263698578, -0.363717257976532, -0.4487727880477905, -0.1778227537870407, 0.04024700075387955, -0.13148067891597748, 0.6274130940437317, 0.06406767666339874, 0.37521103024482727, 0.04514278098940849, 0.2012706696987152, 0.283286452293396, 0.10252520442008972, -0.07077107578516006, 0.31582504510879517, -0.04511245712637901, 0.3680509626865387, 0.15748043358325958, 0.6220104694366455, 0.11408287286758423, -0.35678526759147644, -0.4363592267036438, 0.2341877669095993, -0.17019236087799072, -0.23316198587417603, -0.6281549334526062, 0.01754043810069561, 0.6414890289306641, -1.3946661949157715, -0.38290753960609436, 0.20121462643146515, -0.384813517332077, -0.12607328593730927, -0.22777599096298218, 0.32456880807876587, -0.5004839897155762, 0.040836136788129807, 0.12290305644273758, 0.09994148463010788, -0.246352881193161, 0.12602506577968597, -0.3704327344894409, -0.11191689223051071, -0.299608439207077, -0.19720619916915894, 0.28859835863113403, 0.2805323600769043, 0.07095104455947876, 0.012727710418403149, -0.3918525278568268, -0.43670016527175903, -0.2691762447357178, -0.17284241318702698, -0.4163624346256256, 0.7771650552749634, -0.3942452073097229, -0.49435243010520935, 0.027075525373220444, -0.7813270688056946, -0.04158645495772362, 0.44003981351852417, -0.10782259702682495, 0.20125515758991241, -0.42912939190864563, 0.2256437987089157, -0.323757529258728, -0.015983380377292633, 0.11349371075630188, -0.5489625334739685, 0.3475724756717682, -0.07389140129089355, -0.37520721554756165, 0.260386198759079, -0.2597672641277313, 0.811188817024231, 0.3611055314540863, -0.49151843786239624, 0.1898781806230545, 0.1833363175392151, 0.49700024724006653, -0.4069741666316986, -0.4931877553462982, 0.17905429005622864, 0.048773106187582016, -0.4259432256221771, -0.15070588886737823, 0.6312161684036255, 0.012567274272441864, 0.817379891872406, 0.8866333365440369, -0.7390414476394653, -0.5566315650939941, 0.20566101372241974, -0.07123726606369019, -0.10159429162740707, 0.2978830337524414, -0.5180525183677673, -0.24145956337451935, 0.21818315982818604, 0.25600436329841614, -0.4083912968635559, 0.9300516247749329, 0.2679816484451294, 0.5075650215148926, -0.4736000597476959, -0.1700475513935089, 0.45452985167503357, -0.25491592288017273, -0.01287511270493269, -0.07890813052654266, 0.1095343679189682, 0.07042858749628067, 0.6328134536743164, 0.3709913194179535, 0.026281671598553658, -0.9924725890159607, -0.03470363840460777, 0.12318476289510727, -0.014022582210600376, 0.16025495529174805, -0.3523961305618286, 0.10100679844617844, 0.5676226615905762, 0.010521144606173038, 0.31710389256477356, -0.34547242522239685, -0.07161226868629456, 0.29547175765037537, -0.34528329968452454, 0.029569750651717186, -0.06863252818584442, 0.6231648325920105, -0.15222954750061035, 0.28094518184661865, -0.16488388180732727, 0.3014397621154785, 0.0005211280076764524, 0.7257909178733826, 0.09900157153606415, -0.21682989597320557, 0.4110133647918701, 0.13298118114471436, 0.4270622134208679, -0.45212358236312866, 0.44026222825050354, -0.13217243552207947, -0.02675027586519718, -0.1401878446340561, 0.42895984649658203, 0.2984037697315216, -0.1643117368221283, 0.28133922815322876, 0.04286937788128853, -0.7257833480834961, 0.00897649209946394, -0.9531768560409546, -0.22874966263771057, 0.05799258127808571, 0.06269940733909607, 0.25251176953315735, 0.24659496545791626, 0.2884986400604248, -0.4107550084590912, 0.15838788449764252, -0.6996707916259766, -0.34130382537841797, 0.5063667297363281, -0.49438589811325073, -0.23482844233512878, -0.4336870014667511, -0.16273880004882812, 0.1356845200061798, 0.2721746861934662, 0.7217127084732056, 0.05763369798660278, 0.24692180752754211, 0.7063332796096802, -0.10539641231298447, -0.06195199117064476, -0.4770312011241913, -0.24817240238189697, -0.6333504319190979, 0.46619275212287903, 0.6329773664474487, -0.035506464540958405, -0.3729119896888733, -0.06421913951635361, -0.25722581148147583, -0.703280508518219, 0.45494747161865234, -0.2958540916442871, 0.1258031129837036, -0.6052185297012329, -0.16643589735031128, -0.6534429788589478, 0.27586060762405396, 0.6607233285903931, -0.10224086791276932, -0.44065773487091064, 0.15390823781490326, -0.744417130947113, -0.4333435297012329, 0.11175859719514847, -0.14253894984722137, 0.5687073469161987, 0.2231602966785431, 0.44375964999198914, -0.3217144310474396, -0.5074122548103333, 0.7370744943618774, 0.3182607889175415, 0.592584490776062, -0.30918845534324646, -0.4585357904434204, 0.3038827180862427, 0.5151572227478027, 0.15264509618282318, -0.17975658178329468, -0.5789545178413391, 0.5512669682502747, 0.2722254991531372, -0.27309826016426086, -0.06103382259607315, -0.1669844090938568, 0.1398898810148239, 0.46276697516441345, 0.0375031903386116, -0.08996346592903137, 0.6570059657096863, 0.4941406846046448, -0.014556517824530602, 0.5061196088790894, 0.007059441413730383 ]
210861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Agriculture%20and%20Forestry	Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry	The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry (), formerly the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture (Kungl. Lantbruksakademien), founded in 1813 at the initiative of Crown Prince Charles, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. Initially the Academy had a function of being auxiliary to the central administrative authorities. The Academy now acts an independent organization, promoting agriculture, forestry and related fields with the support of science and practical experience, in the interest of Swedish society. See also Experimentalfältet :Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry External links The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry 1813 establishments in Sweden Agriculture and Forestry Agriculture in Sweden Forestry in Sweden Science and technology in Sweden	[ 0.6868621706962585, 0.5398391485214233, -0.14839088916778564, 0.1039089560508728, -0.4291703402996063, 0.8029636740684509, 0.46570897102355957, -0.06323722004890442, -1.0383055210113525, -0.22967447340488434, -0.14195547997951508, 0.15002655982971191, -0.05956707149744034, 0.37848103046417236, -0.17647041380405426, 0.6676332950592041, 0.5213882327079773, 0.8289043307304382, -0.14044415950775146, -0.5223827362060547, 0.177084282040596, -0.007759899366647005, 0.7386759519577026, 0.1794739067554474, 0.1949290931224823, -0.4325391352176666, 0.49237173795700073, 0.3639864921569824, 0.4020148813724518, 0.044413238763809204, -0.2490326315164566, 0.47964781522750854, -0.28338465094566345, -0.19073055684566498, -0.21867847442626953, -0.5661261677742004, 0.06296088546514511, -0.3546977937221527, 0.08940237760543823, -0.36199527978897095, -0.07365653663873672, 0.3590535819530487, -0.47491416335105896, 0.052278075367212296, 0.0439777672290802, -1.539247751235962, -1.3441585302352905, 0.5583375096321106, -0.05177320912480354, 0.41047531366348267, 0.039189115166664124, 0.3654108941555023, 0.2836529314517975, 0.8809282183647156, 0.0053773741237819195, 0.6692248582839966, -0.7782823443412781, 0.2816356122493744, 0.22557778656482697, 0.30856627225875854, -0.05786389857530594, 0.0997321605682373, -0.05318215861916542, 0.46200788021087646, 0.45970016717910767, -0.04180090129375458, -0.02874382957816124, 0.2725021243095398, -0.17223131656646729, -0.3623792827129364, -0.4818022549152374, 0.2500815689563751, 0.3189537823200226, -0.16421881318092346, 0.30676835775375366, -0.988290548324585, -0.26737016439437866, -0.18045593798160553, 0.11669683456420898, -0.30911386013031006, 0.12590335309505463, -0.002660924568772316, 0.003279384458437562, 0.13279639184474945, 0.6113617420196533, 0.6990916728973389, -0.5469508767127991, -0.7936471104621887, -0.9563869833946228, -0.44485852122306824, 0.27216836810112, 0.30256372690200806, 0.6115742921829224, 0.12416999787092209, 0.597053587436676, 0.21793165802955627, -0.6386892795562744, 0.13144072890281677, -0.6096821427345276, 0.9014633893966675, -0.3829698860645294, 1.0215177536010742, 0.047076087445020676, 0.059100352227687836, -0.44648489356040955, -0.4009861946105957, -0.5475581884384155, -0.27600929141044617, -0.54860520362854, -0.09987703710794449, -0.6220983862876892, 0.5046584010124207, -0.09266731888055801, 0.10590558499097824, -0.4516087770462036, 0.767447292804718, 0.2688696086406708, -0.3845643997192383, 0.12115810811519623, 0.8540228605270386, -0.23923812806606293, 1.1639655828475952, -0.22828613221645355, 0.531646728515625, -0.23829734325408936, 0.16772639751434326, -0.006861080881208181, 0.652882993221283, -0.1434057205915451, 0.0035231998190283775, 0.8494678735733032, 0.4338040351867676, -0.20776337385177612, 0.43756726384162903, -0.14171691238880157, -0.11284282803535461, 0.7994052767753601, 0.17026402056217194, 0.18154655396938324, 0.3765081465244293, -1.6512213945388794, -1.1318252086639404, -0.22666165232658386, -0.5024811625480652, -0.38527360558509827, -0.4237707555294037, -0.4687962234020233, -0.18569716811180115, -0.5150374174118042, 0.006756215821951628, 0.6889554262161255, -0.4169924259185791, -0.2096470445394516, 0.17455527186393738, 0.1155206561088562, 0.8756764531135559, -0.008422081358730793, 0.27869758009910583, 0.5538054704666138, 0.2898649275302887, 0.2717758119106293, 0.06966499984264374, 0.07882599532604218, 0.0346527025103569, -0.04171226546168327, -0.4006970524787903, 0.23967711627483368, 0.5071541666984558, -0.26971435546875, 0.03280869871377945, -0.5191574692726135, -0.24518179893493652, 0.4545133113861084, -0.4343566596508026, 0.567641019821167, 0.34403830766677856, -0.023471305146813393, -0.17788611352443695, 0.5165430307388306, -0.261894553899765, -0.9568207859992981, 0.4539666771888733, 0.07784271985292435, -0.4391583800315857, -0.19985072314739227, -0.04238399863243103, 0.5815426111221313, 0.43640393018722534, -0.03811512887477875, -0.1718864142894745, -0.5835747122764587, -0.6853538751602173, 0.3708805441856384, 0.31923216581344604, 1.3213340044021606, -0.2120240330696106, -0.8734091520309448, 0.3269595503807068, -0.37840956449508667, 0.5956916213035583, -0.07909534126520157, -0.15244905650615692, -0.0966072827577591, -0.1290852427482605, -0.3125482499599457, 0.7260726690292358, -0.4791465103626251, -0.47483891248703003, 0.1315237581729889, 0.34226295351982117, 0.13626854121685028, -0.5980423092842102, 0.2543491721153259, -0.17145892977714539, 0.6802026033401489, 0.06614933907985687, -0.9544505476951599, 0.41675931215286255, 0.3857276737689972, -0.3908379077911377, 0.44752636551856995, 0.06648270040750504, -0.06459513306617737, 0.7411943674087524, 0.1020820289850235, 0.08812233060598373, 0.20258095860481262, 1.0586259365081787, -0.3180153965950012, -0.8912374973297119, 0.6399211883544922, -0.4597347676753998, 0.16677139699459076, -0.5314284563064575, -0.28917109966278076, -0.3267008662223816, -0.630349338054657, 0.027448469772934914, 0.22224873304367065, -0.35687971115112305, 0.284713476896286, 0.5204786062240601, -0.5609090328216553, 0.44160813093185425, 0.002008102834224701, 0.8503278493881226, -0.4849930703639984, -0.057302094995975494, -0.2584363520145416, -0.24102123081684113, 0.23137561976909637, -0.10716761648654938, 0.43930569291114807, -0.5667833089828491, -1.1220983266830444, -0.13847847282886505, 0.05867969989776611, -0.1663791835308075, -0.0981186032295227, 0.08135252445936203, -0.36001232266426086, -0.23258347809314728, 0.34995344281196594, -0.32013580203056335, 0.05195949226617813, -0.18974652886390686, -0.0306664127856493, -0.9426460266113281, 0.688555121421814, 0.34440070390701294, 0.3490576446056366, -0.12671814858913422, 0.030025696381926537, -0.3338552415370941, -0.4583832025527954, -1.2326836585998535, 0.46100613474845886, -0.3215100169181824, -1.0358198881149292, -0.11736929416656494, -0.4436531662940979, 0.8288586139678955, -0.1423066109418869, -0.2671436071395874, -0.7145148515701294, -0.15730124711990356, 0.17604278028011322, -0.12758412957191467, 0.2481115460395813, 0.03376377001404762, 0.2775505781173706, 0.6159051656723022, -0.6240599155426025, -0.03005927801132202, 0.19718700647354126, 0.06836045533418655, -0.051976192742586136, 0.008439748547971249, 0.65538090467453, -0.2969752550125122, -0.859795868396759, 0.19252261519432068, -0.23949162662029266, 0.16543756425380707, 0.07272700220346451, -0.12916603684425354, -0.32208994030952454, 0.16495643556118011, -4.897434711456299, -0.6124523282051086, -0.525420069694519, -0.21413598954677582, -0.015295815654098988, 0.17882835865020752, 0.6164998412132263, -0.5248757600784302, 0.23567919433116913, 0.0727410688996315, 0.2897914946079254, -0.1859702467918396, 0.4316498339176178, 1.1242094039916992, 0.45020633935928345, 0.8276016712188721, 0.12277942895889282, -0.5030764937400818, 0.49817854166030884, 0.15460267663002014, 0.10841687023639679, -0.08798041194677353, -0.43542319536209106, 0.23742900788784027, 0.8392413258552551, 1.096848726272583, -0.13687066733837128, -0.07120119780302048, -0.2920202612876892, -0.2766261696815491, -0.29928913712501526, -0.2962961494922638, 0.5796307325363159, -0.11730024963617325, -0.2304963767528534, 0.04392194747924805, 0.3763096034526825, 0.9076659083366394, 0.32196667790412903, 0.32282060384750366, 0.3478702902793884, 0.5993680953979492, 0.18138568103313446, 0.4048573970794678, -0.333891361951828, -0.36454546451568604, -0.4481489658355713, 0.7522567510604858, -0.5155723094940186, 1.3459550142288208, 0.1379886120557785, 0.2159927934408188, 0.585253894329071, 0.20305997133255005, -0.5247633457183838, -0.46782633662223816, 0.3277580440044403, -0.00665702112019062, -0.24265728890895844, 0.19315946102142334, 0.06911364197731018, -0.11998007446527481, 0.07236415147781372, -0.07553692907094955, 0.3514717221260071, -0.4025897979736328, -0.1556507796049118, -0.13775967061519623, 0.4762515723705292, -0.4561381936073303, -0.05176449939608574, 0.4105607271194458, -0.4383372366428375, -1.0663400888442993, -0.28849029541015625, -0.829746663570404, -0.5811336636543274, -0.3436514735221863, 0.1959206461906433, 0.2860995829105377, -0.06798612326383591, -0.37221020460128784, 0.1986827701330185, 1.3913055658340454, -0.08149810880422592, -0.38350915908813477, -0.01712634600698948, -0.2843881845474243, -0.5899017453193665, -0.5312692523002625, -0.029438354074954987, -0.4714428186416626, -0.026993419975042343, 0.14308230578899384, -0.11711034178733826, 0.2864793837070465, 0.2045283317565918, -0.6056209206581116, 0.06511413305997849, -0.6602004766464233, 0.9066060185432434, -0.10940209776163101, 0.029417458921670914, -0.1331539750099182, -0.659259557723999, -0.590844452381134, 0.17448368668556213, -0.007491964381188154, 0.2580318748950958, 0.02093367464840412, -0.10694997012615204, -0.404790461063385, 0.2543033957481384, -0.3816796839237213, 0.711187481880188, -0.5138595700263977, 0.2530890107154846, 1.210223913192749, -0.3087335526943207, 0.17656302452087402, -0.6380118131637573, -0.12423653155565262, 0.1867697834968567, -0.15694500505924225, 0.363253653049469, -0.30429506301879883, -0.1396162509918213, -0.06049763038754463, -0.42967474460601807, -0.07978149503469467, -0.1183224618434906, 0.1936759352684021, -0.30407485365867615, -0.0931694507598877, 0.0471896231174469, 0.29894065856933594, -0.3125128149986267, 0.34301498532295227, 0.44788965582847595, -0.5201236009597778, 0.36524948477745056, -0.15142124891281128, 0.05891122668981552, 0.42391934990882874, 0.11571444571018219, 0.25262534618377686, -0.26130691170692444, 0.312115341424942, -0.5124211311340332, -0.005917646456509829, -0.7982274293899536, 0.1563541740179062, 0.47625771164894104, -0.48602616786956787, 0.07981585711240768, -0.6431922912597656, -0.7606820464134216, 0.13927271962165833, -0.3143211305141449, -0.8397315144538879, 0.31722283363342285, -0.4962255358695984, -1.1138447523117065, -0.13711608946323395, 0.4628780484199524, -0.2208300083875656, -0.8875945210456848, -0.3882218301296234, -0.4453568458557129, 0.7689165472984314, -0.3153940737247467, -0.7812745571136475, -0.7789242267608643, -0.01262923888862133, 0.1265968680381775, -0.25269636511802673, 0.4644368290901184, -0.0536934994161129, -0.06225494295358658, 0.017890246585011482, 0.41388335824012756, 0.12357152253389359, 0.27643147110939026, 0.5114939212799072, 0.38721445202827454, 0.270640105009079, -0.40266090631484985, -0.4666620194911957, -0.1394723802804947, 0.34378352761268616, 0.33860233426094055, 0.16947820782661438, 0.8889778852462769, -0.20460660755634308, -0.7700708508491516, -0.8100150227546692, 0.04751886799931526, 0.05165575072169304, 0.02911677211523056, -0.5528822541236877, 0.9350190758705139, 0.8990825414657593, 0.004794589709490538, 0.4699837267398834, -0.3105556070804596, -0.30221736431121826, 0.003012792905792594, 0.5176541209220886, -0.5077860355377197, 0.6626898050308228, -0.5329095125198364, -0.25240835547447205, -0.31519898772239685, 0.3913417458534241, -1.0621609687805176, -0.1362476646900177, 0.8545271754264832, -0.17492346465587616, -0.5797578692436218, -0.2778942584991455, -0.4896257817745209, -0.16283145546913147, -0.4107453227043152, -0.4901575446128845, -0.6358860731124878, 0.09169706702232361, 0.3556085526943207, -0.2914324402809143, 1.0247217416763306, -0.47239983081817627, 0.5989134907722473, 0.06671150028705597, 0.28517836332321167, -0.4201141893863678, -0.4748850166797638, 0.34040549397468567, -0.30655720829963684, 0.7327439188957214, 0.42550167441368103, 0.6120709180831909, 0.46138107776641846, 1.0388126373291016, 0.3898813724517822, -0.45822399854660034, -0.28146517276763916, 0.040532417595386505, 0.44656404852867126, -1.1254894733428955, -0.6598210334777832, -0.036712780594825745, 0.02436775714159012, -0.6583840847015381, -0.07667430490255356, -0.5069542527198792, 0.9133987426757812, -0.3146911561489105, -0.1598728448152542, 1.3931435346603394, -0.094972625374794, 0.2543274462223053, -0.22159062325954437, 0.695026159286499, -0.9773691892623901, 0.13033300638198853, 0.17144133150577545, 0.07546593248844147, -0.36146876215934753, -0.33730632066726685, 0.5686218738555908, -0.010555492714047432, -0.3076651990413666, -0.4268815517425537, 0.06131213158369064, 0.6809177398681641, 0.17856743931770325, 0.2583189010620117, -0.05995187163352966, -0.7141351103782654, 0.20875225961208344, -0.16681432723999023, -0.1554880440235138, 0.03452581167221069, 0.03857046738266945, -0.49088728427886963, -0.10837914794683456, -1.0912144184112549, -0.5940691828727722, 0.09597838670015335, -0.4004693925380707, 0.09482761472463608, 0.006348252296447754, -0.43704378604888916, -0.08515630662441254, -0.06290122866630554, 0.11491619795560837, 0.6028700470924377, -0.13256464898586273, 0.08725854754447937, 0.6396141052246094, -0.044503696262836456, -0.6690354347229004, 0.6406553983688354, 0.2861193120479584, 0.06142744794487953, 0.30751514434814453, 0.7790192365646362, 0.13637125492095947, 0.40172454714775085, -0.3903263211250305, 0.26730865240097046, 0.5656209588050842, 0.02060384303331375, -0.16336868703365326, 0.2508094012737274, -0.2621787190437317, -0.2692004144191742, 0.6297996640205383, -0.7334079146385193, 0.12051798403263092, 0.45021727681159973, 0.3100220859050751, -0.19664661586284637, 0.17856465280056, -0.22646865248680115, -0.6770156025886536, 0.677298903465271, -0.3692205250263214, -0.08200027793645859, 0.387979656457901, -0.492689847946167, -0.0587165504693985, 0.6508041024208069, -1.0935651063919067, 1.2718441486358643, -0.4222065508365631, 0.518363356590271, -0.10577008873224258, -1.5093804597854614, -0.1637125015258789, 0.7020013332366943, 0.4169687032699585, 1.0273442268371582, 0.25299468636512756, -0.06085267663002014, -0.49570128321647644, -0.03517528995871544, -0.06386040151119232, -0.10993827134370804, 0.1631307452917099, 0.007823074236512184, 0.7555822730064392, -0.5368410348892212, 0.19072891771793365, -0.5863672494888306, -0.2742972671985626, 0.2637195289134979, -0.1795329600572586, -0.09984977543354034, -0.35971900820732117, -0.07097633183002472, -0.22335335612297058, 0.09729421138763428, 0.21057862043380737, 0.319429486989975, -0.49188458919525146, -0.10188313573598862, 0.3093501925468445, 0.14955966174602509, 0.12426701188087463, -0.09587573260068893, 0.14260771870613098, -0.6233406662940979, 0.30305489897727966, -0.28682610392570496, 0.31863564252853394, 0.21348215639591217, 0.6466103196144104, 0.14635640382766724, 0.6570907235145569, 0.7248569130897522, -0.26270151138305664, 0.5486795902252197, -0.10163292288780212, -0.9714049696922302, 0.08938019722700119, -0.09871528297662735, -0.5404340624809265, 0.2518164813518524, 0.8084516525268555, -0.03056790865957737, 0.5432191491127014, -0.2195628136396408, 0.2013198882341385, 0.9443994760513306, -1.2679409980773926, 0.36288920044898987, -0.47489675879478455, 0.7047716975212097, 0.06459304690361023, -1.3468097448349, -0.30179139971733093, 0.6153998374938965, 0.14537009596824646, 0.1699666529893875, -0.8223755955696106, 0.723452091217041, -0.08148089796304703, 0.27940741181373596, 0.377984881401062, 0.6400206089019775, 0.10869710147380829, -0.19489330053329468, -0.03950848430395126, 0.5326933860778809, -0.6472256183624268, 0.15610285103321075, 0.7033300399780273, -0.6617676615715027, -0.28619083762168884, -0.2554573714733124, -0.12153030186891556, -0.2359662801027298, 0.19691774249076843, 0.3613985478878021, -0.19607889652252197, -0.6251929998397827, 0.2392810583114624, 0.5385946035385132, 0.19176293909549713, 0.3618718683719635, -0.6089309453964233, -0.1370640993118286, -0.776035726070404, 0.1518927365541458, -0.11768167465925217, 0.02981673739850521, 0.4876806139945984, 0.919894814491272, 0.8658969402313232, -0.8741628527641296, -0.460427850484848, -0.05267612636089325, 0.9075995087623596, 0.12771768867969513, -0.5464978814125061, 0.061183616518974304, -0.37037068605422974, -0.6370895504951477, -0.0661422461271286, 0.18990953266620636, 0.040328867733478546, -0.537146270275116, 0.17098386585712433, -0.25291213393211365, -0.20529010891914368, 0.08983588963747025, 0.5057501196861267, -0.5500198006629944, 0.20184969902038574, -0.18548144400119781 ]
210868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20Enix	Square Enix	is a Japanese entertainment conglomerate and video game company best known for its Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest and Kingdom Hearts role-playing video game franchises, among numerous others. Outside of video game publishing and development, it is also in the business of merchandise, arcade/amusement facilities and manga publication under its Gangan Comics brand. The original Square Enix Co., Ltd. was formed in April 2003 from a merger between Square and Enix, with the latter as the surviving company. Each share of Square's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix's common stock. At the time, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees. As part of the merger, former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation, while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named vice president. Yasuhiro Fukushima, the largest shareholder of the combined corporation and founder of Enix, became chairman. In October 2008, Square Enix conducted a company split between its corporate business and video game operations, reorganizing itself as the holding company Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd., while its internally domestic video game operations were formed under the subsidiary Square Enix Co., Ltd. Several of Square Enix's franchises have sold over 10 million copies worldwide, with Final Fantasy selling 144 million, Dragon Quest selling 78 million, and Kingdom Hearts selling 30 million. In 2005, Square Enix acquired arcade corporation Taito, known for games such as Space Invaders, Bubble Bobble and Darius. In 2009, Square Enix acquired British game publisher Eidos Interactive, which was absorbed into Square Enix Europe to publish titles such as Tomb Raider, Deus Ex and Just Cause. Square Enix is headquartered at the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku, Tokyo, and has over 5,000 employees worldwide through its base operations and subsidiaries. Corporate history Origins and pre-merger (1975–2003) Enix (1975–2003) Enix was founded on September 22, 1975, as Eidansha Boshu Service Center by Japanese architect-turned-entrepreneur Yasuhiro Fukushima. Enix focused on publishing games, often by companies who exclusively partnered with the company, and is perhaps most famous for publishing the Dragon Quest series of console games developed by Chunsoft. Key members of the developer's staff consisted of director Koichi Nakamura, writer Yuji Horii, artist Akira Toriyama, and composer Koichi Sugiyama, among others. The first game, Dragon Warrior, in the Famicom-based RPG series, was released in 1986 and would eventually sell 1.5 million copies in Japan, establishing Dragon Quest as the company's most profitable franchise. Despite the announcement that Enix's long-time competitor Square would develop exclusively for PlayStation, Enix announced in January 1997 that it would release games for both Nintendo and Sony consoles. This caused a significant rise in stock for both Enix and Sony. By November 1999, Enix was listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange's 1st section, indicating it as a "large company". Square (1983–2003) Square was started in October 1983 by Masafumi Miyamoto as a computer game software division of Den-Yu-Sha, a power line construction company owned by his father. While at the time, game development was usually conducted —by only one programmer, Miyamoto believed that it would be more efficient to have graphic designers, programmers and professional story writers working together. In September 1986, the division was spun off into an independent company led by Miyamoto, officially named Square Co., Ltd. After releasing several unsuccessful games for the Famicom, Square relocated to Ueno, Tokyo in 1987 and developed a role-playing video game titled Final Fantasy, which was inspired by Enix's success in the genre with the 1986 Dragon Quest. Final Fantasy was a success with over 400,000 copies sold, and it became Square's leading franchise, spawning dozens of games in a series that continues to the present. Buoyed by the success of their Final Fantasy franchise, Square developed many other widely known games such as Chrono Trigger, Chrono Cross, Secret of Mana, Legend of Mana, Xenogears, Brave Fencer Musashi, Parasite Eve, Saga Frontier, Romancing Saga, Vagrant Story, Kingdom Hearts (done in collaboration with Disney Interactive), and Super Mario RPG (done under the guidance of Super Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto). By late 1994 they had developed a reputation as a producer of high-quality role-playing video games. Square was one of the many companies that had planned to develop and publish their games for the Nintendo 64, but with the cheaper costs associated with developing games on CD-based consoles such as the Sega Saturn and the Sony PlayStation, Square decided to develop titles for the latter system. Final Fantasy VII was one of these games, and it sold 9.8 million copies, making it the second-best-selling game for the PlayStation. Merger (2003) A merger between Square and Enix was considered since at least 2000; the financial failure in 2001 of Square's first movie, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, made Enix reluctant to proceed while Square was losing money. With the company facing its second year of financial losses, Square approached Sony for a capital injection, and on October 8, 2001, Sony Corp purchased an 18.6% stake in Square. Following the success of both Final Fantasy X and Kingdom Hearts, the company's finances stabilized, and it recorded the highest operating margin in its history in the fiscal year 2002. It was announced on November 25, 2002, that Square and Enix's previous plans to merge were to officially proceed, intending to decrease development costs and to compete with foreign developers. As described by Square's president and CEO Yoichi Wada: "Square has also fully recovered, meaning this merger is occurring at a time when both companies are at their height." Some shareholders expressed concerns about the merger, notably Miyamoto (the founder and largest shareholder of Square), who would find himself holding a significantly smaller percentage of the combined companies. Other criticism came from Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities, who expressed doubts about the benefits of such a merger: "Enix outsources game development and has few in-house creators, while Square does everything by itself. The combination of the two provides no negative factors but would bring little in the way of operational synergies." Miyamoto's concerns were eventually resolved by altering the exchange ratio of the merger so that each Square share would be exchanged for 0.85 Enix shares rather than 0.81 shares, and the merger was greenlit. The merger was set for April 1, 2003, on which date the newly merged entity Square Enix came into being. At the time of the merger, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees. As part of the merger, former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation, while former Enix president Keiji Honda became its vice president. The founder of Enix and the largest shareholder of the newly combined corporation, Yasuhiro Fukushima, was made its honorary chairman. As a result of the merger, Enix was the surviving company and Square Co., Ltd. was dissolved. In July of that year, the Square Enix headquarters were moved to Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo, to help combine the two companies. Post-merger and acquisitions (2004–2012) Since the merger in 2003, Square Enix has acquired several companies and created several subsidiary companies. To strengthen its wireless market, Square Enix acquired mobile application developer UIEvolution in March 2004, though it was sold in December 2007, and the company instead founded its own Square Enix MobileStudio in January 2008 to focus on mobile products. In January 2005, Square Enix founded Square Enix China, expanding their interests in the People's Republic of China. In September 2005, Square Enix bought the gaming developer and publisher Taito, renowned for their arcade hits such as Space Invaders and the Bubble Bobble series; Taito's home and portable console games divisions were merged into Square Enix itself by March 2010. In August 2008, Square Enix made plans for a similar expansion by way of a friendly takeover of video game developer Tecmo by purchasing shares at a 30 percent premium, but Tecmo rejected the proposed takeover. In April 2007, Square Enix Ltd. CEO John Yamamoto also became CEO of Square Enix, Inc. In 2008-2009, Square Enix was reportedly working with Grin on a Final Fantasy spin-off codenamed Fortress. The project was allegedly canceled by Square Enix after introducing seemingly impossible milestones and without payments made, resulting in Grin declaring bankruptcy and its co-founders blaming Square Enix for being "betrayed". In February 2009, Square Enix announced a takeover deal for Eidos plc, the holding company for Eidos Interactive, the UK-based publisher of the Tomb Raider, Hitman, Deus Ex, Thief and Legacy of Kain franchises, along with its multiple subsidiary development studios that developed the games The acquisition of Eidos was completed in April 2009, and in November the publisher was merged with Square Enix's European publishing organization to form Square Enix Europe. In April 2010, a new Japanese label for Western games bearing CERO restrictions called Square Enix Extreme Edges was announced. In July 2010, Mike Fischer was appointed CEO of Square Enix, Inc. In March 2011, Square Enix founded mobile development studio Hippos Lab and Square Enix Montréal in 2012. In July 2011, it was reported that Square Enix closed their Los Angeles Studio. Restructuring (March 2013) On March 26, 2013, citing sluggish sales of major Western games, Square Enix announced major restructuring and resignation of President and Representative Director Yoichi Wada, whom Yosuke Matsuda replaced. Phil Rogers was elected as a new Director, among others. With the restructuring, Square Enix of America CEO Mike Fischer left the company in May, with former Square Enix Europe CEO Phil Rogers becoming CEO of Americas and Europe. Further executive changes at Square Enix Western studios were mentioned in a statement. With the consolidation of Square Enix Western divisions around 2015, Square Enix Ltd. and Square Enix Inc. are collectively referred to as Square Enix West. It said with the fiscal year report in March 2013, sales of Tomb Raider (2013) and Hitman: Absolution were weak, despite critical acclaim. The North American sales force was said to be ineffective as the game sold two-thirds the number of units it did in Europe. Price pressure was intense, which forced spending additional channel costs such as price protection. Matsuda noted the long development time of their important games and said they need to shift to a business model with frequent customer interactions, noting Kickstarter as an example, and finally, make sure games meet customer expectations. Post-restructuring (2013–present) In March 2013, Square Enix India opened in Mumbai; however the studio was closed in April 2014. As well as Square Enix Latin America in Mexico, which was closed in 2015. A mobile studio called Smileworks was founded in Indonesia in June 2013; however it was closed in January 2015. In 2014, Square Enix signed a strategic alliance with French video game company Ubisoft; it has served as the Japanese publisher of video games since 2009. In March 2014, following the success of Bravely Default, Square Enix said it will "go back to their roots" and focus on creating content that will appeal to their core audience. In 2015, Square created a new studio known as Tokyo RPG Factory to develop what was then dubbed Project Setsuna. On February 21, 2017, the formation of a new studio Studio Istolia was announced. The studio, headed by Hideo Baba, would be working on the new RPG Project Prelude Rune. Baba departed the studio in early 2019, and shortly after this, Studio Istolia was closed, and Project Prelude Rune cancelled following an assessment of the project, with its staff being reassigned to different projects within the company. In 2019, Square Enix opened an Indian office again, now in Bangaluru, which expanded into publishing mobile games for the Indian market in 2021. In March 2021, Forever Entertainment, a Polish studio, was reported to be working to bring several of Square Enix's properties to modern systems. Corporate structure On October 1, 2008, Square Enix transformed into a holding company and was renamed Square Enix Holdings. At the same time, the gaming and publishing businesses were transferred to a spin-off named Square Enix, sharing the same corporate leadership and offices with the holding company. The primary offices for Square Enix and Square Enix Holdings are in the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Development organization After the merger in 2003, Square Enix's development department was organized into eight Square and two Enix , each focused on different groupings of games. The divisions were spread around different offices; for example, Product Development Division 5 had offices both in Osaka and Tokyo. According to Yoichi Wada, the development department was reorganized away from the Product Development Division System by March 2007 into a project-based system. Until 2013, the teams in charge of the Final Fantasy and Kingdom Hearts series were still collectively referred to as the . The 1st Production Department was formed from the fall 2010 combination of Square Enix's Tokyo and Osaka development studios, with Shinji Hashimoto as its corporate executive. In December 2013, Square Enix's development was restructured into 12 Business Divisions. In 2017, Business Division 9 was merged into Business Division 8, while Business Divisions 11 and 12 merged to become the new Business Division 9, while a new Business Division 11 was created with some staff from Business Division 6. In 2019, Square Enix announced that their eleven Business Divisions would be consolidated into four units by 2020 with a new title, Creative Business Unit. Naoki Yoshida, who was previously the head of Business Division 5, became the head of Creative Business Unit III. The current structure for the development and production division called Creative Business Unit is as follows: Creative Business Unit I is led by Yoshinori Kitase, who was the head of Business Division 1 and focuses on Final Fantasy single-player titles, spin-offs, and Kingdom Hearts. The department comprises the former Business Division 1 (Mainline single-player Final Fantasy such as Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy VII Remake), Business Division 3 (Kingdom Hearts, Final Fantasy spin-offs, The World Ends with You, SaGa series), and Business Division 4 (Final Fantasy spin-offs produced with external companies, e.g., Dissidia Final Fantasy NT, Theatrhythm Final Fantasy, Final Fantasy Record Keeper). Creative Business Unit II is led by Yuu Miyake, who was the head of Business Division 6 and focuses on the Dragon Quest, Nier and Bravely series, as well as arcade games. The department comprises the former Business Division 6 (Dragon Quest series, Nier series), Business Division 7 (Lord of Vermilion, Gunslinger Stratos) and Business Division 11 (Bravely series, Octopath Traveler). Creative Business Unit III is led by Naoki Yoshida, who was the head of Business Division 5 and focused primarily on MMORPGs, transitioning in 2020 to the single-player Final Fantasy XVI. It mainly comprises the former Business Division 5 (Final Fantasy XI, Final Fantasy XIV, Dragon Quest Builders series). Creative Business Unit IV is led by Hirokazu Nishikado and focuses on the Mana series, along with co-development and production of remasters and ports. It comprises the former Business Division 8 (Mana series, along with remasters and ports of different franchises), Business Division 9 (Schoolgirl Strikers, Grimms Notes), and Business Division 10 (Million Arthur series, Chaos Rings series). Business model The business model of post-merger Square Enix is centered on the idea of "polymorphic content", which consists of developing franchises on multiple potential media rather than being restricted by a single gaming platform. An early example of this strategy is Enix's Fullmetal Alchemist manga series, which has been adapted into two anime television series, two movies, and several novels and video games. Other polymorphic projects include the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, Code Age, World of Mana, Ivalice Alliance and Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy subseries. According to Yoichi Wada, "It's very difficult to hit the jackpot, as it were. Once we've hit it, we have to get all the juice possible out of it". Similar to Sony's Greatest Hits program, Square Enix also re-releases their best selling games at a reduced price under a label designated "Ultimate Hits". The standard game design model Square Enix employs is to establish the plot, characters, and art of the game first. Battle systems, field maps, and cutscenes are created next. According to Taku Murata, this process became the company's model for development after the success of Square's Final Fantasy VII in 1997. The team size for Final Fantasy XIII peaked at 180 artists, 30 programmers, and 36 game designers, but analysis and restructuring were done to outsource large-scale development in the future. Business Video games Square Enix's primary concentration is on video gaming, and it is primarily known for its role-playing video game franchises. Of its properties, the Final Fantasy franchise, begun in 1987, is the best-selling, with a total worldwide sales of over 110 million units as of June 2014. The Dragon Quest franchise, begun in 1986, is also high-selling; it is considered one of the most popular game series in Japan and new installments regularly outsell other games at the times of their release, with a total worldwide sales of over 71 million units. More recently, the Kingdom Hearts series (developed in collaboration with Disney's Interactive Studios beginning in 2002) has become popular, with over 20 million units sold as of March 2014. Other popular series developed by Square Enix include the SaGa series with nearly 10 million copies sold since 1989, the Mana series with over 6 million sales since 1991, and the Chrono series with over 5 million sold since 1995. In addition to their sales numbers, many Square Enix games have been highly reviewed; 27 Square Enix games were included in Famitsu magazine's 2006 "Top 100 Games Ever", with 7 in the top 10 and Final Fantasy X claiming the number 1 position. The company also won IGN's award for Best Developer of 2006 for the PlayStation 2. Square and Enix initially targeted Nintendo home consoles with their games, but Square Enix currently develops games for a wide variety of systems. In the seventh generation of video game consoles, Square Enix released new installments from its major series across all three major systems, including Final Fantasy XIII on both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and Dragon Quest X on the Wii. Square Enix has also developed titles for handheld game consoles, including the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo 3DS, and PlayStation Vita. Also, they have published games for Microsoft Windows-based personal computers and various models of mobile phones and modern smartphones. Square Enix mobile phone games became available in 2004 on the Vodafone network in some European countries, including Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy. Before its launch, Michihiro Sasaki, senior vice president of Square Enix, spoke about the PlayStation 3, saying, "We don't want the PlayStation 3 to be the overwhelming loser, so we want to support them, but we don't want them to be the overwhelming winner either, so we can't support them too much." Square Enix continued to reiterate their devotion to multi-platform publishing in 2007, promising more support for the North American and European gaming markets where console pluralism is generally more prevalent than in Japan. Their interest in multi-platform development was made evident in 2008 when the previously PlayStation 3-exclusive game Final Fantasy XIII was announced for release on the Xbox 360. In 2008, Square Enix released their first game for the iPod, Song Summoner: The Unsung Heroes. Square Enix made a new brand for younger children gaming that same year, known as Pure Dreams. Pure Dreams' first two games, Snoopy DS: Let's Go Meet Snoopy and His Friends! and Pingu's Wonderful Carnival, were released that year. After acquiring Eidos in 2009, Square Enix combined it with its European publishing wing to create Square Enix Europe, which continues to publish Eidos franchises such as Tomb Raider (63 million sales), Deus Ex (4 million), Thief (2.5 million) and Legacy of Kain (3.5 million). As of 2017, Square Enix no longer publishes games for the Hitman franchise. Its rights were sold to the game developer, IO Interactive. Square Enix has also served as the Japanese publisher for Activision Blizzard and Ubisoft games since 2009. Square Enix owned franchises and games include: former Square franchises, such as Seiken Densetsu (Mana); former Enix franchises, such as Star Ocean; Square Enix created franchises, such as Drakengard; pre-acquisition Taito franchises, such as Space Invaders; post-acqusition Taito created franchises as a subsidiary, such as Groove Coaster; Square Enix America created games, such as Quantum Conundrum, Motley Blocks; former Eidos franchises, such as Gex, Legacy of Kain; Square Enix Europe created franchises, such as Life Is Strange. Game engines Square Enix has developed two notable in-house game engines. In 2004, Square Enix began to work on a "common 3D format" that would allow the entire company to develop titles without being restricted to a specific platform: this led to the creation of a game engine named Crystal Tools, which is compatible with the PlayStation 3, the Xbox 360, Windows-based PCs and to some extent the Wii. It was first shown off at a tech demo shown off at E3 2005 and was later used for Final Fantasy XIII based on the demo's reception. Crystal Tools was also used for Final Fantasy Versus XIII before its re-branding as Final Fantasy XV and its shift onto next-gen platforms. Refinement of the engine continued through the development of Final Fantasy XIII-2, and it underwent a major overhaul for Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII. Since that release, no new titles have been announced using Crystal Tools, and it is believed that the development of the engine has halted permanently. The second major in-house engine is Luminous Engine, intended for eighth-generation consoles, which was originally unveiled at E3 2012 through a tech demo titled Agni's Philosophy. The first major console title to be developed with Luminous Engine was Final Fantasy XV; the engine's development was done in tandem with the game, and the game's development helped the programming team optimize the engine. In addition to Luminous Engine and custom engines made for individual games and platforms before and since Square Enix often uses other companies' engines and programming languages for their video game properties. Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3 was used for games such as The Last Remnant, and more recently, Unreal Engine 4 has been used for projects including Dragon Quest XI, Kingdom Hearts III and the most recent Final Fantasy VII Remake. Unity has also been used internally for titles including I Am Setsuna, Lost Sphear and SaGa: Scarlet Grace. The Squirrel language had also been used for the WiiWare title Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a King. Online gaming Before the merger, Enix published its first online game Cross Gate in Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan in 2001, and Square released Final Fantasy XI in Japan in 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and later the personal computer. With the huge success of Final Fantasy XI, the game was ported to the Xbox 360 two years later and was the first MMORPG on the console. All versions of the game used PlayOnline, a cross-platform internet gaming platform and internet service developed by Square Enix. The platform was used as the online service for many games Square Enix developed and published throughout the decade. Due to the success of their MMORPG, Square Enix began a new project called Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion. GamePot, a Japanese game portal, received the license to publish Fantasy Earth in Japan, and it was released in Japan as "Fantasy Earth ZERO." In 2006, however, Square Enix dropped the Fantasy Earth Zero project and sold it to GamePot. Square Enix released Concerto Gate, the sequel to Cross Gate, in 2007. A next-gen MMORPG code named Rapture was developed by the Final Fantasy XI team using the company's Crystal Tools engine. It was unveiled at E3 2009 as Final Fantasy XIV for PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows and would be released on September 30, 2010. Dragon Quest X was announced in September 2011 as an MMORPG being developed for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U consoles, which released on August 2, 2012, and March 30, 2013, respectively. Like XIV, it used Crystal Tools. Square Enix also made browser games and Facebook games, like Legend World, Chocobo's Crystal Tower and Knights of the Crystals, and online games for Yahoo! Japan, such as Monster x Dragon, Sengoku Ixa, Bravely Default: Praying Brage, Star Galaxy, and Crystal Conquest. Cloud gaming In 2013, Dragon Quest X was brought to iOS and Android in Japan using NTT DoCoMo as the release platform and Ubitus for the streaming technology. In 2014, it was also brought to 3DS in Japan using Ubitus. On May 8, 2012, Square Enix announced a collaboration with Bigpoint Games to create a free-to-play cloud gaming platform that "throws players into 'limitless game worlds' directly through their web browser". The service was launched under the name CoreOnline in August 2012. Stating "limited commercial take-up", the service was cancelled on November 29, 2013. In September 2014, a cloud gaming company called Shinra Technologies (previously Project Flare) was created; however, it was closed in January 2016. On October 9, 2014, Square Enix launched another online game service in Japan called Dive In, which allowed players to stream console games to their iOS or Android devices. The service was monetized by the amount of time the players spent playing, with each game offered for free for thirty minutes. The service was cancelled on September 13, 2015. Some Square Enix games are available in Japan on the G-cluster streaming service. Arcade/Amusement With the merger of Taito businesses into Square Enix, the company gained possession of Taito's arcade infrastructure and facilities and entered the arcade market in 2005. In 2010 Taito revealed NESiCAxLive, a cloud-based system of storing games and changing them through the internet instead of acquiring physical copies. This system was added to its many arcade gaming locations. The company continues to cater to the arcade audience in Japan with arcade-only titles, with game producers in 2015 stating that Square Enix has a loyal fan base that values the arcade gaming experience. In November 2019, Square Enix announced a "Ninja Tower Tokyo" theme park by its newly established Live Interactive Works division. Film The company has made three forays into the film industry. The first, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001), was produced by Square subsidiary Square Pictures before the Enix merger; Square Pictures is now a consolidated subsidiary of Square Enix. Its box-office failure caused Enix to delay the merger, which was already under consideration before the creation of the film until Square became profitable once again. In 2005, Square Enix released Final Fantasy VII Advent Children, a CGI-animation film based on the PlayStation game Final Fantasy VII, set two years after the events of the game. A Deus Ex film was in pre-production in 2012 and, as of 2014, was undergoing rewrites. In 2016 Square Enix revealed a film called Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV based in the world of Final Fantasy XV and a new web series released on YouTube and Crunchyroll entitled Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV. Manga The company has a manga publishing division in Japan (originally from Enix) called Gangan Comics, which publishes content for the Japanese market only. In 2010, however, Square Enix launched a digital manga store for North American audiences via its Members services, which contains several notable series published in Gangan anthologies. Titles published by Gangan Comics include Fullmetal Alchemist, Soul Eater, and many others. Other titles include manga adaptations of various Square Enix games, like Dragon Quest, Kingdom Hearts and Star Ocean. Some of these titles have also been adapted into anime series. Fullmetal Alchemist is the most successful title of Square Enix's manga branch, with more than 64 million volumes sold worldwide. It is licensed in North America by Viz Media, while its two anime adaptations were licensed by Funimation Entertainment in the United States. Merchandise Square Enix has created merchandise for virtually all of their video game franchises, though many items are available only in Japan. Square Enix's former online gaming portal PlayOnline sold merchandise from game franchises including Parasite Eve, Vagrant Story, Chocobo Racing, Front Mission, Chrono Cross, and Final Fantasy. Mascots from game franchises are a popular focus for merchandise, such as the Chocobo from Final Fantasy, which has been seen as a rubber duck, a plush baby Chocobo, and on coffee mugs. Square Enix also designed a Chocobo character costume for the release of Chocobo Tales. The Slime character from Dragon Quest has also been frequently used in Square Enix merchandise, especially in Japan. On the Japanese Square Enix shopping website, there is also a Slime-focused section called "Smile Slime". Slime merchandise includes plush toys, pencil cases, keychains, game controllers, a stylus, and several board games, including one titled Dragon Quest Slime Racing. In Japan, pork-filled steam buns shaped like slimes have been sold. For Dragon Quest's 25th anniversary, special items were sold, including business cards, tote bags, and crystal figurines. Rabites from the Mana series have appeared in several pieces of Square Enix merchandise, including plush dolls, cushions, lighters, mousepads, straps, telephone cards, and T-shirts. Square Enix has also made merchandise for series they do not own, including figures Mass Effect and Halo. It has shops called "Square Enix Cafe" in Tokyo, Osaka and Shanghai, which display and sell merchandise, as well as serve café food. Subsidiaries Current subsidiaries Former subsidiaries Notes References External links Book publishing companies in Tokyo Comic book publishing companies in Tokyo Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo Conglomerate companies established in 1975 Conglomerate companies of Japan Entertainment companies established in 1975 Holding companies based in Tokyo Holding companies established in 1975 Japanese brands Japanese companies established in 1975 Magazine publishing companies in Tokyo Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo Mass media companies based in Tokyo Mass media companies established in 1975 Mass media companies of Japan Multinational companies headquartered in Japan Multinational publishing companies Software companies based in Tokyo Trading card companies Video game companies established in 1975 Video game companies of Japan Video game development companies Video game publishers	[ 0.05783912166953087, -0.304497092962265, 0.20349624752998352, -0.015460602007806301, -0.3919031023979187, 0.3646986484527588, -0.8227739334106445, 0.12823644280433655, -0.03338432312011719, 0.14662890136241913, -0.0350789949297905, -0.04121706634759903, -0.0513840988278389, 0.1717083752155304, -0.17244873940944672, 0.050466448068618774, -0.17885874211788177, 0.1182466670870781, 0.06905052065849304, -0.5734756588935852, -0.28357452154159546, -0.22467029094696045, 0.5155746340751648, -0.24082309007644653, 0.33681443333625793, -0.32701337337493896, -0.29835042357444763, 0.2907662093639374, 0.05421348288655281, 0.08965589851140976, 0.6116622090339661, 0.24016878008842468, 0.11751028150320053, 0.1977713704109192, -0.15997599065303802, -0.402926504611969, -0.36420750617980957, 0.26358336210250854, -0.3431287705898285, -0.3261691629886627, 0.3423891067504883, -0.37617141008377075, -0.14663203060626984, 0.19390742480754852, 0.6151045560836792, -0.3992044925689697, -1.3765350580215454, 0.5549231171607971, -0.858600914478302, -0.12665539979934692, -0.6813144683837891, -0.06645218282938004, -0.19902443885803223, 0.4695587158203125, 0.05977248027920723, 0.5211377143859863, 0.10775769501924515, 0.06939410418272018, -0.13144242763519287, -0.7542484998703003, 0.16598112881183624, -0.04016834497451782, 0.41812726855278015, -0.42473429441452026, 0.04969346150755882, 0.099275141954422, 0.218062624335289, -0.19602498412132263, -0.40756481885910034, -0.23241576552391052, 0.2754581570625305, -0.1438586711883545, -0.022402634844183922, 0.14430288970470428, 0.04315881431102753, -0.516152024269104, 0.11433184146881104, 0.12250532954931259, 0.43832260370254517, 0.5299879312515259, -0.07710462063550949, -0.05214337632060051, 0.06220162287354469, 0.46563521027565, -0.19458593428134918, 0.0977335274219513, -0.09230351448059082, -0.40383675694465637, -0.3518996238708496, 0.24306511878967285, -0.6888585090637207, -0.19588232040405273, 0.7909948229789734, -0.2204308956861496, -0.49601778388023376, 0.1801983118057251, -0.09952817112207413, 0.5274091958999634, 0.4311329424381256, -0.1320350170135498, -0.1588396579027176, -0.7079758048057556, -0.22464142739772797, -0.4439430236816406, -0.9854699373245239, -0.5130656361579895, 0.3666146993637085, -0.4365672171115875, -0.07051211595535278, 0.23127105832099915, -1.1255141496658325, -0.024351192638278008, 0.08536195009946823, 0.4108848571777344, 0.01704854890704155, 0.2319193333387375, -0.09223141521215439, 0.0938502699136734, 0.10022573173046112, 0.12767738103866577, 0.11021459847688675, -0.03805072605609894, -0.2707556486129761, 0.37297776341438293, 0.2408219277858734, 0.6790919899940491, -0.05460784584283829, 0.0628708004951477, -0.29553040862083435, -0.4367275834083557, 0.48996996879577637, 0.39629265666007996, -0.36667877435684204, -0.060859907418489456, 0.5868081450462341, -0.26020553708076477, 0.29983755946159363, -0.48119011521339417, -0.05546802654862404, -0.1434503048658371, -0.9663515090942383, 0.2142224758863449, -0.22515636682510376, -0.0848236009478569, -0.3904688358306885, -0.19685226678848267, 0.17662836611270905, -0.9184563755989075, -0.3825882375240326, -0.4823220670223236, -0.20077069103717804, 0.010747047141194344, -0.37463071942329407, -0.20240230858325958, 0.5006734132766724, 0.23850296437740326, 0.7548701167106628, 0.0003996796440333128, -0.3867904841899872, 0.03144408389925957, 0.12683409452438354, -0.13061246275901794, -0.32631051540374756, 0.19270798563957214, 0.05285649374127388, -0.6131356358528137, 0.504118800163269, -0.0018275976181030273, -0.17589837312698364, 0.01128778699785471, -0.1378146857023239, -0.6451238393783569, 0.39476341009140015, -0.2419430911540985, 0.14677295088768005, -0.08493770658969879, 0.352936714887619, 0.025752751156687737, 0.4995342791080475, 0.005345618352293968, -0.6943355798721313, 0.3872952163219452, 0.2618222236633301, 0.33946630358695984, -0.08378361165523529, 0.18721282482147217, -0.04249383881688118, -0.3470136821269989, 0.2569975256919861, 0.18605124950408936, -0.23897434771060944, 0.11925569921731949, 0.026123369112610817, -0.2360846847295761, 0.7598322033882141, -0.13823865354061127, -0.705563485622406, 0.5198017358779907, -0.35398510098457336, 0.2976437211036682, -0.14517392218112946, 0.18638813495635986, 0.4924762547016144, -0.3095294237136841, -0.4765017032623291, -0.05295455455780029, 0.3412201404571533, 0.07569491863250732, -0.21882455050945282, 0.13532081246376038, -0.109540194272995, -0.08608757704496384, 0.11192636936903, 0.302517294883728, 0.4647529721260071, -0.10514923930168152, -0.6924450993537903, -0.06238823011517525, 0.24453558027744293, -0.5300198197364807, 0.5246915221214294, 0.14712315797805786, -0.23846465349197388, 0.17027826607227325, -0.2974163293838501, 0.7367306351661682, -0.18630392849445343, 0.25743627548217773, 0.5737562775611877, -0.287208616733551, -0.07799354940652847, 0.45005759596824646, -0.06086478754878044, -0.16504649817943573, 0.2487967163324356, 0.13636629283428192, 0.6027429699897766, -0.7402071952819824, 0.340567022562027, 0.19992634654045105, 0.3282451331615448, -0.024237608537077904, 0.1129591092467308, 0.04032764956355095, 0.7387881875038147, -0.42671212553977966, -0.5616735816001892, 0.20326106250286102, -0.9264307618141174, -0.12681889533996582, 0.0621538907289505, 0.10478276759386063, 0.08930163830518723, 0.622161328792572, -0.016096696257591248, -0.20908783376216888, -0.06784336268901825, -0.1725892722606659, -0.18732322752475739, -0.2411360889673233, -0.40447911620140076, -0.47510668635368347, 0.16398435831069946, -0.27247154712677, 0.18062852323055267, -0.4822118878364563, -0.0934845581650734, 0.10879986733198166, 0.7459906339645386, -0.01071334257721901, 0.17891740798950195, -0.12340081483125687, -0.5747694373130798, -0.1406760960817337, -0.4985359311103821, -0.7860906720161438, 0.12313710898160934, -0.017882466316223145, -0.33914610743522644, -0.780292809009552, 0.4759422540664673, -0.1037207618355751, 0.11337510496377945, -0.7717183232307434, -0.47938409447669983, 0.0842941626906395, -0.022477800026535988, -0.5542379021644592, -0.15340177714824677, 0.2666262090206146, 0.046133000403642654, 0.14752618968486786, -0.5381970405578613, -0.14929726719856262, 0.6338945627212524, 0.5882188081741333, -0.2334359586238861, -0.38709619641304016, 0.11019231379032135, 0.22966895997524261, 0.003466670634225011, -0.01615506038069725, 0.5192431211471558, -0.3080642819404602, 0.16829389333724976, -0.1701899915933609, 0.12684451043605804, -0.12622393667697906, -5.968177795410156, -0.15565615892410278, -0.08834456652402878, -0.1169135794043541, -0.29428619146347046, 0.09128875285387039, 0.6074169874191284, 0.44973963499069214, 0.23621411621570587, -0.5334073305130005, -0.19810064136981964, -0.2222837656736374, 0.23526494204998016, -0.4336182177066803, -0.240606889128685, 0.45693907141685486, 1.0198509693145752, 0.1702686995267868, 0.16825555264949799, 0.12756484746932983, 0.19156217575073242, -1.0392394065856934, -0.05161697044968605, 0.758579671382904, 0.06679457426071167, 0.30460938811302185, -0.39036646485328674, -0.13073894381523132, -0.0043402849696576595, -0.3139649033546448, -0.054404858499765396, -0.37332987785339355, 0.1195112094283104, -0.08984234184026718, 0.08223158121109009, -0.4175799489021301, 0.4480784237384796, -0.10927097499370575, 0.39929476380348206, -0.24617499113082886, 0.5681322813034058, 0.40494856238365173, 0.05113670974969864, -0.19755372405052185, -0.003911023493856192, -0.4524923861026764, -0.5695481896400452, 0.5308583974838257, -0.6636041402816772, 1.0992542505264282, 1.0602827072143555, 0.44152361154556274, -0.09919407218694687, 0.2060612142086029, 0.21586084365844727, 0.045139770954847336, -0.41638633608818054, -0.30670297145843506, -0.6882262229919434, 0.6892379522323608, 0.3559800982475281, -0.46252521872520447, 0.12910304963588715, -0.33783045411109924, -0.18710097670555115, -0.5074838399887085, -0.4477706253528595, 0.2406783401966095, -0.0678173303604126, 0.3459942042827606, -0.4542773365974426, 0.32650309801101685, 0.22189068794250488, -0.7751426696777344, -0.028127960860729218, 0.35189899802207947, 0.3970593810081482, 0.25804993510246277, -0.09180323034524918, -0.14660298824310303, -0.644889771938324, -0.23252612352371216, 0.35652706027030945, 0.024870749562978745, -0.9624847173690796, -0.3180786669254303, -0.5147952437400818, 0.18763050436973572, 0.00643065245822072, 0.3704947829246521, 0.9187573790550232, -0.04515368491411209, 0.5010183453559875, 0.1637887805700302, 0.2574838697910309, -0.09945768117904663, 0.926368772983551, 0.41111835837364197, 0.3511066734790802, -0.48482558131217957, 0.417839378118515, 0.5332791209220886, -0.18638338148593903, -0.20858852565288544, -0.0824948400259018, -0.47401541471481323, 0.3333098292350769, 0.06515828520059586, 0.46728959679603577, -0.24948590993881226, -0.09285460412502289, -0.25772958993911743, -0.5757299661636353, -0.46495431661605835, 0.40509283542633057, -0.15388870239257812, -0.10653947293758392, 0.3628523647785187, -0.04228229075670242, -0.17779435217380524, -0.18955130875110626, 0.2997249960899353, -0.23371705412864685, -0.8194270730018616, 0.035362280905246735, 0.00020337753812782466, -0.6695011854171753, 0.3905111253261566, 0.32693424820899963, 0.07979460805654526, -0.5214878916740417, 0.4815618693828583, 0.043685182929039, 0.0029800811316818, -0.20111343264579773, -0.5355970859527588, -0.32630136609077454, -0.299259215593338, -0.27003729343414307, 0.061912838369607925, 0.6080742478370667, 0.35490211844444275, -0.053705550730228424, -0.24213236570358276, 0.008127101697027683, -0.2451298087835312, -0.3696969151496887, -0.1876465529203415, 0.18430764973163605, 0.4213304817676544, 0.12241119891405106, -0.7831476926803589, 0.5159915685653687, 0.05892104282975197, -0.0410153828561306, 0.6741063594818115, 0.18096616864204407, 0.00159406044986099, -0.13002066314220428, -0.26645705103874207, 0.3704216778278351, -0.46028780937194824, -0.6563320755958557, -0.02889319509267807, 0.1284160315990448, 0.34753262996673584, -0.12182401120662689, -0.2622950077056885, -0.22089697420597076, -0.2777302861213684, 0.7449019551277161, 0.14002633094787598, 0.054058440029621124, -0.03168264031410217, -0.15577472746372223, 0.5385227799415588, -0.42815572023391724, -0.31742942333221436, 0.04214375466108322, 0.1550152748823166, 0.3667429983615875, -0.20137174427509308, -0.07702962309122086, 0.32720327377319336, 0.014757225289940834, -0.13152125477790833, -0.14745484292507172, 0.05684630200266838, -0.3087972104549408, -0.18776127696037292, -0.23054958879947662, -0.5082659125328064, -0.0914403647184372, 0.1863965541124344, 0.22007404267787933, -0.06906253099441528, -0.15597081184387207, 0.30123013257980347, -0.505837619304657, -0.4767015874385834, -0.4858182966709137, 0.3094959259033203, -0.26027911901474, -0.36354655027389526, 0.6649723052978516, -0.35099315643310547, 0.5988823771476746, -0.32259830832481384, 0.4197734296321869, -0.4243127703666687, -0.8244839906692505, -0.4026629328727722, -0.13707682490348816, -0.6955900192260742, -0.11451725661754608, 0.4408040940761566, 0.46947795152664185, -0.3592289984226227, -0.426303893327713, -0.23226384818553925, 0.0909271165728569, 0.09435384720563889, -0.12888704240322113, -0.3117252588272095, -0.2053973227739334, 0.535820484161377, 0.7991617321968079, -0.4368234872817993, -0.4771159887313843, 0.0582561120390892, -0.19330772757530212, -0.008093138225376606, -0.4282301664352417, 0.43182075023651123, -0.029290257021784782, 0.2237260937690735, -0.06715988367795944, 0.2790021300315857, 0.7487319111824036, -0.02596808597445488, 0.508527398109436, 0.1102297380566597, -0.43102961778640747, 0.20992329716682434, 0.36155062913894653, 0.7103050351142883, 0.14914317429065704, 0.05792376399040222, -0.2709384858608246, 0.368443101644516, 0.27275168895721436, -0.08453208953142166, 0.5195943117141724, 0.15085603296756744, 0.2809319794178009, -0.3766093850135803, 0.026767073199152946, -0.0017427641432732344, -0.16134321689605713, -0.19502724707126617, -0.2729480266571045, 0.07998424023389816, 0.09936977922916412, -0.21509112417697906, 0.4987311065196991, 0.25399667024612427, -0.3184773325920105, -0.0006563315982930362, -0.03159806877374649, -0.397423654794693, -0.17063798010349274, 0.1380467712879181, 0.4157159626483917, 0.6687898635864258, 0.1393461376428604, -0.17555172741413116, -0.1427699774503708, -0.20706263184547424, -0.13221876323223114, -0.14607568085193634, -0.6378991603851318, 0.2934116721153259, 0.34196436405181885, 0.14970220625400543, 0.05495749041438103, -0.6062479019165039, 0.7324531078338623, 0.5465927720069885, 0.17305681109428406, 0.10895133018493652, -0.6023120284080505, 0.06476905941963196, -0.03939352557063103, -0.08948380500078201, -0.36333349347114563, -0.11191686242818832, 0.2519323527812958, -0.34561002254486084, -0.027874065563082695, 0.27459654211997986, 0.22992728650569916, 0.00440551433712244, 0.3543769121170044, -0.14669561386108398, 0.03490173816680908, 0.15430249273777008, 0.10705681890249252, -0.31689730286598206, -0.0402674674987793, 0.2400977462530136, 0.7444616556167603, -0.39031338691711426, -0.18060432374477386, 0.15279527008533478, 0.05077973008155823, 0.3304324448108673, 0.3486791253089905, -0.3240095376968384, 0.09834235906600952, -0.380369633436203, 0.3580985367298126, 0.7011495232582092, 0.41220352053642273, 0.1448030322790146, 0.09231989830732346, -0.22614091634750366, 0.10439805686473846, 0.11498651653528214, 0.665815532207489, 0.7469325661659241, 0.31515419483184814, -0.1313924938440323, -0.04993929713964462, 0.06751622259616852, -0.25319287180900574, -0.33482855558395386, -0.15467582643032074, -0.28785213828086853, 0.13421517610549927, 0.5394782423973083, 1.1258169412612915, -0.06656630337238312, -0.57635498046875, 0.11396109312772751, 0.15776358544826508, 0.34572160243988037, 0.43215659260749817, -0.23863288760185242, -0.34273993968963623, 0.7132276296615601, 0.37696051597595215, -0.08986281603574753, -0.0953967273235321, 0.2621595859527588, -0.36004015803337097, -0.365098774433136, -0.019122609868645668, 0.14415717124938965, 0.7847434282302856, -0.10981398075819016, -0.5325164198875427, -0.06899060308933258, 0.5547536611557007, -0.5352758169174194, -0.21179649233818054, 0.6865639686584473, 0.04262248054146767, -0.5514642000198364, 0.43868488073349, -0.11569956690073013, -0.37378183007240295, 0.27417877316474915, 0.28975000977516174, -0.18395908176898956, -0.5694237351417542, 0.4022367298603058, 0.7269277572631836, 0.4304580092430115, -0.2891189754009247, 0.13486415147781372, -0.27531182765960693, -0.20400303602218628, -0.21042583882808685, -0.02874072641134262, 0.1937657594680786, -0.552190899848938, 0.48471298813819885, 0.26654744148254395, -0.25925213098526, 0.2739812135696411, 0.18915431201457977, -1.0164916515350342, -0.006596437655389309, -0.08260614424943924, 0.07095038890838623, 0.13944390416145325, 0.17725870013237, 0.33802616596221924, 0.041767485439777374, 0.45907825231552124, 0.3202391266822815, -0.1547635793685913, 0.6620712280273438, -0.3565204441547394, -0.3226436674594879, 0.44244831800460815, -0.48725324869155884, -0.5522516369819641, -0.6631156206130981, 0.056059580296278, 0.822681188583374, 0.21816985309123993, -0.02209175005555153, 0.20938080549240112, -0.0714356079697609, -0.4907269775867462, 0.406532347202301, 0.25562095642089844, 0.06753018498420715, -0.06356427818536758, -0.18132083117961884, 0.09954702109098434, 0.005987022537738085, 0.15332858264446259, -0.10230917483568192, -0.23801741003990173, 0.6751154661178589, -0.07678359001874924, 0.03357825055718422, 1.2207059860229492, -0.5535678267478943, -0.3103103041648865, -0.13953818380832672, 0.7564820647239685, -0.301786869764328, -0.25298798084259033, 0.6223995685577393, -0.11701590567827225, 0.03968518599867821, -0.5656684041023254, 0.04483550041913986, 0.8525506854057312, -0.09517288953065872, 0.2989444136619568, 0.11313432455062866, 0.28325021266937256, 0.1511596292257309, 0.19802135229110718, -0.8891276717185974, 0.15691803395748138, -0.09951405972242355, 0.19047825038433075, 0.7428550720214844, -0.17199814319610596, 0.4253866672515869, -0.05175778642296791, 0.536002516746521, -0.4024812877178192, 0.3886498212814331, 0.3134060204029083 ]
210869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Music	Royal Swedish Academy of Music	The Royal Swedish Academy of Music (), founded in 1771 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. At the time of its foundation, only one of its co-founder was a professional musician, Ferdinand Zellbell the Younger. The Academy is an independent organization, which acts to promote the artistic, scientific, educational and cultural development of music. Fredrik Wetterqvist is director of the Academy. The Academy consists of 170 Swedish members belonging to various spheres of the music industry and has a research committee which has been operational since 1980s. They are involved in research on Gustavian music drama, music archaeology, future developments in musical life and music in a multicultural society. The Academy also publishes various biographies, debate books, analytical writings, etc. and has been offering music students scholarships and various prizes for outstanding contributions in the field. See also Royal College of Music, Stockholm Royal Swedish Opera Music of Sweden List of Swedes in music References External links The Royal Swedish Academy of Music – Official site Joseph Martin Kraus A page dedicated to Joseph Martin Kraus (1756–1792) – "Swedish Mozart", with a list of further links. 1771 establishments in Sweden 1771 in Sweden Swedish Royal Academies	[ 0.3570767939090729, 0.24759478867053986, 0.4528874456882477, -0.09425374865531921, -0.15875428915023804, 0.01892438344657421, 0.5152294039726257, 0.19915613532066345, -0.9623175263404846, -0.24839946627616882, -0.0561383031308651, 0.26479724049568176, 0.1231658086180687, 0.32786014676094055, -0.6424655914306641, 0.08678771555423737, 0.9176554679870605, 0.1726382076740265, -0.17749537527561188, -0.46901366114616394, -0.19307994842529297, 0.4027639329433441, 0.9045708179473877, 0.342383474111557, 0.3486378490924835, -0.20563796162605286, 0.13216723501682281, 0.08314831554889679, 0.5581721663475037, 0.23607568442821503, -0.09188059717416763, 0.07682671397924423, -0.2533710300922394, -0.3568624258041382, -0.6106188893318176, -0.08114293962717056, -0.06657512485980988, -0.019873972982168198, 0.0025528469122946262, -0.4211162030696869, 0.10888940095901489, -0.19083887338638306, -0.010916016064584255, -0.023113612085580826, -0.15039466321468353, -0.8502643704414368, -1.16502845287323, 0.6949467658996582, -0.13480886816978455, 0.4882737696170807, -0.14070779085159302, 0.4247572422027588, 0.04119084030389786, 1.0716036558151245, -0.11989109218120575, -0.19866815209388733, -0.9343788623809814, 0.05393388494849205, -0.12919403612613678, 0.1794148087501526, 0.16470487415790558, 0.8626800179481506, 0.030873650684952736, 0.21815086901187897, 0.17139007151126862, -0.028627973049879074, 0.021044714376330376, -0.06491914391517639, -0.13732916116714478, -0.3690950572490692, 0.12120285630226135, 0.546681821346283, -0.15899798274040222, -0.6154962778091431, -0.03403538838028908, -0.837332546710968, 0.17283053696155548, -0.10565144568681717, 0.060039907693862915, -0.39636674523353577, 0.24069185554981232, -0.2920839488506317, 1.0178792476654053, 0.28519538044929504, 0.35750341415405273, 0.20804496109485626, -0.6118287444114685, -0.590717077255249, -0.5375826954841614, -0.7520499229431152, 0.16244132816791534, -0.013427907600998878, 0.650575578212738, 0.2804490029811859, 0.26608189940452576, 0.20508679747581482, -0.23783983290195465, 0.4190618693828583, -0.547446072101593, 0.6654831767082214, -0.3509975075721741, 0.5790351629257202, -0.1553097665309906, -0.09909971058368683, -0.022570479661226273, -0.362559050321579, 0.1317121833562851, 0.40376415848731995, -0.6747564673423767, 0.39927414059638977, -0.22879061102867126, -0.38137510418891907, -0.21258415281772614, 0.41051220893859863, -0.20514994859695435, 0.2936851978302002, 0.1944274753332138, -0.38896486163139343, -0.5704426169395447, 0.37449219822883606, 0.2869429886341095, 0.6345350742340088, 0.04446616768836975, 0.17844216525554657, -0.41978082060813904, 0.3932349681854248, 0.1574014276266098, 1.1090271472930908, -0.16082197427749634, -0.6116158962249756, -0.0037325711455196142, 0.5982484817504883, -0.03227805346250534, 0.304233193397522, 0.20897090435028076, 0.1440022736787796, 0.49340343475341797, -0.029293622821569443, -0.6822349429130554, 0.5433709621429443, -0.5744531154632568, -0.8579242825508118, -0.22064174711704254, -0.40117335319519043, -0.09295444190502167, -0.2917002737522125, -0.3306991457939148, -0.563048243522644, -0.25472232699394226, -0.0737454742193222, 0.2172388732433319, -0.11973021179437637, -0.4964246153831482, -0.16121459007263184, -0.053452856838703156, 0.4801912307739258, 0.2696840465068817, 0.5322583317756653, 0.08192256838083267, 0.3079114854335785, -0.09138213098049164, -0.05871667340397835, 0.20249062776565552, -0.13909655809402466, -0.2963848412036896, -0.4907732903957367, 0.18491224944591522, 0.7792931795120239, -0.33918696641921997, -0.17318816483020782, -0.6981697082519531, -0.019781852141022682, 0.04437049478292465, 0.01702563278377056, 0.15664634108543396, 0.03317713364958763, 0.21576111018657684, -0.24015097320079803, 0.22745324671268463, -0.24129478633403778, -0.8254842162132263, 0.3850764334201813, 0.06863518804311752, -0.5344254970550537, 0.24035762250423431, 0.2646983861923218, 0.18568956851959229, 0.6109746098518372, -0.026153545826673508, -0.40671485662460327, -0.31426331400871277, -0.7403650283813477, 0.5988132357597351, 0.6389429569244385, 1.1851993799209595, 0.2600225806236267, -0.506784975528717, 0.5855890512466431, -0.3850916028022766, 0.6113873720169067, 0.4289707541465759, -0.06803642213344574, -0.023073909804224968, -0.1465696394443512, 0.08573058992624283, -0.08073388040065765, -0.28560009598731995, -0.45501279830932617, 0.557269275188446, -0.45370304584503174, 0.20625345408916473, -0.6706078052520752, 0.12819133698940277, 0.16921330988407135, 0.11936485767364502, -0.48608431220054626, -0.9065264463424683, 0.08299429714679718, 0.026037735864520073, -0.6677597165107727, 0.44746503233909607, -0.14404836297035217, 0.3455367982387543, 0.3363445997238159, -0.04573504254221916, 0.735180139541626, -0.5431670546531677, 0.6806272864341736, -0.15290965139865875, -0.060220472514629364, -0.1327190399169922, -0.6582583785057068, 0.238799586892128, -0.1534368246793747, -0.09015065431594849, 0.13548414409160614, -0.6281759738922119, 0.17283454537391663, 0.35456064343452454, -0.3036442697048187, 0.5499733686447144, 0.20804738998413086, -0.7906160950660706, 0.32610654830932617, 0.07868102937936783, 0.6307706236839294, -0.5874256491661072, -0.39355385303497314, -0.31714969873428345, 0.051662858575582504, -0.037587955594062805, -0.36133652925491333, -0.3451925814151764, 0.0200665183365345, -0.6519249081611633, -0.12297475337982178, 0.3690752387046814, -0.28272098302841187, -0.4643104672431946, -0.143099844455719, -0.08157090097665787, -0.2874593138694763, 0.1855970025062561, 0.07062608003616333, -0.024791333824396133, -0.3119581639766693, 0.29467102885246277, -0.36750978231430054, 0.8881407380104065, 0.4428313970565796, 0.13991162180900574, -0.1598244607448578, 0.07959451526403427, 0.4735396206378937, -0.23655496537685394, -0.7290297746658325, 0.5736871957778931, -0.5480653047561646, -0.5050476789474487, -0.8244255781173706, -0.51954585313797, 0.6442558765411377, -0.21704800426959991, -0.39617887139320374, -0.9024618864059448, 0.3764137625694275, -0.16756607592105865, -0.05160452798008919, 0.44981178641319275, 0.00534788565710187, 0.058018431067466736, 0.3675171136856079, -0.7236437797546387, -0.24584782123565674, 0.2554515600204468, 0.17283201217651367, 0.4352361857891083, -0.18791261315345764, 0.1987375169992447, -0.33552753925323486, -1.3435418605804443, 0.30956563353538513, -0.10588611662387848, 0.4003073275089264, 0.03402430936694145, -0.11990892142057419, -0.381020724773407, 0.44100049138069153, -5.62207555770874, -0.7690653800964355, -0.30230769515037537, -0.623349130153656, 0.3342190682888031, 0.27738940715789795, 0.3801671266555786, -0.5217810869216919, 0.394577294588089, -0.033644456416368484, -0.09097593277692795, 0.32940468192100525, -0.09429874271154404, 0.9288210272789001, 0.0824410691857338, 0.33766046166419983, -0.4544215798377991, 0.009609437547624111, 0.0470157265663147, 0.05305410921573639, 0.3668971061706543, -0.448697566986084, 0.00994807854294777, 0.5656697750091553, 0.3473189175128937, 0.6896045207977295, -0.11153306066989899, 0.30804017186164856, -0.2934008240699768, -0.44801124930381775, -0.0884726494550705, -0.03659018874168396, 0.42433062195777893, -0.5014327764511108, 0.009785310365259647, 0.3070529103279114, 0.4154409170150757, 0.48263809084892273, 0.11686548590660095, 0.12267254292964935, 0.34541675448417664, -0.3984527885913849, -0.17680823802947998, 0.2116120606660843, -0.3992815613746643, -0.14063507318496704, -0.4052042067050934, 0.8500406742095947, -0.9711502194404602, 1.0444172620773315, 0.2530911862850189, -0.19630227982997894, -0.0672222301363945, 0.02017800137400627, -0.38200730085372925, -0.7105503678321838, 0.263555645942688, 0.30591732263565063, -0.2586619555950165, 0.22378815710544586, -0.2836666405200958, 0.15300974249839783, -0.31154975295066833, -0.09557119756937027, -0.283382385969162, -0.3089524507522583, -0.18397720158100128, 0.3616880774497986, 0.3086749315261841, 0.3314257860183716, 0.3947884738445282, 0.018323466181755066, -0.11207634955644608, -0.955875039100647, -0.3207967281341553, -0.6401295065879822, 0.0610722191631794, -0.33792415261268616, -0.03325991705060005, 0.21257346868515015, 0.471515417098999, 0.053615767508745193, 0.5249325037002563, 0.9579924941062927, 0.27442553639411926, 0.10259675979614258, 0.04548415169119835, -0.020620152354240417, -0.3170372545719147, -0.5014832615852356, 0.08052917569875717, -0.5771393775939941, -0.5882910490036011, 0.2469073086977005, 0.011607708409428596, 0.19587671756744385, -0.11416342854499817, 0.11194153130054474, 0.532490611076355, -0.19773836433887482, 1.0608090162277222, -0.12494577467441559, 0.16237308084964752, -0.28786802291870117, -0.07176300138235092, -0.603888988494873, -0.5059229135513306, -0.1846262812614441, 0.43374061584472656, -0.24756905436515808, 0.009412836283445358, -0.4771655797958374, -0.01630408503115177, -0.24845929443836212, -0.006408636923879385, -0.9630116820335388, 0.13168644905090332, 0.8409208655357361, -0.5792302489280701, 0.2456657439470291, -0.243522509932518, -0.20073093473911285, 0.595624566078186, 0.29875510931015015, -0.11742323637008667, 0.2202407568693161, -0.2709646224975586, -0.06213844567537308, -0.7229453325271606, -0.24489757418632507, 0.4055078625679016, 0.04367111995816231, -0.07675721496343613, 0.3042793571949005, 0.28843218088150024, 0.23207928240299225, -0.5969351530075073, -0.017206061631441116, 0.7178223133087158, -0.386387437582016, 0.1540238857269287, -0.13104984164237976, 0.19440586864948273, 0.27548515796661377, 0.079685740172863, 0.36227232217788696, -0.23123614490032196, -0.20322750508785248, -0.7825846076011658, 0.015983497723937035, -0.2192518562078476, 0.2848123013973236, 0.6378899216651917, -0.12342793494462967, 0.3664596378803253, -0.030513320118188858, -0.4685421884059906, 0.008092453703284264, -0.3168620467185974, -0.44827306270599365, -0.2005462944507599, -0.3287159204483032, -1.0681926012039185, -0.336185097694397, 0.1303711235523224, -0.2756154537200928, -1.1918166875839233, 0.19852448999881744, 0.06974390149116516, 0.7071943879127502, 0.408403217792511, -0.8254783153533936, -0.5103237628936768, -0.4164655804634094, 0.5798806548118591, 0.07382073998451233, 0.28188076615333557, -0.21700213849544525, -0.0380353182554245, 0.08526388555765152, 0.6132307052612305, -0.018132587894797325, -0.0014943776186555624, 0.20940366387367249, 0.6764134168624878, 0.3381563127040863, -0.317055881023407, -0.6584517955780029, -0.09423114359378815, 0.0831078514456749, 0.008046215400099754, -0.3014545738697052, 0.23113466799259186, -0.04922088235616684, -0.32888853549957275, -0.5460203886032104, -0.09201154857873917, 0.2729957401752472, 0.046074386686086655, -0.3062966465950012, 0.6267105340957642, 0.447561115026474, 0.04084521159529686, -0.08015799522399902, 0.08517954498529434, -0.5859748721122742, 0.22762948274612427, 0.529240071773529, -0.46176841855049133, 0.6350500583648682, -0.5376110076904297, -0.5373107194900513, 0.0793619155883789, 0.26544392108917236, -0.6671555638313293, -0.10150613635778427, 0.6117331385612488, -0.6884670257568359, -0.34133684635162354, 0.050509922206401825, -0.5710862874984741, 0.15696150064468384, -0.7081027626991272, -0.2217845469713211, -0.6730793118476868, -0.057958658784627914, -0.18406522274017334, -0.04344702884554863, 0.40048402547836304, -0.45210903882980347, 0.6060017347335815, 0.0018540621967986226, -0.19712473452091217, -0.483781099319458, -0.09096375852823257, -0.11219947040081024, -0.20526787638664246, 0.44238516688346863, 0.2534272372722626, 0.7464748620986938, 0.2659545838832855, 0.7579841017723083, 0.15550477802753448, 0.27264589071273804, 0.38257166743278503, 0.22715933620929718, 0.6303255558013916, 0.039238207042217255, 0.06217065826058388, 0.32732024788856506, 0.12362828850746155, -0.46380916237831116, -0.20702140033245087, -0.6143813133239746, 0.8633484244346619, -0.5463960766792297, 0.48345640301704407, 0.4723381996154785, -0.1414305716753006, 0.3028118312358856, -0.2121247500181198, 0.06390486657619476, -0.36724647879600525, -0.5205838680267334, 0.32017314434051514, 0.2316778153181076, -0.41047170758247375, -0.6715013384819031, 0.41754934191703796, -0.13264304399490356, 0.09449528902769089, -0.5636857151985168, 0.2258903682231903, 0.46652600169181824, 0.2827296257019043, 0.1567484736442566, -0.31991448998451233, -0.24820736050605774, 0.32767966389656067, 0.7454014420509338, -0.2589743137359619, 0.1730981320142746, -0.44993147253990173, -0.7495514154434204, -0.3737718164920807, -0.8357523679733276, -0.4882383346557617, 0.028323734179139137, 0.24431270360946655, 0.24352490901947021, -0.42843982577323914, -0.19809922575950623, 0.3689855933189392, 1.0484265089035034, 0.12929166853427887, 0.5077073574066162, 0.2013799101114273, 0.2207271009683609, 0.651595950126648, 0.30360648036003113, -0.2645638883113861, 0.2004861980676651, 0.16843563318252563, 0.08120279759168625, 0.1449081301689148, 0.6495471000671387, 0.17967025935649872, 0.3176570534706116, -0.729433000087738, 0.1317686140537262, 0.05889800190925598, 0.04998626559972763, -0.07361055165529251, 0.02735758386552334, -0.6767863035202026, -0.35439011454582214, 0.5425904393196106, -0.2617955505847931, 0.44984912872314453, 0.042904216796159744, 0.3859527111053467, -0.07735676318407059, 0.5696912407875061, 0.387211412191391, -0.42314526438713074, 0.1482577919960022, -0.25452807545661926, 0.03472119942307472, -0.1336410641670227, -0.21163931488990784, 0.043919168412685394, 0.07537039369344711, -0.2633786201477051, 1.2466027736663818, -0.40921372175216675, -0.10214047878980637, 0.06443791091442108, -1.0592992305755615, -0.6023110151290894, 0.3006764054298401, 0.6188549399375916, 0.18090324103832245, 0.374696284532547, 0.1817718744277954, -0.3405793309211731, 0.02829478122293949, 0.3120870888233185, 0.0038387696258723736, -0.4786250591278076, -0.29487836360931396, 0.14230860769748688, 0.10236731171607971, 0.7622991800308228, -0.29522690176963806, 0.14657603204250336, 0.42511874437332153, 0.0001809487584978342, 0.15581202507019043, -0.05060901865363121, 0.1260351836681366, -0.1172964870929718, 0.13958893716335297, 0.9584084153175354, 0.14357122778892517, -0.6067399978637695, 0.3311113715171814, 0.4013639986515045, 0.19371427595615387, 0.06766796857118607, -0.4237292408943176, 0.19469934701919556, -0.25256630778312683, -0.04631439596414566, -0.23246659338474274, 0.03661477565765381, -0.057452425360679626, 0.5321756601333618, 0.5954437851905823, 0.44532716274261475, 0.4932885766029358, -0.12742337584495544, 0.49004462361335754, -0.08708120137453079, -0.8146600127220154, -0.6213483810424805, -0.2952427864074707, -0.12445694953203201, -0.2020690143108368, 0.1697244495153427, -0.23085133731365204, 0.32720404863357544, -0.20613843202590942, 0.44897058606147766, 0.5861979126930237, -0.9418714046478271, -0.33333367109298706, -0.0034126571845263243, 0.307102233171463, -0.2667122185230255, -0.5537629723548889, 0.0443720705807209, 0.36297252774238586, 0.18334221839904785, -0.06515318900346756, -0.6506671905517578, 0.39385053515434265, -0.2825881838798523, 0.24472062289714813, 0.43782949447631836, 0.3954651355743408, -0.032889265567064285, -0.07874483615159988, 0.04777457192540169, 0.019932150840759277, -0.10849364101886749, -0.1224529817700386, 0.8930939435958862, -0.41875895857810974, -0.21590429544448853, 0.11340108513832092, -0.4096111059188843, -0.07557463645935059, 0.10365240275859833, 0.30914366245269775, -0.1081039160490036, 0.04749796539545059, 0.05759286507964134, 0.13405463099479675, 0.17212188243865967, 0.5174676179885864, -0.9533637762069702, -0.26978397369384766, -0.4359546899795532, 0.38500940799713135, -0.06270577013492584, 0.17987005412578583, 0.6032036542892456, 0.3663634955883026, 0.7399038672447205, -1.0549285411834717, 0.1544455587863922, 0.2859932780265808, 0.41583186388015747, 0.27860692143440247, 0.27749431133270264, 0.4368502199649811, -0.002671079244464636, -0.22193287312984467, -0.5216541290283203, 0.2279447764158249, 0.2733301520347595, -0.5915156006813049, 0.5949828028678894, -0.3223898112773895, -0.08663919568061829, -0.450422078371048, 0.2745523452758789, -0.30027976632118225, -0.09672219306230545, -0.0894579365849495 ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.