id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
210870
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lester
|
Richard Lester
|
Richard Lester Liebman (born January 19, 1932), commonly referred to as Dick Lester, is an American film director based in the United Kingdom. He is best known for directing the Beatles' films A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help! (1965), and the superhero films Superman II (1980) and Superman III (1983). His other notable films as director include The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959), The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966), How I Won the War (1967), Petulia (1968), The Three Musketeers (1973) and its two sequels, Robin and Marian (1976), and Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979).
Lester is an Honorary Associate of London Film School.
Early years and career
Richard Lester Liebman was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A child prodigy, he began studies at the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 15, graduating four years later with a degree in clinical psychology.
American television
Lester started in television in 1950, working as a stage hand, floor manager, assistant director and then director in less than a year, because no one else was around who knew how to do the work.
Lester was the music director on Action in the Afternoon, an American western television series that aired live on CBS from February 2, 1953, to January 29, 1954. The series originated from the studios and back lot of CBS' then-Philadelphia affiliate WCAU-TV, and was broadcast Monday through Friday regardless of the weather. The half-hour series aired variously at 3:30 pm or 4:00 pm, throughout its run.
British television
In May 1955, after a period spent busking around continental Europe, Lester moved to London and began work as a director in television, working for the low-budget producers the Danziger Brothers on episodes of Mark Saber, a half-hour detective series.
He worked as a writer on Curtains for Harry (1955) and, for a few weeks, The Barris Beat (1956).
A variety show he produced caught the eye of Peter Sellers, who enlisted Lester's help in translating The Goon Show to television as The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d (1956). It was a hit, as were two follow-up shows: A Show Called Fred (1956) and Son of Fred (1956).
Lester recalled that A Show Called Fred was "broadcast live and that's why I went into film directing where you can do a second take!"
Lester wrote and directed episodes of the TV series After Hours (1958).
Early films
Lester received acclaim with The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959), a short film he made with Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers. He did another short titled The Sound of Jazz (1959).
Lester's first feature as director was It's Trad, Dad! (1962), a low-budget musical. His second was The Mouse on the Moon (1963), produced by Walter Shenson for United Artists starring Margaret Rutherford, a sequel to The Mouse That Roared (1959). He returned to TV, directing episodes of Room at the Bottom (1964).
The Beatles
The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film was a favourite of the Beatles, particularly John Lennon. When the band members were contracted to make a feature film, they chose Lester from a list of possible directors. A Hard Day's Night (1964) showed an exaggerated and simplified version of the Beatles' characters and proved to be an effective marketing tool. Many of its stylistic innovations survive as the forerunner of music videos; in particular, the multi-angle filming of a live performance. Lester was sent an award from MTV as "Father of the Music Video".
A Hard Day's Night was a huge critical and commercial success. Lester then directed the first of several quintessential "swinging" films, the sex comedy The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965). Lester's first of three films with actor Michael Crawford, and the first of four credited collaborations with screenwriter Charles Wood, it won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
Lester followed this with the Beatles film Help! (1965). A spoof of the popular James Bond spy thrillers, it was the second collaboration with screenwriter Charles Wood and another huge commercial success. Lester received a Hollywood offer to direct the film adaptation of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966).
He then made the darkly surreal anti-war movie How I Won the War (1967) co-starring Crawford and Lennon, which Lester referred to as an "anti-anti-war movie". He explained that anti-war movies still took the concept of war seriously, contrasting "bad" war crimes with wars fought for "good" causes like the liberation from Nazism or, at that time, Communism, whereas with screenwriter Charles Wood, Lester set out to show war as fundamentally opposed to humanity. Although set in World War II, the film serves as an oblique reference to the Vietnam War, and at one point, breaking the fourth wall, references this directly.
Lester made Petulia (1968) with Julie Christie and George C. Scott, and a score by John Barry. He returned to his anti-war theme with the post-apocalyptic black comedy The Bed Sitting Room (1969), based on a play by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus. The screenplay was the fourth credited collaboration between Lester and Charles Wood, but Wood provided uncredited production rewrites for more films of Lester.
How I Won the War and Bed Sitting Room performed poorly at the box office, and Lester found himself unable to raise finance for a series of projects, including an adaptation of the Flashman novels.
Swashbucklers
Lester's career revived when he was hired by Alexander and Ilya Salkind to do a version of The Three Musketeers (1973), based on a script by George MacDonald Fraser. The producers decided to split the first film into two after principal photography was completed, the second titled The Four Musketeers (1974). Many of the cast principals complained to the Salkinds, stating that they were only contracted to make one film, and they arrived at an agreement to avoid attorneys' fees. Both movies were critically and commercially successful.
Lester was called in at the last minute as a replacement director on Juggernaut (1974), a thriller set on a cruise liner. The success of the Musketeers films enabled Lester to raise finance for Royal Flash (1975), based on the second of the Flashman novels by George MacDonald Fraser. Lester followed this with Robin and Marian (1976), from a script by James Goldman, starring Sean Connery and Audrey Hepburn. He then made The Ritz (1976), based on a play by Terrence McNally.
Lester also directed Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979) and Cuba (1979) with Connery; neither film was successful commercially.
Superman
Lester's next film, Superman II, was a huge success. Production on Superman II began before Superman was completed, and had to be halted to concentrate on getting the first movie completed. After the first film was released in late 1978, the Salkinds went back into production on Superman II without informing Superman director Richard Donner and placed Lester behind the camera to complete the remaining 25 percent of the film. Although Donner had shot 75 percent, a majority of what was planned for the film, much of his footage was jettisoned or reshot during Lester's time on the project.
Gene Hackman, who played Lex Luthor, refused to return for the reshoots, so Lester instead used a stunt double and an impersonator to loop Luthor's lines onto footage of Hackman shot by Donner. Some of Donner's original footage was integrated into television versions of the film. In November 2006, Donner's footage was re-edited into Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, consisting primarily of his footage with Lester's footage used only for scenes not shot during Donner's principal photography.
Lester directed Superman III (1983), but this third installment was not as well received as its predecessors. Nonetheless, it was considered a box office success, ranking 14th in that year Worldwide Box Office.
Later films
Lester directed the comedy Finders Keepers (1984), starring Michael O'Keefe, Louis Gossett Jr., and Beverly D'Angelo. The film was a flop, and it is notable as one of the early films featuring Jim Carrey.
In 1988, Lester reunited most of the Three Musketeers cast to film The Return of the Musketeers, released the following year. During filming in Spain, actor Roy Kinnear, a close friend of Lester, died after falling from a horse. Lester finished the film, then returned only to direct Paul McCartney's concert film Get Back (1991).
In 1993, he presented Hollywood U.K., a five-part series on British cinema in the 1960s for the BBC.
Director Steven Soderbergh is among many who have called for a reappraisal of Lester's work and influence. He wrote Getting Away with It, published in 1999, about Lester's career, which consists of interviews with Lester.
In 2012, the British Film Institute awarded Lester a Fellowship, the British film industry's highest honour, in recognition of his work. The award was presented in a public ceremony on March 22 at the National Film Theatre, and was followed by a screening of Lester's Robin and Marian. The citation for his fellowship recognises that "Richard Lester has created a unique body of work which has enriched the lives of millions with his brilliantly surreal humour and innovative style. Although born in America he has lived in Britain for 60 years and created some of the most enduring and influential creations of British cinema."
Personal life
In Soderbergh's book Getting Away with It, Lester reveals that he is a committed atheist and debates with Soderbergh (then an agnostic), largely based on the arguments of Richard Dawkins. During Lester's time at the University of Pennsylvania, he was a member of the Beta Rho Chapter of the Sigma Nu fraternity.
Filmography
The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959) (short)
It's Trad, Dad! (1962)
The Mouse on the Moon (1963)
A Hard Day's Night (1964)
The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965)
Help! (1965)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966)
How I Won the War (also producer, 1967)
Petulia (1968)
The Bed Sitting Room (also producer, 1969)
The Three Musketeers (1973)
Juggernaut (1974)
The Four Musketeers (1974)
Royal Flash (1975)
Robin and Marian (1976)
The Ritz (1976)
Superman (producer uncredited, 1978)
Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979)
Cuba (1979)
Superman II (1980)
Superman III (1983)
Finders Keepers (1984)
The Return of the Musketeers (1989)
Get Back (1991)
Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut (director uncredited, re-edited director's cut of Superman II, 2006)
Further reading
References
External links
Richard Lester: A hard day's life
The Beatles in West Somerset in 1964
NYT biog
BFI film database
MTV biog
TheBeatles.com
1932 births
Living people
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American film directors
Artists from Philadelphia
Jewish American atheists
William Penn Charter School alumni
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
Kristián Award winners
|
[
-0.1534382402896881,
0.29099810123443604,
-0.8506243228912354,
-0.1478554755449295,
0.5270465612411499,
0.4401359558105469,
-0.23601208627223969,
-0.15630249679088593,
-0.5030184984207153,
0.15945395827293396,
-0.41359439492225647,
0.5714414715766907,
0.017827732488512993,
0.25667598843574524,
-0.042639270424842834,
0.21723228693008423,
0.314414918422699,
-0.6732863783836365,
-0.6319972276687622,
-0.21292690932750702,
-0.42148730158805847,
-0.3303040862083435,
0.4152333438396454,
0.35217756032943726,
-0.6915935277938843,
0.37687066197395325,
-0.04453062266111374,
0.18558458983898163,
-0.4115397036075592,
0.004083959385752678,
-0.24049097299575806,
-0.3523147404193878,
0.42599236965179443,
0.08259043842554092,
-0.2602081894874573,
-0.11969363689422607,
-0.38128939270973206,
-0.12578852474689484,
-0.0880647674202919,
-0.3252304494380951,
0.009108064696192741,
0.44585853815078735,
0.24678367376327515,
-0.1831783652305603,
-0.34610438346862793,
-0.1238248199224472,
-1.5392463207244873,
0.15882760286331177,
-0.8371016383171082,
-0.39931952953338623,
0.3113589286804199,
0.4959598183631897,
0.15278226137161255,
0.18051777780056,
0.7449555993080139,
0.20646058022975922,
-0.283961683511734,
-0.22246888279914856,
-0.0028001945465803146,
0.2581711709499359,
0.3167518675327301,
-0.391765296459198,
0.4103015065193176,
-0.07141498476266861,
0.1430978775024414,
0.4885854423046112,
0.250713050365448,
0.16946791112422943,
0.0546119287610054,
-0.1931706964969635,
0.012228726409375668,
0.08990729600191116,
0.41429832577705383,
-0.08814848214387894,
0.3221384584903717,
-0.1987929493188858,
0.2970615029335022,
-0.08098337054252625,
-0.16278193891048431,
-0.26780909299850464,
0.06995724886655807,
-0.2174183875322342,
0.4632418751716614,
0.7373351454734802,
-0.23173029720783234,
0.3385035991668701,
-0.3657725751399994,
0.4354114234447479,
-0.23744210600852966,
0.08284076303243637,
-0.16846242547035217,
-0.3498549461364746,
-0.3794609308242798,
0.26304611563682556,
-0.09414616227149963,
-0.7847169041633606,
0.1223478615283966,
0.2927521765232086,
0.3912533223628998,
0.08270525932312012,
0.1056857705116272,
0.02376033551990986,
0.041443441063165665,
-0.3274760842323303,
-0.2755950689315796,
0.20658208429813385,
0.4323021471500397,
0.09333745390176773,
-0.6626927256584167,
0.2398296296596527,
-0.31701332330703735,
0.31917378306388855,
0.16877256333827972,
-0.07763085514307022,
0.10382557660341263,
0.22124603390693665,
-0.1005571037530899,
-0.8076855540275574,
-1.2741332054138184,
0.406003475189209,
0.1727939248085022,
0.06510578095912933,
0.21868830919265747,
0.3373153507709503,
-0.2223694622516632,
-0.1300845444202423,
-0.13417361676692963,
0.30480557680130005,
-0.4212277829647064,
-0.08149885386228561,
0.5648989081382751,
0.18818746507167816,
-0.26443108916282654,
-0.006700992118567228,
-0.08480549603700638,
-0.3693101108074188,
-0.015137691982090473,
-0.24801866710186005,
-0.3804589509963989,
-0.021345673128962517,
-0.44927138090133667,
0.28151363134384155,
-0.45129311084747314,
-0.06970202177762985,
0.472022145986557,
-0.16763751208782196,
0.43939390778541565,
-0.20204265415668488,
0.08132974058389664,
0.20959708094596863,
0.05622083321213722,
0.38667216897010803,
-0.1260061115026474,
-1.0049561262130737,
-0.5485374331474304,
0.26297450065612793,
0.7076842784881592,
-0.12805870175361633,
0.2883366644382477,
-0.4716135859489441,
-0.09269509464502335,
-0.3437686264514923,
-0.44594958424568176,
0.14140479266643524,
0.19205431640148163,
-0.501213788986206,
0.6894850730895996,
-0.6226644515991211,
-0.07780995219945908,
0.4461010992527008,
-0.19157174229621887,
0.49182793498039246,
0.49812987446784973,
-0.3127457797527313,
-0.37415289878845215,
0.1332845836877823,
0.637082576751709,
0.6240492463111877,
0.432498037815094,
-0.18182550370693207,
-0.40268659591674805,
-0.28400203585624695,
-0.25541433691978455,
-0.1541222482919693,
0.17689543962478638,
-0.37904754281044006,
0.35112065076828003,
-0.4844491183757782,
0.26513057947158813,
0.03517293930053711,
-0.5133540630340576,
-0.2255273163318634,
-0.05081441253423691,
-0.3968296945095062,
0.476074755191803,
-0.07109296321868896,
-0.5553531050682068,
0.08704794198274612,
-0.31804773211479187,
0.03565157577395439,
-0.425739049911499,
-0.3644414246082306,
-0.07248419523239136,
-0.1748187243938446,
-0.40458187460899353,
-0.2746541202068329,
0.72880619764328,
0.22020067274570465,
0.6979750394821167,
0.9951433539390564,
0.6091488003730774,
-0.4821397662162781,
0.4336288571357727,
0.42829468846321106,
0.012095775455236435,
-0.5116326212882996,
-0.7582308053970337,
-0.20359529554843903,
0.1573513150215149,
-0.1627054512500763,
0.25775834918022156,
0.8985059261322021,
-0.338440865278244,
0.24683187901973724,
0.03504672273993492,
0.7855412364006042,
-0.37141063809394836,
-0.4467611312866211,
0.16952160000801086,
-0.41444024443626404,
0.06155503913760185,
0.7240908145904541,
0.03121316246688366,
-0.5110053420066833,
0.3565247058868408,
0.48303550481796265,
0.10580472648143768,
-0.612122118473053,
-0.20822963118553162,
0.026396654546260834,
0.4164149761199951,
-0.3055172860622406,
-0.6669350266456604,
-0.0643446296453476,
0.3601330816745758,
-0.035694707185029984,
0.3975403904914856,
0.14859196543693542,
-0.17798174917697906,
-0.13363470137119293,
0.46320366859436035,
0.4947069585323334,
0.2202809602022171,
0.07592766731977463,
0.17893964052200317,
0.09877873957157135,
-0.34211236238479614,
-0.3575417101383209,
1.065459132194519,
0.1368919163942337,
0.02764321118593216,
0.030463434755802155,
0.0037532481364905834,
0.140909343957901,
-0.7524449229240417,
0.18621881306171417,
-0.2763350009918213,
-0.1054532527923584,
-0.18290314078330994,
0.029988225549459457,
-0.003756688442081213,
0.22037264704704285,
-0.3270776569843292,
-0.1615719348192215,
0.12104920297861099,
0.12738098204135895,
0.30406466126441956,
0.1570826768875122,
0.03130943700671196,
-0.4531228840351105,
0.7467784285545349,
0.531311571598053,
-0.0785006433725357,
-0.23473283648490906,
-0.03850140795111656,
0.007416124455630779,
-0.40437281131744385,
-0.3443422317504883,
0.16012021899223328,
-0.3170565068721771,
-0.28435713052749634,
1.0841144323349,
-0.6352951526641846,
0.11924565583467484,
-0.24669110774993896,
0.6175426840782166,
-0.30122897028923035,
-0.6146923899650574,
-0.0005868094158358872,
-0.30125901103019714,
0.06689674407243729,
0.4704112410545349,
-0.010884387418627739,
-0.011271127499639988,
0.6219490170478821,
0.6032533049583435,
0.16638287901878357,
-0.906999945640564,
-5.804352760314941,
0.027094127610325813,
0.18415690958499908,
-0.15093553066253662,
0.7826166749000549,
-0.15038035809993744,
0.22426362335681915,
-0.280701607465744,
0.3682747185230255,
-0.2886122465133667,
-0.47230544686317444,
-0.5218560099601746,
-0.39916881918907166,
0.7130694389343262,
0.5851773023605347,
0.4771319031715393,
-0.026801953092217445,
0.0070432680658996105,
-0.0707225576043129,
0.6118125915527344,
0.14587490260601044,
-0.44506800174713135,
0.29352545738220215,
0.1796497404575348,
-0.23619093000888824,
0.19686606526374817,
-0.5575278997421265,
0.1854463666677475,
-0.5937457084655762,
-0.4127356708049774,
-0.15467190742492676,
-0.39264237880706787,
0.040717702358961105,
-0.10185407847166061,
0.010052195750176907,
-0.009403853677213192,
0.732717752456665,
0.39136943221092224,
0.2806427776813507,
0.06527122855186462,
0.2179945856332779,
0.3260745406150818,
-0.5763278603553772,
0.029452156275510788,
0.33325108885765076,
-0.2854233980178833,
-0.06463420391082764,
-0.37309664487838745,
-0.26135119795799255,
0.09246113896369934,
0.7692386507987976,
0.03547535464167595,
0.034822504967451096,
-0.39560770988464355,
0.5491201281547546,
-0.08129644393920898,
-0.18703807890415192,
0.21068277955055237,
-0.524761438369751,
0.2966318428516388,
-0.09263696521520615,
-0.3536145091056824,
-0.03508371859788895,
0.2936537563800812,
-0.4291526973247528,
-0.03367326781153679,
-0.09746239334344864,
0.3047255575656891,
0.413438081741333,
-0.45574942231178284,
0.11492796242237091,
0.11964017152786255,
0.4393179714679718,
-1.1121172904968262,
-0.10981205105781555,
-0.09567917138338089,
0.02141096629202366,
-0.11484561115503311,
-0.4141486883163452,
-0.06231118366122246,
-0.039683807641267776,
-0.3434228301048279,
0.3028905987739563,
0.2855604588985443,
0.05812641605734825,
-0.48746979236602783,
-0.4992506504058838,
0.6679916381835938,
-0.18832583725452423,
-0.3806917071342468,
-0.39610880613327026,
-0.12183947116136551,
0.13269896805286407,
0.10682466626167297,
0.046034764498472214,
-0.06965669244527817,
0.11458037793636322,
0.3095338046550751,
0.2177298218011856,
0.17555485665798187,
-0.4153996706008911,
-0.35055920481681824,
-0.055671628564596176,
-0.9509887099266052,
0.1433504819869995,
-0.11511722207069397,
0.5283606052398682,
0.3965547978878021,
0.5127532482147217,
0.17401565611362457,
0.0663505494594574,
0.6800673604011536,
-0.23212215304374695,
-0.24226486682891846,
0.38063812255859375,
-0.5403543710708618,
-0.3622090518474579,
-0.047943487763404846,
0.03845302015542984,
-0.09639430046081543,
-0.3113797903060913,
0.8056240677833557,
-0.1883317232131958,
-0.007444347254931927,
0.14517581462860107,
-0.3826662302017212,
0.10207443684339523,
-0.13344374299049377,
-0.16942061483860016,
0.251491904258728,
-0.3526958227157593,
0.9253869652748108,
0.018386362120509148,
-0.44986963272094727,
0.30173513293266296,
-0.6622810363769531,
-0.8453423976898193,
-0.05919506400823593,
-0.21123257279396057,
-0.09341822564601898,
0.04132813215255737,
0.0941619724035263,
0.8196443319320679,
0.29965269565582275,
0.5065956711769104,
-0.3896463215351105,
-0.20005519688129425,
0.6204886436462402,
0.42964592576026917,
-0.09129295498132706,
0.3494918644428253,
-0.07709420472383499,
0.6668009757995605,
-0.6309985518455505,
-0.4289368689060211,
-0.17810094356536865,
-1.037782073020935,
-0.33046627044677734,
0.11738172173500061,
-0.12511588633060455,
0.7061237096786499,
-0.059216152876615524,
-0.549283504486084,
0.0684913843870163,
-0.12709581851959229,
0.6313080787658691,
-0.3365001976490021,
-0.42337319254875183,
-0.11506394296884537,
0.5527795553207397,
0.3160805106163025,
-0.47519028186798096,
-0.23291510343551636,
-0.2652766704559326,
-0.3603724539279938,
0.4374642074108124,
-0.1705900877714157,
-0.394288569688797,
0.1045253574848175,
0.20239050686359406,
0.14384888112545013,
-0.030817104503512383,
-0.6603479981422424,
0.33184659481048584,
0.32319313287734985,
-0.9274676442146301,
-0.9341890811920166,
-0.2640707194805145,
-0.9242491126060486,
-0.26442307233810425,
0.042347270995378494,
-0.43022239208221436,
0.9044700264930725,
0.9109439253807068,
-0.12794582545757294,
-0.2836921513080597,
0.02776505798101425,
-0.19399304687976837,
-0.3102414608001709,
-0.1140570342540741,
-0.582580029964447,
0.5552941560745239,
-0.20742695033550262,
-0.26438987255096436,
0.4047682285308838,
-0.7766799926757812,
-0.13154321908950806,
0.07892445474863052,
-0.14186953008174896,
0.7006883025169373,
-0.4599849283695221,
-0.23749567568302155,
-0.07766614109277725,
-0.489609956741333,
-0.3622020483016968,
-0.009443843737244606,
0.46123701333999634,
-0.042666561901569366,
-0.07503927499055862,
-0.43568819761276245,
0.14867204427719116,
-0.45964887738227844,
-0.3156205415725708,
0.16964587569236755,
-0.8619973063468933,
-0.21509261429309845,
0.14224892854690552,
-0.45253852009773254,
0.5556306838989258,
-0.24099458754062653,
-0.27124643325805664,
0.0672173872590065,
-0.14081598818302155,
0.013727083802223206,
0.13838060200214386,
0.12271250784397125,
0.6043388843536377,
0.8026663661003113,
0.017255006358027458,
-0.05884170904755592,
0.4282912015914917,
1.2427769899368286,
0.6701019406318665,
0.5091736912727356,
0.15992143750190735,
0.7088831663131714,
0.12377586960792542,
-0.8414411544799805,
-0.33289334177970886,
0.4628410041332245,
-0.2872208058834076,
0.14188040792942047,
-0.10427363216876984,
0.09305025637149811,
0.6048688292503357,
-0.7055787444114685,
-0.28600695729255676,
-0.2005564570426941,
-0.13473603129386902,
0.08875014632940292,
-0.09995613247156143,
0.1504199206829071,
-0.17432133853435516,
-0.249211847782135,
-0.13823676109313965,
0.30649706721305847,
-0.2643270492553711,
0.09154121577739716,
0.2365657538175583,
-0.34063589572906494,
-0.24705681204795837,
-0.12198706716299057,
-0.1119566336274147,
0.47437965869903564,
-0.045896176248788834,
0.45011836290359497,
0.20699059963226318,
-0.6746266484260559,
0.352594256401062,
-0.7384394407272339,
-0.4773285388946533,
0.6319818496704102,
0.15601696074008942,
-0.9429019689559937,
-0.09103895723819733,
-0.41224005818367004,
-0.019234230741858482,
-0.043526552617549896,
-0.2778087854385376,
0.14273780584335327,
-0.2711005210876465,
-0.09194749593734741,
-0.2723807692527771,
-0.09308752417564392,
-0.24091948568820953,
-0.12380287796258926,
0.07397646456956863,
0.7335347533226013,
-0.2169027477502823,
-0.25675123929977417,
0.08126362413167953,
0.26640811562538147,
0.3599606156349182,
-0.307746946811676,
0.5142789483070374,
-0.21214112639427185,
-0.4067457318305969,
-0.557117223739624,
-0.08994151651859283,
0.2585617005825043,
0.04183431342244148,
-0.15737514197826385,
-0.022499751299619675,
0.6985480785369873,
-0.32511547207832336,
-0.09623251110315323,
0.6945857405662537,
0.07245711982250214,
-0.026464268565177917,
-0.24196775257587433,
-0.23255982995033264,
0.4082815945148468,
0.23195119202136993,
-0.8560861349105835,
-0.05131947249174118,
0.598737895488739,
0.37643060088157654,
0.2572546601295471,
0.16459445655345917,
0.16277886927127838,
0.29211410880088806,
-0.2822016477584839,
0.024362262338399887,
0.7020735740661621,
-0.19182872772216797,
0.09168920665979385,
0.11854593455791473,
-0.30016207695007324,
0.6195156574249268,
0.15305644273757935,
-0.30552634596824646,
0.8284820318222046,
-0.10030295699834824,
0.29356062412261963,
0.3201179802417755,
-0.09135808050632477,
0.15961849689483643,
0.014404205605387688,
-0.2483273148536682,
0.1413486897945404,
0.6843553781509399,
-0.4342879056930542,
0.43565377593040466,
0.047160640358924866,
0.7316604852676392,
-0.24041029810905457,
0.4215628206729889,
-0.20925483107566833,
0.1797214299440384,
-0.0042467606253921986,
-0.19449971616268158,
-0.12925992906093597,
0.8047357797622681,
0.7011399865150452,
-0.05547553673386574,
0.1237730160355568,
-0.5570113658905029,
-0.9871118068695068,
0.6977970004081726,
0.5336552262306213,
0.21270941197872162,
0.5864042639732361,
-0.1663576066493988,
0.18253937363624573,
0.2949220538139343,
0.2206450253725052,
0.37019360065460205,
-0.4067218005657196,
0.17266933619976044,
-0.02201773412525654,
-0.5481578707695007,
0.46967628598213196,
-0.2149394303560257,
0.1315540224313736,
-0.06362969428300858,
-0.38106587529182434,
-0.09972860664129257,
0.18971717357635498,
0.2682993710041046,
-0.23811061680316925,
0.3846231698989868,
-0.6649163365364075,
-0.4846774935722351,
0.673369288444519,
-0.5446128249168396,
-0.10380575805902481,
-0.14649763703346252,
0.3844360411167145,
-0.0728536918759346,
0.7961850762367249,
-0.30400991439819336,
0.5018094778060913,
0.29941996932029724,
0.4014759361743927,
0.05876423791050911,
-0.08072949200868607,
-0.21332617104053497,
-0.05314156413078308,
-0.6819647550582886,
0.40282735228538513,
0.21073132753372192,
-0.3693072497844696,
0.004621801897883415,
0.1695949137210846,
0.018606700003147125,
-0.21314074099063873,
0.4321196675300598,
0.426250696182251,
0.3042488694190979,
-0.18026526272296906,
0.04575689136981964,
-0.4279085397720337,
-0.06783179193735123,
0.37587907910346985,
-0.12483072280883789,
0.43955886363983154,
0.27963006496429443,
-0.22727005183696747,
-0.5410163998603821,
0.3857322633266449,
0.015527541749179363,
0.14088596403598785,
-0.19183698296546936,
-0.1476668417453766,
0.0035118325613439083,
-0.6435281038284302,
0.6019219160079956,
0.6162688732147217,
0.2095680832862854,
-0.8272003531455994,
0.46976161003112793,
0.48178791999816895,
-0.13713261485099792,
-0.03883560374379158,
0.08978094905614853,
-0.3341042697429657,
0.4011928141117096,
-0.4340989887714386,
0.25173285603523254,
0.6065192222595215,
-0.18865208327770233,
-0.6687692403793335,
0.3444743752479553,
-0.35272660851478577,
-0.24490882456302643,
0.7153529524803162,
0.03589346259832382,
-0.11914193630218506,
0.5799770355224609,
-0.6562435030937195
] |
210871
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedes%20in%20music
|
List of Swedes in music
|
This is a list of Swedish composers, musical groups, musicians and singers:
Composers
A–M
Johan Agrell (1701–1765), full name: Johan Joachim Agrell
Hugo Alfvén (1872–1960), full name: Hugo Emil Alfvén
Kurt Atterberg (1887–1974), full name: Kurt Magnus Atterberg
Tor Aulin (1866–1914)
Sven-Erik Bäck (1919–1994)
Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795)
Berwald family
Franz Adolf Berwald (1796–1868), composer, musician and businessman; and the best-known of the musical Berwalds
Johan Fredrik Berwald (1787–1861), violinist, concert-master of the Swedish Royal Orchestra
Julie Berwald, actress and singer at the Royal Swedish Opera, later married to baron Knut Åkerhielm
Mathilda Berwald, née Cohn (married to Johan B.), singer to the Royal Court
Ulf Björlin (1933–1993), conductor and composer
Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916–1968)
Britta Byström (born 1977), classical composer for orchestra
Düben family, originally musicians, who were raised to the nobility through the favour especially of king Charles XII of Sweden. Family members other than those mentioned below were important in civil service or made important contributions to other fields.
Gustaf Düben (1624–1690), organist of the German Church in Stockholm, Master of the Royal Swedish Court Orchestra, composer
Lars Edlund (1922–2013)
John Fernström (1897–1961), born in China of Swedish parents
Gunnar de Frumerie (1908–1987)
Harald Fryklöf (1882-1918)
Ludwig Göransson, Acamedy-Award winning film score composer (born 1984)
Thomas G:son (born 1968)
Ebbe Grims-land (1915–2015)
Jacob Adolf Hägg (1850–1928)
Johann Christian Friedrich Hæffner (1759–1833), born in Germany
Jan Johansson (1931–1968)
Ulla Jones (born 1946)
Edvin Kallstenius (1881–1967)
Joseph Martin Kraus (1756–1792)
Lars-Erik Larsson (1908–1986)
Lykke Li (born 1986)
Ingvar Lidholm (1921–2017)
Adolf Fredrik Lindblad (1801–1878)
Otto Lindblad (1809–1864)
Bo Linde (1933–1970)
Loreen (born 1983), Eurovision winner
Ralph Lundsten (born 1936)
Hildor Lundvik (1885–1951)
Yngwie J. Malmsteen (born 1963), key figure in neoclassical metal, virtuoso guitarist, composer and multi-instrumentalist
Rolf Martinsson (born 1956)
Gertrud Maria Mell (1947–2016), organist, choir master and composer
N–Z
Ludvig Norman (1831–1885), considered by some the outstanding Swedish composer between Franz Berwald and Wilhelm Stenhammar
Gösta Nystroem (1890–1966)
Wilhelm Peterson-Berger (1867–1942), full name: Olof Wilhelm Peterson-Berger
Allan Pettersson (1911–1980), full name: Gustaf Allan Pettersson
Ture Rangström (1884–1947)
Johan Helmich Roman (1694–1758), called the "Swedish Handel"
Hilding Rosenberg (1892–1985)
Sven-David Sandström (1942-2019)
Michael Saxell (born 1956)
Fredrik Sixten (born 1962)
Emil Sjögren (1853–1918), late romantic miniaturist
August Söderman (1832–1876)
Wilhelm Stenhammar (1871–1927)
Hilda Thegerström (1838–1907), pianist and composer
Gunnar Wennerberg (1817–1901), uncle of Sara Wennerberg-Reuter
Sara Wennerberg-Reuter (1875–1959)
Johan Wikmanson (1753–1800)
Dag Wirén (1905–1986)
Ferdinand Zellbell the Younger (1719—1780)
Conductors
Ulf Björlin
Herbert Blomstedt
Sixten Ehrling
Maria Eklund
Eric Ericson
Patrik Ringborg
Niklas Willén
Musical groups
0–9
59 Times The Pain
A–B
ABBA
Stikkan Anderson (manager)
Benny Andersson
Agnetha Fältskog
Anni-Frid Lyngstad
Michael Tretow (producer)
Björn Ulvaeus
Ace of Base
Jenny Berggren
Jonas Berggren
Linn Berggren
Ulf Ekberg
Acid House Kings
Alcazar
Magnus Carlsson
Lina Hedlund
Andreas Lundstedt
Tess Merkel
Alice in Videoland
ALPHA 60
Amaranthe
Amon Amarth
Änglagård
Antiloop
Arcana
Arch Enemy
The Ark
Ola Salo
Armageddon
Army of Lovers
Alexander Bard
Jean-Pierre Barda
Michaela Dornonville de la Cour
Camilla Henemark
Dominika Peczynski
Ashbury Heights
Astral Doors
At the Gates
A-Teens
Dhani Lennevald
Sara Lumholdt
Amit Sebastian Paul
Marie Serneholt
Backyard Babies
Basic Element
Bathory
Bjärv
Blindside
Marcus Dahlström
Simon Grenehed
Christian Lindskog
Tomas Näslund
Blodsrit
Bloodbath
Blue Swede
Bo Kaspers Orkester
Bob Hund
Bodies Without Organs
Brainpool
Broder Daniel
C–D
Caesars
Candlemass
Caramba
Caramell
The Cardigans
Lars-Olof Johansson
Bengt Lagerberg
Nina Persson
Peter Svensson
Magnus Sveningsson
Carnal Forge
Charta 77
Ceremonial Oath
Clawfinger
Club 8
Clubland
Coca Carola
The Concretes
Corroded
Covenant
Crashdïet
Craft
The Crown
Crucified Barbara
Cult of Luna
Dark Funeral
Dark Tranquillity
Darkane
David & the Citizens
Dawn
De Lyckliga Kompisarna
Dead By April
Deathstars
Den Fule
Glenn Ljungström
Hans Nilsson
Diablo Swing Orchestra
Diabolical Masquerade
Dimension Zero
Dismember
Dissection
Tomas Asklund
Jon Nödtveidt
Set Teitan
Division of Laura Lee
Doktor Kosmos
Dozer
Draconian
Dragonland
Dream Evil
Fredrik Nordström
Drömhus
Dungen
Dynazty
E–G
Ebba Grön
Edge of Sanity
Ef
Eldkvarn
Elliphant
Engel
Entombed
Eskobar
Europe
Ian Haugland
John Levén
Kee Marcello
Mic Michaeli
John Norum
Tony Reno
Joey Tempest
Evergrey
First Aid Kit
The Flower Kings
Freak Kitchen
Galantis
Gardenian
Garmarna
Gemini
Gert Jonnys
Ghost
Goat
Graveyard
Gravitonas
Alexander Bard
Günther and the Sunshine Girls
Gyllene Tider
H–K
H.E.A.T
HammerFall
Hardcore Superstar
The Haunted
Headplate
Anders Björler
Jonas Björler
Peter Dolving
Patrik Jensen
Per Möller Jensen
Hedningarna
Hållbus Totte Mattson
Anders Norudde
Magnus Stinnerbom
The Hellacopters
Nicke Andersson
Robert Dahlqvist
Kenny Håkansson
Matz Robert Eriksson
Anders "Boba Fett" Lindström
Hello Saferide
The Hep Stars
Benny Andersson
The Hives
Howlin' Pelle Almqvist
Nicholaus Arson
Chris Dangerous
Vigilante Carlstroem
Dr. Matt Destruction
Honey Is Cool
Hoola Bandoola Band
The Hootenanny Singers
Hoven Droven
Hypocrisy
iamamiwhoami
Jonna Lee
Icona Pop
Caroline Hjelt
Aino Jawo
I'm from Barcelona
Emanuel Lundgren
Imminence
Imperiet
Joakim Thåström
In Flames
Anders Fridén
Björn Gelotte
Peter Iwers
Johan Larsson
Jesper Strömblad
Daniel Svensson
The (International) Noise Conspiracy
J.E.M
Johnossi
Just D
Kaipa
Katatonia
Kent
Joakim Berg
Sami Sirviö
Khoma
Kill Squad vs. Doubleheader
Kite
The Knife
Komeda
Koop
L–O
Leather Nun
Freddie Wadling
The Legends
LeGrand
Lili & Susie
Lili Päivärinta
Susie Päivärinta
Little Dragon
LOK
Lord Belial
Love Is All
Lowe
Machinae Supremacy
Makthaverskan
Mando Diao
Marduk
The Mary Onettes
Mayhem's 1988–1991 singer Per Yngve Ohlin, also known as "Dead", also member of Swedish band Morbid
Melody Club
Meshuggah
Tomas Haake
Mårten Hagström
Jens Kidman
Dick Lövgren
Fredrik Thordendal
Miike Snow
Millencolin
Mathias Färm
Erik Ohlsson
Nikola Sarcevic
Fredrik Larzon
Moneybrother
Monster
Moonlight Agony
Movits!
Mustasch
Månegarm
Naglfar
Nasum
Nationalteatern
Ulf Dageby
Totta Näslund
NEXX
Nightingale
Nightrage
No Fun at All
Nocturnal Rites
The Nomads
October Tide
Oh Laura
Onkel Kånkel
Opeth
Mikael Åkerfeldt
Martin Axenrot
Peter Lindgren
Martin Mendez
Per Wiberg
Orsa Spelmän
P–S
Pain
Pain of Salvation
Pan.Thy.Monium
Passenger
Peace Love & Pitbulls
Peter Bjorn and John
Play
Faye Hamlin
Anaïs Lameche
Janet Leon
Rosie Munter
Anna Sundstrand
The Poodles
Radio Dept.
Raised Fist
Razorlight
Rednex
Reeperbahn
Olle Ljungström
Refused
Ribspreader
Roxette
Marie Fredriksson
Per Gessle
Sabaton
Sahara Hotnights
Sambassadeur
Sandy Mouche
Christian Älvestam (former member)
Helena Josefsson
Jonas Kjellgren
Scar Symmetry
Secret Service
Shivering Spines
Shout Out Louds
Silent Border
Skwisgaar Skwigelf (lead guitarist of Dethklok)
Slagsmålsklubben
Soilwork
Björn Strid
Peter Wichers
Solution .45
Sonic Syndicate
The Sounds
Maja Ivarsson
The Soundtrack of Our Lives
The Spotnicks
Steel
Suburban Kids with Biblical Names
Sugarplum Fairy
Svartsyn
Swedish House Mafia
Steve Angello
Axwell
Sebastian Ingrosso
T–Z
Tad Morose
The Tages
Taken By Trees
Tallest Man on Earth
Teddybears sthlm
Joakim Åhlund
Klas Åhlund
Terror 2000
Therion
List of Therion members
Thermostatic
This Ending
This Perfect Day
Thomaz Ransmyr
Those Dancing Days
Thyrfing
Tiamat
The Tough Alliance
Triakel
Emma Härdelin
Truckfighters
Tråd
Unleashed
Vacuum
Alexander Bard (former member)
Mattias Lindblom
Marina Schiptjenko (former member)
Anders Wollbeck
Van
Vintersorg
Andreas "Vintersorg" Hedlund
Mattias Marklund
Violent Silence
The Wannadies
Whale
Whipped Cream
Zeigeist
Musicians
Mikael Åkerfeldt
Christian Älvestam
Christopher Amott
Daniel Antonsson
Martin Axenrot
Anders Björler
Jonas Björler
Nalle Colt
Peter Dolving
Niclas Engelin
Per Eriksson
Adrian Erlandsson
Daniel Erlandsson
Anders Fridén
Björn Gelotte
Martin Henriksson
Peter Iwers
Fredrik Johansson
Jonas Kjellgren
Johan Larsson
Martin Larsson
Jonna Lee
Johan Liiva
Tomas Lindberg
Glenn Ljungström
Martin Lopez
Christofer Malmström
Kee Marcello
Lisa Miskovsky
Anders Nyström
Jonas Renkse
Speed
Mikael Stanne
Jesper Strömblad
Niklas Sundin
Alf Svensson
Daniel Svensson
Dan Swanö
Peter Tägtgren
Peter Wichers
Peter Wildoer
Quorthon
Singers
Opera singers
Davida Afzelius-Bohlin (1866–1955)), mezzo-soprano
Adèle Almati (1861–1919), mezzo-soprano
Ruth Althén (1980–1995), soprano
Vendela Andersson-Sörensen (1860–1926), soprano
Lovisa Augusti
Irma Björck (1898–1993), mezzo-soprano
Jussi Björling
Sophie Cysch (1847–1917), mezzo-soprano
Mathilda Ebeling (1826–1851), soprano
Mathilda Enequist
Malena Ernman
Wilhelmina Fundin (1819–1911), soprano
Nicolai Gedda
Wilhelmina Gelhaar (1837–1923), soprano
Håkan Hagegård
Josef Herou
Thekla Hofer (1852–1938), soprano
Jan Kyhle
Anna Larsson
Jenny Lind
Kerstin Meyer (1928–2020), mezzo-soprano
Louise Michaëli
Birgit Nilsson
Christina Nilsson
Henriette Nissen-Saloman
Augusta Öhrström-Renard (1856–1921), mezzo-soprano
Elisabeth Olin
Signe Rappe-Welden (1879–1974), soprano
Margit Rosengren (1901–1952), soprano
Margareta Sjöstedt (1923–2012), contralto
Anne Sofie von Otter
Anna Sofia Sevelin
Elisabeth Söderström
Nina Stemme
Fredrika Stenhammar
Wilhelmina Strandberg (1845–1914), mezzo-soprano
Iréne Theorin
Astrid Varnay,
Elisabeth Wärnfeldt
Zulamith Wellander (1857–1919), mezzo-soprano
Henriette Widerberg
Carolina Östberg
Popular music singers
A–M
Salem Al Fakir
Felix Kjellberg (PewDiePie)
Joel Alme
Joel Berghult (RoomieOfficial)
Alice Babs
Basshunter
Robin Bengtsson
Linda Bengtzing
Lars Berghagen
Marit Bergman
Bertil Boo
Bosson
Joachim Cans
Pelle Carlberg
Agnes Carlsson
Eagle-Eye Cherry
Neneh Cherry
Shirley Clamp
Kikki Danielsson
Darin
Per Yngve Ohlin
Stefan Demert
Doris
Dr. Alban
Lotta Engberg
Martin "E-Type" Eriksson
Marie Fredriksson
Per Gessle
José González
Nanne Grönvall
Carola Häggkvist
Håkan Hellström
Kjell Höglund
Patrik Isaksson
Amanda Jenssen
Ana Johnsson
Helena Josefsson
Tommy Körberg
Laleh
Zara Larsson
Tomas Ledin
Leila K.
Jens Lekman
Lykke Li
Lill Lindfors
Tove Lo
Ulf Lundell
Lars Lönndahl
Veronica Maggio
Amanda Mair
Siw Malmkvist
Meja
Andreas Moe
N–Z
Sanna Nielsen
Stina Nordenstam
Tone Norum
Elena Paparizou
Charlotte Perrelli
Lena Philipsson
Povel Ramel
Bo Johan Renck
Robin Carlsson (Robyn)
Thomaz
Eric Saade
Danny Saucedo
Michael Saxell
September
Martin Stenmarck
Tove Styrke
Barbro "Lill-Babs" Svensson
Loreen Talhaoui
Joey Tempest
Thomaz
Titiyo
Viktoria Tolstoy
Magnus Uggla
Cornelis Vreeswijk
Yung Lean
Pernilla Wahlgren
Jenny Wilson
Lars Winnerbäck
Sophie Zelmani
Måns Zelmerlöw
Zikai
Maher Zain
Others
Björn Afzelius
Airbase
Alesso
Marten Andersson
Avicii
Anna Bergström-Simonsson (1853–1937), voice teacher
John Dahlbäck
Mikkey Dee (drummer of Motörhead)
Arne Domnerus
Lisa Ekdahl
Jörgen Elofsson
Rolf Ericson
Bengt Forsberg
Bo Hansson
Jakob Hellman
Jonny Jakobsen
Åsa Jinder
Jens Johansson
Peter Jöback
Nils Landgren
Christian Lindberg
Björn J:son Lindh
Yngwie J. Malmsteen
Max Martin
Eddie Meduza
Totta Näslund
Lisa Nilsson
Myrra Malmberg
Stefan Olsdal
Åke Persson
Denniz Pop
Eric Prydz
Roland Pöntinen
Ilya Salmanzadeh
Björn Skifs
Stonebridge
Niklas Strömstedt
Molly Sanden
Evert Taube
Joakim Thåström
Monica Törnell
Rebecka Törnqvist
Cecilia Vennersten
Monica Zetterlund
See also
Popular music in Sweden
Lists of composers
Music of Sweden
Swedish hip hop
Royal Swedish Academy of Music
References
External links
Music
Swedish music
|
[
-0.18078230321407318,
0.18231301009655,
0.43498465418815613,
-0.2205178141593933,
-0.4864826500415802,
0.4665054976940155,
0.42175811529159546,
0.3003092110157013,
-1.1928757429122925,
-0.37455669045448303,
0.1056797206401825,
-0.19330273568630219,
0.14850512146949768,
0.5100423097610474,
-0.5259755849838257,
0.5764132738113403,
0.4939880669116974,
0.5851554274559021,
-0.7351623773574829,
-0.17086870968341827,
-0.04837577044963837,
0.08674797415733337,
1.1375806331634521,
0.23069575428962708,
0.5641072392463684,
-0.13083940744400024,
0.015795443207025528,
-0.3392046093940735,
0.4697873890399933,
0.0607997365295887,
-0.18721836805343628,
0.5682842135429382,
0.7143314480781555,
0.09129039198160172,
-0.52128666639328,
0.08299558609724045,
-0.278852641582489,
-0.16115990281105042,
0.4109019637107849,
0.073305144906044,
-0.4764341413974762,
-0.42121782898902893,
0.16993317008018494,
0.09809420257806778,
0.10770177841186523,
-0.49475377798080444,
-1.6445187330245972,
0.9346715211868286,
-0.0938551053404808,
0.2945566773414612,
0.12941515445709229,
-0.25283923745155334,
0.35452181100845337,
0.5791993737220764,
0.2463500201702118,
-0.5313105583190918,
-0.9875437617301941,
-0.03665294125676155,
0.4684636890888214,
0.2226361334323883,
0.6714484095573425,
0.6336991190910339,
0.08546072244644165,
-0.4322658181190491,
0.14646489918231964,
0.09959564357995987,
0.020371416583657265,
0.43435215950012207,
-0.201412633061409,
-0.7098714709281921,
0.27800190448760986,
0.6681203246116638,
0.27065154910087585,
-0.6302735209465027,
0.2880655825138092,
-0.69710773229599,
0.15431059896945953,
0.04224999621510506,
0.34562253952026367,
-0.47867220640182495,
0.06727956235408783,
-0.45241397619247437,
0.7621236443519592,
0.40602317452430725,
0.42446696758270264,
-0.5928992629051208,
-0.20718315243721008,
-0.3921751081943512,
-0.6961429119110107,
-0.4953666925430298,
0.061783645302057266,
-0.5101383924484253,
0.679020881652832,
0.3375498354434967,
-0.1986454874277115,
0.6632226705551147,
0.23164747655391693,
0.4964653551578522,
-0.1803494691848755,
0.3965446650981903,
-0.2843964695930481,
0.545438826084137,
-0.096492700278759,
-0.2502038776874542,
-0.2341284453868866,
-0.08295785635709763,
0.21403276920318604,
0.7320501208305359,
-0.33257198333740234,
0.21066026389598846,
-0.343112975358963,
-0.4315330386161804,
-0.02282160148024559,
0.2709578573703766,
0.3715974688529968,
0.1296142190694809,
-0.12318137288093567,
-0.7834811210632324,
-0.20512045919895172,
0.11333946138620377,
-0.27541249990463257,
0.5358430743217468,
-0.2813514471054077,
0.15535429120063782,
-0.4149070978164673,
0.25307875871658325,
0.3238859474658966,
0.6036823391914368,
-0.13751888275146484,
-0.1827848106622696,
0.5317936539649963,
0.9077684283256531,
-0.3582364320755005,
0.14425134658813477,
0.11420009285211563,
-0.35801082849502563,
0.3582448959350586,
0.4056582450866699,
-0.2138403356075287,
0.3335098922252655,
-0.5852622389793396,
-0.24418893456459045,
-0.19426068663597107,
-0.1006317213177681,
-0.09446986764669418,
-0.3746871054172516,
-0.31182536482810974,
-0.7421458959579468,
-0.5151541829109192,
-0.2690766751766205,
0.3493689000606537,
-0.40992456674575806,
-0.39340150356292725,
-0.020223377272486687,
-0.3127874433994293,
0.2091546505689621,
0.3949037194252014,
-0.16502277553081512,
0.4242362082004547,
0.24666748940944672,
0.0177073422819376,
0.22560015320777893,
0.07297449558973312,
-0.1120370402932167,
-0.06894368678331375,
-0.07569964975118637,
-0.07228123396635056,
0.4412827789783478,
-0.5882860422134399,
0.030345195904374123,
-0.7342197895050049,
0.14437350630760193,
0.038280315697193146,
0.2901999354362488,
-0.26843777298927307,
0.3142518997192383,
0.06512787193059921,
0.10213027894496918,
0.21373899281024933,
0.12977008521556854,
-0.6366711854934692,
0.20755621790885925,
0.1756134033203125,
-0.3051307499408722,
-0.04394838586449623,
0.9301421046257019,
-0.4348273277282715,
0.4167335033416748,
0.7801788449287415,
-0.48417919874191284,
-0.1627223938703537,
-0.7559043169021606,
0.687921941280365,
0.45923852920532227,
1.0502945184707642,
0.3570061922073364,
-0.0035671142395585775,
0.187686026096344,
-0.10934086889028549,
0.1457061469554901,
-0.06557168066501617,
-0.06385421752929688,
0.3012850880622864,
-0.14115850627422333,
-0.24346402287483215,
0.2796952426433563,
0.0011371950386092067,
-0.19897133111953735,
0.47704362869262695,
-0.23308399319648743,
-0.0009537566220387816,
-0.5639010667800903,
-0.029194001108407974,
-0.02053331583738327,
0.16749590635299683,
0.3057264983654022,
-1.0732104778289795,
0.05133359134197235,
0.2321154773235321,
-0.21204237639904022,
0.4159032702445984,
-0.003032861975952983,
0.05200805142521858,
0.27738428115844727,
-0.03425433114171028,
0.8741448521614075,
0.20294785499572754,
-0.012256094254553318,
0.13453274965286255,
-0.2090279757976532,
0.24588295817375183,
0.04977158457040787,
0.17801085114479065,
-0.46599680185317993,
-0.11789941787719727,
0.15195117890834808,
0.016012301668524742,
0.4427252411842346,
0.15132121741771698,
-0.14471055567264557,
0.2813029885292053,
0.4881063997745514,
-0.646878719329834,
0.10221131145954132,
0.352884441614151,
0.5410979390144348,
-1.0440750122070312,
-0.793579638004303,
0.030543489381670952,
0.10799308866262436,
0.190713033080101,
0.3485754728317261,
-0.37691158056259155,
-0.15949416160583496,
-0.22334855794906616,
-0.13363367319107056,
0.9113845229148865,
-0.36203300952911377,
0.26277098059654236,
-0.1813761293888092,
-0.4471951723098755,
-0.41741397976875305,
0.03516765683889389,
-0.01113014668226242,
-0.3805318772792816,
-0.24056755006313324,
0.3413132429122925,
-0.16659356653690338,
0.9453826546669006,
0.09958341717720032,
-0.12196525931358337,
0.43578919768333435,
-0.23394234478473663,
0.2554117739200592,
0.02756970003247261,
-0.28524407744407654,
0.05637489631772041,
-0.5076366662979126,
0.15577416121959686,
-0.9025900363922119,
-0.6239931583404541,
0.5581875443458557,
-0.0726776197552681,
-0.5675323009490967,
-0.7036188244819641,
0.3275882601737976,
-0.03802453726530075,
0.49257826805114746,
0.28225818276405334,
0.0969218909740448,
0.03992059454321861,
0.3917965888977051,
-0.7379085421562195,
-0.10883337259292603,
0.20206284523010254,
0.3814622163772583,
0.08399946242570877,
0.23944997787475586,
0.3082357943058014,
-0.8257405161857605,
-1.0918163061141968,
0.30771616101264954,
-0.07767611742019653,
0.3936857283115387,
0.11570874601602554,
-0.04223315790295601,
-0.6419403553009033,
0.07383430004119873,
-5.648832321166992,
-0.20059733092784882,
-0.37630191445350647,
-0.43934497237205505,
-0.06951134651899338,
0.4659305810928345,
0.6446548700332642,
-0.21482627093791962,
0.33221563696861267,
-0.12626734375953674,
0.7515238523483276,
0.000374080816982314,
-0.3245241045951843,
0.5938230752944946,
0.3873794674873352,
0.6287244558334351,
-0.024420740082859993,
0.09699008613824844,
0.28576117753982544,
-0.4189814329147339,
0.0813421756029129,
-0.4131547510623932,
0.15321758389472961,
0.9075515270233154,
0.33951833844184875,
0.29201313853263855,
-0.13205145299434662,
-0.3248918950557709,
-0.597040593624115,
-0.5001436471939087,
-0.21031486988067627,
-0.183388352394104,
0.3752428889274597,
-0.021996846422553062,
0.026739902794361115,
-0.03201073408126831,
0.1515144556760788,
0.8303831815719604,
-0.08043752610683441,
-0.17944079637527466,
0.3784366846084595,
0.4697672724723816,
-0.5485307574272156,
-0.14431335031986237,
0.16657225787639618,
0.11262199282646179,
-0.5793665051460266,
0.5897880792617798,
-0.9608657360076904,
1.1710495948791504,
0.1194794550538063,
-0.5505303144454956,
-0.23252138495445251,
-0.24344485998153687,
0.27069684863090515,
-0.4773552715778351,
0.15055415034294128,
0.36602336168289185,
-0.17697906494140625,
0.5149982571601868,
0.11156430840492249,
0.10813816636800766,
-0.22897349298000336,
-0.3782464563846588,
-0.40488871932029724,
0.023248938843607903,
-0.6460147500038147,
-0.015598634257912636,
0.4564175307750702,
-0.12736625969409943,
0.27516546845436096,
0.24870282411575317,
-0.4362163841724396,
-1.1330715417861938,
-0.43107959628105164,
-0.6380373239517212,
-0.33875083923339844,
0.0378568060696125,
-0.3767729699611664,
0.4764721095561981,
0.13619361817836761,
0.014460471458733082,
-0.020629163831472397,
0.5972169637680054,
0.3553033173084259,
0.3441419303417206,
-0.2902894914150238,
-0.4728679955005646,
-0.6823098063468933,
-0.23930221796035767,
0.07736720144748688,
-0.7114180326461792,
-0.267433762550354,
0.36929234862327576,
0.38581982254981995,
0.530128538608551,
-0.13886211812496185,
0.08696737885475159,
0.33395713567733765,
-0.5362933278083801,
1.0155000686645508,
-0.45647674798965454,
-0.010031878016889095,
-0.4111921787261963,
0.23608310520648956,
0.2675662040710449,
-0.38383182883262634,
0.0066207097843289375,
0.6523631811141968,
-0.26918473839759827,
0.35868552327156067,
-0.4184514880180359,
-0.09479540586471558,
-0.5362644791603088,
0.5923632383346558,
-0.8778368234634399,
0.005688762292265892,
0.7128541469573975,
0.004727531224489212,
0.07938399165868759,
0.3245447874069214,
-0.21897095441818237,
0.04851146414875984,
0.29806429147720337,
-0.1628512591123581,
-0.5316014885902405,
-0.49242573976516724,
0.1418682336807251,
-0.61549311876297,
0.2545492947101593,
0.1399359256029129,
0.5131362676620483,
-0.02746805176138878,
-0.014143225736916065,
0.6664623022079468,
0.1886538416147232,
-0.4627135396003723,
-0.009957446716725826,
0.3754609525203705,
-0.5517020225524902,
0.13072502613067627,
-0.6756210327148438,
-0.2678983807563782,
0.6948739290237427,
-0.2461937963962555,
0.15612410008907318,
-0.3422970175743103,
-0.4937664568424225,
-0.5484481453895569,
-0.02777920663356781,
-0.4122144877910614,
0.21551282703876495,
0.7503026723861694,
0.030584262683987617,
0.07198653370141983,
-0.35656049847602844,
-0.4096311926841736,
-0.07102815806865692,
-0.4987529516220093,
-0.38206973671913147,
0.023153675720095634,
-0.3375697135925293,
-1.1038047075271606,
0.15736474096775055,
0.12309616804122925,
-0.3614457845687866,
-0.8144112825393677,
0.04882672801613808,
0.05301357060670853,
1.0129934549331665,
0.555712103843689,
-0.626266598701477,
-0.2804397940635681,
0.2677045166492462,
0.4456467628479004,
-0.4922695755958557,
0.4714612662792206,
-0.11839741468429565,
-0.01140220370143652,
-0.06778477132320404,
-0.11865392327308655,
0.5973044037818909,
-0.5245298743247986,
0.8738534450531006,
0.5920705795288086,
0.26247021555900574,
-0.3485937714576721,
-0.4718988537788391,
-0.0565975122153759,
-0.22286583483219147,
-0.17374183237552643,
-0.2876053750514984,
0.08677197247743607,
0.13950258493423462,
-0.2315334528684616,
-0.2827437222003937,
-0.0006253539468161762,
-0.040330491960048676,
-0.28649240732192993,
-0.09805236756801605,
0.5328698754310608,
0.17298509180545807,
0.21839863061904907,
-0.14546683430671692,
0.21130044758319855,
-0.44121769070625305,
0.42961323261260986,
-0.1450696438550949,
-0.932876706123352,
-0.14027684926986694,
-0.41465601325035095,
-0.2515890896320343,
-0.24380441009998322,
0.8341524600982666,
-0.37109553813934326,
-0.18647752702236176,
0.5634896755218506,
-0.2910121977329254,
-0.208513081073761,
0.09786142408847809,
-0.6590903997421265,
0.03861675783991814,
-0.709965705871582,
0.09427580237388611,
-0.6381473541259766,
0.26413825154304504,
-0.25419875979423523,
-0.648446798324585,
0.5317305326461792,
-0.32711705565452576,
0.3995172679424286,
-0.1608288437128067,
-0.19611164927482605,
-0.4619808495044708,
-0.5113566517829895,
0.02214316464960575,
-0.13683216273784637,
-0.009379501454532146,
0.24513055384159088,
0.8464905619621277,
0.6244932413101196,
0.3460283577442169,
0.24858951568603516,
-0.08575869351625443,
-0.07872387766838074,
0.06262010335922241,
0.3219066560268402,
-0.2806539535522461,
0.13217303156852722,
0.17317909002304077,
0.07062725722789764,
-0.40373337268829346,
-0.1924026608467102,
-0.4376888871192932,
1.0090937614440918,
-0.07205335050821304,
-0.240543931722641,
0.04089593514800072,
-0.14831359684467316,
0.5334413647651672,
-0.14077793061733246,
0.26733431220054626,
0.0649617463350296,
-0.16553691029548645,
0.11315791308879852,
0.4599224925041199,
0.09535190463066101,
-0.5050459504127502,
0.2927107512950897,
0.2779426872730255,
-0.3138614296913147,
-0.23366251587867737,
0.22175616025924683,
0.10001227259635925,
-0.23619811236858368,
0.1860879808664322,
-0.20189160108566284,
-0.11453438550233841,
-0.03118806891143322,
-0.005600851960480213,
-0.6328723430633545,
-0.10686744004487991,
-0.0922839492559433,
-0.4459487199783325,
-0.10684369504451752,
-0.469870924949646,
-0.7552875280380249,
-0.05814092233777046,
0.09318379312753677,
0.2529955506324768,
-0.24515610933303833,
0.1503036618232727,
0.18808770179748535,
1.2551379203796387,
0.18898023664951324,
0.10328444838523865,
0.14110232889652252,
-0.17443044483661652,
-0.053987640887498856,
0.07638891041278839,
-0.5381649732589722,
0.1291205883026123,
0.21068499982357025,
-0.26654040813446045,
0.05649030581116676,
0.6626895666122437,
0.20927397906780243,
-0.25675448775291443,
-0.7917741537094116,
-0.014839116483926773,
0.24796046316623688,
-0.07307661324739456,
0.06841832399368286,
0.4231537878513336,
-0.5592408180236816,
-0.08377174288034439,
0.38580694794654846,
-0.23332835733890533,
0.32413092255592346,
-0.1553248167037964,
0.4164302349090576,
0.23029549419879913,
0.544784426689148,
0.4262191653251648,
0.09624489396810532,
0.212335467338562,
0.16166897118091583,
0.09778673946857452,
0.2201690971851349,
-0.12274257838726044,
-0.08546562492847443,
-0.11037231236696243,
-0.3533685803413391,
1.0073182582855225,
-0.36675286293029785,
0.1800285279750824,
0.2896592319011688,
-0.2794235348701477,
-0.43155437707901,
0.7087316513061523,
-0.038110822439193726,
0.33248478174209595,
-0.009708904661238194,
-0.3303694725036621,
0.13199679553508759,
-0.4216715693473816,
0.14234136044979095,
0.016488132998347282,
0.08025190979242325,
-0.5997414588928223,
0.004393997136503458,
-0.1543760448694229,
-0.02177024818956852,
-0.361697793006897,
0.11998806893825531,
0.6401858925819397,
0.22308529913425446,
-0.48806875944137573,
-0.06067845597863197,
-0.373585969209671,
-0.10034719854593277,
-0.4435119032859802,
0.5549950003623962,
0.17630338668823242,
-0.4358518719673157,
-0.3332143723964691,
0.042906321585178375,
0.0003329116152599454,
-0.09756828099489212,
-0.38262999057769775,
0.2789347767829895,
-0.5126598477363586,
-0.0049082450568675995,
0.10145601630210876,
-0.0038369556423276663,
-0.19797639548778534,
0.8548725247383118,
0.20211797952651978,
0.2857922613620758,
-0.137110635638237,
-0.17293456196784973,
0.522110104560852,
0.4943476617336273,
-0.8059758543968201,
-0.1384826898574829,
-0.210821270942688,
0.21691089868545532,
-0.0806640237569809,
-0.13831593096256256,
-0.36862730979919434,
0.2291228026151657,
-0.26548609137535095,
0.5828689336776733,
0.3192870318889618,
-0.8334270715713501,
-0.19164235889911652,
-0.5847102999687195,
0.9487214088439941,
0.3586105406284332,
-0.4893617331981659,
-0.3913682997226715,
0.1998603194952011,
0.0651438906788826,
0.4015514552593231,
-0.16355900466442108,
0.3924788534641266,
-0.3584618866443634,
0.19493357837200165,
0.7347509264945984,
0.6435267925262451,
-0.003903858596459031,
0.29805946350097656,
-0.3767819404602051,
0.08854154497385025,
0.17622214555740356,
-0.5329091548919678,
0.9442753195762634,
-0.259114146232605,
-0.39594176411628723,
-0.3678615987300873,
-0.04049978405237198,
-0.5243740677833557,
0.05188463628292084,
0.21118134260177612,
-0.16093192994594574,
0.18287695944309235,
-0.36608001589775085,
0.4249238073825836,
0.023211589083075523,
0.6216384172439575,
-0.6146925687789917,
-0.043906353414058685,
0.07129624485969543,
0.12773659825325012,
-0.19895195960998535,
0.27206921577453613,
0.4115294814109802,
0.19523048400878906,
0.4504842758178711,
-0.9242511987686157,
0.21362197399139404,
0.18938055634498596,
0.2975791096687317,
0.16798478364944458,
0.044749755412340164,
0.6569175124168396,
0.533493161201477,
-0.1656579077243805,
-0.8134200572967529,
0.2728288471698761,
-0.21193768084049225,
-0.7242769598960876,
0.41965633630752563,
-0.17179571092128754,
0.4251517951488495,
-0.3506043553352356,
-0.1442711055278778,
-0.15212967991828918,
-0.1779327094554901,
-0.5783888697624207
] |
210873
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20Hearts%20%28video%20game%29
|
Kingdom Hearts (video game)
|
is a 2002 action role-playing video game developed by Square for the PlayStation 2 video game console. It is the first game in the Kingdom Hearts series and is the result of a collaboration between Square and The Walt Disney Company. An expanded re-release of the game featuring new and additional content, Kingdom Hearts Final Mix, was released exclusively in Japan in December 2002. The Final Mix version of the game was later remastered in high definition and released globally as a part of the Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix collection for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, and Nintendo Switch.
The game combines characters and settings from Disney animated features with those from Square's Final Fantasy series, in addition to original characters and worlds created for the game. It follows the adventures of Sora, a cheerful teenager who fights against the forces of darkness alongside Donald Duck, Goofy and other Disney characters. The game was a departure from Square's standard role-playing games, introducing a substantial action and hack and slash element to the gameplay. The score was composed by Yoko Shimomura. Kingdom Hearts has an all-star voice cast and includes many of the Disney characters' official voice actors. It was longtime Square character designer Tetsuya Nomura's first time in a directorial position.
Kingdom Hearts received critical and commercial success and was praised for its unusual combination of action and role-playing, its unexpectedly harmonious mix of Square and Disney elements, and Shimomura's music. It was a large presence in the 2002 holiday season, receiving numerous year-end game awards, and went on to achieve Sony "Greatest Hits" status. The game's success spawned a franchise and numerous sequels, with the Kingdom Hearts series going on to ship over 35 million copies worldwide and becoming one of Square's most popular franchises. Kingdom Hearts is the tenth best-selling PlayStation 2 game of all time, and is considered by some gaming publications to be one of the greatest video games of all time.
Gameplay
Kingdom Hearts is influenced by its parent franchise, Final Fantasy, and carries gameplay elements over into its own action-based, hack and slash system. The main battle party consists of three characters: Sora, Donald Duck, and Goofy. Sora is directly controlled by the player from a third person camera angle. All other party members are computer-controlled, though the player can customize their behavior to an extent through the pause menu. Donald and Goofy comprise the party in most areas, but nearly every level features a character who may replace them. For instance, Jack Skellington can join Sora's party in Halloween Town, but cannot accompany the player elsewhere. In some worlds, the party changes its appearance, has abilities unique to that world or both; the characters can fly in Neverland, acquire aquatic forms in Atlantica which enable them to survive underwater, and gain Halloween costumes in Halloween Town to blend in with the locals.
Like traditional role-playing games, Kingdom Hearts features an experience point system that determines character development. As enemies are defeated, the player characters gain experience and grow stronger, gaining access to new abilities. Unlike other games of its type, Kingdom Hearts allows a degree of character development customization through a short tutorial found at the beginning of the game. The tutorial allows the player to select from one of three main attributes―strength, defense, or magic―for Sora to excel in and one to lack in. By choosing certain options, the player may manipulate how Sora learns abilities, grows statistically, and gains levels. Donald, Goofy, and any other additional party members are assigned specific areas of strength from the outset. Donald excels in magic, while Goofy excels in defense and special attacks.
The game progresses linearly from one story event to the next, usually presented as a cutscene, though there are numerous side quests available that provide benefits to the characters. Players may also choose the order in which they tackle some areas. Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place. Combat in Kingdom Hearts occurs in real time and involves pressing buttons to initiate attacks by the on-screen character. An action menu, similar to those found in Final Fantasy games, found at the bottom left of the screen provides other combat options such as using magic and items, although players can also assign selected magic spells that can be instantly used whilst holding the shoulder button. As players progress through the game, they can receive certain Disney characters as summons, such as Dumbo and Tinker Bell, each with their own unique abilities. There is also a context-sensitive option at the bottom of the menu, usually used for interacting with the environment or performing special attacks. This menu is manipulated by using the right analog stick or digital pad, while movement is controlled by the left analog stick, allowing the player to navigate the menu while avoiding or approaching enemies.
Sora, along with his allies, both possess a Hit Point (HP) meter and a Magic Point (MP) meter, which increase as they gain experience and level up. The MP meter is divided into various segments that are used up whenever that character performs magic, with more powerful magic consuming more MP. MP can be replenished by performing melee attacks or using items. The HP meter determines the character's health, reducing whenever a character takes damage, although it can be replenished by using healing items or spells. If one of Sora's allies runs out of health, they will be knocked out temporarily until someone heals them. However, if Sora loses all of his health, the game ends and the player must resume play from the beginning of an area or boss. Defeating enemies causes various orbs to fall: green orbs which replenish health, blue orbs which restore MP, and yellow orbs which represent Munny, the game's currency, and can be used to purchase new items.
Gummi Ship
The Gummi Ship is the mode of travel between the various worlds in the game. The gameplay for piloting the vessel is different from the rest of the game as it switches to a rail shooter format. The player controls the Gummi Ship from a rear third-person perspective as it travels in an outer space setting. While traveling, the player must avoid obstacles and defend against enemy ships that attempt to destroy the player's vessel by firing missiles or ramming it. Surviving the route allows access to the next world. Once the player's gummi ship is destroyed, it will have the option to either return to the world selection menu or retry the level. At the beginning of the game, there are few options available to customize the vessel, but as the game progresses, new weapons, engines, and armor become available. Different pre-designed blueprints can be found throughout the game that can be used to quickly construct Gummi Ships. Geppetto also gives the player different Gummi Ship designs based on the number of Heartless defeated. From the start, the player can travel between worlds by using "Normal Drive", which initiates the rail shooter-like minigame. Later in the game, Sora can acquire a "Warp Drive", which allows instant travel between previously-visited worlds without having to play the minigame. However, worlds that have not been visited cannot be accessed with Warp Drive and must be discovered normally first.
Plot
Setting
The universe of Kingdom Hearts is a collection of various levels, referred to as "worlds", through which the player must progress. Fourteen worlds out of which thirteen can be accessed in the game and one, Disney Castle, is shown in cutscenes. Additional worlds are mentioned by various characters but are inaccessible because they have been destroyed by the Heartless. Ten Disney worlds are based on fiction, primarily from the Disney animated features canon, and the other four were created by Square specifically for the game.
The graphics and characters of each world were designed to resemble the artwork style of each Disney film. Each Disney world is inhabited by characters from the film: including Hercules and Philoctetes in Olympus Coliseum, and Aladdin, Princess Jasmine and Jafar in Agrabah. Each world is disconnected from the others and exists separately. Most characters in the world are unaware of other ones, with few exceptions. Players travel from one world to another via Gummi Ship.
The worlds created specifically for the game mirror the overall appearance of the other worlds and feature either new characters or ones from several Final Fantasy games. The new worlds include: the Destiny Islands, where the story opens; Traverse Town, which serves as a launching point for most of the game; Hollow Bastion, which many of the Final Fantasy characters call home; and the End of the World, a large, dark world created from the remnants of various worlds consumed by the Heartless. The main characters travel from world to world to seal each "Keyhole"; this protects the world from the Heartless and ultimately from destruction. They also try to minimize their interaction with characters of other worlds to maintain a balance of separation. This sometimes requires Sora, Donald and Goofy to blend in with the world inhabitants by changing their physical appearance.
Characters
The collaboration between Disney and Square resulted in a mixture of familiar Disney and Square characters, as well as several new characters created and designed by Tetsuya Nomura. The primary protagonist of the game is Sora, a 14-year-old boy chosen to wield the Keyblade—a weapon which is a cross between a key and a sword—for battling darkness. The game also features two friends from his home world, Riku and Kairi. For most of the game, Sora is joined by Donald Duck and Goofy. Donald, the court wizard, and Goofy, captain of the royal guard, are sent from Disney Castle to find the Keyblade. The three join forces to search for King Mickey Mouse, Kairi, and Riku. The primary antagonist is Ansem, who seeks power and knowledge by using dark beings called the Heartless. The Heartless, hearts corrupted by darkness, serve as most of the enemies encountered in the game and come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Maleficent, from the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, leads a group of Disney villains that seeks to use the Heartless for their own gain.
As a game meant to explore the fictional universes of various Disney films, over one hundred Disney characters are featured in various capacities. While many serve as major characters in the story, others appear in cameo roles, such as the One Hundred and One Dalmatians playing a part in a side-quest. Most worlds also feature a Disney villain whom the player must defeat. The player can summon various Disney characters to fight alongside Sora in battle, causing Donald and Goofy to withdraw from the battlefield for the duration of the summon. Available summoned characters include the Genie from Aladdin, Tinker Bell from Peter Pan, and Simba from The Lion King, among others.
Square also incorporated several characters from the Final Fantasy series into the game, though the characters were slightly altered to fit the game's back-story. On the Destiny Islands, the player meets younger versions of Tidus and Wakka from Final Fantasy X, and Selphie from Final Fantasy VIII. In Traverse Town, the player encounters Squall Leonhart (also known as "Leon") from Final Fantasy VIII, as well as Aerith, Cid, and Yuffie from Final Fantasy VII. Rikku from Final Fantasy X was originally set to appear, but was replaced by Yuffie. Cloud and Sephiroth, both from Final Fantasy VII, make appearances in Olympus Coliseum, where the player can fight them in tournaments. The emphasis on characters from later Final Fantasy installments stems from Nomura's hesitation to use characters he did not design. The game also uses other Final Fantasy icons such as the Moogles who mediate item synthesis.
Story
Sora, Riku, and Kairi build a raft with the intent to leave their home world of Destiny Islands to explore new worlds. On the night before the planned voyage, the islands are attacked by the Heartless, and Riku and Kairi disappear. Before the Heartless consume the islands, Sora mysteriously obtains the Keyblade, a weapon effective against the Heartless. Meanwhile, King Mickey has left his own world to deal with the increasing number of Heartless, leaving instructions for Donald and Goofy to find the "key" that will protect the worlds from the encroaching darkness. Donald and Goofy use the Gummi Ship to travel to Traverse Town, where they find Sora after he has drifted there from his destroyed world. The three decide to travel together – Donald and Goofy to find Mickey, and Sora to find Kairi and Riku – traveling to various worlds and sealing "Keyholes" in the worlds that, when sealed, prevent the "heart" of those worlds from being consumed by the Heartless. Meanwhile, a group of Disney villains led by Maleficent seek out the seven Princesses of Heart to unlock the final keyhole that leads to Kingdom Hearts, a repository of knowledge and power, and the source of all hearts. Maleficent also finds Riku and recruits him into her services, manipulating him into believing that Sora abandoned him.
Sora and his friends eventually arrive at Hollow Bastion, Maleficent's headquarters, where Riku takes the Keyblade from Sora, revealing himself to be its intended user with Sora only receiving it in his absence; Donald and Goofy reluctantly leave Sora as per their orders. Sora later challenges Riku, stating that his heart derives strength from his friends, inspiring Donald and Goofy to return to him and regaining control of the Keyblade. After the three defeat Maleficent, Sora finds Kairi's comatose body and confronts Riku, who is now possessed by Ansem, a figure who has been manipulating Maleficent from the beginning to open the way to Kingdom Hearts. Ansem reveals Kairi as the seventh Princess of Heart, her heart having transferred into Sora's body when the Destiny Islands were destroyed. After defeating the possessed Riku, Sora impales himself with Ansem's Keyblade, which is designed to unlock hearts, releasing both his and Kairi's hearts; Kairi's heart returns to her body, in turn completing the final Keyhole, while Sora becomes a Heartless. Kairi recognizes Sora's Heartless, and the light in her heart restores him to human form.
After Kairi gives him a good luck charm, Sora and his group venture to the End of the World, the remnants of the worlds destroyed by the Heartless, to confront Ansem as he reaches the door to Kingdom Hearts. After a battle, Ansem calls upon Kingdom Hearts to aid him, believing it to be the ultimate reservoir of darkness. However Ansem is destroyed when the door opens, revealing light. Also beyond the door are Mickey and Riku, who help Sora and his friends close the door before Sora and Mickey lock it with their Keyblades from both sides. The worlds lost to the Heartless reconstruct themselves; as the Destiny Islands reform, Kairi returns there while Sora is forced to part with her. Sora, Donald, and Goofy resolve to find Riku and Mickey.
In a scene exclusive to Final Mix, Sora's party returns to Hollow Bastion sometime before Ansem's defeat and are alerted to a mysterious portal by the Princesses of Heart. Upon entering it, the party is confronted by a hooded man who samples Sora's memories and tests his strength in battle. Upon being defeated, the hooded figure comments that they are an empty shell before disappearing.
Development
The initial idea for Kingdom Hearts began with a discussion between Shinji Hashimoto and Hironobu Sakaguchi about Super Mario 64. They were planning to make a game with freedom of movement in three dimensions like Super Mario 64 but lamented that only characters as popular as Disney's could rival a Mario game. Tetsuya Nomura, overhearing their conversation, volunteered to lead the project and the two producers agreed to let him direct. A chance meeting between Hashimoto and a Disney executive in an elevator—Square and Disney having previously worked in the same building in Japan—allowed Hashimoto to pitch the idea directly to Disney. Nomura struck down a number of proposals from Disney in order to pursue his own concept featuring an original character not based on a Disney property. The production team consisted of over one hundred members from both Square and Disney Interactive. The game began development in February 2000 and originally focused more on the gameplay with a simple story to appeal to Disney's target age range. After executive producer Hironobu Sakaguchi told director Tetsuya Nomura the game would be a failure if it did not aim for the same level as the Final Fantasy series, Nomura began to develop the story further. When choosing the Disney worlds to include in the game, Nomura and his team tried to pick worlds that had distinctively different looks. They also tried to take into account worlds with Disney characters that would be interesting. Thanks to support from Disney's then-president and current chairman and chief executive Bob Iger, the team had few restrictions on which worlds they could use from the Disney franchises. However, they tried to remain within each character's boundaries set by their respective Disney films. In a June 2013 interview, Nomura stated the name of the game was inspired by Disney Theme Parks, particularly Animal Kingdom, which had recently opened when development on the game began. However, Nomura could not secure the IP as just Kingdom. Later on, when the development team began to think about "hearts" as a core part of the story, it was decided to combine the two to form the title Kingdom Hearts. Outside contractors Telecom Animation Film Company, and Kazuhide Tomonaga helped animate the game by being the animation supervisors.
Additional content was added to the North American release that was absent in the initial Japanese release: new optional bosses, one of which, Kurt Zisa, was named after the winner of the official website's "Name-In-Game" sweepstakes, an extra difficulty level, and a teaser of Kingdom Hearts II accessible by meeting certain criteria. Nomura included the teaser in order to gauge fan reaction to the possibility of a sequel; he felt that if the idea was unpopular, then it would be best to leave certain events in the game unexplained. The new content was later added to the Japanese re-release Kingdom Hearts Final Mix. Final Mix included further additional content such as new items, cutscenes, and enemies, such as a new secret boss that sets up the sequel. The new content further hinted at plotlines that would be explained in sequels. Some content omitted from Kingdom Hearts was later added into Kingdom Hearts II. A world based on The Lion King, for instance, was unfeasible because an additional program was required to process movement on four legs—a necessity since Sora would become a lion in that world. Due to time constraints, the developers left out an optional boss battle, similar to the Sephiroth battle, against Tifa Lockhart. She was later included in Kingdom Hearts II as a more developed character.
Audio
Music
Yoko Shimomura composed and produced the music of Kingdom Hearts. While there are arranged melodies derived from previous Disney films, most of the soundtrack consists of original themes written specifically for the game by Shimomura. The opening orchestration and ending credits theme were arranged and orchestrated by Kaoru Wada and performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra. The main vocal theme for the original Japanese release is titled . The English version of "Hikari," "Simple and Clean," was used in the Western releases and the Japanese re-release, Final Mix. Both versions were composed and performed by Hikaru Utada. Their involvement, along with the Japanese song title, was announced in January 2002. Utada was the only singer Nomura had in mind for the Kingdom Hearts theme song. This marked the first time Utada had produced a song for a video game. The single, "Hikari," was released in Japan on March 20, 2002 and proved to be very popular; by August 2002, it had sold over 860,000 copies in Japan. The Kingdom Hearts soundtrack was released on a two CD set on March 27, 2002 in Japan and a year later in the United States. The soundtrack was later included in the Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete, which was released in Japan on March 28, 2007. Music from Kingdom Hearts was also included in Shimomura's best works compilation album Drammatica.
Voice cast
Kingdom Hearts featured well-known voice actors for both the Japanese and English versions. The Japanese version featured Miyu Irino as Sora, Risa Uchida as Kairi, and Mamoru Miyano as Riku. Other voice actors included Kōichi Yamadera, Hideo Ishikawa, and Maaya Sakamoto. A special effort was made to preserve the official voice actors of characters from the Disney movies used in Kingdom Hearts. Some of the voice actors from the related television series or direct-to-video sequels were chosen over the original voice actors from films, where applicable (e.g. Dan Castellaneta as Genie, rather than Robin Williams). The English version featured Haley Joel Osment as Sora, David Gallagher as Riku, and Hayden Panettiere as Kairi. Other voice actors included Billy Zane, Christy Carlson Romano, David Boreanaz, James Woods, and Mandy Moore.
Promotion
Kingdom Hearts was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 2001. Initial details were that it would be a collaboration between Square and Disney Interactive and would feature worlds developed by both companies and Disney characters. New characters were designed by Nomura and included Sora, Riku, Kairi, and the Heartless. A playable demo was available at the Tokyo Game Show in 2001. The gameplay of the demo showcased many action role-playing game elements that would be included in the final product. To help market the English release of the game, Square launched the official website in April 2002, which featured trailers, a "Name-In-Game" sweepstakes, and other Internet content. On May 14, 2002, a press release announced a list of the English voice actors. The list included Haley Joel Osment, David Gallagher, and Hayden Panettiere as the three new characters introduced in the game. It also announced that many of the Disney characters would be voiced by the official voice actors from their respective Disney films. Other marketing efforts included auctions of the game and related items before the North American release and a Consumer Demo Day in San Francisco, California.
Re-releases
Multiple versions of Kingdom Hearts have been released. The first was the original Japanese release, followed by the North American and PAL releases, which includes additional content. The game was later re-released in Japan as Kingdom Hearts Final Mix, which features the content of the North American/PAL release, as well as more new content.
Final Mix
Originally released only in Japan on December 26, 2002, Kingdom Hearts Final Mix has several events and a number of gameplay tweaks that are not in previous releases. Spoken dialogue is in English, with Japanese subtitles. New scenes, clarifying certain plot points, such as Riku's journey and foreshadowing of Kingdom Hearts II, were included, but no new dialogue was recorded. A gameplay option allows the player to skip cutscenes after seeing them once. The optional bosses first included in the English version were introduced to Japanese players for the first time, along with a new fight against "Unknown Man," in an attempt to raise interest for the sequel.
In another attempt at foreshadowing, a video titled "Another Side, Another Story 【 deep dive 】" plays at the ending if the player accomplishes certain tasks. New music tracks incorporated were "Disappeared" and "Another Side." The "Night on Bald Mountain" and "One-Winged Angel" tracks from the English version were included as well. Other changes include new abilities, new weapons, new items, additional and recolored enemies, and gameplay tweaks to make the game easier for the player, along with two new levels of difficulty. When first released, Final Mix included either a deck of Kingdom Hearts cards or special music CD. A limited "Platinum Edition" version of Kingdom Hearts Final Mix was later released with an action figure of Sora, a sticker set, and sketches of some of the main characters.
It was released for the first time in North America, Europe and Australia as part of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix.
HD 1.5 Remix
During August 2011, Nomura expressed desire to release a high definition rerelease of the game though he had yet to confirm such plans. In September 2012, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix, a compilation for the PlayStation 3, that includes both Kingdom Hearts Final Mix and Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories in HD and trophy support. The character models from Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance were used as a base for the game's characters. The gameplay of the original Kingdom Hearts was modified to play more like Kingdom Hearts II. Additionally, the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days. It was released in Japan on March 14, 2013, in North America on September 10, 2013, on September 12, 2013 for Australia, and September 13, 2013 for Europe.
In June 2013, Nomura stated that the original game assets for Kingdom Hearts had been lost some time ago. He explained, "[The game data] was lost, so we had to research, and we had to dig out from the actual game what was available and recreate everything for HD. We had to recreate all the graphics and it was actually not that easy."
In October 2016, Square Enix announced a single-disc compilation release of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix and Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix for the PlayStation 4. It was released on March 9, 2017, in Japan, and was released on March 28, 2017, in North America, and March 31, 2017, in Europe. Additional pieces of free downloadable content for the PS4 version released in June 2017 added a Theater mode for Kingdom Hearts Final Mix and an extended scene for Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days.
On November 14, 2019, Square Enix announced that both Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix and Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix were coming to Xbox One, marking the Xbox debut of the first 2 Kingdom Hearts games and spinoffs. The two games are combined into a collection titled Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix, and released on February 18, 2020.
Related media
Both Square and Disney also released numerous types of merchandise before and after the release of the game. Merchandise ranged from toys and figurines to clothing items and books. Like the Final Fantasy games, Square released an Ultimania book on Kingdom Hearts in Japan following the release of the game and a revised edition following the release of Final Mix. In North America, a strategy guide was released by Brady Games. It featured a comprehensive walkthrough and a sticker activity journal. A manga series based on the game was released in Japan and the United States. A novel series also based on the game was released in Japan. It was authored by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. The novel series consists of two volumes and was released in North America on March 25, 2008.
The game was adapted into a manga by Shiro Amano. The story follows the events that took place in the game with a few minor differences to account for the loss of interactivity a video game provides. Some events that took place in the Final Mix version were also included. The manga was originally serialized in Japan by Enterbrain's Famitsū PS2, but has since been released worldwide in four volumes. The volumes have been published in English in the United States by Tokyopop. The first volume was released on October 11, 2005, and the fourth volume was released on July 10, 2006. The entire series was later released in a boxed set on October 10, 2006. The manga series has had moderate success. The first volume was ranked 95th in USA Todays "Top 150 best sellers" during the week of its release. IGN praised Amano's artwork and commented on wanting to replay the game after reading. They criticized the lack of new content and stated the transition from game to print lost most of the story's appeal. The series was followed by others based on the game's sequels: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories and Kingdom Hearts II.
Reception
Kingdom Hearts received critical acclaim from sales figures. During the first two months of its North American release it was one of the top three highest-selling video games and was among the top selling titles during the 2002 Christmas and holiday season. In November 2002, UBS Warburg listed it as the 6th highest console game in terms of sales during the week of November 5. At the end of April 2003, Square announced that Kingdom Hearts had sold its millionth copy in the United States, which made it eligible for PlayStation's "Greatest Hits" status, and over 3.0 million worldwide. Sales reached 1.2 million in Japan in the first quarter of 2004, and broke 4.0 million worldwide. In December 2005, the NPD Group listed it as "one of the top ten best-selling PlayStation 2 titles of all time in North America." By July 2006, Kingdom Hearts had sold through 2.6 million copies and earned $100 million in the United States alone. Next Generation ranked it as the seventh highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. As of December 2006, Kingdom Hearts had shipped over 5.6 million copies worldwide with 1.1 million in PAL regions, 1.5 million in Japan, and 3.0 million in North America. As of 2006, the original game and the Final Mix version had sold 6 million copies on PS2. As of November 2021, the Kingdom Hearts series has shipped over 35 million copies worldwide.
Critical response
The game received critical acclaim among reviewers. In IGN's Best of 2002 awards, it was nominated for "PS2's Best Game of 2002 Editor's Choice Award" and was a runner up for "PS2's Best Game of 2002 Reader's Choice Award." In 2007, the website listed Kingdom Hearts as the 22nd best PlayStation 2 game of all time. Critics commended the visuals, orchestral score, voice acting, and hybrid action-adventure and role-playing feel to the game, with acclaim for its mix of Square and Disney elements. IGN named it "Best Art Style/Direction," runner-up for "Best CG Graphics," and honorable mention for "Best Animation" in IGN's 2003 list of "Best Looking Games on PS2." GameSpy listed Kingdom Hearts twice in its "Top 25 Video Game Cinematic Moments." GamePro stated that the graphics were "gorgeous," giving them high marks. The audio was also praised, particularly the quality of the voice-overs and musical score. GamePro had positive comments on the overall audio and gave that aspect a perfect score.
Criticism about the gameplay was mixed. Many reviews complained that the camera was at times frustrating and the Gummi Ship portions were out of place. GameSpot cited "tedious" gameplay and Gummi Ship sections as "pale imitations of the Star Fox series," but stated that the combat was fun, particularly the boss fights. Dengeki Online commented on the camera controls, saying that the camera would often run into objects while being rotated by the player. GamePro compared the battle system to "old N64 Zelda games" and had positive comments about Donald and Goofy's artificial intelligence.
GameSpot commented that the concept of mixing the serious elements of Final Fantasy with the lighter elements of Disney seemed impossible, but was pulled off quite well. Because of that they awarded Kingdom Hearts "Best Crossover Since Capcom vs. SNK" in their 2002 Best and Worst of the Year awards. GameSpy noted that the periodic departure from the main plot into the Disney side stories was disappointing, and when the original plot builds to a climax, "the story fails to gel thanks to a confusing mish-mash of vague terms and symbolism that probably made more sense in the director's head than in this final product." Aside from the plot, they stated that the overall package was worth playing through to the end. G4TV awarded it "Best Story" at their 2003 G-Phoria awards show. Fan response was also positive; Kingdom Hearts was voted as the 19th best game of all-time by readers of the Japanese magazine Famitsu, 16th by the users of website GameFAQs, and 92nd by IGN users. Kingdom Hearts ranked ninth on IGN's most recent "Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time" list. It was also a nominee for the Best Game Award from the for 2001–2002. In the making of the 2004 video game Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel the developers, Racjin, looked at other titles for inspiration, particularly Kingdom Hearts when making the game.
Sequels
Kingdom Hearts was followed by several sequels, becoming the first game in the Kingdom Hearts series. It was followed by a direct sequel, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, on the Nintendo Game Boy Advance, which was released in Japan on November 11, 2004. Kingdom Hearts II is the third game in the series, set one year after Chain of Memories, and was released in Japan on December 22, 2005 for Sony PlayStation 2. Like the first game it was re-released as Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix alongside a PS2 remake of Chain of Memories. A Kingdom Hearts game was developed exclusively for V CAST, Verizon Wireless's broadband service, and was released on October 1, 2004 in Japan and on February 4, 2005 in the United States. In November 2008, Kingdom Hearts coded was released for mobile phones in Japan, the game takes place after the events of Kingdom Hearts II. A followup, Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, was developed for the Nintendo DS and released in Japan on May 30, 2009 and in North America on September 29, 2009. A prequel was released in Japan on January 9, 2010, entitled Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, for the PlayStation Portable, which takes place 10 years before the events of Kingdom Hearts. The following title in the series was Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance for the Nintendo 3DS, released in 2012. At E3 2013, Kingdom Hearts III was announced to be in development for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
Notes
References
External links
Official website
2002 video games
Action role-playing video games
Crossover video games
Kingdom Hearts
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Square Enix games
Video games about size change
Video games set in Africa
Video games set in Greece
Video games set in London
Video games set in the Middle East
Video games scored by Yoko Shimomura
Video games developed in Japan
Video games directed by Tetsuya Nomura
Video games with alternative versions
Portal fantasy
|
[
-0.4863506257534027,
-0.18305785953998566,
0.4320225715637207,
-0.10845599323511124,
0.1379818618297577,
0.06720093637704849,
0.031788092106580734,
-0.39800265431404114,
-0.31647175550460815,
-0.10709051042795181,
-0.03458946943283081,
0.5642501711845398,
-0.19039803743362427,
-0.5322421789169312,
0.016270648688077927,
-0.021470041945576668,
0.18103256821632385,
0.37396153807640076,
0.4058128297328949,
-0.4976027309894562,
-0.03293541818857193,
0.11483243107795715,
0.7020289897918701,
0.07957951724529266,
0.45484858751296997,
0.39415672421455383,
0.24212783575057983,
0.08856456726789474,
0.34865766763687134,
-0.0029127008747309446,
0.36710599064826965,
-0.03038961812853813,
0.36255136132240295,
-0.5479467511177063,
-0.1307985633611679,
-0.14719967544078827,
-0.42442041635513306,
0.00039069546619430184,
-0.5845872163772583,
-0.19636787474155426,
-0.17188209295272827,
0.10655234754085541,
0.08412378281354904,
0.6922927498817444,
0.272837370634079,
-0.03592469543218613,
-1.3897584676742554,
0.17688001692295074,
-0.3906089961528778,
-0.12652885913848877,
-0.20168420672416687,
0.6072667837142944,
-0.07525292038917542,
0.04442087933421135,
0.654126763343811,
0.6991801857948303,
-0.2794129252433777,
-0.09855480492115021,
-0.006018234882503748,
-0.2909083366394043,
0.27773725986480713,
-0.17575104534626007,
0.37960943579673767,
-0.23385965824127197,
0.23973140120506287,
0.30087676644325256,
0.0627044215798378,
0.5737596750259399,
-0.10012970119714737,
-0.5977019667625427,
0.44852304458618164,
-0.20312659442424774,
0.2333313673734665,
-0.012982199899852276,
0.21551303565502167,
-0.2245255410671234,
0.17924898862838745,
-0.3129613995552063,
0.5914404988288879,
0.1004977598786354,
0.23869024217128754,
-0.5142444372177124,
0.5434062480926514,
0.44899946451187134,
0.10383377969264984,
0.12363062798976898,
-0.12235322594642639,
-0.25736549496650696,
-0.6956892013549805,
0.30019935965538025,
-0.533474326133728,
-0.706430196762085,
0.7177807092666626,
-0.015411735512316227,
0.1838752180337906,
0.01898716390132904,
-0.44336163997650146,
0.3235567808151245,
0.5696931481361389,
0.26034602522850037,
-0.235194131731987,
0.26009419560432434,
-0.11655322462320328,
-0.3652283549308777,
-0.8553087115287781,
0.05079394206404686,
-0.05782722681760788,
-0.13821229338645935,
-0.13047172129154205,
0.210874542593956,
-0.4278200566768646,
-0.3212169110774994,
-0.10372743010520935,
0.16007176041603088,
0.17242686450481415,
0.5402601361274719,
-0.31775057315826416,
0.38909631967544556,
-0.17829862236976624,
0.37130534648895264,
0.9015048742294312,
0.059911273419857025,
-0.0944451317191124,
0.3660033643245697,
0.5427287220954895,
0.3469252288341522,
-0.09283473342657089,
0.3308183252811432,
-0.1473463773727417,
-0.10587680339813232,
0.27238136529922485,
0.5011720657348633,
-0.5256323218345642,
0.31911277770996094,
0.028375957161188126,
-0.040885139256715775,
0.4332983195781708,
-0.10366777330636978,
-0.12431466579437256,
0.38331669569015503,
-0.5834111571311951,
0.6057906150817871,
0.45728617906570435,
-0.018880223855376244,
0.04032992199063301,
0.037312790751457214,
0.2274293601512909,
-0.4349309206008911,
-0.3352574110031128,
-0.4721575081348419,
0.12119720131158829,
0.1556270718574524,
-0.04953797906637192,
-0.007627375889569521,
-0.10462971031665802,
1.179747223854065,
-0.08542286604642868,
-0.3719593286514282,
-0.2754606008529663,
0.3042086362838745,
-0.20514918863773346,
0.4736861288547516,
-0.19165612757205963,
0.15399010479450226,
0.44733181595802307,
-0.36251774430274963,
0.5606445670127869,
0.11487168818712234,
0.4819883108139038,
0.028155138716101646,
-0.574370801448822,
0.3971690833568573,
0.12227724492549896,
-0.22373586893081665,
-0.018297741189599037,
-0.5984920859336853,
0.8850812911987305,
0.3382820785045624,
0.5606664419174194,
-0.5702329277992249,
-0.46352359652519226,
-0.1580199897289276,
-0.27450287342071533,
-0.3003905117511749,
0.31107383966445923,
0.49035266041755676,
0.5243197679519653,
-0.3895971477031708,
0.04495704546570778,
0.30297574400901794,
-0.13308891654014587,
-0.0304292980581522,
0.5255492925643921,
0.13324899971485138,
1.0977529287338257,
0.2107514590024948,
-0.793591320514679,
0.2554338872432709,
-0.2658140957355499,
0.6731463670730591,
0.12238894402980804,
0.06974439322948456,
0.6036746501922607,
-0.17003308236598969,
-0.01640581712126732,
-0.27333271503448486,
-0.4381744861602783,
0.13498906791210175,
0.4327051341533661,
0.12205403298139572,
-0.36248528957366943,
0.4937281012535095,
-0.1343732327222824,
0.39297518134117126,
0.2453887015581131,
0.024415230378508568,
-0.642861545085907,
0.2745715379714966,
0.3564915060997009,
-0.14027875661849976,
0.46979546546936035,
0.09093360602855682,
-0.3074536621570587,
0.4860377311706543,
-0.07070811837911606,
0.6641312837600708,
-0.08792992681264877,
0.015777315944433212,
0.13263820111751556,
-0.5396118760108948,
-0.7742828726768494,
0.6731593608856201,
-0.04910784214735031,
-0.5513712763786316,
0.23320874571800232,
0.196995809674263,
0.08774550259113312,
-0.4724349081516266,
-0.03373127058148384,
0.3111557364463806,
0.25345054268836975,
0.19782492518424988,
-0.39921170473098755,
-0.008793346583843231,
0.4847108721733093,
0.11265043169260025,
-0.040305010974407196,
-0.012888466008007526,
-0.21798980236053467,
-0.37298914790153503,
-0.25769951939582825,
0.2640337347984314,
0.3393743932247162,
0.5962908864021301,
0.2787545323371887,
0.09393758326768875,
-0.5753834247589111,
-0.26665857434272766,
-0.24404394626617432,
0.16666708886623383,
0.08563249558210373,
-0.15609779953956604,
-0.08134070038795471,
0.4353482127189636,
-0.008722277358174324,
-1.09514319896698,
-0.7382797002792358,
-0.16213183104991913,
0.8119540214538574,
0.26113206148147583,
-0.501994788646698,
-0.4226699769496918,
-0.24805399775505066,
-0.1950945258140564,
0.0659889355301857,
-0.2811349928379059,
-0.12005656957626343,
-0.16387319564819336,
-0.04922909662127495,
-0.6640735864639282,
0.11475306749343872,
0.31246912479400635,
0.6525459289550781,
0.21588237583637238,
-0.5582005977630615,
0.22284255921840668,
0.47569572925567627,
-0.8367210030555725,
0.06370057165622711,
0.04311734437942505,
-0.16724297404289246,
-0.1292145699262619,
-0.20021893084049225,
-0.21549418568611145,
0.6121816635131836,
0.41072744131088257,
-0.4368967115879059,
-0.0886281430721283,
0.0670376643538475,
0.5534168481826782,
-0.17032021284103394,
0.4079071879386902,
-0.660179615020752,
-0.5732614398002625,
0.5658636689186096,
0.10581278800964355,
-0.060138583183288574,
0.14416047930717468,
-6.0150146484375,
-0.17896771430969238,
-0.20221415162086487,
-0.08903297036886215,
0.13212646543979645,
0.35536009073257446,
0.3462495505809784,
-0.2091500461101532,
0.022166835144162178,
-0.2022254467010498,
0.0256081260740757,
-0.20573939383029938,
0.06865649670362473,
0.10359209775924683,
0.4404829144477844,
-0.2709519565105438,
0.1747952103614807,
-0.3179183006286621,
0.17008937895298004,
-0.36658376455307007,
0.07275846600532532,
-0.41426756978034973,
0.15082226693630219,
0.09947336465120316,
0.16665929555892944,
0.9564165472984314,
0.3571563959121704,
-0.5822824835777283,
0.033764615654945374,
-0.17249533534049988,
-0.2801836431026459,
0.24644415080547333,
0.23375409841537476,
-0.5188809633255005,
-0.48126477003097534,
-0.536941647529602,
0.6567156314849854,
0.22910051047801971,
0.7876173853874207,
-0.4259719252586365,
-0.07264332473278046,
0.2562726140022278,
-0.22528207302093506,
0.1365729123353958,
0.34486129879951477,
-0.7956904768943787,
0.022032812237739563,
0.47982633113861084,
-0.5687665939331055,
0.8411816358566284,
0.287810742855072,
-0.34460005164146423,
-0.12676283717155457,
-0.10597428679466248,
-0.1395030915737152,
0.005236844532191753,
-0.7703765034675598,
-0.05539420619606972,
-0.04304293915629387,
0.2907968759536743,
0.17463262379169464,
-0.37548714876174927,
-0.11301872879266739,
-0.38432881236076355,
0.4126666188240051,
-0.38550543785095215,
-0.4278239905834198,
-0.1539294719696045,
0.07741420716047287,
1.0735148191452026,
0.012756753712892532,
0.03263866901397705,
0.0957871824502945,
-0.9628967046737671,
0.1909552365541458,
0.09983896464109421,
-0.08798607438802719,
-0.6323089599609375,
-0.014616045169532299,
0.06617145985364914,
0.26262155175209045,
0.05789114907383919,
0.23409909009933472,
0.13138402998447418,
-0.5722386240959167,
-0.37761205434799194,
-0.18845634162425995,
-0.041395433247089386,
-0.0384821854531765,
0.1776757538318634,
0.8231207728385925,
-0.4800272583961487,
0.13745708763599396,
0.19956548511981964,
0.38221925497055054,
0.610082745552063,
0.6831511855125427,
-0.4554821848869324,
0.22327248752117157,
-0.3458634912967682,
0.2940424382686615,
-0.10077888518571854,
0.5205931663513184,
-0.5173520445823669,
-0.14553320407867432,
-0.2309729903936386,
-0.3638576865196228,
0.23489245772361755,
0.33644580841064453,
-0.22415873408317566,
-0.19427485764026642,
-0.5797397494316101,
-0.2830238938331604,
0.11914445459842682,
0.21311309933662415,
-0.5077266097068787,
0.13469624519348145,
-0.07505116611719131,
0.22318948805332184,
-0.06250998377799988,
-0.1486976146697998,
0.3907342553138733,
0.18325366079807281,
-0.6457840204238892,
-0.0754699558019638,
0.0038893914315849543,
0.6457246541976929,
0.2657355070114136,
-0.028284557163715363,
-0.5295489430427551,
0.33840814232826233,
-0.26512205600738525,
-0.10971579700708389,
-0.1072741150856018,
0.3375385105609894,
-0.2190464586019516,
-0.6394264698028564,
-0.15283982455730438,
0.011613004840910435,
0.37661251425743103,
-0.2509520649909973,
-0.8454452157020569,
0.0474395751953125,
0.0463147908449173,
0.08115191012620926,
-0.3391437530517578,
0.2687532603740692,
-0.002625033725053072,
0.41125884652137756,
0.3107805848121643,
-0.3933345377445221,
-0.23198917508125305,
0.8701507449150085,
-0.40464985370635986,
-0.3187848627567291,
-0.2092442661523819,
0.08750549703836441,
-0.20393839478492737,
-0.17494870722293854,
-0.7300679087638855,
0.229501411318779,
-0.3078679144382477,
-1.166713833808899,
0.5808799266815186,
0.15198355913162231,
0.5332563519477844,
-0.22528213262557983,
-0.6914690732955933,
0.1134745329618454,
0.1461116522550583,
0.4153308868408203,
-0.23323984444141388,
-0.17516781389713287,
-0.04470411315560341,
0.14439059793949127,
-0.16835683584213257,
-0.5269966125488281,
-0.546019971370697,
0.09677068889141083,
-0.4422281086444855,
0.07894457131624222,
-0.20907576382160187,
0.12960875034332275,
-0.027021298184990883,
0.498785138130188,
-0.23872750997543335,
-0.3572695553302765,
0.12447147816419601,
0.029771994799375534,
0.2684408724308014,
0.04184996336698532,
0.09594231843948364,
0.47778427600860596,
-0.28394657373428345,
-0.3562954068183899,
0.23076514899730682,
-0.04460539668798447,
0.30565011501312256,
-0.15611675381660461,
-0.3156541585922241,
-0.12878598272800446,
-0.16648627817630768,
0.051409315317869186,
-0.37181514501571655,
0.20425358414649963,
-0.3754715919494629,
0.8451909422874451,
0.03312842175364494,
-0.24816931784152985,
0.3613322973251343,
-0.4167301654815674,
-0.5478626489639282,
0.41912564635276794,
0.35860928893089294,
-0.25336581468582153,
0.09175151586532593,
-0.2601071894168854,
-0.011294178664684296,
-0.47685477137565613,
-0.30029547214508057,
-0.18758496642112732,
-0.42693963646888733,
-0.5310121178627014,
0.041432518512010574,
-0.6944394707679749,
-0.15540297329425812,
0.5595626831054688,
-0.4528631567955017,
0.36854276061058044,
0.2228100746870041,
-0.41158854961395264,
0.2927905321121216,
0.025004670023918152,
-0.3917413353919983,
-0.0668121799826622,
0.19186018407344818,
0.2902809977531433,
0.09025683254003525,
0.21832908689975739,
-0.23934368789196014,
0.1948171705007553,
0.4085025489330292,
0.2628542482852936,
-0.026539137586951256,
0.3986651301383972,
0.537285566329956,
-0.2199152112007141,
-0.5940808653831482,
0.08367271721363068,
-0.0029168466571718454,
0.10592731088399887,
0.23120737075805664,
0.02421555295586586,
-0.010211914777755737,
0.5806379914283752,
-0.6872816681861877,
0.2824985384941101,
0.1275840699672699,
0.12436296045780182,
-0.46093833446502686,
-0.5906143188476562,
-0.09493888914585114,
0.11432147771120071,
-0.2966811954975128,
0.6293137669563293,
-0.45842382311820984,
-0.22331559658050537,
-0.5933467745780945,
0.1803213506937027,
0.1831342577934265,
-0.12884190678596497,
-0.23389944434165955,
0.22452351450920105,
0.593977153301239,
0.012644216418266296,
-0.24184833467006683,
0.0035406902898103,
-0.5823726654052734,
-0.06484178453683853,
0.4076394736766815,
-0.8289501667022705,
0.4363723695278168,
-0.4214951694011688,
-0.3730403482913971,
-0.0834583267569542,
-0.9723110795021057,
-0.08250362426042557,
0.0958937332034111,
0.5827342867851257,
0.08504238724708557,
-0.26839572191238403,
0.3726581633090973,
-0.3665856420993805,
-0.3780652582645416,
-0.308797150850296,
-0.3454892337322235,
-0.2306118607521057,
-0.29496777057647705,
-0.17532391846179962,
0.12278413772583008,
-0.41925108432769775,
0.45077458024024963,
0.15055805444717407,
-0.1530291736125946,
0.3795758783817291,
0.1258489042520523,
-0.10459846258163452,
-0.07983025908470154,
-0.4986861050128937,
0.9629628658294678,
-0.08497712761163712,
-0.46079620718955994,
-0.012033258564770222,
0.299113392829895,
-0.40660104155540466,
-0.09565760940313339,
0.1975473165512085,
-0.8215417861938477,
0.18877354264259338,
-0.024710964411497116,
0.2271689623594284,
0.6889711022377014,
0.34164416790008545,
0.427092581987381,
0.05828406289219856,
-0.18992914259433746,
-0.33561602234840393,
-0.1805247962474823,
0.5068725347518921,
0.2002582848072052,
0.45372384786605835,
0.4061746597290039,
-0.08823719620704651,
0.3724150061607361,
-0.2567613422870636,
-0.3335990011692047,
0.048096913844347,
-0.009746181778609753,
0.17921827733516693,
0.5439096093177795,
0.22800897061824799,
-0.6432425379753113,
0.03198891133069992,
-0.5538402199745178,
-0.4096705913543701,
0.19286857545375824,
0.36765262484550476,
-0.40916162729263306,
-0.08996780216693878,
0.04337434470653534,
0.5180267095565796,
0.28073015809059143,
0.053997334092855453,
0.29386767745018005,
-0.20684914290905,
0.06620250642299652,
-0.34979164600372314,
-0.4236666262149811,
0.18346036970615387,
-0.22799809277057648,
-0.11484061926603317,
-0.0633014515042305,
0.6923348903656006,
0.19577811658382416,
-0.026991767808794975,
1.0842899084091187,
0.25597265362739563,
-0.0342179611325264,
0.1865217089653015,
0.43538278341293335,
-0.36475637555122375,
-0.2526245713233948,
-0.0970466211438179,
-0.07215443253517151,
-0.46380680799484253,
-0.1687587946653366,
-0.21162405610084534,
0.3362427353858948,
-0.42319056391716003,
-0.2580591142177582,
-0.622556209564209,
0.029399340972304344,
-0.5370016098022461,
-0.43731340765953064,
-0.3153644800186157,
-0.3591931164264679,
-0.017540544271469116,
-0.5494018197059631,
0.045664530247449875,
-0.1657491773366928,
0.17993667721748352,
-0.677872896194458,
0.05284126102924347,
0.23364299535751343,
-0.1708243489265442,
0.32531091570854187,
0.4888429641723633,
0.5849131941795349,
0.3749130964279175,
1.0253418684005737,
0.6623112559318542,
0.17718859016895294,
0.141225203871727,
0.004271379206329584,
-0.31495949625968933,
0.48768875002861023,
-0.8627250790596008,
-0.03205087408423424,
-0.02351514622569084,
-0.2869699001312256,
0.3659173548221588,
0.2509078085422516,
-0.11422553658485413,
0.05905114859342575,
-0.09057023376226425,
-0.24767780303955078,
0.8665288686752319,
0.002854962833225727,
0.26012346148490906,
-0.22029218077659607,
-0.2684481143951416,
-0.2173662930727005,
0.264950692653656,
0.23456725478172302,
0.2217794507741928,
-0.08766545355319977,
0.5304838418960571,
-0.5580675601959229,
-0.7123394012451172,
0.8452689051628113,
-0.21949723362922668,
-0.8134665489196777,
-0.21246710419654846,
0.26403212547302246,
-0.15615925192832947,
-0.16416345536708832,
0.536310613155365,
-0.24672052264213562,
-0.06772569566965103,
-0.5917406678199768,
-0.09800373017787933,
0.3197347819805145,
0.31841379404067993,
0.3386143445968628,
-0.26605716347694397,
-0.3233005404472351,
0.3596138060092926,
-0.18336093425750732,
-0.2431202530860901,
-0.10003232955932617,
0.030480245128273964,
-0.23095405101776123,
0.22658029198646545,
-0.04568714275956154,
0.31827297806739807,
0.5585272312164307,
0.23586155474185944,
-0.2756904661655426,
-0.23348353803157806,
0.16026856005191803
] |
210876
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora%20%28Kingdom%20Hearts%29
|
Sora (Kingdom Hearts)
|
is a fictional character and the main protagonist of Disney and Square Enix's Kingdom Hearts video game series. Introduced in the first Kingdom Hearts game in 2002, Sora is portrayed as a cheerful teenager who lives on the Destiny Islands, and has been best friends with Riku and Kairi since childhood. When they plan to go on a journey to see other worlds, they are separated by creatures known as the Heartless, with Sora obtaining a weapon called the Keyblade. Donald Duck and Goofy then recruit him in their journey across various worlds to aid their king, Mickey Mouse, while Sora searches for his friends. Along the way, the trio protects the worlds they visit from the Heartless and other villains. Sora has also made supporting appearances in other games from the series, and reprised his role in manga and light novel adaptations of the games. Sora also gained widespread attention for being the most requested character to appear in Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.
Sora was originally designed by Kingdom Hearts series director and character designer Tetsuya Nomura during a discussion between Disney and Square about who the protagonist of the series should be. Wanting an original character, Nomura made various sketches of Sora until the design met the approval of Disney. Throughout the series, Sora has been voiced by Haley Joel Osment in the English version and Miyu Irino in the Japanese version. For his depiction as a child in the prequel Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, Sora was voiced by Luke Manriquez and Takuto Yoshinaga in English and Japanese, respectively.
Sora's character has received generally positive critical response due to his warm personality and adventurous spirit. His personal and martial growth in the series also received praise, especially in his appearance in Kingdom Hearts II. Additionally, Sora has ranked high on various video game character popularity polls.
Concept and creation
Original concept and design
Sora was designed by Tetsuya Nomura as the protagonist of Kingdom Hearts. However, he was not originally slated to be the protagonist as Disney wanted Donald Duck to fill the role, while Square wanted Mickey Mouse. Nomura designed Sora with the concepts of the Disney characters in mind, basing his outfit on Mickey Mouse's trademark white gloves, red shorts and giant yellow shoes. Sora originally wielded a weapon resembling a chainsaw; however, the weapon was not well received by Disney which led Nomura to redesign the weapon into a Keyblade. He was also designed with lion-like features, which were removed as the staff found them to be similar to the one of the Final Fantasy IX protagonist Zidane Tribal. After a talk with the Disney staff, the design was further reworked, and Nomura finished it after a night's work. Because of originally being a new character in the first Kingdom Hearts, Square added Final Fantasy characters who support the protagonist.
One of the main concepts of Sora's character in the series is that, according to Nomura, he is a normal boy instead of a supernatural being, even though he is deeply connected with other characters from the series. With Sora, Nomura wants to give players the message that even though they are not "important people", they have the opportunity to accomplish great things. This was emphasized in Birth by Sleeps secret ending, which Nomura hoped players would find because it showed Sora's potential to influence everyone's lives. In early versions of development of Birth by Sleep, Nomura thought that Ventus would actually be Sora before being reborn, but due to negative feedback from overseas, that plot line was discarded. Nomura has stated that Sora's name can be interpreted as "sky", since the Japanese word means sky. This name was also chosen to symbolize Sora's role and his personality, as well as his close relationship with Riku and Kairi, making their three names together "sky, land, and sea." He was also described by Nomura as having an outgoing personality, which allows him to make friends throughout the series. Of all of the characters Nomura has designed, Sora is his favorite, calling him "special" after having worked to develop the character over many games. This name of Noctis Lucis Caelum from Final Fantasy XV as also a reference to Sora; Sora and Caelum both mean "sky" in their respective languages, and Nomura considered Noctis to be his latest "son". When Kingdom Hearts II included a note using Sora's handwriting, Nomura wrote it himself.
Development
Following the first Kingdom Hearts, Nomura was worried that players would be unhappy that Sora would start Kingdom Hearts II as a weak character with few powers who once again had to be leveled up like the first title. Therefore, Nomura developed the plot of Chain of Memories to explain how Sora loses his abilities in Castle Oblivion and then starts anew. Additionally, with Chain of Memories a new mystery regarding Sora's memories of Twilight Town was added, which would be explained in Kingdom Hearts II. In order to reflect the time spent between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, Sora was given a new outfit. The team in charge of Kingdom Hearts II expressed difficulties in animating Sora's "Valor" Drive Form for having a completely different motion except in Sora's walking animation, which is shared with his regular motion. The Anti-Form was also made to focus on Sora's dark side from the first Kingdom Hearts as he temporaly becomes a Heartless, an event caused a major impact. Gameplaywise, the form was created to be both powerful and troublesome. The fights Sora has with Roxas and Xemnas were meant to surprise gamers, especially in the latter when the player loses control of Sora and has Riku to save him.
After finishing Kingdom Hearts II, Nomura wanted to give Sora a rest from the series in order to focus the following games on other characters from the series. Moreover, the events from the endings of Coded and Birth by Sleep hinted a new mystery regarding Sora's character, which would be revealed in Kingdom Hearts III. Although Nomura stated in March 2010 that Sora would once again be the focus of the next Kingdom Hearts, he will share it with another character with great importance. The switches between player characters Sora and Riku across the game are meant to contrast the style from Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep, which allowed the player to use three characters in their own campaigns, as well as explain the word "Distance" in the title because the two characters never interact across their stories. Nomura has stated that the themes of the game are trust and friendship, and that like Birth by Sleep, the story is on par with that of a numbered title. As a result of the game's plot, both Sora and Riku appear in their younger forms from the first Kingdom Hearts game. However, to avoid misconceptions that Dream Drop Distance was a remake of the original game, Nomura decided to change Sora's and Riku's outfits for most of the game.
In response to rumors saying that Sora's story would end in Kingdom Hearts III, Nomura answered that Sora is the protagonist of the series and that his role will end once the series ends. For this game, Nomura was interested in giving Sora a new costume, but was worried about doing so because of the popularity of the character's Kingdom Hearts II outfit. In the end, he decided to create a new one as Kingdom Hearts III was a new numbered title.. Nomura also revealed that Sora is the same proportions as in previous games; however, they "muted the volume on his hair—it's not wild." Regarding updating Sora's look from his Kingdom Hearts II design, Nomura noted that outfit's popularity, but felt "the desire to change it" since the game is the first numbered sequel since IIs release. He added that the basis for the resulting design is a mix between Sora's costumes for Kingdom Hearts II and Dream Drop Distance, one that is "a lot more sleek and sporty" since "Sora does a lot more... acrobatic [and]... action-oriented movements". Sora's new skills in Kingdom Hearts III were inspired by the ones of fellow Keyblade fighter Terra from Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix and Birth by Sleep in order to surprise gamers with new powers related with the Keyblade with other skills were influenced by Sora's and Riku's powers from Dream Drop Distance. For the Monsters Inc. world, Nomura was thinking about something similar to the monster costume Boo wears in the movie, but Pixar gave the idea to actually change Sora into a monster. In Monsters Inc., there are a lot of detailed rules concerning character design, like the colors that can be used or the shape of the eyes, so after the design that was made to obey those rules was checked, he went and did the fine-tuning myself. Particularly, at the beginning, he could not give Sora's body a smooth feeling, so he covered him with fur, but Pixar pointed out that he should not make him look too much like a cat, so trying to find middle ground was a struggle. That is why, although it looks like Sora has cat ears, those are actually horns. Sora's final stage in Kingdom Hearts III was left ambiguous though Nomura suggested it might be related to the Square Enix game The World Ends With You.
According to Super Smash Bros. series director Masahiro Sakurai, Sora had been the winner of the Super Smash Bros. for 3DS and Wii U Fighter Ballot in 2015, and Sakurai was well aware of the various fan campaigns advocating for Sora's inclusion in the series. Sakurai described Sora's inclusion as a "huge undertaking" and "perfect" as the concluding fighter for Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Sakurai also felt that it was "impossible" for Sora to appear in the series, but after Sakurai met a Disney executive at an awards show, Nintendo, Disney, and Square Enix began negotiations to include him. According to Luigi Priore, Vice President of Disney and Pixar Games, the company recognized that having Sora in Smash Bros. was something that fans had been asking for a long time, and the team was delighted to make it happen. "Knowing the passion of Kingdom Hearts fans, we were not surprised [by the reaction], but we were thrilled," Priore added. "It's been incredible watching all the videos and commentary online." Sora was designed as a floaty, light, and aerial fighter. The majority of his moves are inspired by his appearance in the original Kingdom Hearts, but per the limitations of the licensing agreement, Disney characters were not included as spirits nor cameos.
Casting
Sora is voiced by Miyu Irino in Japanese who used his normal voice for the beginning. In order to reference Sora's mouth movements, during the recording session they set up two cameras which recorded my face. He noticed it too much and got nervous. Irino and Mamoru Miyano (Riku) worked in the theater together since before the series' beginning. Irino enjoyed working with Miyano. Even though he said it during the commercial, Irino liked the line "Friends are my power! (literally: connected hearts are my power!)" from the scene in Hollow Bastion when Sora takes back his Keyblade from Riku. He also related to the character, feeling. his cheerful personality and such was like his, so he was able to act him out easily. Despite Miyano finding that Riku became corrupted as the narrative passed, Irino said he still liked him during the early parts. As Irino was young when recording the first Kingdom Hearts, his classmates also played the game, reacted positively to his performance but where confusing with the ending. Since then, Irino wanted to try to play non-human characters Beast in Kingdom Hearts and Donald.
As Irino grew older, he struggled with sounding as young as Sora who remained the same in Re:coded as his data form. Having more experiences from teater and such made me hard to express Sora's personality. By Kingdom Hearts III, Irino faced more issues during recordings of the game. Nevertheless, he was glad with Sora being portrayed as a toy in Toy Story based world due to how much he likes it. Besides connecting with the characters of Donald and Goofy, Irino felt he got more used to interacting with Riku as they are written as allies commonly with Kairi's inclusion bringing him more joy. After finishing the game, Irino wondered if he might poroperly portray Sora in sequels due to his age gap.
In English the character is voiced by Haley Joel Osment. Due to Sora's lack of growth across the franchise, Osment faced the challenge of properly giving him the tone of a teenager; "I think he's a little bit older now [in Kingdom Hearts 3] than he was in Kingdom Hearts 1 and 2. But early on, you know, I started this when I was 12, and my voice had started to change and everything. So learning how to manipulate that and keep the voice sounding young while still preserving the range of emotions that Sora had; that was a unique challenge." With the first one, he thought he started that right after finishing shooting A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) with Steven Spielberg, so that was a pivotal moment of his life. Having had started 7th grade, that was big transitional period for the actor. In restrospect, Osment found the idea of ending Kingdom Hearts III as a emotional moment as, while the series is not ending with this installment, the narrative is giving a proper closure to the story started by the antagonist Xehanort.
Characteristics
Sora appears as a child with spiky brown-hair who, when first introduced, wears a red shirt, red pants, and a white and blue jacket covered by keychains. Upon traveling to certain worlds, Sora's appearance is altered by Donald Duck's magic to adapt to different environments; for example, he turns into a merman in underwater environments. After undergoing significant growth in Kingdom Hearts II, Sora is given a new outfit given by Flora, Fauna and Merryweather similar to the previous one but mostly black. When battling, Sora's outfit can change into other designs depending on the player's choices. The primary form of Sora's Keyblade is the , but through the use of game items called keychains, the Keyblade can assume a variety of unique forms. During Kingdom Hearts II, Sora dual-wields Keyblades, their forms depending on the player's use of keychains.
Across the series, Sora is depicted as a cheerful teenager who cherishes his friendships and relies on them for his strength. As a result, several of Sora's enemies use his friends as bait to use the Keyblade for their purposes. During the first game, it is discovered that Sora was not meant to wield the Keyblade, which only chooses him in the absence of its intended owner, Riku. However, Sora's greater strength of heart causes the Keyblade to reject Riku in favor of Sora.
Appearances
In Kingdom Hearts series
In Kingdom Hearts, Sora, Riku and Kairi plan to leave their home on the Destiny Islands to explore new worlds. They are separated when the island is attacked by the Heartless; in the process, Sora obtains a Keyblade that he uses to eliminate the Heartless. Arriving in Traverse Town, Sora allies with Donald Duck and Goofy, who are under instruction from their missing king, Mickey Mouse, to follow the "key". The three travel across worlds in their Gummi Ship in search of their missing friends, sealing the worlds' "Keyholes" along the way to protect them from being consumed by the Heartless. They are opposed by an alliance of Disney villains led by Maleficent, who seeks out the seven Princesses of Heart to unlock the Keyhole that leads to "Kingdom Hearts", a repository of knowledge and power, and the source of all hearts. Riku, who has come under Maleficent's watch, fights with Sora on several occasions under the belief that Sora has replaced him with new friends. As the group travels to Hollow Bastion and defeat Maleficent, Riku becomes possessed by Ansem, who reveals that Kairi's heart is in Sora's body. To save Kairi, Sora impales himself with Ansem's Keyblade, briefly transforming him into a Heartless before Kairi restores Sora to human form. After taking Kairi to safety, Sora, Donald, and Goofy defeat Ansem at the open door to Kingdom Hearts. From inside the door, Mickey and Riku help Sora and his friends close it to prevent the Heartless within from escaping, with Mickey and Sora using their Keyblades to lock the door. Separated from their friends again, Sora, Donald and Goofy continue their quest to reunite with Riku and Mickey.
In Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, Sora's group stumbles upon a fortress known as Castle Oblivion, where Naminé is forced by the group Organization XIII to manipulate their memories in order to turn Sora into their slave. After Sora and friends defeat the Organization members controlling the castle, Naminé helps restore the trio's memories to their state prior to entering Castle Oblivion, at the cost of their memories of the events in the castle. This requires them to sleep in the castle for the restoration of memories to be completed. During the real Riku's campaign, he confronts another member from the Organization who takes the form of Sora, but is able to discover he is not Sora thanks to Namine. Upon finding the sleeping Sora, Riku decides to look after him.
In Kingdom Hearts II, Sora reawakens along with Donald and Goofy in Twilight Town once his Nobody, Roxas, merges within him. They visit Mickey's master, Yen Sid, from whom they are reacquainted with Organization XIII. Sora embarks with Donald and Goofy to find Riku and King Mickey, traversing new and unfamiliar worlds to eliminate the threat of the remaining Heartless, Nobodies, and local villains. Learning that the Organization has abducted Kairi to force Sora to gather more hearts for them, Sora's group rejoins Mickey and arrives at the Organization's fortress in the World That Never Was, where they reunite with Kairi and Riku. After being separated from the others, Sora and Riku defeat Xemnas, after which a doorway appears that allows them to reunite with their friends on the Destiny Islands.
Sora makes a minor appearance in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, the majority of which is set as he sleeps to recover his lost memories from the events of Chain of Memories; it is also established that Xion, an experimental replica of Roxas created by the Organization, inadvertently hinders the restoration process until she joins with him. In Kingdom Hearts Coded, a computer program based on Sora's likeness serves as the primary protagonist of the game, finding out the truth behind a mysterious message found inside Jiminy's journal. A four-year-old Sora appears in the prequel, Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep; after Ventus, one of the protagonists, has his heart damaged following a confrontation with his dark side, Vanitas, his heart finds its way into Sora, who accepts it into his own heart. In the game's secret ending, set after the events of Kingdom Hearts II, Ansem the Wise tells Aqua about Sora's adventures, and how he may help all the people connected to him. In the final scene, Sora decides to save them after reading Mickey's letter.
In Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance, Sora and Riku undertake a Mark of Mastery exam in response to Xehanort's return. The two are sent to awaken several worlds submerged in sleep after the defeat of Ansem, but once the task is complete, Sora is lured into a deep slumber by Xehanort's incarnations, who plan to turn him into a vessel for Xehanort's heart. Riku and his friends save Sora and bring him back to Yen Sid's tower, where Riku dives into Sora's heart and awakens him. Because of Sora's failure, he does not achieve the rank of Keyblade Master. In the ending of Kingdom Hearts 0.2 Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage, Yen Sid reveals that Sora has lost most of his powers as a consequence of Xehanort's attempted possession, and advises Sora to seek out Hercules, who has gone through a similar experience.
In Kingdom Hearts III, Sora goes on a journey to regain his strength, particularly the required to restore the hearts of Ventus, Aqua, and Terra, as he engages in a final showdown with Master Xehanort and the thirteen seekers. After understanding the full depths of his power and defeating Xehanort, Sora uses his power of waking to restore Kairi, whose body was destroyed by Xehanort, despite learning the risks of its overuse, which causes him to fade from existence. In the aftermath, as depicted in the Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind DLC, Sora finds himself in the Final World, where he is accosted by a young man, Yozora, who claims he was sent to save him. The two end up in a different world, Quadratum, where they engage in a fierce battle in which Sora emerges victorious; if defeated, Sora transforms into a crystal statue. In the rhythm action game Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory, Kairi recalls Sora's adventures in a dream world she creates within her own heart to search for clues for his whereabouts. Towards the end of her dream, Kairi confronts an illusion of Xehanort, who nearly overpowers her until Sora remotely takes control of her body and defeats him.
A 2D cartoonish avatar version of Sora wearing his original outfit in Kingdom Hearts is also present in the online community-based social gaming networking service, Kingdom Hearts Mobile.
Other appearances
Outside Kingdom Hearts, Sora appeared as free limited-time downloadable content in the Final Fantasy crossover game World of Final Fantasy in January 2017. In 2019, Sora appeared in the mobile game Disney Emoji Blitz to commemorate the release of Kingdom Hearts III. Sora appears as a playable character in the Nintendo Switch crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate via downloadable content, which was released on October 18, 2021.
Sora also appears in various Kingdom Hearts media adaptations, including a manga series written by Shiro Amano and a series of novels by Tomoko Kanemaki, which adapt his role in the video games.
Reception
Popularity
Sora's character was very well received by gaming media. In January 2010, Famitsu featured Sora as its readers' fifth most popular character of all time. They also featured him on its issue #1105 cover, showing his many appearances through the years. UGO Networks placed Sora nineteenth on their list of "Top 25 Japanese RPG Characters" calling him a "charismatic and visually interesting" character. Although he did not make to the top ten of Electronic Gaming Monthlys "Top Ten: List of Videogame Characters", Sora was nevertheless noted for his growing popularity. In an ASCII Media Works poll in which fans voted selected whose video game or manga character would like to name their children after, Sora's name was second in the male category. In a Famitsu poll from 2011, Sora was voted as the most popular Kingdom Hearts character, with his fight against Roxas from Kingdom Hearts II also being listed as the best scene from the series. GamesRadar staff ranked Sora as 53rd on their "100 best heroes in video games", published in 2013. In 2016, Glixel staff ranked Sora as the 30th most iconic video game character of the 21st century. In 2019, Chris Penwell of PlayStation LifeStyle named Sora as his favorite character for having "A relatable personality." He was also placed 15th in the Game Informer poll of best characters from the 2000s. Sora has the most appearances as hero in Square Enix RPGs, according to Guinness World Recordss "The records held by Gamer's Edition 2020 cover characters". In 2021, HobbyConsolas also included Sora on their "The 30 best heroes of the last 30 years."
Various types of merchandising have been released based on Sora's character. There are several types of action figures which show Sora with a different appearance such as his original form, the Kingdom Hearts II design and others variants. Other accessories include plush, keychains, boots, necklaces, cube, nendoroid, phone charm straps and phone cases. In October 2021, during the reveal of the 20th Anniversary of the Kingdom Hearts trailer, an Ichiban Kuji-based Sora merchandise was made, and is set to be released in 2022. In that same year, Square Enix also made a tote bag, depicting Sora.
Critical response
Overall, critics and fans have generally praised Sora. When Sora was first revealed in 2002, GameSpots Giancarlo Varanini regarded him as "an appropriate amalgamation of the Square and Disney universes." He also comically noted that Sora "doesn't look like much, but you know how it goes." A 1UP.com writer called Sora "one of my all-time favorite Square characters", praising his cheerful personality. Gamasutra commented on Sora's journey along the series in their feature "The Birth of Collecting: The Osiris Archetype In Games" by Jason Johnson; while comparing Sora with Isis, Johnson found Sora's adventure appealing. IGN praised Sora's resilient character, noting how such an ordinary "youngster" could face up to his challenges during his adventures for the sake of friendship, while RPGFans Nicole Monet Kirk labelled him as an "extremely likable hero". Furthermore, in the book "Interactive Storytelling for Video Games: A Player-Centered Approach to Creating Memorable Characters and Stories", it is noted that while Sora follows a "standard hero archetype", his character becomes more believable and strong when worrying about his friends' fates. Louis Bedigian from GameZone mentioned that "Sora had something rarely found in video-game characters: depth" also praising his role in Kingdom Hearts. Game Informers Bryan Vore found that in Kingdom Hearts II, Osment has improved in voicing the character, praising his work. He was third in 1UP.coms "Top 5 Most Irritating RPG Protagonists" with writer Bob Mackey commenting he is "a human version of Mickey Mouse", criticizing his original outfit and relationship with Riku and Kairi, and finding him to be less popular than the Disney characters featured in the series.
Sora's transformations in the various Disney worlds in Kingdom Hearts II were commented to be entertaining by Julia Reges from AllGame due to how varied they are. Also reviewing Kingdom Hearts II, Greg Bemis from G4TV praised Sora's development in the game, including his growth and the fact each of his attacks from the title are entertaining. Although Computer and Video Games also found an improvement in Sora's movements due to sequences made with the Reaction Commands, they found them "fairly straightforward." RPGamers Cortney Stone stated that Sora now moved "like an acrobatic honed fighter" in contrast to his "adolescent awkwardness" seen in the first Kingdom Hearts, and remarked on Sora's transformation into a lion seen in the sequel as enjoyable. His new outfit was also well received by GameSpy, who found it to be an improvement from the original one that looked like a "wardrobe from Mickey Mouse's closet". GamesRadar had similar opinions and particularly focused on Sora's transformation and his new abilities. Game Informer viewed Sora's Drive Forms as well as his combined techniques with other characters as one of the best additions to the gameplay. Sora also received negative comments regarding his characterization. In January 2007, Sora was listed the fourth "biggest dork" of 2006 by Game Informer, citing the Atlantica singing portions of the second main game.
Although IGN also praised Sora's growth in Kingdom Hearts II in their article "Kingdom Hearts III: The IGN Concept", they stated that in order to make his role in a future sequel more entertaining, he would need more development making him "be confident, collected and committed to the tasks at hand". Also commenting on his role in a future sequel, GamesRadar stated that having Sora's character older would be necessary to make the story more mature, but Allegra Frank of Polygon felt that Sora's characterization in Kingdom Hearts III was "off". In retrospect, Paste Magazine found Sora's story and links with his two similar otherselves to be confusing. Wired regarded Sora as a hero who can make anything possible and wanted this to be done again in Kingdom Hearts III, hoping him to remain his likable traits. On the other hand, sites panned the relationship between Sora and Kairi because after several installments the latter keeps being a damsel in distress to be rescued by the former rather than an ally. RPGamer criticized Sora's hero's journey for being downplayed in contrast to the final worlds. Sora's fate in the ending was the subject of analysis due to his apparent death after saving Kairi to the point GameRevolution stated that Kingdom Hearts III did not give the audience the happy ending they expected despite ending Xehanort's arc.
Sora was a popular choice for inclusion in the Super Smash Bros. roster among fans and numerous websites, including Screen Rant, GamingBolt, Shacknews, IGN, and Siliconera, although Jeremy Winslow of Kotaku opposed him because the roster already included too many sword-wielding characters, he later admitted that Sora was "kinda cool". Kyle Campbell of USA Today and Wesley Leblanc of Game Informer both praised the character's inclusion, stating that Sora's addition "is a big deal" and "perfect". Despite the fact that fans applauded the surprise, the absence of Donald, Goofy, and Mickey after cutting other Disney references was considered controversial.
There have also been comments focused on Sora's voice actor.s Haley Joel Osment, Sora's English voice actor, has also been praised by the media. Gaming Targets Matt Swidder, who mentioned Osment "makes a perfect fit for Sora". Louis Bedigian from GameZone remarked Osment's continuous work in the sequel Kingdom Hearts II. RPGamer still praised Osment's performance in the latest work for, still finding him suitable for the protagonist. Koinya lamented the fact Miyu Irino's work was never made available for the Western audience considering him talented alongside Mamoru Miyano (Riku).
References
Characters designed by Tetsuya Nomura
Cryonically preserved characters in video games
Disney CGI characters
Fictional explorers in video games
Fictional helmsmen
Fictional knights in video games
Kingdom Hearts original characters
Male characters in video games
Shapeshifter characters in video games
Square Enix protagonists
Super Smash Bros. fighters
Teenage characters in video games
Video game characters introduced in 2002
Video game characters who use magic
Video game mascots
|
[
-0.7457345724105835,
-0.5482509732246399,
0.2118530422449112,
-0.41040533781051636,
-0.3185005187988281,
-0.0039912438951432705,
0.5456597208976746,
-0.3639828860759735,
-0.38478922843933105,
0.38176465034484863,
-0.48964065313339233,
-0.30226048827171326,
-0.14700762927532196,
-0.14951519668102264,
-0.0010214048670604825,
-0.08288528025150299,
0.407176673412323,
0.8115768432617188,
0.3199452757835388,
-0.5877822637557983,
-0.15568765997886658,
0.31957969069480896,
0.6526103615760803,
-0.4546966850757599,
0.813410758972168,
-0.11855246126651764,
0.061059288680553436,
0.7698725461959839,
0.29722094535827637,
-0.44008514285087585,
0.09533990174531937,
0.20052319765090942,
0.1809900403022766,
0.07457161694765091,
0.0545625314116478,
-0.3461253345012665,
-0.4818795621395111,
-0.16590657830238342,
-0.3032155930995941,
-0.11020264774560928,
-0.1682203859090805,
-0.2291577309370041,
0.4199436902999878,
0.4536360204219818,
-0.013913706876337528,
-0.9155043363571167,
-1.3689253330230713,
0.4360199570655823,
-0.32775309681892395,
-0.026426538825035095,
-0.3836533725261688,
0.8706722855567932,
0.058352887630462646,
-0.06568334996700287,
0.6061877608299255,
0.3605811297893524,
-0.7691625356674194,
-0.018396642059087753,
-0.057873670011758804,
-0.21052953600883484,
0.3690468668937683,
0.04055160656571388,
0.3002912104129791,
-0.4743634760379791,
0.19983668625354767,
0.6379132270812988,
0.1628635674715042,
-0.22461870312690735,
-0.11994103342294693,
-0.350756973028183,
0.15546560287475586,
-0.37500694394111633,
0.11178223788738251,
0.1398753523826599,
-0.5216272473335266,
-0.4557551145553589,
-0.10982321947813034,
0.24324792623519897,
0.5152716636657715,
0.5726925134658813,
0.282065212726593,
-0.16852332651615143,
0.6664632558822632,
0.5388213396072388,
0.12269187718629837,
0.09280625730752945,
-0.23487955331802368,
0.03551545739173889,
-0.5897653102874756,
0.46538814902305603,
-0.6406494975090027,
-0.6666982173919678,
0.6408988833427429,
0.1927178055047989,
-0.31791508197784424,
-0.1808120757341385,
-0.12359926104545593,
0.2736274302005768,
0.2442617118358612,
0.29750099778175354,
-0.8420798182487488,
0.42957648634910583,
0.15394344925880432,
-0.7479337453842163,
-0.5385117530822754,
0.2810947597026825,
-0.23702208697795868,
0.08191323280334473,
-0.4978561997413635,
0.21551337838172913,
-0.4878184497356415,
0.12708638608455658,
-0.45183590054512024,
0.14350585639476776,
0.10648597776889801,
0.5403731465339661,
0.060358405113220215,
0.5006344318389893,
-0.14534014463424683,
0.12504452466964722,
1.0955923795700073,
-0.14548783004283905,
0.40122872591018677,
0.25018519163131714,
0.7071722149848938,
-0.0074710180051624775,
0.2172355055809021,
-0.4286850690841675,
0.36198368668556213,
0.6490259766578674,
0.3839346766471863,
0.5483677983283997,
-0.5050577521324158,
0.29678109288215637,
-0.1267707794904709,
-0.2743898332118988,
0.15999798476696014,
0.08930140733718872,
0.15126843750476837,
0.5286038517951965,
-0.9640640020370483,
0.5327627062797546,
-0.28814277052879333,
0.15040715038776398,
0.5057352781295776,
0.24799863994121552,
-0.24950823187828064,
-0.44881460070610046,
-0.49006205797195435,
-0.3948361575603485,
0.1617794632911682,
0.5506626963615417,
-0.43262341618537903,
-0.025580570101737976,
0.12783871591091156,
0.8189694285392761,
0.36065876483917236,
-0.40087124705314636,
-0.192037433385849,
0.11139936745166779,
-0.26295629143714905,
0.19540466368198395,
-0.06344824284315109,
0.20153960585594177,
0.37377843260765076,
-0.559535562992096,
0.32953062653541565,
0.20451998710632324,
0.1574636548757553,
0.025571895763278008,
-0.5210890769958496,
0.005479145795106888,
0.0848802849650383,
-0.06577817350625992,
-0.1907912939786911,
0.13613776862621307,
0.8057141304016113,
-0.05077768862247467,
0.2347869873046875,
0.015585936605930328,
-0.5812472105026245,
0.11957570165395737,
-0.3012959659099579,
-0.20069973170757294,
0.28935930132865906,
0.35192394256591797,
0.4942645728588104,
0.16155217587947845,
0.2838330566883087,
0.16519507765769958,
-0.5136721730232239,
-0.08438869565725327,
0.5033960342407227,
0.247401624917984,
0.5731279850006104,
0.2649546265602112,
-0.8157339692115784,
0.7026163935661316,
0.2338695526123047,
0.530211329460144,
-0.03376226872205734,
-0.02169421687722206,
0.25661104917526245,
-0.3001224994659424,
-0.46378979086875916,
-0.026782650500535965,
0.05108475685119629,
0.3767475485801697,
0.6913849711418152,
-0.23668009042739868,
-0.19278289377689362,
0.33908751606941223,
-0.02436244860291481,
-0.36009687185287476,
0.14443352818489075,
-0.25331351161003113,
-0.23265665769577026,
-0.45264536142349243,
0.06641998142004013,
-0.16420915722846985,
0.5064722895622253,
-0.01693563349545002,
-0.228618785738945,
0.17588861286640167,
0.15873664617538452,
0.6848044991493225,
0.38201937079429626,
0.14854824542999268,
-0.0019800537265837193,
-0.08963092416524887,
-0.3295019567012787,
0.08924677968025208,
0.17995551228523254,
-0.5452843904495239,
-0.0789601281285286,
0.05393616110086441,
0.4391351640224457,
-0.4173535704612732,
0.03592391312122345,
-0.07192134112119675,
0.06492346525192261,
0.6465456485748291,
-0.05459366366267204,
0.021311387419700623,
0.5081801414489746,
0.12913896143436432,
-0.3049493134021759,
-0.033169813454151154,
-0.46042299270629883,
0.32617512345314026,
-0.3203720152378082,
-0.0833098515868187,
0.0798560157418251,
0.2749484181404114,
0.5348448157310486,
-0.17810513079166412,
-0.2907317578792572,
-0.05280612036585808,
-0.10224536061286926,
0.007583859376609325,
-0.4389902353286743,
-0.30242031812667847,
0.14999878406524658,
0.37918081879615784,
0.003876735921949148,
-0.3987809717655182,
-0.3307775557041168,
-0.4926854372024536,
1.3651463985443115,
0.556983470916748,
-0.2457457184791565,
-0.6758115887641907,
-0.32136228680610657,
-0.24011021852493286,
-0.19936621189117432,
-0.6902388334274292,
-0.10062343627214432,
-0.046579908579587936,
0.3982202708721161,
-0.30401280522346497,
0.5616143345832825,
0.6636602282524109,
0.30463793873786926,
-0.44368332624435425,
-0.23041659593582153,
-0.42545396089553833,
0.3914810121059418,
-0.3470025062561035,
-0.08258644491434097,
0.098307766020298,
-0.5120761394500732,
0.34391841292381287,
-0.20043319463729858,
-0.3186355531215668,
0.5105820894241333,
0.15691924095153809,
-0.04819035157561302,
0.591503918170929,
0.23143090307712555,
0.02745884098112583,
-0.14858564734458923,
-0.17191073298454285,
0.057714030146598816,
-0.06237153708934784,
0.9471668004989624,
0.2318667471408844,
-0.04052380472421646,
0.2700740098953247,
-6.0786967277526855,
-0.17423228919506073,
-0.07715650647878647,
0.32680070400238037,
-0.3366253077983856,
0.3484165668487549,
0.6929863095283508,
0.0258865375071764,
0.22838366031646729,
-0.5333219766616821,
0.03857048973441124,
0.23886984586715698,
0.4252776503562927,
-0.08352427184581757,
-0.5076191425323486,
0.40273892879486084,
0.11276216059923172,
-0.30779147148132324,
0.21353572607040405,
0.009197465144097805,
-0.1842719465494156,
-0.4328233003616333,
-0.3350365459918976,
0.2574126422405243,
0.269291490316391,
0.39143189787864685,
-0.148507758975029,
-0.2543792724609375,
-0.40613746643066406,
-0.19556468725204468,
0.2735751271247864,
-0.08941897004842758,
-0.1176018938422203,
-0.7259743809700012,
-0.32546666264533997,
-0.3552534282207489,
0.3840789198875427,
0.19813746213912964,
0.5967822074890137,
-0.11458522826433182,
-0.13348549604415894,
-0.2472965568304062,
0.008904870599508286,
0.27451831102371216,
0.406900018453598,
-0.26490548253059387,
-0.3089086413383484,
0.1818978637456894,
-0.2571372091770172,
1.0073124170303345,
0.4540340006351471,
-0.4730868935585022,
0.026187017560005188,
-0.2481720894575119,
0.5292695760726929,
0.5020873546600342,
-0.1474657952785492,
0.16358493268489838,
-0.21942763030529022,
-0.06046484038233757,
0.30857181549072266,
-0.5622844099998474,
-0.06538310647010803,
-0.15350089967250824,
0.3926141560077667,
-0.13670897483825684,
-0.017291514202952385,
-0.16703851521015167,
0.043569743633270264,
0.5413330793380737,
-0.1264103651046753,
-0.28072360157966614,
0.06509682536125183,
-1.053240418434143,
0.08141189068555832,
0.10428173840045929,
0.0032056737691164017,
-0.13967715203762054,
-0.3463045358657837,
-0.08353883028030396,
-0.20609121024608612,
-0.25552624464035034,
-0.0407356396317482,
0.08342118561267853,
-0.28516101837158203,
-0.6545385718345642,
0.2052670568227768,
0.06687598675489426,
-0.37564340233802795,
0.7270358204841614,
0.7519950270652771,
-0.5714503526687622,
0.30943021178245544,
0.405023455619812,
0.8303711414337158,
0.26882150769233704,
0.6371071934700012,
-0.28273093700408936,
0.6029579639434814,
-0.7505060434341431,
0.08524476736783981,
-0.03524504974484444,
0.31275662779808044,
-0.23393699526786804,
0.057335738092660904,
-0.2364693284034729,
-0.45258814096450806,
0.031559791415929794,
0.193248450756073,
-0.34960243105888367,
-0.026455771178007126,
-0.551916241645813,
-0.47560957074165344,
0.18096400797367096,
1.0140031576156616,
0.1332160085439682,
0.07465334236621857,
0.22116486728191376,
0.5034282803535461,
0.11988621950149536,
-0.410424143075943,
0.20869195461273193,
-0.08294815570116043,
-0.4167845845222473,
-0.027198882773518562,
0.1364516019821167,
-0.02990686148405075,
0.43859797716140747,
-0.22354085743427277,
-0.08295223861932755,
0.21127714216709137,
0.12170405685901642,
-0.3183761239051819,
-0.028489766642451286,
0.44267550110816956,
-0.3850889503955841,
-0.25208690762519836,
-0.3326728940010071,
0.10929424315690994,
-0.30372580885887146,
-0.3989202082157135,
-0.5413306355476379,
-0.06584008038043976,
0.22078953683376312,
-0.2499038130044937,
-0.3118690848350525,
-0.13252301514148712,
-0.1993207335472107,
0.10386773198843002,
0.08207693696022034,
0.14450563490390778,
-0.16016936302185059,
0.7023685574531555,
-0.8244983553886414,
-0.2345372587442398,
-0.28990671038627625,
-0.13572640717029572,
-0.14169670641422272,
-0.1519681066274643,
-0.3004406690597534,
0.17115359008312225,
-0.9524399638175964,
-0.9056410193443298,
0.0409720353782177,
-0.3395085334777832,
-0.1396733522415161,
0.04859952628612518,
-0.488411545753479,
0.11073935031890869,
0.10305590182542801,
0.025696609169244766,
-0.0993170365691185,
0.17598208785057068,
-0.11257947236299515,
0.22154401242733002,
-0.18953624367713928,
-0.3552928566932678,
-0.2696956396102905,
-0.1621067374944687,
-0.26621732115745544,
-0.35263577103614807,
-0.0529329888522625,
0.19201675057411194,
0.09617313742637634,
-0.011590755544602871,
0.08970285207033157,
0.23378430306911469,
0.08414307981729507,
-0.03661875054240227,
-0.2741602957248688,
-0.04041483253240585,
0.6721877455711365,
-0.20170748233795166,
0.30046823620796204,
-0.5551718473434448,
-0.20840799808502197,
0.1987229436635971,
0.5556738376617432,
-0.14150665700435638,
-0.20172004401683807,
-0.026956001296639442,
-0.2127540111541748,
-0.4007642865180969,
-0.0016845070058479905,
0.4440699815750122,
-0.30688825249671936,
0.6214264035224915,
0.6058590412139893,
-0.20651176571846008,
-0.14791014790534973,
-0.6281882524490356,
-0.5496375560760498,
0.2768363058567047,
0.08217887580394745,
-0.19215941429138184,
-0.04606642574071884,
-0.211350217461586,
-0.2020731121301651,
-0.29879632592201233,
-0.7132982015609741,
-0.47127965092658997,
-0.5803098082542419,
-0.06057756394147873,
-0.3196980655193329,
-0.4951918125152588,
0.03609435260295868,
0.8683825135231018,
-0.6073358654975891,
0.5867550373077393,
0.058286283165216446,
-0.1952064335346222,
0.4049776792526245,
-0.1271059662103653,
-0.29690662026405334,
-0.5681689381599426,
0.023211605846881866,
-0.21080219745635986,
0.12900632619857788,
0.2427106499671936,
0.628561794757843,
0.1681211143732071,
0.33706244826316833,
-0.35857847332954407,
-0.3285942077636719,
-0.004217348527163267,
1.0333185195922852,
-0.5683364868164062,
-0.5394319891929626,
-0.295585572719574,
-0.003084520809352398,
0.22669419646263123,
0.1947752982378006,
0.38996148109436035,
0.13819575309753418,
0.8026660084724426,
-0.6040948033332825,
0.08389433473348618,
0.0038371181581169367,
-0.12392391264438629,
-0.2154746949672699,
-0.14353205263614655,
-0.05540181323885918,
0.15455664694309235,
-0.2176496833562851,
0.20343276858329773,
-0.1734357327222824,
-0.12987712025642395,
-0.40220513939857483,
0.2271466702222824,
-0.2867553234100342,
-0.02518664300441742,
-0.272908478975296,
0.35399672389030457,
0.4205019474029541,
-0.4716976583003998,
0.010709836147725582,
0.007784830406308174,
-0.2783806324005127,
-0.3565356433391571,
0.3465803861618042,
-0.7561127543449402,
0.5364840030670166,
-0.16216588020324707,
-0.33990970253944397,
0.4249124825000763,
-0.31888464093208313,
0.304230660200119,
0.008525075390934944,
0.27266401052474976,
-0.027492081746459007,
-0.2851596176624298,
0.42523378133773804,
-0.0936799943447113,
-0.19458037614822388,
-0.011889543384313583,
-0.09629427641630173,
0.2131923884153366,
-0.36139872670173645,
-0.09375085681676865,
-0.3251093327999115,
-0.22646896541118622,
0.5143155455589294,
0.05538823828101158,
0.444450706243515,
-0.23119688034057617,
0.2295844852924347,
0.19866478443145752,
-0.23506209254264832,
-0.4180174171924591,
0.46352171897888184,
-0.1655329018831253,
-0.2957761585712433,
0.3010311424732208,
0.7064606547355652,
-0.630544126033783,
0.28111201524734497,
0.006526103708893061,
-0.5567853450775146,
0.23082460463047028,
0.20882363617420197,
0.1786431223154068,
-0.3252762258052826,
0.41714903712272644,
0.3322616517543793,
0.051934316754341125,
0.11966463178396225,
-0.0384734570980072,
0.10753774642944336,
0.2798190116882324,
0.7253769040107727,
0.7416157722473145,
0.05175718665122986,
-0.35106590390205383,
0.05007096007466316,
-0.10527417063713074,
-0.41360998153686523,
0.2722640931606293,
-0.11770467460155487,
0.07325847446918488,
0.5200762748718262,
0.10148199647665024,
-0.27138376235961914,
-0.49208876490592957,
0.26630327105522156,
0.2317279577255249,
-0.2844589054584503,
0.45960843563079834,
-0.22712920606136322,
-0.268200546503067,
0.17985288798809052,
0.2141219675540924,
0.9679851531982422,
0.013683967292308807,
-0.026173170655965805,
0.15119726955890656,
0.20912636816501617,
-0.09503026306629181,
-0.5628980398178101,
0.09255658835172653,
-0.11568378657102585,
-0.18852214515209198,
-0.12654009461402893,
0.10362621396780014,
0.2787950336933136,
-0.45084530115127563,
0.13224107027053833,
-0.18919160962104797,
-0.49946853518486023,
-0.04712456092238426,
0.0036327883135527372,
-0.18961277604103088,
0.10815578699111938,
-0.4178588390350342,
0.3181173503398895,
-0.09893835335969925,
0.17771725356578827,
-0.012028934434056282,
-0.1771819144487381,
0.09646471589803696,
-0.3421540856361389,
-0.43099603056907654,
0.33486831188201904,
-0.21847467124462128,
-0.6629759073257446,
-0.17466330528259277,
-0.3399178981781006,
0.2105868011713028,
-0.3256548345088959,
-0.5747107863426208,
0.36857983469963074,
0.04841068387031555,
-0.29078614711761475,
-0.16852758824825287,
-0.0057785226963460445,
0.2732444703578949,
0.08374179899692535,
-0.01646186038851738,
0.6137390732765198,
0.49945056438446045,
0.41161367297172546,
0.6748420596122742,
0.3929751217365265,
0.15343257784843445,
-0.2169106900691986,
-0.2121652066707611,
0.737678587436676,
-0.6672742962837219,
-0.42565011978149414,
-0.20542053878307343,
-0.0898437649011612,
0.5873380899429321,
0.5078825950622559,
0.1446060836315155,
-0.013619566336274147,
0.34599539637565613,
0.01783699542284012,
0.5975695848464966,
0.20224836468696594,
0.33113527297973633,
0.04111277684569359,
-0.083114393055439,
0.0692790299654007,
0.18093401193618774,
0.6237094402313232,
-0.2287987470626831,
-0.0935230553150177,
0.21723486483097076,
-0.44134435057640076,
-0.7761679887771606,
0.43206673860549927,
-0.10641756653785706,
-0.742003858089447,
-0.0400342233479023,
0.3596595227718353,
-0.20433856546878815,
-0.36736810207366943,
-0.054129645228385925,
0.26190897822380066,
0.020333880558609962,
-0.4017915427684784,
0.0010703314328566194,
0.20854274928569794,
0.04141511768102646,
0.3143276572227478,
-0.369517982006073,
0.2456730604171753,
-0.5891842842102051,
-0.22522173821926117,
-0.1325535923242569,
-0.09349455684423447,
0.2026887834072113,
-0.5153365135192871,
0.25683900713920593,
-0.20752522349357605,
0.0498742014169693,
0.14212483167648315,
0.4112921357154846,
0.18047580122947693,
0.21511545777320862,
-0.2988043427467346
] |
210877
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Letters%2C%20History%20and%20Antiquities
|
Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities
|
The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities also called simply the Royal Academy of Letters or Vitterhetsakademin abbreviated KVHAA ( or or ) is the Swedish royal academy for the Humanities. Its many publications include the archaeological and art historical journal Fornvännen, published since 1906.
History
Now located in Rettigska house at Villa Street 3 in Stockholm, the Academy had origins in the early 1700s Uppsala. It was founded in 1753 by Queen Louisa Ulrica, Queen of Sweden and the mother of King Gustav III and originally dedicated to literature. In 1786 when the Swedish Academy was founded it was reconstituted under its present name with new objectives, mainly dedicated to historical and antiquarian preservation. This included a close cooperation with the Swedish National Heritage Board (Swedish: "Riksantikvarieämbetet") whose director was, ex officio, the Academy's secretary.
Objectives
The Academy's purpose is "to promote research and other activities in the humanities, religious studies, jurisprudence and social science disciplines and cultural heritage". This is done primarily through financial support and through vibrant publishing. Among the academy's writings are Fornvännen. The Academy's responsibilities have grown to encompass the entire activity of the humanities field in the broad sense, including religion, law and social studies. At the request of the government or public authority, or on its own initiative, the Academy gives opinions on matters that affect its activity.
Cultural Heritage properties
The Academy owns and operates the Stjernsund Castle in Närke, Skånelaholm Castle in Uppland, Stensjö hamlet in Småland and Borg hamlet on the island of Öland. Vitterhetsakademi's library is included in the Swedish National Heritage Board and operates public scientific special interest libraries. It is open to the public.
Organization
Academy is composed of up to 30 executive members in each historical, antiquarian, philosophical, philological class and up to ten honorary members. Swedish and foreign "corresponding members" are not limited in number. When a working member reaches 70 years they can choose a new member, while 70-year-olds remain in the Academy as emeritus or emerita. Therefore, the Academy currently has around 130 members.
Prizes
Diploma, prizes, medals and awards distributed by the Academy at a formal gathering which takes place annually on 20 March. Academy awards several prizes such as the Gad Rausing's prize for outstanding humanistic research, Ann-Kersti and Carl-Hakon Swenson's Swenson prize and Rettigska price. The Academy also awards several medals such as the Gustaf Adolf Medal by the King's consent, the Academy's Medal of Merit in gold, Academy token in gold, Antiquarian medal and silver medal inscriptions in silver.
References
External links
Vitterhetsakdemiens Library
Kungl. Vitterhetsakademien website
Sweden
1753 establishments in Sweden
1753 in Sweden
Letters, History and Antiquities
Cultural history of Sweden
|
[
0.7631785869598389,
0.16315299272537231,
0.2523421347141266,
-0.026579713448882103,
-0.3518088161945343,
0.16834686696529388,
0.8092362880706787,
0.4199240505695343,
-0.6990745067596436,
-0.4731602072715759,
-0.37922826409339905,
0.30823415517807007,
0.22360634803771973,
0.4303361177444458,
-0.4752976596355438,
0.22642692923545837,
0.8439613580703735,
0.6182597875595093,
0.1077096238732338,
-0.16867394745349884,
-0.06452159583568573,
0.5080437064170837,
0.769289493560791,
-0.24259601533412933,
0.251030832529068,
-0.3423817455768585,
0.23733897507190704,
-0.09496022760868073,
0.3487493395805359,
0.02166173979640007,
-0.21943576633930206,
0.0743521898984909,
-0.6464918255805969,
-0.2297765165567398,
-0.5455690622329712,
-0.10808807611465454,
-0.0844012051820755,
-0.13825254142284393,
0.18219183385372162,
-0.06547773629426956,
-0.10939411073923111,
-0.23175401985645294,
-0.39299044013023376,
0.007526665460318327,
-0.2385195791721344,
-1.2728339433670044,
-1.0858044624328613,
0.6201106905937195,
-0.4704148769378662,
0.5821543335914612,
-0.3488747775554657,
0.3250791132450104,
-0.20398209989070892,
1.2544949054718018,
-0.14711348712444305,
0.31405308842658997,
-0.7879518270492554,
-0.13058079779148102,
0.06011976674199104,
0.189095139503479,
0.1292879581451416,
0.7765201926231384,
-0.2857900559902191,
0.5871498584747314,
0.6571226716041565,
0.08057791739702225,
-0.2195843756198883,
0.029423274099826813,
-0.5877833962440491,
-0.5454131960868835,
-0.07117222994565964,
0.6432706713676453,
0.009359561838209629,
-0.1111011728644371,
0.04528440162539482,
-0.6618635654449463,
0.0936741903424263,
-0.21922564506530762,
0.09946570545434952,
-0.725019633769989,
-0.21539251506328583,
0.23764830827713013,
0.5594114661216736,
0.27147921919822693,
0.32857173681259155,
0.6472218632698059,
-0.40235447883605957,
-0.751488983631134,
-0.6360236406326294,
-0.3689729571342468,
0.24243953824043274,
0.24557866156101227,
0.6141878366470337,
0.05597110465168953,
0.5273146033287048,
0.19679956138134003,
-0.06970334053039551,
0.18760907649993896,
-0.5496446490287781,
0.660386860370636,
-0.5993849039077759,
0.9596395492553711,
0.13689859211444855,
-0.0368751622736454,
-0.2099020779132843,
-0.27264204621315,
-0.13793405890464783,
0.14649315178394318,
-0.329313725233078,
0.42942526936531067,
-0.6589747071266174,
-0.046579428017139435,
-0.11744580417871475,
0.4271998107433319,
-0.2855534851551056,
0.2559747099876404,
0.44317084550857544,
-0.5988291501998901,
-0.3511647582054138,
0.8045971989631653,
-0.03733038157224655,
0.7318336963653564,
0.19758492708206177,
0.20746587216854095,
-0.1687929779291153,
0.2855432331562042,
0.35255536437034607,
0.790195107460022,
-0.23933304846286774,
-0.4207310676574707,
0.5958441495895386,
0.5858522057533264,
-0.06267659366130829,
0.07138080894947052,
-0.2299470454454422,
-0.020198674872517586,
0.5083609223365784,
0.29015251994132996,
-0.22697120904922485,
0.5908113121986389,
-0.714783787727356,
-1.0407466888427734,
-0.3529331386089325,
-0.6945487856864929,
-0.2090141624212265,
-0.739473819732666,
-0.002419552067294717,
-0.3215232789516449,
-0.38651415705680847,
0.14267705380916595,
0.48358914256095886,
-0.46600452065467834,
-0.02833258919417858,
-0.024503057822585106,
0.242616668343544,
0.5235809087753296,
0.3972093164920807,
0.602181077003479,
0.36632832884788513,
0.3875478506088257,
0.062435589730739594,
-0.07371179014444351,
0.09419960528612137,
-0.08971763402223587,
0.003917439840734005,
-0.3000917434692383,
0.3989690840244293,
0.9732162952423096,
-0.20824293792247772,
-0.20652051270008087,
-0.2948992848396301,
-0.4642879068851471,
0.4800366461277008,
0.16361649334430695,
0.1980106383562088,
0.1405242383480072,
0.1083691418170929,
0.06383396685123444,
0.37888455390930176,
-0.6371883749961853,
-1.091333031654358,
0.30621734261512756,
-0.11403954774141312,
-0.4766206443309784,
-0.09113647043704987,
-0.06740155071020126,
0.051693402230739594,
0.6405713558197021,
-0.19130171835422516,
-0.17802713811397552,
-0.7229994535446167,
-0.5335589647293091,
0.44704344868659973,
0.27709776163101196,
1.313278317451477,
-0.25315454602241516,
-0.7360842227935791,
1.2981064319610596,
-0.6957119703292847,
1.0134882926940918,
0.07218126207590103,
-0.5341266989707947,
-0.20419570803642273,
-0.0771215632557869,
0.16894108057022095,
0.04846679046750069,
-0.31744661927223206,
0.12798087298870087,
0.5234533548355103,
-0.2032383680343628,
0.48716938495635986,
-0.7735432386398315,
0.2647215723991394,
0.2036769688129425,
0.19518375396728516,
-0.4613644778728485,
-0.7251994609832764,
0.1497349888086319,
0.32376787066459656,
-0.31790390610694885,
0.986376166343689,
-0.24476534128189087,
0.4485445022583008,
0.44270145893096924,
-0.26525694131851196,
0.059379030019044876,
-0.18618285655975342,
0.986780047416687,
0.048213377594947815,
-0.7985252737998962,
0.2692144811153412,
-0.7433933615684509,
0.5916032791137695,
-0.33621343970298767,
-0.3821261525154114,
-0.34997010231018066,
-0.6560086607933044,
0.1946079432964325,
0.3720475435256958,
-0.23412136733531952,
0.40474772453308105,
0.3998057246208191,
-0.536160409450531,
0.5771217942237854,
0.14345228672027588,
0.8035808801651001,
-0.6266005039215088,
-0.2802378833293915,
-0.5210000276565552,
-0.05778871104121208,
-0.22820818424224854,
-0.02387286350131035,
-0.588603138923645,
-0.31993958353996277,
-0.3797030746936798,
0.16571176052093506,
0.36164143681526184,
0.30409321188926697,
-0.09081768989562988,
0.012376067228615284,
-0.46170350909233093,
-0.07717522978782654,
0.10766393691301346,
0.19689062237739563,
-0.0771290585398674,
0.10202693194150925,
0.30763301253318787,
-0.5857583284378052,
0.6548868417739868,
0.486696720123291,
0.28975263237953186,
0.040850475430488586,
0.024708131328225136,
0.4777323007583618,
-0.45248866081237793,
-1.0801247358322144,
0.40134626626968384,
-0.6986231207847595,
-0.600061297416687,
-0.5293115973472595,
-0.813379168510437,
0.6489549875259399,
0.11017538607120514,
-0.34567493200302124,
-0.6622130274772644,
-0.4746624827384949,
0.029029008001089096,
-0.34573933482170105,
0.2286311686038971,
0.2505744397640228,
0.3043089210987091,
-0.004702409263700247,
-0.43213048577308655,
-0.6446884274482727,
0.23060834407806396,
-0.0746229812502861,
0.09262268990278244,
0.006420649588108063,
0.383698970079422,
-0.3066099286079407,
-1.4656459093093872,
0.35499870777130127,
-0.2863639295101166,
0.573948085308075,
0.31718266010284424,
-0.10000090301036835,
-0.4378160834312439,
0.8986132740974426,
-5.30075740814209,
-0.5765690207481384,
-0.4577709436416626,
-0.4363415837287903,
0.3765687942504883,
0.6476001143455505,
0.6403641700744629,
-0.4456806480884552,
0.09956880658864975,
-0.09533030539751053,
0.8812401294708252,
0.2682228088378906,
0.20023828744888306,
1.3129469156265259,
0.05661818012595177,
0.6138309836387634,
-0.4273267388343811,
0.18653428554534912,
0.0801221951842308,
0.03318895399570465,
-0.013692516833543777,
-0.06276141852140427,
0.04986679553985596,
0.8018150925636292,
0.5959053635597229,
0.9683780670166016,
-0.2767089307308197,
0.1522410809993744,
-0.1063932403922081,
-0.42155134677886963,
0.33529743552207947,
-0.1049625501036644,
0.5454132556915283,
-0.2147039920091629,
0.03065546043217182,
0.299685537815094,
0.7016136050224304,
0.42407122254371643,
0.03538220375776291,
-0.05099071189761162,
0.2832593321800232,
0.35214781761169434,
-0.20004728436470032,
0.09089931845664978,
-0.3186706304550171,
-0.43641337752342224,
-0.6166877746582031,
0.7541840076446533,
-0.3987767994403839,
0.8225820660591125,
-0.28811323642730713,
0.11497356742620468,
-0.08721582591533661,
0.02331380732357502,
-0.3267533481121063,
-0.363138884305954,
0.22823722660541534,
0.06366073340177536,
-0.3435899317264557,
0.007491290103644133,
-0.13141320645809174,
0.2950074076652527,
-0.03891704976558685,
-0.3420824408531189,
-0.3381660580635071,
-0.6468871831893921,
-0.7183877825737,
0.06497610360383987,
0.4412761628627777,
-0.32562798261642456,
-0.29996737837791443,
0.020485371351242065,
-0.422651082277298,
-0.9532741904258728,
-0.14300492405891418,
-0.4104832410812378,
-0.12049484997987747,
-0.3390744924545288,
-0.11604400724172592,
0.020949508994817734,
0.12260043621063232,
-0.08974914252758026,
0.06431840360164642,
0.9974279999732971,
0.012634225189685822,
-0.39899250864982605,
0.15044033527374268,
-0.13490982353687286,
-0.06649007648229599,
-0.7196072936058044,
0.4301460087299347,
-0.5692542791366577,
-0.4268915057182312,
0.11391060799360275,
-0.2696012258529663,
0.535473108291626,
-0.3385280966758728,
-0.2258734107017517,
0.20730920135974884,
-0.521583616733551,
1.4135323762893677,
-0.0812523290514946,
0.19980211555957794,
-0.5930678248405457,
-0.40246841311454773,
-0.48413586616516113,
-0.6555045247077942,
0.17302408814430237,
0.3478759229183197,
-0.40219148993492126,
-0.2963597774505615,
-0.3158901035785675,
0.10278507322072983,
-0.5402050018310547,
0.33551838994026184,
-0.8367213010787964,
-0.10540110617876053,
1.0571012496948242,
-0.5569130778312683,
0.04272257536649704,
-0.4641663432121277,
0.14110234379768372,
0.28248336911201477,
-0.06604956090450287,
-0.4795549213886261,
-0.21237123012542725,
-0.14960505068302155,
0.09411972016096115,
-0.24929282069206238,
-0.42564722895622253,
0.3834693729877472,
-0.17298772931098938,
0.09828700870275497,
0.3670877516269684,
0.05222560837864876,
0.08706073462963104,
-0.3000912368297577,
0.09580691158771515,
0.4978562295436859,
-0.46269217133522034,
0.021245500072836876,
-0.38882067799568176,
0.027798058465123177,
0.5394416451454163,
0.26116615533828735,
-0.07448863238096237,
-0.36081749200820923,
0.3903655409812927,
-0.8549543619155884,
0.313564658164978,
-0.56779944896698,
0.22114117443561554,
0.6097804307937622,
-0.2712777554988861,
0.5128437876701355,
-0.03399127349257469,
-0.4930236339569092,
0.5450291037559509,
-0.26504936814308167,
-0.6209855079650879,
-0.2051820605993271,
-0.4115096926689148,
-0.8390016555786133,
0.24334222078323364,
0.2639203369617462,
-0.6130990982055664,
-1.2643792629241943,
-0.14371268451213837,
-0.11474893242120743,
0.6789528727531433,
-0.04119458422064781,
-0.40224793553352356,
-0.47741395235061646,
-0.408403217792511,
0.5583890080451965,
-0.05705949664115906,
-0.04204310104250908,
0.1998627781867981,
-0.21508274972438812,
-0.22609497606754303,
0.8102217316627502,
-0.30526137351989746,
-0.002628348534926772,
0.42065516114234924,
0.7435709238052368,
0.17715582251548767,
0.11781644821166992,
-0.3008016049861908,
0.01973462849855423,
-0.09489712864160538,
0.31040841341018677,
0.06624580919742584,
0.3421226441860199,
-0.14393284916877747,
-0.7260070443153381,
-0.6227520108222961,
0.2953941822052002,
0.32664698362350464,
0.20084984600543976,
-0.27332958579063416,
0.859960675239563,
0.7643866539001465,
0.0023310636170208454,
0.299746572971344,
-0.2102513164281845,
-0.5725439190864563,
0.31811028718948364,
0.18056857585906982,
-0.14475958049297333,
0.9279321432113647,
-0.6930637359619141,
-0.3524022102355957,
-0.09541993588209152,
0.33183568716049194,
-0.8084249496459961,
-0.06272546201944351,
0.42782941460609436,
-0.7353604435920715,
-0.34452754259109497,
-0.3888397514820099,
-0.44078537821769714,
0.11395883560180664,
-0.2812712788581848,
0.07487154752016068,
-0.3757425844669342,
-0.05921636149287224,
0.09636209905147552,
-0.418862521648407,
0.9325346350669861,
-0.44933122396469116,
0.9421142935752869,
-0.0011952546192333102,
0.04141024127602577,
-0.36929285526275635,
-0.27663955092430115,
-0.22685138881206512,
-0.07986072450876236,
0.5120970606803894,
0.09467782825231552,
0.42336249351501465,
0.04476939141750336,
0.5608607530593872,
0.1425732523202896,
-0.46086639165878296,
0.319670170545578,
0.07104625552892685,
0.50168377161026,
-0.23974289000034332,
-0.5125531554222107,
0.004896166268736124,
0.3071121275424957,
-0.6698867082595825,
0.0017274045385420322,
-0.70977383852005,
0.7089091539382935,
-0.4806388020515442,
0.07743958383798599,
0.4803343713283539,
-0.05690419301390648,
0.21059338748455048,
-0.014777139760553837,
-0.360993355512619,
-0.6979106068611145,
-0.021857036277651787,
-0.10030993819236755,
-0.09370861947536469,
-0.1604159027338028,
-0.4319777190685272,
0.760185956954956,
0.02449037693440914,
-0.2831406891345978,
-0.33500930666923523,
0.3820115327835083,
0.41517606377601624,
-0.32006222009658813,
0.13055160641670227,
0.2983283996582031,
-0.3844353258609772,
0.010997424833476543,
0.27381476759910583,
-0.5111715793609619,
0.06647811084985733,
-0.30168259143829346,
-0.6877157688140869,
-0.21313931047916412,
-1.252630352973938,
0.09408118575811386,
0.23360967636108398,
-0.20739169418811798,
0.4865524172782898,
-0.40949487686157227,
-0.3281768560409546,
-0.03399455547332764,
0.7566922307014465,
0.08662082254886627,
0.4255226254463196,
-0.06609679013490677,
0.46919649839401245,
0.5863909125328064,
0.15198521316051483,
-0.33149781823158264,
-0.0020381282083690166,
0.19576378166675568,
0.015289436094462872,
0.5065459609031677,
0.6451008915901184,
-0.01944253221154213,
0.4743405878543854,
-0.3442622721195221,
0.274362713098526,
0.025590049102902412,
0.012873908504843712,
0.39757823944091797,
0.26135554909706116,
-0.35830017924308777,
-0.29779091477394104,
0.46810147166252136,
-0.43529608845710754,
0.27713173627853394,
0.24453699588775635,
0.24925510585308075,
0.009774650447070599,
0.30046170949935913,
-0.0027693326119333506,
-0.47268134355545044,
0.8250441551208496,
-0.32956743240356445,
0.11677289754152298,
-0.14626839756965637,
-0.4687682092189789,
0.17375750839710236,
0.5149194002151489,
-0.5925614833831787,
0.8546254634857178,
-0.13115337491035461,
-0.20285135507583618,
0.07598721981048584,
-1.1310944557189941,
-0.031275514513254166,
0.4860750436782837,
0.41134053468704224,
0.5865767598152161,
0.1659497618675232,
0.3406217694282532,
-0.6247391104698181,
0.2609497904777527,
-0.10292823612689972,
-0.013259503059089184,
-0.2759428918361664,
-0.1591455340385437,
0.5405511856079102,
-0.21179956197738647,
0.5408197641372681,
-0.5663233399391174,
0.39317137002944946,
0.39847707748413086,
-0.4841996729373932,
0.16777947545051575,
-0.34614914655685425,
0.10949075222015381,
0.25965192914009094,
0.184300497174263,
0.1380006968975067,
0.22281651198863983,
-0.3573372960090637,
0.21258999407291412,
0.2128690630197525,
0.2752997577190399,
0.1870555877685547,
-0.4359390437602997,
0.028174176812171936,
-0.10155919194221497,
-0.05776294693350792,
-0.4550468921661377,
0.17554958164691925,
0.007859778590500355,
0.8764933347702026,
0.28053903579711914,
0.1830979585647583,
0.3002791404724121,
-0.18567071855068207,
0.2046414166688919,
-0.1384812593460083,
-0.9897209405899048,
-0.0337822288274765,
0.1558881551027298,
-0.0819290280342102,
-0.040260545909404755,
-0.12990498542785645,
-0.238643079996109,
0.34821367263793945,
-0.4206366240978241,
0.14292538166046143,
0.4485853314399719,
-1.188088297843933,
-0.1150849238038063,
-0.3172757625579834,
0.5962278842926025,
-0.25910520553588867,
-0.7302886247634888,
-0.35937243700027466,
0.3057281970977783,
0.4324128031730652,
-0.10522337257862091,
-0.8387330174446106,
0.5773654580116272,
-0.12089284509420395,
0.27921295166015625,
0.2247178852558136,
0.16622015833854675,
-0.09199643135070801,
-0.0881098136305809,
0.2873043417930603,
0.15681467950344086,
-0.43763452768325806,
-0.0472182035446167,
0.7046852111816406,
-0.2550881803035736,
-0.1365843266248703,
0.505936861038208,
0.047220055013895035,
-0.0384303443133831,
0.3957855999469757,
0.021116038784384727,
-0.41994085907936096,
-0.22112299501895905,
0.380425363779068,
0.4500125050544739,
-0.1425791084766388,
-0.09508482366800308,
-0.888214111328125,
-0.5866139531135559,
-0.5982518196105957,
0.6207645535469055,
-0.2688804864883423,
0.2382630705833435,
0.2149348258972168,
0.4486498236656189,
0.7652715444564819,
-0.9387648105621338,
-0.02285502851009369,
-0.013854406774044037,
0.8878325819969177,
0.614942193031311,
0.4591267704963684,
0.5688663721084595,
-0.6091540455818176,
-0.38388383388519287,
-0.47432848811149597,
0.20736615359783173,
0.2345462292432785,
-0.41335439682006836,
0.43093061447143555,
-0.1591515690088272,
0.023606179282069206,
-0.17915689945220947,
0.3206254839897156,
-0.7899262309074402,
0.26774656772613525,
-0.1344251036643982
] |
210879
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience%20%28book%29
|
Consilience (book)
|
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge is a 1998 book by the biologist E. O. Wilson, in which the author discusses methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might in the future unite them with the humanities.
Wilson uses the term consilience to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor.
Definition of consilience
This book defines consilience as "Literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge by the linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to create a common groundwork of explanation." The word is borrowed from Whewell's phrase the consilience of inductions in his book Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. Whewell posited that this consilience of inductions occurs when an induction obtained from one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from a different class. In this way a consilience is a test of the truth of a theory.
Examples of consilience discussed by Wilson
Chapter 1 The Ionian enchantment
The New Synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution with genetics is an example of unification.
The conviction that the world has a unified order and can be explained by natural laws, was dubbed by Gerald Holton the "Ionian Enchantment".
Thales of Miletus proposed that water is the unifying basis for all material things. This theory that water is fundamental is often cited as the first materialistic theory of a unified view of nature.
Unification of forces in the Grand Unified Theory of modern physics.
Albert Einstein's work provides several examples of unification within the field of physics, for example, unification of Brownian motion with atomic theory.
Science and religion have a unity of purpose: both want to explain the universe and understand our role in the universe.
Chapter 2 The great branches of learning
Environmental protection requires the combining of knowledge from government regulators such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency, ethics, social science, biology, and physical sciences like chemistry.
There is a unity of purpose for philosophy and science. Philosophers and scientists can work together at the borders between biology, social science and the humanities.
Liberal arts education can be revitalized by the recognition of the unity of knowledge in higher education.
Government policy requires unified knowledge from across specialized disciplines in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.
Chapter 3 The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment is discussed in the context of scientific knowledge applied to human rights and social progress.
Marquis de Condorcet's systematic application of mathematics in the social sciences.
Francis Bacon was an early advocate of data collection and its analysis as the basis of sound knowledge (Baconian method) in fields that include social science and the humanities.
René Descartes believed that the universe is rational and united and that interconnected truths run from physics to biology to moral reasoning. Descartes unified geometry and algebra (see: Cartesian coordinate system).
Isaac Newton unified the Galilei's laws of falling bodies with the laws of Copernicus' planetary motion (see: law of universal gravitation).
Social science was pioneered by Adolphe Quetelet and Auguste Comte who developed the idea of studying behavior with scientific methods.
Unity of purpose for Postmodernism and Science. Wilson argues that humanity is driven forward by the tension between those who upon viewing order create disorder and those who upon viewing disorder create order.
Chapter 4 The natural sciences
The Greek Atomists such as Leucippus and Democritus are credited with the reductionistic idea that matter has fundamental components. Scientific investigation of this idea has resulted in unification across the natural sciences. An example is that the molecular structure of DNA accounts for genetic storage in living cells.
Experimental Epistemology. Wilson provides a modern attempt to unify neuroscience and epistemology. He proposes it as a method for clarifying the Evolutionary basis of mismatches between physical reality and our mental models of reality.
Positivism is a method for comparing and unifying knowledge from different disciplines. Priority is given to facts which are generated by experiment and objective observation rather than subjective speculations.
Pragmatism is a method for comparing and unifying knowledge from different disciplines. Priority is given to methods and techniques that can be demonstrated to work and have pragmatic value.
Chapter 5 Ariadne's thread
Reduction versus synthesis. Many examples are given comparing consilience by reduction (dissection of a phenomenon into its components) and consilience by synthesis (predicting higher-order phenomena from more basic physical principles). One specific example is Wilson's own work on the chemical signals that regulate insect social behavior.
An example of consilience by reduction is Wilson's attempt to account for the prevalence of serpent symbols in human cultures. He incorporates the activation-synthesis model of dreaming.
Consilience between biology disciplines. Wilson discusses the successes (cells explained in terms of their chemical components, embryo development in terms of interactions between the cells of an embryo) but also points to the remaining problem of dealing with complex systems as in neuroscience and ecology.
Statistical mechanics. A classical example in which the behavior of volumes of gas is explained in terms of the molecules of the gas (kinetic theory).
Quantum chemistry, the reduction of chemical properties by quantum mechanical calculations.
Chapter 6 The mind
Explaining consciousness and emotion in terms of brain activity. Wilson describes the neurobiological approach to accounting for consciousness and emotion in terms of brain physiology and how this effort is guided by collaboration between biologists, psychologists and philosophers.
Neurobiology of aesthetics. Wilson proposes that it will be possible to construct a neurobiological understanding of subjective experiences that are shared and explored by art. Common neural patterns of activity will be found to correspond to fundamental aesthetic experiences.
Artificial emotion. Wilson proposes that human-like artificial intelligence will require the engineering of a computational apparatus for processing an array of rich sensory inputs and the capacity to learn from those inputs in the way that children can learn. Requires consilience between biology, psychology and computer science.
Chapter 7 From genes to culture
The relationship between genes and culture. Wilson posits that the basic element of culture is the meme. When a meme exists in a brain it has the form of a neuronal network that allows the meme to function within semantic memory. The link from genes to culture is that our genes shape our brains (in cooperation with the environment) and our brains allow us to work with memes as the basic units of culture.
Chapter 8 - 12
The remaining chapters are titled Chapter 8 The fitness of human nature, Chapter 9 The social sciences, Chapter 10 The arts and their interpretation, Chapter 11 Ethics and religion, Chapter 12 To what end?
See also
Wendell Berry wrote a comprehensive critique of Consilience in his essay collection Life is a Miracle.
Philosophy of science
The Two Cultures by C. P. Snow
The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox by Stephen Jay Gould
External link
References
Reviews
Eldredge, Niles and Stephen Jay Gould, "Biology Rules. Review of E.0. Wilson's Consilience, with a supplemented introduction by Richard Morris.". Archive.org 2007 for Stephen Jay Gould Archive.
1998 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
English-language books
Science books
Science studies
Works by E. O. Wilson
|
[
-0.06731925159692764,
0.3640280067920685,
-0.2048090547323227,
0.1777976006269455,
-0.46953004598617554,
-0.19075290858745575,
0.1455479860305786,
-0.24524390697479248,
0.10931225121021271,
-0.11902859807014465,
-0.24642375111579895,
-0.052229151129722595,
-0.352863609790802,
0.19921179115772247,
-0.21695969998836517,
0.15480224788188934,
0.18678484857082367,
0.2358487993478775,
-0.45428466796875,
-0.2348470687866211,
0.09011845290660858,
-0.009673182852566242,
0.04784046858549118,
-0.03443843126296997,
0.08434753865003586,
0.20242516696453094,
0.06175021082162857,
-0.20600341260433197,
0.03523186221718788,
0.2573421597480774,
-0.06388403475284576,
0.5867830514907837,
-0.06517880409955978,
-0.6384811997413635,
-0.3829529285430908,
0.09975334256887436,
-0.2139364331960678,
-0.22809980809688568,
-0.1825580596923828,
-0.3210322856903076,
0.6741893291473389,
0.410798579454422,
0.23867172002792358,
0.4919653534889221,
-0.4052738845348358,
-0.3479002118110657,
-1.6835559606552124,
-0.0618169829249382,
-1.063736915588379,
0.08339016139507294,
-0.3034904897212982,
-0.18748027086257935,
0.781262993812561,
0.2011800855398178,
-0.21440427005290985,
0.5053457021713257,
-0.6468138694763184,
-0.15306031703948975,
0.18002988398075104,
-0.6570595502853394,
0.04941163212060928,
0.1660967618227005,
0.33532658219337463,
0.2324952483177185,
0.31646066904067993,
-0.1557001769542694,
0.11097196489572525,
0.4736401438713074,
0.2488793581724167,
-0.5922642946243286,
-0.15115296840667725,
-0.06863019615411758,
-0.1550816148519516,
0.19158203899860382,
-0.05961928516626358,
-0.1370929777622223,
0.3500463366508484,
0.015671880915760994,
0.5078820586204529,
0.13250192999839783,
-0.42938032746315,
0.289634108543396,
0.60310959815979,
-0.18545202910900116,
0.47120434045791626,
0.0327778160572052,
-0.46018460392951965,
0.5426894426345825,
-0.46908068656921387,
0.10511328279972076,
0.26247626543045044,
-0.4180966317653656,
0.4643656611442566,
0.49774694442749023,
0.707152783870697,
0.06577324122190475,
0.18706898391246796,
-0.20770257711410522,
-0.13656583428382874,
0.09656965732574463,
0.1957273632287979,
0.4454497694969177,
0.00981882493942976,
-0.5389441251754761,
-0.46959614753723145,
-0.22396987676620483,
-0.1854429543018341,
-0.7974130511283875,
0.5580869317054749,
0.06762002408504486,
-0.002714887261390686,
0.30585941672325134,
-0.16120417416095734,
0.28733718395233154,
0.048283327370882034,
0.7204561233520508,
0.34616324305534363,
0.08962713927030563,
-0.49279385805130005,
0.015771988779306412,
-0.1817820817232132,
0.9760186076164246,
0.08425851166248322,
0.3425631821155548,
0.11641141027212143,
0.12986980378627777,
0.1497979462146759,
0.649963915348053,
-0.5173059701919556,
0.385803759098053,
0.20333798229694366,
0.5220497846603394,
-0.03822830691933632,
-0.25165069103240967,
-0.13080179691314697,
0.07882686704397202,
0.41874802112579346,
0.11584281176328659,
-0.42841869592666626,
0.7243083715438843,
-0.3103407919406891,
-0.26227596402168274,
-0.6101800799369812,
-0.0016447019297629595,
0.1783793866634369,
-0.19961591064929962,
-0.2494329959154129,
0.04941214993596077,
-0.1623631864786148,
0.1750570833683014,
-0.060142382979393005,
0.3447421193122864,
-0.2894725799560547,
0.17655164003372192,
0.1553928256034851,
0.8698421120643616,
0.3086700141429901,
0.22399131953716278,
0.4786204695701599,
0.2862078845500946,
0.3550679683685303,
0.186553493142128,
-0.3420604169368744,
-0.10499171912670135,
0.11782879382371902,
-0.6540066599845886,
0.23990601301193237,
0.2349349707365036,
0.5887049436569214,
-0.1271706372499466,
-0.22077909111976624,
-0.056493110954761505,
-0.2554131746292114,
0.19501112401485443,
0.17569658160209656,
0.03622076287865639,
0.8895926475524902,
0.8068569898605347,
0.3784978985786438,
0.04479469358921051,
-0.5129632949829102,
-0.3615585267543793,
-0.23588314652442932,
-0.4280155301094055,
0.4563816785812378,
0.3692254424095154,
0.09453103691339493,
0.39736124873161316,
-0.05233866721391678,
-0.14420457184314728,
-0.5401935577392578,
-0.17861521244049072,
0.29640844464302063,
-0.7198410630226135,
1.568185806274414,
0.16945645213127136,
-0.36638951301574707,
1.0436501502990723,
-0.18360085785388947,
0.344486266374588,
-0.06797175854444504,
-0.11630591005086899,
0.5113294720649719,
0.33260834217071533,
0.24063412845134735,
1.0133758783340454,
-0.21177667379379272,
0.0720316544175148,
-0.301723450422287,
0.406778484582901,
0.25175175070762634,
0.014483039267361164,
0.6975293755531311,
-0.05770039185881615,
-0.34893348813056946,
-0.32621270418167114,
-0.23427321016788483,
0.6016322374343872,
0.3965426981449127,
0.06669394671916962,
1.2951419353485107,
0.04775606095790863,
0.06807179749011993,
0.3447315990924835,
0.15932023525238037,
0.6098229885101318,
0.7125464677810669,
0.4450578987598419,
0.3563576936721802,
-0.3281644582748413,
-0.36363837122917175,
0.44677019119262695,
0.2190525233745575,
-0.21995602548122406,
0.40631231665611267,
-0.1538739800453186,
-0.15701141953468323,
-0.24142099916934967,
0.49718645215034485,
-0.002694250550121069,
0.35100433230400085,
-0.13372854888439178,
0.11506494879722595,
0.6375791430473328,
0.11076376587152481,
0.303314745426178,
0.24461069703102112,
0.6551135182380676,
-0.34068331122398376,
-0.08106283098459244,
-0.126612588763237,
0.6175050735473633,
0.20410843193531036,
-0.12366431206464767,
0.12679480016231537,
0.04422752559185028,
-0.187783345580101,
-0.5036399364471436,
0.7410252094268799,
0.7909027338027954,
0.154179647564888,
-0.1416988968849182,
-0.07501265406608582,
-0.08974625915288925,
0.08797606825828552,
-0.30896878242492676,
-0.09417636692523956,
-0.9299679398536682,
0.2574140429496765,
0.011356993578374386,
0.03111417032778263,
0.052250612527132034,
-0.27910006046295166,
-0.36233019828796387,
-0.5599620342254639,
-0.5105710029602051,
-0.17061764001846313,
0.18166328966617584,
-0.4865208864212036,
-0.5865017771720886,
-0.04182405397295952,
0.7659798264503479,
0.07201825082302094,
0.06376975029706955,
-0.0018160832114517689,
-0.3267717957496643,
0.0009920240845531225,
-0.7357024550437927,
0.17310971021652222,
-0.7899775505065918,
0.03516745567321777,
0.16092045605182648,
0.029453275725245476,
-0.440216600894928,
-0.2230233997106552,
0.9280330538749695,
0.021248457953333855,
0.009238737635314465,
-0.09259040653705597,
0.07435408234596252,
-0.14709991216659546,
0.13637487590312958,
0.048501551151275635,
0.3618815541267395,
0.431194543838501,
-0.5921031832695007,
0.2832447290420532,
0.003922750242054462,
-5.907890319824219,
-0.08283297717571259,
0.050323907285928726,
0.15457968413829803,
0.07327272742986679,
0.1604057252407074,
0.6626837253570557,
-0.04743630439043045,
-0.25919589400291443,
-0.24306850135326385,
-0.6684220433235168,
0.07121284306049347,
-0.033868737518787384,
0.5950043797492981,
0.5931053757667542,
0.2764807939529419,
0.07873660326004028,
-0.013177034445106983,
0.28651028871536255,
0.08192385733127594,
-0.14003315567970276,
0.49364298582077026,
-0.2907702922821045,
0.34267354011535645,
0.44859933853149414,
0.44041088223457336,
-0.19817210733890533,
0.02310408465564251,
-0.2611043453216553,
0.5728949308395386,
0.31268933415412903,
-0.2526911795139313,
-0.5773861408233643,
-0.5529468059539795,
-0.31943002343177795,
0.3280399739742279,
0.8409880995750427,
0.35437023639678955,
0.39077362418174744,
-0.00819419790059328,
-0.24384212493896484,
0.7791855335235596,
0.2584550380706787,
-0.49506840109825134,
0.3215698301792145,
-0.2728167474269867,
-0.42319318652153015,
-0.006723964121192694,
-0.49285969138145447,
0.7635061740875244,
-0.14883381128311157,
-0.2337835729122162,
0.37269335985183716,
-0.04237552359700203,
-0.18610072135925293,
-0.2016592025756836,
0.6524407863616943,
0.14872564375400543,
-0.688338577747345,
-0.07273495942354202,
0.3128865361213684,
-0.46879956126213074,
0.3779906630516052,
-0.9353837966918945,
-0.05250151827931404,
-0.08955485373735428,
-0.4493289887905121,
-0.32406115531921387,
0.18858343362808228,
0.0856294259428978,
-0.43217578530311584,
0.6160200834274292,
-0.10367126762866974,
-0.9694387912750244,
-0.10763067752122879,
-0.21727189421653748,
-0.43083974719047546,
-0.0480218268930912,
0.2527725398540497,
0.5382726788520813,
-0.25042229890823364,
-0.6472115516662598,
-0.8927992582321167,
0.4984044134616852,
0.2766282856464386,
-0.3507843315601349,
0.03166425973176956,
-0.260683536529541,
-0.9759613275527954,
-0.10179155319929123,
0.1694239228963852,
0.06375838816165924,
-0.20505821704864502,
0.5614651441574097,
0.37989893555641174,
0.5424506068229675,
0.1977081596851349,
0.43006429076194763,
0.4634176194667816,
-0.085728220641613,
-0.21978014707565308,
-0.31190505623817444,
0.3313159644603729,
-0.7203948497772217,
-0.5037392377853394,
-0.2686571478843689,
-0.5985726118087769,
0.45125463604927063,
0.4383544623851776,
-0.6344218254089355,
0.048987507820129395,
0.294060081243515,
-0.7382824420928955,
-0.21102480590343475,
0.3575328588485718,
0.457620769739151,
-0.21577000617980957,
0.24020656943321228,
0.1885961890220642,
-0.22152653336524963,
-0.07512190192937851,
0.2050854116678238,
-0.06063137575984001,
-0.2873125672340393,
-0.208698570728302,
0.11523710191249847,
0.01647000201046467,
-0.09436653554439545,
-0.14660754799842834,
-0.052188441157341,
-0.21130962669849396,
0.11217417567968369,
0.12288966774940491,
-0.3266563415527344,
0.17747117578983307,
-0.5298494696617126,
-0.47102072834968567,
-0.11915816366672516,
-0.4927001893520355,
0.039539530873298645,
0.29875612258911133,
-0.08054076135158539,
-0.014026268385350704,
0.2394127994775772,
-0.09926501661539078,
-0.03890683501958847,
0.08749368786811829,
0.03464492782950401,
-0.0838596448302269,
0.7089022994041443,
0.10981791466474533,
-0.26506200432777405,
0.7634997367858887,
0.1242363229393959,
0.18605199456214905,
0.49277088046073914,
0.5185279250144958,
0.4160005748271942,
-0.3719678819179535,
-0.05541853979229927,
-0.3098481297492981,
-0.2776504158973694,
-0.8123782277107239,
-0.45374515652656555,
0.8693212270736694,
-0.5489278435707092,
-1.0419079065322876,
-0.5558733344078064,
-0.5773324370384216,
-0.13832618296146393,
0.16054022312164307,
0.20543734729290009,
-0.47654592990875244,
-0.02584753930568695,
0.005241989623755217,
-0.09860493242740631,
0.21267712116241455,
-0.2105686515569687,
-0.13540977239608765,
-0.18768933415412903,
0.35713574290275574,
-0.4672693610191345,
-0.1749011129140854,
0.09929850697517395,
0.6313149333000183,
-0.4663580358028412,
-0.03355099633336067,
-0.3854047954082489,
-0.21834330260753632,
0.2284662276506424,
0.12930956482887268,
0.4901483356952667,
0.5277885794639587,
-0.2005969136953354,
-0.21560229361057281,
-0.48405227065086365,
-0.25507256388664246,
-0.06519898027181625,
-0.1438097208738327,
-0.3996039032936096,
-0.11709272861480713,
0.4152432382106781,
-0.31606170535087585,
-0.09000953286886215,
0.2127871960401535,
-1.0438004732131958,
0.16802126169204712,
-0.3723273277282715,
-0.6311674118041992,
0.3410079777240753,
-0.3554668128490448,
-0.1404888778924942,
-0.16118401288986206,
-0.12533187866210938,
-0.45532849431037903,
-0.07087506353855133,
0.06308233737945557,
-0.1551278829574585,
-0.7334210276603699,
-0.10467259585857391,
0.0002102527068927884,
-0.04072337970137596,
-0.17726227641105652,
-0.4124731421470642,
-0.22788172960281372,
-0.1683327704668045,
0.6689046025276184,
-0.08337520062923431,
0.4603745639324188,
-0.5570935606956482,
-0.37361618876457214,
-0.08741357177495956,
-0.13130030035972595,
-0.2558252513408661,
-0.31922152638435364,
0.2182336300611496,
0.018875883892178535,
0.056591860949993134,
-0.2613285481929779,
-0.03510202094912529,
0.2378346025943756,
0.07661464810371399,
-0.053708985447883606,
-0.26898136734962463,
-0.15969622135162354,
0.2971392869949341,
-0.09064067155122757,
-0.07335560023784637,
-0.5633813738822937,
-0.6035027503967285,
-0.21754571795463562,
-0.12501618266105652,
-0.31217679381370544,
-0.5134662985801697,
0.9498108625411987,
-0.266872763633728,
-0.23726995289325714,
-0.19465211033821106,
0.03880830109119415,
-0.6870348453521729,
0.019286273047327995,
-0.2080831676721573,
-0.8650166392326355,
0.1942182332277298,
0.006293193902820349,
0.1805107742547989,
0.03644847124814987,
-0.40452539920806885,
-0.2054760903120041,
-0.40837180614471436,
0.030813278630375862,
-0.5854311585426331,
-0.06696667522192001,
0.6469053626060486,
0.05604511499404907,
-0.06485451012849808,
-0.43512675166130066,
-0.1591363251209259,
-0.3265814185142517,
-0.4120839536190033,
0.19948096573352814,
0.1797424703836441,
0.2582266926765442,
-0.2655065059661865,
-0.519313395023346,
-0.4116249084472656,
-0.1490749567747116,
-0.43564531207084656,
0.33049851655960083,
0.10515531152486801,
-0.575341522693634,
0.02473589964210987,
-0.010417773388326168,
-0.6414883136749268,
0.5250422358512878,
0.018639644607901573,
-0.30555784702301025,
-0.4948623776435852,
-0.27182459831237793,
-0.30036887526512146,
-0.42832306027412415,
0.40370801091194153,
0.48731425404548645,
-0.8570404648780823,
0.6751248240470886,
0.370785117149353,
-0.057176101952791214,
0.3640752136707306,
-0.3589366376399994,
0.10525131970643997,
0.6665881276130676,
-0.07080487906932831,
-0.30271220207214355,
0.37614813446998596,
-0.3857981264591217,
0.08990462124347687,
0.13691984117031097,
-0.6838975548744202,
0.4539946913719177,
0.09501071274280548,
0.1378995031118393,
0.1401783972978592,
0.44485074281692505,
-0.23864631354808807,
-0.48555126786231995,
0.282583087682724,
-0.21587321162223816,
0.16837596893310547,
-0.26101019978523254,
-0.060660913586616516,
0.6816902160644531,
0.5934424996376038,
-0.4635376036167145,
0.7430441975593567,
-0.008843147195875645,
-0.5323683619499207,
0.24937713146209717,
-0.24510745704174042,
-0.1608598828315735,
0.5541554093360901,
0.4517969787120819,
0.6284964680671692,
-0.15616139769554138,
0.10823241621255875,
-0.628602921962738,
0.022478139027953148,
0.025918081402778625,
0.619345486164093,
0.12282368540763855,
0.7652873992919922,
0.4599648714065552,
0.2924681603908539,
-0.1255141645669937,
-0.8985928297042847,
-0.05140280723571777,
-0.473248153924942,
0.14809086918830872,
-0.14149494469165802,
0.04348556697368622,
-0.36829933524131775,
0.18107222020626068,
-0.003972622565925121,
0.31580203771591187,
0.15203742682933807,
0.2411511093378067,
0.43332046270370483,
0.38992711901664734,
-0.2973700761795044,
0.10842294991016388,
0.04781804233789444,
0.14354276657104492,
-0.4871857166290283,
-0.17732098698616028,
0.507168710231781,
-0.27660825848579407,
0.27374067902565,
0.3635580837726593,
0.24495111405849457,
0.09105337411165237,
-0.0066193523816764355,
-0.39119720458984375,
-0.13269732892513275,
-0.5574958324432373,
0.33107808232307434,
0.6486175060272217,
0.14521966874599457,
0.27630943059921265,
0.7343894839286804,
-0.24538183212280273,
-0.05360030382871628,
-0.013536232523620129,
-0.5787473320960999,
0.03168116509914398,
0.013924050144851208,
-0.5850965976715088,
0.2794104516506195,
0.09502390027046204,
0.7031795382499695,
-0.035199124366045,
0.0386631041765213,
-0.13930100202560425,
-0.20206774771213531,
0.4272230565547943,
0.28265246748924255,
-0.09559637308120728,
0.5568711161613464,
-0.7334350347518921,
0.05212794616818428,
-0.6751912832260132,
-0.06535402685403824,
-0.024286121129989624,
0.28159329295158386,
-0.33917078375816345,
0.23153427243232727,
-0.2619098126888275,
0.0764191523194313,
0.0752292349934578,
0.041965872049331665,
0.3968036472797394,
0.020400933921337128,
-0.6951330304145813,
0.20168878138065338,
0.2943595349788666,
0.1638408750295639,
0.03375454246997833,
0.18154728412628174,
0.23532670736312866,
-0.1700034737586975,
-0.278821736574173,
0.0009109752136282623,
0.266740620136261,
-0.08594291657209396,
-0.1966223269701004,
0.24492990970611572,
-0.23807840049266815,
-0.2235548496246338,
0.21186356246471405,
0.1402048021554947,
-0.2570177912712097,
-0.6047049164772034,
-0.18531757593154907,
0.03154648840427399,
0.02047867327928543,
0.09030449390411377,
-1.463584303855896,
0.3275401294231415,
-0.14543142914772034,
-0.36196640133857727,
0.06007935479283333,
0.0896531417965889,
0.18488749861717224,
0.30629247426986694,
-0.30525848269462585,
-0.9001007080078125,
-0.34467560052871704,
0.36366620659828186,
0.35573044419288635,
-0.3671211004257202,
0.4896603524684906,
0.39161810278892517
] |
210880
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater%20%28constellation%29
|
Crater (constellation)
|
Crater is a small constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is the latinization of the Greek krater, a type of cup used to water down wine. One of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy, it depicts a cup that has been associated with the god Apollo and is perched on the back of Hydra the water snake.
There is no star brighter than third magnitude in the constellation. Its two brightest stars, Delta Crateris of magnitude 3.56 and Alpha Crateris of magnitude 4.07, are ageing orange giant stars that are cooler and larger than the Sun. Beta Crateris is a binary star system composed of a white giant star and a white dwarf. Seven star systems have been found to host planets. A few notable galaxies, including Crater 2 and NGC 3981, and a famous quasar lie within the borders of the constellation.
Mythology
In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BC, the stars of Crater were possibly incorporated with those of the crow Corvus in the Babylonian Raven (MUL.UGA.MUSHEN). British scientist John H. Rogers observed that the adjoining constellation Hydra signified Ningishzida, the god of the underworld in the Babylonian compendium MUL.APIN. He proposed that Corvus and Crater (along with the water snake Hydra) were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld. Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of Mithraism, which is thought to have been of middle-eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome.
Crater is identified with a story from Greek mythology in which a crow or raven serves Apollo, and is sent to fetch water, but it delays its journey as it finds some figs and waits for them to ripen before eating them. Finally it retrieves the water in a cup, and takes back a water snake, blaming it for drinking the water. According to the myth, Apollo saw through the fraud, and angrily cast the crow, cup, and snake, into the sky. The three constellations were arranged in such a way that the crow was prevented from drinking from the cup, and hence seen as a warning against sinning against the gods.
Phylarchus wrote of a different origin for Crater. He told how the city of Eleusa near Troy was beset by plague. Its ruler Demiphon consulted an oracle who decreed that a maiden would be sacrificed each year. Demiphon declared that he would choose a maiden by lottery, but did not include his own daughters. One noble, Mastusius, objected, so Demiphon sacrificed his daughter. Later, Mastusius killed Demiphon's daughters and fed the ruler a mixture of their blood and wine from a cup. Upon finding out the deed, the king ordered Mastusius and the cup to be thrown into the sea. Crater signifies the cup.
In other cultures
In Chinese astronomy, the stars of Crater are located within the constellation of the Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, Nán Fāng Zhū Què). They depict, along with some stars from Hydra, Yi, the Red Bird's wings. Yi also denotes the 27th lunar mansion. Alternatively, Yi depicts a heroic bowman; his bow composed of other stars in Hydra. In the Society Islands, Crater was recognized as a constellation called Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara ("vortex-ocean-in-which-to-lose-crime").
Characteristics
Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Crt". The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −6.66° and −25.20°. Its position in the southern celestial hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 65°N.
Features
Stars
The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters alpha through lambda to label the most prominent stars in the constellation. Bode added more, though only Psi Crateris remains in use. John Flamsteed gave 31 stars in Crater and the segment of Hydra immediately below Crater Flamsteed designations, naming the resulting constellation Hydra et Crater. Most of these stars lie in Hydra. The three brightest stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—form a triangle located near the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.
Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, it is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much power as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally called Alkes "the cup", and marking the base of the cup is Alpha Crateris, an orange-hued star of magnitude 4.1, that is 141 ± 2 light-years from the Sun. With an estimated mass 1.75 ± 0.24 times that of the Sun, it has exhausted its core hydrogen and expanded to 13.2 ± 0.55 times the Sun's diameter, shining with 69 times its luminosity and an effective temperature of around 4600 K.
With a magnitude of 4.5, Beta Crateris is a binary star system, consisting of a white-hued giant star of spectral type A1III and a white dwarf of spectral type DA1.4, 296 ± 8 light-years from the Sun. Much smaller than the primary, the white dwarf cannot be seen as a separate object, even by the Hubble Space Telescope. Gamma Crateris is a double star, resolvable in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a white main sequence star of spectral type A7V, that is an estimated 1.81 times as massive as the Sun, while the secondary—of magnitude 9.6—has 75% the Sun's mass, and is likely an orange dwarf. The two stars take at least 1150 years to orbit each other. The system is 85.6 ± 0.8 light-years away from the Sun.
Epsilon and Zeta Crateris mark the Cup's rim. The largest naked eye star in the constellation, Epsilon Crateris is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III. It has about the same mass as the Sun, but has expanded to 44.7 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 391 times the solar luminosity. It is 366 ± 8 light-years distant from the Sun. Zeta Crateris is a binary star system. The primary, component A, is a magnitude 4.95 evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump star that is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. Zeta Crateris has expanded to 13 times the radius of the Sun, and shines with 157 times the luminosity of the Sun. The secondary, component B, is a magnitude 7.84 star. Zeta Crateris is a confirmed member of the Sirius supercluster and is a candidate member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a collection of stars that share a similar motion through space and may have at one time been members of the same open cluster. The system is located 326 ± 9 light-years from the Sun.
Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour. Located near Alkes is the red-hued R Crateris, a semiregular variable star of type SRb and a spectral classification of M7. It ranges from magnitude 9.8 to 11.2 over an optical period of 160 days. It is 770 ± 40 light-years distant from the Sun. TT Crateris is a cataclysmic variable; a binary system composed of a white dwarf around as massive as the Sun in close orbit with an orange dwarf of spectral type K5V. The two orbit each other every 6 hours 26 minutes. The white dwarf strips matter off its companion, forming an accretion disk which periodically ignites and erupts. The star system has a magnitude of 15.9 when quiescent, brightening to 12.7 in outburst. SZ Crateris is a magnitude 8.5 BY Draconis type variable star. It is a nearby star system located about 42.9 ± 1.0 light-years from the Sun, and is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.
HD 98800, also known as TV Crateris, is a quadruple star system around 7–10 million years old, made up of two pairs of stars in close orbit. One pair has a debris disk that contains dust and gas orbiting them both. Spanning the distance between 3 and 5 astronomical units from the stars, it is thought to be a protoplanetary disk. DENIS-P J1058.7-1548 is a brown dwarf less than 5.5% as massive as the Sun. With a surface temperature of between 1700 and 2000 K, it is cool enough for clouds to form. Variations in its brightness in visible and infrared spectra suggest it has some form of atmospheric cloud cover.
HD 96167 is a star 1.31 ± 0.09 times as massive as the Sun, that has most likely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling into a yellow subgiant with a diameter 1.86 ± 0.07 times that of the Sun, and 3.4 ± 0.2 times its luminosity. Analysis of its radial velocity revealed it has a planet with a minimum mass 68% that of Jupiter, which takes 498.9 ± 1.0 days to complete an orbit. With the orbital separation varying between 0.38 and 2.22 astronomical units, the orbit is highly eccentric. The stellar system is 279 ± 1 light-years away from the Sun. HD 98649 is a yellow main sequence star, classified as a G4V, that has the same mass and diameter as the Sun, but has only 86% of its luminosity. In 2012, a long-period ( 4951 days) planet companion, at least 6.8 times as massive as Jupiter, was discovered by radial velocity method. Its orbit was calculated to be highly eccentric, swinging out to 10.6 astronomical units away from its star, and hence a candidate for direct imaging. BD-10°3166 is a metallic orange main sequence star of spectral type K3.0V, 268 ± 10 light-years distant from the Sun. It was found to have a hot Jupiter-type planet that has a minimum mass of 48% of Jupiter's, and takes only 3.49 days to complete an orbit. WASP-34 is a sun-like star of spectral type G5V that has 1.01 ± 0.07 times the mass and 0.93 ± 0.12 times the diameter of the Sun. It has a planet 0.59 ± 0.01 times as massive as Jupiter that takes 4.317 days to complete an orbit. The system is 432 ± 3 light-years distant from the Sun.
Deep-sky objects
The Crater 2 dwarf is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, located approximately 380,000 light-years from the Sun. NGC 3511 is a spiral galaxy seen nearly edge-on, of magnitude 11.0, located 2° west of Beta Crateris. Located 11' away is NGC 3513, a barred spiral galaxy. NGC 3981 is a spiral galaxy with two wide and perturbed spiral arms. It is a member of the NGC 4038 Group, which, along with NGC 3672 and NGC 3887, are part of a group of 45 galaxies known as the Crater Cloud within the Virgo Supercluster.
RX J1131 is a quasar located 6 billion light-years away from the Sun. The black hole in the center of the quasar was the first black hole whose spin has ever been directly measured. GRB 011211 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 11, 2001. The burst lasted 270 seconds, making it the longest burst that had ever been detected by X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX up to that point. GRB 030323 lasted 26 seconds, and was detected on 23 March 2003.
Meteor showers
The Eta Craterids are a faint meteor shower that takes place between 11 and 22 January, peaking around January 16 and 17.
See also
Crater (Chinese astronomy)
Notes
References
External links
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Crater
The clickable Crater
Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (medieval and early modern images of Crater)
Constellations
Southern constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
|
[
0.09669840335845947,
0.48283523321151733,
-0.1358330100774765,
-0.3960926830768585,
-0.3779509663581848,
0.19172972440719604,
0.08938206732273102,
0.5686891674995422,
-0.05226949602365494,
-1.0992193222045898,
-0.45059964060783386,
0.14061395823955536,
-0.5583581924438477,
0.3296527862548828,
0.4599230885505676,
0.615475594997406,
0.335509330034256,
0.6006713509559631,
-0.5017927885055542,
-0.22750382125377655,
0.4192802608013153,
-0.10474515706300735,
0.3723577857017517,
-0.4672260582447052,
-0.5865070819854736,
0.19768790900707245,
-0.11227382719516754,
0.7671223282814026,
0.8101985454559326,
0.24534456431865692,
-0.1975986659526825,
0.6401631236076355,
-0.05492209270596504,
-0.3772897720336914,
-0.030984649434685707,
0.49356693029403687,
0.1214611828327179,
-0.16515882313251495,
0.01164887472987175,
-0.14999520778656006,
0.3096849322319031,
-0.2606699764728546,
-0.09720777720212936,
0.22648905217647552,
-0.22839537262916565,
-0.5090548992156982,
-1.4312223196029663,
0.6072894334793091,
-0.13435356318950653,
-0.34765928983688354,
-0.1301494687795639,
-0.1504020392894745,
0.1786612719297409,
0.40425965189933777,
-0.4778114855289459,
0.6840355396270752,
-0.4821397364139557,
0.127686008810997,
0.32812896370887756,
0.06836400181055069,
-0.023870257660746574,
0.3918409049510956,
-0.43565499782562256,
-0.09774588793516159,
-0.5756044983863831,
0.5591451525688171,
0.029821358621120453,
0.39556798338890076,
-0.19397470355033875,
-0.06917305290699005,
0.1721286028623581,
-0.4806971549987793,
-0.17017889022827148,
0.33072689175605774,
-0.2651118040084839,
-0.2903220057487488,
-0.3735775649547577,
0.5646535754203796,
0.17955806851387024,
-0.14360319077968597,
0.1748199313879013,
0.09262588620185852,
0.7192889451980591,
-0.22879670560359955,
-0.46915149688720703,
0.12896892428398132,
-0.6236400008201599,
0.34411635994911194,
-0.0692686140537262,
0.2834394574165344,
-0.32203012704849243,
-0.48831257224082947,
0.6799483299255371,
0.23293596506118774,
0.14911498129367828,
-0.09479720890522003,
0.23095697164535522,
-0.05104868486523628,
0.18299078941345215,
0.17256522178649902,
0.13261859118938446,
-0.09849787503480911,
0.7932146191596985,
-0.20347969233989716,
-0.34792399406433105,
-0.2823328673839569,
-0.3381003141403198,
-0.8337277770042419,
-0.5164444446563721,
-0.1589406132698059,
-0.8549168705940247,
0.18156135082244873,
-0.15200315415859222,
0.02856176346540451,
-0.8135784268379211,
-0.05806741490960121,
-0.10350681096315384,
-0.2559093236923218,
0.2628209888935089,
-0.5637747645378113,
0.10748264938592911,
0.5189486145973206,
0.26949620246887207,
0.5158510208129883,
-0.36603406071662903,
0.6999318599700928,
0.3877967894077301,
-0.32732129096984863,
-0.6523853540420532,
0.5027635097503662,
-0.07695327699184418,
0.714569628238678,
0.1493983417749405,
0.8401178121566772,
0.3213031589984894,
-0.5780479311943054,
-0.2767081558704376,
-0.04880464822053909,
0.17585144937038422,
-0.22023402154445648,
-0.7363063097000122,
-0.14569176733493805,
-1.0952537059783936,
-0.05532258749008179,
0.75496506690979,
0.27912792563438416,
-0.3143489360809326,
-1.1801764965057373,
0.11781967431306839,
-0.390398770570755,
-0.2644903063774109,
-0.32252898812294006,
0.08231988549232483,
0.1231018453836441,
-0.6304041743278503,
-0.3066817820072174,
-0.0034884056076407433,
-0.1545853167772293,
0.23261767625808716,
-0.03366055339574814,
0.09724582731723785,
-0.055254850536584854,
-0.17732711136341095,
0.23294875025749207,
0.32537832856178284,
0.1277727633714676,
0.6626849174499512,
-0.5287841558456421,
-0.059246648102998734,
0.09444138407707214,
-0.38121140003204346,
0.04734731838107109,
0.876520037651062,
-0.39229175448417664,
0.6053397059440613,
-0.6311349868774414,
0.6796608567237854,
0.23593777418136597,
0.05856505036354065,
-0.29007044434547424,
-0.4488619267940521,
-0.42844080924987793,
0.12027683854103088,
-0.27125853300094604,
0.23925910890102386,
0.013119789771735668,
0.2295316457748413,
0.04952758178114891,
0.5609403848648071,
0.512048602104187,
-1.0807702541351318,
-0.03709118813276291,
0.3005739748477936,
0.6011772155761719,
0.7885412573814392,
-0.5332862734794617,
-0.3901188373565674,
-0.14996738731861115,
0.5165830254554749,
0.2224474847316742,
-0.9126104712486267,
-0.39877843856811523,
-0.24705898761749268,
-0.05381057411432266,
-0.381602019071579,
0.29374390840530396,
-0.12710246443748474,
-0.19824714958667755,
0.044477418065071106,
0.47207945585250854,
0.3704213500022888,
-0.6782982349395752,
0.1706176996231079,
0.02171526663005352,
0.18074654042720795,
0.2894596457481384,
-0.6857659220695496,
0.20597249269485474,
-0.7346765398979187,
0.31586024165153503,
0.3155811131000519,
0.28203484416007996,
-0.006596532184630632,
-0.3396493196487427,
-0.42596086859703064,
0.8224529027938843,
0.4095616936683655,
0.2862623929977417,
0.29308781027793884,
-0.4818118214607239,
0.4006587862968445,
-0.37823572754859924,
0.3813227713108063,
-0.38805124163627625,
-0.2808760106563568,
-0.44638609886169434,
-0.05767536908388138,
-0.5687043070793152,
0.28896868228912354,
-1.0722935199737549,
-0.09359969198703766,
-0.010531490668654442,
-0.8432942032814026,
0.13351500034332275,
0.12325352430343628,
0.10698225349187851,
0.036172572523355484,
-0.352953165769577,
-0.3358049690723419,
0.4144080579280853,
-0.49864712357521057,
0.3707122206687927,
0.14677664637565613,
-0.3686820864677429,
-0.3080856204032898,
0.03678266331553459,
0.2544625401496887,
0.1457168161869049,
0.24483053386211395,
-0.2093479037284851,
-0.2797485589981079,
0.39615949988365173,
0.30069389939308167,
-0.010923618450760841,
0.07226039469242096,
0.30147022008895874,
-0.2407713681459427,
0.051355987787246704,
0.06770940124988556,
0.1761210709810257,
-0.16333575546741486,
-0.17482423782348633,
-0.5138084292411804,
-0.34220919013023376,
0.12427929788827896,
-0.07523477077484131,
-0.2382632941007614,
-0.08441512286663055,
-0.4420081079006195,
-0.37081530690193176,
0.48459675908088684,
0.6984351277351379,
0.19530415534973145,
-0.051789700984954834,
-0.9446568489074707,
0.4843730330467224,
0.6905441284179688,
-0.1644255518913269,
-0.5191685557365417,
-0.326132208108902,
-0.6626003384590149,
0.14435553550720215,
-0.08802197128534317,
1.216754674911499,
-0.2916032373905182,
-0.28129908442497253,
0.36062341928482056,
-0.21973951160907745,
0.0703606978058815,
-0.7017313241958618,
-0.16302694380283356,
0.09824186563491821,
-0.6895023584365845,
-0.5768421292304993,
0.2305891066789627,
-0.04784702509641647,
-0.10855557024478912,
0.3995444178581238,
-5.473990440368652,
0.14735932648181915,
-0.09744495153427124,
-0.12905628979206085,
0.04125345125794411,
0.14160990715026855,
0.39694881439208984,
-0.296292781829834,
-0.08927847445011139,
-0.07257995754480362,
-0.3318093419075012,
-0.8012499809265137,
-0.30674687027931213,
0.18512935936450958,
0.29827821254730225,
0.25330477952957153,
0.8986380696296692,
0.35835105180740356,
0.12100710719823837,
0.47064805030822754,
-0.011335518211126328,
0.5540875196456909,
-0.3599885106086731,
0.029107719659805298,
-0.5644693970680237,
0.38791564106941223,
0.35326600074768066,
-0.2730950713157654,
-0.1900244653224945,
-0.3228697180747986,
0.014272348955273628,
0.21105313301086426,
-0.6632252335548401,
-0.1740511953830719,
-0.45120128989219666,
0.2629765272140503,
0.4753122329711914,
-0.7960266470909119,
0.5057064294815063,
0.46245402097702026,
-0.270539790391922,
0.6403988599777222,
0.4112534523010254,
-0.841916024684906,
0.6560137867927551,
-0.5045996904373169,
-0.7371772527694702,
-0.1999797224998474,
-0.14708036184310913,
0.6800723671913147,
0.3775959610939026,
-0.06255646795034409,
-0.18970799446105957,
0.38632386922836304,
0.09097693115472794,
0.39305078983306885,
0.28075581789016724,
0.3453243374824524,
-0.5617170929908752,
0.3610995411872864,
0.33730050921440125,
-0.19079865515232086,
-0.33730918169021606,
-0.5542457699775696,
0.5988327264785767,
-0.07561202347278595,
0.12554621696472168,
-0.17723943293094635,
0.5619962215423584,
0.24385789036750793,
-0.3417404890060425,
0.6171551942825317,
-0.37170493602752686,
-0.8593193888664246,
-0.04054965078830719,
-0.10228857398033142,
-0.12104928493499756,
0.06454619765281677,
-0.7689070701599121,
-0.2055913358926773,
-0.14381159842014313,
-0.37033331394195557,
0.40752485394477844,
-0.11148285120725632,
-0.16452573239803314,
-0.47280120849609375,
-0.3333567678928375,
0.1816728711128235,
0.14012651145458221,
-0.19824399054050446,
-0.19401347637176514,
-0.5879873633384705,
0.1690891832113266,
0.43098607659339905,
0.2367200255393982,
0.5806388258934021,
0.3559052050113678,
-0.1692294031381607,
0.8007171154022217,
0.4428653419017792,
0.5850164294242859,
-0.4459880292415619,
0.4071575403213501,
-0.10614154487848282,
-0.8642762303352356,
-0.4982719421386719,
0.10936374962329865,
0.5748813152313232,
0.7268893718719482,
-0.11887980997562408,
0.31957289576530457,
-0.3857632577419281,
-0.7002284526824951,
-0.3613417446613312,
0.8671402335166931,
0.2058132141828537,
0.24248673021793365,
0.586315393447876,
0.3789619207382202,
0.420462429523468,
0.10230095684528351,
-0.02919875830411911,
-0.3206464350223541,
-0.4441490173339844,
-1.0047131776809692,
0.22868402302265167,
-0.46444740891456604,
-0.45705682039260864,
-0.13062149286270142,
0.6219662427902222,
0.19622491300106049,
0.0787615105509758,
0.024258678779006004,
-0.04726529121398926,
0.5822564363479614,
-0.42283546924591064,
-0.2752258777618408,
-0.10988049954175949,
0.40430039167404175,
-0.11533012986183167,
0.0739218145608902,
0.6739834547042847,
-0.3648222088813782,
-0.2098456770181656,
0.7407554388046265,
0.3839408755302429,
-0.31256788969039917,
-0.555947482585907,
-0.28928351402282715,
0.7257586121559143,
-0.3271980583667755,
-0.5772891044616699,
-0.1988847702741623,
-0.551305890083313,
0.04676184803247452,
0.1129114106297493,
0.3384905457496643,
0.05745762214064598,
0.5904983282089233,
-0.16322219371795654,
0.1282477080821991,
-0.5586188435554504,
-0.7807796597480774,
0.6433894634246826,
-0.14171160757541656,
-0.2758229076862335,
0.402110755443573,
-0.9764153361320496,
-0.1696375012397766,
0.6721627116203308,
0.003638102672994137,
-0.2002808004617691,
-0.4415828287601471,
-0.8534502983093262,
-0.21485936641693115,
0.12812969088554382,
0.21719568967819214,
0.019219666719436646,
0.2743171751499176,
-0.24051523208618164,
-0.29477545619010925,
0.34079283475875854,
-0.4410572648048401,
0.17378444969654083,
0.03233761340379715,
0.014390271157026291,
-0.7869362831115723,
-0.468072772026062,
-0.24432091414928436,
-0.38361623883247375,
0.2943629026412964,
0.17630352079868317,
-0.2651321291923523,
0.14502455294132233,
-0.10262748599052429,
-0.35145363211631775,
-0.28287410736083984,
0.2651219367980957,
0.1763312667608261,
-0.4175827205181122,
-0.055738721042871475,
0.14610783755779266,
-0.4516971707344055,
0.6598538160324097,
-0.011407027021050453,
-0.9049142003059387,
0.41903918981552124,
0.378778338432312,
-0.34103214740753174,
0.4650011658668518,
-0.273560494184494,
-0.8466773629188538,
-0.5471049547195435,
0.5426213145256042,
0.052050840109586716,
0.4501957893371582,
0.5888078212738037,
0.24663738906383514,
-0.01992734521627426,
-0.14707393944263458,
-0.43040192127227783,
0.0661221444606781,
-0.34538784623146057,
-0.274429053068161,
-0.016664868220686913,
0.39530640840530396,
0.09915442019701004,
-0.781611442565918,
0.09616003930568695,
0.01943495124578476,
-0.019009742885828018,
0.3393931984901428,
0.2487264722585678,
-0.17732223868370056,
0.35370466113090515,
-0.049314938485622406,
-0.15738093852996826,
-0.018772056326270103,
0.16724886000156403,
0.24187250435352325,
0.506136417388916,
0.9796280264854431,
0.45452216267585754,
-0.6584174633026123,
-0.17565414309501648,
-0.4509541988372803,
1.1431019306182861,
-0.33031415939331055,
-0.6615788340568542,
0.05995670706033707,
0.47269827127456665,
-0.5347198843955994,
-0.8369789123535156,
-0.1657634973526001,
0.9760568737983704,
-0.724163830280304,
-0.22703514993190765,
0.07740207016468048,
-0.032713212072849274,
0.5151543021202087,
0.3477839231491089,
-0.044596824795007706,
0.1274016946554184,
-0.10403061658143997,
0.5970514416694641,
-0.017006080597639084,
-0.530062198638916,
-0.22231657803058624,
0.7665910124778748,
-0.3525265157222748,
-0.07259926944971085,
-0.005739082582294941,
0.47314175963401794,
0.5854758620262146,
-0.02806943655014038,
0.4851721525192261,
0.13247627019882202,
-0.33625340461730957,
-0.4083304703235626,
-0.20881840586662292,
-0.3098643720149994,
0.6582633256912231,
-0.1784997284412384,
-0.0925789326429367,
0.4779753088951111,
-0.3400783836841583,
-0.5845637321472168,
0.19645456969738007,
0.07477248460054398,
-0.10924147814512253,
-0.7145324945449829,
0.007198038510978222,
-0.36374178528785706,
0.13775280117988586,
0.1943424642086029,
0.7088918685913086,
0.09293028712272644,
0.2255379855632782,
-0.10667798668146133,
0.21073561906814575,
-0.5712257027626038,
1.0452302694320679,
-0.1526685506105423,
-0.6096346974372864,
0.22769513726234436,
-0.4822661280632019,
0.3791666626930237,
-0.15287697315216064,
-0.13258488476276398,
0.16017697751522064,
0.685325562953949,
0.15106040239334106,
0.13876160979270935,
0.41380026936531067,
-0.7280493974685669,
1.0381243228912354,
0.8944218754768372,
0.03889181464910507,
-0.10959769785404205,
0.21897587180137634,
0.4169699251651764,
0.31575754284858704,
-0.18988348543643951,
-0.0740402489900589,
-1.115182638168335,
0.41095206141471863,
-0.5483989715576172,
0.6170606017112732,
0.48178791999816895,
0.10076654702425003,
0.5023431777954102,
-0.7789188027381897,
0.20631183683872223,
0.6690532565116882,
-0.7973923087120056,
-0.250419020652771,
0.5890346169471741,
-0.617516279220581,
-0.3398410975933075,
-0.09493089467287064,
-0.0654355064034462,
0.7423999905586243,
0.6951226592063904,
0.12516970932483673,
-0.21788103878498077,
0.5836130380630493,
-0.06421980261802673,
-0.17283287644386292,
0.3738360106945038,
-0.3466516137123108,
-0.17730428278446198,
-0.41877061128616333,
0.04312245175242424,
0.3486259877681732,
0.27210527658462524,
0.061858274042606354,
0.8019546270370483,
-0.21747076511383057,
-0.19314062595367432,
-0.2728478014469147,
-0.10194862633943558,
0.007202507928013802,
0.5902533531188965,
0.225990891456604,
-0.5832945704460144,
-0.04278271272778511,
0.03983544558286667,
-0.38772231340408325,
-0.04554188624024391,
-0.26971352100372314,
0.07954318076372147,
0.17813782393932343,
0.241490438580513,
-0.03354203701019287,
0.37568965554237366,
0.24341981112957,
0.0990542396903038,
0.22748546302318573,
-0.44285163283348083,
0.08233214169740677,
-0.10226867347955704,
0.3695521354675293,
-0.1907157301902771,
-0.15235766768455505,
0.038213152438402176,
0.14726369082927704,
-0.5435810089111328,
0.13122542202472687,
0.5431283116340637,
-0.2889406681060791,
0.37885355949401855,
-0.3886275887489319,
-0.153744637966156,
-0.3769325315952301,
-0.40576091408729553,
0.1307263970375061,
-0.0657893717288971,
0.43003222346305847,
0.2094268798828125,
-0.44401416182518005,
0.5505369305610657,
-0.33117344975471497,
0.14368537068367004,
0.025416428223252296,
-0.3109022378921509,
0.1884288638830185,
-0.06218788027763367,
0.9575714468955994,
-0.923973023891449,
0.5846259593963623,
0.5698285698890686,
0.02486521750688553,
-0.004122636280953884,
0.764274537563324,
0.2591300904750824,
-0.17710362374782562,
0.5727559924125671,
0.1844935566186905,
0.020526740700006485,
-0.29177314043045044,
0.6358626484870911,
-0.3089815080165863,
0.2703710198402405,
-0.15789495408535004,
0.4506835341453552,
-0.0066041601821780205,
0.45854008197784424,
0.0846315324306488,
0.03220623731613159,
0.31802940368652344,
0.16531255841255188,
-0.5443854331970215,
-0.5938680768013,
-0.020223988220095634,
-0.5789435505867004,
-0.8646658062934875,
0.639640212059021,
1.2724684476852417,
0.45199713110923767,
-0.9208620190620422,
0.09417341649532318,
0.19654925167560577,
-0.2970717251300812,
0.17743614315986633,
-0.09868894517421722,
0.027832087129354477,
-0.6005983352661133,
-0.56653892993927,
-0.41497763991355896,
0.7366725206375122,
-0.041513536125421524,
0.5038712024688721,
0.04330259934067726,
-0.4341479539871216,
-0.01985059306025505,
-0.26739710569381714,
0.4706665873527527,
-0.09388306736946106,
0.6747943758964539,
0.3217664062976837
] |
210881
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Fine%20Arts
|
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
|
The Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts (), commonly called the Royal Academy, is located in Stockholm, Sweden. An independent organization that promotes the development of painting, sculpture, architecture, and other fine arts, it is one of several Swedish Royal Academies. The Royal Institute of Art, an art school that was once an integral part of the Academy, was broken out in 1978 as an independent entity directly under the supervision of the Ministry of Education.
History
In 1735, Carl Gustaf Tessin set up a drawing school at Stockholm Castle, naming it the Royal Drawing Academy. It was modeled after French academies of the day as a gathering place for established artists and art connoisseurs. The painters Guillaume Taraval, Johan Henrik Scheffel, and Olof Arenius and the architect Carl Hårleman taught there, and the first group of students included Johan Pasch.
In 1766, the academy expanded its activities following a parliamentary decree. In 1768, its name was changed to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. In 1773, King Gustav III wrote the first statutes for the academy's organization. At the time, the curriculum spanned architecture, graphics, anatomy, theory of perspective, and cultural history. The late 18th century is considered the first golden age of the Royal Academy, when great artists of the time such as Johan Tobias Sergel were elected as members and also taught there. In 1810, it was renamed again to Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts (Swedish: Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna), the name it still bears today.
By the 1830s, there was beginning to be opposition to the Royal Academy's commitment to traditional academic art. In addition, while both men and women could be elected as members of the academy, at the time women could only study art by special permission before 1864, when women students where accepted. The Stockholm Art Association was formed to offer exhibition alternatives, and an Impressionist artist's group known as "The Opponents" arose as well.
Location
In 1780, the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture moved from Stockholm Palace into a 17th palace designed by the architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder on Fredsgatan street in the city center. In the years 1842–46 it was redesigned by the architect Fredrik Blom and an extension was added in 1893–96.
See also
List of Swedish artists
References
External links
The Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Sweden
Arts
Culture in Stockholm
Academies of arts
Organizations established in 1773
1773 establishments in Sweden
|
[
0.7842388153076172,
0.17945794761180878,
0.2011013776063919,
0.09127818048000336,
-0.010832803323864937,
0.29320481419563293,
0.6698603630065918,
0.18865469098091125,
-1.184929609298706,
-0.4551440179347992,
-0.2851269245147705,
0.3431934118270874,
0.050210434943437576,
0.3368399143218994,
-0.26317083835601807,
-0.0556301474571228,
0.5970190763473511,
0.3747730851173401,
0.031033780425786972,
-0.1918969750404358,
-0.12044019252061844,
-0.019147492945194244,
0.8945525884628296,
-0.17810848355293274,
0.05361047014594078,
-0.4532588720321655,
0.24857822060585022,
0.3058799207210541,
0.6640661358833313,
0.010844141244888306,
-0.10970798134803772,
-0.05092581361532211,
-0.56971675157547,
-0.45910462737083435,
-0.3956184685230255,
-0.2039436250925064,
-0.09018257260322571,
-0.3301260471343994,
0.1704523116350174,
-0.49471166729927063,
0.06478267908096313,
-0.20138487219810486,
-0.20994113385677338,
-0.03044835478067398,
-0.36007750034332275,
-1.2555757761001587,
-1.0497132539749146,
0.6299867630004883,
-0.2731586992740631,
0.7878977656364441,
-0.49840816855430603,
0.5259003639221191,
0.03787307068705559,
1.1986455917358398,
0.014912420883774757,
0.33598068356513977,
-1.1174967288970947,
0.15608815848827362,
0.11013203114271164,
-0.3420255482196808,
0.23640845715999603,
0.6884440183639526,
-0.031160343438386917,
0.5105018019676208,
0.4809682369232178,
0.22767268121242523,
0.2355281561613083,
-0.1789432168006897,
-0.07803450524806976,
-0.13299986720085144,
0.17316707968711853,
0.33083871006965637,
-0.1263107806444168,
-0.3670208156108856,
-0.015554569661617279,
-0.41437938809394836,
-0.14219661056995392,
-0.3402697741985321,
-0.1421380639076233,
-0.409870982170105,
0.3667508065700531,
-0.32504913210868835,
0.7537260055541992,
0.36965295672416687,
0.6779475808143616,
0.5784677267074585,
-0.6417622566223145,
-0.7569849491119385,
-0.565767228603363,
-0.21792492270469666,
0.2278987467288971,
0.11434287577867508,
0.7209256887435913,
0.27776920795440674,
0.368583083152771,
-0.08220573514699936,
-0.21299780905246735,
0.26243138313293457,
-0.6636837124824524,
0.6980960965156555,
-0.21651864051818848,
0.6895872354507446,
-0.11092640459537506,
0.04205906763672829,
-0.035608336329460144,
-0.44080448150634766,
-0.10610920935869217,
0.20961453020572662,
-0.3689728379249573,
0.3988633453845978,
-0.30471596121788025,
0.023145105689764023,
-0.21715986728668213,
0.09327219426631927,
-0.3618723750114441,
0.28309324383735657,
0.4206845760345459,
-0.24720168113708496,
-0.2705104351043701,
0.5239919424057007,
0.24590615928173065,
0.7331591248512268,
-0.08209551125764847,
0.22073210775852203,
-0.3202558159828186,
0.2537845969200134,
0.04453748092055321,
1.039178729057312,
-0.1981716752052307,
-0.4873417913913727,
0.42532745003700256,
0.3970954716205597,
0.012483847327530384,
0.36175239086151123,
0.1651812046766281,
-0.14235864579677582,
0.487282395362854,
-0.18131253123283386,
-0.3516843616962433,
0.7429707050323486,
-0.7594786286354065,
-0.8855262994766235,
-0.20269908010959625,
-0.4760153889656067,
-0.2268182635307312,
-0.7961430549621582,
-0.024277541786432266,
-0.42639052867889404,
-0.516608476638794,
-0.20771320164203644,
0.3484543561935425,
-0.01374376006424427,
-0.3027321696281433,
0.06421726942062378,
0.1532709151506424,
0.41771844029426575,
0.4632977843284607,
0.45133689045906067,
0.43972301483154297,
0.3225955367088318,
0.09384991228580475,
-0.14960400760173798,
0.22368982434272766,
0.07227317988872528,
-0.23880332708358765,
-0.371113121509552,
0.1515578329563141,
0.9347885251045227,
-0.49120259284973145,
-0.17141924798488617,
-0.5383902788162231,
0.003254850395023823,
0.44758835434913635,
0.08077666163444519,
0.27775999903678894,
-0.009493915364146233,
0.1182078942656517,
-0.19231489300727844,
0.4870666265487671,
-0.37179189920425415,
-0.8053209781646729,
0.5565378069877625,
-0.0018859803676605225,
-0.3067820966243744,
0.32732975482940674,
-0.051034875214099884,
0.40656420588493347,
0.5093740224838257,
-0.33129385113716125,
-0.19958482682704926,
-0.3889436423778534,
-0.4153584837913513,
0.5976171493530273,
0.32748615741729736,
0.8658895492553711,
0.062369827181100845,
-0.8568488955497742,
1.0707337856292725,
-0.7063294053077698,
0.8984423875808716,
0.12989087402820587,
-0.4144477844238281,
-0.09143172204494476,
-0.3885310888290405,
-0.02920808643102646,
-0.26494190096855164,
-0.2103402316570282,
0.006584173534065485,
0.5267395377159119,
0.007397971116006374,
0.2993454337120056,
-0.8511079549789429,
0.046772900968790054,
0.3451579511165619,
0.24777884781360626,
-0.5772712826728821,
-0.9681701064109802,
-0.17260462045669556,
0.2529652714729309,
-0.24229665100574493,
0.8446493744850159,
-0.014711292460560799,
0.2514053285121918,
0.42432713508605957,
-0.22510676085948944,
0.27364665269851685,
-0.30863866209983826,
0.572935938835144,
0.08346256613731384,
-0.6032422184944153,
0.18536099791526794,
-0.7672704458236694,
0.5608354210853577,
-0.5244947075843811,
-0.25936639308929443,
0.11192142218351364,
-0.1386219710111618,
0.3341732621192932,
0.7670350670814514,
-0.5398516654968262,
0.11458688229322433,
0.34242624044418335,
-0.49818819761276245,
0.5581246614456177,
0.10415447503328323,
0.762914776802063,
-0.5176929235458374,
0.12357103824615479,
-0.6066844463348389,
0.060396190732717514,
0.010381598956882954,
-0.11839671432971954,
-0.6833858489990234,
-0.3024616241455078,
-0.8231741786003113,
-0.13976164162158966,
0.33475545048713684,
-0.3912336528301239,
-0.21320310235023499,
0.02664920687675476,
-0.4622749388217926,
-0.36995166540145874,
0.016708258539438248,
0.29421016573905945,
-0.22023515403270721,
-0.005240843165665865,
0.2783999443054199,
-0.803034245967865,
1.1751452684402466,
0.6333967447280884,
0.1855340451002121,
0.14096561074256897,
0.069722481071949,
0.4130491018295288,
-0.06305596232414246,
-0.6260635852813721,
0.39718765020370483,
-0.5567055940628052,
-0.4602263569831848,
-0.5339158773422241,
-0.39447635412216187,
0.8389220237731934,
-0.02744360640645027,
-0.4046688377857208,
-0.6883079409599304,
-0.23237527906894684,
0.04171361029148102,
-0.28244996070861816,
0.011364211328327656,
0.06229078397154808,
0.173896923661232,
0.17504166066646576,
-0.7561219334602356,
-0.3288863003253937,
0.010132196359336376,
-0.10459990799427032,
0.12110569328069687,
-0.1637493520975113,
0.23882359266281128,
-0.3414052724838257,
-1.136431336402893,
0.558963418006897,
-0.1813265085220337,
0.30791938304901123,
0.16615180671215057,
0.009109827689826488,
-0.2579880654811859,
0.3443874418735504,
-5.4998650550842285,
-0.6539875864982605,
-0.39013728499412537,
-0.3561153709888458,
0.05667835846543312,
0.06872576475143433,
0.5741532444953918,
-0.376755952835083,
0.37948763370513916,
-0.18182510137557983,
0.4631407856941223,
0.1344074308872223,
-0.06974532455205917,
1.228743076324463,
0.16771572828292847,
0.7865074276924133,
-0.22157619893550873,
-0.19717372953891754,
0.0666884034872055,
0.37237322330474854,
-0.14424610137939453,
-0.34506696462631226,
-0.13899633288383484,
0.8678901791572571,
0.46576714515686035,
0.8181950449943542,
-0.3756037950515747,
-0.19795574247837067,
-0.1331823170185089,
-0.46882542967796326,
-0.2154463678598404,
-0.24060162901878357,
0.20628996193408966,
-0.5207217931747437,
0.12121958285570145,
0.1211320161819458,
0.6902664303779602,
0.20211267471313477,
-0.08246645331382751,
0.12766346335411072,
0.5485820770263672,
0.18039259314537048,
-0.15066781640052795,
0.26897817850112915,
0.012993170879781246,
-0.5361197590827942,
-0.6703065037727356,
0.7076960802078247,
-0.766733705997467,
0.7663882374763489,
0.3951755464076996,
0.10072381794452667,
0.1300830990076065,
0.050169769674539566,
-0.4772019684314728,
-0.5253095030784607,
0.22743110358715057,
0.3906378149986267,
-0.35151857137680054,
0.059258777648210526,
-0.47224733233451843,
0.21837902069091797,
-0.016448598355054855,
0.21486243605613708,
-0.04812369868159294,
-0.4286891222000122,
-0.21173501014709473,
0.17155781388282776,
0.23292392492294312,
0.021649718284606934,
0.034197304397821426,
0.026609309017658234,
-0.5692514777183533,
-0.9597506523132324,
-0.18573999404907227,
-0.5770164728164673,
-0.01152246817946434,
-0.3824194073677063,
0.21019868552684784,
-0.1399974375963211,
0.22482192516326904,
-0.22205862402915955,
0.47863781452178955,
0.9617699980735779,
0.13398392498493195,
-0.23006844520568848,
0.23104898631572723,
-0.0008512321510352194,
-0.12075655162334442,
-0.3370165526866913,
0.11792992800474167,
-0.30988672375679016,
-0.48420199751853943,
-0.040215108543634415,
-0.2685511112213135,
0.2654556930065155,
0.14974740147590637,
-0.09508908540010452,
0.2156030833721161,
-0.5113094449043274,
1.1922287940979004,
-0.20441582798957825,
0.05359303206205368,
-0.21548862755298615,
-0.2754008173942566,
-0.4580139219760895,
0.09114805608987808,
0.2068040668964386,
0.5109157562255859,
-0.43554675579071045,
-0.27456891536712646,
-0.49792250990867615,
0.23108968138694763,
-0.12629449367523193,
0.49591490626335144,
-0.7519360184669495,
-0.10093415528535843,
1.0447520017623901,
-0.6979823708534241,
0.2525400221347809,
-0.38309532403945923,
0.18933655321598053,
0.06200852617621422,
0.21385586261749268,
-0.06267612427473068,
0.03732644394040108,
-0.30290791392326355,
0.06584760546684265,
-0.47903233766555786,
-0.28999003767967224,
0.17402620613574982,
0.02908904291689396,
-0.04971468076109886,
0.34610047936439514,
0.17924071848392487,
0.24906770884990692,
-0.47759774327278137,
0.015524649061262608,
0.6798272728919983,
-0.5231974720954895,
0.3194809854030609,
0.05147036164999008,
-0.04328741133213043,
0.7359353303909302,
0.36064037680625916,
0.3118651211261749,
-0.33554914593696594,
0.1960102915763855,
-0.7744598388671875,
0.07651100307703018,
-0.413281112909317,
0.28269341588020325,
0.1836881786584854,
-0.351396381855011,
0.43624433875083923,
-0.004432318266481161,
-0.7228596210479736,
0.40160056948661804,
-0.1350594460964203,
-0.3635685443878174,
-0.22294753789901733,
0.1357879936695099,
-1.187156081199646,
-0.05032242834568024,
0.24318952858448029,
-0.8500664830207825,
-1.0793731212615967,
0.01863604038953781,
-0.20411543548107147,
0.5775452852249146,
0.398105651140213,
-0.6550848484039307,
-0.2458769977092743,
-0.6429230570793152,
0.2790515124797821,
-0.1366608440876007,
0.29106855392456055,
-0.20576277375221252,
-0.06080249324440956,
0.13511981070041656,
0.7230984568595886,
0.10943762212991714,
0.234754279255867,
-0.008397492580115795,
0.40654462575912476,
0.21291734278202057,
-0.06946644932031631,
-0.37529298663139343,
0.07952064275741577,
0.1953994333744049,
0.5779677033424377,
-0.1431606113910675,
0.3130102753639221,
0.1131323054432869,
-0.5640510320663452,
-0.6659893989562988,
-0.17544545233249664,
0.28620338439941406,
0.12872329354286194,
-0.10205159336328506,
0.4798488914966583,
0.6779764294624329,
-0.35783466696739197,
0.1597059816122055,
-0.2513102889060974,
-0.41480669379234314,
0.45705464482307434,
0.7270035743713379,
-0.01436646282672882,
0.7383410930633545,
-0.8444398641586304,
-0.21593178808689117,
-0.16360032558441162,
0.24767765402793884,
-0.7679378390312195,
-0.14342008531093597,
0.5478543639183044,
-0.6059145331382751,
-0.3393121063709259,
-0.043207861483097076,
-0.4853529632091522,
0.12366454303264618,
-0.4715193510055542,
0.044243115931749344,
-0.46548277139663696,
0.08081035315990448,
-0.013602864928543568,
-0.270214319229126,
0.515304446220398,
-0.3926176428794861,
0.5999432802200317,
0.12054242938756943,
-0.010744464583694935,
-0.3687344491481781,
-0.14900857210159302,
0.28821104764938354,
0.14524362981319427,
0.3844173848628998,
0.5148565769195557,
0.26598918437957764,
0.24738720059394836,
0.5487605929374695,
0.2127189338207245,
0.41526827216148376,
0.3824755847454071,
-0.05390910431742668,
0.3712140917778015,
-0.271208256483078,
-0.30665910243988037,
0.18868237733840942,
0.017992662265896797,
-0.7329270839691162,
0.10251178592443466,
-0.6720114946365356,
0.7425299286842346,
-0.5937157869338989,
0.6597833633422852,
0.545151948928833,
-0.08849383890628815,
0.23952136933803558,
-0.31281542778015137,
0.05204549431800842,
-0.45403334498405457,
-0.3371281921863556,
0.06678526103496552,
0.23417799174785614,
-0.6759350895881653,
-0.6229875683784485,
0.28537124395370483,
-0.15857350826263428,
0.08360707759857178,
-0.1914059817790985,
0.39287513494491577,
0.39163216948509216,
0.18171632289886475,
-0.0067185512743890285,
-0.600189745426178,
-0.6366339325904846,
0.0400455966591835,
0.31751492619514465,
-0.5534036159515381,
-0.00457035843282938,
-0.2976604402065277,
-0.8120932579040527,
-0.30471304059028625,
-1.0736520290374756,
-0.14377900958061218,
-0.0118263466283679,
-0.30994775891304016,
0.26377469301223755,
-0.23254014551639557,
-0.46745607256889343,
0.23869889974594116,
0.4271577298641205,
0.10552803426980972,
0.604272186756134,
0.26258912682533264,
0.5915049910545349,
0.33683985471725464,
0.4679756164550781,
-0.6003277897834778,
0.15658198297023773,
0.06414128094911575,
0.18483301997184753,
0.14177726209163666,
0.402597576379776,
-0.013945638202130795,
0.21941731870174408,
-0.27812814712524414,
0.3754085898399353,
-0.12526248395442963,
-0.18349727988243103,
0.014267679303884506,
-0.10643171519041061,
-0.5870826244354248,
-0.6982482671737671,
0.48017600178718567,
-0.7246059775352478,
0.136200413107872,
0.2733614444732666,
0.09681466221809387,
-0.09651928395032883,
0.2437562644481659,
0.4141119718551636,
-0.5501634478569031,
0.66075599193573,
-0.25507715344429016,
0.0903550386428833,
-0.0016868212260305882,
-0.13228170573711395,
-0.016000472009181976,
0.28232768177986145,
-0.6600271463394165,
0.9010491371154785,
-0.16781632602214813,
-0.009146814234554768,
0.026517659425735474,
-1.2262718677520752,
-0.15727683901786804,
0.3316882848739624,
0.7277187705039978,
0.4858546555042267,
0.037084873765707016,
0.1698082834482193,
-0.42484262585639954,
-0.2242603600025177,
0.008926288224756718,
-0.06288059800863266,
-0.2654278874397278,
0.13446757197380066,
0.6909214854240417,
-0.37344199419021606,
0.7985653281211853,
-0.2552115321159363,
0.4080688953399658,
0.33508554100990295,
-0.21173597872257233,
0.04980727657675743,
-0.4130159616470337,
0.2694675922393799,
0.07160039991140366,
0.031950563192367554,
0.46389418840408325,
0.21073034405708313,
-0.7386056780815125,
0.056329935789108276,
0.15563826262950897,
0.2084265649318695,
-0.2223757803440094,
-0.30653858184814453,
0.10640028119087219,
-0.2490634173154831,
-0.004125817213207483,
-0.08809937536716461,
0.07271376252174377,
0.4238102436065674,
0.7586612701416016,
0.4291292726993561,
0.21634216606616974,
0.35255908966064453,
-0.4155261814594269,
0.6114115118980408,
-0.17341217398643494,
-0.68504399061203,
-0.3331981301307678,
-0.09433753788471222,
-0.018397625535726547,
-0.107914999127388,
-0.011734625324606895,
-0.2076053023338318,
0.24749186635017395,
0.3111758828163147,
0.35538333654403687,
0.8933946490287781,
-1.0029717683792114,
-0.3688986599445343,
-0.226725772023201,
0.5165119171142578,
-0.6704102158546448,
-0.607919454574585,
-0.29371047019958496,
0.3790490925312042,
0.1849222183227539,
-0.07978588342666626,
-0.6974202990531921,
0.0780145600438118,
-0.036927830427885056,
0.22772467136383057,
0.1846804916858673,
0.12330926954746246,
-0.06800933182239532,
-0.33705833554267883,
0.22240504622459412,
0.05153023079037666,
-0.5996487140655518,
0.06754408776760101,
0.6782025098800659,
-0.26025277376174927,
-0.012239999137818813,
0.04305481165647507,
-0.07716242223978043,
-0.37258535623550415,
0.3866078555583954,
0.4654325246810913,
-0.09265624731779099,
-0.2206718474626541,
0.2644156813621521,
0.48611366748809814,
0.06615648418664932,
0.34433069825172424,
-0.9387255311012268,
-0.2512553632259369,
-0.5078368186950684,
0.622101902961731,
-0.30842941999435425,
0.027271751314401627,
0.3122144639492035,
0.5524941086769104,
0.6290777325630188,
-1.1017779111862183,
0.2522684633731842,
0.22890561819076538,
0.6179715991020203,
0.3356245458126068,
0.5323835015296936,
0.5620871186256409,
-0.6174544095993042,
-0.02936409041285515,
-0.39553773403167725,
0.1003488153219223,
0.5102227926254272,
-0.42077744007110596,
0.4543619751930237,
-0.3051972985267639,
-0.42504748702049255,
-0.1473231017589569,
0.4603208303451538,
-0.4530576467514038,
0.07044215500354767,
-0.18272563815116882
] |
210882
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedish%20artists
|
List of Swedish artists
|
This is a list of notable Swedish visual artists.
A
Emma Adbåge (born 1982), illustrator
Ottilia Adelborg (1855–1936), illustrator
Ulla Adlerfelt (1736–1765)
Sofia Adlersparre (1808–1862), painter
Mattias Adolfsson (born 1965), illustrator
Gösta Adrian-Nilsson GAN (1884–1965), painter
Ivan Aguéli (1869–1917), painter and writer
Sofia Ahlbom (1823–1868)
Lea Ahlborn (1829–1891), printmaker
Modhir Ahmed (born 1956), painter, printmaker
Margareta Alströmer (1763–1816), painter
Ernfred Fredrick Valdemar Anderson (1896-1987), sculptor
Agneta Andersson (born 1958), sculptor
Christian Pontus Andersson (born 1977), sculptor
J. Tobias Anderson (born 1971)
Karin Mamma Andersson (born 1962), painter
Lena Anderson (born 1939), illustrator and children's writer
Oskar Andersson (1877–1906), cartoonist
Olof Arborelius (1842–1915), painter
Tage Åsén (born 1943), painter
B
Barbro Bäckström (1939–1990), sculptor
Inge Bagge (1916–1988), sculptor
John Bauer (1882–1918), painter, illustrator
Julia Beck (1853-1935), painter and calligrapher
Richard Bergh (1858–1919), painter
Jan Berglin (born 1960)
Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen (1887–1955), painter, illustrator, textile artist
Tobias Bernstrup (born 1970), performance artist
Elsa Beskow (1874–1953), painter
Natanael Beskow (1865–1953)
Johanna Billing (born 1973)
Torsten Billman (1909–1989), printmaker, drawer, painter
Eva Billow (1902–1993), illustrator
Hugo Birger (1854–1887)
Oscar Björck 1860–1929, painter
Carl Oscar Borg (1879–1947)
Agnes Börjesson (1827–1900)
Carl Fredrik von Breda (1759–1818)
C
John Fabian Carlson (1875–1945), painter
Otto Gustaf Carlsund (1897–1948), art critic, painter
Maria Carowsky (1723–1793)
Kerstin Cardon (1843–1924)
Charlotta Cedercreutz (1736–1815)
Siv Cedering (1939–2007), poet, writer, and artist
Christina Charlotta Cederström (1760–1832), painter, composer, poet
Gustaf Cederström (1845–1933)
Moki Cherry (1943–2009), interdisciplinary artist and designer
Ingvar Cronhammar (1947–2021), sculptor based in Denmark
Lena Cronqvist (born 1938), painter, graphic artist and sculptor
Elisabeth Czapek (1860–1949), miniature painter
D
Michael Dahl (1659–1743), painter
Peter Dahl (1934-2019), painter, printmaker
Elsie Dahlberg-Sundberg (1916–2005), sculptor
Jonas Dahlberg (born 1970)
Ibe Dahlquist (1924–1986), silversmith, jeweller
Nils Dardel (1888–1943), drawer, painter
Siri Derkert (1888–1973), painter, sculptor
Nathalie Djurberg (born 1978)
Brita Drewsen (1887–1983), textile artist active in Denmark
Fredrika Eleonora von Düben (1738–1808), textile artist
E
Viking Eggeling (1880–1925), avant-garde artist and filmmaker
Anna Maria Ehrenstrahl (1666–1729), painter
Marianne Ehrenström (1773–1867), painter
Annika Ekdahl (born 1955), textile artist
Märta af Ekenstam (1880–1939), silversmith
Benny Ekman (born 1955), painter
Marie-Louise Ekman (born 1944), filmmaker, painter
Emma Ekwall (1838–1925), painter
Knut Ekwall (1843–1912), painter, drawer, printmaker
Carl Eldh (1873–1954), sculptor
Ester Ellqvist (1880–1918), painter
Albert Engström (1869–1940), drawer, artist, writer
(born 1983), painter
Sven Erixson (1899–1970), painter
Lisa Erlandsdotter (1774–1854)
F
Öyvind Fahlström (1928–1976), painter, artist
Dror Feiler (born 1951), artist and musician
Edith Fischerström (1881–1967), painter, woodcutter and sculptor
Gustaf Fjæstad (1868–1948), painter
Maja Fjæstad (1873–1961), painter, textile artist, engraver
Jonny Forsström (1944–2017), painter
John Erik Franzén (born 1942), painter
Hilary Frihd (born 1969), painter, sculptor, musician, poet
Agnes de Frumerie (1869–1937), sculptor, ceramist
David Frumerie (1641–1677), painter
Mauritz Frumerie (1775–1853), medal engraver, lithographer
G
Carl Johan De Geer (born 1938), artist
Wilhelm von Gegerfelt (1844–1920)
Esther Gehlin (1892–1949), Danish-Swedish painter
Felix Gmelin (born 1963)
Maja Gunn (born 1978), fashion designer
Maria Johanna Görtz (1783–1853), florist painter
Brita Granström (born 1969), painter
Eric Grate (1896–1983), sculptor, drawer, painter, printmaker
Isaac Hirsche Grünewald (1889–1946), painter
Ulf Kjell Gür (born 1951), theatre producer and singer-musician
H
Gillis Hafström (1841–1921), painter and restorer
Axel Haig (1835–1921), illustrator
Berta Hansson (1910–1994), painter, sculptor and textile artist
Per Hasselberg (1850–1894), sculptor
Carl Michael von Hausswolff (born 1956)
Hans Hedberg (1917–2007), sculptor
Snövit Hedstierna (born 1980), visual artist, performance artist and director.
Gustav Hellberg (born 1967)
Amalia von Helvig (1776–1831)
Anna Maria Hilfeling (1713–1783), miniaturist
Carl Fredrik Hill (1849–1911), painter
Lars Hillersberg (1937–2004), cartoonist, painter, drawer
Sigrid Hjertén (1885–1948), painter
Bror Hjorth (1894–1968), painter and sculptor
Olle Hjortzberg (1872–1959), drawer, painter, printmaker
Johan Fredrik Höckert (1826–1866)
Gerda Höglund (1878–1973), painter
Ola and Marie Höglund, contemporary glass artists
Janna Holmstedt (born 1972), installation artist
Rose-Marie Huuva (born 1943), visual artist, poet
I
Sven Inge (1935–2008)
Arne Isacsson (1917–2010), painter
Karl Isakson (1878–1922), painter
Helena Sophia Isberg (1819–1875)
J
Eugène Jansson (1862–1915), painter
August Jernberg (1826–1896)
Einar Jolin (1890–1976), painter
Arvid Jorm (1892–1964), painter printmaker
Ernst Josephson (1851–1906), painter
Daniel Jouseff (born 1975), painter
K
Gottfrid Kallstenius (1861–1943), painter
Ewert Karlsson (1918–2004), drawer, cartoonist
Hilma af Klint (1862–1944), painter
Per Krafft the Elder (1724–1793), portraitist
Per Krafft the Younger (1777–1863), portrait painter
Wilhelmina Krafft (1778–1828), painter and miniaturist
Nils Kreuger (1858–1930), painter
Julius Kronberg (1850–1921), painter
Hans Krondahl (1929–2018), painter, tapestry weaver, textile artist and textile designer
Johan Krouthén (1859–1932), painter
Amalia Wilhelmina Königsmarck (1663–1740), painter
L
Niclas Lafrensen (1737–1807)
Lisa Larson (born 1931), ceramicist
Annika Larsson (born 1972), video
Carl Larsson (1859–1928), painter
Bo Christian Larsson (born 1976)
Jens Olof Lasthein (born 1964), photographer
Lars Lerin (born 1954), painter, printmaker, illustrator, writer
Louise Lidströmer (born 1948), artist
Bruno Liljefors (1860–1939), painter
David Liljemark (born 1973), artist
Amalia Lindegren (1814–1891), painter
Bengt Lindström (1925–2008), painter
Sven Ljungberg (1913–2010), painter, printmaker, writer
Torsten Löwgren (1903–1991), painter
Jonas Lundh (born 1965), painter
Evert Lundquist (1904–1994), painter, printmaker
Cecilia Lundqvist (born 1971)
M
Elias Martin (1739–1818)
Ulrika Melin (1767–1834)
Carl Milles (1875–1955), sculptor
Aleksandra Mir (born 1967)
N
Einar Nerman (1888–1983), drawer, illustrator
Ida Göthilda Nilsson (1840–1920), sculptor
Lars Nilsson (born 1966)
Vera Nilsson (1888–1979), painter
Bengt Nordenberg (1822–1902)
Anna Nordgren (1847–1916)
Anna Nordlander (1843–1879)
Gerhard Nordström (1925–2019) painter, graphic artist
Jockum Nordström (born 1963), illustrator
Karl Nordström (1855–1923)
Max Magnus Norman (born 1973), artist
O
Elisabeth Ohlson Wallin (born 1961), photographer
Claes Oldenburg (born 1929), sculptor
Barbro Östlihn (1930–1995), painter
Oscar Akermo, Tattooist, painter
P
Gustaf Wilhelm Palm (1810–1890), painter
Anna Palm de Rosa (1859–1924), painter
Ulrika Pasch (1735–1796), painter
Georg Pauli (1855–1935), painter
Peter Adolf Persson (1862–1914), painter
Axel Petersson Döderhultarn (1868–1925), sculptor
Anna Petrus (1886–1949), sculptor, graphic artist and designer
Albertus Pictor (c. 1440 – 1509), painter
Carl Gustaf Pilo (1711–1793), painter
Vicken von Post-Börjesson (1886–1950), sculptor, painter, ceramicist
R
Siri Rathsman (1895–1974), surrealist artist
Oscar Gustave Rejlander (1813–1875), photographer
Emma Rendel (born 1976), graphic novel artist
Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd (1934-2016), poet, sculptor
Oscar Reutersvärd (1915–2002)
Lennart Rodhe (1916–2005), painter
Maria Rohl (1801–1875), sketch artist
Lotten Rönquist (1864–1912), painter
Georg von Rosen (1843–1923), painter
Alexander Roslin (1718–1798), painter
Celina Runeborg (1878–1977), painter
S
Anna Sahlström (1876–1956), painter and engraver
Ragnar Sandberg (1902–1972), painter
Birger Sandzén (1871–1954), painter
Arian Saravi (born 1999), painter, designer and artist
Inge Schiöler (1871–1954), painter
Bertram Schmiterlöw (1920–2002)
Anna Brita Sergel (1733–1819), textile artist
Johan Tobias Sergel (1740–1814), sculptor
Henri Sert (1938–1964), painter
Josabeth Sjöberg (1812–1882)
Monica Sjöö (1938–2005), painter, writer
Carl Eneas Sjöstrand (1828–1906), sculptor
Maja Sjöström (1868–1961), textile artist
Sigrid Snoilsky (1813–1856), painter and countess
Louis Sparre (1863–1964), painter, designer and draughtsman
Wendela Gustafva Sparre (1772–1855)
Ulla Stenberg (1792–1858), textile artist
Gustava Johanna Stenborg (1776–1819)
August Strindberg (1849–1912), writer, painter
Per B Sundberg (born 1964), glass and ceramic artist
Max Walter Svanberg (1912–1994), drawer, printmaker, painter
Roland Svensson (1910–2003), painter, illustrator, writer
T
Gustaf Tenggren (1896–1973), painter, animator, illustrator
Anna Maria Thelott (1683–1710), engraver, illustrator, printmaker, miniaturist painter
Gerda Tirén (1858–1928), painter and illustrator
Johan Tirén (1853–1911), painter; husband of the above
Axel Törneman (1880–1925), painter
Palle Torsson (born 1970), artist
Carl Trägårdh (1861–1899), artist
U
Urban målare (16th century), "Urban the Painter", painter
V
Lars Vilks (born 1946), artist
Regina Virserius (born 1969), photographer
W
Alfred Wahlberg (1834–1906)
Gerda Wallander (1860-1926), painter
Bianca Wallin (1909–2006), painter
David Wallin (1876–1957), painter
Magnus Wallin (born 1965)
Sigurd Wallin (1916–1999), painter
Gösta Wallmark (1928-2017), artist, painter, sculptor
Wilhelmina Wendt (1896–1988), silversmith
Peter Weiss (1916–1982), writer, painter, artist
Anna Wengberg (1885–1936), painter
Gösta Werner (1909–1989), painter
Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller (1751–1811), painter
Jan Widströmer (born 1944), painter
Agnes Wieslander (1873–1934), painter
Carl Wilhelmson (1866–1928), painter
Richard Winkler (born 1969), painter, sculptor
Z
Kristoffer Zetterstrand (born 1973), painter
Anders Zorn (1860–1920), printmaker, painter
See also
List of Swedish women artists
List of Swedish women photographers
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts''
Artists
Swedish artists
List of Swedish artists
|
[
0.2342175841331482,
0.31539323925971985,
-0.2684723734855652,
-0.2712936997413635,
-0.762321949005127,
0.2630273103713989,
0.6748773455619812,
0.9485563635826111,
-1.2583903074264526,
-0.10643760859966278,
-0.353387713432312,
-0.07799447327852249,
-0.007661084178835154,
0.3828260898590088,
0.07386408001184464,
0.24885189533233643,
0.04519086703658104,
0.8681554794311523,
-0.1329706460237503,
-0.0685514584183693,
0.14088886976242065,
-0.36871352791786194,
0.7351260781288147,
-0.7070096731185913,
-0.0874677300453186,
-0.24601849913597107,
0.32210931181907654,
-0.10981962829828262,
0.03755216673016548,
-0.15704859793186188,
-0.07227259129285812,
0.5001223683357239,
0.24349649250507355,
0.23389266431331635,
-0.18977147340774536,
-0.49482664465904236,
-0.0270241629332304,
-0.40073516964912415,
0.3025432229042053,
-0.17975319921970367,
-0.2779497504234314,
-0.21617937088012695,
0.06812507659196854,
0.4804861545562744,
0.5913020968437195,
-0.5768277049064636,
-1.8306556940078735,
0.05452480912208557,
-0.5267152190208435,
0.7856348156929016,
-0.08900623768568039,
0.17770040035247803,
0.47184252738952637,
0.9552810788154602,
0.2376679629087448,
0.24576206505298615,
-0.7074924111366272,
0.3422895669937134,
-0.049002788960933685,
0.41850513219833374,
0.6658065915107727,
0.28191038966178894,
0.05531254783272743,
-0.08271849900484085,
0.5927206873893738,
-0.00913997646421194,
0.2063441425561905,
0.40722420811653137,
-0.2193741649389267,
-0.3282323181629181,
0.135088711977005,
-0.20891879498958588,
0.6072558164596558,
-0.06799530982971191,
-0.036428142338991165,
-0.3498172163963318,
0.3365536630153656,
-0.4827185571193695,
-0.24580632150173187,
-0.5997599363327026,
0.1376575082540512,
0.21921831369400024,
0.8573461174964905,
0.28494131565093994,
0.45817726850509644,
0.0650017037987709,
-0.37750136852264404,
-0.6976136565208435,
-0.6094929575920105,
0.2965570092201233,
0.07310925424098969,
-0.3461000323295593,
0.7923692464828491,
0.38563835620880127,
0.3171343505382538,
0.3517340123653412,
-0.017875323072075844,
0.3595714569091797,
-0.4497016370296478,
0.6653560996055603,
0.259549617767334,
0.6362541317939758,
0.19866377115249634,
-0.20365995168685913,
-0.40170398354530334,
-0.4434608221054077,
-0.3897833824157715,
0.2866590619087219,
0.18082846701145172,
-1.6108280420303345,
-0.24993790686130524,
0.26821911334991455,
-0.16948597133159637,
-0.0034275769721716642,
0.11182194203138351,
0.6806579828262329,
0.33326512575149536,
0.02019604481756687,
-0.07722894102334976,
0.4662976861000061,
-0.1523914635181427,
0.7877728343009949,
-0.3783252537250519,
-0.2888377606868744,
-0.42892080545425415,
0.2858489453792572,
0.47574666142463684,
0.37816163897514343,
0.4657898247241974,
0.43686455488204956,
0.30509039759635925,
0.6604949831962585,
-0.14017222821712494,
-0.04010913148522377,
0.1975778043270111,
-0.5619006156921387,
0.4189351499080658,
0.2718958854675293,
-0.08406651020050049,
0.35888856649398804,
-0.6111497282981873,
-0.5751264691352844,
-1.8448097705841064,
-0.23326891660690308,
0.4562595784664154,
-0.679625928401947,
-0.3522091507911682,
-0.4958171546459198,
-0.3403592109680176,
0.059662509709596634,
0.12028048187494278,
-0.5425447821617126,
-0.007800375111401081,
0.5666772127151489,
-0.17898593842983246,
0.32154732942581177,
0.7191056609153748,
-0.4293893873691559,
0.8676537275314331,
0.1321670264005661,
0.4893026053905487,
-0.001922883908264339,
0.10772816836833954,
0.08223816752433777,
-0.5023589730262756,
-0.08851929008960724,
0.1025211364030838,
0.6738307476043701,
-0.2654082477092743,
-0.24081122875213623,
-0.508784294128418,
0.3430445194244385,
0.26734283566474915,
-0.1446836292743683,
0.27886244654655457,
0.23265305161476135,
0.3849172294139862,
0.0761203020811081,
0.10701369494199753,
0.33524173498153687,
-0.6825450658798218,
-0.011090567335486412,
0.17571210861206055,
-0.2522393465042114,
0.47893550992012024,
-0.1559344232082367,
-0.06690133363008499,
0.4854629635810852,
0.3686825931072235,
0.2132459431886673,
-0.2658176124095917,
-0.4514913856983185,
0.8507071137428284,
0.3158508241176605,
0.9202330112457275,
0.16738159954547882,
-0.4727579355239868,
0.1625339686870575,
0.041707392781972885,
0.7195975184440613,
-0.4534927308559418,
-0.45696526765823364,
0.31620630621910095,
-0.0015283129177987576,
-0.15126261115074158,
1.6892179250717163,
-0.007951860316097736,
0.27957502007484436,
0.4085198640823364,
0.31735533475875854,
0.5916696190834045,
-0.4422817826271057,
0.02548784576356411,
-0.046594392508268356,
0.1349390149116516,
0.35654133558273315,
-0.41281142830848694,
0.3229849338531494,
-0.09797199070453644,
-0.19054971635341644,
0.7696936130523682,
0.44960537552833557,
0.18183928728103638,
0.33533698320388794,
-0.10411924123764038,
0.6045741438865662,
0.04373081028461456,
0.05575055629014969,
0.46529650688171387,
-0.8823199272155762,
0.677825927734375,
-0.029637854546308517,
0.09283344447612762,
-0.4695114195346832,
-0.5133295655250549,
-0.17890381813049316,
-0.02214571088552475,
0.31715309619903564,
0.3599715232849121,
-0.1321738064289093,
0.08259392529726028,
0.40068286657333374,
-0.6418483853340149,
0.41737523674964905,
-0.08327557146549225,
0.6102855205535889,
-0.7130734920501709,
-0.3105792701244354,
-0.2141435593366623,
-0.15931223332881927,
0.8905124068260193,
0.08972623199224472,
-0.46993765234947205,
-0.5813999176025391,
-0.36586761474609375,
0.03399452939629555,
0.33398619294166565,
-0.7954127788543701,
0.08350824564695358,
-0.22847393155097961,
-0.4215993881225586,
-0.39729228615760803,
0.16081103682518005,
0.23104538023471832,
-0.14215874671936035,
-0.2949248254299164,
0.209680438041687,
-0.7252549529075623,
0.722237765789032,
0.31393498182296753,
0.022713683545589447,
0.23516996204853058,
-0.40449294447898865,
-2.307694435119629,
0.12250277400016785,
0.1955840289592743,
0.04666230455040932,
-0.29152488708496094,
-0.3449400067329407,
-0.3285309970378876,
-0.3598727285861969,
0.8418446183204651,
0.1804238110780716,
-0.25318193435668945,
-0.5795719623565674,
-0.2485194206237793,
0.29779288172721863,
0.0814061090350151,
0.23135149478912354,
0.0878259465098381,
-0.16011768579483032,
0.23794427514076233,
-0.5669788718223572,
0.0025197002105414867,
0.1316191703081131,
-0.10044676065444946,
-0.1751643419265747,
0.1870458573102951,
-0.3615061342716217,
-0.47969871759414673,
-0.6071182489395142,
0.3945094347000122,
-0.4281519055366516,
0.016077494248747826,
0.09697982668876648,
0.42084020376205444,
-0.4041241705417633,
-0.003042433178052306,
-4.726543426513672,
0.26368942856788635,
-0.5043683648109436,
-0.37717166543006897,
-0.20368845760822296,
0.18514792621135712,
0.6188170909881592,
-0.25767335295677185,
0.2868787348270416,
-0.27302777767181396,
0.010804069228470325,
-0.01918860711157322,
0.08542031794786453,
1.392981767654419,
0.31712806224823,
1.2258400917053223,
0.30462172627449036,
0.4412316083908081,
-0.053029194474220276,
0.1516253799200058,
-0.09413643181324005,
0.006345260888338089,
-0.2323237508535385,
0.15417738258838654,
0.3206336796283722,
0.8039383888244629,
-0.3031770586967468,
-0.34648454189300537,
-0.27279749512672424,
0.12713047862052917,
0.10603905469179153,
-0.1677398383617401,
-0.3174781799316406,
-0.5876728892326355,
-0.03902344033122063,
0.12121842056512833,
0.37291184067726135,
0.709476888179779,
-0.0006416394608095288,
-0.2479400783777237,
0.14071780443191528,
0.6741970777511597,
-0.4727550446987152,
0.34577125310897827,
0.44186875224113464,
-0.3614954650402069,
-1.0591405630111694,
-0.12366575002670288,
-0.7495443224906921,
0.7554561495780945,
-0.1284491866827011,
-0.5408510565757751,
0.8026764392852783,
0.28070196509361267,
0.04741302505135536,
-0.6995033025741577,
0.335342139005661,
0.17184172570705414,
-0.22349834442138672,
0.14655093848705292,
0.10575441271066666,
-0.13648831844329834,
0.4183838367462158,
-0.5878890752792358,
-0.24707941710948944,
-0.26664280891418457,
-0.34072670340538025,
-0.3366020619869232,
0.1288219392299652,
-0.3252616226673126,
0.1448192596435547,
0.28942739963531494,
-0.699899435043335,
-0.9360297322273254,
0.08653572201728821,
-0.12004010379314423,
-0.38904082775115967,
0.34192636609077454,
0.1602770984172821,
-0.13813111186027527,
-0.2050418257713318,
0.028726842254400253,
-0.3470369279384613,
0.39530670642852783,
-0.011673500761389732,
-0.5409098863601685,
0.06684523075819016,
-0.419404536485672,
-0.6850447058677673,
-0.2618923783302307,
0.364930659532547,
-0.34962770342826843,
0.11081687361001968,
0.3727279603481293,
0.08172668516635895,
0.30553877353668213,
0.9009112119674683,
-0.4306957721710205,
0.3498252332210541,
-0.38106629252433777,
0.5593646764755249,
-0.343191534280777,
-0.15207961201667786,
-0.26895737648010254,
-0.23469196259975433,
0.019879620522260666,
-0.04811003431677818,
0.47851210832595825,
0.3977118134498596,
-0.631902277469635,
-0.10798103362321854,
-0.7625995874404907,
-0.16643846035003662,
0.04494510218501091,
1.1075778007507324,
-0.12718722224235535,
0.09456577897071838,
0.9565162658691406,
0.005381787195801735,
0.05228544399142265,
0.23951856791973114,
0.2239755392074585,
-0.1327369064092636,
-0.11304065585136414,
-0.033627837896347046,
-0.20079661905765533,
-0.4762445092201233,
-0.014398306608200073,
-0.4972529709339142,
0.14901724457740784,
0.09010062366724014,
0.693321168422699,
-0.10894179344177246,
-0.13952381908893585,
0.5421260595321655,
-0.38805872201919556,
-0.4725729823112488,
0.045461997389793396,
0.47088807821273804,
-0.8768952488899231,
0.17333844304084778,
-0.48550552129745483,
-0.17175763845443726,
0.6790466904640198,
0.14136794209480286,
0.5912104249000549,
0.05967418849468231,
-0.037890058010816574,
-0.7190154790878296,
0.06341378390789032,
-0.4431265890598297,
-0.4975024461746216,
0.14623120427131653,
-0.34297239780426025,
0.2837904691696167,
-0.08754393458366394,
-0.35420313477516174,
0.14471864700317383,
-0.5082499980926514,
-0.7763232588768005,
-0.016796410083770752,
-0.36173802614212036,
-1.1945770978927612,
0.38998115062713623,
0.33627721667289734,
-1.113396167755127,
-0.4613402783870697,
0.2965909540653229,
-0.22834981977939606,
0.8776201605796814,
0.34067776799201965,
-0.02680845372378826,
-0.2456028163433075,
0.017077825963497162,
0.23210307955741882,
-0.781583309173584,
0.2575609087944031,
0.5420650839805603,
0.022408222779631615,
-0.08419892191886902,
0.06139712408185005,
0.4338667094707489,
-0.061164673417806625,
0.6881583333015442,
0.39255979657173157,
-0.05147459730505943,
-0.20949679613113403,
-0.009388922713696957,
-0.4521157145500183,
0.10117779672145844,
0.205033078789711,
0.7746726274490356,
0.2630618214607239,
-0.2902904450893402,
-0.7407463788986206,
-0.783441424369812,
-0.37031933665275574,
-0.2653386890888214,
-0.08255252242088318,
-0.23003476858139038,
0.5209082961082458,
0.4392786920070648,
-0.37708669900894165,
0.3918839395046234,
0.32959818840026855,
-0.45292454957962036,
0.2978711426258087,
0.4997255802154541,
-0.4412463903427124,
0.04358500987291336,
-0.5873332023620605,
0.08744629472494125,
-0.412934273481369,
0.2691909670829773,
-0.3537871837615967,
-0.05220642685890198,
0.5747794508934021,
-0.13400937616825104,
-0.40893739461898804,
0.11557648330926895,
-0.20719359815120697,
-0.09350621700286865,
-0.42750558257102966,
-0.14274457097053528,
-0.16574934124946594,
0.4591222107410431,
0.2830915153026581,
-0.9515104293823242,
0.5843744874000549,
-0.14181393384933472,
0.2539026439189911,
-0.18933281302452087,
0.06833875179290771,
-0.4346739947795868,
-0.5790495276451111,
0.19217956066131592,
-0.059613849967718124,
0.15110579133033752,
0.37867867946624756,
0.5023601055145264,
0.326686292886734,
0.37644290924072266,
0.20857574045658112,
-0.3653835356235504,
-0.307792603969574,
0.10850660502910614,
-0.004113529343158007,
-0.44537556171417236,
-0.2532152831554413,
-0.3401038646697998,
-0.11299535632133484,
-0.569282054901123,
-0.4401719570159912,
-0.8919061422348022,
1.2384469509124756,
-0.11272631585597992,
0.022745352238416672,
0.2971380949020386,
0.4750083386898041,
0.41542741656303406,
0.059866052120923996,
0.3724195957183838,
-0.34021586179733276,
0.6526822447776794,
0.541158139705658,
0.3353170156478882,
-0.047680046409368515,
-0.11726608872413635,
0.1983894556760788,
0.37525537610054016,
-1.0476324558258057,
-0.09606070816516876,
0.012643896974623203,
0.4371337294578552,
-0.2098337709903717,
-0.17423738539218903,
-0.17054417729377747,
-0.6694985032081604,
0.10461509972810745,
-0.20803147554397583,
0.6833738684654236,
0.06377404183149338,
0.0707707479596138,
-0.14443713426589966,
0.19793447852134705,
-0.4289650022983551,
-0.5251676440238953,
-0.23901110887527466,
-0.1636609435081482,
-0.10016714781522751,
0.20025959610939026,
0.06566949933767319,
0.11904844641685486,
0.7192701101303101,
0.504880964756012,
0.38966211676597595,
0.046922873705625534,
-0.20145513117313385,
-0.2430136650800705,
-0.2755551338195801,
-0.769101619720459,
0.4933338463306427,
-0.03613537549972534,
0.013261901214718819,
0.6215431094169617,
0.20660154521465302,
-0.04011388495564461,
-0.3701414465904236,
-0.15142637491226196,
0.4344731867313385,
-0.024792155250906944,
0.17501741647720337,
0.041462481021881104,
0.3232293725013733,
-0.19169795513153076,
-0.3502156436443329,
0.49517062306404114,
-0.6522294878959656,
0.009243883192539215,
-0.06256768107414246,
-0.21457163989543915,
-0.31782636046409607,
0.40287598967552185,
0.7116392254829407,
-0.37156370282173157,
0.5351341366767883,
0.1352478414773941,
-0.1961146593093872,
0.5149367451667786,
-0.31471359729766846,
0.16204911470413208,
-0.027926018461585045,
-0.8310360312461853,
0.783765435218811,
-0.3867000937461853,
0.024968277662992477,
0.004354956094175577,
-0.4659171402454376,
-0.33300137519836426,
0.10464178770780563,
-0.060471415519714355,
0.2949569821357727,
-0.23777058720588684,
-0.14823438227176666,
-0.20737402141094208,
-0.3916766047477722,
-0.5435526371002197,
0.1471552848815918,
0.03966114670038223,
-0.19020894169807434,
0.3285466730594635,
0.34181836247444153,
0.2802279591560364,
-0.08269669860601425,
0.20742188394069672,
0.03545369580388069,
0.10273277014493942,
-0.21993710100650787,
-0.2935366928577423,
-1.915379524230957,
0.36700063943862915,
0.04272047430276871,
-0.28499487042427063,
0.3591107130050659,
-0.17865900695323944,
-0.19023177027702332,
0.09228619933128357,
0.7168411612510681,
-0.17782191932201385,
0.07149458676576614,
0.33281272649765015,
-0.15589803457260132,
-0.05073638632893562,
-0.15169592201709747,
0.006891831289976835,
0.2637804448604584,
0.36326634883880615,
-0.21966780722141266,
-0.19282832741737366,
-0.3858822286128998,
-0.39026162028312683,
0.4924326539039612,
0.08442389219999313,
-0.5940107107162476,
0.289116770029068,
0.22246672213077545,
-0.15187697112560272,
0.4491603672504425,
0.002145270351320505,
0.054217517375946045,
0.07151444256305695,
0.4066010117530823,
0.3382897973060608,
0.620933473110199,
-0.8081527352333069,
0.17894890904426575,
-0.4859674870967865,
1.1147793531417847,
-0.29326382279396057,
-0.9952071309089661,
-0.47362902760505676,
-0.062493760138750076,
0.22062206268310547,
0.3869302272796631,
-0.2643018960952759,
0.073899045586586,
-0.5108429193496704,
0.09263595938682556,
0.03286344185471535,
0.5775558948516846,
-0.049055300652980804,
0.1018071398139,
0.06299558281898499,
0.067546546459198,
-0.06695180386304855,
0.217171311378479,
0.44865062832832336,
-0.3471185863018036,
-0.088882677257061,
-0.04933067783713341,
0.3741800785064697,
-0.6752626299858093,
0.19576242566108704,
0.7155482172966003,
-0.39120879769325256,
-0.32062867283821106,
-0.3737596571445465,
0.36479270458221436,
0.3055046796798706,
0.03556188941001892,
-0.5208570957183838,
0.1217322051525116,
0.04830845817923546,
-0.22989748418331146,
-0.4298282265663147,
0.29096853733062744,
1.09651780128479,
0.3851425051689148,
0.47412437200546265,
-0.5016141533851624,
-0.17616206407546997,
0.09455538541078568,
0.6253785490989685,
0.3038075864315033,
-4.43775749206543,
0.07808948308229446,
0.10335547477006912,
0.17088481783866882,
-0.2544749975204468,
0.04503015801310539,
0.16327063739299774,
-0.16927854716777802,
0.18836094439029694,
-0.4358796775341034,
-0.16609950363636017,
0.16342388093471527,
0.38607797026634216,
-0.5438142418861389,
0.2853713035583496,
-0.0377139113843441
] |
210884
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerloo%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Bakerloo (disambiguation)
|
The Bakerloo line is a railway line on the London Underground.
Bakerloo may also refer to:
Bakerloo (band), a late 1960s British rock/blues group
Bakerloo Music, a record label owned by Mauro Picotto
|
[
-0.060678381472826004,
-0.20172655582427979,
-0.17616654932498932,
-0.5468859076499939,
0.3772197365760803,
0.23433803021907806,
0.6348100900650024,
0.42576396465301514,
-0.20396390557289124,
0.09433180093765259,
-0.370477557182312,
0.0554424412548542,
-0.703179657459259,
0.21010945737361908,
-0.28700903058052063,
-0.11376667022705078,
0.13447029888629913,
0.07374192029237747,
0.37132635712623596,
-0.2797520160675049,
0.5525438189506531,
-0.053955771028995514,
-0.020413648337125778,
-0.524959921836853,
0.18207374215126038,
-0.2328626662492752,
-0.029337825253605843,
0.2520867586135864,
0.011153129860758781,
-0.07603953778743744,
0.26537996530532837,
0.1610552966594696,
0.7849333882331848,
-0.23410345613956451,
0.8121494054794312,
-0.06993300467729568,
0.18278449773788452,
-0.42962121963500977,
-0.4316026568412781,
-0.144755020737648,
-0.049632590264081955,
0.13404545187950134,
-0.3143919110298157,
0.15136045217514038,
-0.09809794276952744,
-0.08370555192232132,
-1.305397629737854,
-0.4284939467906952,
-0.7791861891746521,
0.135440394282341,
-0.3733135461807251,
0.3203824460506439,
-0.17783679068088531,
0.051907770335674286,
0.7444769144058228,
0.3852226138114929,
-0.37490278482437134,
0.13972258567810059,
0.4108721613883972,
0.0036195514257997274,
0.06435496360063553,
0.1686122864484787,
-0.2669900953769684,
0.26412469148635864,
-0.2678004205226898,
0.5156795978546143,
-0.366615355014801,
0.8308612108230591,
-0.2957054078578949,
-0.2179766446352005,
0.6350954174995422,
-0.27405261993408203,
0.22174932062625885,
0.4496738314628601,
-0.49040064215660095,
-0.10361269116401672,
0.014713576063513756,
-0.024996038526296616,
0.04131569340825081,
0.18781696259975433,
-0.35279610753059387,
-0.03217625617980957,
1.0848629474639893,
0.1911247819662094,
0.41474032402038574,
0.219000905752182,
-0.3783241808414459,
0.18965275585651398,
0.2551059424877167,
0.8651064038276672,
-0.5344498157501221,
0.006252541206777096,
0.033794105052948,
0.10867135971784592,
-0.24715638160705566,
-0.354218453168869,
0.13859598338603973,
0.16608572006225586,
0.4196246862411499,
0.17803466320037842,
-0.2841464579105377,
0.2782846987247467,
0.43066325783729553,
-0.054848287254571915,
-0.3234812319278717,
-0.6647555232048035,
-0.34197044372558594,
-0.1725718230009079,
0.1295168399810791,
-1.09830641746521,
-0.512467622756958,
0.15952415764331818,
-0.3909575939178467,
-0.03158101066946983,
0.05113504081964493,
0.5216020345687866,
0.09417078644037247,
-0.1193188726902008,
-0.015197861939668655,
0.17983804643154144,
0.3561607897281647,
0.5101339817047119,
0.5942493081092834,
0.3272467255592346,
0.36185765266418457,
0.019483231008052826,
0.4002986252307892,
0.2664046585559845,
-0.3251599669456482,
0.908876359462738,
0.5979991555213928,
1.3005661964416504,
-0.033152464777231216,
-0.46804556250572205,
-0.18138155341148376,
-0.38389816880226135,
0.12470308691263199,
0.7362040281295776,
0.37953808903694153,
0.4655519127845764,
-0.7384462356567383,
0.20925186574459076,
-0.8525408506393433,
0.30953237414360046,
0.42061445116996765,
0.4624647796154022,
-0.31466802954673767,
-0.3278668224811554,
0.03228377923369408,
-0.5871087312698364,
0.1715623140335083,
0.41107431054115295,
-0.35401755571365356,
-0.008583661168813705,
-0.7139893770217896,
0.17901769280433655,
0.4041382968425751,
0.03580954670906067,
-0.21039822697639465,
0.24541644752025604,
-0.43916237354278564,
0.39505064487457275,
0.33876657485961914,
0.05363275483250618,
0.18347638845443726,
0.2518646717071533,
0.15258745849132538,
-0.3131536543369293,
0.5685319304466248,
0.2139720618724823,
-0.4707615077495575,
-0.45132508873939514,
0.7174726724624634,
-0.304543137550354,
-0.1723797768354416,
-0.12567277252674103,
0.6443678736686707,
0.4778273105621338,
0.10530641674995422,
-0.3897220492362976,
-0.5728442668914795,
0.10169274359941483,
0.14852523803710938,
0.20563474297523499,
0.7355034351348877,
-0.23063097894191742,
0.3804183900356293,
-0.006724220700562,
-0.33248570561408997,
0.10900791734457016,
-0.12795868515968323,
-0.16102391481399536,
0.4663163721561432,
-0.6094613671302795,
0.32519179582595825,
0.37390196323394775,
-0.09843891113996506,
0.5237700343132019,
-0.44882285594940186,
0.41794663667678833,
0.31426993012428284,
-0.1061924546957016,
-0.13784530758857727,
0.08059327304363251,
-0.6674644947052002,
1.1485798358917236,
0.26053881645202637,
-0.17745071649551392,
0.6119304895401001,
0.12340589612722397,
0.5666871070861816,
-0.38000431656837463,
-0.528014063835144,
-0.16571231186389923,
0.31580111384391785,
-0.5388776659965515,
0.16651131212711334,
-0.2517363429069519,
0.36888623237609863,
-0.7977028489112854,
0.7750884890556335,
0.08107326924800873,
0.20659950375556946,
0.23309211432933807,
-0.44535961747169495,
1.1856112480163574,
0.49439552426338196,
0.8999171853065491,
0.3859109878540039,
-0.4632492959499359,
-0.06434468924999237,
0.5730428695678711,
0.34970736503601074,
-0.34749144315719604,
0.0889928936958313,
-0.24380335211753845,
-0.009366852231323719,
-0.7443785667419434,
0.4557802975177765,
-0.2763631045818329,
0.11010634899139404,
-0.2630959749221802,
-0.409824937582016,
0.02096908539533615,
0.08317787200212479,
0.19787761569023132,
-0.021260470151901245,
0.4364188313484192,
-0.05456925928592682,
-0.3004712760448456,
0.4038981795310974,
0.5129517912864685,
0.05131494253873825,
0.3277965188026428,
-0.16506876051425934,
-0.008222167380154133,
0.10982424765825272,
0.4430351257324219,
0.12831319868564606,
0.18512971699237823,
0.15206938982009888,
0.06346159428358078,
0.31671223044395447,
0.0500490665435791,
-0.11498887836933136,
-0.3036198318004608,
-0.6744885444641113,
-0.21937963366508484,
0.6760203838348389,
0.3119891285896301,
0.43141523003578186,
0.0227249413728714,
-0.6713719964027405,
-1.4199084043502808,
-0.09111686050891876,
0.4071732759475708,
0.13300998508930206,
0.3129449784755707,
0.17010244727134705,
-0.18353907763957977,
-0.029208019375801086,
0.6709139347076416,
-0.0073898471891880035,
-0.45947542786598206,
-0.028224557638168335,
0.2554077208042145,
0.0672554150223732,
0.11913580447435379,
-0.1490807682275772,
-0.4113415777683258,
-0.7251140475273132,
-0.015153421089053154,
-0.5227824449539185,
-0.09152348339557648,
0.0021251472644507885,
-0.43097320199012756,
-0.5100553631782532,
-0.33613792061805725,
0.2536168694496155,
-0.373066246509552,
-0.3681480884552002,
0.28897708654403687,
-0.31799498200416565,
-0.3269200026988983,
-0.3486839830875397,
0.05656794086098671,
-0.5472116470336914,
-0.32515522837638855,
-5.637024402618408,
0.384918749332428,
0.009598628617823124,
0.10938761383295059,
-0.066481813788414,
-0.25316059589385986,
0.09583190828561783,
-0.2944517135620117,
-0.13488802313804626,
-0.3905273675918579,
-0.10092871636152267,
-0.20778363943099976,
0.12514324486255646,
0.006755293812602758,
0.25419631600379944,
0.036619044840335846,
0.014043383300304413,
-0.006982616614550352,
0.665482223033905,
-0.41262689232826233,
-0.1361873894929886,
-0.0024148516822606325,
-0.0601026751101017,
0.1071995422244072,
-0.25960367918014526,
0.8352460265159607,
-0.24302184581756592,
0.056255701929330826,
-1.2029964923858643,
-0.6265102028846741,
0.5178775787353516,
0.2032901644706726,
0.039628345519304276,
-0.39001816511154175,
0.01030835509300232,
-0.33979153633117676,
0.4570595324039459,
0.2809380292892456,
0.09309490770101547,
0.18108797073364258,
0.17938342690467834,
0.5310919880867004,
-0.21496957540512085,
-0.28004246950149536,
-0.002071266295388341,
0.21134419739246368,
-0.863170325756073,
0.08497454226016998,
-0.36599001288414,
0.2081679105758667,
-0.10590717941522598,
0.2669375538825989,
0.7423973083496094,
-0.1728227138519287,
-0.2797524631023407,
-0.13883568346500397,
-0.16714680194854736,
-0.7095041275024414,
0.10635456442832947,
0.37449029088020325,
0.5198031663894653,
-0.18439547717571259,
0.005983263254165649,
-0.23014084994792938,
-0.5401331782341003,
-0.13819608092308044,
-0.43171927332878113,
-0.12118520587682724,
1.0942370891571045,
-0.1681184321641922,
-0.4800288677215576,
-0.061041150242090225,
0.4994634687900543,
-0.8835234642028809,
-0.09663906693458557,
0.0771813616156578,
-0.44411882758140564,
0.1984943151473999,
0.3856480121612549,
-0.5071452856063843,
0.47016239166259766,
-0.4831269681453705,
0.1366206854581833,
0.09803550690412521,
0.2317795753479004,
-0.8745191693305969,
-0.7103588581085205,
0.4201229512691498,
-0.30734652280807495,
-0.22845445573329926,
0.24600160121917725,
-0.24944119155406952,
-0.0183592326939106,
-0.04215392842888832,
0.4362836480140686,
-0.1259918212890625,
-0.23628577589988708,
0.06949872523546219,
-0.16506759822368622,
-0.062446773052215576,
-0.059343669563531876,
-0.5378478169441223,
0.1250973641872406,
-0.6305684447288513,
-0.2964699864387512,
-0.33868569135665894,
-0.3850044012069702,
-0.0599372573196888,
-0.11295913904905319,
-0.35695958137512207,
-0.017777075991034508,
-0.461542010307312,
-0.7857667803764343,
-0.07172440737485886,
0.295856773853302,
-0.07156902551651001,
-0.5911710262298584,
-0.10416221618652344,
0.09798265993595123,
0.19154615700244904,
0.2108112871646881,
0.6030541658401489,
0.3038332760334015,
-0.1046021431684494,
-0.06951534003019333,
0.28207123279571533,
0.5458122491836548,
0.48740389943122864,
0.35985612869262695,
0.4019553065299988,
-0.1794878989458084,
0.4392194449901581,
-0.6064013242721558,
-0.722233772277832,
-0.7107285857200623,
-0.47280773520469666,
-1.0465327501296997,
0.1352192461490631,
0.10835636407136917,
0.48659488558769226,
0.2863604724407196,
-0.1472828984260559,
0.4602896571159363,
0.4176933169364929,
0.5298193693161011,
0.718141496181488,
0.2846788167953491,
-0.6954848766326904,
-0.3520870804786682,
0.03083072602748871,
0.09578259289264679,
-0.45347070693969727,
0.6799505949020386,
-0.43256813287734985,
-0.05987608805298805,
-0.06478095799684525,
-0.00009968682570615783,
0.5133216977119446,
-0.24057252705097198,
0.15091750025749207,
-0.1703796535730362,
-0.2514551281929016,
-0.7073938250541687,
0.40073248744010925,
0.022357815876603127,
-0.07423990964889526,
0.19713979959487915,
0.13098646700382233,
0.15031839907169342,
0.5236409902572632,
-0.17498977482318878,
-0.5317384600639343,
-0.2709610164165497,
0.01746503822505474,
0.30265939235687256,
0.12316583842039108,
-0.42361870408058167,
0.21578316390514374,
-0.2076646387577057,
-0.33297935128211975,
-0.07247612625360489,
-0.2880357503890991,
0.07774366438388824,
0.6678053736686707,
0.3325214982032776,
-0.9977113008499146,
-0.20924869179725647,
-0.0009702786919660866,
0.11329701542854309,
-0.3766249418258667,
0.19933544099330902,
0.18216456472873688,
0.34470030665397644,
0.354122519493103,
-0.18571099638938904,
-0.8088627457618713,
0.149571493268013,
0.36288896203041077,
-0.21493150293827057,
-0.6947492957115173,
-0.2841138541698456,
0.27302286028862,
-0.7138587832450867,
0.1381033957004547,
0.5514761209487915,
-0.837020754814148,
0.14030539989471436,
0.2949635684490204,
-0.6650196313858032,
0.18231768906116486,
-0.08963638544082642,
-1.090181827545166,
0.15671133995056152,
0.2834303081035614,
-0.606736958026886,
-0.1083405539393425,
0.014157305471599102,
0.29216599464416504,
-0.15661104023456573,
-0.3854965269565582,
-0.20274415612220764,
-0.13333596289157867,
-0.5451863408088684,
0.3254106938838959,
-0.2120475023984909,
0.5801659822463989,
0.33396396040916443,
-0.9772197008132935,
0.480327308177948,
0.05696621537208557,
-0.4117475152015686,
-0.21310901641845703,
-0.01862187869846821,
0.5442752242088318,
0.026795094832777977,
0.2919638156890869,
-0.18286068737506866,
-0.204739049077034,
0.45559361577033997,
0.19495268166065216,
0.5226173996925354,
0.4659333825111389,
0.13195514678955078,
-0.5873709917068481,
-0.5230292081832886,
0.29752278327941895,
0.3803809583187103,
-0.6095832586288452,
-0.19984641671180725,
0.6086788773536682,
0.5662403106689453,
0.07276368141174316,
-0.4768214821815491,
-0.1521873027086258,
0.9601700305938721,
-0.17524877190589905,
-0.002470931503921747,
-0.16441966593265533,
0.3212451934814453,
0.3137435019016266,
0.34023985266685486,
0.09137459099292755,
-0.21504682302474976,
0.1872149407863617,
0.39671558141708374,
0.08961695432662964,
0.12120869755744934,
-0.39104706048965454,
0.4798484742641449,
-0.7872456312179565,
-0.11271584779024124,
-0.6470996141433716,
-0.25232023000717163,
0.47080984711647034,
0.3661767244338989,
0.14905069768428802,
0.10082147270441055,
-1.0128962993621826,
0.34637451171875,
-0.26013439893722534,
0.20810477435588837,
-0.306302547454834,
0.14246028661727905,
-0.3673066794872284,
0.06172371283173561,
0.21742002665996552,
0.1765947937965393,
-0.2931267023086548,
-0.46397021412849426,
-0.06270243972539902,
-0.3238562047481537,
-0.15038160979747772,
-0.05076486989855766,
0.193220853805542,
0.35416021943092346,
0.16050177812576294,
-0.06100987270474434,
0.22663331031799316,
-0.10840872675180435,
-0.7031478881835938,
-0.4556399881839752,
0.7608466148376465,
0.07155372947454453,
-0.08348333835601807,
0.11145559698343277,
0.5642102360725403,
-0.13075996935367584,
-0.3574596643447876,
0.26572877168655396,
-0.35352277755737305,
0.4067162871360779,
0.42577308416366577,
-0.1373486965894699,
0.8482586145401001,
0.2805955410003662,
0.2014906108379364,
0.1209336668252945,
-0.2797195315361023,
0.10675962269306183,
0.5318158268928528,
0.034332092851400375,
0.5113823413848877,
0.6950589418411255,
0.361818790435791,
-0.5968090891838074,
0.3659979999065399,
-0.13200029730796814,
-0.4142860174179077,
0.3117373585700989,
0.05432722717523575,
0.22306649386882782,
-0.5891916155815125,
-0.1049622893333435,
0.07937413454055786,
-0.06552103161811829,
-0.44880563020706177,
0.20406265556812286,
-0.05418828874826431,
-0.02820923551917076,
0.5823875665664673,
0.06498849391937256,
0.18163380026817322,
-0.06429572403430939,
-0.020116213709115982,
0.253381609916687,
-0.11128325015306473,
0.4329719543457031,
0.062293387949466705,
0.23749186098575592,
0.49799975752830505,
-0.2071194350719452,
0.2187163084745407,
0.18705348670482635,
-0.2544417381286621,
0.07371316850185394,
0.2663837671279907,
-0.14640569686889648,
-0.3246016502380371,
0.3012828230857849,
-1.020743489265442,
0.22431455552577972,
0.5875287055969238,
-0.45553556084632874,
-0.26067960262298584,
-0.037135109305381775,
-0.4994525909423828,
-0.4520912766456604,
-0.47981175780296326,
-0.13745231926441193,
0.8772069215774536,
0.11679580807685852,
0.28951942920684814,
0.0424569696187973,
-0.2006371021270752,
-0.05303288623690605,
0.29954659938812256,
-0.09193487465381622,
0.4186550974845886,
0.17769630253314972,
-0.32451462745666504,
0.06731976568698883,
0.6167726516723633,
-0.04202568158507347,
0.1319086253643036,
0.29706770181655884,
-0.6993746161460876,
-0.33019721508026123,
-0.13852256536483765,
-1.2369096279144287,
-0.41314077377319336,
-0.15166622400283813,
0.03450581058859825,
-0.4513291120529175,
-0.22960034012794495,
-0.4241017997264862,
0.019644923508167267,
-0.39583149552345276,
0.26957371830940247,
0.4603654742240906,
-0.20013560354709625,
0.27685946226119995,
0.4157392978668213,
0.3405797481536865,
0.4242415428161621,
-0.45114070177078247,
0.7583932280540466,
-0.4279477298259735,
0.11120287328958511,
-0.3124374747276306,
0.797671914100647,
0.4585799276828766,
0.3727673292160034,
-0.16346818208694458,
0.2952559292316437,
0.1689421385526657,
0.014147781766951084,
-0.21325016021728516,
-0.4999377429485321,
-0.10300344228744507,
-0.280306875705719,
-0.04475332051515579,
-0.4191681146621704,
-0.21887394785881042,
0.1410861611366272,
-0.10705119371414185,
-0.9790341854095459,
0.35744693875312805,
0.3276190757751465,
0.07348321378231049,
0.6071615815162659,
0.10969509184360504,
0.07117239385843277,
-0.1616353988647461,
-0.5169137716293335,
-0.572310209274292,
0.14968444406986237,
0.06408504396677017,
0.8526634573936462,
-0.16869360208511353,
0.049793604761362076,
0.1707461178302765,
-0.030614420771598816,
0.09803011268377304,
0.3732972741127014,
-2.2859365940093994,
-0.19917088747024536,
0.32725417613983154,
0.019951989874243736,
-0.7745742201805115,
0.3190142512321472,
0.661766529083252,
-0.08475208282470703,
0.10693450272083282,
-0.09318003803491592,
0.6544685959815979,
-0.39586105942726135,
-0.10090047121047974,
-0.12794561684131622,
0.3324541747570038,
0.12406085431575775
] |
210889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20and%20Defence
|
Society and Defence
|
Society and Defence () is a Swedish non-governmental organisation which acts as a forum for debate over defence and national security issues in Sweden. It has other organisations rather than individuals as its members. The membership, of about 50, includes youth leagues of political parties, trade unions, business associations, royal academies, voluntary defence organisations and others.
See also
Swedish Armed Forces
Swedish Emergency Management Agency
Swedish National Board of Psychological Defence
Government of Sweden
Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences
Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences
Non-governmental organisations in Sweden
List of political parties in Sweden
Scandinavian defence union
External links
Society and Defense
Think tanks based in Sweden
Military-related organizations
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks
Defense policy
Security sector governance and reform
Debating societies
Politics of Sweden
|
[
0.7017708420753479,
0.06398004293441772,
0.29154619574546814,
-0.004527594428509474,
-0.436185359954834,
0.049525659531354904,
0.1934027522802353,
-0.26861807703971863,
-0.6284392476081848,
-0.2544820010662079,
-0.3916514217853546,
0.4036870300769806,
0.16977930068969727,
-0.0406632199883461,
-0.3978734314441681,
0.22358475625514984,
0.4925098717212677,
0.4404403865337372,
0.23740404844284058,
-0.14911450445652008,
-0.5547667741775513,
-0.13412965834140778,
0.59014892578125,
-0.40207403898239136,
0.5574811100959778,
-0.2319607436656952,
0.5139539241790771,
0.2542225122451782,
0.48867571353912354,
0.2456188201904297,
0.26843419671058655,
0.24215030670166016,
-0.4443502724170685,
-0.09783182293176651,
-0.2802087664604187,
-0.21359051764011383,
0.0019840977620333433,
0.045198142528533936,
0.029106782749295235,
0.06749150156974792,
-0.0009847714100033045,
-0.3099946975708008,
-0.4402628242969513,
0.24129796028137207,
0.2687360644340515,
-0.9589192867279053,
-0.9436162710189819,
0.49870678782463074,
-0.5190271139144897,
0.5393874049186707,
-0.5748498439788818,
0.5438027381896973,
0.19358675181865692,
0.5057435035705566,
0.11239197850227356,
0.13214263319969177,
-0.41010338068008423,
-0.21868957579135895,
-0.633810818195343,
-0.6140878200531006,
0.04487987235188484,
0.12076928466558456,
0.17305119335651398,
-0.2644845247268677,
0.6766330599784851,
0.08614955842494965,
0.2504570186138153,
0.028601722791790962,
0.047132886946201324,
-0.3346942961215973,
-0.30697891116142273,
0.015214995481073856,
-0.3433554768562317,
0.23309412598609924,
0.15739215910434723,
-0.5442724823951721,
0.4744096100330353,
-0.23395691812038422,
0.331779420375824,
-0.1848313808441162,
0.22098524868488312,
-0.07459979504346848,
0.4026670455932617,
0.311466783285141,
0.4971618056297302,
0.3684975802898407,
-0.27800968289375305,
-0.2194615602493286,
-0.8005377054214478,
-0.18549494445323944,
0.2055056095123291,
-0.17063985764980316,
0.7053706049919128,
-0.1873670071363449,
0.21082349121570587,
0.4440261721611023,
0.6730093955993652,
0.2343309074640274,
-0.21009491384029388,
0.262077271938324,
0.012012875638902187,
0.22308221459388733,
0.03349045664072037,
-0.3809986710548401,
0.026789821684360504,
-0.2916049659252167,
-0.10302870720624924,
-0.7582463622093201,
0.2872862219810486,
-0.05741765350103378,
-0.5759670734405518,
-0.19114893674850464,
0.05211992561817169,
0.23245559632778168,
-0.18789200484752655,
0.6650099158287048,
-0.09090981632471085,
-0.4214211106300354,
-0.046967457979917526,
0.2173907607793808,
0.190958172082901,
0.8137701749801636,
-0.0058446782641112804,
0.24784335494041443,
0.47561922669410706,
0.26863566040992737,
0.6826797723770142,
0.2698475122451782,
-0.23058927059173584,
0.2766841948032379,
0.3552940785884857,
0.2269005924463272,
-0.45440319180488586,
0.14179979264736176,
-0.1915789395570755,
-0.11735247820615768,
0.6931689977645874,
0.05860712379217148,
0.3289799988269806,
0.5404194593429565,
-0.33962371945381165,
-0.5692005753517151,
-0.16080208122730255,
-0.5249544382095337,
0.4267563819885254,
-0.5653792023658752,
-0.5890834927558899,
-0.5917239189147949,
-0.3564111292362213,
-0.18627378344535828,
0.18543151021003723,
0.13521745800971985,
0.2541227340698242,
0.30420929193496704,
-0.1726604849100113,
0.5917180776596069,
0.601024329662323,
0.18742635846138,
0.5288035273551941,
0.6416656374931335,
0.4106941223144531,
-0.20800025761127472,
-0.2567698061466217,
0.33658096194267273,
0.303854376077652,
-0.17550908029079437,
-0.15797069668769836,
0.6786145567893982,
0.3442813754081726,
-0.2683507204055786,
-0.015969233587384224,
-0.24669930338859558,
0.58980393409729,
-0.183260977268219,
0.3544086813926697,
0.07972504198551178,
-0.07902025431394577,
0.0010232053464278579,
0.42711180448532104,
-0.2934688329696655,
-0.5486278533935547,
-0.46473294496536255,
0.09884371608495712,
-0.39314505457878113,
0.12277379631996155,
-0.05904185771942139,
-0.005548665765672922,
-0.13233332335948944,
-0.061204805970191956,
0.45154136419296265,
-0.7075708508491516,
-0.620999813079834,
0.6198186874389648,
-0.3615061640739441,
1.3807791471481323,
-0.2643546760082245,
-0.3889220058917999,
1.095097541809082,
-0.6141117215156555,
0.3300124704837799,
0.0619177408516407,
-0.37660688161849976,
0.18324556946754456,
0.054037343710660934,
-0.17885081470012665,
0.35954543948173523,
-0.0380314439535141,
0.22284157574176788,
0.270001083612442,
0.13398702442646027,
-0.09408019483089447,
-0.4985375702381134,
0.36098530888557434,
-0.2418064922094345,
0.19067539274692535,
-0.3787863552570343,
-0.07470130920410156,
0.4523984491825104,
0.036486171185970306,
-0.07139572501182556,
0.8454395532608032,
-0.29817670583724976,
0.21844111382961273,
0.7624695897102356,
-0.045442428439855576,
-0.12239028513431549,
0.4766893982887268,
0.6856103539466858,
0.2274184376001358,
-0.6197391748428345,
0.4214331805706024,
0.17077875137329102,
0.30507105588912964,
-0.40605124831199646,
-0.021611688658595085,
-0.2600502371788025,
-0.4951908588409424,
0.35051146149635315,
0.06882921606302261,
-0.3236181139945984,
-0.039440520107746124,
0.5336205959320068,
-0.3369963467121124,
0.637811005115509,
-0.11268571764230728,
0.4264396131038666,
-0.26331114768981934,
-0.12949059903621674,
-0.19657321274280548,
0.18417653441429138,
-0.2390645146369934,
0.2367388755083084,
-0.03900285065174103,
-0.5068759322166443,
-0.26129695773124695,
0.09257016330957413,
0.505199670791626,
-0.07037799060344696,
0.16685634851455688,
0.02197950892150402,
-0.6840563416481018,
-0.2800869941711426,
-0.024378115311264992,
0.5322133302688599,
0.22503694891929626,
-0.562264084815979,
-0.18354108929634094,
-1.2216551303863525,
0.12436489015817642,
0.5975612998008728,
0.2985103130340576,
-0.1249353215098381,
-0.41510623693466187,
0.13926956057548523,
-0.18474741280078888,
-0.7264753580093384,
0.1976390779018402,
-0.08486080914735794,
-0.5326920747756958,
-0.7066556811332703,
-0.2769443690776825,
0.7390515804290771,
0.7675962448120117,
-0.4966704249382019,
-0.18082357943058014,
0.012176594696938992,
0.06074037775397301,
-0.12225083261728287,
-0.33526337146759033,
0.4627285301685333,
0.12678927183151245,
0.16632013022899628,
0.21633723378181458,
-0.6564556956291199,
0.45448875427246094,
0.0596194714307785,
0.0029504341073334217,
0.5489456653594971,
0.2944088280200958,
0.2204422950744629,
-0.7638424634933472,
0.518181562423706,
-0.12177255749702454,
0.2732051610946655,
0.6693453788757324,
-0.7217919826507568,
-0.6568105220794678,
0.21939434111118317,
-5.951093673706055,
-0.5920646786689758,
0.023144077509641647,
-0.16428501904010773,
0.2712787985801697,
0.5164631009101868,
0.6340880990028381,
-0.7269660830497742,
-0.1006999984383583,
0.0036608013324439526,
0.0026429055724292994,
0.2559965252876282,
0.42114031314849854,
0.6436498761177063,
0.21316994726657867,
0.4014018476009369,
0.07928813248872757,
0.14633576571941376,
0.5453129410743713,
0.20300957560539246,
-0.08793099969625473,
0.053941722959280014,
-0.17473165690898895,
0.6470795273780823,
0.7918901443481445,
0.5702574849128723,
-0.7227040529251099,
-0.03593330457806587,
0.21360398828983307,
-0.2454186975955963,
0.07128094881772995,
0.3445422649383545,
0.337378591299057,
-0.45829352736473083,
0.4110775291919708,
-0.0014325728407129645,
0.49407270550727844,
0.5011141896247864,
-0.21827071905136108,
-0.48120176792144775,
0.13495992124080658,
0.524557888507843,
0.0763942301273346,
-0.3305329382419586,
-0.03197624161839485,
0.05793289095163345,
-0.2903393507003784,
0.375123530626297,
-0.536862850189209,
0.7807629704475403,
-0.2223922461271286,
-0.42176881432533264,
0.34126824140548706,
-0.4724655747413635,
-0.26016801595687866,
-0.19271937012672424,
0.4673403203487396,
-0.3328363299369812,
0.23584267497062683,
-0.30966708064079285,
0.1461474746465683,
0.027701934799551964,
0.06543335318565369,
-0.6024596691131592,
-0.20927099883556366,
-0.052803218364715576,
-0.4826679229736328,
-0.3006684184074402,
0.5629206299781799,
-0.4601825177669525,
-0.18520806729793549,
0.6234514117240906,
-0.007425697520375252,
-0.8313437104225159,
0.07812093198299408,
-0.4467075765132904,
-0.009967316873371601,
-0.29401716589927673,
0.3456321954727173,
-0.15852713584899902,
-0.030227476730942726,
-0.18846525251865387,
-0.2910146117210388,
0.33312350511550903,
-0.0614134855568409,
-0.23886428773403168,
0.5404421091079712,
-0.2577776312828064,
-0.10459601879119873,
-0.32556188106536865,
0.2516057789325714,
-0.7155930399894714,
0.020399251952767372,
0.5216547846794128,
0.31526297330856323,
0.9556738138198853,
-0.19427667558193207,
0.058938831090927124,
-0.1619085967540741,
-0.5860314965248108,
0.28834977746009827,
0.03411920741200447,
-0.4210353195667267,
-0.4666295647621155,
-0.11187489330768585,
0.20827935636043549,
-0.22165749967098236,
0.08628909289836884,
0.3264023959636688,
-0.28053203225135803,
-0.2450583428144455,
-0.3086540699005127,
-0.45925572514533997,
-0.04625742882490158,
0.1129905954003334,
-0.09216226637363434,
-0.6640312671661377,
0.43575701117515564,
0.10131031274795532,
-0.07178353518247604,
-0.2957189679145813,
0.05920449271798134,
0.09687106311321259,
0.08840800076723099,
-0.590509831905365,
-0.34644776582717896,
-0.49199989438056946,
-0.06783884763717651,
-0.1419985294342041,
0.3170609772205353,
0.20525477826595306,
0.21572567522525787,
0.25714585185050964,
0.07210520654916763,
0.7108851075172424,
-0.10416387021541595,
-0.001130302669480443,
0.12261969596147537,
-0.004774764645844698,
-0.017104554921388626,
0.1862451136112213,
-0.39019107818603516,
-0.22262609004974365,
0.063039630651474,
-0.044893957674503326,
0.3223073482513428,
-0.4392457902431488,
0.4315636157989502,
-0.11606087535619736,
0.7190625071525574,
-0.33752796053886414,
0.10199252516031265,
0.6673182845115662,
-0.29281964898109436,
0.14942224323749542,
-0.5491421222686768,
0.2689971625804901,
0.3361525535583496,
-0.20212233066558838,
-0.2986282408237457,
-0.45275604724884033,
-0.527790904045105,
-0.996659517288208,
0.05073832347989082,
0.7821391820907593,
-0.42564770579338074,
-0.9892807006835938,
-0.27605724334716797,
-0.2764734625816345,
-0.07134106010198593,
-0.27775144577026367,
-0.04973553493618965,
-0.41939541697502136,
-0.2676656246185303,
-0.11400496959686279,
-0.333646684885025,
-0.1317669004201889,
0.24709655344486237,
-0.012075989507138729,
0.09047050774097443,
0.5675491094589233,
-0.03768065571784973,
-0.12046604603528976,
0.1594853699207306,
0.5683054327964783,
-0.2915733754634857,
0.38559630513191223,
-0.04054790362715721,
0.24735046923160553,
0.14812202751636505,
0.5792517066001892,
0.1315089762210846,
0.580627977848053,
-0.2794758081436157,
-0.2357780486345291,
-0.2480674833059311,
-0.058484047651290894,
0.039734505116939545,
-0.1040424108505249,
-0.40800032019615173,
1.003764033317566,
0.7699546813964844,
-0.36914727091789246,
0.2819923162460327,
-0.2928946018218994,
-0.6284390091896057,
0.3052408993244171,
-0.1571069061756134,
-0.017690453678369522,
0.24842604994773865,
-0.6441574096679688,
-0.19720391929149628,
-0.42982566356658936,
0.33903875946998596,
-0.9841060042381287,
-0.17790846526622772,
0.09676120430231094,
-0.26540112495422363,
-0.32519304752349854,
-0.18521223962306976,
-0.054762937128543854,
-0.342672199010849,
-0.5396114587783813,
0.3855758011341095,
-0.39764663577079773,
0.3734216094017029,
0.6268081665039062,
-0.48279067873954773,
0.31628063321113586,
-0.20507504045963287,
-0.0840936154127121,
-0.19777849316596985,
0.43753981590270996,
-0.17612750828266144,
-0.4298548102378845,
-0.28999656438827515,
-0.6099568009376526,
0.1278991401195526,
0.4862922728061676,
0.5913480520248413,
-0.25491413474082947,
0.35167601704597473,
-0.18526217341423035,
-0.9627984762191772,
-0.06824570894241333,
0.464972585439682,
1.139597773551941,
-0.582721471786499,
-0.2924182116985321,
-0.23085029423236847,
0.42057010531425476,
-0.295450896024704,
-0.43592169880867004,
-0.18226885795593262,
0.5089371204376221,
-0.5912013053894043,
-0.25186803936958313,
0.13507458567619324,
-0.08663090318441391,
-0.5284487009048462,
-0.12212959676980972,
-0.41358429193496704,
-0.7826511859893799,
0.18381093442440033,
0.15292298793792725,
-0.11721199750900269,
-0.1446153223514557,
-0.7189013361930847,
0.022692399099469185,
0.14615634083747864,
-0.44101592898368835,
-0.11244329065084457,
0.5813283920288086,
0.169164776802063,
-0.1725034862756729,
0.10125256329774857,
0.14542824029922485,
-0.15222039818763733,
-0.19296714663505554,
0.2893931567668915,
0.1365380883216858,
0.011765599250793457,
0.11833781003952026,
-0.10147396475076675,
0.009410703554749489,
-1.081711769104004,
0.2110365480184555,
0.15589794516563416,
-0.45486149191856384,
-0.21537338197231293,
-0.2877180576324463,
-0.11691626906394958,
-0.21855498850345612,
0.30858901143074036,
-0.2849344313144684,
-0.15898896753787994,
-0.39728376269340515,
-0.2913036644458771,
0.12242081761360168,
-0.0537489652633667,
-0.706977128982544,
-0.2963031828403473,
-0.1199674978852272,
0.04623989388346672,
0.8985045552253723,
0.2511442303657532,
-0.20663484930992126,
-0.08533212542533875,
-0.08785831928253174,
0.3893459737300873,
0.3393741250038147,
-0.4650503695011139,
0.4870208203792572,
0.3533667027950287,
-0.5979995131492615,
0.15258799493312836,
-0.03122001141309738,
-0.7983930706977844,
-0.01996486261487007,
-0.02677118591964245,
0.09243223816156387,
0.5259796977043152,
0.6097037196159363,
0.36973264813423157,
-0.14906691014766693,
0.7631462216377258,
0.2793354392051697,
0.3633187711238861,
0.11886570602655411,
-0.03008435107767582,
0.6360416412353516,
0.5010941028594971,
-0.2515968978404999,
0.2141655683517456,
0.22255823016166687,
-0.26669591665267944,
0.387846976518631,
-0.33997106552124023,
-0.20829321444034576,
0.4032796025276184,
0.05733660236001015,
-0.1630229651927948,
-0.20346149802207947,
-0.19120095670223236,
-0.2129400074481964,
0.3586621880531311,
0.16575700044631958,
0.00002979033706651535,
0.11580672115087509,
0.1203855648636818,
0.43835070729255676,
-0.3558213412761688,
-0.2558119595050812,
-0.3999590575695038,
-0.2103998064994812,
0.07290904968976974,
-0.049051232635974884,
-0.5056092143058777,
-0.01566244661808014,
-0.15988071262836456,
0.1421508640050888,
0.15782704949378967,
0.10157307982444763,
0.06862468272447586,
-0.37174567580223083,
0.26661965250968933,
0.396999329328537,
-0.34277549386024475,
0.4493217468261719,
0.08249302953481674,
-0.05088447779417038,
-0.016144294291734695,
-0.24332353472709656,
-0.01583675481379032,
-0.36282458901405334,
-0.4739619195461273,
0.9448453187942505,
-0.22752676904201508,
0.041120219975709915,
-0.03129163756966591,
-0.3405613601207733,
0.42049574851989746,
-0.05794575437903404,
-0.6583949327468872,
-0.06102598085999489,
0.13392555713653564,
-0.18419745564460754,
0.08046071231365204,
-0.04950609430670738,
-0.3256332576274872,
0.14218106865882874,
-0.48850956559181213,
0.31033971905708313,
0.3061586022377014,
-0.38155239820480347,
0.062120091170072556,
0.24185863137245178,
0.7130964398384094,
0.4964451491832733,
0.03708682209253311,
-0.25101545453071594,
0.10912779718637466,
-0.11787369102239609,
0.11156456917524338,
-0.18682679533958435,
0.3428730368614197,
-0.5448436737060547,
-0.3596813380718231,
-0.23827163875102997,
-0.12196985632181168,
0.3282761871814728,
0.405385285615921,
-0.031529054045677185,
0.5435298681259155,
-0.43984830379486084,
0.14409223198890686,
0.4876759946346283,
0.03155697137117386,
-0.015573978424072266,
-0.0571540892124176,
0.06189301609992981,
0.0498441644012928,
0.6813951134681702,
-0.3802453577518463,
-0.37368252873420715,
-0.46708500385284424,
0.4425300657749176,
0.5644349455833435,
-0.04103323444724083,
0.2621258795261383,
-0.26437339186668396,
-0.6884304881095886,
-0.3188723623752594,
0.35785406827926636,
-0.7542526125907898,
0.4113514721393585,
-0.2002994865179062,
0.3364197611808777,
0.35989153385162354,
-0.7235968112945557,
0.15535005927085876,
0.13207599520683289,
0.6689210534095764,
-0.10126159340143204,
0.2495196908712387,
0.05679354816675186,
-0.2640247642993927,
-0.02850254252552986,
-0.593619167804718,
0.05864734202623367,
-0.014818081632256508,
-0.7325071096420288,
0.6198073029518127,
-0.6835625767707825,
0.1910240203142166,
-0.22906386852264404,
0.4061143398284912,
-0.1818077713251114,
0.11338339745998383,
0.15570560097694397
] |
210892
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
|
Firefox
|
Mozilla Firefox, or simply Firefox, is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox uses the Gecko rendering engine to display web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards. In 2017, Firefox began incorporating new technology under the code name Quantum to promote parallelism and a more intuitive user interface. Firefox is available for Windows 7 and later versions, macOS, and Linux. Its unofficial ports are available for various Unix and Unix-like operating systems, including FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, illumos, and Solaris Unix. Firefox is also available for Android and iOS. However, the iOS version uses the WebKit layout engine instead of Gecko due to platform requirements, as with all other iOS web browsers. An optimized version of Firefox is also available on the Amazon Fire TV, as one of the two main browsers available with Amazon's Silk Browser.
Firefox was created in 2002 under the code name "Phoenix" by the Mozilla community members who desired a standalone browser, rather than the Mozilla Application Suite bundle. During its beta phase, Firefox proved to be popular with its testers and was praised for its speed, security, and add-ons compared to Microsoft's then-dominant Internet Explorer 6. Firefox was released on November 9, 2004, and challenged Internet Explorer's dominance with 60 million downloads within nine months. Firefox is the spiritual successor of Netscape Navigator, as the Mozilla community was created by Netscape in 1998 before their acquisition by AOL.
Firefox usage share grew to a peak of 32.21% in November 2009, with Firefox 3.5 overtaking Internet Explorer 7, although not all versions of Internet Explorer as a whole; its usage then declined in competition with Google Chrome. , according to StatCounter, Firefox has 8.34% usage share as a desktop web browser, making it the fourth-most popular desktop web browser after Google Chrome (66.35%), Safari (9.82%), and Microsoft Edge (9.53%), while its usage share across all platforms is lower at 3.91% in fourth place, after Google Chrome (64.06%), Safari (19.22%), and Edge (4.19%).
History
The project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt, and Blake Ross. They believed the commercial requirements of Netscape's sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suite's software bloat, they created a standalone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. Version 0.1 was released on September 23, 2002. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird.
The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. The nascent browser was originally named Phoenix, after the mythical bird that rose triumphantly from the ashes of its dead predecessor (in this case, from the "ashes" of Netscape Navigator, after it was sidelined by Microsoft Internet Explorer in the "First Browser War"). Phoenix was renamed in 2003 due to a trademark claim from Phoenix Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response from the Firebird database software project. The Mozilla Foundation reassured them that the browser would always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion. After further pressure, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox on February 9, 2004. The name Firefox was said to be derived from a nickname of the red panda, which became the mascot for the newly named project. For the abbreviation of Firefox, Mozilla prefers Fx or fx, although it is often abbreviated as FF.
The Firefox project went through many versions before version 1.0 and had already gained a great deal of acclaim from numerous media outlets, such as Forbes and The Wall Street Journal. Among Firefox's popular features were the integrated pop-up blocker, tabbed browsing, and an extension mechanism for adding functionality. Although these features have already been available for some time in other browsers such as the Mozilla Suite and Opera, Firefox was the first of these browsers to have achieved large-scale adoption. Firefox attracted attention as an alternative to Internet Explorer, which had come under fire for its alleged poor program design and insecurity—detractors cite IE's lack of support for certain Web standards, use of the potentially dangerous ActiveX component, and vulnerability to spyware and malware installation. Microsoft responded by releasing Windows XP Service Pack 2, which added several important security features to Internet Explorer 6.
Version 1.0 of Firefox was released on November 9, 2004. This was followed by version 1.5 in November 2005, version 2.0 in October 2006, version 3.0 in June 2008, version 3.5 in June 2009, version 3.6 in January 2010, and version 4.0 in March 2011. From version 5 onwards, the development and release model changed into a "rapid" one; by the end of 2011 the stable release was version 9, and by the end of 2012 it reached version 17.
Major redesigns of its graphical user interface occurred on versions 4.0 in March 2011, 29.0 "Australis" in April 2014, 57.0 "Quantum" in November 2017, and 89.0 "Proton" in June 2021.
In 2016, Mozilla announced a project known as Quantum, which sought to improve Firefox's Gecko engine and other components to improve the browser's performance, modernize its architecture, and transition the browser to a multi-process model. These improvements came in the wake of decreasing market share to Google Chrome, as well as concerns that its performance was lapsing in comparison. Despite its improvements, these changes required existing add-ons for Firefox to be made incompatible with newer versions, in favor of a new extension system that is designed to be similar to Chrome and other recent browsers. Firefox 57, which was released in November 2017, was the first version to contain enhancements from Quantum, and has thus been named Firefox Quantum. A Mozilla executive stated that Quantum was the "biggest update" to the browser since version 1.0. Unresponsive and crashing pages only affect other pages loaded within the same process. While Chrome uses separate processes for each loaded tab, Firefox distributes tabs over four processes by default since Quantum in order to balance memory consumption and performance. The process count can be adjusted, where more processes increase performance at the cost of memory, therefore suitable for computers with larger RAM capacity.
On May 3, 2019, the expiration of an intermediate signing certificate on Mozilla servers caused Firefox to automatically disable and lock all browser extensions (add-ons). Mozilla began the roll-out of a fix shortly thereafter, using their Mozilla Studies component.
On January 13, 2022, an issue with Firefox's HTTP/3 implementation resulted in a widespread outage for multiple hours.
Features
Features of the desktop edition include tabbed browsing, full-screen mode, spell checking, incremental search, smart bookmarks, bookmarking and downloading through drag and drop, a download manager, user profile management, private browsing, bookmark tags, bookmark exporting, offline mode, a screenshot tool, web development tools, a "page info" feature which shows a list of page metadata and multimedia items, a sophisticated configuration menu at about:config for power users, and more location-aware browsing (also known as "geolocation") based on a Google service, and an integrated search system, which uses Google by default in most markets. Additionally, Firefox provides an environment for web developers in which they can use built-in tools, such as the Error Console or the DOM Inspector, and extensions, such as Firebug and more recently there has been an integration feature with Pocket. Firefox Hello was an implementation of WebRTC, added in October 2014, which allows users of Firefox and other compatible systems to have a video call, with the extra feature of screen and file sharing by sending a link to each other. Firefox Hello was scheduled to be removed in September 2016.
Former features include the ability to block images from individual domains (until version 72), a 3D page inspector (versions 11 to 46), tab grouping (until version 44), and the ability to add customized extra toolbars (until version 28).
Browser extensions
Functions can be added through add-ons created by third-party developers. Add-ons are primarily coded using an HTML, CSS, JavaScript, with API known as WebExtensions, which is designed to be compatible with Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge extension systems. Firefox previously supported add-ons using the XUL and XPCOM APIs, which allowed them to directly access and manipulate much of the browser's internal functionality. As compatibility was not included in the multi-process architecture, XUL add-ons have been deemed Legacy add-ons and are no longer supported on Firefox 57 "Quantum" and newer.
Themes
Firefox can have themes added to it, which users can create or download from third parties to change the appearance of the browser. The Firefox add-on website also gives users the ability to add other applications such as games, ad-blockers, screenshot apps, and many other apps.
Guest session
Firefox for Android was equipped with a guest session feature, introduced in 2013, which, when initiated, would memorize ordinary browsing data such as tabs, cookies, and history, but for the duration of the guest session. The guest session data would be kept even when restarting the browser or device, while deleted only upon a manual exit. The feature was removed, for which Mozilla claims to "streamline the experience".
Standards
Firefox implements many web standards, including HTML4 (almost full HTML5), XML, XHTML, MathML, SVG 1.1 (full), SVG 2 (partial), CSS (with extensions), ECMAScript (JavaScript), DOM, XSLT, XPath, and APNG (Animated PNG) images with alpha transparency. Firefox also implements standards proposals created by the WHATWG such as client-side storage, and the canvas element. These standards are implemented through the Gecko layout engine, and SpiderMonkey JavaScript engine. Firefox 4 was the first release to introduce significant HTML5 and CSS3 support.
Firefox has passed the Acid2 standards-compliance test since version 3.0. Mozilla had originally stated that they did not intend for Firefox to pass the Acid3 test fully because they believed that the SVG fonts part of the test had become outdated and irrelevant, due to WOFF being agreed upon as a standard by all major browser makers. Because the SVG font tests were removed from the Acid3 test in September 2011, Firefox 4 and greater scored 100/100.
Firefox also implements "Safe Browsing," a proprietary protocol from Google used to exchange data related with phishing and malware protection.
Since version 38 on Windows Vista and newer, Firefox supports the playback of video content protected by HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). For security and privacy reasons, EME is implemented within a wrapper of open-source code that allows execution of a proprietary DRM module by Adobe Systems—Adobe Primetime Content Decryption Module (CDM). CDM runs within a "sandbox" environment to limit its access to the system and provide it a randomized device ID to prevent services from uniquely identifying the device for tracking purposes. The DRM module, once it has been downloaded, is enabled, and disabled in the same manner as other plug-ins. Since version 47, "Google's Widevine CDM on Windows and Mac OS X so streaming services like Amazon Video can switch from Silverlight to encrypted HTML5 video" is also supported. Mozilla justified its partnership with Adobe and Google by stating:
and that it is "an important step on Mozilla's roadmap to remove NPAPI plugin support." Upon the introduction of EME support, builds of Firefox on Windows were also introduced that exclude support for EME. The Free Software Foundation and Cory Doctorow condemned Mozilla's decision to support EME.
Security
Firefox allowed for a sandbox security model to manage privileges accorded to JavaScript code, but that feature has since been deprecated. It limits scripts from accessing data from other websites based on the same-origin policy. It also provides support for smart cards to web applications, for authentication purposes. It uses TLS to protect communications with web servers using strong cryptography when using the HTTPS protocol. The freely available HTTPS Everywhere add-on enforces HTTPS, even if a regular HTTP URL is entered. Firefox now supports HTTP/2.
The Mozilla Foundation offers a "bug bounty" (US$3,000 to US$7,500 cash reward) to researchers who discover severe security holes in Firefox. Official guidelines for handling security vulnerabilities discourage early disclosure of vulnerabilities so as not to give potential attackers an advantage in creating exploits.
Because Firefox generally has fewer publicly known security vulnerabilities than Internet Explorer (see Comparison of web browsers), improved security is often cited as a reason to switch from Internet Explorer to Firefox. The Washington Post reported that exploit code for known critical security vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer was available for 284 days in 2006. In comparison, exploit code for known, critical security vulnerabilities in Firefox was available for nine days before Mozilla issued a patch to remedy the problem.
A 2006 Symantec study showed that, although Firefox had surpassed other browsers in the number of vendor-confirmed vulnerabilities that year through September, these vulnerabilities were patched far more quickly than those found in other browsers, with Firefox's vulnerabilities being fixed on average one day after the exploit code was made available, as compared to nine days for Internet Explorer. Symantec later clarified their statement, saying that Firefox still had fewer security vulnerabilities than Internet Explorer, as counted by security researchers.
In October 2009, Microsoft's security engineers acknowledged that Firefox was vulnerable to a security issue found in the 'Windows Presentation Foundation' browser plug-in since February of that year. A .NET Framework 3.5 SP1 Windows Update had silently installed the vulnerable plug-in into Firefox. This vulnerability has since been patched by Microsoft.
In 2010, a study of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), based on data compiled from the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), Firefox was listed as the fifth-most vulnerable desktop software, with Internet Explorer as the eighth, and Google Chrome as the first.
InfoWorld has cited security experts saying that, as Firefox becomes more popular, more vulnerabilities will be found, a claim that Mitchell Baker, president of the Mozilla Foundation, has denied. "There is this idea that market share alone will make you have more vulnerabilities. It is not relational at all," she said.
, Firefox 3.6 had no known unpatched security vulnerabilities according to Secunia. Internet Explorer 8 had five unpatched security vulnerabilities; the worst being rated "Less Critical" by Secunia. Mozilla claims that all patched vulnerabilities of Mozilla products are publicly listed.
Firefox 11, released in January 2012, introduced a 3D page inspector that visualizes web pages' document object model three-dimensionally through WebGL. The feature was accessible from the developer tools.
On January 28, 2013, Mozilla was recognized as the most trusted internet company for privacy in 2012. This study was performed by the Ponemon Institute and was a result of a survey from more than 100,000 consumers in the United States.
In February 2013, plans were announced for Firefox 22 to disable third-party cookies by default. However, the introduction of the feature was then delayed so Mozilla developers could "collect and analyze data on the effect of blocking some third-party cookies." Mozilla also collaborated with Stanford University's "Cookie Clearinghouse" project to develop a blacklist and whitelist of sites that will be used in the filter.
Version 23, released in August 2013, followed the lead of its competitors by blocking iframe, stylesheet, and script resources served from non-HTTPS servers embedded on HTTPS pages by default. Additionally, JavaScript could also no longer be disabled through Firefox's preferences, and JavaScript was automatically re-enabled for users who upgraded to 23 or higher with it disabled. The change was made due to its use across the majority of websites, the potential repercussions on inexperienced users who are unaware of its impact, along with the availability of extensions such as NoScript, which can disable JavaScript in a more controlled fashion. The following release added the ability to disable JavaScript through the developer tools for testing purposes.
In January 2015, TorrentFreak reported that using Firefox when connected to the internet using a VPN can be a serious security issue due to the browser's support for WebRTC.
Beginning with Firefox 48, all extensions must be signed by Mozilla to be used in release and beta versions of Firefox. Firefox 43 blocked unsigned extensions but allowed enforcement of extension signing to be disabled. All extensions must be submitted to Mozilla Add-ons and be subject to code analysis in order to be signed, although extensions do not have to be listed on the service to be signed. On May 2, 2019, Mozilla announced that it would be strengthening the signature enforcement with methods that included the retroactive disabling of old extensions now deemed to be insecure. A Firefox update on May 3 led to bug reports about all extensions being disabled. This was found to be the result of an overlooked certificate and not the policy change set to go into effect on June 10.
In Firefox versions prior to 7.0, an information bar appears on the browser's first start asking users whether they would like to send performance statistics, or "telemetry", to Mozilla. It is enabled by default in development versions of Firefox, but not in release versions. According to Mozilla's privacy policy, these statistics are stored only in aggregate format, and the only personally identifiable information transmitted is the user's IP address.
In November 2018, Firefox began using a sandbox to isolate web tabs from each other and from the rest of the system. Its lack of such a feature had previously earned it negative comparisons with Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge.
Since version 60 Firefox includes the option to use DNS over HTTPS (DoH), which causes DNS lookup requests to be sent encrypted over the HTTPS protocol. To use this feature the user must set certain preferences beginning with "network.trr" (Trusted Recursive Resolver) in about:config: if network.trr.mode is 0, DoH is disabled; 1 activates DoH in addition to unencrypted DNS; 2 causes DoH to be used before unencrypted DNS; to use only DoH, the value must be 3. By setting network.trr.uri to the URL 1.1.1.1, special Cloudflare servers will be activated. Mozilla has a privacy agreement with this server host that restricts their collection of information about incoming DNS requests.
On May 21, 2019, Firefox was updated to include the ability to block scripts that used a computer's CPU to mine cryptocurrency without a user's permission, in Firefox version 67.0. The update also allowed users to block known fingerprinting scripts that track their activity across the web, however it does not resist fingerprinting on its own.
On July 2, 2019, Mozilla introduced a mechanism to allow Firefox to automatically trust OS-installed certificates to prevent TLS errors.
In October 2019, ZDNet reported Firefox version 68 ESR passed all minimum requirements for mandatory security features during an exam by the Federal Office for Information Security of Germany.
In Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2020–03, the company reported that the vulnerability (type confusion vulnerability in IonMonkey) had been detected in the wild and was being actively exploited.
In March 2021, Firefox launched SmartBlock in version 87 to offer protection against cross-site tracking, without breaking the websites users visit.
Localizations
Firefox is a widely localized web browser. The first official release in November 2004 was available in 24 different languages and for 28 locales, including British English, American English, European Spanish, Argentine Spanish, Chinese in Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters and in Bengali script. , currently supported versions 97.0.1 and 91.6.0esr are available in 97 locales (88 languages).
Platform availability
The desktop version of Firefox is available and supports Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux, while Firefox for Android is available for Android (formerly Firefox for mobile, it also ran on Maemo, MeeGo and Firefox OS) and Firefox for iOS is available for iOS. Smartphones that support Linux but don't support Android or iOS apps can also run Firefox in its desktop version, for example using postmarketOS.
Firefox source code may be compiled for various operating systems; however, officially distributed binaries are provided for the following:
Microsoft Windows
Firefox 1.0 was released for Windows 9x, as well as Windows NT 4.0 and later. Some users reported the 1.x builds were operable (but not installable) on Windows NT 3.51.
The version 42.0 release includes the first x64 build. It requires Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2. Starting from version 49.0, Firefox for Windows requires and uses the SSE2 instruction set.
In September 2013, Mozilla released a Metro-style version of Firefox, optimized for touchscreen use, on the "Aurora" release channel. However, on 14 March 2014, Mozilla cancelled the project because of a lack of user adoption.
In April 2017, users of Firefox 52.0.2 on Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 who had automatic updates enabled were migrated to Firefox 52 ESR. Support for these operating systems ended in June 2018.
Traditionally, installing the Windows version of Firefox entails visiting the Firefox website and downloading an installer package, depending on the desired localization and system architecture. In November 2021, Mozilla made Firefox available on Microsoft Store. The Store-distributed package does not interfere with the traditional installation.
macOS
The first official release (Firefox version 1.0) supported macOS (then called Mac OS X) on the PowerPC architecture. Mac OS X builds for the IA-32 architecture became available via a universal binary which debuted with Firefox 1.5.0.2 in 2006.
Starting with version 4.0, Firefox was released for the x64 architecture to which macOS had migrated. Version 4.0 also dropped support for PowerPC architecture, although other projects continued development of a PowerPC version of Firefox.
Firefox was originally released for Mac OS X 10.0 and higher. The minimum OS then increased to Mac OS X 10.2 in Firefox 1.5 and 10.4 in Firefox 3. Firefox 4 dropped support for Mac OS X 10.4 and PowerPC Macs, and Firefox 17 dropped support for Mac OS X 10.5 entirely. The system requirements were left unchanged until 2016, when Firefox 49 dropped support for Mac OS X 10.6–10.8. Most recently, Mozilla ended support for OS X 10.9–10.11 in Firefox 79, with those users being supported on the Firefox 78 ESR branch until November 2021.
Linux
Since its inception, Firefox for Linux supported the 32-bit memory architecture of the IA-32 instruction set. 64-bit builds were introduced in the 4.0 release. The 46.0 release replaced GTK 2.18 with 3.4 as a system requirement on Linux and other systems running X.Org. Starting with 53.0, the 32-bit builds require the SSE2 instruction set. Firefox also can run on number of other architectures on Linux, including ARM, AArch64, PowerPC, POWER, Sparc, HPPA, MIPS, s390, and in the past Alpha, IA-64 (Intel Itanium) and m68k.
Firefox for mobile
Firefox for mobile is a web browser for mobile phones, tablets, and PDAs. It was originally first released for the Nokia Maemo operating system, specifically the Nokia N900, on January 28, 2010. On March 29, 2011, an Android version was released, being based on version 4. With the release of the mobile version, the browser's version number was bumped from 2 to 4, synchronizing it with all future desktop releases of Firefox because the rendering engines used in both browsers are the same. Version 7 was the last release for Maemo on the N900.
The former Firefox for Android (codenamed Fennec), was a web browser for Android devices, such as mobile phones and tablets. Its user interface was optimized for small screens and tablets. It included the Awesome Bar, tabbed browsing, add-on support, a password manager, location-aware browsing, and the ability to synchronize with the user's other devices with Mozilla Firefox using Firefox Sync. It was criticized for being slow, however, in part due to its poor port of Gecko. At the end of its existence, it had a marketshare of 0.5% on Android.
In April 2013, then-Mozilla CEO Gary Kovacs said that Firefox would not come to iOS if Apple required the use of the WebKit layout engine to do so. One reason given by Mozilla was that prior to iOS 8, Apple had supplied third-party browsers with an inferior version of their JavaScript engine which hobbled their performance, making it impossible to match Safari's JavaScript performance on the iOS platform. Apple later opened their "Nitro" JavaScript engine to third-party browsers. In 2015, Mozilla announced it was moving forward with Firefox for iOS, with a preview release made available in New Zealand in September of that year. It fully released in November later that year. In November 2016, Firefox released a new iOS app titled Firefox Focus, a private web browser.
In August 2020, Mozilla launched a new version of its Firefox for Android app, named Firefox Daylight to the public and codenamed Fenix, after a little over a year of testing. It boasted higher speeds with its new GeckoView engine, which is described as being "the only independent web engine browser available on Android". It also added Enhanced Tracking Protection 2.0, a feature that blocks many known trackers on the Internet. It also added the ability to place the address bar on the bottom, and a new Collections feature. However, it was criticized for only having nine Add-ons at launch, and missing certain features. In response, Mozilla stated that they will allow more Add-ons with time.
Firefox Reality (AR/VR)
Firefox Reality was released for Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality headsets in September 2018. It supports traditional web-browsing through 2D windows and immersive VR pages through Web VR. Firefox Reality is available on HTC Vive, Oculus, Google Daydream and Microsoft Hololens headsets.
Unofficial ports
Firefox has also been ported to FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OpenIndiana, OS/2, ArcaOS, SkyOS, RISC OS and BeOS/Haiku, and an unofficial rebranded version called Timberwolf has been available for AmigaOS 4. An unofficial continuation of the Mac OS X PowerPC release was actively developed as TenFourFox until October 5, 2021.
The Firefox port for OpenBSD is maintained by Landry Breuil since 2010. Firefox is regularly built for the current branch of the operating system, the latest versions are packaged for each release and remain frozen until the next release. In 2017, Landry began hosting packages of newer Firefox versions for OpenBSD releases from 6.0 onwards, making them available to installations without the ports system.
The Solaris port of Firefox (including OpenSolaris) was maintained by the Oracle Solaris Desktop Beijing Team, until March 2017 when the team was disbanded. There was also an unofficial port of Firefox 3.6.x to IBM AIX and of v1.7.x to UnixWare.
Experimental builds and ESR
Besides official releases, Mozilla provides development builds of Firefox in distribution channels named, in order of most to least stable, "Beta", "Developer Edition" (formerly "Aurora", renamed on November 10, 2014), and "Nightly". Starting from Firefox 54, "Developer Edition" is based on the "Beta" build.
Firefox ESR () is a version of Firefox for organizations and other groups that need extended support for mass deployments. Each ESR release, based on the regular version released at the same time, is supported for one year. Unlike the regular ("rapid") releases, ESRs are not updated with new features and performance enhancements every four weeks, but rather are updated with only high-risk-reduction or high-impact security fixes or major stability fixes with point releases, until the end of the ESR cycle.
Licensing
Firefox source code is free software, with most of it being released under the Mozilla Public License (MPL) version 2.0. This license permits anyone to view, modify, or redistribute the source code. As a result, several publicly released applications have been built from it, such as Netscape, Flock, Miro, GNU IceCat, Iceweasel, Songbird, Pale Moon, Waterfox, and Comodo IceDragon.
In the past, Firefox was licensed solely under the MPL, then version 1.1, which the Free Software Foundation criticized for being weak copyleft, as the license permitted, in limited ways, proprietary derivative works. Additionally, code only licensed under MPL 1.1 could not legally be linked with code under the GPL. To address these concerns, Mozilla re-licensed most of Firefox under the tri-license scheme of MPL 1.1, GPL 2.0, or LGPL 2.1. Since the re-licensing, developers were free to choose the license under which they received most of the code, to suit their intended use: GPL or LGPL linking and derivative works when one of those licenses is chosen, or MPL use (including the possibility of proprietary derivative works) if they chose the MPL. However, on January 3, 2012, Mozilla released the GPL-compatible MPL 2.0, and with the release of Firefox 13 on June 5, 2012, Mozilla used it to replace the tri-licensing scheme.
The crash reporting service was initially closed-source but switched with version 3 from a program called Talkback to the open-source Breakpad (and Socorro server).
Trademark and logo
The name "Mozilla Firefox" is a registered trademark; along with the official Firefox logo, it may only be used under certain terms and conditions. Anyone may redistribute the official binaries in unmodified form and use the Firefox name and branding for such distribution, but restrictions are placed on distributions which modify the underlying source code. The name "Firefox" derives from a nickname of the red panda.
Mozilla has placed the Firefox logo files under open-source licenses, but its trademark guidelines do not allow displaying altered or similar logos in contexts where trademark law applies.
There has been some controversy over the Mozilla Foundation's intentions in stopping certain open-source distributions from using the "Firefox" trademark. Open-source browsers "enable greater choice and innovation in the market rather than aiming for mass-market domination." Mozilla Foundation Chairperson Mitchell Baker explained in an interview in 2007 that distributions could freely use the Firefox trademark if they did not modify source code, and that the Mozilla Foundation's only concern was with users getting a consistent experience when they used "Firefox".
To allow distributions of the code without using the official branding, the Firefox build system contains a "branding switch". This switch, often used for alphas ("Auroras") of future Firefox versions, allows the code to be compiled without the official logo and name and can allow a derivative work unencumbered by restrictions on the Firefox trademark to be produced. In the unbranded build, the trademarked logo and name are replaced with a freely distributable generic globe logo and the name of the release series from which the modified version was derived.
Distributing modified versions of Firefox under the "Firefox" name required explicit approval from Mozilla for the changes made to the underlying code, and required the use of all of the official branding. For example, it was not permissible to use the name "Firefox" without also using the official logo. When the Debian project decided to stop using the official Firefox logo in 2006 (because Mozilla's copyright restrictions at the time were incompatible with Debian's guidelines), they were told by a representative of the Mozilla Foundation that this was not acceptable and was asked either to comply with the published trademark guidelines or cease using the "Firefox" name in their distribution. Debian switched to branding their modified version of Firefox "Iceweasel" (but in 2016 switched back to Firefox), along with other Mozilla software. GNU IceCat is another derived version of Firefox distributed by the GNU Project, which maintains its separate branding.
Branding and visual identity
The Firefox icon is a trademark used to designate the official Mozilla build of the Firefox software and builds of official distribution partners. For this reason, software distributors who distribute modified versions of Firefox do not use the icon.
Early Firebird and Phoenix releases of Firefox were considered to have reasonable visual designs but fell short when compared to many other professional software packages. In October 2003, professional interface designer Steven Garrity authored an article covering everything he considered to be wrong with Mozilla's visual identity.
Shortly afterwards, the Mozilla Foundation invited Garrity to head up the new visual identity team. The release of Firefox 0.8 in February 2004 saw the introduction of the new branding efforts. Included were new icon designs by silverorange, a group of web developers with a long-standing relationship with Mozilla. The final renderings are by Jon Hicks, who had worked on Camino. The logo was later revised and updated, fixing several flaws found when it was enlarged. The animal shown in the logo is a stylized fox, although "firefox" is usually a common name for the red panda. The panda, according to Hicks, "didn't really conjure up the right imagery" and was not widely known.
In June 2019, Mozilla unveiled a revised Firefox logo, which was officially implemented on version 70. The new logo is part of an effort to build a brand system around Firefox and its complementary apps and services, which are now being promoted as a suite under the Firefox brand.
Promotion
Firefox was adopted rapidly, with 100 million downloads in its first year of availability. This was followed by a series of aggressive marketing campaigns starting in 2004 with a series of events Blake Ross and Asa Dotzler called "marketing weeks".
Firefox continued to heavily market itself by releasing a marketing portal dubbed "Spread Firefox" (SFX) on September 12, 2004, It debuted along with the Firefox Preview Release, creating a centralized space for the discussion of various marketing techniques. The release of their manifesto stated that "the Mozilla project is a global community of people who believe that openness, innovation and opportunity are key to the continued health of the Internet." A two-page ad in the edition of December 16 of The New York Times, placed by Mozilla Foundation in coordination with Spread Firefox, featured the names of the thousands of people worldwide who contributed to the Mozilla Foundation's fundraising campaign to support the launch of the Firefox 1.0 web browser. SFX portal enhanced the "Get Firefox" button program, giving users "referrer points" as an incentive. The site lists the top 250 referrers. From time to time, the SFX team or SFX members launch marketing events organized at the Spread Firefox website. As a part of the Spread Firefox campaign, there was an attempt to break the world download record with the release of Firefox 3. This resulted in an official certified Guinness world record, with over eight million downloads. In February 2011, Mozilla announced that it would be retiring Spread Firefox (SFX). Three months later, in May 2011, Mozilla officially closed Spread Firefox. Mozilla wrote that "there are currently plans to create a new iteration of this website [Spread Firefox] at a later date."
In celebration of the third anniversary of the founding of the Mozilla Foundation, the "World Firefox Day" campaign was established on July 15, 2006, and ran until September 15, 2006. Participants registered themselves and a friend on the website for nomination to have their names displayed on the Firefox Friends Wall, a digital wall that was displayed at the headquarters of the Mozilla Foundation.
The Firefox community has also engaged in the promotion of their web browser. In 2006, some of Firefox's contributors from Oregon State University made a crop circle of the Firefox logo in an oat field near Amity, Oregon, near the intersection of Lafayette Highway and Walnut Hill Road. After Firefox reached 500 million downloads on February 21, 2008, the Firefox community celebrated by visiting Freerice to earn 500 million grains of rice.
Other initiatives included Live Chat – a service Mozilla launched in 2007 that allowed users to seek technical support from volunteers. The service was later retired.
To promote the launch of Firefox Quantum in November 2017, Mozilla partnered with Reggie Watts to produce a series of TV ads and social media content.
Performance
2000s
In December 2005, Internet Week ran an article in which many readers reported high memory usage in Firefox 1.5. Mozilla developers said that the higher memory use of Firefox 1.5 was at least partially due to the new fast backwards-and-forwards (FastBack) feature. Other known causes of memory problems were malfunctioning extensions such as Google Toolbar and some older versions of AdBlock, or plug-ins, such as older versions of Adobe Acrobat Reader. When PC Magazine in 2006 compared memory usage of Firefox 2, Opera 9, and Internet Explorer 7, they found that Firefox used approximately as much memory as each of the other two browsers.
In 2006, Softpedia noted that Firefox 1.5 took longer to start up than other browsers, which was confirmed by further speed tests.
Internet Explorer 6 launched more swiftly than Firefox 1.5 on Windows XP since many of its components were built into the OS and loaded during system startup. As a workaround for the issue, a preloader application was created that loaded components of Firefox on startup, similar to Internet Explorer. A Windows Vista feature called SuperFetch performs a similar task of preloading Firefox if it is used often enough.
Tests performed by PC World and Zimbra in 2006 indicated that Firefox 2 used less memory than Internet Explorer 7. Firefox 3 used less memory than Internet Explorer 7, Opera 9.50 Beta, Safari 3.1 Beta, and Firefox 2 in tests performed by Mozilla, CyberNet, and The Browser World. In mid-2009, BetaNews benchmarked Firefox 3.5 and declared that it performed "nearly ten times better on XP than Microsoft Internet Explorer 7".
2010s
In January 2010, Lifehacker compared the performance of Firefox 3.5, Firefox 3.6, Google Chrome 4 (stable and Dev versions), Safari 4, and Opera (10.1 stable and 10.5 pre-alpha versions). Lifehacker timed how long browsers took to start and reach a page (both right after boot-up and after running at least once already), timed how long browsers took to load nine tabs at once, tested JavaScript speeds using Mozilla's Dromaeo online suite (which implements Apple's SunSpider and Google's V8 tests) and measured memory usage using Windows 7's process manager. They concluded that Firefox 3.5 and 3.6 were the fifth- and sixth-fastest browsers, respectively, on startup, 3.5 was third- and 3.6 was sixth-fastest to load nine tabs at once, 3.5 was sixth- and 3.6 was fifth-fastest on the JavaScript tests. They also concluded that Firefox 3.6 was the most efficient with memory usage followed by Firefox 3.5.
In February 2012, Tom's Hardware performance tested Chrome 17, Firefox 10, Internet Explorer 9, Opera 11.61, and Safari 5.1.2 on Windows 7. Tom's Hardware summarized their tests into four categories: Performance, Efficiency, Reliability, and Conformance. In the performance category they tested HTML5, Java, JavaScript, DOM, CSS 3, Flash, Silverlight, and WebGL (WebGL 2 is current as of version 51; and Java and Silverlight stop working as of version 52)—they also tested startup time and page load time. The performance tests showed that Firefox was either "acceptable" or "strong" in most categories, winning three categories (HTML5, HTML5 hardware acceleration, and Java) only finishing "weak" in CSS performance. In the efficiency tests, Tom's Hardware tested memory usage and management. In this category, it determined that Firefox was only "acceptable" at performing light memory usage, while it was "strong" at performing heavy memory usage. In the reliability category, Firefox performed a "strong" amount of proper page loads. In the final category, conformance, it was determined that Firefox had "strong" conformance for JavaScript and HTML5. In conclusion, Tom's Hardware determined that Firefox was the best browser for Windows 7 OS, but that it only narrowly beat Google Chrome.
In June 2013, Tom's Hardware again performance tested Firefox 22, Chrome 27, Opera 12, and Internet Explorer 10. They found that Firefox slightly edged out the other browsers in their "performance" index, which examined wait times, JavaScript execution speed, HTML5/CSS3 rendering, and hardware acceleration performance. Firefox also scored the highest on the "non-performance" index, which measured memory efficiency, reliability, security, and standards conformance, finishing ahead of Chrome, the runner-up. Tom's Hardware concluded by declaring Firefox the "sound" winner of the performance benchmarks.
In January 2014, a benchmark testing the memory usage of Firefox 29, Google Chrome 34, and Internet Explorer 11 indicated that Firefox used the least memory when a substantial number of tabs were open.
In benchmark testing in early 2015 on a "high-end" Windows machine, comparing Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, and Opera, Firefox achieved the highest score on three of the seven tests. Four different JavaScript performance tests gave conflicting results. Firefox surpassed all other browsers on the Peacekeeper benchmark but was behind the Microsoft products when tested with SunSpider. Measured with Mozilla's Kraken, it came second place to Chrome, while on Google's Octane challenge it took third behind Chrome and Opera. Firefox took the lead with WebXPRT, which runs several typical HTML5 and JavaScript tasks. Firefox, Chrome, and Opera all achieved the highest possible score on the Oort Online test, measuring WebGL rendering speed (WebGL 2 is now current). In terms of HTML5 compatibility testing, Firefox was ranked in the middle of the group.
A similar set of benchmark tests in 2016 showed Firefox's JavaScript performance on Kraken and the newer Jetstream tests trailing slightly behind all other tested browsers except Internet Explorer (IE), which performed relatively poorly. On Octane, Firefox came ahead of IE and Safari, but again slightly behind the rest, including Vivaldi and Microsoft Edge. Edge took overall first place on the Jetstream and Octane benchmarks.
Firefox Quantum
As of the adoption of Firefox 57 and Mozilla's Quantum project entering production browsers in November 2017, Firefox was tested to be faster than Chrome in independent JavaScript tests, and demonstrated to use less memory with many browser tabs opened. TechRadar rated it as the fastest web browser in a May 2019 report.
Usage share
Downloads have continued at an increasing rate since Firefox 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004, and Firefox had already been downloaded over one billion times. This number does not include downloads using software updates or those from third-party websites. They do not represent a user count, as one download may be installed on many machines, one person may download the software multiple times, or the software may be obtained from a third-party.
In July 2010, IBM asked all employees (about 400,000) to use Firefox as their default browser.
Firefox was the second-most used web browser until November 2011, when Google Chrome surpassed it. According to Mozilla, Firefox has more than 450 million users .
Up to early 2020, Firefox was the second-most widely used desktop browser, and that position made it the third-most popular with 3.82% of worldwide usage share of web browsers across all platforms.
According to the Firefox Public Data report by Mozilla, the active monthly count of Desktop clients has decreased from around 310 million in 2017 to 260 million in 2019.
From Oct 2020, the desktop market share of Firefox started to decline in countries where it used to be the most popular.
In Eritrea, it dropped from 50% in Oct 2020 to 9.32% in Sept 2021.
In Cuba, it dropped from 54.36% in Sept 2020 to 38.42% in Sept 2021.
See also
Firefox User Extension Library
History of the web browser
List of free and open-source software packages
Mozilla Prism
XULRunner
References
Further reading
External links
Firefox at Microsoft Store
2002 software
Android web browsers
Cross-platform free software
Cross-platform web browsers
Free multilingual software
Free software programmed in C++
Free web browsers
Gecko-based software
History of the Internet
iOS web browsers
Linux web browsers
MacOS web browsers
Mozilla
OS/2 web browsers
POSIX web browsers
Free software programmed in Rust
Software that uses XUL
Software using the Mozilla license
Unix Internet software
Web browsers for AmigaOS
Web browsers that use GTK
Web browsers
Windows web browsers
|
[
0.29646798968315125,
0.35797789692878723,
0.1649618148803711,
-0.24319936335086823,
0.4857422411441803,
-0.39216262102127075,
-0.1873491108417511,
0.31516939401626587,
-0.27433252334594727,
-0.25707539916038513,
-0.782711923122406,
0.5779001712799072,
-1.1737215518951416,
-0.46992650628089905,
-0.02237505279481411,
-0.1499931812286377,
0.6457343697547913,
0.43246111273765564,
-0.3594719171524048,
-0.35003888607025146,
-0.2561373710632324,
-0.2545146942138672,
-0.47217220067977905,
-0.2931459844112396,
-0.18907999992370605,
0.14747309684753418,
0.3523437976837158,
0.4147478938102722,
0.020070437341928482,
0.6424000859260559,
0.14404939115047455,
0.318772554397583,
0.2807087004184723,
-0.34557947516441345,
-0.5239073634147644,
-0.11172839999198914,
-0.25642257928848267,
0.2307434380054474,
0.31084930896759033,
-0.40984776616096497,
0.2193465232849121,
0.2270006537437439,
0.12542741000652313,
0.028883103281259537,
0.5138233304023743,
0.407603919506073,
-1.5842093229293823,
0.10274110734462738,
0.10775082558393478,
0.19928677380084991,
-0.5479006767272949,
0.8902871608734131,
-0.24980735778808594,
0.3439404368400574,
0.322506844997406,
0.26189738512039185,
-0.5453664064407349,
-0.0379071868956089,
-0.1875862032175064,
0.04371676221489906,
0.26958662271499634,
-0.3228053152561188,
-0.12125889956951141,
0.286874920129776,
-0.07306723296642303,
0.09832902252674103,
-0.25754958391189575,
0.5162061452865601,
-0.23430690169334412,
-0.08089525252580643,
0.562602162361145,
-0.5815409421920776,
-0.5840752720832825,
0.07679901272058487,
0.058919940143823624,
0.4937959313392639,
-0.060695454478263855,
-0.42553314566612244,
0.6953241229057312,
0.9407446384429932,
0.3728470504283905,
0.5901851654052734,
0.5263214111328125,
-0.13061468303203583,
0.018635151907801628,
-0.026180705055594444,
-0.12488964945077896,
0.5117373466491699,
-0.369689017534256,
0.37733331322669983,
-0.19840340316295624,
-0.047333281487226486,
0.7900652885437012,
-0.13665573298931122,
0.428365558385849,
-0.3475833833217621,
-0.22610586881637573,
0.07406436651945114,
0.28916028141975403,
0.40994733572006226,
-0.05065711960196495,
0.30864599347114563,
-0.47246697545051575,
-0.17720793187618256,
-0.8428454399108887,
-0.06030311807990074,
-0.5505397915840149,
-0.45167234539985657,
0.0743887722492218,
0.2930758595466614,
0.1749628335237503,
-0.08246278017759323,
-0.20685751736164093,
0.006544862873852253,
-0.2708524167537689,
-0.1510031819343567,
-0.06722751259803772,
-0.24939486384391785,
0.4749159514904022,
-0.0980464369058609,
-0.10138748586177826,
0.8535335063934326,
0.02663847617805004,
0.418731153011322,
-0.08220553398132324,
0.49622663855552673,
0.7345602512359619,
0.5641143321990967,
0.18294139206409454,
0.20532706379890442,
0.3502078652381897,
1.0097126960754395,
0.21276772022247314,
-0.8567779064178467,
0.1663566529750824,
0.3046235740184784,
0.3268876373767853,
0.03385531157255173,
0.0481119379401207,
0.24344292283058167,
-0.38444870710372925,
-0.6042519211769104,
-0.17815542221069336,
-0.32992488145828247,
0.3147040009498596,
0.00538416113704443,
-0.27926814556121826,
-0.6211066842079163,
-0.4027445912361145,
-0.49584105610847473,
-0.2552446722984314,
0.8327655792236328,
-0.5738095045089722,
0.2650911211967468,
-0.5195481777191162,
0.5507843494415283,
0.5446696281433105,
-0.5777775645256042,
-0.11203785985708237,
-0.05773331969976425,
-0.07888085395097733,
-0.17057788372039795,
-0.3353646397590637,
-0.4529081881046295,
0.26301276683807373,
0.1476474553346634,
-0.015346569009125233,
0.47481030225753784,
0.13986779749393463,
-0.07937580347061157,
-0.3751317858695984,
0.22803708910942078,
0.2975282073020935,
0.05562944337725639,
0.05958504229784012,
0.7627002596855164,
0.7844242453575134,
0.03775107488036156,
0.2727179229259491,
0.15131814777851105,
-0.5476547479629517,
-0.1592579334974289,
0.4590758979320526,
0.09004168957471848,
0.13020913302898407,
-0.41713908314704895,
0.5402445197105408,
0.1953115314245224,
0.059040460735559464,
-0.18645714223384857,
-1.1066306829452515,
-0.36887696385383606,
1.1787433624267578,
-0.35899972915649414,
1.0796864032745361,
-0.6061407327651978,
-0.6309291124343872,
0.3757600784301758,
-0.125931054353714,
0.2580603361129761,
-0.07881046831607819,
0.7438884377479553,
0.591988742351532,
-0.6523587107658386,
-0.6155296564102173,
-0.6984812021255493,
-0.4154040515422821,
-0.20255573093891144,
-0.617346465587616,
0.16527655720710754,
0.27682074904441833,
-0.025040553882718086,
0.29788273572921753,
-0.11174547672271729,
-0.16439314186573029,
-0.1365053951740265,
-0.7376015782356262,
-0.055737998336553574,
-0.18957455456256866,
-0.35957276821136475,
0.35795557498931885,
-0.20366929471492767,
-0.706068217754364,
0.19455598294734955,
-0.3894411623477936,
0.8223698139190674,
0.17766620218753815,
0.12596315145492554,
1.0600535869598389,
-0.25519704818725586,
-0.12708154320716858,
0.2431957721710205,
-0.31863656640052795,
-0.5806587338447571,
0.18414343893527985,
0.4409986436367035,
-0.11949807405471802,
-0.48823851346969604,
0.25826314091682434,
-0.06906195729970932,
0.7941826581954956,
0.37191468477249146,
-0.855909526348114,
-0.3551672697067261,
-0.03698306158185005,
-0.1734849512577057,
-0.37129873037338257,
0.24094213545322418,
-0.40036991238594055,
-0.11278104782104492,
0.33069688081741333,
0.6405991911888123,
0.11813357472419739,
-0.127478688955307,
0.16947583854198456,
0.03821796551346779,
-0.6479113101959229,
0.612642228603363,
-0.7329771518707275,
0.671967625617981,
-0.18250925838947296,
-0.6373058557510376,
-0.3499619960784912,
0.659384548664093,
-0.10278698801994324,
-1.09043288230896,
0.2553129196166992,
-0.45179715752601624,
0.3345015048980713,
0.39964431524276733,
-0.5145565271377563,
-0.34918978810310364,
-0.44897931814193726,
0.1110464483499527,
-0.32100909948349,
-0.18497660756111145,
0.2321251928806305,
0.3179969787597656,
-0.30452805757522583,
-0.26285549998283386,
-0.23045866191387177,
0.5450361967086792,
0.6877694725990295,
-0.6610469818115234,
-0.6793928146362305,
0.3008665442466736,
0.34336158633232117,
-0.8005619049072266,
-0.7502018213272095,
0.6475495100021362,
-0.03717099130153656,
0.25153639912605286,
0.21696655452251434,
0.31304511427879333,
-0.08980652689933777,
0.2258036881685257,
-0.045946523547172546,
0.3421802222728729,
-0.4122541546821594,
-0.14406757056713104,
-0.17020748555660248,
-0.4131665527820587,
-0.15480762720108032,
-0.3618403375148773,
0.1138702780008316,
0.21790169179439545,
-0.5980789661407471,
-0.10208068042993546,
-5.636135578155518,
0.45905905961990356,
-0.24591462314128876,
-0.673019289970398,
-1.0194005966186523,
0.17702949047088623,
0.047226496040821075,
-0.6167110204696655,
0.3200066089630127,
0.002873249351978302,
0.12811464071273804,
0.24173542857170105,
0.32668647170066833,
0.08607649803161621,
0.18081754446029663,
0.6423072218894958,
0.13160346448421478,
0.037671979516744614,
0.41086873412132263,
-0.3027424216270447,
0.4161258637905121,
-0.11821066588163376,
0.041607506573200226,
-0.10206104069948196,
0.18744869530200958,
0.6705120801925659,
-0.2941398620605469,
0.070951446890831,
0.18609113991260529,
-0.09081204980611801,
0.3132633864879608,
-0.14433026313781738,
-0.09290061146020889,
0.0414419025182724,
-0.20554973185062408,
0.07846274971961975,
0.559689998626709,
0.4368790090084076,
0.07054588198661804,
-0.3459315001964569,
0.19920070469379425,
0.10955221951007843,
-0.6022186875343323,
-0.41336411237716675,
0.08389361947774887,
-0.4272720217704773,
-0.32373204827308655,
0.37751978635787964,
-0.23392309248447418,
0.4139624536037445,
-0.4961143434047699,
-0.3227628767490387,
-0.17778688669204712,
0.11076670140028,
0.08220934867858887,
-0.3171050548553467,
0.08525129407644272,
-0.10704397410154343,
0.0785505399107933,
-0.10058843344449997,
0.17293323576450348,
-0.4234604835510254,
-0.12878017127513885,
-0.3468688130378723,
-0.2605542242527008,
0.1753075122833252,
-0.361942321062088,
-0.6296392679214478,
0.39282819628715515,
0.3352597653865814,
-0.025771234184503555,
0.07735594362020493,
0.40424254536628723,
-1.1095664501190186,
-0.04690058156847954,
-0.7315916419029236,
-0.486172080039978,
-0.4152732789516449,
-0.40336042642593384,
-0.0761059895157814,
0.07553303986787796,
-0.38105565309524536,
-0.6042044162750244,
-0.193141907453537,
-0.3370078206062317,
-0.8005152940750122,
-0.6699790954589844,
0.19660359621047974,
0.36036035418510437,
0.046072330325841904,
0.9509739279747009,
-0.9755421876907349,
0.06840512901544571,
0.6230065822601318,
0.6188749074935913,
0.3817874789237976,
0.635905921459198,
0.19736996293067932,
-0.05027090385556221,
-0.15288107097148895,
0.4270760416984558,
0.05255422368645668,
0.2345212697982788,
-0.4328163266181946,
0.31570523977279663,
0.03995151445269585,
-0.36325332522392273,
-0.2464759349822998,
0.9325166940689087,
0.4466990828514099,
-0.4881514310836792,
-0.1286872774362564,
-0.15641485154628754,
-0.5408135056495667,
-0.355312317609787,
-0.2645973563194275,
0.17365866899490356,
-0.023685123771429062,
0.08273258060216904,
-0.4387732744216919,
-0.3824392259120941,
0.2892671823501587,
0.25828084349632263,
-0.36405059695243835,
-0.35326117277145386,
-0.01825752854347229,
0.4572545886039734,
0.10427588224411011,
0.42860376834869385,
-0.14075788855552673,
0.0698322057723999,
0.21826033294200897,
0.4014577269554138,
0.5429496765136719,
0.25806066393852234,
-0.09117185324430466,
-0.7000502347946167,
-0.3403048515319824,
0.5121263861656189,
-0.2714160084724426,
-0.4461137056350708,
0.1358536034822464,
-0.043832749128341675,
-0.0268285870552063,
0.6617552638053894,
0.19110603630542755,
0.16554363071918488,
-0.0003052943793591112,
-0.14598973095417023,
0.2763282060623169,
-0.03056936524808407,
0.08082673698663712,
0.08377748727798462,
-0.1032920703291893,
-1.051342248916626,
-0.1971253901720047,
-0.14711733162403107,
0.6292805671691895,
0.22017845511436462,
-0.3507205843925476,
0.10926686227321625,
-0.46176308393478394,
-0.7820121049880981,
-0.2831931710243225,
0.07520763576030731,
-0.4216865301132202,
-0.141206756234169,
-0.08070547878742218,
-0.7451955080032349,
-0.31918808817863464,
-0.22673851251602173,
-0.05664651840925217,
-0.3288798928260803,
-0.11731422692537308,
0.5288814306259155,
-0.2248673439025879,
-0.36181730031967163,
-0.1533605307340622,
0.022361591458320618,
0.2239607572555542,
0.25603896379470825,
-0.5312531590461731,
-0.3647829592227936,
0.09635767340660095,
0.37873589992523193,
-0.8220154047012329,
0.13877391815185547,
-0.02266371250152588,
-0.04526215419173241,
-0.11670854687690735,
0.33456793427467346,
0.3804481625556946,
0.38898634910583496,
0.5930726528167725,
-0.1238383948802948,
-0.9325577616691589,
-0.11151482164859772,
0.4871021509170532,
0.5573013424873352,
-1.1083993911743164,
-0.4218065142631531,
0.2030409425497055,
-0.8875901699066162,
0.6212205290794373,
-0.2381378412246704,
-0.054176684468984604,
-0.37074142694473267,
-0.40247875452041626,
0.10030011832714081,
0.378994882106781,
-0.1783013939857483,
-0.5692963600158691,
0.4912123680114746,
0.16509027779102325,
-0.058431658893823624,
0.5631963610649109,
0.19209343194961548,
0.12278668582439423,
-0.1316998451948166,
-0.2691405117511749,
-0.714466392993927,
0.04630442336201668,
-0.3551902174949646,
0.09736086428165436,
-0.06485175341367722,
0.6821001768112183,
0.4908861815929413,
-0.4858192503452301,
-0.10054028779268265,
-0.18246422708034515,
0.610720694065094,
-0.013010621070861816,
0.13837699592113495,
-0.08317672461271286,
-0.2320117950439453,
-0.33398693799972534,
-0.1514570713043213,
0.18697990477085114,
0.23053845763206482,
0.07549316436052322,
0.3435395359992981,
1.0510321855545044,
-0.3214583098888397,
-0.15498670935630798,
0.13609731197357178,
-0.14658667147159576,
0.2958585321903229,
-0.5819433331489563,
-0.9881926774978638,
0.039323754608631134,
0.3570566177368164,
0.08973699063062668,
0.06350376456975937,
-0.04826638102531433,
0.5089012980461121,
-0.39249151945114136,
-0.10702655464410782,
-0.13567952811717987,
-0.30672207474708557,
-0.057449422776699066,
0.17822834849357605,
0.4555439054965973,
-0.19801248610019684,
0.2612311840057373,
0.5072885155677795,
0.5490292310714722,
-0.22588364779949188,
-0.9687402248382568,
0.06284661591053009,
-0.258506715297699,
0.38167303800582886,
0.5205110311508179,
0.6747501492500305,
0.952506959438324,
0.36767226457595825,
0.215776726603508,
-0.036620404571294785,
-0.13274382054805756,
-0.22272230684757233,
1.0158594846725464,
-0.1907740980386734,
0.01430534292012453,
-0.0075998553074896336,
-0.6629142761230469,
-0.1544003039598465,
-0.5963825583457947,
0.7144815325737,
0.034224335104227066,
0.18101996183395386,
-0.36426040530204773,
-0.41572606563568115,
0.4242471158504486,
0.10006707161664963,
-0.19745776057243347,
0.15026937425136566,
-0.061161238700151443,
-0.3122270107269287,
-0.5509365797042847,
-0.20772938430309296,
-0.35982629656791687,
-0.7220078706741333,
0.7360138893127441,
0.7556201219558716,
-0.3848383128643036,
0.6668410897254944,
0.025688031688332558,
0.1813686639070511,
0.29569655656814575,
-0.6144452691078186,
0.331901878118515,
0.26337864995002747,
-0.19580866396427155,
0.015797294676303864,
0.8246645331382751,
-0.6816663146018982,
0.15072424709796906,
-0.02066176012158394,
0.005281143356114626,
0.7058256268501282,
0.030800089240074158,
0.11934228241443634,
0.22777943313121796,
0.6469838619232178,
-0.06716867536306381,
-0.5231024026870728,
0.3493691682815552,
-0.3896428644657135,
0.38540196418762207,
0.4379756450653076,
-0.3401947319507599,
0.7861246466636658,
-0.3650241494178772,
-0.4950100779533386,
0.42104417085647583,
-0.06529100984334946,
-0.049252159893512726,
0.3382527828216553,
0.20952332019805908,
-1.0218298435211182,
0.4101887345314026,
0.9828709363937378,
0.029029693454504013,
0.04489532858133316,
-0.05681163817644119,
-0.5914745330810547,
0.6071992516517639,
-0.42947956919670105,
0.1954488456249237,
0.5501114130020142,
0.318760484457016,
0.39248183369636536,
0.1510450541973114,
0.10718593746423721,
0.2076154351234436,
-0.047028783708810806,
-0.8101347088813782,
0.2268913835287094,
0.31370311975479126,
0.3131788372993469,
0.297608345746994,
0.112740159034729,
0.7047744989395142,
0.32986217737197876,
0.3907613158226013,
-0.3140795826911926,
0.37480786442756653,
0.24320782721042633,
-0.18225331604480743,
-0.09132888913154602,
0.19009552896022797,
-0.5467106699943542,
0.2593674957752228,
0.28769439458847046,
0.5900871753692627,
-0.5267627239227295,
-0.48732879757881165,
0.3225170075893402,
0.43740153312683105,
0.31005892157554626,
0.06308610737323761,
-0.7848512530326843,
-0.3175411522388458,
0.04021211341023445,
-0.3207153081893921,
0.27345919609069824,
-0.09028342366218567,
-0.329499751329422,
-0.08946483582258224,
0.297563374042511,
-0.24966807663440704,
-0.08174290508031845,
-0.518279492855072,
-0.21589551866054535,
0.1460711508989334,
0.12371843308210373,
-0.2369106113910675,
0.3442211449146271,
0.7937608361244202,
0.017165202647447586,
0.19825059175491333,
0.11159602552652359,
0.06439235061407089,
0.0006626926478929818,
-0.015373735688626766,
-0.5825523138046265,
0.2999841570854187,
-0.5656453967094421,
-0.17797835171222687,
-0.9347090125083923,
0.7568277716636658,
0.46483123302459717,
0.785636305809021,
0.25255438685417175,
-0.016594788059592247,
-0.2679406702518463,
0.6163573861122131,
0.43965187668800354,
-0.4191572666168213,
0.16838884353637695,
0.1244901493191719,
-0.04680066183209419,
0.07068610191345215,
0.2758942246437073,
-0.05123982951045036,
0.4399672746658325,
-0.36001506447792053,
0.19197970628738403,
-0.21558326482772827,
-0.0844130888581276,
0.34959760308265686,
0.2933460474014282,
0.04976269602775574,
-0.2872196137905121,
0.48441213369369507,
-0.6446771025657654,
-0.582154393196106,
0.20226439833641052,
0.29375091195106506,
0.04153594374656677,
-0.618381142616272,
-0.26532095670700073,
0.107564777135849,
-0.1374528855085373,
0.07564545422792435,
-0.23681265115737915,
0.08592191338539124,
0.21830858290195465,
-0.14174090325832367,
-0.6715468764305115,
0.44687530398368835,
0.1460058093070984,
-0.07130424678325653,
-0.009708553552627563,
-0.7603515982627869,
0.3585861027240753,
0.49499109387397766,
0.43711021542549133,
-0.3638572096824646,
-0.04842771589756012,
-0.14476345479488373
] |
210893
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weblogs
|
Weblogs
|
Weblogs may refer to:
Plural of Blog
Weblogs, Inc.
|
[
0.7240176796913147,
0.2524365186691284,
-0.07989770919084549,
0.3280225992202759,
-0.25275394320487976,
-0.4832420349121094,
0.23169970512390137,
0.5443633794784546,
-0.48862209916114807,
-0.26340600848197937,
-0.47720423340797424,
0.27923616766929626,
-0.2711004614830017,
0.21440429985523224,
0.03291165456175804,
-0.0020544216968119144,
0.08491342514753342,
0.44465988874435425,
-0.28099384903907776,
-0.4052768349647522,
-0.5009386539459229,
-0.08119294047355652,
-0.11802864074707031,
-0.44536036252975464,
0.10526358336210251,
0.4675959050655365,
0.057070717215538025,
-0.1917647272348404,
-0.9132528305053711,
-0.20381024479866028,
0.18147574365139008,
0.46863308548927307,
0.27574506402015686,
0.42033651471138,
-0.22188594937324524,
-0.39014604687690735,
-0.26141881942749023,
0.009822024963796139,
-0.25926023721694946,
-0.4804309010505676,
-0.23024971783161163,
-0.31636983156204224,
0.31270983815193176,
0.6043581366539001,
-0.16235335171222687,
-0.2708236575126648,
-1.4644250869750977,
0.2369026392698288,
-0.5494198799133301,
0.3324783146381378,
-0.7853204011917114,
0.5716472268104553,
0.373054563999176,
0.42568960785865784,
-0.2685569226741791,
0.4473211169242859,
0.049236781895160675,
-0.3167130649089813,
-0.1931774765253067,
-0.06795956194400787,
0.4897677004337311,
-0.017374470829963684,
-0.13757802546024323,
0.2993124723434448,
0.21339645981788635,
0.13021942973136902,
-0.2721599042415619,
0.3458240032196045,
-0.8214908838272095,
0.16241955757141113,
0.03122003749012947,
-0.300896555185318,
-0.19179314374923706,
0.028008045628666878,
-0.040744759142398834,
0.44204872846603394,
-0.1336834579706192,
0.16804209351539612,
0.09771379083395004,
-0.09234277904033661,
-0.20025579631328583,
0.8088813424110413,
0.45336008071899414,
0.17994530498981476,
0.3755022883415222,
0.009307469241321087,
-0.5342212319374084,
0.5227083563804626,
-0.28249719738960266,
0.4036877453327179,
0.581171452999115,
-0.21456019580364227,
0.4746629595756531,
0.12093724310398102,
0.38992220163345337,
0.022473890334367752,
-0.0889856219291687,
-0.16085532307624817,
0.03955581411719322,
0.36733919382095337,
-0.13920168578624725,
0.251874178647995,
0.2206721305847168,
0.02744343876838684,
-0.48970890045166016,
0.34756678342819214,
-0.45482590794563293,
-0.3773982524871826,
0.4100017547607422,
0.09049907326698303,
-0.137516587972641,
0.599510669708252,
-0.11946000158786774,
0.028398653492331505,
-0.03151176497340202,
0.3869841992855072,
-0.06745413690805435,
0.024487106129527092,
-0.18222925066947937,
-0.3069770634174347,
0.3488200902938843,
0.9887676239013672,
0.30173051357269287,
-0.18000873923301697,
0.16747725009918213,
0.1956658512353897,
0.3868505358695984,
0.18544797599315643,
-0.21623149514198303,
-0.16563932597637177,
0.3257651627063751,
0.8485797643661499,
0.12321335822343826,
0.02062373422086239,
-0.027094766497612,
0.004920442122966051,
0.36081600189208984,
-0.23485098779201508,
0.6062423586845398,
-0.08987708389759064,
-0.7816550135612488,
-0.5535582900047302,
-0.8383810520172119,
-0.3048855662345886,
0.5672823786735535,
-0.11311544477939606,
0.01970631629228592,
-0.4424111247062683,
-0.3726184070110321,
-0.2679879069328308,
-0.5631733536720276,
0.028577623888850212,
-0.08597858995199203,
0.058399222791194916,
-0.20426984131336212,
0.28781893849372864,
0.6853075623512268,
-0.6622398495674133,
0.6225168704986572,
0.0785517543554306,
0.1728953868150711,
0.5026968121528625,
-0.8194881081581116,
-0.1536579728126526,
0.02704560197889805,
-0.38474342226982117,
-0.1720024049282074,
0.44410374760627747,
0.5273774266242981,
0.1431245654821396,
-0.43900787830352783,
-0.10482598096132278,
0.23215459287166595,
0.039989471435546875,
0.1086399257183075,
0.06417199224233627,
0.4829518496990204,
-0.20112717151641846,
0.7389014959335327,
0.038258425891399384,
-0.6726827025413513,
-0.01542894821614027,
0.05437099188566208,
-0.26883798837661743,
-0.018535373732447624,
-0.08138632029294968,
0.661593496799469,
-0.033252015709877014,
0.07814771682024002,
-0.13601692020893097,
-0.8759022355079651,
-0.727496325969696,
-0.2896454334259033,
-0.30742016434669495,
1.6751731634140015,
-0.41802719235420227,
-0.250278115272522,
0.8614253401756287,
0.14801852405071259,
0.29239872097969055,
0.047401782125234604,
0.20835843682289124,
0.11001888662576675,
-0.5620916485786438,
-0.7710751295089722,
0.25493285059928894,
0.2713956832885742,
0.25386151671409607,
-0.049972135573625565,
-0.2173340767621994,
0.18592502176761627,
0.12495636940002441,
0.5474125742912292,
-0.5639090538024902,
-0.1524820327758789,
0.22193384170532227,
-0.5785359740257263,
0.34137043356895447,
-0.5202783346176147,
-0.35511958599090576,
1.3462408781051636,
-0.7766469120979309,
-0.06671197712421417,
0.8061968684196472,
-0.27397260069847107,
0.4985959827899933,
0.18206140398979187,
-0.19994662702083588,
0.8914734125137329,
-0.4052334725856781,
0.10946865379810333,
0.14499413967132568,
0.3601386845111847,
-0.4222700893878937,
-0.03445262461900711,
0.18893153965473175,
0.14936012029647827,
-0.21336103975772858,
0.24898254871368408,
-0.07048653066158295,
-0.024873465299606323,
0.26723363995552063,
-0.24324214458465576,
0.1117321327328682,
0.07815805822610855,
-0.31227943301200867,
-0.22366322576999664,
0.2337481826543808,
-0.32584500312805176,
0.07563985884189606,
0.4953112304210663,
0.338993102312088,
0.21901778876781464,
-0.5424083471298218,
0.05833502486348152,
0.1948777735233307,
-0.2827167212963104,
0.01729658618569374,
-0.34206458926200867,
0.45113876461982727,
-0.30485838651657104,
0.02743704803287983,
0.014378211461007595,
0.5033047199249268,
-0.09669633209705353,
-0.29422634840011597,
-0.0724496841430664,
-0.5646165013313293,
0.2865872085094452,
0.41220900416374207,
0.22231270372867584,
-0.09900212287902832,
-0.6170996427536011,
-0.09784352034330368,
0.09256435930728912,
-0.362325519323349,
0.39709240198135376,
0.0060637518763542175,
-0.2709167003631592,
-0.6013427972793579,
-0.4466666281223297,
0.116966612637043,
0.5082620978355408,
-0.9422975778579712,
-0.5833631753921509,
-0.7287911772727966,
-0.11668766289949417,
-0.4365309774875641,
-0.42763587832450867,
-0.1260419338941574,
-0.3220711052417755,
0.5054628252983093,
0.21934381127357483,
0.5521960258483887,
0.5891207456588745,
0.23322661221027374,
0.41366100311279297,
0.3461603820323944,
0.05577024444937706,
-0.0739419087767601,
-0.36236611008644104,
-0.006421032827347517,
-0.23829840123653412,
-0.48000654578208923,
-0.03746522217988968,
-0.298962265253067,
0.03829626366496086,
-0.2209957391023636,
-5.883277416229248,
-0.19403016567230225,
0.11348697543144226,
-0.8810547590255737,
0.09895524382591248,
0.04829999431967735,
0.608445405960083,
-0.40035077929496765,
0.13569676876068115,
0.1522078961133957,
-0.21425864100456238,
0.30898335576057434,
0.2338133156299591,
0.18528208136558533,
0.3698119819164276,
0.5443702340126038,
0.6288284659385681,
0.5044350624084473,
-0.04603857174515724,
0.33101657032966614,
-0.21906007826328278,
0.44950050115585327,
0.3725689649581909,
0.366543710231781,
0.4621581435203552,
-0.030579427257180214,
-0.5090152025222778,
0.0035657433327287436,
0.19582079350948334,
-0.1223854050040245,
0.3170596659183502,
0.08557967096567154,
-0.023035453632473946,
-0.11957345902919769,
-0.10695941001176834,
-0.031180482357740402,
0.7812482118606567,
0.4460280239582062,
0.2263602614402771,
-0.32098937034606934,
0.10070042312145233,
0.5111181735992432,
0.037480175495147705,
-0.32422250509262085,
0.33955395221710205,
-0.5202462077140808,
-0.24340063333511353,
-0.3852081596851349,
-0.13160723447799683,
0.4224693775177002,
-0.3354986011981964,
-0.4377587139606476,
0.731419026851654,
0.45264455676078796,
0.3330301344394684,
-0.9366419911384583,
0.724364697933197,
-0.029686950147151947,
-0.5491339564323425,
-0.19126135110855103,
0.26287510991096497,
-0.22851765155792236,
0.011015823110938072,
-0.9335603713989258,
-0.05966094508767128,
-0.08354417234659195,
-0.5905132293701172,
-0.30411261320114136,
0.6397539973258972,
0.05821450427174568,
-0.5695855617523193,
0.7249253988265991,
0.3682217001914978,
-0.499793142080307,
0.8103037476539612,
-0.43068113923072815,
-0.009711531922221184,
-0.2715081572532654,
-0.0466633141040802,
-0.13484379649162292,
-0.23865099251270294,
0.14447768032550812,
-0.6182753443717957,
-0.10405448824167252,
-0.12920233607292175,
-0.9037606716156006,
-0.09470716118812561,
-0.23935891687870026,
-0.25845327973365784,
-0.200041264295578,
1.1701364517211914,
-0.2983434200286865,
0.48884353041648865,
0.5949001908302307,
0.7231209874153137,
0.6133613586425781,
0.8698264956474304,
0.5692186951637268,
0.3604000210762024,
-0.19173488020896912,
0.667688250541687,
-0.08990088850259781,
-0.1508486121892929,
-0.6854040026664734,
-0.07444974035024643,
0.2875807285308838,
-0.18289801478385925,
-0.2085828334093094,
0.5888170003890991,
-0.33040088415145874,
-0.2924342751502991,
0.2475174516439438,
-0.8596020340919495,
-0.2579767107963562,
-0.2843470275402069,
0.10971230268478394,
-0.5505014657974243,
0.026483267545700073,
0.12794557213783264,
-0.14511261880397797,
0.2068980634212494,
0.1270938664674759,
-0.14990068972110748,
0.15666313469409943,
-0.15392525494098663,
-0.407822847366333,
0.3285464346408844,
-0.20885469019412994,
0.10635834187269211,
-0.40874814987182617,
0.6174055933952332,
-0.2586425542831421,
-0.11688420176506042,
-0.42823320627212524,
0.2847979664802551,
-0.09842844307422638,
0.07294756174087524,
0.13388507068157196,
0.17271272838115692,
-0.3858424425125122,
-0.0708223357796669,
0.017797116190195084,
-0.02139938808977604,
0.5087290406227112,
0.8589651584625244,
0.7198686599731445,
-0.5220549702644348,
0.23307909071445465,
0.022509798407554626,
0.4042273461818695,
-0.6198278069496155,
-0.46975550055503845,
0.14907649159431458,
-0.27418577671051025,
0.18898876011371613,
-0.3640139400959015,
0.16841141879558563,
0.30695420503616333,
-0.347251296043396,
-0.4968213737010956,
-0.21238085627555847,
-0.5674757957458496,
-0.5786321759223938,
0.1354202926158905,
-0.2575158178806305,
-0.21416088938713074,
-0.6357323527336121,
0.42332813143730164,
-0.08944376558065414,
0.11923683434724808,
0.1567617654800415,
0.3541155159473419,
-0.45302891731262207,
-0.2430298924446106,
0.16383349895477295,
0.11821167916059494,
0.21411335468292236,
0.3785390257835388,
0.14805513620376587,
0.18594253063201904,
-0.05203864723443985,
-0.2611097991466522,
0.33951041102409363,
0.36350059509277344,
0.6972649097442627,
-0.34194397926330566,
-0.11600323766469955,
0.49334484338760376,
-0.24449995160102844,
0.48053398728370667,
0.18943725526332855,
0.2026190459728241,
0.7147581577301025,
-0.3374594449996948,
-0.02770824171602726,
-0.5161202549934387,
0.4518234431743622,
-0.2823628783226013,
-0.09408752620220184,
-0.8519320487976074,
0.1743074357509613,
0.3363593518733978,
-1.0061062574386597,
0.2869660258293152,
-0.23457194864749908,
-0.300717294216156,
0.10700030624866486,
-0.6856851577758789,
-0.5400689244270325,
0.2724928855895996,
-0.3851611316204071,
-0.15556231141090393,
-0.1525925248861313,
0.19870004057884216,
-0.3759661316871643,
-0.18538804352283478,
0.0568544901907444,
-0.02209455333650112,
-0.17479628324508667,
0.021091999486088753,
0.2993837594985962,
-0.23695255815982819,
-0.20690572261810303,
0.45834892988204956,
-0.3775518238544464,
0.5874390006065369,
0.1999441534280777,
-0.3211597800254822,
0.09799962490797043,
-0.752572774887085,
0.19145157933235168,
0.02986130490899086,
-0.06753826141357422,
-0.200522318482399,
0.11439864337444305,
-0.5745573043823242,
0.018796982243657112,
0.3920723795890808,
0.4418904185295105,
0.11190878599882126,
-0.1592201143503189,
0.6554408669471741,
-0.5938184857368469,
-0.4582977890968323,
-0.0753684714436531,
0.251238614320755,
-0.12512463331222534,
-0.43585819005966187,
-0.8693979382514954,
0.08216793090105057,
0.5324344635009766,
-0.2421526461839676,
-0.38523122668266296,
-0.44445598125457764,
0.5578721165657043,
-0.34298574924468994,
-0.34372857213020325,
-0.31675779819488525,
-0.0670768991112709,
0.15722796320915222,
0.24621398746967316,
-0.0222360510379076,
-0.09171313047409058,
0.2634919583797455,
0.6872433423995972,
0.10730776190757751,
-0.009865338914096355,
-0.37025025486946106,
0.2145133763551712,
-0.31039997935295105,
0.13710473477840424,
0.521264910697937,
0.5274718403816223,
0.606564462184906,
0.31030920147895813,
0.10197818279266357,
-0.5153565406799316,
-0.6091962456703186,
0.1899930238723755,
0.28371748328208923,
-0.030492130666971207,
-0.4696965217590332,
0.06306692212820053,
-0.2864726483821869,
0.34967929124832153,
-0.47025731205940247,
0.20589840412139893,
0.11542116105556488,
-0.4790922999382019,
-0.27921515703201294,
-0.4309771656990051,
0.45096200704574585,
-0.14832255244255066,
0.40404510498046875,
-0.1994975060224533,
-0.18016624450683594,
0.3998219966888428,
-0.29559579491615295,
-0.398794561624527,
0.1936378926038742,
-0.3042606711387634,
0.10233669728040695,
0.5380489230155945,
-0.6212679147720337,
0.6814425587654114,
0.08382807672023773,
-0.19333939254283905,
-0.621667206287384,
0.16099025309085846,
-0.3964901864528656,
-0.09298870712518692,
0.10843942314386368,
0.3752876818180084,
0.36043810844421387,
-0.28886011242866516,
-0.45102712512016296,
-0.18272265791893005,
-0.4566331207752228,
0.42264774441719055,
0.0997263565659523,
0.12524127960205078,
-0.03561737388372421,
0.6128070950508118,
0.00842265971004963,
-0.21571937203407288,
0.40939196944236755,
-0.1107780784368515,
-0.4528643786907196,
0.08717013150453568,
0.07533502578735352,
0.48374804854393005,
0.14717885851860046,
-0.08993292599916458,
0.07625512033700943,
-0.19284109771251678,
-0.8359501361846924,
-0.3172590434551239,
0.20968054234981537,
-0.7508523464202881,
0.4083797037601471,
0.4213690757751465,
-0.06706467270851135,
0.023734573274850845,
0.11340143531560898,
-0.21488313376903534,
0.647786021232605,
0.32456153631210327,
0.6744425296783447,
-0.28034070134162903,
0.07435780018568039,
-0.06831587851047516,
0.13965490460395813,
0.22407251596450806,
0.13060365617275238,
-0.405547559261322,
-0.8131674528121948,
0.3135574460029602,
-0.008157316595315933,
0.12578968703746796,
-0.195121169090271,
-0.24672183394432068,
0.3784602880477905,
-0.1377994865179062,
-0.04404786229133606,
0.23214158415794373,
-0.03575380519032478,
0.22802765667438507,
-0.5144813656806946,
0.23710589110851288,
0.36042916774749756,
0.35431843996047974,
0.4457811713218689,
-0.4610980749130249,
0.47191673517227173,
-0.34605371952056885,
-0.003914708271622658,
0.5512044429779053,
0.6678996682167053,
-0.1182497963309288,
-0.0841468870639801,
-0.148700550198555,
0.2282538264989853,
-0.045173294842243195,
-0.28489142656326294,
0.3533153235912323,
-0.02782462164759636,
-0.5226293206214905,
0.3484325706958771,
0.1175718605518341,
-0.27329087257385254,
-0.2942555248737335,
-0.44562825560569763,
0.24757850170135498,
0.1446988880634308,
-0.22668282687664032,
0.0789889469742775,
0.11067266017198563,
0.726082444190979,
0.542072057723999,
0.24190296232700348,
-0.5951038599014282,
0.26224127411842346,
0.3370056450366974,
-0.079165518283844,
-0.850128173828125,
0.3803803622722626,
-0.3390880227088928,
-0.04926842823624611,
-0.5362300276756287,
0.42801642417907715,
0.18955275416374207,
0.19132691621780396,
0.00910137314349413,
0.027402790263295174,
0.12227403372526169,
0.15170933306217194,
0.7360692024230957,
-0.719066321849823,
0.028578609228134155,
0.0018760685343295336,
-0.07900574803352356,
-0.08858773857355118,
0.253189355134964,
0.10173871368169785,
0.42435935139656067,
0.1479576677083969,
-0.3676820695400238,
0.12554937601089478,
-0.28503653407096863,
0.38361430168151855,
-0.39084580540657043,
-0.3640466034412384,
-0.4701854884624481,
0.36354735493659973,
-0.16972826421260834,
-0.04058756306767464,
-0.061969541013240814,
0.351003497838974,
0.6272792816162109,
-0.44304513931274414,
-0.24833184480667114,
-0.28339099884033203,
-0.3790836036205292,
-0.39476677775382996,
-1.1979480981826782,
0.4137444794178009,
0.1548701375722885,
-0.17389224469661713,
-0.8227020502090454,
0.01924259029328823,
0.44717276096343994,
-0.4867449700832367,
-0.025379672646522522,
-0.27424630522727966,
-0.14574821293354034,
0.05450313538312912,
0.5865721702575684,
-0.2984078526496887,
0.17246432602405548,
0.4803610146045685
] |
210894
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Reilly
|
Maggie Reilly
|
Maggie Reilly (born 15 September 1956) is a Scottish singer best known for her collaborations with the composer and instrumentalist Mike Oldfield. Most notably, she performed lead vocals on the Oldfield songs "Family Man", "Moonlight Shadow", "To France" and "Foreign Affair", all of which were international hits in the early 1980s.
Career
Reilly first came to prominence as a member of the 1970s soul outfit Cado Belle (previously named Joe Cool), and released one album with them in 1976.
She is best known for her collaborations with the composer Mike Oldfield between 1980 and 1984, especially by co-writing and performing the vocals on "Family Man" (and other tracks on the album Five Miles Out), "Moonlight Shadow", "Foreign Affair", and "To France" (and other tracks on the album Discovery).
In 1992, she released her debut solo album Echoes, from which the singles "Everytime We Touch", "Tears in the Rain" and "Wait" were the most successful. A series of solo albums were released over the next 27 years.
She has also worked with many other artists, including Mike Batt (on his Hunting of the Snark album), Jack Bruce, Dave Greenfield & Jean-Jacques Burnel, Nick Mason & Rick Fenn, Michael Cretu, Lesiëm, Ralph McTell, Simon Nicol of Fairport Convention, Stefan Zauner of Münchener Freiheit, Runrig, The Sisters of Mercy, and Smokie. "Moonlight Shadow 2k14" (Michael Fall remix) was released on 23 May 2014 on the German label ZYX Music.
Awards and Nominations
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2|1993
| RSH Gold Awards
| rowspan=2|Herself
| Best Artist with German producer
|
|
|-
| Danish Music Awards
| Best International Female
|
|
Discography
Solo albums
Echoes (1992)
Midnight Sun (1993)
Elena (1996)
All the Mixes (1996) (as M.R.)
The Best of Maggie Reilly, There and Back Again (1998)
Starcrossed (2000)
Save It for a Rainy Day (2002)
Rowan (2006)
Looking Back, Moving Forward (2009)
Heaven Sent (2013)
Starfields (2019)
The Best Of Maggie Reilly: Past - Present - Future (2021)
Happy Christmas (2021)
Solo singles
Collaborations with Mike Oldfield
QE2 (1980)
Five Miles Out (1982)
Crises (1983)
Discovery (1984)
The Complete (1985)
Earth Moving (1989)
Elements – The Best of Mike Oldfield (1993)
XXV: The Essential (1997)
Collaborations with other artists
Cado Belle – Cado Belle (1976)
Jim Wilkie – The Waxer (1979)
Doll by Doll – Grand Passion (1982)
Dave Greenfield & J.J. Burnel – Fire & Water (1983)
Peter Blegvad – Naked Shakespeare (1983)
Nick Mason & Rick Fenn – Profiles (1985)
Flairck – Sleight of Hand (1986)
Mike Batt – The Hunting of the Snark (1986)
Jack Bruce – Willpower (1989)
The Sisters of Mercy – Vision Thing (1990)
Flairck – Sleight of Hand (1986)
Jack Bruce – Somethin' Else (1992)
Jack Bruce – Cities of the Heart (1993)
The Lenny MacDowell Project – Lost Paradise (1993)
Artists For Nature – Earthrise, The Rainforest Album (1994)
Colm Wilkinson – Stage Heroes (1994)
Juliane Werding – Du Schaffst Es (1994)
Juliane Werding and Viktor Lazlo – Engel Wie Du (1994)
Jack Bruce – The Collectors Edition (1996)
Jack Bruce – Sitting on top of the World (1997)
Simon Nicol – Before Your Time / Consonant Please Carol (1998)
Smokie – Wild Horses – The Nashville Album (1998)
Smokie – Our Swedish Collection (1999)
Lesiëm – Times (2003) / Auracle (2004)
XII Alfonso – Charles Darwin (2012)
References
External links
Heartsong, official Maggie Reilly Fan Site
1956 births
Living people
Musicians from Glasgow
20th-century Scottish women singers
Scottish folk singers
Scottish pop singers
Scottish people of Irish descent
British soft rock musicians
21st-century Scottish women singers
|
[
-0.10866891592741013,
0.3208889365196228,
-0.1470787674188614,
-0.7585081458091736,
0.3678401708602905,
0.9504320621490479,
0.04904205724596977,
-0.258905827999115,
0.027363330125808716,
-0.19556640088558197,
-0.16545996069908142,
0.7194333672523499,
-0.29211920499801636,
0.017570538446307182,
0.02554970234632492,
0.44888320565223694,
0.3476236164569855,
0.08999313414096832,
-0.636489987373352,
-0.4666600823402405,
0.2738014757633209,
-0.5845089554786682,
0.09132122993469238,
0.5247977375984192,
-0.30451568961143494,
0.1944543421268463,
-0.20101894438266754,
-0.031668875366449356,
0.17783397436141968,
-0.2665381133556366,
0.17034393548965454,
0.5812696814537048,
0.8217301368713379,
-0.7066679000854492,
0.19215679168701172,
0.607987642288208,
0.3064211905002594,
0.08176818490028381,
-0.43141254782676697,
0.015699276700615883,
-0.3948996365070343,
-0.2802438735961914,
0.5250087976455688,
0.4154414236545563,
-0.11235032230615616,
-0.34600427746772766,
-1.2772067785263062,
0.5129327774047852,
-0.496663361787796,
0.17793752253055573,
-0.32028186321258545,
0.3719787299633026,
0.5224085450172424,
0.07255905866622925,
0.21320220828056335,
-0.33913975954055786,
-0.054660845547914505,
-0.21620406210422516,
0.080403633415699,
-0.7560137510299683,
-0.15930749475955963,
0.25829797983169556,
0.030944140627980232,
-0.9013867974281311,
-0.12884098291397095,
-0.03220898285508156,
0.23496998846530914,
0.07452002167701721,
0.03226611390709877,
-0.357553631067276,
0.3761580288410187,
1.0695242881774902,
-0.3097977340221405,
-0.7368698120117188,
0.05474000424146652,
-0.07113295793533325,
0.49380892515182495,
-0.2758103311061859,
0.5489511489868164,
0.8474993109703064,
0.5159510374069214,
0.23742596805095673,
0.8437398672103882,
0.8176402449607849,
0.3866318166255951,
-0.09046032279729843,
-0.43621301651000977,
0.6618672013282776,
-0.9469786882400513,
0.16283442080020905,
-0.3123696744441986,
-0.9969517588615417,
0.18342803418636322,
0.32342904806137085,
0.22679980099201202,
0.16734923422336578,
0.5441008806228638,
0.15786488354206085,
0.3874082863330841,
-0.3983680009841919,
0.13832998275756836,
-0.5550832748413086,
-0.3744792342185974,
-0.691890299320221,
-0.4148986041545868,
-0.15176565945148468,
-0.5398635268211365,
-0.5053326487541199,
0.07090044021606445,
-0.12002351135015488,
-0.7159279584884644,
-0.44639864563941956,
0.6452507376670837,
0.208047553896904,
0.7787023186683655,
0.33852648735046387,
-0.1556934416294098,
-0.1367262601852417,
-0.9032283425331116,
0.3599505126476288,
0.4640452563762665,
-0.10189549624919891,
-0.09275223314762115,
0.5821345448493958,
-0.9018559455871582,
-0.0723147764801979,
-0.032753802835941315,
0.5474326014518738,
-0.490608274936676,
0.04321761801838875,
-0.46768078207969666,
0.802909255027771,
-0.24354083836078644,
-0.1095714196562767,
0.35684406757354736,
-0.20225489139556885,
-0.2674965560436249,
-0.0560462512075901,
0.39354920387268066,
0.8272408843040466,
-0.6260411739349365,
0.03867732360959053,
-0.2589223384857178,
-0.783009946346283,
0.32739534974098206,
-0.18579398095607758,
-0.7633815407752991,
0.13457117974758148,
-0.3142506182193756,
-0.016079140827059746,
0.30015113949775696,
0.31624627113342285,
-0.28999006748199463,
-0.10896208137273788,
-1.1026235818862915,
-0.29456087946891785,
0.682555079460144,
0.044130001217126846,
-0.37179338932037354,
-0.10716918110847473,
0.42905449867248535,
0.01043392438441515,
-0.032249514013528824,
0.022039713338017464,
0.476121723651886,
0.1895948350429535,
0.4504757225513458,
0.3456161320209503,
-0.1049283966422081,
-0.1964893788099289,
0.16970151662826538,
-0.044554203748703,
0.43455973267555237,
-0.2570717930793762,
-0.5423470139503479,
0.15756568312644958,
0.4457591474056244,
0.42018240690231323,
0.1973591446876526,
0.2863060235977173,
-0.6273772120475769,
-0.11581848561763763,
0.08170589804649353,
0.24918082356452942,
0.08388854563236237,
0.38404592871665955,
-0.1391867846250534,
-0.14475089311599731,
0.760394811630249,
-0.05182889848947525,
-0.8033666610717773,
-0.7840304970741272,
0.3211810290813446,
-0.06371089816093445,
0.4222651422023773,
0.12397406995296478,
0.07383184134960175,
0.052068885415792465,
0.38101479411125183,
0.5682118535041809,
0.3477066457271576,
-0.40331825613975525,
0.3268887996673584,
-0.3817301392555237,
0.01614774949848652,
0.3148673176765442,
0.8121902942657471,
-0.47656312584877014,
-0.05234256759285927,
0.2672613561153412,
-0.17957668006420135,
-0.5727177262306213,
0.4788953959941864,
0.6015697717666626,
-0.5358954668045044,
-0.4514424502849579,
-0.5051527619361877,
-0.39516371488571167,
0.11739642173051834,
-0.19754251837730408,
0.42853793501853943,
0.7933019995689392,
-0.07102089375257492,
0.2668515741825104,
-0.48219773173332214,
0.8769294023513794,
-0.0011160253779962659,
-0.15631648898124695,
0.05725797265768051,
-0.19362102448940277,
0.20196005702018738,
0.5547308921813965,
-0.10288781672716141,
-0.3357992172241211,
-0.013287262991070747,
0.25639036297798157,
0.25968241691589355,
0.5448102355003357,
0.4920737147331238,
-0.45463237166404724,
0.2597030699253082,
0.7192361354827881,
-0.6056515574455261,
0.21519607305526733,
-0.3927367627620697,
0.04139351099729538,
-0.09627502411603928,
0.0396866649389267,
0.09625330567359924,
0.21389539539813995,
0.2548578083515167,
0.24818751215934753,
0.5536941885948181,
0.8016723394393921,
-0.09920798242092133,
-0.16727927327156067,
0.025928808376193047,
0.12288123369216919,
0.5113750696182251,
0.7053122520446777,
0.1504134237766266,
-0.4809761345386505,
0.992508053779602,
-0.22288092970848083,
-0.03040514513850212,
-0.6389091610908508,
0.4287929832935333,
-0.7979809045791626,
0.35144519805908203,
-0.43130069971084595,
-0.14626379311084747,
0.4296838641166687,
0.09924906492233276,
0.687748372554779,
-0.1813524216413498,
0.5860986709594727,
-0.2498559057712555,
-0.4108934700489044,
-0.08007454127073288,
-1.120415210723877,
0.32360076904296875,
0.8819328546524048,
-0.2865261733531952,
-0.695441484451294,
-0.6215434670448303,
0.32691484689712524,
0.1192389503121376,
-0.29369819164276123,
0.06672322005033493,
0.05356776714324951,
0.08598733693361282,
1.0145833492279053,
-0.08073176443576813,
0.3737824857234955,
0.5819628834724426,
0.1714952141046524,
0.40678924322128296,
-0.16256678104400635,
-0.37059295177459717,
-0.25373151898384094,
0.09986268728971481,
-0.15549017488956451,
0.014071490615606308,
-0.023060854524374008,
0.3923625946044922,
-0.07594949752092361,
-0.494255393743515,
-0.5745576620101929,
-5.496686935424805,
0.1197832003235817,
-0.17137575149536133,
-0.46946465969085693,
0.8055539131164551,
0.07458430528640747,
0.44189661741256714,
-0.7867310643196106,
0.5785863995552063,
-0.5345136523246765,
-0.2528506815433502,
0.25977566838264465,
-0.5810707807540894,
0.28355976939201355,
0.12496105581521988,
-0.016762277111411095,
0.007177562452852726,
-0.67215895652771,
0.5105622410774231,
0.015484062023460865,
0.09795311093330383,
-0.32143163681030273,
-0.44211143255233765,
0.20848912000656128,
0.08674763143062592,
0.03607528656721115,
-0.6800172328948975,
-0.254509299993515,
-0.1858346164226532,
0.6227319836616516,
-0.17746788263320923,
-0.6211158633232117,
-0.22006608545780182,
-0.48276475071907043,
-0.13059940934181213,
0.036589864641427994,
0.1163615807890892,
-0.2789268493652344,
0.42935696244239807,
-0.6313225030899048,
0.21202699840068817,
0.22315466403961182,
0.18324898183345795,
-0.1818576455116272,
-0.45435357093811035,
-0.5848397612571716,
-0.12695205211639404,
-0.26819881796836853,
-0.14662253856658936,
1.1567245721817017,
0.2782326340675354,
-0.03937763720750809,
0.6520958542823792,
-0.8269959092140198,
0.06015927717089653,
-0.13814693689346313,
0.24038545787334442,
-0.14837747812271118,
-0.3556041121482849,
0.30417993664741516,
0.37750422954559326,
-0.741637110710144,
-0.2903068959712982,
-0.332258403301239,
-0.4025307297706604,
-0.18747322261333466,
-0.27659863233566284,
0.6807602643966675,
0.1449277251958847,
-0.47967278957366943,
0.40906402468681335,
0.06933227181434631,
0.29835498332977295,
-1.476340889930725,
-0.013116939924657345,
-0.5307917594909668,
0.060550592839717865,
0.4116482734680176,
-0.42626845836639404,
-0.5276872515678406,
0.16088150441646576,
-0.4136185944080353,
-0.29079991579055786,
0.3319256603717804,
-0.12121664732694626,
-0.11778116226196289,
-0.6531360745429993,
0.10556615144014359,
-0.206920325756073,
-0.6259572505950928,
0.15930265188217163,
-0.3587421774864197,
-0.1317230612039566,
0.07149623334407806,
0.46764594316482544,
0.5807490944862366,
0.5886504054069519,
0.6676777005195618,
0.3489687144756317,
0.585375189781189,
0.21363565325737,
-0.2972143590450287,
0.10895723849534988,
-0.5660697221755981,
-0.1942099630832672,
-0.07810594886541367,
-0.012030540034174919,
-0.36531132459640503,
0.5754356384277344,
-0.26448437571525574,
-0.03636028245091438,
0.24066877365112305,
-0.25554731488227844,
-0.4688599109649658,
-0.7039990425109863,
-0.4622361660003662,
-0.28366386890411377,
-0.03485242277383804,
0.6554779410362244,
-0.09489133954048157,
0.2427443116903305,
0.10041464120149612,
0.640389621257782,
0.3635505735874176,
-0.10785165429115295,
0.17048008739948273,
0.36967089772224426,
0.169179767370224,
-0.06697901338338852,
0.06472091376781464,
-0.3536366820335388,
-0.04947903752326965,
-0.5319082736968994,
-0.12023107707500458,
0.04696742445230484,
-0.14844630658626556,
-0.7598078846931458,
0.4481140375137329,
-0.1196579858660698,
0.4359012544155121,
0.497107595205307,
-0.8277447819709778,
-0.18401303887367249,
0.19418910145759583,
0.3242705464363098,
0.5704702734947205,
-0.08715686202049255,
-0.2978326976299286,
-0.5680050849914551,
0.17297765612602234,
-0.00916361901909113,
-0.07132966816425323,
0.6412783861160278,
-0.756164014339447,
-0.001130691496655345,
0.18252216279506683,
-0.6789677143096924,
-0.14729049801826477,
-0.1254514753818512,
-0.37946778535842896,
0.2875451445579529,
-0.19886049628257751,
-0.48207929730415344,
-0.2131207436323166,
0.33644184470176697,
0.46718189120292664,
-0.2649283707141876,
-0.1141054704785347,
-0.4931159019470215,
0.39431217312812805,
-0.006848504301160574,
-0.6171376705169678,
0.20389825105667114,
-0.28080621361732483,
0.12072370946407318,
-0.12303242832422256,
-0.25661227107048035,
-0.2419230341911316,
-0.13882838189601898,
0.0771288126707077,
-0.030721282586455345,
0.23876872658729553,
-0.46923309564590454,
-0.03162890300154686,
0.43477481603622437,
-0.30526143312454224,
-0.9226066470146179,
-0.44166165590286255,
0.2749716639518738,
0.3438706696033478,
-0.453576922416687,
-0.07710324972867966,
0.14392772316932678,
0.04887819290161133,
-0.5952438712120056,
-0.759810209274292,
-0.5382643938064575,
-0.2767394483089447,
0.020561495795845985,
-0.6090339422225952,
0.23428672552108765,
-0.3122147023677826,
-0.2200414091348648,
-0.01349855400621891,
0.28521597385406494,
-0.810628354549408,
0.025245733559131622,
-0.8036119341850281,
-0.19799886643886566,
0.5095909833908081,
0.042537230998277664,
-0.4186072051525116,
0.6213775277137756,
0.6377413868904114,
-0.49397265911102295,
0.25143951177597046,
-0.1289527267217636,
0.27016681432724,
-0.6015563011169434,
-0.14051774144172668,
-0.5635761618614197,
-0.04170551896095276,
0.1749960035085678,
0.6701014041900635,
-0.7603757381439209,
0.1603391170501709,
0.15427608788013458,
-0.26652991771698,
0.7626763582229614,
-0.2535751760005951,
-0.3050996661186218,
-0.06885425001382828,
0.27630719542503357,
0.2993660569190979,
-0.22129705548286438,
-0.03298018127679825,
-0.37468886375427246,
0.18898430466651917,
-0.07838346064090729,
0.8727236390113831,
0.3220991790294647,
0.3569050133228302,
-0.36649617552757263,
-0.2005329579114914,
-0.6099852323532104,
0.2827819883823395,
0.143596813082695,
-0.4761753976345062,
-0.20579221844673157,
-0.04104705899953842,
0.11495570838451385,
0.03447852283716202,
0.1391945332288742,
-0.11280299723148346,
0.6534925103187561,
-0.9202210307121277,
0.12199535220861435,
-0.23848897218704224,
0.06618411839008331,
-0.6429653763771057,
0.6546081900596619,
-0.3757929801940918,
0.06713324785232544,
0.13915541768074036,
0.095911905169487,
0.13571283221244812,
0.01003621518611908,
-0.2548219859600067,
-0.09014793485403061,
0.12661822140216827,
-0.5130976438522339,
-0.020125804468989372,
0.33874043822288513,
0.371886670589447,
-0.02948862500488758,
0.04651222005486488,
-0.12918032705783844,
-0.3556117117404938,
0.22995351254940033,
0.1580599844455719,
-0.16159310936927795,
-0.04474158585071564,
-0.007525336463004351,
-0.37969228625297546,
0.38524165749549866,
-0.04638621583580971,
0.1325959414243698,
-0.70032799243927,
0.034859199076890945,
-0.6687396168708801,
-0.2677178382873535,
0.12606340646743774,
-0.2524820566177368,
0.041454389691352844,
0.08384323120117188,
0.3322763741016388,
-0.16218088567256927,
0.18534764647483826,
0.09338454902172089,
-0.6283924579620361,
-0.20041915774345398,
0.35028958320617676,
0.4643813967704773,
-0.35060736536979675,
-0.2701531648635864,
-0.29443979263305664,
-0.02615218609571457,
-0.7960073947906494,
-0.3410789370536804,
0.5022268295288086,
0.3371075987815857,
0.27550262212753296,
-0.18284575641155243,
0.6136789917945862,
0.23918019235134125,
-0.12768208980560303,
0.5012346506118774,
-0.8291142582893372,
-0.06511406600475311,
0.31896698474884033,
-0.2034968137741089,
-0.10506682842969894,
0.1975482553243637,
0.8154730796813965,
0.519417405128479,
0.8172791600227356,
0.11455706506967545,
-0.08753364533185959,
-0.0947667583823204,
0.904802680015564,
-0.03483200445771217,
0.04929013177752495,
0.23095250129699707,
0.4878426194190979,
-0.30711105465888977,
-0.6277590394020081,
0.0975840613245964,
-0.09114765375852585,
0.4349052906036377,
0.7894437909126282,
-0.13548266887664795,
0.19441252946853638,
-0.09843621402978897,
-0.03220737352967262,
0.0942053496837616,
-0.09207123517990112,
-0.2128412127494812,
0.3660120964050293,
-0.33553409576416016,
-0.5132545828819275,
0.4047897756099701,
0.1756800264120102,
0.03767688572406769,
-0.9790972471237183,
-0.020895054563879967,
0.08841905742883682,
0.8725832104682922,
-0.4345054030418396,
0.2785848081111908,
0.27811065316200256,
-0.38354018330574036,
-0.5994873642921448,
1.0132181644439697,
-0.21164168417453766,
-0.45912405848503113,
-0.3979528844356537,
0.33433404564857483,
-0.6725139617919922,
0.3732968270778656,
0.4693678915500641,
0.5995180606842041,
0.21985787153244019,
-0.3127188980579376,
0.46469351649284363,
0.38806599378585815,
0.29525327682495117,
0.4676233232021332,
0.4247383177280426,
-0.20267923176288605,
-0.16797545552253723,
-0.7765893936157227,
-0.0035291919484734535,
-0.06905592232942581,
0.08803655207157135,
0.19301503896713257,
-0.558142364025116,
0.1638525128364563,
-0.16311559081077576,
-0.5560550689697266,
-0.3191096782684326,
0.5686298608779907,
-0.8214111328125,
0.26652637124061584,
0.18333810567855835,
-0.4674074649810791,
-0.41251340508461,
0.559415876865387,
0.5537880659103394,
0.38392019271850586,
0.8431435823440552,
0.334006667137146,
0.3399251103401184,
0.5083089470863342,
0.1534988135099411,
-0.2193366289138794,
0.47821903228759766,
-0.3655222952365875,
0.5304306149482727,
0.0688471719622612,
0.20730789005756378,
0.45926788449287415,
0.2731514871120453,
-0.14381688833236694,
-0.0668385848402977,
-0.4552529454231262,
0.182306170463562,
0.6565005779266357,
0.38161754608154297,
0.03314882889389992,
-0.30671706795692444,
0.24513185024261475,
0.299997478723526,
0.41498175263404846,
-0.27818068861961365,
-0.4950259327888489,
0.4487319588661194,
-0.5018570423126221,
0.4684957265853882,
0.3443424701690674,
0.7219982147216797,
0.2883075773715973,
0.5474281311035156,
-0.4630502164363861,
-0.18325236439704895,
-0.028636792674660683,
-0.49313515424728394,
0.10275749117136002,
-0.06787693500518799,
0.349956214427948,
-0.20579145848751068,
0.7506915330886841,
0.450758159160614,
-0.5119755268096924,
0.5483241081237793,
-0.4490245282649994,
-0.009009039960801601,
0.1945684850215912,
-0.3423731029033661,
-0.6212159991264343,
0.09142956882715225,
0.16242194175720215,
-0.9632846117019653,
0.22964315116405487,
-0.8191617131233215,
-0.19049587845802307,
-0.7171143889427185,
0.489170640707016,
-0.015419713221490383,
0.030353883281350136,
-0.08584176748991013
] |
210897
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal%20of%2018%20June
|
Appeal of 18 June
|
The Appeal of 18 June () was the first speech made by Charles de Gaulle after his arrival in London in 1940 following the Fall of France. Broadcast to France by the radio services of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), it is often considered to have marked the beginning of the French Resistance in World War II. It is regarded as one of the most important speeches in French history. In spite of its significance in French collective memory, historians have shown that the appeal was heard only by a minority of French people. De Gaulle's 22 June 1940 speech was more widely heard.
Context
De Gaulle had recently been promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and named as Under-Secretary of State for National Defence and War by Prime Minister Paul Reynaud during the German invasion of France. Reynaud resigned after his proposal for a Franco-British Union was rejected by his cabinet and Marshal Philippe Pétain, a hero of World War I, became the new Prime Minister, pledging to sign an armistice with Nazi Germany. De Gaulle opposed any such action and facing imminent arrest, fled France on 17 June. Other leading politicians, including Georges Mandel, Léon Blum, Pierre Mendès France, Jean Zay and Édouard Daladier (and separately Reynaud), were arrested while travelling to continue the war from North Africa.
De Gaulle obtained special permission from Winston Churchill to broadcast a speech on 18 June via BBC Radio from Broadcasting House over France, despite the British Cabinet's objections that such a broadcast could provoke the Pétain government into a closer allegiance with Germany. In his speech, de Gaulle reminded the French people that the British Empire and the United States of America would support them militarily and economically in an effort to retake France from the Germans.
The BBC did not record the speech, and few actually heard it. Another speech, which was recorded and heard by more people, was given by de Gaulle four days later. There is a record, however, of the manuscript of the speech of 18 June, which has been found in the archives of the Swiss intelligence agencies who published the text for their own uses on 19 June. The manuscript of the speech, as well as the recording of the 22 June speech, were nominated on 18 June 2005 for inclusion in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register by the BBC, which called it "one of the most remarkable pieces in the history of radio broadcasting."
Translation of the speech
On 18 June 1940, at 19:00 (GMT), de Gaulle's voice was broadcast nationwide, saying in French:
Reception and influence
After the war, de Gaulle's 18 June broadcast was often identified as the beginning of the French Resistance, and the beginning of the process of liberating France from the yoke of German occupation.
Although the 18 June speech is among the most famous in French history, few French listeners heard it that day. It was broadcast on the BBC, a British radio station, practically unannounced and was delivered by an obscure brigadier general who had only recently been appointed as a junior minister. Consequently, of the 10,000 French citizens in Britain, only 300 volunteered. Of the more than 100,000 soldiers temporarily on British soil, most of them recently evacuated from Norway or Dunkirk, only 7,000 stayed on to join de Gaulle. The rest returned to France and were quickly made prisoners of war. However, de Gaulle's speech was undeniably influential and provided motivation for the people of France and for the oppressed of the rest of Europe.
The themes of the speech would be reused throughout the war to inspire the French people to resist German occupation. Four days later, de Gaulle delivered a speech that largely reiterated the points made in his 18 June speech, and the second speech was heard by a larger audience in France. The content of the 22 June speech is often confused for that of 18 June. In addition, in early August a poster written by de Gaulle would be distributed widely in London and would become known as L'affiche de Londres (The London Poster). Variations of this poster would be produced and displayed in Africa, South America and France itself over the course of the war.
The 70th anniversary of the speech was marked in 2010 by the issuing of a postage stamp (designed by Georges Mathieu) and a €2 commemorative coin.
France has lost a battle, but has not lost the war
De Gaulle's famous quote: "La France a perdu une bataille! Mais la France n'a pas perdu la guerre" ("France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war") is often associated with the Appeal of 18 June, but actually stems from a motivational poster featuring De Gaulle, A Tous Les Français, which was distributed all over London on 3 August 1940.
See also
Liberation of France
Wallonie libre — Belgian resistance group purportedly formed after the 18 June 1940 broadcast
References
Notes
Citations
External links
The Appeal of 18 June – Official French website (in English)
Elisabeth de Miribel : Appeal of 18 June
Bibliography on the Appeal of 18 June 1940 at Bibliothèque nationale de France
World War II speeches
Charles de Gaulle
French Resistance
1940 in France
1940 in London
Memory of the World Register
June 1940 events
1940 documents
1940s in the City of Westminster
|
[
0.1871602088212967,
0.4145609140396118,
0.10387171804904938,
-0.4376392066478729,
-0.6489958763122559,
0.3784831762313843,
0.026994232088327408,
-0.5769280791282654,
-0.10638229548931122,
-0.33748358488082886,
-0.519494354724884,
0.7846230268478394,
-0.18788552284240723,
0.48794081807136536,
0.22088178992271423,
0.06318782269954681,
0.6336011290550232,
-0.09671556204557419,
0.1206066682934761,
-0.24114756286144257,
0.1095639318227768,
0.37600845098495483,
0.30163389444351196,
0.12253701686859131,
0.3506030738353729,
-0.38877707719802856,
0.6940586566925049,
-0.4021734595298767,
-0.4096532464027405,
0.10002105683088303,
0.12668681144714355,
-0.302299439907074,
0.05495774373412132,
-0.5460279583930969,
-0.035307109355926514,
-0.00015656408504582942,
0.17338956892490387,
-0.0986189991235733,
-0.6985176801681519,
-0.04294217377901077,
-0.02155052311718464,
-0.1476460099220276,
0.30882421135902405,
0.10953013598918915,
-0.3142907917499542,
-0.035365406423807144,
-1.4083261489868164,
-0.004307943861931562,
-0.11528749763965607,
0.07440990954637527,
0.5145407319068909,
0.5730939507484436,
0.17297033965587616,
0.5191072225570679,
0.0637148916721344,
-0.3659402132034302,
-1.151623249053955,
-0.8619621396064758,
-0.20983310043811798,
-0.5057368874549866,
0.23333755135536194,
0.16861218214035034,
0.5693482756614685,
0.1428208202123642,
0.26378118991851807,
-0.2830886244773865,
-0.030172375962138176,
0.5866378545761108,
-0.08257237076759338,
-0.23406551778316498,
-0.18326342105865479,
-0.05121514946222305,
0.02102247253060341,
0.32507795095443726,
0.40630948543548584,
-0.7293205857276917,
0.521978497505188,
0.4333549737930298,
-0.028960412368178368,
0.2585742771625519,
0.1682671159505844,
0.007982597686350346,
0.16997608542442322,
0.18376319110393524,
0.18184208869934082,
0.2584846615791321,
0.04183229058980942,
0.6270686388015747,
-0.28599607944488525,
-0.09876029193401337,
0.1925552934408188,
-0.19423241913318634,
0.21637268364429474,
-0.536344587802887,
-0.246379554271698,
-0.3152086138725281,
0.538453996181488,
-0.1277158409357071,
-0.43007364869117737,
-0.04193772375583649,
-0.052398208528757095,
0.3673311769962311,
0.7541750073432922,
0.5303822755813599,
0.07930956035852432,
-0.2831031084060669,
-0.42168158292770386,
-0.6176788210868835,
-0.0024727536365389824,
-0.009240523912012577,
-0.19752800464630127,
0.4315507113933563,
0.008353949524462223,
-0.5488448143005371,
-0.8174455165863037,
0.2553323805332184,
0.44416582584381104,
-0.416103333234787,
0.0068426900543272495,
0.3702581524848938,
0.35580092668533325,
0.5549383759498596,
0.5567755103111267,
0.2638709843158722,
0.179326593875885,
-0.7744178175926208,
0.45527276396751404,
0.47592198848724365,
-0.7547239065170288,
0.30162113904953003,
0.034245751798152924,
0.4330408573150635,
-0.33147701621055603,
0.10850690305233002,
-0.24585875868797302,
-0.38396981358528137,
0.3122755289077759,
-0.3005559742450714,
0.20744280517101288,
-0.08783531934022903,
-0.49922916293144226,
-0.06349766999483109,
-0.45548015832901,
0.25770705938339233,
0.5131728649139404,
0.20766454935073853,
-0.6637082695960999,
0.2357112318277359,
-0.30062589049339294,
-0.3040255606174469,
-0.09192779660224915,
-0.37476417422294617,
0.26141151785850525,
-0.23965124785900116,
-0.3179502785205841,
0.07789606600999832,
0.7472449541091919,
0.05821665748953819,
0.07955210655927658,
0.4456987977027893,
0.8566768169403076,
0.26753121614456177,
0.7687385082244873,
0.021300116553902626,
0.42784324288368225,
-0.017464738339185715,
-0.1409355252981186,
-0.2613239288330078,
0.36445802450180054,
0.007254219613969326,
-0.29815998673439026,
0.11704318225383759,
0.5839870572090149,
-0.6768444776535034,
0.1301155388355255,
0.007353973109275103,
0.8934549689292908,
0.3882885277271271,
0.5171865224838257,
0.13069607317447662,
-0.2960209548473358,
-0.567852795124054,
-0.08763843774795532,
0.10727103799581528,
0.4810342788696289,
-0.021841825917363167,
0.4851263761520386,
-0.12895995378494263,
0.1440483182668686,
0.6326338052749634,
-0.3270184397697449,
-0.6302539706230164,
0.23065504431724548,
-0.37025973200798035,
0.7497968077659607,
-0.04299135133624077,
0.17552334070205688,
0.7748380303382874,
0.09260077029466629,
1.062052607536316,
-0.04785822704434395,
0.2398158758878708,
0.9556748270988464,
-0.004632101394236088,
0.032249342650175095,
0.35644787549972534,
-0.2277182936668396,
0.4644274115562439,
0.18048207461833954,
1.1417877674102783,
0.08976630121469498,
-0.27968260645866394,
0.46250081062316895,
-0.17537231743335724,
-0.06922561675310135,
-0.11746934801340103,
-0.07792367786169052,
0.14117272198200226,
0.09069763869047165,
0.1877417117357254,
-0.032175518572330475,
0.7565495371818542,
-0.490070104598999,
0.7824916243553162,
-0.2600997984409332,
0.1300157755613327,
-0.05715500935912132,
-0.12436877191066742,
-0.46577030420303345,
-0.2637140154838562,
-0.18867000937461853,
0.17298874258995056,
-0.4338115155696869,
0.19124281406402588,
0.305946409702301,
-0.07229059189558029,
-0.5729930996894836,
-0.21607908606529236,
-0.1321856826543808,
-0.07572274655103683,
0.6273288726806641,
-0.4233534038066864,
0.37668830156326294,
0.5048785209655762,
-0.6471540927886963,
0.29728400707244873,
0.28235289454460144,
0.2396753430366516,
0.528413712978363,
0.1802634447813034,
-0.15077359974384308,
0.36883237957954407,
0.2614864408969879,
-0.36135947704315186,
-0.03876041620969772,
-0.38933876156806946,
0.3327901363372803,
0.33451324701309204,
0.22415535151958466,
0.4616493880748749,
-0.2093348652124405,
-0.23078973591327667,
0.11121547222137451,
0.6962587833404541,
0.28100982308387756,
-0.4945914149284363,
-0.6835504174232483,
-0.0878506749868393,
-0.007696543820202351,
0.18215546011924744,
0.16464650630950928,
-0.5082918405532837,
-0.520296573638916,
-0.2025778591632843,
-0.23942841589450836,
0.11330755800008774,
-0.4157871603965759,
0.8239657282829285,
-0.5223527550697327,
-0.29032158851623535,
0.19149571657180786,
0.45146262645721436,
-0.6924483776092529,
0.1231703907251358,
0.6373079419136047,
0.3922363519668579,
0.17270413041114807,
-0.808733344078064,
-0.3345182240009308,
0.2309613823890686,
-0.24467530846595764,
-0.009473690763115883,
-0.07097285985946655,
-0.8372232913970947,
0.04175427556037903,
-0.24235180020332336,
-0.6102097034454346,
0.09445765614509583,
-0.0007477057515643537,
0.01736999675631523,
-0.16834188997745514,
0.4991053342819214,
-0.11394701898097992,
0.13338591158390045,
0.7478322982788086,
-0.3033003509044647,
0.2987452447414398,
0.3641553521156311,
-5.757521629333496,
-0.004055341240018606,
0.6001351475715637,
-0.034654952585697174,
0.3070196509361267,
0.597758948802948,
0.27540841698646545,
-0.38285595178604126,
-0.1455637514591217,
-0.2992371618747711,
-0.6613944172859192,
-0.28038260340690613,
-0.11041969805955887,
0.6456788182258606,
0.570578396320343,
0.34221023321151733,
0.022231435403227806,
-0.3694600462913513,
0.6336641907691956,
0.5517542362213135,
0.04429991543292999,
-0.3237636089324951,
0.24368831515312195,
0.7312701344490051,
0.3965621590614319,
-0.040398579090833664,
0.04734001308679581,
0.7584293484687805,
-0.33186113834381104,
0.23389847576618195,
0.48009055852890015,
-0.013160870410501957,
0.6679159998893738,
-0.44822579622268677,
-0.2934998869895935,
0.1523200273513794,
0.25095105171203613,
-0.2814358174800873,
-0.22353340685367584,
-0.08984227478504181,
-0.21690906584262848,
-0.2896486520767212,
-0.03522499278187752,
0.34317776560783386,
-0.09829425811767578,
-0.2035379856824875,
-0.2038070261478424,
0.4594075083732605,
0.34093937277793884,
0.26207318902015686,
-0.12096062302589417,
0.0666990727186203,
-0.3123413324356079,
-0.01620340347290039,
-0.11042874306440353,
0.10767479240894318,
-0.22851994633674622,
-0.5547094941139221,
-0.023666687309741974,
-0.012097908183932304,
0.38969552516937256,
-0.4991631507873535,
-0.34064149856567383,
-0.014142908155918121,
-0.16551557183265686,
-0.4845218360424042,
-0.6933205723762512,
0.11301155388355255,
0.18972904980182648,
0.22164195775985718,
-0.1020914763212204,
0.4752863049507141,
-0.4399909973144531,
-1.2548937797546387,
-0.22779202461242676,
-0.3598744571208954,
-0.7496343851089478,
-0.24700523912906647,
0.257925420999527,
0.1954091191291809,
-0.35286012291908264,
0.049986910074949265,
-0.6085012555122375,
0.17136241495609283,
0.1145627498626709,
-0.17048467695713043,
-0.004496362991631031,
0.7725475430488586,
-0.43529781699180603,
0.02608395181596279,
-0.04745709151029587,
-0.7739129662513733,
-0.35262531042099,
0.07125730067491531,
-0.17384839057922363,
0.03242209181189537,
-0.34308120608329773,
-0.18293637037277222,
0.6362133622169495,
0.5275430083274841,
-0.5811092257499695,
0.14006184041500092,
0.05203068256378174,
-0.6186087131500244,
0.3939133882522583,
-0.19804678857326508,
-0.30190205574035645,
0.3222642242908478,
-0.04693412408232689,
0.5650600790977478,
-0.4310227334499359,
-0.27031686902046204,
-0.21604423224925995,
-0.21405541896820068,
-0.05238981172442436,
-0.27848395705223083,
0.19274604320526123,
-0.1324155479669571,
0.7586795687675476,
-0.5297832489013672,
-0.09054367989301682,
0.3970111906528473,
-0.758609414100647,
0.49687379598617554,
0.08928649872541428,
0.506687581539154,
-0.3474467992782593,
-0.184766486287117,
-0.7170884013175964,
0.24292689561843872,
0.19344109296798706,
0.256288081407547,
0.0784868597984314,
0.21741752326488495,
0.4028697609901428,
-1.0998561382293701,
0.036449134349823,
0.15501001477241516,
0.20035260915756226,
-0.3631206154823303,
-0.5093616843223572,
-0.4062734544277191,
0.1421758532524109,
0.28578823804855347,
0.41667118668556213,
0.32558396458625793,
0.3558941185474396,
-0.20217561721801758,
-0.10112638771533966,
0.5574144124984741,
0.7638570070266724,
0.05171625688672066,
0.7039604783058167,
0.13025829195976257,
-0.09066347032785416,
-0.009154860861599445,
0.26998817920684814,
0.23250463604927063,
-0.2911933660507202,
-0.2517627477645874,
0.092521071434021,
-0.17220383882522583,
-0.7867656350135803,
-0.6458883881568909,
0.03683176264166832,
-0.6057648658752441,
-0.3014093041419983,
-0.460514098405838,
-0.019377389922738075,
0.28405043482780457,
-0.2517911195755005,
-0.7882402539253235,
-0.08693777769804001,
0.15899617969989777,
0.7445410490036011,
-0.4039013683795929,
0.18573348224163055,
0.40050697326660156,
0.05978117883205414,
-0.6968228816986084,
-0.140081986784935,
-0.22199727594852448,
-0.3117985427379608,
0.5124738812446594,
0.18579956889152527,
-0.5001940727233887,
-0.2772667109966278,
-0.21383826434612274,
-0.20010709762573242,
-0.5619444251060486,
-0.06472556293010712,
0.3125815689563751,
0.1996416300535202,
0.15768016874790192,
-0.5623608231544495,
-0.6936157941818237,
0.10845325142145157,
-0.16297273337841034,
-0.04860607162117958,
-0.015516715124249458,
-0.023271378129720688,
0.36683180928230286,
0.2519702613353729,
-0.11956532299518585,
0.14948807656764984,
-0.3262285888195038,
0.4792783558368683,
0.14319291710853577,
0.09216625988483429,
0.5763618350028992,
-0.16966702044010162,
-0.9887888431549072,
-0.18740314245224,
0.7298772931098938,
-0.36205217242240906,
-0.17424772679805756,
-0.607822835445404,
-0.11136655509471893,
0.1669224202632904,
-0.056213583797216415,
-0.03185085207223892,
-0.1721981316804886,
-0.5203701257705688,
-0.14228343963623047,
-0.8508930206298828,
0.5565969944000244,
0.20450037717819214,
-0.09430800378322601,
0.4657003879547119,
-0.19547466933727264,
-0.2994476556777954,
-0.16680455207824707,
0.4316304326057434,
0.7934021949768066,
-0.5012874007225037,
-0.21635034680366516,
-0.03675046190619469,
0.010892682708799839,
-0.6935164928436279,
0.23845918476581573,
0.0379868745803833,
0.7678002119064331,
0.41352730989456177,
-0.5295865535736084,
-0.30570849776268005,
0.8842525482177734,
0.06562895327806473,
-0.2000674307346344,
0.13113705813884735,
0.41197332739830017,
-0.6124529838562012,
0.4866876006126404,
-1.1185790300369263,
-0.46657395362854004,
-0.031224383041262627,
-0.9517089128494263,
-0.37656569480895996,
0.17141841351985931,
-0.2795923948287964,
0.37917977571487427,
0.27726081013679504,
-0.025097262114286423,
-0.5310782194137573,
0.2179323136806488,
0.34700146317481995,
-0.059691060334444046,
0.5961390137672424,
0.059808555990457535,
-0.8101602792739868,
-0.14677442610263824,
-0.4310096204280853,
-0.44095379114151,
-0.865034282207489,
0.24233384430408478,
0.3920726776123047,
-0.07354988902807236,
-0.20846913754940033,
-0.4151184856891632,
0.7572935223579407,
-0.3565693199634552,
-0.6441200375556946,
-0.18495796620845795,
-0.050040993839502335,
-0.5337072014808655,
0.2698590159416199,
-0.8583283424377441,
-0.22077223658561707,
0.14678427577018738,
-0.39543071389198303,
0.1209498718380928,
0.3960319757461548,
-0.12559014558792114,
0.09902454912662506,
0.3616495430469513,
-0.312419593334198,
0.7192080616950989,
-0.6617492437362671,
0.5821993350982666,
0.10861621797084808,
-0.3579796850681305,
-0.8275196552276611,
0.05373567342758179,
0.15993861854076385,
-0.6909362077713013,
-0.25611329078674316,
0.11359651386737823,
-0.244646355509758,
-0.593774676322937,
-0.35790854692459106,
0.7012497186660767,
0.3053025007247925,
0.20151960849761963,
-0.26899075508117676,
0.29951339960098267,
-0.4852852523326874,
0.15021732449531555,
0.016084903851151466,
-0.777061939239502,
-0.33572638034820557,
-0.029590051621198654,
-0.252252995967865,
0.26224762201309204,
0.0429757721722126,
-0.3142329156398773,
-0.011030667461454868,
0.2241118997335434,
-0.2854755222797394,
0.04181898012757301,
-0.24621030688285828,
-0.06354855000972748,
0.3520446717739105,
0.3319912254810333,
-0.49522921442985535,
0.5582320690155029,
-0.22064493596553802,
-0.3990682065486908,
-0.016668416559696198,
-0.6001291275024414,
0.6293389201164246,
-0.22545532882213593,
0.7225131392478943,
0.5461690425872803,
-0.6849377751350403,
-0.13154539465904236,
0.12998925149440765,
0.37362512946128845,
-0.4561481177806854,
0.2448585331439972,
0.2739914655685425,
0.6960723400115967,
0.40956810116767883,
0.3176393210887909,
0.24616661667823792,
-0.923891007900238,
0.5747317671775818,
0.1468028426170349,
-0.58397376537323,
0.1369144469499588,
-0.43351247906684875,
0.09321674704551697,
-0.22790496051311493,
-0.004247903358191252,
0.3568573296070099,
0.07461085170507431,
0.11146340519189835,
0.6079785823822021,
0.6244207620620728,
-0.30811378359794617,
0.4594123065471649,
0.16462105512619019,
0.37895694375038147,
-0.2603994607925415,
-0.2610819339752197,
-0.17363125085830688,
0.3132246136665344,
0.03888171166181564,
-0.27891775965690613,
-0.1586935818195343,
0.2510625123977661,
-0.12199778854846954,
0.054402247071266174,
-0.3262123763561249,
-0.5152714848518372,
-0.4349687099456787,
-0.2566860020160675,
0.3009607791900635,
0.043519970029592514,
-0.05233963578939438,
0.06462588161230087,
-0.2453908920288086,
-0.7013120651245117,
-0.6385281085968018,
-0.3333871066570282,
0.508367121219635,
-0.4166778028011322,
-0.037824518978595734,
0.24359212815761566,
0.46965059638023376,
0.2601661682128906,
-0.28995370864868164,
0.14784376323223114,
0.3833501636981964,
-0.12479543685913086,
-0.18434126675128937,
0.38647937774658203,
0.42706117033958435,
0.09870144724845886,
-0.09148608148097992,
-0.7855120897293091,
0.4904215633869171,
-0.20482538640499115,
0.3267952501773834,
-0.4371674954891205,
0.37651824951171875,
0.20707814395427704,
-0.020652225241065025,
0.42211800813674927,
-0.039674218744039536,
0.17566300928592682,
-0.3910289704799652,
-0.11661733686923981,
-0.2549650967121124,
-0.31800585985183716,
0.07630913704633713,
-0.2670242488384247,
-0.06337057054042816,
0.6652844548225403,
-0.3158031404018402,
0.20840872824192047,
-0.15315695106983185,
-0.0741860643029213,
0.23585671186447144,
-0.045927636325359344,
-0.2783300280570984,
-0.38773205876350403,
0.10437843948602676,
0.865669310092926,
0.764502763748169,
-0.48459944128990173,
0.07285667210817337,
0.35992467403411865,
-0.09889727085828781,
1.0715231895446777,
-0.09629230201244354,
0.05262721702456474,
-0.4825432002544403,
-0.042921654880046844,
-0.5831214189529419,
-0.2731579840183258,
0.05613981932401657,
0.8812167048454285,
0.5822689533233643,
0.6076638698577881,
-0.5585852861404419,
0.16535714268684387,
-0.3701055943965912,
0.009583082981407642,
-0.2952215373516083,
-0.05228318274021149,
0.2565842270851135
] |
210900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20luminosity
|
Solar luminosity
|
The solar luminosity, , is a unit of radiant flux (power emitted in the form of photons) conventionally used by astronomers to measure the luminosity of stars, galaxies and other celestial objects in terms of the output of the Sun.
One nominal solar luminosity is defined by the International Astronomical Union to be . This does not include the solar neutrino luminosity, which would add , or , i.e. a total of (the mean energy of the solar photons is 26 MeV and that of the solar neutrinos 0.59 MeV, i.e. 2.27%; the Sun emits photons and as many neutrinos each second, of which per m2 reach the Earth each second). The Sun is a weakly variable star, and its actual luminosity therefore fluctuates. The major fluctuation is the eleven-year solar cycle (sunspot cycle) that causes a quasi-periodic variation of about ±0.1%. Other variations over the last 200–300 years are thought to be much smaller than this.
Determination
Solar luminosity is related to solar irradiance (the solar constant). Solar irradiance is responsible for the orbital forcing that causes the Milankovitch cycles, which determine Earthly glacial cycles. The mean irradiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is sometimes known as the solar constant, . Irradiance is defined as power per unit area, so the solar luminosity (total power emitted by the Sun) is the irradiance received at the Earth (solar constant) multiplied by the area of the sphere whose radius is the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun:
where is the unit distance (the value of the astronomical unit in metres) and is a constant (whose value is very close to one) that reflects the fact that the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun is not exactly one astronomical unit.
See also
Sun
Solar mass
Solar radius
Nuclear fusion
Active region
Triple-alpha process
References
Further reading
External links
LISIRD: LASP Interactive Solar Irradiance Datacenter
Stellar Luminosity Calculator
Solar Luminosity
Variation of Solar Luminosity
Luminosity
Stellar astronomy
Units of power
Units of measurement in astronomy
|
[
0.11981229484081268,
-0.06163609400391579,
0.5124732255935669,
-0.2279713898897171,
-0.47351011633872986,
0.10462690144777298,
-0.27765968441963196,
0.2006426602602005,
-0.17200253903865814,
-0.5272822976112366,
-0.568166196346283,
0.2684851586818695,
-0.11047698557376862,
0.3036007881164551,
0.03477408364415169,
0.30213063955307007,
0.6895663738250732,
0.6459148526191711,
-0.43972891569137573,
-0.13868281245231628,
-0.19407829642295837,
0.5044726133346558,
0.2066773921251297,
-0.3865680992603302,
-0.21277135610580444,
-0.3045949637889862,
-0.4430435299873352,
0.15334336459636688,
0.1825467348098755,
0.06561329215765,
-0.4237510859966278,
0.8280449509620667,
-0.32395297288894653,
0.029717791825532913,
0.3059295415878296,
-0.23413051664829254,
-0.2260650247335434,
-0.2760457396507263,
-0.44939127564430237,
-0.010681445710361004,
0.005322808865457773,
-0.43301886320114136,
0.38976991176605225,
0.12942059338092804,
-0.4876881241798401,
-0.6965851783752441,
-0.7380258440971375,
0.5253493189811707,
-0.21685877442359924,
0.2310251146554947,
0.09702958911657333,
-0.27608346939086914,
0.1255924254655838,
0.32223498821258545,
-0.22171778976917267,
0.8223137259483337,
-0.7753228545188904,
0.3927989900112152,
0.4346628487110138,
-0.2179262787103653,
0.4188218414783478,
-0.6398390531539917,
-0.36882284283638,
0.10347958654165268,
-0.042759399861097336,
0.08370483666658401,
0.3817442059516907,
0.029897285625338554,
0.0477922223508358,
-0.5300416946411133,
0.199419766664505,
0.16023486852645874,
-0.306198388338089,
0.2057446539402008,
-0.5624614357948303,
-0.210466206073761,
0.00615082960575819,
0.0034099146723747253,
-0.3392811119556427,
-0.30288267135620117,
-0.2811933755874634,
0.2055182158946991,
0.02541697956621647,
-0.15036499500274658,
-0.4303278625011444,
0.3176515996456146,
-0.40218308568000793,
0.35546815395355225,
-0.30167263746261597,
0.6556993126869202,
0.49403178691864014,
0.03721008822321892,
0.6368546485900879,
0.7497888207435608,
0.022401675581932068,
0.14362366497516632,
0.22625619173049927,
-0.5846405029296875,
0.12826892733573914,
-0.0769798532128334,
-0.31204578280448914,
0.3147277534008026,
0.24330100417137146,
-0.13382454216480255,
-0.39818039536476135,
0.07606089860200882,
-0.19503524899482727,
-0.6585202813148499,
0.05224866792559624,
0.1666991114616394,
-0.3914577066898346,
-0.17194709181785583,
-0.33446431159973145,
0.42472773790359497,
-0.4841049015522003,
-0.5276327729225159,
0.08994196355342865,
-0.7544011473655701,
0.14472046494483948,
0.35950303077697754,
-0.09748264402151108,
1.4306704998016357,
0.4427860677242279,
0.3864050805568695,
0.17188844084739685,
0.32227542996406555,
0.9388013482093811,
0.5513448715209961,
-0.21233974397182465,
0.13040310144424438,
0.3206343352794647,
0.5728471875190735,
0.20020641386508942,
0.20174206793308258,
-0.12566567957401276,
-0.18672487139701843,
0.10867144912481308,
-0.12231504172086716,
0.25223347544670105,
0.5531595349311829,
-0.7548056840896606,
-0.8953143358230591,
-0.3521775007247925,
-0.17005018889904022,
0.2794366180896759,
-0.11302840709686279,
0.019477177411317825,
-0.9328446984291077,
-0.2685629427433014,
-0.0835348591208458,
-0.32260236144065857,
-0.060113124549388885,
-0.2735123336315155,
0.12359138578176498,
-0.365887850522995,
-0.4632619023323059,
-0.04475494474172592,
0.8497509360313416,
-0.23221930861473083,
0.5011051297187805,
0.12062285095453262,
-0.2845463156700134,
-0.49038466811180115,
0.04338870942592621,
-0.16843818128108978,
-0.08498366922140121,
0.9053240418434143,
0.9475752115249634,
-0.02385776862502098,
0.0178824532777071,
-0.2879877984523773,
-0.1544112116098404,
-0.18859203159809113,
-0.12128625810146332,
-0.5363178849220276,
0.1802014857530594,
0.9258126020431519,
0.3586325943470001,
0.35415783524513245,
-0.1423013061285019,
-0.5952544212341309,
0.07287623733282089,
0.150795117020607,
0.1329118013381958,
0.3024512827396393,
-0.32236233353614807,
-0.11771897226572037,
0.09337856620550156,
0.2798261046409607,
-0.05865934491157532,
-1.1864010095596313,
0.034913867712020874,
0.40103209018707275,
-0.6111069321632385,
0.8454774022102356,
-0.19408299028873444,
0.0014173787785694003,
0.3592020273208618,
-0.09764723479747772,
0.09464859217405319,
-1.017892837524414,
0.0073488918133080006,
0.2976236045360565,
0.0021489760838449,
-0.8091129064559937,
-0.49554964900016785,
-0.03639552369713783,
0.1583682745695114,
-0.39388757944107056,
0.04408812150359154,
0.31190797686576843,
-0.2506510317325592,
0.2200670838356018,
-0.43288734555244446,
-0.22939720749855042,
0.3827005624771118,
-0.85085529088974,
0.3562801778316498,
-0.11052271723747253,
0.13302654027938843,
0.9329461455345154,
-0.25965145230293274,
0.3272077441215515,
0.14844760298728943,
-0.3699285089969635,
0.8945127129554749,
0.7332773208618164,
0.5755818486213684,
0.1804652214050293,
-0.17976325750350952,
0.39830926060676575,
-1.1019349098205566,
0.08852846920490265,
-0.20851747691631317,
-0.6900997161865234,
0.08537505567073822,
0.13581989705562592,
-0.4028838276863098,
-0.06962338089942932,
-0.5862539410591125,
0.2916543185710907,
0.35053011775016785,
-0.4741300344467163,
0.6618562340736389,
-0.2630845606327057,
0.1996854692697525,
0.05065532401204109,
-0.3978111445903778,
-0.06300608068704605,
-0.04618695378303528,
-0.24565774202346802,
0.5979060530662537,
-0.21359431743621826,
-0.3674934506416321,
0.04638481140136719,
-0.38528287410736084,
-0.14546434581279755,
0.004745164420455694,
1.0129990577697754,
0.14641612768173218,
0.09086991846561432,
-0.37918174266815186,
0.38765931129455566,
-0.21275942027568817,
-0.027119481936097145,
-0.7148958444595337,
-0.099117711186409,
-0.6431167125701904,
0.20678186416625977,
0.21121719479560852,
0.026793427765369415,
0.22508688271045685,
-0.753339946269989,
-0.1010952964425087,
-0.2901169955730438,
-0.7041231989860535,
0.2621700167655945,
-0.17748413980007172,
-0.5358597636222839,
-0.18303324282169342,
0.14205476641654968,
0.36357226967811584,
0.30104348063468933,
-0.1400391012430191,
-0.4751507341861725,
0.17957252264022827,
0.22898231446743011,
-0.4276052415370941,
-0.24342094361782074,
-0.1566416174173355,
-0.6768153309822083,
0.0011179599678143859,
-0.0638037621974945,
0.37774527072906494,
-0.05348224192857742,
0.29865553975105286,
0.21725259721279144,
-0.19286903738975525,
0.14786510169506073,
-0.27663683891296387,
-0.2678496539592743,
-0.6192771792411804,
-0.24594107270240784,
-0.044730059802532196,
-0.017617881298065186,
-0.14960891008377075,
-0.199298694729805,
0.26475122570991516,
-5.586335182189941,
0.18940697610378265,
-0.29581740498542786,
-0.011258787475526333,
-0.407777339220047,
0.3295286297798157,
0.816637396812439,
-0.27544885873794556,
0.3000032901763916,
-0.3530094027519226,
-0.14503949880599976,
-0.16146813333034515,
-0.3253774046897888,
0.7403896450996399,
0.5549795627593994,
0.4975973069667816,
0.5892682075500488,
0.005705143790692091,
0.2826510965824127,
0.46970197558403015,
-0.002648955676704645,
0.11352945864200592,
-0.08129606395959854,
0.23215828835964203,
-0.0010719551937654614,
0.13164283335208893,
0.12826301157474518,
-0.7678331136703491,
0.08603768050670624,
0.027715323492884636,
0.333202600479126,
-0.31763583421707153,
-0.3438112139701843,
0.25894686579704285,
0.001394249266013503,
0.3641561269760132,
0.6592423915863037,
-0.27853670716285706,
0.4064740836620331,
0.007226604036986828,
0.36339786648750305,
0.9128198027610779,
-0.15865842998027802,
-0.33513715863227844,
0.4407980144023895,
-0.24119716882705688,
-0.3310029208660126,
0.5487673878669739,
-0.16484342515468597,
0.8782000541687012,
-0.5653167963027954,
-0.09991016983985901,
-0.0837382972240448,
-0.5645192265510559,
-0.5605924725532532,
0.04313536360859871,
-0.2517656981945038,
0.7346306443214417,
-0.7082536220550537,
-0.11627519875764847,
-0.21509943902492523,
-0.13026195764541626,
0.24229858815670013,
-0.33169180154800415,
-0.46261855959892273,
0.8877896070480347,
-0.9220396876335144,
-0.4316146671772003,
0.78156578540802,
0.009382173418998718,
-0.538972020149231,
-0.12892693281173706,
0.14355336129665375,
-0.8484683036804199,
0.20657896995544434,
-0.4487611651420593,
-0.1419706791639328,
0.38286158442497253,
-0.13127845525741577,
0.33781346678733826,
-0.43222829699516296,
-0.7019299864768982,
0.023842284455895424,
-0.26770877838134766,
0.22078880667686462,
-0.6169200539588928,
-0.6673873066902161,
-0.6352908611297607,
-0.10981374233961105,
-0.04654061794281006,
0.8996645212173462,
-1.1180452108383179,
0.4875692129135132,
0.09098614007234573,
0.6910226345062256,
1.0069246292114258,
0.46871086955070496,
0.0383908785879612,
0.7115217447280884,
0.02843054197728634,
0.45463550090789795,
-0.15695245563983917,
0.240570530295372,
-0.5304667353630066,
-0.7219105958938599,
0.27497294545173645,
-0.40391218662261963,
0.4297778606414795,
0.8524848222732544,
-0.1526670902967453,
0.367343932390213,
-0.0919000431895256,
-0.4625038206577301,
-0.06102505698800087,
0.8717371821403503,
0.22954951226711273,
-0.23360739648342133,
0.987109363079071,
0.17061428725719452,
0.5423782467842102,
0.17191900312900543,
0.02574767917394638,
-0.8042501211166382,
-0.46333134174346924,
-0.9421315789222717,
-0.11258915811777115,
-0.09018266201019287,
0.351279079914093,
-0.018555132672190666,
0.06943319737911224,
0.17779715359210968,
0.30400919914245605,
-0.1003405898809433,
0.3654778003692627,
0.13258522748947144,
0.22275353968143463,
-0.10087824612855911,
-0.3734910488128662,
0.22497303783893585,
-0.29582977294921875,
0.24760372936725616,
0.5683634877204895,
0.14487794041633606,
0.07443024218082428,
0.4749041199684143,
0.7329016923904419,
-0.11871080100536346,
-0.6050059795379639,
-0.1456640064716339,
0.0962989553809166,
0.22464129328727722,
-0.11334293335676193,
-0.05993342772126198,
-0.04949736222624779,
0.03193306922912598,
0.06682678312063217,
0.11728916317224503,
-0.12706148624420166,
0.06697345525026321,
-0.1547069400548935,
0.4468892812728882,
0.23510771989822388,
-1.1600202322006226,
-0.019597655162215233,
-0.22644220292568207,
-0.3731843829154968,
-0.45673632621765137,
0.2497163563966751,
0.3412168622016907,
0.4409821331501007,
-0.3698192238807678,
-0.15659764409065247,
-0.18488170206546783,
-0.8015387654304504,
0.022084472700953484,
0.21338146924972534,
0.2943264842033386,
0.010444767773151398,
-0.06044542416930199,
-0.31611403822898865,
-0.09355198591947556,
0.02004089020192623,
-0.8102326989173889,
0.3078612983226776,
0.2082529217004776,
-0.2523833215236664,
-0.17071805894374847,
-0.4092828631401062,
0.08813261985778809,
0.36583390831947327,
0.6192954778671265,
0.5509653091430664,
-0.2704177498817444,
-0.3390407860279083,
0.16805268824100494,
-0.43629613518714905,
-0.040126025676727295,
1.0555719137191772,
-0.012980075553059578,
-0.4163028597831726,
-0.00624512042850256,
0.32130420207977295,
-1.0703777074813843,
0.24126040935516357,
-0.09291402995586395,
-0.4254513680934906,
0.14434580504894257,
0.2845049500465393,
-0.2542485296726227,
0.002223614137619734,
-0.8405506610870361,
-0.3564828932285309,
0.005272067151963711,
0.3517342507839203,
0.003001993289217353,
0.7445335388183594,
-0.24123309552669525,
-0.11040161550045013,
0.010337661020457745,
-0.5298970341682434,
0.09212878346443176,
0.21257038414478302,
-0.20291192829608917,
-0.31429386138916016,
0.22885636985301971,
-0.26625877618789673,
0.287069708108902,
-0.5176203846931458,
-0.20755329728126526,
-0.42317771911621094,
0.06054738163948059,
0.49427083134651184,
-0.35189756751060486,
-0.09315146505832672,
-0.19565340876579285,
-0.17660148441791534,
-0.42137324810028076,
-0.17019355297088623,
0.5123975872993469,
0.046827707439661026,
0.540176272392273,
0.6611806154251099,
-0.07783352583646774,
-0.013319437392055988,
-0.3322873115539551,
0.24090640246868134,
0.9131273031234741,
-0.3648913502693176,
-0.39201512932777405,
-0.5279349684715271,
0.1890062540769577,
-1.0150903463363647,
-0.7442156672477722,
-0.601843535900116,
0.8803378939628601,
-0.5053653717041016,
-0.1989380568265915,
-0.3573371469974518,
-0.33767029643058777,
0.4909345209598541,
-0.2192377895116806,
-0.5474809408187866,
-0.35493654012680054,
-0.15498892962932587,
0.46578070521354675,
0.17652763426303864,
-0.16695809364318848,
-0.6717372536659241,
0.6118912100791931,
0.08917012065649033,
0.6279007196426392,
-0.48205137252807617,
0.14893868565559387,
0.5074464082717896,
0.051835883408784866,
0.29084211587905884,
-0.13829462230205536,
0.3242884874343872,
-0.3185509145259857,
-0.20541366934776306,
-0.3042280673980713,
0.04756062477827072,
0.46585893630981445,
0.1058277040719986,
0.4105917811393738,
-0.11448679864406586,
0.10649266093969345,
-0.16119779646396637,
0.17061495780944824,
0.17946304380893707,
-0.40564650297164917,
-0.20159153640270233,
-0.1163756474852562,
-0.22284333407878876,
0.1363387405872345,
0.5837218761444092,
0.8573662042617798,
-0.06544092297554016,
-0.5721579790115356,
-0.5166237950325012,
-0.4014941155910492,
0.08512386679649353,
0.39454934000968933,
-0.6102662682533264,
0.36842480301856995,
-0.5486637353897095,
0.7214968800544739,
0.3503250181674957,
-0.45565351843833923,
-0.23861753940582275,
-0.019451500847935677,
0.5628402233123779,
-0.18014568090438843,
0.3982008695602417,
-0.6786400675773621,
0.05205738544464111,
0.36490508913993835,
0.16998636722564697,
0.39991092681884766,
0.20144256949424744,
-0.08527688682079315,
0.2530244290828705,
0.22757239639759064,
-0.4745989441871643,
-0.7240197658538818,
0.3998088240623474,
-0.4024428129196167,
0.4538179039955139,
-0.039982616901397705,
-0.3935984969139099,
0.750885009765625,
-0.010637423023581505,
-0.6676384806632996,
1.0195356607437134,
-0.28084462881088257,
-0.0068087284453213215,
0.666543185710907,
-0.3968428671360016,
-0.8722242712974548,
0.5583896636962891,
0.35528990626335144,
1.036664605140686,
0.4789618253707886,
0.3056626617908478,
-0.5583800673484802,
0.3381137549877167,
-0.4668915569782257,
0.340819776058197,
-0.3753649592399597,
-0.5161383748054504,
0.15998542308807373,
-0.4284377098083496,
0.34544095396995544,
-0.05331205204129219,
0.014525155536830425,
-0.41084444522857666,
0.26217329502105713,
-0.24337927997112274,
0.10128980875015259,
-0.22990167140960693,
0.002297628903761506,
0.5948976874351501,
0.23696669936180115,
0.27636486291885376,
-0.4023545980453491,
-0.28522545099258423,
0.2785589396953583,
0.051789820194244385,
-0.18231573700904846,
-0.6846486330032349,
-0.027027299627661705,
0.22090481221675873,
-0.1665564626455307,
0.37635767459869385,
0.3439188003540039,
0.02426142618060112,
0.06227800250053406,
0.3567393720149994,
0.0346246100962162,
-0.1783812791109085,
-0.10216287523508072,
-0.26574277877807617,
-0.2544529438018799,
-0.6327033638954163,
0.08280100673437119,
0.5923941731452942,
-0.482814222574234,
0.23301801085472107,
-0.07341963797807693,
0.012673762626945972,
0.8286943435668945,
-0.22374327480793,
0.295749694108963,
0.011119479313492775,
-0.5760828852653503,
0.2478213906288147,
0.11291681975126266,
0.6429628729820251,
0.6103747487068176,
-0.03285694122314453,
0.752122163772583,
-0.3337930142879486,
0.15167474746704102,
0.5088169574737549,
-0.9315042495727539,
0.3269690275192261,
-0.3048485517501831,
0.5212476253509521,
-0.851162314414978,
0.474977970123291,
0.2963954210281372,
-0.7416737675666809,
0.1967596560716629,
0.3066841661930084,
0.12216673791408539,
0.35081613063812256,
1.0949430465698242,
0.2988411486148834,
0.2999347746372223,
-0.08805981278419495,
-0.2458684742450714,
-0.2585906982421875,
0.5318262577056885,
0.28170377016067505,
0.7490478157997131,
0.1848813146352768,
0.3069285750389099,
0.15290094912052155,
0.0057735382579267025,
0.09272676706314087,
-0.07000116258859634,
0.29785192012786865,
-1.0479539632797241,
0.9654895663261414,
-0.3383389413356781,
-0.7200849056243896,
0.1403672844171524,
0.18414294719696045,
0.4769016206264496,
-0.5682210326194763,
0.17905105650424957,
0.12852433323860168,
-0.12383697181940079,
-0.025265688076615334,
-0.06199464201927185,
0.3534902334213257,
-0.012837030924856663,
-0.4149489998817444,
-0.3674027919769287,
0.5833195447921753,
0.16320273280143738,
-0.37210389971733093,
0.3258710205554962,
-0.05792589113116264,
-0.45530855655670166,
-0.43964827060699463,
0.49931514263153076,
-0.1166112869977951,
0.4031696617603302,
-0.03471345826983452
] |
210907
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20V%C3%A4rmland%20County
|
List of governors of Värmland County
|
This is a list of governors for Värmland County of Sweden. Värmland separated from Närke and Värmland County in 1779, see List of governors of Örebro County before that date.
Johan Gustaf Uggla (1779–1793)
Nils Nilsson Silverskjöld (1793–1802)
Arvid von Nolcken (1802–1807)
Axel von Rosen (1808–1809)
Olof af Wibeli (1809–1813)
Johan Didrik af Wingård (1814–1840)
Carl Fredrik Hammarhielm (1840–1841)
Hans Fredrik Oldevig (1842–1864)
Carl Rudolf Ekström (1864–1870)
Johan Henrik Rosenswärd (1870–1873)
Henrik Wilhelm Gyllenram (1873–1885)
Henrik Adolf Widmark (1885–1889)
Emil Adolf Malmborg (1889–1901)
Gerhard Dyrssen (1901–1921)
Abraham Unger (1921–1936)
Ivar Wennerström (1936–1945)
Axel Westling (1945–1957)
Gustaf Nilsson (1957–1967)
Rolf Edberg (1967–1977)
Bengt Norling (1977–1990)
Ingemar Eliasson (1990–2002)
Kerstin Wallin (2003–2004)
Eva Eriksson (politician)Eva Eriksson (2004–2012)
Kenneth Johansson (2012–2018)
Johan Blom (2019–2019) (acting)
Georg Andrén (2019–present)
Footnotes
References
Varmland
|
[
-0.5715678334236145,
0.5620157718658447,
0.1335608959197998,
0.07899639755487442,
-1.1401358842849731,
0.20896582305431366,
0.9928957223892212,
0.4208098351955414,
-1.1979576349258423,
-0.31669294834136963,
0.04536005109548569,
-0.3592933714389801,
-0.3763144612312317,
0.8143736124038696,
0.17330211400985718,
0.5376717448234558,
0.26216641068458557,
1.0711191892623901,
-0.3067898750305176,
-0.5401312708854675,
0.18090344965457916,
0.05517321452498436,
0.2135981321334839,
-0.11013542860746384,
0.054040342569351196,
0.5330889821052551,
0.7357509732246399,
0.2959686815738678,
-0.12801790237426758,
-0.041556451469659805,
-0.4248059391975403,
0.80965656042099,
0.05685627833008766,
0.15698304772377014,
-0.23953910171985626,
-0.6560359597206116,
0.1381794512271881,
-0.5773358941078186,
0.5495762825012207,
0.024094536900520325,
-0.7607653141021729,
0.1262371838092804,
-0.2994329035282135,
0.12333668768405914,
0.29553160071372986,
-0.9180241823196411,
-1.0187304019927979,
-0.007883956655859947,
-0.5173082947731018,
0.05732060968875885,
-0.32737401127815247,
0.3394194543361664,
0.16896583139896393,
0.7191314101219177,
0.26005101203918457,
0.13493022322654724,
-0.9051777720451355,
0.323519766330719,
0.08428779244422913,
0.6668115854263306,
0.1516302227973938,
0.3394956588745117,
-0.34545692801475525,
-0.05151323974132538,
0.5582447648048401,
-0.047451410442590714,
0.08944182097911835,
0.7695190906524658,
-0.1970626562833786,
-0.7369014620780945,
-0.6103561520576477,
-0.032866381108760834,
0.6440457105636597,
-0.28497833013534546,
0.4763083755970001,
-0.12369317561388016,
0.033501967787742615,
-0.060243938118219376,
0.3044600784778595,
-1.2031652927398682,
-0.2770622968673706,
-0.39389753341674805,
0.7545074820518494,
0.14734597504138947,
0.36577028036117554,
0.29610973596572876,
-0.6594950556755066,
-0.8562600016593933,
-0.7917765378952026,
0.4320075809955597,
-0.09332837909460068,
0.12827061116695404,
0.3759635388851166,
0.389687180519104,
0.004235066939145327,
-0.22004008293151855,
-0.3798162341117859,
0.31325188279151917,
0.13572798669338226,
0.791428804397583,
0.03564435988664627,
0.6899644732475281,
0.5408497452735901,
-0.18088655173778534,
-0.5073169469833374,
-0.2694261968135834,
-0.5337600708007812,
0.02870958298444748,
-0.5126656889915466,
-1.0957399606704712,
-0.7116451859474182,
0.10746796429157257,
0.006493200082331896,
-0.21328985691070557,
0.08311870694160461,
0.26584944128990173,
0.4457814693450928,
0.003948466386646032,
0.10085485875606537,
0.4602189362049103,
-0.25838178396224976,
1.190506100654602,
-0.06917231529951096,
0.08956889063119888,
0.02613602764904499,
0.08935903757810593,
-0.2365746796131134,
-0.08166836947202682,
0.43909895420074463,
1.057110071182251,
0.3405177891254425,
0.8462061285972595,
-0.2926236689090729,
0.2621060609817505,
0.12407325953245163,
-0.8757039904594421,
-0.20332273840904236,
0.537541925907135,
0.1446123719215393,
0.3849995732307434,
-1.0532501935958862,
-0.3975245952606201,
-1.6382325887680054,
-0.0484469011425972,
0.24496373534202576,
-0.2499789595603943,
-0.7555246949195862,
-0.6693748235702515,
-0.2584567964076996,
0.31745582818984985,
0.38256925344467163,
-0.08826705813407898,
0.2516401708126068,
0.592997670173645,
-0.31730857491493225,
0.80511474609375,
0.25113287568092346,
-0.4932246208190918,
0.6380091309547424,
0.2567669153213501,
0.28376415371894836,
0.24466755986213684,
0.02895832434296608,
0.10632051527500153,
-0.1598229855298996,
-0.044994402676820755,
0.37104523181915283,
0.2102772742509842,
0.07249008864164352,
-0.32965463399887085,
-0.8746352791786194,
-0.005601559765636921,
0.23382902145385742,
-0.7420310378074646,
0.04343310743570328,
0.42649969458580017,
0.6697936654090881,
-0.0066137770190835,
-0.05500334873795509,
-0.1415461003780365,
-0.904281735420227,
-0.35935327410697937,
0.41435012221336365,
-0.5003147721290588,
0.3775011897087097,
0.35919389128685,
0.33915504813194275,
0.5431466102600098,
0.2920548617839813,
-0.12887154519557953,
-0.36838459968566895,
-0.5758846402168274,
1.007540225982666,
0.3411838114261627,
1.1781883239746094,
0.35670456290245056,
-0.056308817118406296,
-0.1951926052570343,
-0.056649886071681976,
0.9315299391746521,
-0.35238754749298096,
-0.5685993432998657,
0.015414181165397167,
0.0015797445084899664,
0.14775389432907104,
1.6106958389282227,
-0.23573613166809082,
0.009254180826246738,
0.3012087941169739,
0.8302996754646301,
0.14812929928302765,
-0.838858962059021,
0.16595026850700378,
-0.21827414631843567,
0.12274574488401413,
0.2722914516925812,
-0.16002778708934784,
-0.07527528703212738,
0.46076902747154236,
-0.72854083776474,
0.4357737898826599,
0.44831106066703796,
0.2956111431121826,
0.6848692893981934,
-0.27071326971054077,
0.5417786836624146,
0.20095022022724152,
0.7987735867500305,
-0.2845376431941986,
-1.037419080734253,
0.8420371413230896,
0.08926960825920105,
0.08663429319858551,
-0.45241719484329224,
-0.0884365513920784,
-0.40237486362457275,
-0.6054762601852417,
0.2354835569858551,
-0.09714861959218979,
-0.17298074066638947,
0.16113834083080292,
0.32115375995635986,
-0.24681267142295837,
0.16365210711956024,
-0.059032708406448364,
1.1262198686599731,
-0.4780893623828888,
-0.27054664492607117,
-0.0968933030962944,
-0.5449866056442261,
0.44659674167633057,
-0.042591433972120285,
-0.12032615393400192,
-0.7435097098350525,
0.28694382309913635,
0.2520079016685486,
0.18962860107421875,
-0.24843233823776245,
-0.3529406189918518,
0.41413217782974243,
-0.6901885271072388,
0.22201380133628845,
-0.2819008231163025,
0.2433890551328659,
-0.581025242805481,
0.3982236683368683,
-0.14057551324367523,
-0.8854506611824036,
0.5383412837982178,
0.05154316499829292,
-0.2817448079586029,
-0.4203900098800659,
-0.6265614032745361,
-2.1947646141052246,
0.27091917395591736,
-0.4887242615222931,
-0.34624701738357544,
0.2127591073513031,
-0.812174379825592,
-0.07637468725442886,
-0.05053722485899925,
0.7307500243186951,
0.16005964577198029,
-0.37758275866508484,
-0.6911894083023071,
-0.4507070481777191,
0.6687785387039185,
0.20424328744411469,
0.4112454652786255,
-0.23916183412075043,
-0.3469576835632324,
0.20298199355602264,
-0.5828947424888611,
-0.20884859561920166,
-0.23771344125270844,
-0.05529569834470749,
-0.02098589576780796,
0.186395525932312,
0.2628251314163208,
-0.5569510459899902,
-0.8130720257759094,
-0.09796442091464996,
-0.20745138823986053,
0.1275196075439453,
-0.35157251358032227,
-0.1889933943748474,
-0.07905617356300354,
-0.03390220180153847,
-4.067710876464844,
-0.33596134185791016,
-0.6043785214424133,
-0.02152273617684841,
0.01484060287475586,
0.0182645320892334,
0.601771354675293,
-0.6493530869483948,
-0.17195969820022583,
-0.12138980627059937,
0.4700421988964081,
0.07786588370800018,
0.02393755130469799,
0.9442651867866516,
0.8984798192977905,
1.1953190565109253,
1.0339616537094116,
0.09953220933675766,
0.42376911640167236,
-0.16173210740089417,
-0.048229627311229706,
-0.11429765820503235,
-0.2283710241317749,
-0.263420969247818,
0.43915656208992004,
1.147241473197937,
-0.10080836713314056,
-0.01882261037826538,
-0.6921374797821045,
-0.043968405574560165,
-0.11828813701868057,
0.13755883276462555,
0.2073294222354889,
-0.10124069452285767,
-0.7895463109016418,
0.30871930718421936,
0.3323763608932495,
1.4369851350784302,
0.20001928508281708,
-0.48718929290771484,
0.05845435708761215,
0.9675456881523132,
-0.4628295302391052,
1.1039671897888184,
0.45749303698539734,
-0.49638333916664124,
-1.0801372528076172,
0.45358791947364807,
-0.5571419596672058,
1.3634530305862427,
-0.1086416020989418,
-0.5171204209327698,
0.7846477031707764,
0.8062161803245544,
-0.04836332052946091,
-0.3648362457752228,
0.3427988588809967,
0.12942782044410706,
-0.24453088641166687,
0.5058196783065796,
0.40098851919174194,
-0.36079132556915283,
-0.41685813665390015,
-0.574932873249054,
-0.03250724449753761,
-0.39842933416366577,
-0.20274822413921356,
0.36168479919433594,
0.1337069272994995,
-0.008248857222497463,
-0.31916236877441406,
0.24655206501483917,
-0.4166377782821655,
-0.8886920213699341,
0.22258314490318298,
-0.4371996521949768,
-0.8229614496231079,
0.18114474415779114,
0.2614312767982483,
0.08973213285207748,
-0.3301026523113251,
0.03232559561729431,
-0.544746994972229,
0.5667019486427307,
0.21923112869262695,
-0.6527953743934631,
-0.019744129851460457,
-0.05605766177177429,
-0.22389115393161774,
-0.7048993110656738,
-0.18683890998363495,
-0.4403400123119354,
0.27653318643569946,
0.655507504940033,
-0.1087362989783287,
0.4164971113204956,
0.31677117943763733,
-0.9467088580131531,
-0.11604530364274979,
-0.6862083077430725,
0.8380398750305176,
-0.16782380640506744,
0.17480133473873138,
-0.4175444543361664,
-0.1652083694934845,
0.10699772089719772,
0.23447833955287933,
0.7125303745269775,
-0.3411785960197449,
0.08200158923864365,
-0.028985245153307915,
-0.20912952721118927,
-0.20894113183021545,
-0.7076809406280518,
0.7546076774597168,
-0.6910139918327332,
-0.48624616861343384,
1.3456727266311646,
0.26647940278053284,
0.19628335535526276,
0.4613594710826874,
-0.08581714332103729,
0.09508736431598663,
0.2380889654159546,
-0.5981718301773071,
-0.42901623249053955,
-0.09515602886676788,
0.17948967218399048,
-0.09735450148582458,
0.44451650977134705,
0.00415437575429678,
0.34414103627204895,
-0.6183792948722839,
-0.2312428206205368,
-0.03640441596508026,
-0.690936803817749,
-0.14040525257587433,
0.05596672371029854,
0.4350612461566925,
-0.7545870542526245,
0.38334569334983826,
-0.45161181688308716,
-0.36942771077156067,
0.6140246987342834,
-0.6406287550926208,
0.2866150140762329,
-0.0004022570210509002,
-0.14361752569675446,
-0.756753146648407,
0.17551536858081818,
-1.1284129619598389,
-0.5166863203048706,
0.3043444752693176,
-0.8525062799453735,
0.06390033662319183,
-0.46867313981056213,
-0.029103392735123634,
0.3244071304798126,
-0.0658823549747467,
-0.23454225063323975,
-0.09092649072408676,
-0.5935433506965637,
-0.9884178638458252,
0.3179475665092468,
0.5111196041107178,
-0.7000564336776733,
-0.2931583821773529,
-0.4898129403591156,
-0.20786745846271515,
1.273556113243103,
-0.39250123500823975,
-0.290153831243515,
-0.6867474913597107,
-0.03998154401779175,
0.4343782365322113,
-0.5514060854911804,
0.556217610836029,
1.0508053302764893,
-0.36694595217704773,
0.23209397494792938,
-0.18145452439785004,
0.20157915353775024,
-0.016680970788002014,
0.6514327526092529,
0.3248295187950134,
0.2614966630935669,
-0.6154369711875916,
-0.005483579356223345,
-0.05217985808849335,
-0.5864458680152893,
0.09161558002233505,
0.5150073170661926,
0.385648250579834,
-0.12611448764801025,
-0.8711187243461609,
-0.7900030612945557,
0.03134908527135849,
-0.23282195627689362,
0.2276148796081543,
-0.3268999755382538,
0.7259945273399353,
0.9109942317008972,
0.14064887166023254,
0.7373932003974915,
0.3569072186946869,
-0.36058956384658813,
0.4584163725376129,
0.504161536693573,
-0.2871747314929962,
0.551094114780426,
-0.7914363145828247,
-0.43301236629486084,
-0.44324591755867004,
0.3022102117538452,
-0.6116530895233154,
-0.3556813597679138,
0.9209019541740417,
-0.40270760655403137,
-0.25737103819847107,
-0.45103827118873596,
-0.6263014674186707,
-0.48624250292778015,
-0.6494449377059937,
-0.013194847851991653,
-0.7421629428863525,
-0.06753324717283249,
0.2770792543888092,
-0.9304866194725037,
1.0335553884506226,
-0.13705550134181976,
0.2574264407157898,
0.202174112200737,
-0.08910868316888809,
-0.007749202195554972,
-0.5482258200645447,
0.46916961669921875,
-0.3291859030723572,
0.9465885758399963,
-0.01504164282232523,
0.5485065579414368,
0.3902146816253662,
1.2258930206298828,
0.8788901567459106,
-0.3970993757247925,
-0.26506951451301575,
-0.14339035749435425,
-0.023907925933599472,
-0.4386049509048462,
-0.3197469413280487,
0.06444931775331497,
-0.2738065719604492,
-0.42073705792427063,
-0.35610705614089966,
-0.41550737619400024,
1.5755664110183716,
-0.3270978033542633,
0.024132197722792625,
1.0953490734100342,
0.26758497953414917,
0.09750279784202576,
0.07153874635696411,
0.2599402964115143,
-0.2525494396686554,
0.5155622959136963,
0.3486606776714325,
0.22495655715465546,
0.08970343321561813,
-0.20954254269599915,
0.6396436095237732,
0.01331513375043869,
-0.8028194904327393,
-0.44727158546447754,
-0.4549363851547241,
0.06189677119255066,
-0.14052614569664001,
0.1488192081451416,
0.2998485565185547,
-0.7941662669181824,
0.4901675879955292,
-0.0833979919552803,
0.3471004366874695,
0.521271288394928,
0.06669443845748901,
-0.5125356316566467,
0.4794407784938812,
-0.26690584421157837,
-0.6315801739692688,
0.009885633364319801,
-0.28488752245903015,
0.3547250032424927,
0.3113013207912445,
-0.20844678580760956,
-0.3816540837287903,
0.40800750255584717,
0.23398275673389435,
0.3684583306312561,
-0.1753210425376892,
0.19170859456062317,
-0.1385193169116974,
0.10245450586080551,
-0.5565801858901978,
0.7076702117919922,
-0.26273292303085327,
-0.1740582436323166,
0.06671349704265594,
0.5645639896392822,
-0.3207525312900543,
-0.17978380620479584,
-0.7457847595214844,
0.15459510684013367,
0.4266858696937561,
0.3152783215045929,
0.12941674888134003,
0.49478843808174133,
-0.10189048945903778,
-0.20948731899261475,
0.36018049716949463,
-0.5935298204421997,
-0.3270508348941803,
0.1970263570547104,
0.4011557400226593,
-0.12897610664367676,
-0.3091505765914917,
-0.03630564361810684,
-0.005246268585324287,
0.9639641642570496,
-0.022245801985263824,
-0.25448089838027954,
0.03722049295902252,
-0.5018576383590698,
-0.004679366014897823,
0.008334283716976643,
-1.1661516427993774,
1.0425399541854858,
-0.9220601916313171,
0.1870768964290619,
0.20992356538772583,
-0.632575273513794,
0.43207108974456787,
0.31865155696868896,
-0.4836854338645935,
1.10853910446167,
0.10334070771932602,
-0.14555640518665314,
-0.005217156372964382,
-0.2024729996919632,
-0.4555424749851227,
0.13058656454086304,
0.14091095328330994,
-0.3173946738243103,
0.07694298028945923,
-0.1351270228624344,
0.19358564913272858,
-0.35706573724746704,
-0.04412407428026199,
0.1840868443250656,
0.15567965805530548,
0.08934502303600311,
-0.5695126056671143,
-1.695103645324707,
-0.2776414155960083,
-0.9275150895118713,
-0.002898565260693431,
0.3637256324291229,
0.16650982201099396,
-0.3231927156448364,
0.08230623602867126,
0.6738641858100891,
-0.00570250628516078,
0.3616839647293091,
0.5436848998069763,
-0.4908088147640228,
0.4813719391822815,
-0.7284424304962158,
0.2603040933609009,
0.4863157570362091,
0.06459136307239532,
0.11754044145345688,
0.26771244406700134,
0.08409759402275085,
-0.25050050020217896,
0.8328351378440857,
0.19575642049312592,
-0.8477140069007874,
0.24373936653137207,
-0.048943765461444855,
-0.5366628766059875,
0.30657947063446045,
0.533078134059906,
-0.21449489891529083,
0.29849565029144287,
-0.07240436971187592,
0.09261778742074966,
0.6565982103347778,
-0.9024432301521301,
0.03950945660471916,
-0.26765578985214233,
0.7317702770233154,
0.5235975980758667,
-0.7440513968467712,
-0.1533314734697342,
0.4484655261039734,
0.0010973456082865596,
0.6169668436050415,
-0.10044155269861221,
0.43021586537361145,
-0.326960027217865,
0.26910915970802307,
0.4664205014705658,
0.428347647190094,
0.18965591490268707,
0.42683911323547363,
-0.08037517964839935,
0.7547209858894348,
-0.11406172811985016,
0.2729877531528473,
0.6353887915611267,
-0.7044953107833862,
-0.39953020215034485,
-0.09067852795124054,
-0.4050239324569702,
-0.26445698738098145,
0.22610805928707123,
0.7338221669197083,
0.04375193640589714,
-0.5346459150314331,
0.09000606834888458,
0.15868575870990753,
-0.44504040479660034,
0.3680783808231354,
-0.5469763278961182,
-0.18903781473636627,
-0.23840108513832092,
-0.5342166423797607,
0.01651087775826454,
0.15998508036136627,
0.7116584777832031,
0.9393576979637146,
0.8343769311904907,
-0.041318438947200775,
-0.5894519090652466,
-0.31985747814178467,
0.7085472345352173,
0.4595848619937897,
-3.778203010559082,
0.3388919234275818,
-0.40044161677360535,
-0.7385333776473999,
-0.19786778092384338,
0.4404293894767761,
-0.005113585386425257,
-0.30408987402915955,
0.32316529750823975,
-0.38927897810935974,
0.047281812876462936,
0.29802465438842773,
0.09859217703342438,
-0.25693005323410034,
0.10474184155464172,
0.1615881770849228
] |
210910
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH%20Zurich
|
ETH Zurich
|
ETH Zurich (English: ETH; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich; ) is a public research university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland. Founded by the Swiss Federal Government in 1854 with the stated mission to educate engineers and scientists, the school focuses primarily on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Like its sister institution EPFL, it is part of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain, part of the Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research.
In the 2022 edition of QS World University Rankings, ETH Zurich was ranked 8th in the world, placing it as the fourth-best European university after the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and Imperial College London. In the 2021 QS World University Rankings by subject, it ranked 4th in the world for engineering and technology (2nd in Europe) and 1st for earth and marine science. Also, ETH was rated 15th in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2021-22.
ETH Zurich has a world-class reputation in academia and industry. there are 22,200 students from over 120 countries, of which 4,180 are pursuing doctoral degrees.
21 Nobel laureates, 2 Fields Medalists, 2 Pritzker Prize winners, and 1 Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the Institute, including Albert Einstein. Other notable alumni include John von Neumann and Santiago Calatrava. It is a founding member of the IDEA League and the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), and a member of the CESAER network.
History
ETH Zurich was founded on 7 February 1854 by the Swiss Confederation and began giving its first lectures on 16 October 1855 as a polytechnic institute (eidgenössische polytechnische Schule) at various sites throughout the city of Zürich. It was initially composed of six faculties: architecture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry, forestry, and an integrated department for the fields of mathematics, natural sciences, literature, and social and political sciences.
It is locally still known as Polytechnikum, or simply as Poly, derived from the original name eidgenössische polytechnische Schule, which translates to "federal polytechnic school".
ETH Zurich is a federal institute (i.e., under direct administration by the Swiss government), whereas the University of Zurich is a cantonal institution. The decision for a new federal university was heavily disputed at the time; the liberals pressed for a "federal university", while the conservative forces wanted all universities to remain under cantonal control, worried that the liberals would gain more political power than they already had. In the beginning, both universities were co-located in the buildings of the University of Zurich.
From 1905 to 1908, under the presidency of Jérôme Franel, the course program of ETH Zurich was restructured to that of a real university and ETH Zurich was granted the right to award doctorates. In 1909 the first doctorates were awarded. In 1911, it was given its current name, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. In 1924, another reorganization structured the university in 12 departments. However, it now has 16 departments.
ETH Zurich, the EPFL, and four associated research institutes form the "ETH Domain" with the aim of collaborating on scientific projects.
Reputation and ranking
ETH Zurich is ranked among the top universities in the world. Typically, popular rankings place the institution as the best university in continental Europe and ETH Zurich is consistently ranked among the top 1-5 universities in Europe, and among the top 3-10 best universities of the world.
Historically, ETH Zurich has achieved its reputation particularly in the fields of chemistry, mathematics and physics. There are 32 Nobel laureates who are associated with ETH Zurich, the most recent of whom is Richard F. Heck, awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2010. Albert Einstein is perhaps its most famous alumnus.
In the 2021 edition of the QS World University Rankings, ETH Zurich again ranked 6th in the world, having first achieved this position in 2019, thereby overtaking the University of Cambridge and becoming the second-best European university after the University of Oxford. Also, ETH was ranked 8th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2020. In the 2020 QS World University Rankings by subject, it was ranked 4th in the world for engineering and technology (2nd in Europe) and 1st for earth & marine science.
In 2018, QS World University Rankings placed ETH Zurich at 7th overall in the world. In 2015, ETH Zurich was ranked 5th in the world in engineering, science and technology, just behind the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Cambridge University. In 2015, ETH Zurich also ranked 6th in the world in Natural Sciences, and in 2016 ranked 1st in the world for Earth & Marine Sciences for the second consecutive year.
In 2016, Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed ETH Zurich 9th overall in the world and 8th in the world in engineering & technology, just behind the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Cambridge University, Imperial College London and Oxford University.
In a comparison of Swiss universities by swissUP Ranking and in rankings published by CHE comparing the universities of German-speaking countries, ETH Zurich traditionally is ranked first in natural sciences, computer science and engineering sciences.
In the survey "CHE ExcellenceRanking" on the quality of Western European graduate school programs in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics, ETH Zurich was assessed as one of the three institutions to have excellent programs in all the considered fields, the other two being Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge, respectively. ETH Zurich had a total budget of CHF 1,897 billion in the year 2019.
Admission and education
For Swiss students, ETH Zurich is not selective in its undergraduate admission procedures. Like every public university in Switzerland, ETH Zurich is obliged to grant admission to every Swiss resident who took the Matura. Applicants from foreign countries are required to take either the reduced entrance exam or the comprehensive entrance exam although some applicants from several European countries are exempt from this rule. An applicant can be admitted to ETH Zurich even without any verifiable educational records by passing the comprehensive entrance exam.
As at all universities in Switzerland, the academic year is divided into two semesters. Examinations are often held during examination sessions which are immediately before the beginning of the next semester (only a few select courses offer an exam immediately after the semester ends). After the first year of study, bachelor students must pass a block examination of all courses taken in the first year, called the Basisprüfung (basis examination). If the weighted average score is not sufficient, a student is required to retake the entire Basisprüfung which usually means having to re-sit the whole first year.
The structure of examinations in higher academic years is similar to the Basisprüfung, but with a higher success rate.
The regular time to reach graduation is six semesters for the Bachelor of Science degree and three or four further semesters for the Master of Science degree. The final semester is dedicated to writing a thesis.
Education at ETH Zurich generally focuses more on theoretical aspects than application and most degree programs contain a high amount of mathematical training. The main language of instruction in undergraduate (Bachelor) studies is German and for admission a proof of sufficient knowledge of the German language is required for Bachelor students. Most Master's programs and doctoral studies are in English.
Campus
ETH Zurich has two campuses. The main building was constructed 1858–1864 outside and right above the eastern border of the town, but nowadays it is located right in the heart of the city. As the town and university grew, ETH Zurich spread into the surrounding vineyards and later quarters. As a result, the Zentrum campus consists of various buildings and institutions throughout Zürich and firmly integrates the ETH Zurich in the city. The main building stands directly across the street from the University Hospital of Zurich and the University of Zurich.
Because this geographic situation substantially hindered the expansion of ETH Zurich, a new campus was built from 1964 to 1976 on the Hönggerberg on a northern hill in the outskirts of the city. The last major expansion project of this new campus was completed in 2003; since then, the Hönggerberg location houses the departments of architecture, civil engineering, biology, chemistry, materials science and physics.
Main building
The main building of ETH Zurich was built from 1858 to 1864 under Gustav Zeuner; the architect, however, was Gottfried Semper, who was a professor of architecture at ETH Zurich at the time and one of the most important architectural writers and theorists of the age. Semper worked in a neoclassical style that was unique to him; and the namesake and architect of the Semperoper in Dresden. It emphasized bold and clear massings with a detailing, such as the rusticated ground level and giant order above, that derived in part from the work of Andrea Palladio and Donato Bramante. During the construction of the University of Zurich, the south wing of the building was allocated to the University until its own new main building was constructed (1912–1914). At about the same time, Semper's ETH Zurich building was enlarged and received its impressive cupola. The university's engineering and computer science departments are located around here.
Hönggerberg campus
In the year of ETH Zurich's 150th anniversary, an extensive project called "Science City" for the Hönggerberg Campus was started with the goal to transform the campus into an attractive district based on the principle of sustainability. The university's science departments are located around here.
An ASVZ sports center which is accessible to all students and faculty, and includes a gym, beach volleyball court, football field, and martial-art rooms.
Commuting between the campuses
ETH Link
The ETH link is a free bus for students, affiliates and faculty linking the two campuses. During the school week, the bus runs 3 times an hour, and takes around 15 minutes. In 2020 a new, fully electric, ETH eLink was introduced.
Bike share
Since 2018, an electric bike sharing system between the two campuses is also available, with yearly subscriptions subsidised by the university. There are rental stations on both campuses.
ETH Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics
The ETH Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIB) is a physics laboratory located in Science City. It specializes in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and the use of ion beam based techniques with applications in archeology, earth sciences, life sciences, material sciences and fundamental physics. An example of such application is the tracing of isotopes and the detection of rare radionuclides with radiocarbon dating and the use of techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry or elastic recoil detection. The LIB is developing the next generation of AMS machines. It is also a laboratory available for users interested in applying the techniques of ion beam analysis.
Student life
ETH Zurich students were found to be the busiest students of all institutions of higher education in Switzerland. The undergraduates' tight curriculum consists of as much as twice the number of lectures as comparable courses of other Swiss universities.
Tuition and financial assistance
Being a public university, the by Swiss federal tax heavily subsidized tuition fees are CHF 730 per semester, regardless of the student's nationality.
Both merit and need based scholarships are also available.
The Excellence Scholarship & Opportunity Programme (ESOP) is a merit scholarship program for master students with excellent grades in their undergraduate program.
Student associations
ETH Zurich has well over 100 student associations. Most notable is the VSETH (Verband der Studierenden an der ETH) which comprises all department associations. The associations regularly organize events with varying size and popularity. Events of the neighboring University of Zurich are well-attended by ETH Zurich students and vice versa. The VSETH organizes events of greater public attention, such as the Polyball, the Polyparty (does not exist any more) and the Erstsemestrigenfest, the first two housed in the main building of ETH Zurich. Sometimes, the annual Erstsemestrigenfest takes place at extraordinary locations, for example the Zurich Airport. All freshmen enjoy special treatment at that event.
Some of the notable associations that are not affiliated with a specific department are the ETH Entrepreneur Club and ETH Model United Nations. Both enjoy high international standings, and are regularly awarded for excellence in their respective fields. ETH Juniors is another student organization. It forms a bridge between industry and ETH Zurich and offers many services for students and companies alike.
Sports
The Academic Sports Association of Zurich (ASVZ) offers more than 120 sports. The biggest annual sports event is the SOLA-Stafette (SOLA relay race) which consists of 14 sections over a total distance of 140 kilometers. More than 760 teams participated in the 2009 edition. The 40th edition of the SOLA, held on 4 May 2013, had 900 enrolled teams, of which 893 started and 876 were classified. In 2014 ASVZ celebrated their 75th anniversary.
Innovation
Student Project House
In 2017, ETH Zurich board approved the creation of a "Student Project House" to encourage student projects and foster innovation. A test consisting of a "makerspace" and co-working space was established on the Hönggerberg campus, followed by a 6-story space near the ETH Zurich main building. Both locations function as a unified entity for the purpose of qualifications, staffing and decision making. While both makerspaces offer similar tools, the central one is significantly larger and also hosts a rentable auditorium, intended for pitching projects to faculty to gain funding, and a bar. Both makerspaces include workspaces for wood- and metalworking, electronics fabrication, as well as an array of 3D-printers for students to use at a little over material cost. Both also feature a shop for students to buy items such as resistors in lower quantities than ordinarily, while passing down the savings of bulk purchases. The makerspaces are managed and staffed entirely by students, who are paid in shop credit. A new space is expected to open on the Hönggerberg campus in 2024.
Spin-offs
As of 2018, 429 ETH Zurich spin-off companies had been created.
Competition Team
ETH Zurich has three prominent Competition teams that perform research in different popular fields and compete on the world stage. Most of these teams are based in the Swiss Innovation Park near Dübendorf.
ARIS
The Swiss Academic Spaceflight Initiative () is an organisation at ETH Zurich that focuses on the development of space related technologies. The most prominent area of research is in the development of a sounding rocket that is flown yearly at the Spaceport America Cup. ARIS also dedicates its resources to the academic advancement of spaceflight and hosts projects ranging from the development of Hybrid rocket Engines to Payload research.
Achievements
In 2018, ARIS won the Jim Furfaro Award for Technical Excellence
ARIS won 2nd place at the Spaceport America Cup 2019 in the 10'000 ft COTS Engine challenge.
AMZ
The Academic Motorsports Association () is the ETH Zurich's equivalent of a Formula One team, that develops electric and driverless sports vehicles that compete at Formula Student.
Achievements
AMZ first won class 1a in 2010 Formula Student.
In 2013 AMZ won the Formula Student Class 1 as well as the Dynamic Events, Endurance Event and Static Events.
In 2016 AMZ won the Formula Student Static Events.
Swissloop
Swissloop is the ETH Zurich's newest competition team that is working on the development of a Hyperloop system.
Traditions
The annual Polyball is the most prestigious public event at ETH Zurich, with a long tradition since the 1880s. At the end of November, the Polyball welcomes around 10,000 dancers, music-lovers and partygoers in the extensively decorated main building of ETH Zurich. This is the biggest decorated ball in Europe.
The amicable rivalry between ETH Zurich and its neighbor, the University of Zurich, has been cultivated since 1951 (Uni-Poly). There has been an annual rowing match between teams from the two institutions on the river Limmat.
There are many regular symposia and conferences at ETH Zurich, most notably the annual Wolfgang Pauli Lectures, in honor of former ETH Zurich Professor Wolfgang Pauli. Distinct lecturers, among them 24 Nobel laureates, have held lectures of the various fields of natural sciences at this conference since 1962.
Notable alumni and faculty
ETH Zurich has produced and attracted many famous scientists in its short history, including Albert Einstein and John von Neumann. More than twenty Nobel laureates have either studied at ETH Zurich or were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work achieved at ETH Zurich. Other alumni include scientists who were distinguished with the highest accolades such as the Fields Medal, Pritzker Prize and Turing Award, among other distinctions in their respective fields. Academic achievements aside, ETH Zurich has been alma mater to many Olympic medalists and world champions.
Related organizations
Collegium Helveticum
The Collegium Helveticum is an Institute for Advanced Study. It is jointly supported and operated by the ETH Zurich, the University of Zurich and the Zurich University of the Arts. It is dedicated to transdisciplinary research and acts as a think tank as well. Fellows are elected for five years to work together on a particular subject. For the period 2016–2020, the research focus is on digital societies.
ETH Zurich Foundation
The ETH Zurich Foundation is a legal entity on its own (a Swiss non-profit foundation) and as such not part of the ETH Zurich. Its purpose is to raise funds to support chosen institutes, projects, faculty and students at the ETH Zurich. It receives charitable donations from companies, foundations and private individuals. It can be compared with university endowments in the USA. However, the ETH Zurich is a public university so that the funds of this foundation are much smaller than at comparable private universities.
Examples of funded teaching and research are:
New institutes such as the Wyss Translational Center Zurich
Additional professorships
Rössler Prize
Pioneer fellowships
Excellence scholarships
Military Academy
The Military Academy is an institution for the education, training and development of career officers of the Swiss Armed Forces. The scientific part of this organization is attached to the ETH Zurich, while other parts such as training and an assessment center are under the direct management of the defense sector of the Swiss Federal Government.
Swiss National Supercomputing Center
The Swiss National Supercomputing Center is an autonomous organizational unit of the ETH Zurich. It is a national facility based in Lugano-Cornaredo, offering high-performance computing services for Swiss-based scientists.
Gallery
See also
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, EPFL)
Engineering
Laboratory for Energy Conversion
List of universities in Switzerland
List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland
List of forestry universities and colleges
Science and technology in Switzerland
2000-watt society
Disney Research
e-rara.ch
Swiss Electromagnetics Research and Engineering Centre
ETH Zurich University Archives
:Category:ETH Zurich alumni
:Category:ETH Zurich faculty
References
Further reading
External links
Education in Zürich
Technical universities and colleges in Switzerland
Engineering universities and colleges in Switzerland
Forestry education
Forestry in Switzerland
Schools in Zürich
Educational institutions established in 1854
1854 establishments in Switzerland
Buildings and structures in Zürich
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Zürich
Neoclassical architecture in Switzerland
Accelerator mass spectrometry
|
[
0.6776748895645142,
0.2791965901851654,
-0.07628855854272842,
-0.1509002447128296,
0.28909364342689514,
0.3322296142578125,
0.4085053503513336,
0.5839251279830933,
-0.219118133187294,
-0.42643555998802185,
-0.30316585302352905,
-0.18824124336242676,
0.16041859984397888,
0.024659398943185806,
-0.0457114651799202,
-0.4190659821033478,
0.498836874961853,
0.08989208936691284,
-0.5851796269416809,
-0.3326449394226074,
0.13367010653018951,
0.05726722627878189,
0.18321676552295685,
0.7363490462303162,
-0.01832539401948452,
-0.11447812616825104,
0.5025497674942017,
-0.18843986093997955,
0.2565980553627014,
0.035253364592790604,
0.25816142559051514,
0.145660400390625,
-0.8079391717910767,
-0.2192973792552948,
0.004823523573577404,
0.44265809655189514,
-0.4032744765281677,
-0.5563124418258667,
0.009193307720124722,
-0.5876920223236084,
0.1240004375576973,
-0.14601969718933105,
-0.007164895534515381,
0.44623589515686035,
-0.27328839898109436,
-0.9724048972129822,
-1.546425700187683,
0.5394801497459412,
-0.9837362766265869,
1.0221501588821411,
-0.3706040680408478,
0.5063371658325195,
0.15671353042125702,
0.4341239929199219,
-0.16771700978279114,
0.3828224241733551,
-0.95561283826828,
-0.04077284410595894,
0.300845742225647,
-0.17358213663101196,
0.5334175229072571,
0.6528501510620117,
0.16754643619060516,
0.29244115948677063,
-0.048088546842336655,
0.2809222638607025,
-0.0035019870847463608,
0.3059888482093811,
-0.1955999881029129,
-0.3043903708457947,
-0.3416893482208252,
-0.17908498644828796,
-0.5973010063171387,
0.2702183425426483,
-0.04292535409331322,
-0.8248004913330078,
0.02713203616440296,
-0.22783292829990387,
0.013040038757026196,
0.26731646060943604,
0.010232731699943542,
0.46557798981666565,
0.8988845348358154,
-0.3777937889099121,
0.916447639465332,
0.14184588193893433,
-1.2588679790496826,
-0.40286335349082947,
-0.4738023579120636,
0.03743034973740578,
-0.5011717677116394,
0.0026145607698708773,
0.1433064192533493,
-0.04134795442223549,
-0.003515957621857524,
0.4703468680381775,
-0.10097525268793106,
-0.09567248076200485,
0.30013567209243774,
0.34393003582954407,
0.20367106795310974,
-0.13268309831619263,
0.021028932183980942,
0.0575999915599823,
0.186849907040596,
-0.06001207232475281,
-0.5133923292160034,
-0.7299317717552185,
-0.3898637592792511,
-0.31812676787376404,
-0.8886690139770508,
0.2187098264694214,
-0.09698722511529922,
-0.08941922336816788,
-0.18894416093826294,
0.6103928685188293,
0.6365544199943542,
-0.3543905019760132,
-0.3272319734096527,
-0.009076123125851154,
0.029156053438782692,
0.4434746205806732,
0.12860269844532013,
0.06391055136919022,
-0.0017036814242601395,
0.27735331654548645,
-0.11084027588367462,
0.5397672653198242,
-0.6141901612281799,
-0.481725811958313,
0.17216871678829193,
0.49490222334861755,
0.33521831035614014,
-0.4069975018501282,
0.2537701427936554,
-0.23838168382644653,
0.4100284278392792,
0.40975022315979004,
-0.3840053081512451,
0.47009560465812683,
-0.9071128964424133,
-0.21770596504211426,
-0.5754873752593994,
-0.32679277658462524,
-0.17792169749736786,
-0.6085625290870667,
-0.10233081132173538,
-0.14536456763744354,
0.5320077538490295,
-0.03303404152393341,
-0.06447792798280716,
-0.3860778212547302,
-0.8676267266273499,
0.16158649325370789,
-0.15914860367774963,
0.8624215126037598,
0.8406789302825928,
0.4089503288269043,
0.5057166814804077,
0.2946056127548218,
0.4373275339603424,
-0.1776798814535141,
-0.2637665569782257,
-0.35476207733154297,
-0.04427625238895416,
-0.3002420961856842,
0.4235803484916687,
0.03365885466337204,
0.015612892806529999,
0.31527742743492126,
-0.27832460403442383,
-0.9433744549751282,
0.23212876915931702,
-0.033993203192949295,
0.15686450898647308,
-0.1356682926416397,
-0.2706916630268097,
0.08569105714559555,
0.09079426527023315,
-0.12968260049819946,
-0.6226543188095093,
0.43875569105148315,
0.3224336504936218,
0.4205798804759979,
-0.15281325578689575,
-0.4327054023742676,
0.5490955710411072,
-0.19851425290107727,
-0.1310582458972931,
0.8326230049133301,
-0.2961066663265228,
-0.30883705615997314,
0.3552716374397278,
0.11440037935972214,
1.1066240072250366,
-0.4527258276939392,
-0.6428613662719727,
0.8632222414016724,
-1.1675370931625366,
0.09281699359416962,
-0.12031461298465729,
-0.2792840301990509,
0.4195534586906433,
-0.0881790816783905,
-0.2577739655971527,
-0.04734981432557106,
0.09663503617048264,
-0.28575757145881653,
-0.3036573827266693,
0.24054716527462006,
0.7574208974838257,
-0.9348193407058716,
0.8092182874679565,
-0.08476463705301285,
-0.029315516352653503,
-0.24218733608722687,
-0.8606745004653931,
-0.07425030320882797,
-0.07600356638431549,
-0.009156101383268833,
1.6187318563461304,
0.0416407585144043,
0.2603526711463928,
0.5961401462554932,
0.2498469054698944,
0.13784900307655334,
-0.032968491315841675,
0.6273820996284485,
0.6266420483589172,
-0.28308629989624023,
0.7350577712059021,
-0.10511164367198944,
0.3081117868423462,
-0.19216032326221466,
0.009793318808078766,
-0.10356342792510986,
-0.591039776802063,
-0.09008608758449554,
0.5976017117500305,
-0.3627375662326813,
0.2068391591310501,
0.30165326595306396,
-1.0555063486099243,
0.4110775291919708,
0.43846386671066284,
-0.2623189389705658,
-0.25192704796791077,
0.2835765480995178,
-0.48157262802124023,
-0.35240238904953003,
0.0681387409567833,
-0.24046805500984192,
-0.3377847373485565,
-0.5276404023170471,
-0.12510520219802856,
-0.7839251756668091,
0.7009686827659607,
0.7951181530952454,
0.3686826229095459,
0.012049844488501549,
-0.1263178288936615,
-0.509427547454834,
0.15584313869476318,
0.1843627542257309,
-0.25250646471977234,
-0.1422000229358673,
-0.06502135843038559,
-0.8016706705093384,
-0.451616108417511,
0.36826202273368835,
0.7306457757949829,
0.2508014142513275,
-0.35730212926864624,
0.2833603024482727,
-0.22424621880054474,
-0.2593795955181122,
-0.31682586669921875,
0.29122573137283325,
-0.5912837386131287,
-0.04872865229845047,
0.3104191720485687,
0.3150804042816162,
-0.3686448335647583,
-0.8648921847343445,
-0.02581905573606491,
0.3423258364200592,
-0.0032353585120290518,
-0.30153337121009827,
-0.5616701245307922,
0.031654708087444305,
0.17092950642108917,
0.5984916090965271,
-0.027186335995793343,
0.023497477173805237,
0.4512103796005249,
0.09356186538934708,
0.30905288457870483,
0.09679793566465378,
0.8573033809661865,
-0.5352080464363098,
-0.28656068444252014,
0.4608116149902344,
-0.16121934354305267,
0.18195615708827972,
-0.21493980288505554,
-0.5658761262893677,
-0.06546677649021149,
-0.29680249094963074,
-5.324251651763916,
-0.1802573800086975,
-0.15351399779319763,
0.06223137304186821,
0.08591859042644501,
-0.4251309931278229,
0.24282702803611755,
0.011441090144217014,
0.1355060636997223,
-0.2606935203075409,
-0.022379877045750618,
-0.043986521661281586,
-0.11452959477901459,
0.640703022480011,
-0.23699809610843658,
0.8380692601203918,
-0.05528499558568001,
-0.2160721868276596,
-0.029225710779428482,
0.514567494392395,
-0.07898357510566711,
-0.3788239061832428,
0.10958511382341385,
0.6781696677207947,
0.2661191523075104,
0.2339654564857483,
-0.9379197359085083,
-0.2019742876291275,
-0.8167471289634705,
-0.7019688487052917,
0.35777944326400757,
-0.6853757500648499,
0.2480795979499817,
-0.20313388109207153,
0.15338578820228577,
0.38142916560173035,
0.9375326037406921,
-0.11113542318344116,
0.2634847164154053,
-0.1495920568704605,
0.3297863304615021,
0.896853506565094,
0.43236586451530457,
0.16274677217006683,
0.4862487316131592,
-0.7431989312171936,
-0.39179593324661255,
0.29114532470703125,
-0.42135757207870483,
0.8819036483764648,
-0.1540294587612152,
0.000643942563328892,
0.4827302098274231,
0.2170712798833847,
-0.8561459183692932,
-0.6015967130661011,
0.012876039370894432,
0.7975249886512756,
0.3468097448348999,
0.6328242421150208,
-0.5744170546531677,
-0.045902613550424576,
0.2455141693353653,
-0.4008532762527466,
-0.5865747928619385,
-0.361325204372406,
-0.018798867240548134,
0.24118398129940033,
0.26390060782432556,
0.14156529307365417,
0.1836167573928833,
0.8990660905838013,
-0.3181288540363312,
-0.9099456667900085,
-0.31088775396347046,
-0.7482261061668396,
-0.7069109678268433,
-0.6285924315452576,
0.09909465163946152,
0.07621081918478012,
-0.08113272488117218,
0.1490117907524109,
-0.07860403507947922,
0.9347184300422668,
0.7695116400718689,
0.21977315843105316,
-0.253438264131546,
0.0843372568488121,
0.0942491665482521,
-0.1259390413761139,
0.2716289758682251,
-0.20592491328716278,
0.6421008110046387,
0.21345925331115723,
-0.8717594742774963,
0.12318914383649826,
0.09549493342638016,
0.17552638053894043,
0.0584651418030262,
-0.16889436542987823,
0.6829731464385986,
-0.2208251953125,
-0.38011452555656433,
0.06845360994338989,
-0.4957314431667328,
-0.22329704463481903,
0.2055448293685913,
0.4913064241409302,
0.2461407482624054,
0.18405088782310486,
-0.3574516773223877,
-0.4990554749965668,
-0.3159589171409607,
-0.0951409637928009,
0.24975134432315826,
-0.28011515736579895,
-0.9511768817901611,
0.1282707303762436,
-0.07064960151910782,
0.2325158715248108,
-0.22879229485988617,
0.10719893127679825,
1.0510061979293823,
-0.4271780252456665,
0.44925373792648315,
-0.3449949324131012,
-0.17892830073833466,
-0.10034573823213577,
-0.04380687326192856,
-0.11384937912225723,
-0.714827299118042,
0.2507934272289276,
-0.06046908721327782,
0.21698710322380066,
-0.2629171907901764,
0.15756577253341675,
-0.3847735524177551,
0.05032502859830856,
0.4566695988178253,
-0.17075558006763458,
0.6428400874137878,
0.420643150806427,
0.2789112627506256,
0.47782090306282043,
0.8933408856391907,
0.4566873610019684,
-0.305232971906662,
0.25912243127822876,
-0.8853959441184998,
-0.08261016011238098,
-0.06341753154993057,
-0.7838852405548096,
0.1128464788198471,
0.2867155969142914,
0.04302738606929779,
0.11469484865665436,
0.24096141755580902,
0.41309377551078796,
0.3523847162723541,
0.2888230085372925,
0.7246522903442383,
-0.05743402987718582,
-0.8934184908866882,
0.3874070942401886,
0.688937783241272,
0.5438178777694702,
-0.0835537388920784,
-0.6473954319953918,
-1.171144962310791,
0.13465550541877747,
-0.0842917263507843,
-0.5065112113952637,
-0.48631876707077026,
-0.27311667799949646,
0.055347029119729996,
-0.21950437128543854,
-0.42202767729759216,
-0.35504406690597534,
0.43638283014297485,
0.08395933359861374,
0.4218069911003113,
-0.5523360967636108,
0.02151454985141754,
0.9961309432983398,
0.8246650099754333,
-0.22903810441493988,
-0.26967838406562805,
-0.2002788931131363,
-0.26256510615348816,
-0.5308831334114075,
0.6860993504524231,
-0.5557372570037842,
0.40257203578948975,
0.5925219058990479,
0.03245514631271362,
-0.9351974129676819,
0.004693003371357918,
-0.5837388038635254,
-0.13004522025585175,
-0.18887029588222504,
0.002837364561855793,
0.6703972220420837,
-0.2529405653476715,
0.3486386239528656,
0.002345257205888629,
0.04830152541399002,
-0.2420564740896225,
0.09978796541690826,
0.019182827323675156,
0.0961490049958229,
-1.2052814960479736,
-0.5419204235076904,
0.6604686975479126,
0.6132615208625793,
-1.1102837324142456,
0.014974139630794525,
0.18097490072250366,
-0.692340075969696,
-1.397072196006775,
0.4540897607803345,
-0.27499130368232727,
0.18904750049114227,
0.2426963448524475,
-0.44062334299087524,
-0.824808657169342,
0.3873474895954132,
0.31269168853759766,
0.25318607687950134,
0.24614287912845612,
-0.33455565571784973,
0.19027067720890045,
0.024846846237778664,
0.06340516358613968,
-0.3451506197452545,
0.3296879529953003,
-0.1410764455795288,
0.44461220502853394,
0.6807198524475098,
-0.024154357612133026,
-0.02892363630235195,
0.07966224104166031,
0.3413808047771454,
0.23346459865570068,
-0.21342122554779053,
0.13431082665920258,
0.6397629380226135,
0.6872350573539734,
-0.12007789313793182,
-0.8169280886650085,
0.2350214123725891,
0.14868736267089844,
-0.4857792556285858,
-0.4623626470565796,
-0.19059334695339203,
0.3288309872150421,
-0.5665424466133118,
0.13174192607402802,
0.23475825786590576,
-0.17055422067642212,
-0.2472529113292694,
-0.3525420129299164,
0.02708503045141697,
-0.26567649841308594,
0.0020332045387476683,
-0.36407238245010376,
-0.33574026823043823,
-0.33234378695487976,
-0.4149061441421509,
0.5836589932441711,
-0.4765130579471588,
0.11293135583400726,
-0.9089465141296387,
-0.004326214548200369,
-0.029250936582684517,
-0.06600229442119598,
0.23155094683170319,
-0.3104236125946045,
-0.40680041909217834,
0.10327041149139404,
-0.22490885853767395,
-0.784625232219696,
0.2688206732273102,
0.5042712688446045,
-0.4141649305820465,
0.27044495940208435,
-0.643957257270813,
-0.31460633873939514,
0.2104831486940384,
-0.691356360912323,
0.697178840637207,
-0.10920754075050354,
-1.0057570934295654,
0.1139100193977356,
0.45955851674079895,
-0.34950917959213257,
0.08168423175811768,
0.353436678647995,
0.27309349179267883,
0.6558690071105957,
0.24550816416740417,
-0.7900009155273438,
0.5735015273094177,
0.6731875538825989,
-0.2370997965335846,
0.24650810658931732,
0.3786706328392029,
0.07973728328943253,
-0.08999283611774445,
-0.08713117241859436,
-0.25093603134155273,
0.08438199758529663,
-0.4040271043777466,
0.014865057542920113,
0.7929064631462097,
-0.30770212411880493,
0.2136068195104599,
-0.03766021504998207,
-0.5594912767410278,
0.07164733856916428,
0.56937575340271,
-0.3040919601917267,
0.00910222064703703,
0.5844523310661316,
0.1261378526687622,
0.4661087095737457,
1.3008575439453125,
0.31390616297721863,
-0.0008730756235308945,
-0.2237674444913864,
0.36657455563545227,
0.15090030431747437,
-0.2823391556739807,
0.017514264211058617,
0.9696004390716553,
-0.04077063500881195,
-0.047184932976961136,
0.17553669214248657,
-0.6262574195861816,
-0.2767605483531952,
0.2369515597820282,
0.5436323881149292,
0.8416861295700073,
-0.7370073199272156,
0.2268436998128891,
-0.3616540729999542,
0.5870572328567505,
0.07077329605817795,
0.5023344159126282,
-0.004345250781625509,
-0.07257478684186935,
0.5232172608375549,
-0.09277764707803726,
-0.03849054127931595,
-0.5508685111999512,
-0.6280720829963684,
0.019993921741843224,
0.09881222248077393,
0.21157582104206085,
0.08599340170621872,
0.5643439888954163,
0.3738657832145691,
0.4146415889263153,
0.25546562671661377,
-0.2831173241138458,
-0.6966305375099182,
-0.10512354969978333,
-0.2056761384010315,
-0.36664292216300964,
-0.19157224893569946,
-0.18349197506904602,
-0.16797778010368347,
0.4471270740032196,
-0.09177317470312119,
-0.574776828289032,
0.33927953243255615,
0.08448129892349243,
0.47071728110313416,
0.48526087403297424,
-0.10541526228189468,
0.4519597589969635,
-0.3885924816131592,
0.2772093713283539,
-0.8045973777770996,
-0.024112701416015625,
-0.5665296912193298,
-0.27903109788894653,
-0.3503163754940033,
0.25903937220573425,
-0.09518459439277649,
0.15058375895023346,
0.03132518008351326,
-0.3489556610584259,
0.5809808969497681,
0.23140107095241547,
-0.19417990744113922,
-0.25743359327316284,
-0.7793214917182922,
0.7145371437072754,
-0.08761273324489594,
-0.3119978904724121,
0.08341192454099655,
-0.03079836070537567,
-0.20437811315059662,
0.13644550740718842,
-0.19115665555000305,
0.41070279479026794,
-0.056550439447164536,
0.1807786077260971,
-0.4255288243293762,
0.36662518978118896,
0.48502621054649353,
0.07176819443702698,
-0.25459375977516174,
0.5298635959625244,
0.013736086897552013,
0.39520102739334106,
0.4287485182285309,
-0.3021519184112549,
-0.7173076868057251,
0.3502483367919922,
0.3292475938796997,
-0.36778098344802856,
0.20724402368068695,
0.41493406891822815,
-0.05102568864822388,
0.0072668385691940784,
0.17049545049667358,
0.304021418094635,
-0.20850233733654022,
0.7895171642303467,
0.24143649637699127,
0.1581159085035324,
-0.5173526406288147,
0.33322885632514954,
-0.4648425579071045,
-0.5246986150741577,
0.1323768049478531,
0.5158780217170715,
0.08121632784605026,
-0.18862232565879822,
-0.10103265941143036,
0.1696176528930664,
0.10488595813512802,
0.0272809024900198,
-0.2933448851108551,
0.08314022421836853,
-0.5013381838798523,
-0.39678946137428284,
-0.41420993208885193,
-0.2373841106891632,
0.18372680246829987,
-0.21287080645561218,
0.5532310009002686,
-0.10659829527139664,
-0.7338231801986694,
0.02514008805155754,
0.5736708641052246,
-0.8092695474624634,
0.8987624645233154,
0.11018358916044235
] |
210911
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra%20%28satellite%29
|
Astra (satellite)
|
Astra is the brand name for a number of geostationary communication satellites, both individually and as a group, which are owned and operated by SES S.A., a global satellite operator based in Betzdorf, in eastern Luxembourg. The name is also used to describe the pan-European broadcasting system provided by these satellites, the channels carried on them, and even the reception equipment.
At the time of the launch of the first Astra satellite, Astra 1A in 1988, the satellite's operator was known as Société Européenne des Satellites. In 2001 SES Astra, a newly formed subsidiary of SES, operated the Astra satellites and in September 2011, SES Astra was consolidated back into the parent company, which by this time also operated other satellite families such as AMC, and NSS.
Astra satellites broadcast 2600 digital television channels (675 in high definition) via five main satellite orbital positions to households across Asia, Australia, Africa, Americas, Europe, New Zealand, Middle East and North Africa. The satellites have been instrumental in the establishment of satellite TV and the introduction of digital TV, HDTV, 3D TV, and Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) in Europe.
A book, High Above, telling the story of the creation and development of the Astra satellites and their contribution to developments in the European TV and media industry, was published in April 2010 to mark the 25th Anniversary of SES.
Satellites
There are 11 fully-operational Astra satellites and another 7 as backup/reserve, the majority in five orbital locations - Astra 19.2°E, Astra 28.2°E, Astra 23.5°E, Astra 5°E, Astra 31.5°E. Astra's principle of "co-location" (several satellites are maintained close to each other, all within a cube with a size of .) increases flexibility and redundancy.
Manufacture and launch
Astra satellites have been designed by Boeing Satellite Systems (formerly Hughes Space and Communications), Airbus Defence and Space (formerly Astrium), Alcatel Space, and Lockheed Martin. The Astra satellites within a family are not identical, for example of the Astra 2 satellites; Astra 2A and Astra 2C are BSS 601HPs, Astra 2B is an Astrium Eurostar E2000+ and Astra 2D is a BSS 376.
The satellites have been launched by Arianespace by Ariane launch vehicles from Kourou, French Guiana, International Launch Services (ILS) Proton launch vehicles from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, and ILS Atlas launch vehicles from Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States. The satellites are launched into an elliptical "temporary transfer orbit" from where they use onboard propulsion to reach their final circular geostationary orbits, at nearly altitude. Proton launch vehicles fitted with a fourth stage propulsion unit are capable of launching the satellites several thousand kilometres higher (at the closest point of the elliptical orbit) than Ariane launch vehicles. As a result, most satellites launched in this way have to use less fuel to reach their geostationary orbit, increasing their lifetime.
Sirius and Astra 4A
The Sirius series of satellites (not connected with the North American Sirius Satellite Radio service) was started in 1993 with the purchase of the BSB Marcopolo 1 satellite (renamed Sirius 1) by Nordic Satellite AB (NSAB) for direct to home broadcasts to the Nordic and Baltic regions from the 5°East orbital position. Subsequent satellites launched to this location include Sirius 2 (1997), Sirius 3 (1998) and Sirius 4 (2007) and the position's coverage has been expanded to include Eastern Europe and Africa.
In 2000, SES (then SES Astra) bought the 50% shareholding in NSAB owned by Teracom and Tele Danmark and in 2003 increased that holding to 75%, renaming the company SES Sirius AB. In 2008, Astra acquired further shares to take its shareholding in SES Sirius to 90% and in March 2010 took full control of the company. In June 2010, the affiliate company was renamed SES Astra and the Sirius 4 satellite renamed Astra 4A.
The Astra 4A designation was originally given in 2005 to part of the NSS-10 craft (33 transponders) owned by another subsidiary of SES, SES New Skies, and positioned at 37.5°W for broadcast, data, and telecommunications into Africa, and in 2007 to part of the Sirius 4 satellite (six transponders of the FSS Africa beam) owned and operated by SES Sirius. From June 2010, the Astra 4A designation has applied to the entire satellite previously known as Sirius 4.
Failures
Astra 1K, the largest commercial communications satellite ever built at the time, was ordered by SES in 1997. It was launched by Proton rocket on 26 November 2002. The launch vehicle lifted off as planned and reached its parking orbit at which point the final stage of the launch vehicle was to initiate a second burn to transfer the satellite to its geostationary orbit. This did not occur and the satellite was released into the parking orbit, making it unusable. The only way to recover the satellite would have been the use of a Space Shuttle, however this was rejected. On 10 December 2002, SES instructed Alcatel Space (the manufacturer) and the French Space Agency CNES to deorbit the satellite, it broke up on re-entry over the Pacific Ocean.
On 16 January 2009, Astra 5A at Astra 31.5°E "experienced a technical anomaly leading to the end of the spacecraft's mission", some four years ahead of the spacecraft's expected end of life. Traffic carried by the satellite (especially channels for German cable service, Kabel Deutschland) was transferred to Astra 23.5°E. In March 2009, SES (then SES Astra) announced that in April, the Astra 2C satellite was to be moved from the Astra 28.2°E position to 31.5°E to temporarily take over Astra 5A's mission until Astra 3B is launched to Astra 23.5°E, when another craft currently there can be released to 31.5°E. The move of Astra 2C was started in May 2009 and completed on 11 May 2009, with the first transponders coming into use at the new position in the subsequent two weeks.
Broadcasting statistics
At the end of 2018, Astra satellite broadcasts were received in 167 million households in Europe. In all, 39.3% of all European TV households receive DTH satellite TV, 23.3% receive cable TV, 13.9% receive IPTV and 23.4% receive terrestrial broadcasts. With provision via DTH, cable and IPTV, 65% of European TV homes receive TV from Astra satellites. From Astra satellites, 110 million European homes receive HD channels and 29 million European homes receive Ultra HD channels.
See also
Astra Digital Radio
High Above (book)
HD+
List of broadcast satellites
SES Broadband
MX1
SES S.A. (operator)
SES Sirius
References
External links
Official Astra consumers/viewers' website
SES fleet information and map
SES guide to channels broadcasting on Astra satellites
SES first maritime Ka-band service
Lyngsat frequency/channel list
Astra analogue satellite Promo Video clips - Orbitalzone.Com
SES Broadband website
SES Techcom Services - Official site
SES S.A.
Telecommunications companies of Luxembourg
Direct broadcast satellite services
Communications satellite operators
Betzdorf, Luxembourg
|
[
0.30051371455192566,
0.23200926184654236,
0.2519950568675995,
-0.05197616294026375,
-0.10109857469797134,
0.34771355986595154,
0.14884094893932343,
-0.022974032908678055,
-0.4418138563632965,
-0.08196888118982315,
-0.8655393719673157,
0.12824134528636932,
-0.4872356951236725,
0.07707907259464264,
-0.3433660864830017,
-0.13299481570720673,
0.32885125279426575,
0.7818992733955383,
0.06707677990198135,
-0.25752168893814087,
-0.13004834949970245,
0.6407551169395447,
1.1509515047073364,
-0.6779578924179077,
-0.18552815914154053,
-0.29880261421203613,
0.0017056363867595792,
0.5099756717681885,
0.22274987399578094,
0.6462313532829285,
0.15742339193820953,
0.4664421081542969,
-0.545024573802948,
0.2151212990283966,
-0.036545440554618835,
0.2594481110572815,
0.12557417154312134,
0.34529024362564087,
-0.7885287404060364,
-0.6641088724136353,
-0.17995275557041168,
-0.13344453275203705,
-0.40268436074256897,
0.34287571907043457,
-0.22856460511684418,
-0.3638879060745239,
-0.733904242515564,
0.29147133231163025,
-0.3744221329689026,
0.2659035325050354,
-0.4683380424976349,
-0.493781715631485,
0.16405294835567474,
0.47919729351997375,
0.5478194952011108,
0.27225300669670105,
-0.8952365517616272,
0.002618459751829505,
-0.009995266795158386,
0.3123410940170288,
0.28026506304740906,
0.3417934775352478,
-0.07589388638734818,
-0.2471623718738556,
0.37268730998039246,
-0.12415361404418945,
-0.21528883278369904,
-0.0828707292675972,
-0.11798946559429169,
0.00293601187877357,
-0.003462956752628088,
-0.28378650546073914,
-0.15503911674022675,
0.07057338207960129,
-0.12222474068403244,
-0.7526407241821289,
0.10906004905700684,
-0.05936455726623535,
0.29702386260032654,
0.12337638437747955,
0.34026506543159485,
0.1826934963464737,
0.20269493758678436,
-0.030048547312617302,
-0.17955657839775085,
0.07461101561784744,
-0.34337174892425537,
-0.11486561596393585,
-0.7160953283309937,
0.375916451215744,
0.11353370547294617,
-0.4654110074043274,
1.0210998058319092,
0.21751150488853455,
0.04750160872936249,
0.03892045095562935,
-0.6373175382614136,
0.021340280771255493,
0.23085752129554749,
0.3805099129676819,
-0.2128518968820572,
0.6191975474357605,
-0.35124191641807556,
-1.0133386850357056,
0.34190845489501953,
-0.598246157169342,
-0.04572013020515442,
-0.42988455295562744,
-0.33289235830307007,
0.21543776988983154,
-0.8316949605941772,
0.3321409821510315,
0.17593394219875336,
0.31266069412231445,
-0.7062456607818604,
0.8230109810829163,
0.34797006845474243,
-0.41918039321899414,
-0.02757292427122593,
0.023289848119020462,
0.7269902229309082,
1.1625382900238037,
0.005577695555984974,
-0.57743239402771,
0.2734962999820709,
0.41566959023475647,
0.7755009531974792,
0.33001965284347534,
-0.058178480714559555,
0.43051648139953613,
-0.39066970348358154,
0.3974844813346863,
-0.5591108798980713,
0.8194637894630432,
-0.16588656604290009,
-0.37455275654792786,
0.6618514657020569,
-0.36640027165412903,
0.715247631072998,
0.7664108872413635,
-0.9882164597511292,
0.031354423612356186,
-0.6230606436729431,
-0.061172544956207275,
0.4095488488674164,
0.07158683240413666,
0.2846486270427704,
-0.1672132909297943,
-0.9267553091049194,
0.2330872118473053,
-0.4543702304363251,
-0.4406774342060089,
0.2042154222726822,
0.06190124526619911,
-0.36967918276786804,
0.1616365909576416,
0.36772027611732483,
0.34490761160850525,
-0.08792092651128769,
0.10936649143695831,
0.4322490096092224,
0.02807503193616867,
-0.15217150747776031,
0.2901403605937958,
0.15680551528930664,
-0.13823285698890686,
0.30218473076820374,
0.1958668828010559,
0.788832426071167,
-0.08286216855049133,
0.20532065629959106,
-0.17794713377952576,
0.13630467653274536,
-0.11418628692626953,
0.05187349021434784,
-0.14744532108306885,
0.5296444892883301,
0.3163975179195404,
0.06773722916841507,
-0.2607320249080658,
-0.6758332848548889,
0.028372665867209435,
0.091638945043087,
0.02699999511241913,
0.40442588925361633,
0.2187332957983017,
0.490733802318573,
0.32380038499832153,
0.24196617305278778,
-0.18329817056655884,
-0.6395807266235352,
-0.582563579082489,
0.20509909093379974,
-0.13735836744308472,
0.6504253149032593,
-0.5230417847633362,
-0.374711275100708,
0.30465036630630493,
-0.32710960507392883,
0.5692764520645142,
-0.18819265067577362,
-0.056506138294935226,
-0.14553755521774292,
-0.25124165415763855,
-0.5305131673812866,
0.19309091567993164,
0.033663030713796616,
-0.11543045192956924,
0.5323424935340881,
0.16584105789661407,
0.2893356680870056,
-1.0668474435806274,
0.21026857197284698,
-0.5737664103507996,
0.18638135492801666,
-0.2509872615337372,
-0.36156100034713745,
0.4876181185245514,
-0.36598142981529236,
0.43713536858558655,
1.2041352987289429,
-0.011368339881300926,
-0.12476279586553574,
0.2570164203643799,
-0.5799092054367065,
0.2940669655799866,
0.17484164237976074,
-0.26910600066185,
0.0612473264336586,
0.1368512362241745,
0.21527372300624847,
-0.6714997887611389,
0.20110167562961578,
-0.6408716440200806,
-0.002542200032621622,
0.18268093466758728,
-0.3512289524078369,
-0.30114075541496277,
0.8204510807991028,
-0.28319549560546875,
0.30866554379463196,
0.7301843166351318,
-0.18544624745845795,
0.537744402885437,
0.3776642978191376,
0.046081531792879105,
0.15222428739070892,
-0.14545471966266632,
-0.5234439969062805,
-0.39834633469581604,
-0.33269649744033813,
-0.4846359193325043,
0.0037500516045838594,
-0.37915265560150146,
-0.5638130307197571,
-0.2133570909500122,
0.1926761120557785,
-0.061448585242033005,
0.21151700615882874,
0.005631895270198584,
-0.36136987805366516,
0.09848567098379135,
0.32079172134399414,
0.3053481876850128,
0.10746677964925766,
-0.9438189268112183,
-0.09430134296417236,
-0.6327129006385803,
0.35278990864753723,
-0.058262262493371964,
0.9658807516098022,
-0.2514982223510742,
-0.24877376854419708,
-0.1144237369298935,
-0.31925079226493835,
-0.3375072777271271,
-0.06838333606719971,
0.34822213649749756,
-0.1358192414045334,
-0.13673490285873413,
0.4494415819644928,
0.6546114683151245,
0.8334318995475769,
0.11633647233247757,
-0.6508769392967224,
0.0772293359041214,
0.510186493396759,
-0.03458011895418167,
-0.41694074869155884,
-0.029715521261096,
0.2210952788591385,
0.49139508605003357,
-0.5968890190124512,
0.15823706984519958,
-0.1586105227470398,
0.5325620770454407,
0.16794610023498535,
0.1541481465101242,
0.44903501868247986,
-0.21510598063468933,
-0.5047506093978882,
0.008262693881988525,
-0.6869311928749084,
0.03961824253201485,
0.2511756718158722,
-0.4691462814807892,
-0.16858553886413574,
0.049016572535037994,
-5.620929718017578,
0.03233478218317032,
-0.5156462788581848,
-0.055807728320360184,
0.3043290674686432,
-0.2646414339542389,
0.8632722496986389,
-0.18749894201755524,
-0.08353900164365768,
0.09893786162137985,
0.18447375297546387,
0.12240071594715118,
0.13225072622299194,
0.4146685004234314,
0.5137727856636047,
0.44638970494270325,
0.14523354172706604,
0.0649554431438446,
0.8998449444770813,
0.17348237335681915,
0.38107189536094666,
-0.4953559339046478,
0.20343922078609467,
0.08258630335330963,
0.40738993883132935,
-0.2704348564147949,
-0.301722913980484,
0.03171708434820175,
-0.17521657049655914,
-0.42946523427963257,
0.4710008203983307,
-0.5535171031951904,
-0.45807507634162903,
-0.15010318160057068,
-0.1714557558298111,
-0.39700809121131897,
0.500904381275177,
-0.0004485773097258061,
0.4418523907661438,
-0.6335704326629639,
0.31066229939460754,
0.5004457831382751,
0.5219770073890686,
0.13290199637413025,
0.4262024760246277,
-0.10916969180107117,
-0.24624043703079224,
0.5362024903297424,
-0.1436922401189804,
1.0995748043060303,
0.4368898570537567,
0.12654909491539001,
0.06119630113244057,
-0.20804361999034882,
-0.4858829379081726,
-0.23097772896289825,
0.24329058825969696,
0.388658732175827,
-0.4787280857563019,
0.6892691850662231,
0.09826675057411194,
0.06261439621448517,
0.14768555760383606,
-1.4146537780761719,
-0.3081698417663574,
0.09908228367567062,
-0.35286378860473633,
-0.32264265418052673,
0.3850669860839844,
0.0021786426659673452,
-0.586658239364624,
0.6780380606651306,
-0.3271915912628174,
-1.0752791166305542,
0.5171326994895935,
-0.1217600554227829,
0.46775755286216736,
0.021759210154414177,
-0.6738846898078918,
0.5510530471801758,
-0.2663973271846771,
-0.5640342235565186,
-0.2737644910812378,
0.5139220356941223,
0.40066421031951904,
-0.3900926411151886,
-0.31988072395324707,
-0.26129937171936035,
-0.4439968168735504,
-0.42427945137023926,
1.2302279472351074,
-0.45515021681785583,
0.2922637462615967,
0.6152335405349731,
0.2591637372970581,
0.18109023571014404,
-0.14129632711410522,
0.14282943308353424,
1.0479909181594849,
-0.5292294025421143,
0.026854053139686584,
0.3892689347267151,
0.5871012210845947,
-0.6439674496650696,
-0.3870440125465393,
-0.36264222860336304,
-0.32709285616874695,
-0.21054966747760773,
0.6806847453117371,
-0.28828901052474976,
0.6616219878196716,
0.10139632970094681,
-0.5129474997520447,
-0.7837491631507874,
0.32831424474716187,
0.4512566030025482,
-0.5530094504356384,
0.5435647368431091,
0.2445957064628601,
0.05945119261741638,
-0.3422795236110687,
0.2511374056339264,
0.3246002197265625,
-0.41441816091537476,
-0.867860734462738,
-0.6050087809562683,
-0.13652446866035461,
0.08243678510189056,
-0.11463702470064163,
0.17673014104366302,
0.12343618273735046,
0.6659631133079529,
0.11047833412885666,
-0.4865468144416809,
0.07785513252019882,
-0.24256835877895355,
0.09227542579174042,
0.022614598274230957,
0.17159101366996765,
-0.5694671869277954,
0.047462090849876404,
-0.12567146122455597,
0.11147564649581909,
0.5880348682403564,
0.5160307884216309,
0.630939781665802,
0.1011786237359047,
-0.05617791786789894,
0.15661443769931793,
0.09522207826375961,
0.23717926442623138,
-0.46757158637046814,
-0.0039840443059802055,
-0.4714314043521881,
0.11932691931724548,
0.05563367158174515,
0.3043721318244934,
-0.32331451773643494,
-0.3686043620109558,
-0.31430962681770325,
0.47990232706069946,
-0.33558791875839233,
-0.5699021220207214,
-0.039425693452358246,
0.22735907137393951,
0.07499431818723679,
-0.8923165202140808,
-0.7051281332969666,
-0.30628329515457153,
0.4004521071910858,
-0.2590236961841583,
-0.5040867328643799,
-0.2636900842189789,
-0.10423512756824493,
0.24984896183013916,
0.5918281078338623,
-0.12245789170265198,
-0.33444344997406006,
-0.23634810745716095,
-0.1829228699207306,
-0.05110340937972069,
0.23470960557460785,
-0.7494636178016663,
0.7949302196502686,
0.17969642579555511,
-0.2224281132221222,
-0.4848795533180237,
-0.05617726594209671,
-0.17646825313568115,
-0.3523332476615906,
-0.008580722846090794,
0.5173510313034058,
0.07277490943670273,
0.1161697506904602,
-0.1715124100446701,
-0.5581780076026917,
-0.2846762239933014,
0.7483072876930237,
-0.11665160208940506,
-0.5710406303405762,
0.014470851048827171,
0.031480573117733,
-0.2853194773197174,
0.2078249603509903,
-0.2278495728969574,
-0.6696468591690063,
0.532038688659668,
0.53265380859375,
-0.0775880515575409,
-0.02294347807765007,
-0.6197512149810791,
-0.8365004658699036,
-0.12235100567340851,
0.5495766997337341,
-0.8270116448402405,
0.504891037940979,
0.0059081814251840115,
0.14274047315120697,
-0.4323396682739258,
-0.7745918035507202,
0.13874100148677826,
-0.2476453185081482,
-0.11153336614370346,
-0.2502824068069458,
-0.6915280818939209,
0.47988981008529663,
0.6911867260932922,
-0.5860353708267212,
0.3182404935359955,
-0.37474945187568665,
-0.3089469075202942,
0.3856200873851776,
-0.5244216918945312,
-0.5595937967300415,
-0.04551834613084793,
0.07260620594024658,
-0.2711063027381897,
-0.1241811141371727,
-0.028578680008649826,
0.830010175704956,
-0.09516558051109314,
0.27474308013916016,
-0.4393467307090759,
-0.5213465094566345,
-0.504055380821228,
0.5761988162994385,
0.5768596529960632,
-0.3068467378616333,
-0.8641396760940552,
0.023822957649827003,
0.16836029291152954,
-0.2619648575782776,
-0.48757195472717285,
-0.40602561831474304,
1.3767718076705933,
-0.43480587005615234,
-0.2443968951702118,
-0.1839875876903534,
-0.2548188269138336,
-0.031892068684101105,
-0.3220761716365814,
0.0015771235339343548,
-0.6180305480957031,
0.0076849572360515594,
0.35315436124801636,
0.14242669939994812,
-0.2239004671573639,
-0.1379542350769043,
0.46708133816719055,
0.33897292613983154,
-0.2997051179409027,
-0.5576911568641663,
0.7134695053100586,
0.6978588700294495,
-0.06895805150270462,
0.04758589342236519,
0.5141705870628357,
-0.1458762288093567,
-0.20045945048332214,
-0.1641615331172943,
-0.6866890788078308,
0.44543173909187317,
-0.010782836936414242,
-0.02384217455983162,
0.19566398859024048,
-0.8052482604980469,
0.1260191947221756,
-0.16672974824905396,
-0.45635271072387695,
0.36858680844306946,
-0.047198377549648285,
-0.2191651165485382,
-0.602914571762085,
0.36973416805267334,
-0.453978568315506,
0.07443161308765411,
0.2503468692302704,
-0.32724303007125854,
0.00844442006200552,
0.26183292269706726,
-0.44020548462867737,
0.008954278193414211,
0.29996156692504883,
-0.12925520539283752,
0.19310608506202698,
0.13510346412658691,
0.43900126218795776,
-0.38156288862228394,
0.39402830600738525,
-0.2769894599914551,
0.03704296424984932,
-0.4399702250957489,
0.5060247182846069,
0.9140525460243225,
-0.44320905208587646,
0.15632840991020203,
0.38655099272727966,
-0.23239220678806305,
0.1103474572300911,
-0.04301384091377258,
0.6666247248649597,
0.1784716099500656,
-0.028625668957829475,
0.16199979186058044,
-0.5212716460227966,
0.7611072659492493,
-0.03788094222545624,
-0.14520955085754395,
0.11770431697368622,
0.2972075939178467,
0.6280524134635925,
0.228813037276268,
-0.10227524489164352,
0.8402678370475769,
0.04937506839632988,
-0.3418486416339874,
0.1694267988204956,
-0.284927636384964,
-0.4885996878147125,
0.5618678331375122,
-0.12436205893754959,
0.44388994574546814,
0.06468875706195831,
-0.129081130027771,
-0.12265613675117493,
0.6585547924041748,
0.12409838289022446,
0.868965208530426,
0.41056036949157715,
0.10119716823101044,
-0.08644728362560272,
0.044294096529483795,
-0.010284475982189178,
-0.0893319770693779,
-0.7837970852851868,
0.11236846446990967,
-0.12060040980577469,
-0.6477480530738831,
0.21206040680408478,
-0.0575692318379879,
-0.14678151905536652,
0.24606484174728394,
0.010675030760467052,
0.28163737058639526,
-0.30780619382858276,
-0.3800137937068939,
-0.14015653729438782,
-1.011654257774353,
0.9336479902267456,
-0.24813413619995117,
0.14289632439613342,
0.670171320438385,
-0.2765415906906128,
0.6784118413925171,
-0.24718911945819855,
0.5693032741546631,
0.40732428431510925,
0.10816283524036407,
0.07002085447311401,
-0.4063378572463989,
-0.46444568037986755,
0.213078573346138,
0.046752773225307465,
-0.6845102310180664,
-0.5782162547111511,
-0.02898925170302391,
-0.1973545104265213,
0.16733472049236298,
0.5132424831390381,
0.41887345910072327,
-0.10587194561958313,
-0.41924020648002625,
0.5971865057945251,
-0.04786102846264839,
-0.32935744524002075,
0.1851792335510254,
-0.008724365383386612,
0.31547608971595764,
-0.14419761300086975,
-0.3161781132221222,
0.3495387136936188,
0.18467968702316284,
0.19955404102802277,
-0.0069208210334181786,
0.163016214966774,
0.3480519652366638,
-0.2073211818933487,
-0.06185261160135269,
-0.1948442906141281,
0.1700197458267212,
0.44132450222969055,
-0.1978924721479416,
0.6309977769851685,
0.22101405262947083,
0.3483718931674957,
0.10690997540950775,
0.3460967242717743,
-0.23685279488563538,
-0.44142600893974304,
0.2046491503715515,
0.23456823825836182,
-0.6793363094329834,
0.055572815239429474,
0.12582102417945862,
-0.36345016956329346,
-0.39869189262390137,
0.4621816575527191,
0.12447218596935272,
-0.41468480229377747,
0.08058083057403564,
0.2111307978630066,
0.04929273575544357,
-0.29510498046875,
0.20182755589485168,
-0.782532274723053,
-0.37048596143722534,
-0.5182580947875977,
0.3770740032196045,
0.6378452777862549,
-0.317405641078949,
-0.32168543338775635,
0.057206135243177414,
0.6230085492134094,
-0.042772214859724045,
0.31941401958465576,
-0.025770416483283043,
-0.4452208876609802,
-0.2599092125892639,
-1.1486997604370117,
0.22091928124427795,
0.036815475672483444,
-0.6950272917747498,
0.4369294345378876,
-0.31295159459114075,
-0.15485918521881104,
-0.5811953544616699,
0.7779435515403748,
-0.16054493188858032,
0.3601868748664856,
0.11461583524942398
] |
210913
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawarden
|
Hawarden
|
Hawarden (; ) is a village, community and electoral ward, in Flintshire, Wales. It is located as part of the Deeside conurbation on the Wales-England border and is home to Hawarden Castle. In the 2011 census, the ward of the same name had a population of 1,887, whereas the community of the same name, which also includes Ewloe (which also has a castle), Mancot and Aston had a population of 13,920.
The scenic, wooded Hawarden Park abuts the clustered settlement in the south. Hawarden Bridge constitutes distribution and industrial business premises beyond Shotton/Queensferry and the Dee. The west of the main street is called 'The Highway', its start marked by the crossroads with a fountain in the middle, near which are public houses, some centred on restaurants.
The large village is west and north-west from England is centred from Chester. In 2014 it was named in The Sunday Times annual Best Places To Live List.
Etymology
Both the English and Welsh names of the village allude to its elevated geographical position. English is from Old English "high" + "enclosure" and has had its bisyllabic pronunciation since the sixteenth century, its trisyllabic, now solely written, form being due to the influence of Welsh, which stresses and therefore kept the penultimate syllable. The Welsh name is older than and is a compound of "high ground" + , which is most likely a form of "rich in cattle" although may possibly be a personal name.
History
The 1848 Topographical Dictionary of Wales led by Samuel Lewis states Hawarden is of remote antiquity and was called "Pennard Halawg," or more properly "Pen-y-Llwch", the headland above the lake. The hill forts such as the huge remains next to the medieval Hawarden Castle and Trueman's Hill motte were - it records locally - believed to date to the time of fortifications against incursions of the Cornavii tribe and the Romans.
The Normans recorded the Saxons called the place Haordine where, east of today's village, was the principal manor of the Saxon Hundred of Atiscros. William the Conqueror granted the lands and manor to Hugh Lupus as it formed part of the County Palatine of Chester whereupon Hawarden Castle was built that later proved key to Welsh history, at that time lived in by Roger Fitzvalerine, then the Montaults, or de Montaltos, barons of Mold, who held it as seneschal.
Efforts to subdue north Welsh territory into a degree of fiefdom followed intermittently, with no great success. In the castle Llewellyn of Wales who was in possession negotiated peace in 1264 with Simon de Montford, who led a brief rebellion against Henry III of England and agreed to betroth his daughter to Llewellyn in exchange for restoring the de facto Welsh castle to Robert de Montault. The rebellion failed. Accordingly, by 1280 the castle became a crown asset, listed as a Castrum Regis. Later, following Edward's successful campaign imposing exacting terms on the Welsh, building Flint Castle and strengthening other castles, in 1282 Llewellyn's brother Davydd took the castle back, killing the garrison and transferring Roger de Clifford to remote Snowdon. This second recapture of the castle triggered Edward's killing of Llewellyn and annexation of Wales. The castle became a prized possession: see Hawarden Castle.
The village of Saltney (next to Chester, but in Wales) was part of the parish.
19th century
The prime minister William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) lived in later life in Hawarden Castle, which had in the Glorious Revolution been acquired by his wife's family, the Glynne baronets. In 1847 water was brought into the place at an expense of upwards of £1000 to be recouped by the River Dee Company. In the nineteenth century the economy of the parish (about three times larger than the modern Community Council area) involved weekly markets, many seams of coal, the making of tiles, bricks and drainage pipes and chemicals such as Glauber salts and ivory black making.
In 1886 the curate of Hawarden, the Rev. Harry Drew, married Mary Gladstone, the second daughter of the Prime Minister, at St Margaret's Church, Westminster – a society wedding attended by the Prince of Wales.
Gladstone bequeathed his library to the town under the name of St Deiniol's Library, in honour of the patron saint of the parish church next door. It is the only residential library in Britain, and was renamed Gladstone's Library in 2010.
Education
Rector Drew Junior School, renamed in 2016 to Hawarden Village Church School is the junior school of the village. Hawarden High School is a high school which dates back to 1606 and was attended by Michael Owen (International footballer), but also Gary Speed, the former manager of the Wales national football team.
Economy
Queensferry consists predominantly of industrial, commercial and storage businesses by the River Dee and is situated to immediately northeast of the community - the village is residential. moneysupermarket.com has significant premises at St David's Park by the main A55 road in nearby Ewloe.
Hawarden Airport, sometimes called Hawarden (Chester) Airport, with adjoining Hawarden Industrial Park is in nearby Broughton.
Visitor attractions
Hawarden Castle
Old Hawarden Castle
Gladstone's Library
There are three pubs in Hawarden; The 'Old Grocery', The 'Fox and Grapes' and The 'Glynne Arms' with The 'Crown And Liver' a near fourth.
Governance
At the lowest level of local government, Hawarden elects or co-opts twenty community councillors to Hawarden Community Council, from four community electoral divisions namely Aston, Ewloe, Hawarden and Mancot.
The four community wards (including Hawarden covering the village) also form four county wards for elections to Flintshire County Council. Hawarden ward elects one county councillor, while Aston, Ewloe and Mancot elect two county councillors each.
The county archives, the Flintshire Record Office, are housed in the Old Rectory at Hawarden.
Climate
Transport
Close towns include Connah's Quay 3 miles, Mold 6 miles, Flint 7 miles and Wrexham 11 miles.
Hawarden railway station is on the Borderlands line with services direct to Birkenhead to the north and to Wrexham to the south.
There are three interchanges with local roads onto the major A55 road linking North Wales to Chester and the major A494 road linking Dolgellau via Mold to the Wirral where it divides into the roads towards Liverpool and Manchester (the M53 and M56 motorways) - the village has a choice of three routes towards Chester city centre.
Hawarden Airport lies some 2 miles east of the village.
Notable residents
Emma Hamilton (Emma, Lady Hamilton) (lived 1761–1815)
William Ewart Gladstone (lived 1809–1898), a frequently elected Prime Minister and Liberal leader
Michael Owen (born 1979) professional footballer.
Mary Gladstone, daughter of the UK Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone
Barry Jones, Baron Jones
Nicholas Hunt, Prominent member of the Royal Navy - Former Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom, Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom & Lieutenant of the Admiralty. Father of Jeremy Hunt, British Foreign Secretary (2018-Current), 2019 Prime Ministerial Candidate.
See also
Hawarden Castle
St Deiniol's Church, Hawarden
Hawarden Rangers F.C.
Hawarden Airport / Aerodrome
Hawarden Manor House
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Communities in Flintshire
Wards of Flintshire
Villages in Flintshire
|
[
-0.253506064414978,
0.7239517569541931,
0.4328424334526062,
-1.3138502836227417,
-0.16360127925872803,
0.35118627548217773,
0.33023908734321594,
-0.6407865881919861,
-0.36858752369880676,
-0.2656196653842926,
0.10328074544668198,
-0.027459943667054176,
-0.30350735783576965,
0.19111035764217377,
-0.23473772406578064,
0.1497536450624466,
0.28701868653297424,
0.5951051115989685,
-0.0979241356253624,
-1.3821815252304077,
-0.16260717809200287,
-0.45130372047424316,
-0.19538865983486176,
-0.35478779673576355,
0.3872425854206085,
-0.5277777910232544,
0.06442923098802567,
-0.16840596497058868,
-0.19103845953941345,
-0.42282044887542725,
0.24906863272190094,
0.37947043776512146,
0.19820424914360046,
-0.26643574237823486,
0.20370233058929443,
0.209854394197464,
0.33467504382133484,
-0.5693526864051819,
-0.25289908051490784,
0.13819268345832825,
-0.46407607197761536,
-0.2670682370662689,
0.24806727468967438,
0.3762876093387604,
-0.5634193420410156,
-0.026807067915797234,
-0.663324773311615,
-0.11508364975452423,
-0.8292150497436523,
0.18070192635059357,
-0.8170319199562073,
-0.3503378927707672,
0.4027665853500366,
-0.09574870765209198,
0.5469467639923096,
0.5053362846374512,
-0.4430052638053894,
-0.0011247307993471622,
1.0194977521896362,
0.30825284123420715,
-0.0246126726269722,
0.12135021388530731,
0.36262840032577515,
-0.17053750157356262,
0.024210484698414803,
0.3123648166656494,
0.056883785873651505,
0.6171340942382812,
-0.03926358371973038,
-0.19732077419757843,
-0.20826727151870728,
-0.6746951937675476,
-0.3095898926258087,
0.9841035008430481,
0.018634846433997154,
-0.43770715594291687,
0.2677108347415924,
-0.11625154316425323,
-0.17165975272655487,
0.055688515305519104,
-0.03164856135845184,
-0.13782811164855957,
0.594059944152832,
0.13297511637210846,
0.49087250232696533,
0.48762083053588867,
-0.5394895672798157,
0.336641788482666,
-0.6017726063728333,
0.8459716439247131,
0.019937872886657715,
-0.3064610958099365,
-0.43365204334259033,
0.19613288342952728,
-0.2919488549232483,
-0.04965710639953613,
0.2686844766139984,
0.2980841398239136,
0.5525026917457581,
-0.13594335317611694,
-0.6277151107788086,
0.5069761872291565,
0.8672766089439392,
-0.09556134045124054,
-0.11001889407634735,
-0.15433402359485626,
-0.23122350871562958,
-0.39422494173049927,
0.5015559792518616,
-1.0932621955871582,
-0.07683241367340088,
0.44508522748947144,
-0.5342731475830078,
0.4620203673839569,
0.2959526479244232,
0.683079719543457,
0.18499398231506348,
-0.18365927040576935,
-0.2805618941783905,
0.24556943774223328,
0.17924341559410095,
1.7795265913009644,
0.36782222986221313,
0.19215673208236694,
-0.33749625086784363,
-0.30079391598701477,
0.28176620602607727,
0.7427065968513489,
-0.129339799284935,
0.362591028213501,
0.4030505120754242,
0.7347666621208191,
0.23887765407562256,
0.26170286536216736,
-0.2756328582763672,
0.3772428631782532,
-0.12170683592557907,
0.4825758635997772,
0.6508365869522095,
0.5052297711372375,
-0.7423179745674133,
-0.009261252358555794,
-0.3173596262931824,
-0.06641919165849686,
-0.17054972052574158,
0.14571498334407806,
-0.1755380481481552,
-0.1421649158000946,
-0.13142353296279907,
0.06163541600108147,
0.3856735825538635,
0.4209052324295044,
0.05294502153992653,
0.01948080025613308,
-0.6469625234603882,
-0.2505672872066498,
0.0011390935396775603,
-0.08663798868656158,
-0.011969832703471184,
-0.12373270094394684,
-0.06276912242174149,
-0.0039170486852526665,
0.6786711812019348,
-0.30364328622817993,
0.20124474167823792,
-0.1247430294752121,
0.1933986246585846,
-0.18789204955101013,
0.37632420659065247,
-0.03810706362128258,
-0.6497644782066345,
-0.6748250126838684,
0.6853712797164917,
-0.4388105571269989,
-0.03694397583603859,
-0.2431843876838684,
0.8116852641105652,
0.476436972618103,
0.3611191213130951,
0.057789403945207596,
-0.858427882194519,
-0.1563614159822464,
0.48392975330352783,
-0.06000922620296478,
0.1643623411655426,
0.1412144899368286,
-0.10735052824020386,
0.08959106355905533,
-0.14815644919872284,
-0.005409842357039452,
-0.5169949531555176,
-0.4332568943500519,
0.801903486251831,
-0.25302398204803467,
0.7167118191719055,
0.19512921571731567,
0.11167725920677185,
0.07222004234790802,
-0.4199778735637665,
0.897651731967926,
-0.10432840883731842,
-0.5252103209495544,
0.49454465508461,
-0.08974943310022354,
-0.22010064125061035,
0.5271741151809692,
0.569476842880249,
-0.05524221062660217,
-0.447877436876297,
0.3719550371170044,
-0.22014300525188446,
0.172366663813591,
0.3669111728668213,
0.6065247654914856,
0.14708136022090912,
-0.34424495697021484,
0.2166077047586441,
-0.19480504095554352,
0.4202522039413452,
-0.8342670202255249,
0.3358355164527893,
0.15373609960079193,
-0.10079744458198547,
0.11103211343288422,
-0.07613074034452438,
0.6096834540367126,
0.3650190234184265,
0.16282710433006287,
0.14778217673301697,
-0.6489822864532471,
0.4324641227722168,
1.017791748046875,
-0.2902689278125763,
-0.7040853500366211,
0.23509889841079712,
-0.30561816692352295,
0.023141656070947647,
-0.405250608921051,
0.10542396456003189,
-0.6802949905395508,
0.061899442225694656,
0.02225436083972454,
-0.1276589334011078,
0.13929149508476257,
0.8407343626022339,
0.7235566973686218,
0.49024108052253723,
0.4076331555843353,
-0.5146323442459106,
-0.5565609931945801,
-0.2452198565006256,
-0.11735698580741882,
0.6916046142578125,
-0.4610902667045593,
0.2517668902873993,
-0.36156824231147766,
-0.0024342145770788193,
0.06407487392425537,
0.23193328082561493,
0.42552363872528076,
-0.1842009276151657,
0.06915345042943954,
0.19016170501708984,
0.17876265943050385,
0.4926034212112427,
-1.1153520345687866,
-0.03105766512453556,
-0.8698219656944275,
0.461852103471756,
0.2100142240524292,
0.3022444248199463,
-0.5212520360946655,
0.18240167200565338,
-0.8873871564865112,
-0.014779048040509224,
0.0845944955945015,
0.4388872981071472,
-0.3523186445236206,
-0.9707050919532776,
-0.3045555353164673,
0.6389286518096924,
0.9094493985176086,
-0.8545781373977661,
-0.13805115222930908,
0.5817021727561951,
0.03967282176017761,
0.6748064160346985,
-0.6939833164215088,
0.3621218502521515,
0.5083439946174622,
-0.3636147975921631,
0.5930158495903015,
-0.02782844752073288,
0.5255846381187439,
0.20066484808921814,
-0.004293693695217371,
-0.011909411288797855,
-0.5146613717079163,
0.1440780907869339,
-0.16377459466457367,
-0.3708726763725281,
0.09005453437566757,
-0.6139306426048279,
0.39391475915908813,
-0.1356717199087143,
-0.21575604379177094,
-0.3055291175842285,
-0.7267436981201172,
-5.285183906555176,
0.6210638880729675,
-0.05541191250085831,
0.05598839744925499,
0.23841407895088196,
0.1538529396057129,
-0.19234293699264526,
-0.3364908993244171,
0.25447168946266174,
0.03369498997926712,
-0.03289985656738281,
-0.13050486147403717,
-0.014158365316689014,
0.6601660251617432,
0.7221927046775818,
0.571469247341156,
0.40150588750839233,
-0.09649376571178436,
0.4378536343574524,
-0.5474514961242676,
-0.5487165451049805,
-0.06272895634174347,
-0.5182523131370544,
0.08560140430927277,
0.00870512519031763,
0.4395827651023865,
-0.24604390561580658,
0.03816600143909454,
-1.0369822978973389,
-0.3611827790737152,
0.3556021749973297,
0.32271766662597656,
0.29380863904953003,
0.2553994655609131,
-0.4624927043914795,
0.5901502966880798,
0.0767069011926651,
0.3935988247394562,
0.21344226598739624,
-0.7639154195785522,
0.828294575214386,
0.4177533686161041,
-0.394824743270874,
-0.7243983745574951,
0.5013038516044617,
-0.18166755139827728,
-1.051743984222412,
0.03437203913927078,
0.1823776364326477,
0.4906143546104431,
-0.4975786805152893,
0.3722825348377228,
0.6653140783309937,
0.34498512744903564,
-0.02386884205043316,
0.15885040163993835,
0.3139951825141907,
-0.3200918734073639,
0.32993894815444946,
0.5584744215011597,
0.6084195971488953,
-0.7271166443824768,
0.09820886701345444,
-0.15124854445457458,
-0.4217739701271057,
-0.4161824882030487,
0.43225833773612976,
-0.05014291778206825,
0.4282704293727875,
-0.02181372046470642,
-0.35797515511512756,
0.5537430047988892,
0.21391943097114563,
-0.8153403997421265,
-0.3512744903564453,
-0.30343717336654663,
-0.26348525285720825,
0.37293094396591187,
-0.44037291407585144,
-0.3669820725917816,
0.19579413533210754,
-0.7001464366912842,
0.14917783439159393,
-0.014009273611009121,
0.23019738495349884,
-0.7212432622909546,
-0.3318125605583191,
-0.26483792066574097,
-0.1156042292714119,
-0.2782163918018341,
0.38451290130615234,
-0.5166441798210144,
0.16500554978847504,
0.1440618932247162,
0.4056425988674164,
0.7513402700424194,
-0.1856795847415924,
0.3841264247894287,
0.5209041833877563,
-0.06369323283433914,
0.27016952633857727,
0.058495644479990005,
0.02529536932706833,
-0.13323360681533813,
-0.5171588659286499,
0.12095437198877335,
-0.4644709527492523,
0.3536761999130249,
0.8554919362068176,
0.30825477838516235,
0.3622608184814453,
-0.24361099302768707,
-0.5153369903564453,
0.0781698226928711,
-0.17394529283046722,
-0.05131638050079346,
-0.9020853638648987,
0.4975617527961731,
0.15971319377422333,
0.5483174920082092,
-0.2457737773656845,
0.12113608419895172,
-0.21660734713077545,
0.2730250358581543,
-0.06037754938006401,
-0.3184696435928345,
0.7771899700164795,
0.6153467893600464,
-0.41293561458587646,
0.1950301229953766,
-0.259263277053833,
0.46819791197776794,
-0.3581477403640747,
-0.6234187483787537,
-0.048207785934209824,
-0.7171266674995422,
-0.4391908049583435,
-0.06718412041664124,
-0.1611870527267456,
0.5142287015914917,
0.311074435710907,
-0.5113872289657593,
0.22168922424316406,
0.3282999098300934,
-0.07318363338708878,
-0.020121140405535698,
0.5168696045875549,
0.012902657501399517,
-0.6574106812477112,
0.40954554080963135,
-0.2763804793357849,
0.11192256957292557,
0.1987345814704895,
-0.4780421853065491,
-0.023339668288826942,
-0.5584700703620911,
0.2987729012966156,
0.08554121851921082,
0.01966021955013275,
-0.31272533535957336,
-0.35534167289733887,
0.4599171578884125,
-1.4933037757873535,
0.35917142033576965,
-0.02559739351272583,
-0.5355506539344788,
-0.49434396624565125,
0.3912792205810547,
-0.07029664516448975,
0.2488788515329361,
0.249434694647789,
-1.0253936052322388,
-0.7701364755630493,
-0.4492594301700592,
-0.19481916725635529,
-0.37026187777519226,
-0.2661154568195343,
0.882548987865448,
-0.4206649363040924,
-0.10294768214225769,
-0.0037888509687036276,
0.6205100417137146,
0.13416218757629395,
-0.08356045931577682,
0.45573484897613525,
-1.2673617601394653,
-0.19998663663864136,
-0.3753967881202698,
0.19207645952701569,
-1.0194616317749023,
0.5916893482208252,
-0.19782495498657227,
0.45684632658958435,
0.3179302513599396,
-0.2591667175292969,
-1.081256628036499,
0.26789313554763794,
-0.2796039879322052,
0.03842964395880699,
-0.5892812609672546,
0.1328291893005371,
0.322822630405426,
-0.49413734674453735,
0.44915640354156494,
0.7474144697189331,
-0.358168363571167,
0.23648503422737122,
0.04170047864317894,
-0.5819334983825684,
0.6886554956436157,
-0.5381260514259338,
-1.1840192079544067,
0.3222793936729431,
0.5480889081954956,
-0.3621462881565094,
0.24605731666088104,
0.067104272544384,
0.4129579961299896,
0.019888075068593025,
-0.5518443584442139,
-0.15827156603336334,
-0.6549016237258911,
-0.47895944118499756,
0.3349875211715698,
-0.7127710580825806,
0.09020533412694931,
0.45992782711982727,
-0.41642943024635315,
0.16033238172531128,
-0.48175257444381714,
-0.4469379186630249,
0.3677663803100586,
0.5053710341453552,
1.0253537893295288,
-0.15626084804534912,
-0.147452250123024,
-0.28296300768852234,
-0.540697455406189,
0.5435672998428345,
0.6950364708900452,
0.5094154477119446,
1.073103427886963,
0.3203777074813843,
-0.2284894734621048,
-0.17571134865283966,
0.1312544196844101,
-0.43810319900512695,
-0.3120807111263275,
-0.2788234353065491,
0.5862729549407959,
0.029735010117292404,
0.08221030235290527,
0.12697172164916992,
0.03461238741874695,
0.7595424652099609,
-0.0712369903922081,
0.1464294046163559,
0.5988332033157349,
0.1164771243929863,
0.0041083660908043385,
0.14036330580711365,
0.016113553196191788,
-0.06627636402845383,
0.31375542283058167,
-0.20024171471595764,
-0.34366846084594727,
-0.2551213502883911,
-0.2542349100112915,
0.5234711766242981,
-0.17526134848594666,
-0.9327202439308167,
-0.321382999420166,
-0.08109661191701889,
0.3816354274749756,
0.26108038425445557,
-0.3674018085002899,
0.004061620682477951,
-0.8002554774284363,
0.3482775092124939,
-0.347173273563385,
-0.47047093510627747,
-0.38532599806785583,
0.36995989084243774,
-0.41808953881263733,
-0.08030664175748825,
-0.601935863494873,
0.15211424231529236,
-0.6793244481086731,
-0.2786135673522949,
-0.3445209264755249,
-0.16652818024158478,
0.07922866940498352,
0.22428376972675323,
-0.009571005590260029,
-0.5432828664779663,
-0.08099968731403351,
-0.18832120299339294,
0.5724495649337769,
-0.1054048240184784,
-0.9288643002510071,
-1.058020830154419,
0.6326958537101746,
-0.35043424367904663,
-0.3216240108013153,
-0.06832244247198105,
-0.06948435306549072,
0.19776974618434906,
-0.1624712496995926,
-0.31210777163505554,
0.15485180914402008,
-0.19293154776096344,
0.10459434986114502,
0.27923962473869324,
1.060644268989563,
-0.10485664755105972,
0.22375257313251495,
0.304353803396225,
-1.0635366439819336,
0.06987152993679047,
0.44477972388267517,
0.11703711748123169,
-0.1430637240409851,
0.19566628336906433,
0.3202863335609436,
0.09106055647134781,
0.9406858682632446,
-0.2627868354320526,
-0.22016003727912903,
-0.28564444184303284,
0.4821017384529114,
-0.04711945354938507,
-0.1366490125656128,
-0.2066083550453186,
0.5025168657302856,
-0.10071539878845215,
-0.2320350855588913,
-0.14160318672657013,
0.17003406584262848,
-0.08258833736181259,
0.29039090871810913,
-0.20266656577587128,
0.5722829103469849,
-0.04498899728059769,
-0.503451943397522,
-0.056233588606119156,
-0.09023810178041458,
-0.11898864060640335,
-0.3279641568660736,
0.23384705185890198,
0.1031726822257042,
0.14132075011730194,
0.10862236469984055,
0.3653293550014496,
0.02379431016743183,
-0.16156451404094696,
0.5676383376121521,
-0.12179812788963318,
0.25831517577171326,
-0.762749969959259,
0.07652430236339569,
0.1480013132095337,
-0.5405367612838745,
0.03289569169282913,
0.08078184723854065,
0.03234443441033363,
-0.8695145845413208,
-0.19617553055286407,
-0.3690056800842285,
-0.26076075434684753,
0.6661875247955322,
-0.060373421758413315,
0.3490959703922272,
0.20657114684581757,
-0.3420458137989044,
-0.36432257294654846,
0.5725017189979553,
0.028412465006113052,
0.04291195794939995,
-0.021754954010248184,
-0.7872756719589233,
-0.21051552891731262,
-0.0952877625823021,
0.01326161902397871,
-0.2625483572483063,
-0.005656475201249123,
-0.579814612865448,
-0.380843847990036,
0.08745178580284119,
-0.6780819892883301,
-0.7038970589637756,
-0.29448941349983215,
0.044012587517499924,
0.04691030830144882,
-0.15394170582294464,
-0.7875978946685791,
-0.0217538271099329,
0.22153064608573914,
0.9490424394607544,
0.9526570439338684,
0.33313554525375366,
-0.27115413546562195,
0.5258514285087585,
-0.6430913209915161,
0.4200214147567749,
0.2544252276420593,
0.2687574326992035,
-0.5898465514183044,
0.16540497541427612,
-0.28613579273223877,
0.4953535795211792,
0.21904824674129486,
0.010861407034099102,
0.03633999451994896,
0.774588942527771,
0.2349959909915924,
0.21553345024585724,
0.2443079799413681,
-0.2902809679508209,
0.18096821010112762,
-0.364166796207428,
0.8232554793357849,
0.3534638285636902,
-0.08974204212427139,
-0.054413799196481705,
0.4133668839931488,
-0.16680043935775757,
0.6354062557220459,
0.35480308532714844,
-0.32220038771629333,
0.6463701725006104,
0.1395450234413147,
0.2718241810798645,
-0.46038103103637695,
0.08057469874620438,
-0.34869638085365295,
0.015122553333640099,
0.04174955189228058,
0.9455605149269104,
0.40932175517082214,
-0.13673140108585358,
-0.32119008898735046,
-0.1587044894695282,
0.1340513527393341,
0.3747023642063141,
-1.4061973094940186,
-0.20120079815387726,
-0.1842140406370163,
-0.5534461736679077,
-0.6111425161361694,
0.5453659892082214,
0.45628902316093445,
-0.7523132562637329,
0.35676923394203186,
0.5463915467262268,
0.19975219666957855,
-0.10847214609384537,
-0.1943405568599701,
-0.5430781841278076,
0.4133179485797882,
-0.27550169825553894
] |
210918
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPFL%20%28disambiguation%29
|
EPFL (disambiguation)
|
EPFL is the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, a research institute in Switzerland.
EPFL may also refer to:
Rolex Learning Center, also known as the "EPFL Learning Center", a campus and library in Switzerland
Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, a Swiss publishing house, the English imprint is known as EPFL Press
Eastern Pennsylvania Football League, an American football league that existed in 1938
European Leagues, an Association football organization previously known as the European Professional Football Leagues (EPFL)
|
[
0.3851475119590759,
0.05503851920366287,
0.2020694464445114,
0.39663976430892944,
0.0540679469704628,
-0.1962321400642395,
0.010051410645246506,
-0.06784345209598541,
-0.5382145643234253,
-0.2663913369178772,
-0.21060039103031158,
0.012967566028237343,
-0.274740606546402,
0.04786165431141853,
0.09840338677167892,
-0.09522281587123871,
0.2833932340145111,
0.46498316526412964,
0.030261432752013206,
-0.3657163679599762,
-0.2740291655063629,
-0.027102787047624588,
0.47581350803375244,
0.019107164815068245,
0.14230647683143616,
-0.05183546617627144,
0.4387875497341156,
-0.17269569635391235,
0.27601853013038635,
0.27212461829185486,
0.1257839947938919,
0.26007920503616333,
0.024239202961325645,
-0.3091743290424347,
0.15661393105983734,
0.1899385154247284,
-0.2376924455165863,
-0.3898407518863678,
0.12695473432540894,
-0.6999756097793579,
0.2787809669971466,
-0.16570813953876495,
-0.4178583323955536,
0.04028001055121422,
-0.527107298374176,
-0.3595165014266968,
-1.6032696962356567,
0.44028687477111816,
-0.7269415855407715,
0.5073209404945374,
-0.28467315435409546,
0.13552704453468323,
-0.17226792871952057,
0.26543542742729187,
0.006895323283970356,
0.0445617251098156,
-0.9894101619720459,
-0.0023514083586633205,
0.4938996732234955,
-0.07526495307683945,
0.18719713389873505,
0.13594619929790497,
0.052394140511751175,
0.4744132459163666,
0.31007274985313416,
0.3188413977622986,
0.018844429403543472,
0.027052056044340134,
-0.4765893220901489,
0.031967565417289734,
-0.04022589698433876,
-0.4074594974517822,
-0.414233922958374,
-0.17125724256038666,
-0.002538942499086261,
-0.49086904525756836,
-0.13066619634628296,
0.09032084792852402,
0.1925434023141861,
0.6153879165649414,
0.18264761567115784,
0.38903504610061646,
0.42494991421699524,
-0.653542160987854,
0.5355507135391235,
0.07290884107351303,
-0.5639843940734863,
0.05635625123977661,
-0.21221786737442017,
0.09416736662387848,
0.1784336268901825,
-0.362644761800766,
0.4082615077495575,
-0.18297305703163147,
0.4099850058555603,
0.38916540145874023,
-0.21200737357139587,
-0.18914514780044556,
-0.012233092449605465,
0.23912812769412994,
0.5303276181221008,
0.2752769887447357,
-0.4079239070415497,
-0.08823112398386002,
-0.0036491421051323414,
-0.3528335988521576,
-0.3138860762119293,
-0.787929117679596,
-0.02976708486676216,
-0.6064298152923584,
-0.31079113483428955,
0.1412292867898941,
-0.1304236501455307,
-0.31455519795417786,
-0.03297244757413864,
0.34696924686431885,
1.0203558206558228,
-0.3215807378292084,
0.22430045902729034,
0.2571088373661041,
0.0460435189306736,
0.9846221804618835,
0.31074172258377075,
-0.10213661193847656,
0.15444639325141907,
0.26569664478302,
0.22753597795963287,
0.6048281192779541,
-1.0428563356399536,
-0.00046041476889513433,
0.18450169265270233,
0.41225603222846985,
0.21815361082553864,
-0.005048796534538269,
0.08781790733337402,
-0.14580348134040833,
0.10950608551502228,
0.2547930181026459,
-0.00010055227903649211,
0.7188168168067932,
-0.8553209900856018,
0.32724592089653015,
-0.8417920470237732,
-0.1233893409371376,
-0.3651295602321625,
-0.25146400928497314,
-0.44909828901290894,
-0.03320004791021347,
0.1278345137834549,
0.12856964766979218,
-0.03520919755101204,
-0.25922754406929016,
-0.3443463146686554,
0.37114301323890686,
-0.19853505492210388,
0.4793780744075775,
0.3722588121891022,
0.1666877567768097,
0.40647414326667786,
0.0774153396487236,
0.09923311322927475,
-0.47951197624206543,
-0.009344286285340786,
0.21949097514152527,
0.17451457679271698,
-0.06281238794326782,
-0.02220316417515278,
-0.024565260857343674,
0.17908301949501038,
0.19494687020778656,
-0.04118433594703674,
-0.864425778388977,
0.1879759430885315,
-0.3451046943664551,
0.47258099913597107,
-0.07195594161748886,
0.04833430424332619,
0.08426115661859512,
-0.04221085086464882,
-0.1275567263364792,
-0.6429887413978577,
0.21286967396736145,
0.1747875213623047,
-0.06747778505086899,
0.15964046120643616,
0.4653434455394745,
0.5930628180503845,
0.21293208003044128,
-0.2652989625930786,
0.6089710593223572,
-0.2125754952430725,
-0.45757654309272766,
0.16629086434841156,
-0.7073400020599365,
1.2452986240386963,
0.06955225020647049,
-0.4516926407814026,
0.4382283687591553,
-0.3339351415634155,
-0.056446436792612076,
-0.13496284186840057,
-0.18128632009029388,
0.33563414216041565,
0.27190688252449036,
-0.6399674415588379,
0.7906233072280884,
-0.2436518520116806,
0.1012372225522995,
-0.2554747462272644,
-0.06817847490310669,
0.5817988514900208,
-0.9902954697608948,
0.4980347752571106,
-0.23013852536678314,
-0.02137400396168232,
-0.3041549026966095,
-0.42160412669181824,
-0.04798877611756325,
0.15049701929092407,
0.17182625830173492,
0.8285007476806641,
-0.38775020837783813,
0.26459425687789917,
0.566653847694397,
-0.2199854999780655,
0.02392405830323696,
0.3610088527202606,
0.5654245615005493,
0.7517229914665222,
-0.5686503648757935,
0.2044202834367752,
-0.30718302726745605,
0.3618982434272766,
-0.40169885754585266,
0.20266014337539673,
-0.08534198999404907,
-0.3389046788215637,
-0.3468529284000397,
0.6766785383224487,
-0.26868343353271484,
-0.13741779327392578,
0.6994750499725342,
-0.5228807926177979,
0.20558813214302063,
0.7024356722831726,
-0.06022844463586807,
0.09945311397314072,
0.48200875520706177,
-0.008883173577487469,
-0.1566789746284485,
0.37013810873031616,
0.10177654772996902,
-0.41841021180152893,
-0.7447572946548462,
-0.23121994733810425,
-0.10072294622659683,
0.705257773399353,
0.5272456407546997,
0.1970006376504898,
0.08912596851587296,
-0.2706621289253235,
-0.5785139799118042,
-0.3521600067615509,
-0.10061024129390717,
0.09793472290039062,
-0.4496190547943115,
-0.40761297941207886,
-0.6702006459236145,
0.314347505569458,
0.043725088238716125,
0.9005460739135742,
-0.0425276942551136,
-0.1525283306837082,
-0.20743487775325775,
-0.49810272455215454,
-0.0696953684091568,
0.11313395202159882,
0.5859101414680481,
-0.5791903734207153,
-0.2702797055244446,
-0.13600069284439087,
0.16384772956371307,
0.016886770725250244,
-0.45824599266052246,
0.08356989175081253,
0.20606057345867157,
0.0839328020811081,
-0.2149028778076172,
0.028402654454112053,
-0.4183533489704132,
0.28585484623908997,
0.3587051033973694,
0.056865446269512177,
0.008042537607252598,
0.4449189603328705,
0.2561770975589752,
-0.10833565890789032,
0.29942747950553894,
0.3833385407924652,
-0.04762967303395271,
-0.4246615171432495,
0.13923606276512146,
-0.582604169845581,
-0.4822637736797333,
-0.022590184584259987,
-0.3275994062423706,
-0.3228781521320343,
-0.2700374722480774,
-6.100532531738281,
-0.17540787160396576,
-0.4669302701950073,
0.36458051204681396,
-0.33307206630706787,
-0.13332827389240265,
0.5137321352958679,
0.1480293571949005,
-0.08053827285766602,
0.1690157651901245,
-0.4389082193374634,
0.08362218737602234,
0.38932347297668457,
0.583416759967804,
0.15524426102638245,
0.6816152930259705,
-0.040590256452560425,
-0.3467760682106018,
0.3391699194908142,
0.05333929508924484,
-0.44989681243896484,
-0.160464346408844,
0.18119977414608002,
0.17957913875579834,
0.3302600383758545,
-0.22042416036128998,
-0.5924965143203735,
0.16844885051250458,
-0.5350626707077026,
-0.4512855112552643,
0.4618934690952301,
-0.3692397177219391,
-0.15427017211914062,
-0.11208082735538483,
0.06297449767589569,
-0.31567177176475525,
1.005184531211853,
0.046598177403211594,
-0.1400516927242279,
0.0017985253361985087,
-0.027346864342689514,
0.31826964020729065,
0.11824897676706314,
0.3461417257785797,
0.19056865572929382,
-0.27469468116760254,
-0.24165956676006317,
-0.023305628448724747,
-0.4523182213306427,
0.894219696521759,
-0.08605940639972687,
0.06843056529760361,
0.46193593740463257,
0.0544685460627079,
-0.32244792580604553,
-0.23511505126953125,
0.5086805820465088,
0.17563727498054504,
-0.1156592071056366,
0.2507544457912445,
-0.10984399914741516,
0.027393674477934837,
0.11433292180299759,
-0.6500681042671204,
-0.3986411392688751,
0.1418120115995407,
-0.36168619990348816,
-0.3346702456474304,
0.30523690581321716,
-0.047566767781972885,
-0.3376366198062897,
0.5926634669303894,
-0.04014068469405174,
-0.902798593044281,
-0.5085137486457825,
-0.27796950936317444,
0.10435840487480164,
-0.1161220595240593,
-0.057248249650001526,
0.2065412551164627,
-0.532925009727478,
0.32803598046302795,
-0.19479691982269287,
0.7594688534736633,
0.4599642753601074,
0.3662927746772766,
-0.16359716653823853,
0.31296563148498535,
0.2581199109554291,
0.1970786303281784,
0.36377498507499695,
-0.02334035001695156,
0.4227518141269684,
0.26754769682884216,
-0.4129025936126709,
0.48405030369758606,
0.11001130193471909,
0.29282280802726746,
0.10823711007833481,
-0.26095011830329895,
0.2513892352581024,
0.011741848662495613,
-0.25329694151878357,
0.053679756820201874,
-0.240179643034935,
0.029735032469034195,
-0.4187629818916321,
0.20010454952716827,
0.2694782614707947,
-0.039044421166181564,
-0.305705189704895,
-0.13820496201515198,
-0.5491374135017395,
-0.15624716877937317,
0.417038232088089,
0.08849727362394333,
-0.4199482202529907,
0.23175859451293945,
0.0494275763630867,
-0.024112284183502197,
-0.010760573670268059,
0.5916340351104736,
0.40223658084869385,
-0.3782900869846344,
-0.23569373786449432,
-0.058708131313323975,
-0.34445124864578247,
0.07807344943284988,
-0.0662342831492424,
0.1877124309539795,
-0.2990553081035614,
0.30324721336364746,
0.014789329841732979,
-0.4192984700202942,
0.47988414764404297,
-0.12594805657863617,
-0.17070084810256958,
0.1170392706990242,
0.47081297636032104,
-0.6204215884208679,
0.7734402418136597,
0.07071482390165329,
0.1542474776506424,
0.4233427345752716,
0.8533640503883362,
0.14254829287528992,
-0.04774795100092888,
0.021211907267570496,
-0.619371235370636,
0.21881744265556335,
0.8027281165122986,
-0.6519735455513,
0.2725757956504822,
-0.10188796371221542,
-0.06765183061361313,
0.5122392177581787,
0.3274613320827484,
0.07673313468694687,
0.2289464771747589,
0.10541615635156631,
0.17284059524536133,
-0.00796518661081791,
-0.7582054734230042,
0.0023013439495116472,
0.9439732432365417,
0.10637902468442917,
-0.21587641537189484,
-0.32990601658821106,
-0.7808709740638733,
0.016526304185390472,
-0.2044120728969574,
-0.5280047655105591,
-0.21177861094474792,
0.03705674409866333,
0.11023647338151932,
0.061578795313835144,
0.2876863181591034,
-0.16335701942443848,
0.1361505389213562,
0.12719455361366272,
0.11594820022583008,
-0.09162107110023499,
-0.1244676262140274,
0.7330397963523865,
0.45310330390930176,
0.10741747170686722,
0.13258515298366547,
-0.04345076158642769,
-0.29227736592292786,
-0.19689996540546417,
0.3829917907714844,
-0.026788853108882904,
0.5147801041603088,
0.6068591475486755,
-0.03971047326922417,
-0.49460017681121826,
-0.22433163225650787,
0.0450780913233757,
-0.020413339138031006,
-0.2560301721096039,
0.03365981578826904,
0.3069896996021271,
-0.20257708430290222,
0.14993534982204437,
-0.2033005803823471,
-0.1536170244216919,
-0.11999369412660599,
-0.16574950516223907,
-0.5746127963066101,
0.1773301213979721,
-0.16739504039287567,
-0.5050087571144104,
0.04681232571601868,
0.43183284997940063,
-0.6914507746696472,
-0.18707650899887085,
0.37888285517692566,
0.028433023020625114,
-1.058525562286377,
0.21864980459213257,
0.012363421730697155,
0.2732430398464203,
0.20183685421943665,
-0.49463924765586853,
-0.5088382959365845,
0.5645855069160461,
0.6732349395751953,
-0.00379185494966805,
0.130930557847023,
-0.08795137703418732,
-0.36869409680366516,
-0.2440129667520523,
-0.14200803637504578,
-0.15814067423343658,
-0.2694924771785736,
-0.14317446947097778,
0.027208346873521805,
0.23304517567157745,
0.10530897229909897,
-0.12932179868221283,
-0.16656820476055145,
-0.25626614689826965,
0.16714048385620117,
-0.7362216114997864,
-0.38853204250335693,
0.37527337670326233,
0.800665557384491,
-0.7556591033935547,
-0.7542908191680908,
0.3782750368118286,
0.06104409322142601,
-0.07855907827615738,
-0.7725375294685364,
-0.08406248688697815,
0.8237612843513489,
0.13920731842517853,
-0.1446150839328766,
0.07178875058889389,
-0.16302865743637085,
0.0775679275393486,
-0.3358514606952667,
-0.10212284326553345,
-0.381475567817688,
-0.0018855052767321467,
-0.19545404613018036,
-0.18190301954746246,
-0.042147211730480194,
-0.5998407602310181,
0.32577624917030334,
-0.6435843110084534,
-0.2513972222805023,
-0.29367849230766296,
0.33566731214523315,
0.33131036162376404,
0.1188327893614769,
0.000012394932127790526,
-0.3586512804031372,
-0.29326242208480835,
-0.05126889795064926,
0.23172812163829803,
-0.7266630530357361,
0.08025621622800827,
0.6228411197662354,
-0.13373231887817383,
0.4174533486366272,
-0.1935805231332779,
-0.21159875392913818,
0.1633211225271225,
-0.4928112030029297,
0.09809897094964981,
0.013687324710190296,
-0.6646451950073242,
-0.5199025869369507,
-0.0021227288525551558,
-0.31067588925361633,
-0.10344275087118149,
-0.09493428468704224,
-0.14121633768081665,
0.07809264957904816,
0.11038641631603241,
-1.067503809928894,
0.8241230249404907,
0.5491421222686768,
-0.3906603753566742,
0.017416495829820633,
0.3773627281188965,
0.12601543962955475,
-0.08878656476736069,
0.3995383083820343,
-0.4854249656200409,
0.18982206284999847,
-0.22669118642807007,
-0.21258142590522766,
0.7021700739860535,
-0.06842225790023804,
0.029476597905158997,
0.11568759381771088,
-0.2628324031829834,
0.18387848138809204,
0.3208320736885071,
0.19820043444633484,
-0.13157939910888672,
0.3114139437675476,
-0.010413204319775105,
-0.5470309257507324,
0.6526968479156494,
0.5137617588043213,
0.1528637707233429,
0.16196788847446442,
0.14086657762527466,
0.8507542610168457,
-0.11508018523454666,
-0.08455269783735275,
0.48753589391708374,
0.07581932842731476,
-0.21357761323451996,
-0.18208135664463043,
-0.3385145664215088,
-0.28876417875289917,
0.613759458065033,
0.4335426092147827,
0.9032713770866394,
-0.3534279763698578,
0.22839204967021942,
-0.06392352283000946,
0.5175400376319885,
-0.11053343117237091,
0.24840134382247925,
0.311933308839798,
0.34278613328933716,
0.2572975754737854,
-0.21254070103168488,
-0.3512646555900574,
-0.4727979302406311,
-0.5921894311904907,
0.13010352849960327,
0.16908685863018036,
-0.12877368927001953,
0.11370182782411575,
0.0353376530110836,
0.06467536836862564,
0.20671580731868744,
-0.3697621524333954,
0.4099336564540863,
-0.3991786539554596,
-0.11607039719820023,
0.04354342818260193,
0.003827848471701145,
-0.042273230850696564,
0.08395302295684814,
0.20947352051734924,
0.04198551923036575,
-0.12864214181900024,
0.26399147510528564,
-0.037699081003665924,
0.23629586398601532,
0.30079519748687744,
0.1375730335712433,
0.16209164261817932,
0.19642867147922516,
-0.02898084931075573,
0.2478916049003601,
-0.5337318778038025,
-0.21253426373004913,
-0.1657795011997223,
-0.31289178133010864,
0.15127699077129364,
0.03357091546058655,
-0.034477122128009796,
-0.08344694972038269,
-0.34268835186958313,
-0.7263674736022949,
0.3463760018348694,
0.02124631777405739,
-0.03934841975569725,
-0.2530387043952942,
-0.4522053003311157,
0.562889039516449,
0.3114169239997864,
-0.6773571968078613,
0.14956548810005188,
-0.3359665274620056,
0.19165106117725372,
-0.1636803299188614,
-0.0880236104130745,
0.1846555769443512,
0.09016153961420059,
0.24348795413970947,
-0.4897936284542084,
0.05926080420613289,
0.6731177568435669,
0.5246077179908752,
0.14605370163917542,
0.5377053022384644,
0.28810378909111023,
-0.016810370609164238,
0.06733039766550064,
-0.18335816264152527,
-0.5041215419769287,
-0.005052767228335142,
0.06037680432200432,
-0.5367147922515869,
-0.04776264354586601,
0.14580431580543518,
-0.04971739649772644,
-0.2122230976819992,
0.29364487528800964,
0.16451294720172882,
-0.13909466564655304,
0.36563608050346375,
0.08211778849363327,
-0.46434175968170166,
-0.35605478286743164,
0.32295963168144226,
-0.7779273390769958,
0.123960942029953,
-0.3337404429912567,
0.29529234766960144,
-0.18943378329277039,
-0.04943566024303436,
-0.062053028494119644,
0.21428519487380981,
-0.07611044496297836,
0.11386734992265701,
-0.4353492259979248,
0.10202639549970627,
-0.40443846583366394,
-0.507510781288147,
-0.5017504096031189,
0.10921666026115417,
0.5902792811393738,
-0.18057645857334137,
0.09399450570344925,
-0.2680507302284241,
-0.1726236492395401,
-0.3652007281780243,
0.38915878534317017,
-0.2834388017654419,
0.537847638130188,
0.543100893497467
] |
210928
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Tsing%20Hua%20University
|
National Tsing Hua University
|
National Tsing Hua University (NTHU; ) is a public research university in Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
National Tsing Hua University was first founded in Beijing. After the Chinese Civil War, the then-president of the university, Mei Yiqi, and other major academics fled to Taiwan with the retreating Nationalist government. In 1956, they reinstalled National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan, which has since remained independent and distinct from the Tsinghua University in Beijing.
National Tsing Hua University was selected as one of the seven national research universities in Taiwan, and is consistently ranked among the top three best universities in Taiwan in world university rankings. In the 2022 QS World University Rankings, it is ranked within the top 200 universities in the world and the top 50 universities in Asia.
The university is part of a leading research and innovation cluster in Taiwan, along with nearby National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, National Space Organization, National Health Research Institutes, Industrial Technology Research Institute, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, National Center for High-Performance Computing, Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, and Industrial Technology Research Institute. The research cluster and its neighboring Hsinchu Science Park together play a key role in global semiconductor industry.
Today, there are 11 colleges or schools, 26 departments and 30 graduate institutes affiliated to NTHU. The college of Nuclear Science of NTHU is the sole educational and research institution focusing on the peaceful applications of nuclear power in Taiwan.
NTHU has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including Nobel Prize laureates Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee, and Yuan Tseh Lee.
Overview
In 1955, the President of Tsinghua University in Beijing, Mei Yi-chi left and re-established the National Tsing Hua Institute of Nuclear Technology in Hsinchu city, and later based on the foundation of the original institute, National Tsing Hua University was founded in Taiwan.
The two Tsinghua universities both claim to be successors of the original Tsinghua University. As a result of this dispute, the universities claimed to be the rightful recipient of the funds from the Boxer Rebellion indemnity that was used to start Tsinghua University. This indemnity was transferred to the university in Taiwan after the Nationalist government (Kuomintang) retreated to Taiwan.
Today, both Tsinghua universities have deep mutual cooperation, including an establishment of Tsinghua Strait Research Institute, dual degree program, MOOC program, and academic exchange program.
History
After American Secretary of State John Hay suggested that US$30 million Boxer Rebellion indemnity money paid to the United States was excessive, in 1909, President Roosevelt and the U.S. Congress agreed to reduce the Qing Dynasty's indemnity payments by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the funding be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund, Tsinghua College (, Qīnghuá Xuétáng) was established in Beijing, China, on 22 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden belonging to a prince. It was initially a preparatory school for students sent by the government to study in the United States. The faculty members for the sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. In 1925, the school established its College Department and started its research institute on Chinese Study.
In 1928, the authority officially changed its name to National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). During the Second World War in 1937, Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Nankai University merged to form Changsha Temporary University in Changsha, and later National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming. After the war, Tsinghua moved back to Beijing and resumed its operation there.
During the Sino-Japanese War, the library lost 200,000 volumes, out of a total of 350,000.
In 1956, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU) was reinstalled on its current campus in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Since its reinstallation, NTHU has developed from an institute focusing on Nuclear Science and Technology to that of a comprehensive research university offering degrees programs ranging from baccalaureate to doctorate in science, technology, engineering, humanities and social sciences, as well as management. NTHU has been consistently ranked as one of the premier universities in Taiwan and is widely recognized as the best incubator for future leaders in industries as well as academics. Such stellar records are particularly exemplified by the outstanding achievements of alumni, including two Nobel laureates in physics (Dr. Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee), one Nobel laureate in chemistry (Dr. Yuan-Tseh Lee) and one Wolf Prize winner in mathematics (Dr. Shiing-Shen Chern).
In recent decades, the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan has had increasingly close ties with the Tsinghua University in People's Republic of China (China). Of all universities on Taiwan, the NTHU has arguably one of the strongest cooperations with universities in mainland China in academic research, projects, and with the creation of programs such as the "Center for Contemporary China".
Tradition
Meichu Tournament
The Mei-Chu Tournament, held in March annually, is a sport competition between National Tsing Hua University and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University. Since its establishment in 1969, the tournament, also known as the Mei-Chu Games, has become a tradition, and is considered one of the most important activities between these two prestigious universities in Taiwan.
The history of the Meichu Games goes back to the 1960s. After the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, National Tsing Hua University and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University were both relocated in Hsinchu, Taiwan and became neighbors. The geographic and academic closeness prompted many intellectual and social exchanges between two universities.
In 1966, an informal tournament was held. The arrangement of the formal event, however, was not institutionalized until 1968, when Chian Feng, an executive officer of NTHU student activity center, received the permission from the university authority to plan sport events for NTHU and NCTU students modeling after the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race.
While both side agreed on the plan to hold such an annual event, there was a disagreement on the naming of the Games. At last, Zhang Zhi-yi solved this problem by proposing the conventional coin tossing. "If the head-side is up, the game would be called Mei-Chu; otherwise, the game would be called Chu-Mei." As the head-side of the coin went up, the tournament was thereby named Meichu to commemorate the two founding presidents of NTHU and NCTU, Mei Yi-chi and Ling Chu-Ming.
Campus life
Student clubs
There are more than one hundred student clubs serving diverse interests. Club activities range from community services, music and sports, cinema and theater, dancing and martial arts, religion and philosophy as well as scientific and academic interests.
Housing
There are eighteen dormitories on campus accommodating about 5000 students. Freshman, sophomore and most of the graduate students are allowed to lodge at dorms without drawing lots. The majority of NTHU faculty members are also living on campus.
Scholarships, fellowships, and financial aid
Scholarships and fellowships are awarded on a meritorious basis. Annually more than six hundred undergraduates and one hundred graduate students receive such supports. In addition, around four thousand graduate students are supported with teaching or research assistantships from academic units. For students with financial difficulties, the university provides student loans and emergency funds.
Health care and counseling services
A University Clinic, affiliated with Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, is located on campus where first aid and general medical services are provided.
The NTHU offers counseling service to students, faculty and staff members at the University Counseling Center. The clinic and the center not only provide services when needed and organize and present educational programs for all students.
Academics
College of Science
Interdisciplinary program of Sciences
Department of Physics
Department of Mathematics
Department of Chemistry
Institute of Statistics
Institute of Astronomy
Institute of Computational and Modeling Science
College of Engineering
Interdisciplinary Program of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Department of Power Mechanical Engineering
Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management
Institute of Nano Engineering and MicroSystems
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
International Graduate Program
Graduate Molecular Engineering Program
Graduate Program of Advanced Energy
IEEM Professional Master's Program
Dual Master Program for Global Operation Management
College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Interdisciplinary Program of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Computer science
Institute of Electronics Engineering
Institute of Communications Engineering
Institute of Photonics Technologies
Institute of Information Systems and Applications
Institute of Information Security
College of Life Sciences
Interdisciplinary Program of Life Science
Department of Life Science
Department of Medical Science
Institute of System Neuroscience
Institute of Biotechnology
Institute of Molecular Medicine
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology
Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
Interdisciplinary Program of Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Chinese Literature
Department of Foreign Languages and Literature
Institute of Anthropology
Institute of History
Institute of Philosophy
Institute of Sociology
Institute of Linguistics
Institute of Taiwan Literature
Institute of Sinophone Studies
Graduate Program on Taiwan Studies
International Master's Program in Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
College of Nuclear Science
Interdisciplinary Program of Nuclear Science
Department of Engineering and System Science
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science
Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences
College of Technology Management
Double Specialty Program of Management and Technology
Department of Economics
Department of Quantitative Finance
Institute of Technology Management
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
Institute of Service Science
EMBA
IMBA
College of Education
Interdisciplinary Program of Education
Department of Education and Learning Technology
Department of Kinesiology
Department of Early Childhood Education
Department of Special Education
Department of English Instruction
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
Department of Environmental and Cultural Resources
Institute of Human Resource Development
Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies
Institute of Mathematics and Science Education
College of Arts
Interdisciplinary Program of Technology and Art
Department of Music
Department of Arts and Design
Taipei School of Economics and Political Science
M.A. Program in Asian Political Economy
M.A. Program in Global Political Economy and Asia
Tsing Hua College
Tsing Hua Interdisciplinary Program
Tsing Hua College International bachelor's degree Program
Residential College
Center for General Education
Center for Teacher Education
Center for Language Education
Research Center for Technology and Art
Regional Innovation Center
Arts Center
Military Instructors' Office
Physical Education Office
Research Centers
Research & Development Office
Computer & Communication Research Center
National Center for Theoretical Sciences
IC Design Tech. Center
Center for Science Technology and Society
Center for Nanotechology, Materials Science, and Microsystems
Center for Photonics Research
NTHU/ITRI Joint Research Center
Center for Contemporary China
Center for Energy and Environmental Research
Brain Research Center
Laboratory Animal Room
Instrument Center
Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center
Electronic Business Center
Quality Research Center
Advanced Packaging Research Center
Bioinformatics Center
International programs
NTHU participates in the Bioinformatics Program of the Taiwan International Graduate Program of Academia Sinica, Taiwan's most preeminent academic research institution.
Presidents
Mei Yi-chi: 1956–1962
: 1962–1969
Yen Chen-hsing: 1969–1970
Shu Shien-Siu: 1970–1975
Chang Ming-che: 1975–1981
Mao Gao-wen: 1981–1987
Liu Chao-shiuan: 1987–1993
R. C. T. Lee: 1993–1994
Shen Chun-shan: 1994–1997
: 1997–1998
Chung Laung Liu: February 1998 – February 2002
Frank Shu: February 2002 – February 2006
Wen-Tsuen Chen: February 2006 – February 2010
: February 2010 – February 2014
HoCheng Hong: February 2014 – present
Rankings
NTHU is generally considered to be one of the best universities in Taiwan.
In 2021, Times Higher Education ranked National Tsing Hua University 351-400th in the world. The 2021 QS World University Rankings ranked National Tsing Hua University 168th overall. In 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked National Tsing Hua University 363rd in the world. In 2020, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked National Tsing Hua University 401-500th. The 2020 QS World University Rankings by Subject ranked the university: 84th in Engineering & Technology, 266th in Arts & Humanities, 401-500th in Life Sciences & Medicine, 101st in Natural Sciences, and 249th in Social Sciences & Management
In 2014, the representative of Japan in Taiwan listed NTHU as one of the seven well-known Taiwanese universities.
Notable alumni and faculty
Humanities and Social Sciences
Liang Qichao: well-known scholar, thinker, statesman, known as "the proud professor of speech"
Wang Guowei: Guoxue Master, known as "the founder of modern Chinese academic," "New History of Kaishanzushi"
Chen Yinke: linguist, historian
Zhao Yuanren: linguist
Zhu Ziqing: prose writer
Xia Nai: archaeologist
Feng Youlan: philosopher and historian of Chinese philosophy
Physical Science & Engineering
Ta-You Wu: physicist, the former president of Academia Sinica, the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Hua Luogeng: mathematician and educator
Yu-Fen Zhao: CAS academician, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Xiamen University, a professor of chemistry
Shiing-Shen Chern: mathematician, Academician of Academia Sinica
Chen Ning Yang: winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Academia Sinica academician
Tsung-Dao Lee: winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Academia Sinica academician
Yuan Tseh Lee: winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Academician of Academia Sinica, the former president of Academia Sinica, the Republic of China
H. T. Kung: Harvard University Professor of Computer Science, National Academy of Engineering USA
Typhoon Lee: Academia Sinica, director of the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica academicians
Way Kuo: President of City University of Hong Kong, former Bell Labs expert, Academician of Academia Sinica,
Wei Shyy: President, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China
Wen-Tsuen Chen: former president of NTHU, Taiwan
Nancy Tang Chang: co-founder of the U.S. biotech company Tanox, chairman, president
Fa-Yueh Wu: mathematician and physicist, Professor of Northeastern University
See also
List of universities in Taiwan
Hsinchu Science Park
National Experimental High School: A "Kindergarten through High School", established to provide special education opportunity to staff and faculty of NTHU and other Greater Science Park Area personnel.
Academia Sinica
Tsinghua Big Five Alliance
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
References
External links
National Tsing Hua University official website
Educational institutions established in 1956
1956 establishments in Taiwan
Universities and colleges in Taiwan
Universities and colleges in Hsinchu
Comprehensive universities in Taiwan
|
[
0.2748342752456665,
-0.014031018130481243,
0.24688567221164703,
0.12016471475362778,
0.0036083345767110586,
0.22334252297878265,
0.008096096105873585,
0.6171812415122986,
-0.48318901658058167,
-0.06583955138921738,
-0.3176727294921875,
-0.3349412679672241,
0.3743029236793518,
0.1834234893321991,
-0.004279682412743568,
-0.3075781762599945,
0.4189426600933075,
0.10329726338386536,
-0.48305460810661316,
-0.38893353939056396,
-0.4722205698490143,
-0.5459983348846436,
0.42395830154418945,
0.05120568722486496,
0.0012137499870732427,
0.1250699907541275,
0.5202555060386658,
0.2829132378101349,
0.291723370552063,
0.16073539853096008,
-0.06591860204935074,
0.22340066730976105,
-0.23008552193641663,
-0.12806808948516846,
0.08093445003032684,
-0.21935713291168213,
-0.033727485686540604,
-0.24294689297676086,
0.31187230348587036,
0.05794300511479378,
0.11126094311475754,
-0.40358906984329224,
-0.17284691333770752,
0.21724437177181244,
0.11461000144481659,
-1.287346601486206,
-1.209094524383545,
0.1574484258890152,
-0.66433185338974,
0.20300273597240448,
-0.1064920499920845,
0.3606502413749695,
0.35465264320373535,
0.24193787574768066,
-0.007123441435396671,
0.6150046586990356,
-0.5753248333930969,
0.07079938799142838,
-0.28366619348526,
-0.4167768061161041,
0.2299957573413849,
0.21478897333145142,
0.2767156958580017,
0.805526614189148,
0.05114353448152542,
0.1367570012807846,
0.12525227665901184,
0.07669085264205933,
-0.14100264012813568,
-0.2357131540775299,
0.2118370682001114,
0.12885087728500366,
-0.31064850091934204,
0.15222950279712677,
-0.25179681181907654,
-0.23764893412590027,
-0.24635466933250427,
-0.39566895365715027,
0.07135260105133057,
0.13383208215236664,
-0.0401604101061821,
0.46197786927223206,
0.5816633105278015,
-0.10371121764183044,
0.8478270173072815,
-0.00046754133654758334,
-0.6603748202323914,
-0.08285023272037506,
-0.49294596910476685,
0.6616703271865845,
-0.17775943875312805,
0.30155280232429504,
0.044992491602897644,
-0.283191055059433,
-0.16674715280532837,
0.2442246377468109,
0.05425228178501129,
0.3716650605201721,
0.21237723529338837,
-0.014491123147308826,
-0.07677938789129257,
-0.31294721364974976,
0.4495594799518585,
-0.3090531527996063,
-0.47161543369293213,
-0.32518601417541504,
-0.2951115667819977,
-0.2836187779903412,
-0.0021356388460844755,
-0.8199794888496399,
-1.1999417543411255,
0.12966810166835785,
0.16099509596824646,
0.35632750391960144,
-0.09105471521615982,
0.470995157957077,
0.40166175365448,
-0.7982499003410339,
-0.38408565521240234,
-0.1601095199584961,
-0.24318665266036987,
0.009922221302986145,
-0.3367232382297516,
0.36413297057151794,
0.3933667540550232,
1.0704270601272583,
0.5401225686073303,
0.29883307218551636,
-0.18869586288928986,
-0.18020209670066833,
0.49865400791168213,
0.648899495601654,
-0.2141042798757553,
-0.23091761767864227,
0.46319013833999634,
-0.3870750963687897,
0.1119968369603157,
-0.015028262510895729,
-0.029847409576177597,
0.16072022914886475,
-0.8751662969589233,
0.004627828951925039,
-0.778917133808136,
-0.14599646627902985,
-0.2792187035083771,
0.26784878969192505,
-0.6095268130302429,
-0.596463680267334,
-0.05598071217536926,
-0.21402184665203094,
0.1755446493625641,
0.31398171186447144,
-0.6799533367156982,
0.5223353505134583,
-0.19290649890899658,
0.5012789368629456,
1.130159854888916,
0.2953210771083832,
0.6238709688186646,
0.34674182534217834,
0.031405478715896606,
0.058155644685029984,
-0.6878583431243896,
-0.19397874176502228,
-0.3777289390563965,
-0.19814398884773254,
0.1494981050491333,
0.24496705830097198,
-0.2786399722099304,
0.00711674802005291,
-0.7006078958511353,
-0.4072093367576599,
0.06558161228895187,
-0.06510024517774582,
0.2812606692314148,
-0.24721837043762207,
0.11245552450418472,
-0.18228140473365784,
-0.19420741498470306,
0.41211649775505066,
-0.8963460326194763,
0.6488672494888306,
0.7351996898651123,
0.130054771900177,
0.3279396891593933,
0.03391976282000542,
0.2936933934688568,
0.33216097950935364,
-0.054630715399980545,
0.7772447466850281,
-0.2232770174741745,
-0.2416437268257141,
0.08088044077157974,
0.605514407157898,
0.4979182183742523,
0.32379382848739624,
-0.3346688151359558,
1.4562820196151733,
-0.36732983589172363,
0.22545598447322845,
-0.07692106813192368,
-0.02123810537159443,
-0.00715218111872673,
-0.1267363429069519,
-0.8045328855514526,
0.18987929821014404,
0.2449246197938919,
0.13988052308559418,
0.1541406363248825,
0.2873530387878418,
0.249038428068161,
-0.7328602075576782,
-0.04464893788099289,
0.08988068252801895,
-0.40129661560058594,
-0.7904008626937866,
-0.45954814553260803,
-0.47493886947631836,
0.13972625136375427,
-0.38491514325141907,
1.3529648780822754,
-0.04420958086848259,
0.5488515496253967,
0.6706715822219849,
0.17316195368766785,
0.604716420173645,
-0.42589977383613586,
0.6530289053916931,
0.010689151473343372,
0.025034936144948006,
0.3038380444049835,
-0.2028908133506775,
0.12016564607620239,
0.08670175820589066,
0.27065688371658325,
0.5808071494102478,
-0.1093185544013977,
-0.46967121958732605,
0.5066895484924316,
-0.5248210430145264,
0.22642669081687927,
0.05609418824315071,
-0.6839419007301331,
0.6133202314376831,
0.5537700057029724,
-0.34087514877319336,
-0.6371195316314697,
-0.09424570202827454,
0.08826515823602676,
-0.2014887034893036,
-0.12359193712472916,
-0.31425002217292786,
-0.24193033576011658,
0.018416259437799454,
-0.23188820481300354,
-0.26924142241477966,
0.11889179050922394,
0.26002755761146545,
0.24878647923469543,
-0.25585833191871643,
0.2737542986869812,
-0.1351991891860962,
-0.18268324434757233,
0.3275248408317566,
-0.8196675181388855,
-0.5519825220108032,
0.08193981647491455,
-0.9854626059532166,
0.42273056507110596,
-0.2530820667743683,
0.41499587893486023,
0.2744656205177307,
-0.21164536476135254,
-0.4279959201812744,
-0.5662952661514282,
-0.9158441424369812,
-0.0227806493639946,
0.7392763495445251,
-1.2556957006454468,
-0.6377440094947815,
0.44698238372802734,
0.2300487458705902,
-0.06017625331878662,
-0.8224633932113647,
-0.1359262466430664,
0.37605100870132446,
-0.18328718841075897,
-0.12848010659217834,
-0.2855819761753082,
0.007872174493968487,
-0.6970081925392151,
0.46299949288368225,
0.1342650055885315,
-0.2893744111061096,
-0.3298782706260681,
0.3746366500854492,
0.5978134274482727,
-0.5356239080429077,
0.9125481247901917,
-0.2931387722492218,
-0.35700199007987976,
0.14265988767147064,
0.03989803418517113,
-0.09687098115682602,
0.05136146768927574,
-0.5063338279724121,
0.16899967193603516,
-0.18968565762043,
-5.267222881317139,
0.0006011648802086711,
-0.4557071626186371,
-0.056195396929979324,
0.2992768883705139,
-0.4560982584953308,
0.852959930896759,
-0.4654526710510254,
-0.17852677404880524,
-0.4360995590686798,
-0.2763651907444,
-0.031300418078899384,
0.4145890772342682,
0.20382140576839447,
0.19433671236038208,
0.6262779235839844,
0.35513314604759216,
-0.29669785499572754,
0.4674113392829895,
-0.05600643530488014,
-0.5812970399856567,
-0.2260298877954483,
-0.2856462001800537,
0.7174646854400635,
0.25556138157844543,
0.7710402607917786,
-0.4474758505821228,
0.06986428052186966,
-0.765119731426239,
-0.7766466736793518,
-0.13251163065433502,
-0.32338401675224304,
0.06820575892925262,
0.1821739673614502,
-0.20268602669239044,
-0.3596150875091553,
0.737430989742279,
-0.03538379445672035,
0.20791587233543396,
0.06318008899688721,
0.2454039752483368,
0.43905532360076904,
-0.31795960664749146,
0.27858254313468933,
0.2805175185203552,
-0.7869619131088257,
-0.16767752170562744,
-0.05044790729880333,
-0.7477166056632996,
0.520070493221283,
-0.22034424543380737,
0.4916301965713501,
0.6818745136260986,
-0.15674804151058197,
-0.6174145340919495,
-0.22387909889221191,
-0.2796742916107178,
0.4686988592147827,
-0.6521134376525879,
-0.15948979556560516,
0.01569332368671894,
-0.29843059182167053,
0.052725065499544144,
-0.8902637958526611,
-0.7944777011871338,
-0.09733752906322479,
-0.20426024496555328,
-0.043815869837999344,
0.1848726123571396,
0.2267080545425415,
-0.35831716656684875,
0.32946693897247314,
-0.34484773874282837,
-0.883600115776062,
-0.1379471868276596,
-0.8445355296134949,
-0.39736390113830566,
-0.019954029470682144,
-0.1862272024154663,
-0.007375224959105253,
0.11149004846811295,
0.0786944329738617,
0.07202285528182983,
1.366149663925171,
0.02897486835718155,
-0.5279291868209839,
0.16135001182556152,
-0.009031624533236027,
0.13881388306617737,
-0.08272989839315414,
0.4247068762779236,
-0.105803482234478,
1.086797833442688,
0.024138398468494415,
0.061362214386463165,
-0.0871090292930603,
0.19502873718738556,
0.16439566016197205,
-0.046783532947301865,
-1.013768196105957,
1.169533133506775,
-0.22857297956943512,
-0.38225430250167847,
-0.7040301561355591,
-0.589497983455658,
-0.560284435749054,
0.6947720050811768,
0.3447818160057068,
0.24115045368671417,
0.025157932192087173,
-0.22206488251686096,
-0.3710820972919464,
0.2684316337108612,
0.06841247528791428,
0.36414822936058044,
-0.41001227498054504,
-0.29482293128967285,
-0.12038964033126831,
0.2573642432689667,
0.7010666728019714,
-0.044034194201231,
0.3359595835208893,
0.7869704961776733,
-0.7900859117507935,
0.28335121273994446,
-0.501000165939331,
-0.35756978392601013,
0.5290841460227966,
-0.45361435413360596,
-0.2632886469364166,
0.3063734173774719,
0.03144121915102005,
0.5302550792694092,
0.160256028175354,
-0.5901166200637817,
0.27309802174568176,
-0.8891092538833618,
-0.372306227684021,
0.6041265726089478,
0.4490812122821808,
0.3982628881931305,
0.5002570748329163,
-0.3665534555912018,
0.6935156583786011,
0.7769463658332825,
0.3354807198047638,
-0.47245118021965027,
0.3347530663013458,
-0.9389516115188599,
0.15314659476280212,
-0.34624555706977844,
-1.381677269935608,
0.1784767061471939,
-0.1792803704738617,
0.17269371449947357,
0.5226471424102783,
-0.3605664372444153,
0.2594924867153168,
0.3194376528263092,
0.255689412355423,
-0.24242828786373138,
-0.378272145986557,
-0.7558339834213257,
0.5063319802284241,
-0.019502660259604454,
-0.26094624400138855,
-0.1773015409708023,
-0.314043253660202,
-0.9073079228401184,
0.6407946944236755,
0.36097452044487,
0.06277661770582199,
-0.5427691340446472,
-0.3876256048679352,
0.03358415514230728,
-0.20674893260002136,
0.3096810579299927,
0.41520681977272034,
0.38573387265205383,
-0.23618175089359283,
0.21762453019618988,
-0.02033846639096737,
-0.0032718658912926912,
0.3455175757408142,
0.7149003744125366,
0.2903349697589874,
-0.19539226591587067,
-0.17574311792850494,
0.036014121025800705,
0.8877721428871155,
0.4578726887702942,
-0.5363762974739075,
0.05562379211187363,
0.6947977542877197,
-0.018229098990559578,
-0.46665510535240173,
0.015574083663523197,
0.3499377369880676,
-0.5775368809700012,
0.027848344296216965,
0.13556307554244995,
1.1838407516479492,
-0.36745306849479675,
0.589982807636261,
-0.25819140672683716,
-0.43370911478996277,
0.18011721968650818,
0.2511560320854187,
0.47953546047210693,
-0.45707839727401733,
-0.7611989378929138,
-0.6504378318786621,
0.30927520990371704,
-0.06379818916320801,
-0.7922296524047852,
0.16637930274009705,
0.4222123622894287,
-0.7828192114830017,
-0.4204299747943878,
-0.5003249645233154,
-0.3139760196208954,
0.4921256899833679,
-0.3094960153102875,
-0.4539701044559479,
-0.3798687756061554,
0.350169837474823,
-0.05704452842473984,
-0.35037529468536377,
-0.38221365213394165,
-0.5837194919586182,
-0.28494131565093994,
-0.09672830253839493,
0.5534824132919312,
0.06709855794906616,
0.17367768287658691,
-0.24458226561546326,
0.03207113593816757,
0.18541193008422852,
0.23596327006816864,
0.006406615022569895,
0.14483848214149475,
0.8117378354072571,
-0.3360327482223511,
-1.0398772954940796,
-0.3581302762031555,
0.5019388794898987,
1.0536648035049438,
0.3233872652053833,
-0.8160399198532104,
0.2980121374130249,
0.6100961565971375,
-1.247991919517517,
-0.9572455883026123,
-0.3432445824146271,
0.08846740424633026,
-0.049411624670028687,
-0.11821463704109192,
0.42463570833206177,
0.22351156175136566,
-0.7284684777259827,
-0.6116686463356018,
-0.3135411739349365,
-0.6512858867645264,
-0.583875298500061,
-0.2352008819580078,
0.22808460891246796,
-0.5593960881233215,
-0.7470811605453491,
0.11508665978908539,
-0.8102046847343445,
-0.08967693895101547,
-0.7237117886543274,
0.19043034315109253,
-0.0032944949343800545,
-0.14791706204414368,
0.026426998898386955,
-0.17033220827579498,
0.21703453361988068,
-0.22868883609771729,
-0.3398744463920593,
-0.25078651309013367,
-0.05554994195699692,
0.08335915207862854,
0.039701614528894424,
-0.15800680220127106,
-0.5336979031562805,
0.4049796760082245,
0.45983433723449707,
-0.03096705488860607,
0.036246784031391144,
-0.6651194095611572,
-0.6383290886878967,
-0.01211468130350113,
0.33082839846611023,
-0.3808082044124603,
0.1853836327791214,
1.2015841007232666,
0.5390019416809082,
0.26142618060112,
0.17135965824127197,
-0.6746636033058167,
0.3453946113586426,
0.8174476027488708,
0.22811810672283173,
0.5985429883003235,
-0.236165851354599,
0.4573693871498108,
0.04192652925848961,
-0.09946192800998688,
0.3535745441913605,
0.49396347999572754,
0.18177050352096558,
0.4334115982055664,
0.5278050899505615,
-0.27044638991355896,
0.12718132138252258,
-0.07590404152870178,
-0.6809906363487244,
0.33352231979370117,
0.08573368936777115,
-0.21491840481758118,
0.303080290555954,
0.23480956256389618,
0.26745763421058655,
0.20204775035381317,
0.8592113852500916,
-0.3541092872619629,
-0.08508282154798508,
0.6708475351333618,
0.32196682691574097,
-0.2440095841884613,
-0.13382525742053986,
0.216313898563385,
0.599802553653717,
0.0697891041636467,
-0.4670752286911011,
0.26554998755455017,
-0.8306349515914917,
-0.558136522769928,
0.6084791421890259,
0.8469251990318298,
0.6354253888130188,
0.02129519172012806,
0.3123522400856018,
-0.19019491970539093,
0.2547091543674469,
-0.11197108775377274,
0.7061756253242493,
0.16482269763946533,
-0.4618196189403534,
0.6528381705284119,
0.17922821640968323,
-0.35804903507232666,
-0.6002954840660095,
0.1542191356420517,
0.09028353542089462,
-0.02046923153102398,
-0.3332672119140625,
0.103189617395401,
-0.30447545647621155,
-0.19769415259361267,
0.7880977392196655,
0.3334220349788666,
-0.0824047401547432,
-0.16146457195281982,
0.2184629887342453,
0.5529603958129883,
-0.15236298739910126,
-0.1885257512331009,
0.4244287610054016,
0.3220362961292267,
0.1657189577817917,
0.349002867937088,
0.23021073639392853,
-0.014109105803072453,
-0.05735607445240021,
0.1634700894355774,
0.5764641761779785,
-0.15459953248500824,
0.3248867094516754,
-0.5558888912200928,
0.3968905210494995,
-0.10909436643123627,
-0.30479469895362854,
0.4307160973548889,
0.5955477952957153,
-0.4574567675590515,
0.5143458843231201,
-0.2710244655609131,
0.4827217161655426,
0.5451433658599854,
0.20033565163612366,
0.1283200979232788,
0.2877280116081238,
-0.3419121503829956,
0.3068566918373108,
-0.7529203295707703,
0.17190560698509216,
0.24758562445640564,
0.33249935507774353,
-0.4403388798236847,
-0.02701978012919426,
0.43058356642723083,
0.4333086907863617,
-0.6432945132255554,
0.336544394493103,
-0.2629636228084564,
0.4628588855266571,
-0.49135905504226685,
-0.06973658502101898,
0.5786759853363037,
0.7273110151290894,
0.07993946224451065,
0.3305177390575409,
-0.4465353190898895,
0.6657069325447083,
0.9858111143112183,
-0.00674238707870245,
-0.8773902058601379,
0.32749173045158386,
-0.8193222880363464,
-0.7871667146682739,
0.26008835434913635,
0.7446029186248779,
0.23973317444324493,
-0.602241575717926,
-0.02240091562271118,
0.35721755027770996,
-0.12936443090438843,
0.7802090048789978,
-0.2795756161212921,
0.0623408704996109,
-0.45619869232177734,
-0.12974171340465546,
-0.3546493351459503,
0.43506258726119995,
0.382319837808609,
1.2582342624664307,
0.19291600584983826,
-0.3278500437736511,
0.0872650220990181,
0.012406548485159874,
0.038635365664958954,
0.37849530577659607,
-0.6208379864692688,
-0.04839107394218445,
0.02045089192688465,
-0.15671302378177643,
-1.0153130292892456,
0.07301412522792816,
-0.22357608377933502,
-0.3528801202774048,
0.8916189670562744,
-0.48581644892692566,
-0.6543561220169067,
-0.09081879258155823,
0.2512449324131012,
-0.15206386148929596,
0.6065130829811096,
0.6756103038787842
] |
210929
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20Halland%20County
|
List of governors of Halland County
|
This is a list of governors for Halland County of Sweden, from 1658 to present.
Bengt Christoffersson Lilliehöök (1658–1665)
Johan Hård af Segerstad (1665–1676)
Göran Sperling (1676–1678)
Sven Ranck (1678–1684)
Gustaf Tungel (1684–1694)
Hans von Dellingshausen (1698–1705)
Reinhold Johan von Fersen (1695–1710)
Axel von Faltzburg (1710–1728)
Wilhelm Bennet (1728–1737)
Claes Rålamb (1737–1745)
Carl Mårten Fleetwood (1745–1750)
Nils Bonde (1750)
Hans Hummelhielm (1750–1761)
Arvid Silfvershiöld (1761–1771)
Olof von Nackreij (1771–1776)
Salomon von Otter (1776–1781)
Georg Gustaf Wrangel (1781–1793)
Axel Eric Gyllenstierna (1793–1810)
Gustaf Wilhelm Conradi (1810–1812)
Josua Sylvander (1812–1818)
Lars Arnell (1818–1823)
Claes Virgin (1824–1844)
Patrick Adolph Lewenhaupt (1844–1860)
Carl Jonas Oscar Alströmer (1860–1876)
F W Leijonancker (1876–1883)
Carl Nordenfalk (1883–1902)
Axel Asker (1902–1916)
Carl Fredrik Hederstierna (1916–1920)
Axel Mörner (1920–1935)
Hilding Kjellman (1935–1943)
Reimer Johansson (1943–1959)
Ingvar Lindell (1959–1971)
Yngve Holmberg (1972–1977)
Carl Persson (1978–1979)
Johannes Antonsson (1979–1986)
Björn Molin (1986–1997)
Karin Starrin (1997–2004)
Lars-Erik Lövdén (2005–2014)
Lena Sommestad (2014–2020)
Jörgen Peters (acting; 2020–2020)
Brittis Benzler (2020–2023)
Footnotes
References
Halland
|
[
-0.7191811203956604,
0.6007120013237,
0.34315305948257446,
0.01579972729086876,
-0.9965911507606506,
0.3541721701622009,
0.8082571029663086,
0.22103646397590637,
-1.381578803062439,
-0.4383656084537506,
0.19388458132743835,
-0.34437552094459534,
-0.2565050721168518,
0.7628940343856812,
0.010003297589719296,
0.6225320100784302,
0.45476046204566956,
0.7740722298622131,
-0.5197908282279968,
-0.5333797335624695,
0.2610323131084442,
-0.09384410828351974,
0.3680024743080139,
-0.11909108608961105,
0.37584349513053894,
0.37916862964630127,
0.591096818447113,
0.2635340690612793,
-0.121263787150383,
-0.12047190964221954,
-0.4025474190711975,
0.6819613575935364,
0.2248089611530304,
0.1781972050666809,
-0.4986962378025055,
-0.391426146030426,
-0.11643141508102417,
-0.5651801228523254,
0.4139769971370697,
-0.035630784928798676,
-0.6547900438308716,
-0.011668349616229534,
-0.46555933356285095,
0.4443773925304413,
0.0472564697265625,
-0.6201693415641785,
-0.943244993686676,
0.10453638434410095,
-0.5296342372894287,
0.3091098666191101,
-0.47677090764045715,
0.4774630665779114,
0.20030471682548523,
0.5058552026748657,
0.09064750373363495,
-0.10895460098981857,
-0.6352152824401855,
0.09444878995418549,
-0.09012733399868011,
0.61995929479599,
0.51314777135849,
0.18615232408046722,
-0.07803318649530411,
-0.2698027789592743,
0.4685255289077759,
-0.1720806062221527,
-0.12833671271800995,
0.6173678040504456,
0.09505338966846466,
-0.6483087539672852,
-0.4571622610092163,
0.22113806009292603,
0.42482176423072815,
-0.34689003229141235,
0.47754523158073425,
-0.1556040644645691,
0.16638371348381042,
0.08165276795625687,
0.2010539025068283,
-1.1752585172653198,
-0.29141318798065186,
-0.5409955978393555,
0.7204529047012329,
-0.07115468382835388,
0.404532790184021,
0.28882095217704773,
-0.561694324016571,
-0.7191013693809509,
-0.9188295602798462,
0.17348115146160126,
0.11659844219684601,
0.07152297347784042,
0.39590904116630554,
0.569426417350769,
-0.1876174956560135,
-0.2345045804977417,
-0.33780020475387573,
0.24646945297718048,
0.00679189944639802,
0.5738059282302856,
0.02444559335708618,
0.8165472149848938,
0.5607070326805115,
0.022154370322823524,
-0.3996599316596985,
-0.21380563080310822,
-0.27489176392555237,
0.33411842584609985,
-0.4860377907752991,
-0.5917865633964539,
-0.7952291965484619,
0.18442770838737488,
0.038998838514089584,
-0.06137074530124664,
0.07489952445030212,
0.12247403711080551,
0.24665063619613647,
-0.1807151734828949,
-0.026390599086880684,
0.3369937837123871,
-0.5068666338920593,
1.1417386531829834,
-0.1321251094341278,
0.30482906103134155,
-0.1213083490729332,
0.21916887164115906,
-0.16451215744018555,
-0.14653027057647705,
0.062044333666563034,
0.85990971326828,
0.3143710494041443,
0.6301734447479248,
-0.13068871200084686,
0.4071669280529022,
0.08158604055643082,
-0.6685518622398376,
-0.2796088755130768,
0.4611625373363495,
0.18868792057037354,
0.36202505230903625,
-0.9362812638282776,
-0.39022356271743774,
-0.9151199460029602,
-0.051498379558324814,
0.13728362321853638,
-0.523709774017334,
-0.5278438925743103,
-0.8619043827056885,
-0.2505703866481781,
0.19144918024539948,
0.158643439412117,
-0.18251115083694458,
0.3157707154750824,
0.42844507098197937,
-0.3856750428676605,
0.796398401260376,
0.18919143080711365,
-0.19358454644680023,
0.505381166934967,
0.18714721500873566,
0.31467896699905396,
0.41574710607528687,
0.034556761384010315,
-0.052512869238853455,
0.04565202072262764,
-0.05157182365655899,
0.11645018309354782,
0.45342254638671875,
0.059877827763557434,
-0.52470463514328,
-0.6932033896446228,
0.032854944467544556,
0.30404654145240784,
-0.5876714587211609,
-0.11408691108226776,
0.6660427451133728,
0.5209870934486389,
-0.005371274892240763,
-0.0008338488987646997,
-0.012325119227170944,
-0.9296703338623047,
-0.355629563331604,
0.6252031326293945,
-0.6685870289802551,
0.24014216661453247,
0.5321449637413025,
0.008139567449688911,
0.45069625973701477,
0.52243572473526,
-0.027147481217980385,
-0.18259328603744507,
-0.45231688022613525,
0.9413977861404419,
0.004377963021397591,
1.0971214771270752,
0.3251819908618927,
-0.21677528321743011,
-0.1255408376455307,
-0.05261128395795822,
0.9623538851737976,
-0.24730254709720612,
-0.3576218783855438,
0.01218639686703682,
0.0005996365216560662,
0.5806080102920532,
0.8710160255432129,
-0.3018629252910614,
0.20979489386081696,
0.4482446610927582,
0.7340938448905945,
0.08029098808765411,
-0.6655070185661316,
0.15770064294338226,
0.06959091126918793,
0.2982403337955475,
0.19244444370269775,
-0.2029699981212616,
-0.07432765513658524,
0.45151451230049133,
-0.7565850615501404,
0.5250034332275391,
0.5541882514953613,
0.43819063901901245,
0.8754159808158875,
-0.18401814997196198,
0.486551433801651,
0.05522264912724495,
0.7004079222679138,
-0.11304817348718643,
-0.9786803126335144,
0.9321793913841248,
0.10101530700922012,
0.3601801097393036,
-0.40711548924446106,
0.019645879045128822,
-0.4561843276023865,
-0.3514167368412018,
0.35240378975868225,
-0.28254103660583496,
-0.2999260127544403,
0.17216108739376068,
0.2888520061969757,
-0.11117914319038391,
0.3322090208530426,
0.12067178636789322,
1.1294212341308594,
-0.28614842891693115,
-0.3072149455547333,
-0.39877232909202576,
-0.5990307927131653,
0.1601376235485077,
0.07252530008554459,
-0.35713374614715576,
-0.6400840878486633,
0.09809818863868713,
0.1905134618282318,
0.33173680305480957,
-0.25958067178726196,
-0.43874624371528625,
0.4400549829006195,
-0.5041709542274475,
0.07351187616586685,
-0.3302685618400574,
0.321962833404541,
-0.41256698966026306,
0.27871331572532654,
0.10368235409259796,
-0.9273351430892944,
0.5923458933830261,
0.07490774989128113,
-0.3510032296180725,
-0.28535059094429016,
-0.5922178030014038,
-1.235537052154541,
0.2497299462556839,
-0.785904049873352,
-0.21329407393932343,
0.07130436599254608,
-0.8335091471672058,
-0.3349696099758148,
-0.1786835640668869,
0.7904336452484131,
0.26808300614356995,
-0.5196096301078796,
-0.4955078363418579,
-0.4232444763183594,
0.5501741170883179,
0.3895466923713684,
0.44861552119255066,
0.09142621606588364,
-0.2057899683713913,
0.3240908682346344,
-0.6034577488899231,
-0.4394496977329254,
0.01184736005961895,
0.1776343435049057,
-0.03902104124426842,
0.0288117416203022,
0.2632177174091339,
-0.4629204571247101,
-1.043111801147461,
-0.2781502902507782,
-0.29697170853614807,
0.21279498934745789,
-0.43991485238075256,
-0.23891887068748474,
-0.010124540887773037,
-0.1350037008523941,
-4.883523941040039,
-0.30800744891166687,
-0.5848244428634644,
-0.17161305248737335,
0.08696749806404114,
0.31274935603141785,
0.5473148226737976,
-0.6142340898513794,
0.0681450217962265,
-0.16134247183799744,
0.5829641222953796,
-0.08669501543045044,
0.06597813963890076,
0.9153029918670654,
0.9257902503013611,
0.9452859163284302,
1.0924891233444214,
0.28086718916893005,
0.019310910254716873,
-0.4292146563529968,
-0.11095062643289566,
-0.4466279447078705,
0.07815944403409958,
-0.11978299915790558,
0.1943345069885254,
1.0557043552398682,
-0.061780281364917755,
-0.013876920565962791,
-0.49758180975914,
-0.03218650445342064,
0.06217087432742119,
-0.09022989124059677,
0.15090277791023254,
-0.20675170421600342,
-0.8633186221122742,
0.28082334995269775,
0.3528992533683777,
1.5029959678649902,
-0.08739562332630157,
-0.35501351952552795,
0.22092925012111664,
0.9215713739395142,
-0.5824015736579895,
0.91249680519104,
0.4619486629962921,
-0.143204465508461,
-1.1581212282180786,
0.529587984085083,
-0.7184106707572937,
1.247391700744629,
-0.08486263453960419,
-0.3996407389640808,
0.7480559945106506,
0.48503515124320984,
0.011946598999202251,
-0.19265711307525635,
0.32658645510673523,
0.1318567842245102,
-0.28558146953582764,
0.4856852889060974,
0.23728463053703308,
-0.21026407182216644,
-0.5584122538566589,
-0.6500176787376404,
-0.25405359268188477,
-0.3038296699523926,
-0.22087879478931427,
0.5900211930274963,
0.2844373285770416,
0.0008939679828472435,
-0.1705036163330078,
0.14186784625053406,
-0.30748963356018066,
-1.0397374629974365,
0.11467796564102173,
-0.5655239224433899,
-0.639369547367096,
0.032634735107421875,
0.08505895733833313,
0.09217076748609543,
-0.061707139015197754,
0.0745377168059349,
-0.27582672238349915,
0.5828049778938293,
0.343583345413208,
-0.7886227965354919,
0.05569204315543175,
-0.27467435598373413,
-0.3592761158943176,
-0.8431251645088196,
0.2391040027141571,
-0.33658915758132935,
0.08302322030067444,
0.8071823716163635,
-0.18731732666492462,
0.49774911999702454,
0.17992456257343292,
-0.8745745420455933,
0.09739262610673904,
-0.5619856715202332,
0.9391483664512634,
-0.02584810182452202,
0.10804576426744461,
-0.5356954336166382,
-0.24427767097949982,
0.11947145313024521,
-0.12524989247322083,
0.5543373227119446,
-0.21586808562278748,
0.1858949512243271,
-0.049189917743206024,
-0.25449249148368835,
-0.23798497021198273,
-0.7300273180007935,
0.5259992480278015,
-0.7108192443847656,
-0.33166229724884033,
1.087249755859375,
0.3515276610851288,
-0.07613600790500641,
0.21710482239723206,
-0.2032487988471985,
0.10103268176317215,
0.2411983460187912,
-0.6109020113945007,
-0.19907639920711517,
-0.26006588339805603,
0.20716486871242523,
0.006671530660241842,
0.23033930361270905,
0.196092426776886,
0.3430726230144501,
-0.5130318403244019,
0.10622049868106842,
0.11989527195692062,
-0.5912846922874451,
-0.07557547092437744,
-0.07548585534095764,
0.4052499234676361,
-0.6794988512992859,
0.28275954723358154,
-0.709737241268158,
-0.4233730137348175,
0.31092554330825806,
-0.8488285541534424,
0.1701105684041977,
0.08719047158956528,
-0.15196482837200165,
-0.5454082489013672,
0.37388327717781067,
-1.2293477058410645,
-0.5038677453994751,
0.5013867616653442,
-0.5453090667724609,
0.09565210342407227,
-0.5432299971580505,
0.08834940195083618,
0.23465199768543243,
-0.2239902764558792,
-0.36818647384643555,
-0.1751985251903534,
-0.5282317996025085,
-1.0516235828399658,
0.14481253921985626,
0.17771974205970764,
-0.6960017681121826,
-0.28297796845436096,
-0.29584741592407227,
-0.11482960730791092,
1.205548882484436,
-0.47742071747779846,
-0.3407965898513794,
-0.663290798664093,
-0.020414724946022034,
0.5798231959342957,
-0.6281391382217407,
0.5618165135383606,
0.9320220351219177,
-0.2421199381351471,
0.21491751074790955,
-0.16052661836147308,
0.4110284745693207,
-0.18840958178043365,
0.5106762051582336,
0.6301247477531433,
0.061006709933280945,
-0.6590486168861389,
-0.1438402235507965,
0.10278647392988205,
-0.7966030836105347,
0.10549645870923996,
0.4546048641204834,
0.3502036929130554,
-0.11196009814739227,
-0.732940673828125,
-0.5367026925086975,
0.12953469157218933,
-0.09804757684469223,
0.15768224000930786,
-0.11362390220165253,
0.6565935015678406,
0.5891707539558411,
-0.07962306588888168,
0.5359576940536499,
0.44678398966789246,
-0.2981230318546295,
0.48017430305480957,
0.3749636113643646,
-0.3549860119819641,
0.3620315194129944,
-0.761362612247467,
-0.3383127748966217,
-0.6766648888587952,
0.5614380836486816,
-0.41387346386909485,
-0.3481627404689789,
0.6627581715583801,
-0.4156888723373413,
-0.3173096477985382,
-0.44694405794143677,
-0.8566643595695496,
-0.3690126836299896,
-0.6426359415054321,
0.15916839241981506,
-0.6835254430770874,
-0.15437285602092743,
0.3980090916156769,
-0.3844683766365051,
0.839520275592804,
-0.0267389714717865,
0.4312375485897064,
0.05270299315452576,
-0.29137080907821655,
-0.0010498235933482647,
-0.3610793352127075,
0.2792816162109375,
-0.22597581148147583,
0.4733314514160156,
-0.06633839756250381,
0.693259596824646,
0.2645198702812195,
1.1110423803329468,
0.9741384387016296,
-0.42107388377189636,
-0.2475125938653946,
-0.2965497076511383,
0.08649628609418869,
-0.45658478140830994,
0.09542562067508698,
0.05618336796760559,
-0.21458587050437927,
-0.24292580783367157,
-0.3743060529232025,
-0.41069597005844116,
1.6765921115875244,
-0.24573245644569397,
0.14655569195747375,
1.2432518005371094,
0.32196804881095886,
0.27706894278526306,
-0.04765253886580467,
0.49466201663017273,
-0.21665731072425842,
0.2881024181842804,
0.42604413628578186,
0.15059174597263336,
-0.04109719395637512,
-0.2853739261627197,
0.669511616230011,
-0.09839315712451935,
-0.8676784634590149,
-0.31118544936180115,
-0.4203028380870819,
-0.07133606821298599,
-0.03385647386312485,
0.055950719863176346,
0.43506094813346863,
-0.3876795470714569,
0.6112641096115112,
-0.2255699336528778,
-0.3707093298435211,
0.37436798214912415,
-0.003001326462253928,
-0.5779244303703308,
0.2241925299167633,
-0.39565393328666687,
-0.6211385130882263,
-0.17531731724739075,
-0.18041466176509857,
0.2229027897119522,
0.15323106944561005,
0.20092032849788666,
-0.253543883562088,
0.4098494350910187,
0.12454541027545929,
0.4198824465274811,
-0.13511013984680176,
0.3960840106010437,
-0.033398695290088654,
0.2914181649684906,
-0.5172101259231567,
0.4826187491416931,
-0.3135233223438263,
-0.2598538100719452,
0.07145638763904572,
0.47044941782951355,
-0.13844145834445953,
-0.14250004291534424,
-0.9798465967178345,
0.11796049028635025,
0.42595985531806946,
0.11450184136629105,
0.2272106111049652,
0.23839791119098663,
-0.24673078954219818,
-0.45694655179977417,
0.38019225001335144,
-0.6654013991355896,
-0.3204827606678009,
-0.1693457067012787,
0.5010680556297302,
0.010377285070717335,
-0.3613223433494568,
0.14382648468017578,
-0.08337966352701187,
0.8621066212654114,
0.13087314367294312,
-0.13297998905181885,
-0.23994798958301544,
-0.4064277112483978,
0.0372786782681942,
0.10761197656393051,
-0.8178781270980835,
0.7931286692619324,
-0.8176959156990051,
0.35221803188323975,
0.1023876741528511,
-0.610386312007904,
0.1636878103017807,
0.43491679430007935,
-0.4481887221336365,
1.1052641868591309,
-0.039900150150060654,
-0.26020315289497375,
0.11926731467247009,
-0.18980270624160767,
-0.2900051772594452,
-0.10556046664714813,
0.09150499850511551,
-0.3668205440044403,
-0.0400167740881443,
-0.16584064066410065,
0.3651280105113983,
-0.3699711859226227,
-0.057030003517866135,
0.22840794920921326,
0.053672876209020615,
0.12864427268505096,
-0.5845082402229309,
-1.2565284967422485,
-0.18934185802936554,
-0.8389289379119873,
0.17358039319515228,
0.40463319420814514,
-0.12385620176792145,
-0.5317407846450806,
-0.08229187875986099,
0.5608587861061096,
0.0287074763327837,
0.31937655806541443,
0.4764805734157562,
-0.5856934785842896,
0.5199131369590759,
-0.6634606719017029,
-0.04026161879301071,
0.5468794703483582,
0.30943426489830017,
0.3370905816555023,
0.30171671509742737,
0.07143238931894302,
-0.13360320031642914,
0.6853818297386169,
0.21793988347053528,
-0.8332493901252747,
0.2801755666732788,
-0.14074791967868805,
-0.4684312045574188,
0.3158644735813141,
0.3878951668739319,
-0.21405155956745148,
0.248618021607399,
-0.37781646847724915,
0.15642550587654114,
0.7148934602737427,
-0.9144627451896667,
0.18814519047737122,
-0.006263034418225288,
0.7908143997192383,
0.8172239065170288,
-0.8113556504249573,
-0.25761011242866516,
0.3048183023929596,
0.019882332533597946,
0.5580480098724365,
-0.1644574999809265,
0.5843501687049866,
-0.3617655634880066,
0.3546098470687866,
0.6055073738098145,
0.6389011144638062,
0.1221923753619194,
0.584361732006073,
-0.2279965579509735,
0.8148103356361389,
-0.2772383689880371,
-0.07283233851194382,
0.7606624364852905,
-0.49838921427726746,
-0.22281835973262787,
-0.035820696502923965,
-0.3589452803134918,
-0.2547689378261566,
-0.1002877950668335,
0.6928855776786804,
-0.20366528630256653,
-0.39808958768844604,
0.015469127334654331,
-0.009254657663404942,
-0.356794148683548,
0.6026389002799988,
-0.4757976233959198,
-0.39234718680381775,
-0.2876160442829132,
-0.38453567028045654,
-0.07165050506591797,
0.22480307519435883,
0.6757549047470093,
0.8247325420379639,
0.8070145845413208,
-0.2548811137676239,
-0.2540817856788635,
-0.13034561276435852,
0.6439245343208313,
0.4592500925064087,
-1.8986181020736694,
0.5473477840423584,
-0.05476664379239082,
-0.6072533130645752,
-0.6189185976982117,
0.41731172800064087,
0.12284169346094131,
-0.4684874713420868,
0.5238434672355652,
-0.5213441252708435,
0.17448274791240692,
0.07288946956396103,
-0.015723442658782005,
-0.2766214907169342,
-0.22067147493362427,
0.20178179442882538
] |
210936
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20G%C3%A4vleborg%20County
|
List of governors of Gävleborg County
|
This is a list of governors for Gävleborg County of Sweden, from 1762 to present.
Fredrik Henrik Sparre (1762–1763)
Carl Sparre (1763–1772)
Nils Philip Gyldenstolpe (1773–1781)
Fredrik Adolf Ulrik Cronstedt (1781–1812)
Salomon von Rajalin (1812–1813)
Erik Samuel Sparre (1813–1843)
Lars Magnus Lagerheim (1843–1853)
Lars Adolf Prytz (1853–1861)
Gustaf Ferdinand Asker (1861–1883)
Carl Adolf Theodor Björkman (1883–1899)
Albrecht Theodor Odelberg (1899–1900)
Hugo Erik Gustaf Hamilton (1900–1918)
August Robert Hagen (1918–1922)
Sven Edvard Julius Lübeck (1922–1941)
Rickard Sandler (1941–1950)
Elon Andersson (1950–1954)
John Lingman (1954–1962)
Jarl Hjalmarson (1962–1971)
Hans Hagnell (1971–1986)
Lars Ivar Hising (1986–1992)
Lars Eric Ericsson (1992–2002)
Christer Eirefelt (2003–2008)
Barbro Holmberg (2008–2015)
Per Bill (2015–present)
Footnotes
References
Gavleborg
|
[
-0.3570325970649719,
0.5947968363761902,
0.22172550857067108,
0.15032924711704254,
-1.031083583831787,
0.2565026879310608,
1.019555926322937,
0.2217486947774887,
-1.190186858177185,
-0.35797882080078125,
0.17169475555419922,
-0.2577458322048187,
-0.3943171501159668,
0.9505659937858582,
-0.144273579120636,
0.35877981781959534,
0.4828779995441437,
0.829034149646759,
-0.5791295766830444,
-0.4434623122215271,
0.25774872303009033,
0.17725680768489838,
0.4433038830757141,
0.13293176889419556,
0.1454078108072281,
0.44544628262519836,
0.5857775807380676,
0.2826889753341675,
0.02202546037733555,
-0.03142821416258812,
-0.37873777747154236,
0.8313796520233154,
0.2592422664165497,
0.34028345346450806,
-0.5092377662658691,
-0.5311022996902466,
-0.1067437157034874,
-0.4643009305000305,
0.344194620847702,
-0.1755422055721283,
-0.5769817233085632,
0.19741161167621613,
-0.4437706172466278,
0.18152759969234467,
0.18637016415596008,
-0.7866154313087463,
-1.0017361640930176,
0.05625802278518677,
-0.6143145561218262,
0.0912468433380127,
-0.2309364527463913,
0.37187084555625916,
0.3888951539993286,
0.589211106300354,
0.0008743390790186822,
-0.0345698781311512,
-0.844439685344696,
0.12787391245365143,
-0.17200438678264618,
0.8563693761825562,
0.42387646436691284,
0.2163020223379135,
-0.2722970247268677,
-0.06255178898572922,
0.45693501830101013,
-0.21106573939323425,
-0.09444814175367355,
0.6154305338859558,
0.1370573788881302,
-0.8708248138427734,
-0.48081380128860474,
0.165308877825737,
0.6972371935844421,
-0.5093564987182617,
0.5783363580703735,
-0.12981703877449036,
0.17945589125156403,
0.024143625050783157,
0.381979376077652,
-1.2540034055709839,
-0.3540646433830261,
-0.5400620102882385,
0.739863932132721,
-0.047204867005348206,
0.25199124217033386,
0.10329295694828033,
-0.5024869441986084,
-0.8402106165885925,
-0.8522648215293884,
0.5217766165733337,
0.06629600375890732,
0.1776488572359085,
0.647607684135437,
0.4376213252544403,
-0.10878966003656387,
-0.17086121439933777,
-0.4922495186328888,
0.31825679540634155,
0.15800267457962036,
0.5391424298286438,
-0.014569303952157497,
0.784786581993103,
0.5436357259750366,
-0.1476936936378479,
-0.40307897329330444,
-0.3008436858654022,
-0.2770141661167145,
0.10557515919208527,
-0.5787925124168396,
-0.7549921870231628,
-0.739294707775116,
0.19481706619262695,
0.03852102532982826,
-0.10873159766197205,
0.08946120738983154,
0.12666521966457367,
0.39690980315208435,
-0.11393343657255173,
-0.04102261736989021,
0.31243205070495605,
-0.5254973769187927,
1.0684784650802612,
-0.14787210524082184,
0.08103005588054657,
-0.1309203803539276,
0.37793833017349243,
-0.11249975860118866,
-0.25882139801979065,
0.12632811069488525,
0.693415105342865,
0.38004788756370544,
0.7539688944816589,
-0.39891594648361206,
0.35610726475715637,
0.10742785036563873,
-0.7020175457000732,
-0.13499386608600616,
0.3259698748588562,
-0.14461252093315125,
0.4073314368724823,
-0.8870745301246643,
-0.29601964354515076,
-1.3233802318572998,
0.16665810346603394,
0.029215460643172264,
-0.2960391938686371,
-0.5938959121704102,
-0.638603687286377,
-0.3128901422023773,
0.26803138852119446,
0.1032450869679451,
-0.29929178953170776,
0.09718477725982666,
0.4204542338848114,
-0.32369378209114075,
0.666793167591095,
0.12658493220806122,
-0.07244434952735901,
0.5258095264434814,
0.1278688609600067,
0.29696783423423767,
0.39035770297050476,
0.11925479024648666,
0.203092560172081,
0.03087526001036167,
-0.18086977303028107,
0.23807351291179657,
0.34024474024772644,
0.13726168870925903,
-0.4489234983921051,
-0.5730084180831909,
0.011047430336475372,
0.019897840917110443,
-0.46524837613105774,
-0.09086070209741592,
0.7983219623565674,
0.6327590346336365,
0.08216258883476257,
-0.08678892999887466,
-0.24379540979862213,
-0.9610474705696106,
-0.39375197887420654,
0.5858672261238098,
-0.5439181923866272,
0.3847697675228119,
0.4223163425922394,
0.12554480135440826,
0.5077719688415527,
0.5261475443840027,
-0.14649300277233124,
-0.37083399295806885,
-0.44920504093170166,
0.9661931395530701,
0.027113214135169983,
1.1274335384368896,
0.40914076566696167,
-0.20501910150051117,
-0.10017849504947662,
-0.04848451167345047,
0.9926235675811768,
-0.24062533676624298,
-0.30704882740974426,
0.06291144341230392,
-0.04873587563633919,
0.4746072590351105,
1.1446086168289185,
-0.2747806906700134,
0.06932133436203003,
0.3582572937011719,
1.0652458667755127,
0.020131580531597137,
-0.7650828957557678,
0.18435774743556976,
0.01759469136595726,
0.2700192928314209,
0.20798929035663605,
-0.24173197150230408,
-0.09240884333848953,
0.42290255427360535,
-0.8542683720588684,
0.29046791791915894,
0.41682618856430054,
0.3066330552101135,
0.8138202428817749,
-0.11060670763254166,
0.6380034685134888,
0.24813422560691833,
0.6878251433372498,
-0.24942389130592346,
-0.9877994656562805,
0.9390542507171631,
0.05034370720386505,
0.285205215215683,
-0.26291611790657043,
0.19424888491630554,
-0.20794567465782166,
-0.6444952487945557,
0.11851226538419724,
-0.25792497396469116,
-0.16229169070720673,
0.3749808371067047,
0.20755909383296967,
-0.053372692316770554,
0.1783253252506256,
0.10933155566453934,
1.1865465641021729,
-0.5359644889831543,
-0.25933176279067993,
-0.4078904390335083,
-0.665247917175293,
0.3524961471557617,
0.03574264422059059,
-0.1627766191959381,
-0.7552809119224548,
0.03470839560031891,
0.1723499298095703,
0.1712731420993805,
-0.33892953395843506,
-0.4481338560581207,
0.4704350233078003,
-0.5338364243507385,
0.12395870685577393,
-0.26689088344573975,
0.2775147259235382,
-0.3922012150287628,
0.43104374408721924,
-0.12906397879123688,
-0.7956894040107727,
0.45216524600982666,
-0.03903375566005707,
-0.2281075119972229,
-0.41858112812042236,
-0.5589153170585632,
-1.3360148668289185,
0.1937679797410965,
-0.8094244003295898,
-0.23831398785114288,
0.21436156332492828,
-0.8517618775367737,
-0.32767531275749207,
-0.05289725586771965,
0.6628002524375916,
0.09263371676206589,
-0.387996107339859,
-0.6458528637886047,
-0.5650390386581421,
0.5185984373092651,
0.4010316729545593,
0.4598631262779236,
-0.06313624978065491,
-0.2496078461408615,
0.23797999322414398,
-0.7626532912254333,
-0.2725768983364105,
-0.212835893034935,
0.1506563127040863,
-0.14610205590724945,
0.07681980729103088,
0.26795536279678345,
-0.502747118473053,
-0.7994834184646606,
-0.2215549349784851,
-0.1362628936767578,
0.13401910662651062,
-0.34112390875816345,
-0.3918614387512207,
0.10697474330663681,
-0.01205421332269907,
-4.624567985534668,
-0.3473079800605774,
-0.4881258010864258,
-0.14625300467014313,
0.02497306652367115,
0.08273914456367493,
0.5700430870056152,
-0.5128859281539917,
0.11414124816656113,
-0.07851729542016983,
0.5888189673423767,
-0.041195061057806015,
0.16741959750652313,
0.8845741152763367,
1.0593256950378418,
1.0609976053237915,
1.1785402297973633,
0.15418864786624908,
0.22859379649162292,
-0.32161709666252136,
0.07026053965091705,
-0.2882462739944458,
-0.11155785620212555,
-0.10331729799509048,
0.327274888753891,
0.955272912979126,
0.020898520946502686,
0.08218084275722504,
-0.4615707993507385,
0.039984848350286484,
-0.14598099887371063,
0.04895199462771416,
0.19772447645664215,
0.031126726418733597,
-0.693880558013916,
0.24630603194236755,
0.3815418481826782,
1.5438709259033203,
-0.0006213246379047632,
-0.640971302986145,
0.10839300602674484,
0.9132537841796875,
-0.7244157195091248,
0.8864592909812927,
0.35997894406318665,
-0.33932948112487793,
-1.050952672958374,
0.756725549697876,
-0.768711507320404,
1.2611333131790161,
0.1720840334892273,
-0.43954744935035706,
0.6824077367782593,
0.6574768424034119,
-0.046468429267406464,
-0.2738274335861206,
0.29391658306121826,
0.08938656002283096,
-0.425278902053833,
0.5694156885147095,
0.22600790858268738,
-0.25945234298706055,
-0.2655058801174164,
-0.6099212765693665,
-0.04788792133331299,
-0.3098638951778412,
-0.4895930588245392,
0.42687517404556274,
0.21442385017871857,
0.16623152792453766,
-0.32143905758857727,
0.3108064830303192,
-0.43399620056152344,
-0.9541407227516174,
0.09720323234796524,
-0.5042290687561035,
-0.6757730841636658,
0.27684977650642395,
0.15355682373046875,
0.1429431289434433,
-0.09570467472076416,
-0.06268151104450226,
-0.2161545306444168,
0.8004536032676697,
0.3925032317638397,
-0.8568293452262878,
-0.03655683994293213,
-0.23659226298332214,
-0.4327738881111145,
-0.7795458436012268,
0.20190228521823883,
-0.32569506764411926,
0.28688621520996094,
0.7613992094993591,
-0.18046247959136963,
0.35974663496017456,
0.3112142086029053,
-0.9269793629646301,
0.02141665667295456,
-0.7415183782577515,
1.019448161125183,
-0.051463495939970016,
0.2968832850456238,
-0.4807834327220917,
-0.11925329267978668,
0.031928982585668564,
-0.12390008568763733,
0.5623648166656494,
-0.24221570789813995,
0.13680246472358704,
0.07687856256961823,
-0.27916598320007324,
-0.21152658760547638,
-0.8128519058227539,
0.5852012038230896,
-0.7859483957290649,
-0.10771487653255463,
1.3138667345046997,
0.5069715976715088,
0.015623709186911583,
0.09671561419963837,
-0.164015531539917,
-0.06316651403903961,
0.2823273539543152,
-0.5261760354042053,
-0.3473936915397644,
-0.12975752353668213,
0.1596778929233551,
0.04863860458135605,
0.337458997964859,
0.24889732897281647,
0.4648973047733307,
-0.5194575190544128,
-0.06188807263970375,
0.09612083435058594,
-0.78310626745224,
-0.16806276142597198,
-0.10291948169469833,
0.4090755879878998,
-0.4476783275604248,
0.21133942902088165,
-0.5295456051826477,
-0.47755834460258484,
0.3322286307811737,
-0.7760236263275146,
0.48596495389938354,
0.06660328060388565,
-0.29374605417251587,
-0.3808230459690094,
0.26649656891822815,
-1.2895334959030151,
-0.49444401264190674,
0.5346789956092834,
-0.5932014584541321,
0.30110788345336914,
-0.2971068024635315,
-0.12957225739955902,
0.19194574654102325,
-0.3181561529636383,
-0.23600955307483673,
-0.0898033082485199,
-0.6296553015708923,
-1.064426064491272,
0.14241424202919006,
0.2277316153049469,
-0.47654110193252563,
-0.4445367753505707,
-0.47120606899261475,
-0.08888905495405197,
1.229915976524353,
-0.5665338635444641,
-0.2874019145965576,
-0.7077640891075134,
-0.03148694708943367,
0.558857798576355,
-0.4673721194267273,
0.5884655714035034,
0.8922683596611023,
-0.40255147218704224,
0.16620349884033203,
-0.11771879345178604,
0.42961016297340393,
0.004729589447379112,
0.5742286443710327,
0.5436388850212097,
0.19111588597297668,
-0.6525603532791138,
-0.10200076550245285,
-0.10689231753349304,
-0.6857746839523315,
0.07989981025457382,
0.5574056506156921,
0.3078017830848694,
-0.03133927658200264,
-0.7654562592506409,
-0.6841982007026672,
0.01810828037559986,
0.03244873881340027,
0.27790141105651855,
-0.10872982442378998,
0.5894430875778198,
0.825859546661377,
0.10762549191713333,
0.5570891499519348,
0.24803555011749268,
-0.25755229592323303,
0.37393811345100403,
0.37239277362823486,
-0.25644075870513916,
0.49833443760871887,
-0.72794109582901,
-0.16969925165176392,
-0.553450882434845,
0.44207456707954407,
-0.5851500630378723,
-0.3567885160446167,
0.9337285161018372,
-0.31298378109931946,
-0.2931837737560272,
-0.5852928757667542,
-0.7797680497169495,
-0.3950415551662445,
-0.754112184047699,
-0.047290004789829254,
-0.5913205742835999,
-0.1281355768442154,
0.3654922842979431,
-0.6945275068283081,
1.0106184482574463,
-0.07489240169525146,
0.25244268774986267,
0.21343491971492767,
-0.3021378815174103,
-0.16379643976688385,
-0.5834783315658569,
0.29550668597221375,
-0.021466894075274467,
0.6741876602172852,
-0.08349249511957169,
0.5521552562713623,
0.3992820084095001,
1.1610112190246582,
0.9207392334938049,
-0.2942192852497101,
-0.1098916307091713,
-0.11252548545598984,
0.21410806477069855,
-0.4148336946964264,
-0.09651698917150497,
0.08787567913532257,
-0.2256065011024475,
-0.3466794788837433,
-0.35441648960113525,
-0.40012070536613464,
1.5527232885360718,
-0.5215421915054321,
0.0837291032075882,
1.3779139518737793,
0.34026363492012024,
0.4316368103027344,
-0.058346912264823914,
0.46818771958351135,
-0.3187641203403473,
0.23607653379440308,
0.5883405804634094,
0.30820655822753906,
0.01621074043214321,
-0.13865691423416138,
0.5129417181015015,
-0.03824862465262413,
-0.6981461644172668,
-0.5045847296714783,
-0.557723343372345,
0.179552361369133,
0.09974775463342667,
0.06294844299554825,
0.42122843861579895,
-0.5670872926712036,
0.3669566810131073,
-0.1562807708978653,
-0.244276762008667,
0.2777063250541687,
-0.035742390900850296,
-0.4719090461730957,
0.12570148706436157,
-0.4289471209049225,
-0.5733451247215271,
-0.050488345324993134,
-0.19753724336624146,
0.13762062788009644,
0.2145443558692932,
-0.02147165685892105,
-0.43745946884155273,
0.2511194348335266,
0.07477323710918427,
0.4334312975406647,
-0.22562354803085327,
0.5540816783905029,
-0.03540816903114319,
0.20503512024879456,
-0.569797933101654,
0.522463858127594,
-0.3328537046909332,
-0.2519972026348114,
0.04380635544657707,
0.5965793132781982,
-0.15005777776241302,
-0.1927143633365631,
-0.9249541163444519,
0.024872371926903725,
0.6146736741065979,
0.36707615852355957,
0.11034967005252838,
0.18077486753463745,
-0.30366528034210205,
-0.46396470069885254,
0.2820162773132324,
-0.522503674030304,
-0.43068957328796387,
-0.057343490421772,
0.49003100395202637,
0.12408924102783203,
-0.40946388244628906,
0.032854579389095306,
-0.18952248990535736,
0.7058731317520142,
0.11754749715328217,
-0.20171883702278137,
-0.07585509866476059,
-0.3832107186317444,
0.025085721164941788,
0.006144860293716192,
-0.9967161417007446,
1.0768556594848633,
-0.7305463552474976,
0.36385300755500793,
0.1623132824897766,
-0.8615114688873291,
0.27250850200653076,
0.4045366048812866,
-0.22542282938957214,
1.0803771018981934,
0.17865541577339172,
-0.2043190598487854,
0.13528287410736084,
-0.2382703572511673,
-0.29220786690711975,
0.05301448330283165,
0.029052484780550003,
-0.40293070673942566,
0.018652796745300293,
-0.19123154878616333,
0.254916787147522,
-0.7281162142753601,
-0.03878476470708847,
0.07294182479381561,
0.0819283276796341,
-0.041503340005874634,
-0.5161733031272888,
-1.4139304161071777,
-0.35079947113990784,
-1.2097587585449219,
-0.05540401116013527,
0.18039700388908386,
0.04930204898118973,
-0.4215719401836395,
0.008979837410151958,
0.4362424314022064,
0.015793362632393837,
0.2602528929710388,
0.5265016555786133,
-0.6176464557647705,
0.40123990178108215,
-0.7221254110336304,
0.23579640686511993,
0.6810433864593506,
0.18230348825454712,
0.29567527770996094,
0.25635138154029846,
0.061791591346263885,
-0.039745256304740906,
0.9691138863563538,
0.2377648651599884,
-1.073427438735962,
0.1068432554602623,
-0.21837744116783142,
-0.38479140400886536,
0.2516267001628876,
0.5303723812103271,
-0.32084813714027405,
0.47013869881629944,
-0.3905346095561981,
0.17448049783706665,
0.5692062377929688,
-0.8799413442611694,
0.2769847810268402,
-0.3230836093425751,
0.7426571846008301,
0.812140166759491,
-0.7044456005096436,
-0.25448235869407654,
0.2678299844264984,
0.0682801902294159,
0.5006266832351685,
0.04467017576098442,
0.503262996673584,
-0.3037022650241852,
0.33103030920028687,
0.5099033117294312,
0.6144492626190186,
0.10063529014587402,
0.48086440563201904,
-0.157149076461792,
0.7225197553634644,
-0.21408021450042725,
0.0631452277302742,
0.7855506539344788,
-0.7127893567085266,
-0.41214099526405334,
-0.2176876962184906,
-0.33877313137054443,
-0.47558993101119995,
-0.07418230175971985,
0.6629399657249451,
-0.33368054032325745,
-0.516290009021759,
-0.12439434975385666,
0.0243532694876194,
-0.2632087469100952,
0.31738710403442383,
-0.26726672053337097,
-0.3476715087890625,
-0.17063237726688385,
-0.5814695358276367,
-0.10291026532649994,
0.10554585605859756,
0.8480163216590881,
0.8539069294929504,
0.909554123878479,
-0.16295543313026428,
-0.35795849561691284,
-0.31044885516166687,
0.4942692220211029,
0.6209340691566467,
-2.380042791366577,
0.3261256515979767,
0.04642326757311821,
-0.5509913563728333,
-0.4903176724910736,
0.45673322677612305,
0.15445299446582794,
-0.41642484068870544,
0.324937105178833,
-0.4611368775367737,
0.2705965042114258,
0.22346049547195435,
-0.025129366666078568,
-0.6251426339149475,
-0.2220643162727356,
0.22176137566566467
] |
210937
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping%20County
|
List of governors of Jönköping County
|
This is a list of governors for Jönköping County of Sweden, from 1634 to present.
Bengt Kafle (1634–1636)
Bengt Bagge (1636–1639)
Knut Soop (1639–1645)
Bengt Ribbing (1645–1653)
Gustaf Posse (1653–1658)
Johan Printz (1658–1663)
Gustaf Ribbing (1663–1672)
Hans Georg Mörner (1672–1685)
Robert Lichton (1685–1687)
Erik Dahlbergh (1687–1693)
Nils Gyllenstierna (1693–1696)
Mårten Lindhielm (1696–1716)
Georg Reinhold Patkull (1716–1718)
Anders Leijonhielm (1718–1727)
Johan von Mentzer (1728–1746)
Anders Tungelfeldt (1747–1751)
Ludvig von Saltza (1751–1762)
Claes Erik Silfverhielm (1762–1778)
Fredric Ulric Hamilton (1778–1795)
Eric Johan de la Grange (1795–1801)
Johan Axel Stedt (1801–1805)
Eric Gustaf Boije (1805–1815)
Lars Hierta (1815–1835)
Claes Gabriel Bergenstråhle (1835–1855)
Arvid Gustav Faxe (1856–1870)
Carl R Ekström (1870–1888)
Robert Dickson (1888–1892)
Hjalmar Palmstierna (1892–1906)
Fredrik E Pettersson (1906–1922)
Carl Malmroth (1922–1934)
Jakob W Spens, acting (1923–1924)
Felix Hamrin (1934–1937)
Olle Ekblom (1938–1957)
Allan Nordenstam (1957–1963)
Sven af Geijerstam (1964–1979)
Gösta Gunnarsson (1980–1997)
Birgit Friggebo (1998–2004)
Lars Engqvist (2004–2010)
Minoo Akhtarzand (2010–2016)
Håkan Sörman (2016–2017)
Anneli Wirtén, acting (2017–2018)
Helena Jonsson (15 January 2018–present)
Footnotes
References
Jonkoping
|
[
-0.6782681941986084,
0.6333531737327576,
0.21448004245758057,
-0.0024932846426963806,
-0.969539225101471,
0.2826601564884186,
1.0131279230117798,
0.40877097845077515,
-1.273939847946167,
-0.34022828936576843,
0.19550102949142456,
-0.3069506883621216,
-0.4529651403427124,
0.6419241428375244,
0.01467430405318737,
0.4603497087955475,
0.637389063835144,
0.884584903717041,
-0.4900693893432617,
-0.5367134809494019,
0.13662894070148468,
0.06738953292369843,
0.400905579328537,
0.0030257231555879116,
0.28372690081596375,
0.5335468649864197,
0.5543939471244812,
0.24331623315811157,
-0.21338708698749542,
-0.16044224798679352,
-0.4210251271724701,
0.9063133597373962,
0.2713547945022583,
0.21565572917461395,
-0.3775402009487152,
-0.5361603498458862,
-0.0754794180393219,
-0.38788363337516785,
0.42529022693634033,
-0.09148027002811432,
-0.5612719058990479,
0.249615877866745,
-0.37329474091529846,
0.28854793310165405,
0.27185022830963135,
-0.8322803974151611,
-0.9146010875701904,
0.24961119890213013,
-0.5522111058235168,
0.2782582640647888,
-0.290106862783432,
0.5389389991760254,
0.2909746468067169,
0.8027052283287048,
-0.08999166637659073,
0.11441224813461304,
-0.775918185710907,
0.11634791642427444,
0.05287320539355278,
0.7053430676460266,
0.38645705580711365,
0.22324548661708832,
-0.2341012954711914,
-0.2062588781118393,
0.30827948451042175,
-0.1314040869474411,
0.041967492550611496,
0.7885143160820007,
0.09773679822683334,
-0.8325847387313843,
-0.4348546266555786,
0.15779155492782593,
0.5876672267913818,
-0.4027976393699646,
0.49790510535240173,
-0.3582227826118469,
0.11991764605045319,
0.2129543125629425,
0.09267987310886383,
-1.1397134065628052,
-0.342350572347641,
-0.32675355672836304,
0.6629800200462341,
0.03055667318403721,
0.3602108061313629,
0.2299787402153015,
-0.5930461287498474,
-0.8132262229919434,
-0.9727965593338013,
0.3353707492351532,
0.17462775111198425,
0.1764693558216095,
0.43686386942863464,
0.47350597381591797,
-0.020863205194473267,
-0.1274396777153015,
-0.49209412932395935,
0.2989504635334015,
0.10281918942928314,
0.710538387298584,
-0.12726761400699615,
0.8016396760940552,
0.709507942199707,
-0.003549622604623437,
-0.36033502221107483,
-0.19136668741703033,
-0.2430209070444107,
0.19437171518802643,
-0.446834534406662,
-0.4332035481929779,
-0.8319793343544006,
0.077025406062603,
0.0821712464094162,
-0.08540885150432587,
-0.001090330071747303,
0.25335365533828735,
0.20994986593723297,
-0.34946128726005554,
-0.19014622271060944,
0.20548579096794128,
-0.4856041967868805,
1.1173900365829468,
-0.19382862746715546,
0.39022740721702576,
-0.09171298891305923,
0.2182265669107437,
-0.15264520049095154,
-0.056176941841840744,
0.1609383225440979,
0.9987732768058777,
0.3249225616455078,
0.8942149877548218,
-0.21638385951519012,
0.43106454610824585,
0.07351922243833542,
-0.62949538230896,
-0.1537105292081833,
0.5848954319953918,
-0.10385072976350784,
0.3950026333332062,
-1.0549709796905518,
-0.42236024141311646,
-0.8084941506385803,
0.006936173420399427,
0.09770870208740234,
-0.3177315890789032,
-0.6245772242546082,
-0.825067400932312,
-0.33205917477607727,
0.05219345539808273,
0.13398538529872894,
-0.25063616037368774,
0.1302492767572403,
0.33695682883262634,
-0.2770988345146179,
0.9330599308013916,
0.16026639938354492,
-0.14022745192050934,
0.4982594847679138,
0.1191609799861908,
0.36315709352493286,
0.340664267539978,
-0.002308891387656331,
0.1696649193763733,
-0.10334669053554535,
-0.019211381673812866,
0.20486794412136078,
0.4152241051197052,
0.25499850511550903,
-0.35469749569892883,
-0.6961106061935425,
0.001162828761152923,
0.14079467952251434,
-0.7218100428581238,
-0.07536255568265915,
0.7528836131095886,
0.7440733313560486,
-0.08474724739789963,
-0.1962096095085144,
-0.14658358693122864,
-1.0367720127105713,
-0.15359564125537872,
0.474109411239624,
-0.6945911049842834,
0.34921783208847046,
0.45211517810821533,
0.19976264238357544,
0.6565871834754944,
0.3908175826072693,
-0.0950632318854332,
-0.3544292747974396,
-0.5160083174705505,
0.9344807863235474,
-0.12764090299606323,
1.3915709257125854,
0.4431054890155792,
-0.13245119154453278,
-0.23053565621376038,
0.02823507972061634,
1.0811368227005005,
-0.3845594525337219,
-0.3862058222293854,
0.17711180448532104,
-0.16075919568538666,
0.26928481459617615,
0.8447863459587097,
-0.223256453871727,
-0.0728314146399498,
0.3505999445915222,
0.8944880366325378,
0.0473385751247406,
-0.6706554293632507,
0.09606340527534485,
-0.13279101252555847,
0.021881679072976112,
0.08024203032255173,
-0.06495640426874161,
-0.17835594713687897,
0.41354045271873474,
-0.9883478879928589,
0.4121028780937195,
0.3425162136554718,
0.4386754631996155,
0.859611988067627,
-0.06872721761465073,
0.5915743112564087,
0.289095401763916,
0.721692681312561,
-0.3248801827430725,
-0.9438592195510864,
0.9044485688209534,
0.051835522055625916,
0.30187538266181946,
-0.47333240509033203,
-0.12528939545154572,
-0.36183395981788635,
-0.45026153326034546,
-0.027994414791464806,
-0.4327070713043213,
-0.26758334040641785,
0.20922589302062988,
0.31547224521636963,
-0.21771690249443054,
0.05978551134467125,
0.12007412314414978,
0.9433266520500183,
-0.45902547240257263,
-0.3226486146450043,
-0.41663259267807007,
-0.6371927261352539,
0.32671964168548584,
0.0873868390917778,
-0.33340248465538025,
-0.6506340503692627,
0.22026067972183228,
0.29799190163612366,
0.10158859938383102,
-0.2808990478515625,
-0.39273709058761597,
0.33804795145988464,
-0.5788027048110962,
-0.0522783137857914,
-0.3551301956176758,
0.31544968485832214,
-0.42570221424102783,
0.3546791672706604,
-0.004083800129592419,
-0.9208347797393799,
0.6062803268432617,
0.008090329356491566,
-0.33040010929107666,
-0.541873037815094,
-0.5444789528846741,
-0.9101138710975647,
0.32256245613098145,
-0.7684129476547241,
-0.084280826151371,
0.07460399717092514,
-0.754185676574707,
-0.26001113653182983,
-0.14450649917125702,
0.6942299008369446,
0.213375523686409,
-0.47201254963874817,
-0.47011318802833557,
-0.36078715324401855,
0.5586885809898376,
0.38166943192481995,
0.3212065100669861,
-0.0534428171813488,
-0.16739821434020996,
0.27629873156547546,
-0.9942917823791504,
-0.3066754639148712,
0.02460572123527527,
0.1722571700811386,
-0.024376623332500458,
0.1495269238948822,
0.24697239696979523,
-0.621317982673645,
-0.733773946762085,
-0.3343505859375,
-0.28867480158805847,
0.17452779412269592,
-0.2006606161594391,
-0.1689562052488327,
0.00757369352504611,
-0.015665357932448387,
-4.67959451675415,
-0.3053590655326843,
-0.6886811852455139,
-0.24356907606124878,
0.07430531084537506,
0.1496296525001526,
0.637444794178009,
-0.6773907542228699,
0.06343363970518112,
-0.05582945793867111,
0.43594178557395935,
-0.015133536420762539,
0.09469801932573318,
0.9540731906890869,
1.1655714511871338,
1.0773814916610718,
1.1141654253005981,
0.09215296804904938,
0.20394982397556305,
-0.3726665675640106,
-0.004238854628056288,
-0.5529599189758301,
-0.20683318376541138,
-0.131858229637146,
0.251319020986557,
1.1232752799987793,
-0.1525009274482727,
0.1540319174528122,
-0.4821155071258545,
0.03563369810581207,
-0.1547766476869583,
-0.09530330449342728,
0.24639393389225006,
-0.16298611462116241,
-0.8201622366905212,
0.2837531566619873,
0.518585205078125,
1.5756767988204956,
0.06106695905327797,
-0.3814592659473419,
0.08088420331478119,
0.7680210471153259,
-0.7023694515228271,
1.0408908128738403,
0.4194892346858978,
-0.2512947618961334,
-1.1549979448318481,
0.6351513266563416,
-0.7208551168441772,
1.3717752695083618,
0.1334112584590912,
-0.28501343727111816,
0.6964290142059326,
0.7040604948997498,
0.12847407162189484,
-0.3899480104446411,
0.2562507092952728,
0.16566981375217438,
-0.44904229044914246,
0.3842936158180237,
0.23696736991405487,
-0.4109305739402771,
-0.446044385433197,
-0.5478736162185669,
-0.11465995758771896,
-0.4056510925292969,
-0.495550274848938,
0.46877074241638184,
0.23726117610931396,
0.17380453646183014,
-0.33311140537261963,
0.186740443110466,
-0.3811357915401459,
-1.0248695611953735,
0.10298311710357666,
-0.514117419719696,
-0.7429879307746887,
0.25874993205070496,
0.08174409717321396,
0.1318856030702591,
-0.06375717371702194,
0.004934266209602356,
-0.40903982520103455,
0.7473726868629456,
0.4495197832584381,
-0.6880360841751099,
-0.022442277520895004,
-0.35329094529151917,
-0.448746919631958,
-0.7428457140922546,
0.18090246617794037,
-0.5399402379989624,
0.15114417672157288,
0.8604474067687988,
-0.23986011743545532,
0.5541201233863831,
0.18197323381900787,
-0.8345785737037659,
0.16410915553569794,
-0.6874411702156067,
0.9877726435661316,
0.02359701879322529,
0.23180006444454193,
-0.3959757685661316,
-0.19577127695083618,
0.01615178771317005,
-0.34607425332069397,
0.586015522480011,
-0.4164603054523468,
0.24416261911392212,
0.007529136724770069,
-0.37604665756225586,
-0.29376497864723206,
-0.681550920009613,
0.5591672658920288,
-0.5402128100395203,
-0.32759419083595276,
1.2022260427474976,
0.31679007411003113,
0.17996612191200256,
0.2281017154455185,
-0.2423287034034729,
-0.060679253190755844,
0.2806237041950226,
-0.6955757737159729,
-0.3128914535045624,
-0.17823398113250732,
0.25752320885658264,
-0.033913057297468185,
0.27577412128448486,
0.11351751536130905,
0.42654964327812195,
-0.6160078644752502,
0.07003789395093918,
0.03278996795415878,
-0.6898388862609863,
-0.1302478313446045,
-0.24836879968643188,
0.6713376641273499,
-0.5731220841407776,
0.28854799270629883,
-0.4123397171497345,
-0.3573949337005615,
0.2229660451412201,
-0.8518962860107422,
0.4689469635486603,
0.01988392509520054,
-0.36304837465286255,
-0.5910170078277588,
0.08168596029281616,
-1.2685881853103638,
-0.5332016348838806,
0.196656733751297,
-0.669179379940033,
0.06288915127515793,
-0.5593225955963135,
-0.09210522472858429,
0.22250531613826752,
-0.2431795597076416,
-0.27236101031303406,
-0.0857120007276535,
-0.5969938039779663,
-1.0818427801132202,
0.17121656239032745,
0.12725208699703217,
-0.7334499359130859,
-0.2845149040222168,
-0.5033623576164246,
-0.2405436486005783,
1.2456364631652832,
-0.4807842969894409,
-0.3241124749183655,
-0.7292845845222473,
-0.10669175535440445,
0.7039982676506042,
-0.6719964146614075,
0.6471172571182251,
0.8929097652435303,
-0.44937896728515625,
0.291614830493927,
-0.22641830146312714,
0.1968354731798172,
0.079908087849617,
0.5077615976333618,
0.7003983855247498,
0.06230245158076286,
-0.672464907169342,
-0.12672744691371918,
-0.05502002686262131,
-0.780739963054657,
-0.013880697079002857,
0.5113447904586792,
0.32561373710632324,
-0.02159482054412365,
-0.7340043783187866,
-0.8235998749732971,
0.12313694506883621,
-0.1344951093196869,
0.32299351692199707,
-0.14187447726726532,
0.4718452990055084,
0.9041188955307007,
0.0896187350153923,
0.7052242159843445,
0.35986676812171936,
-0.20849661529064178,
0.259102463722229,
0.5490528345108032,
-0.3362498879432678,
0.42050787806510925,
-0.7493847608566284,
-0.30137163400650024,
-0.5381672382354736,
0.5118534564971924,
-0.5684236288070679,
-0.3147832453250885,
0.9450748562812805,
-0.31884288787841797,
-0.4513862431049347,
-0.5285614132881165,
-0.709488034248352,
-0.38200584053993225,
-0.8402814269065857,
-0.15819893777370453,
-0.5837823152542114,
0.038045238703489304,
0.4349554181098938,
-0.6213781833648682,
0.9775614738464355,
-0.22034721076488495,
0.27719661593437195,
0.25935474038124084,
-0.19528329372406006,
-0.1555957943201065,
-0.4799725115299225,
0.4166717231273651,
-0.10254999250173569,
0.6399008631706238,
0.11227241158485413,
0.6776825189590454,
0.3705713152885437,
1.152643084526062,
0.9938919544219971,
-0.41614678502082825,
-0.08495315909385681,
-0.20878887176513672,
0.001389108831062913,
-0.4363299608230591,
-0.13255836069583893,
-0.0763847753405571,
-0.2134696990251541,
-0.38293901085853577,
-0.2940734624862671,
-0.32192936539649963,
1.7290971279144287,
-0.45587798953056335,
-0.09398819506168365,
1.2694783210754395,
0.3149122893810272,
0.23940202593803406,
0.0090259350836277,
0.4332205057144165,
-0.2734812796115875,
0.3961508870124817,
0.6031743288040161,
0.21319423615932465,
0.003054742468520999,
-0.14851079881191254,
0.6393688321113586,
0.011830181814730167,
-0.7051347494125366,
-0.5195944309234619,
-0.5388736128807068,
0.12875407934188843,
0.019557569175958633,
0.12962783873081207,
0.3575993776321411,
-0.5912041664123535,
0.4009978473186493,
-0.33199459314346313,
-0.38281720876693726,
0.3056323230266571,
-0.041676849126815796,
-0.4517594277858734,
0.15516795217990875,
-0.4416862726211548,
-0.47478148341178894,
-0.08313234150409698,
-0.13803870975971222,
0.3465310335159302,
0.043044645339250565,
0.09822016954421997,
-0.4147065579891205,
0.31156614422798157,
0.024417752400040627,
0.49010220170021057,
-0.10442809015512466,
0.32478418946266174,
-0.04177764058113098,
0.07199980318546295,
-0.5555937886238098,
0.5666550993919373,
-0.3760169446468353,
-0.33000192046165466,
-0.08766790479421616,
0.6348560452461243,
-0.24941810965538025,
-0.03018307313323021,
-1.119078278541565,
0.21492132544517517,
0.5001462697982788,
0.41101932525634766,
0.1165354922413826,
0.15241704881191254,
-0.31868189573287964,
-0.5078033208847046,
0.19994865357875824,
-0.579723596572876,
-0.4136632978916168,
-0.04881666973233223,
0.6182588934898376,
0.01882028393447399,
-0.34703823924064636,
0.14735935628414154,
-0.23797790706157684,
0.9278310537338257,
0.28251904249191284,
-0.21204009652137756,
-0.29888609051704407,
-0.3556503653526306,
0.22430069744586945,
0.13026314973831177,
-1.0387853384017944,
0.9623380303382874,
-0.7376891374588013,
0.43521082401275635,
0.07154543697834015,
-0.8229027390480042,
0.3071408271789551,
0.3750501573085785,
-0.30364713072776794,
1.1161319017410278,
-0.02547367289662361,
-0.11534685641527176,
0.04456830024719238,
-0.2423882633447647,
-0.3227018713951111,
-0.07721175998449326,
0.03594899922609329,
-0.42415571212768555,
0.12359098345041275,
0.01579587161540985,
0.2406235784292221,
-0.46233129501342773,
-0.03309541940689087,
0.16245631873607635,
0.11316653341054916,
0.08679734915494919,
-0.6916298270225525,
-1.0451780557632446,
-0.21401003003120422,
-0.927461564540863,
-0.11536621302366257,
0.43475598096847534,
-0.09590768069028854,
-0.41233909130096436,
-0.00496384734287858,
0.548934280872345,
0.03437511622905731,
0.24324694275856018,
0.6096806526184082,
-0.48929381370544434,
0.46530115604400635,
-0.7090717554092407,
0.07098717242479324,
0.5852320790290833,
0.27214694023132324,
0.34737497568130493,
0.45497098565101624,
0.16820821166038513,
-0.09020932018756866,
0.9914196729660034,
0.18909865617752075,
-0.8228827118873596,
0.1962437927722931,
-0.11245604604482651,
-0.5198574662208557,
0.33549049496650696,
0.5178436040878296,
-0.3587355613708496,
0.29577773809432983,
-0.34110626578330994,
0.24897579848766327,
0.8156877160072327,
-0.8884563446044922,
0.25155630707740784,
-0.17286841571331024,
0.8995563387870789,
0.8534736633300781,
-0.580862820148468,
-0.17295613884925842,
0.22132591903209686,
-0.07647852599620819,
0.5973933935165405,
-0.26667487621307373,
0.6804419755935669,
-0.4133007824420929,
0.3407251536846161,
0.5092786550521851,
0.6847874522209167,
0.016914132982492447,
0.44479307532310486,
-0.12227417528629303,
0.6322901248931885,
-0.13210585713386536,
0.26961782574653625,
0.7363373637199402,
-0.5626693964004517,
-0.2572214603424072,
-0.08400628715753555,
-0.35893455147743225,
-0.45740506052970886,
-0.05790769308805466,
0.6858978867530823,
-0.13916000723838806,
-0.43913504481315613,
-0.11668577790260315,
0.0022351851221174,
-0.24888430535793304,
0.37047290802001953,
-0.28640440106391907,
-0.2550526261329651,
-0.20151084661483765,
-0.4595038592815399,
0.059998515993356705,
0.047920484095811844,
0.7323071956634521,
0.8084123134613037,
0.9809467792510986,
-0.2131134569644928,
-0.489749938249588,
-0.36156588792800903,
0.5300775170326233,
0.414071649312973,
-1.626134991645813,
0.5504938960075378,
-0.006619931664317846,
-0.7714026570320129,
-0.46410274505615234,
0.4876561462879181,
0.07191495597362518,
-0.39364248514175415,
0.22634467482566833,
-0.4612172544002533,
0.06876032054424286,
0.2156164050102234,
-0.03391280397772789,
-0.3601793646812439,
-0.17111541330814362,
-0.07355567812919617
] |
210941
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20Kronoberg%20County
|
List of governors of Kronoberg County
|
This is a list of governors for Kronoberg County of Sweden, from 1634–to present.
Bengt Kafle (1634–1636)
Bengt Bagge av Berga (1636–1653)
Mauritz Holst (1653–1654)
Gabriel Gyllenankar (1655–1657)
Mauritz Posse (1657–1664)
Jakob Flemming (1674–1676)
Gustaf Lilliecrona (1676–1679)
Jonas Klingstedt (1687–1687)
Åke Ulfsparre (1687–1701)
Gustaf von Fatzburg (1701–1710)
Axel Banér (1710–1718)
Olof Törnflycht (1718–1719)
Jakob Cronstedt (1719–1727)
Johan Brauner (1727–1729)
Anders Koskull (1729–1746)
Gustaf Henrik Rothlieb (1747–1758)
Peter von Psilander (1758–1763)
Joakim Beck-Friis (1763–1769)
Adam Johan Raab (1769–1776)
Olof von Nackreij (1776–1782)
Salomon Hedenstierna (1782–1787)
Göran Henrik Falkenberg (1787–1793)
Carl Stellan Mörner (1793–1827)
Carl Mörner (1827–1863)
Carl Johan Thyselius (1863–1864)
Gustaf Munthe (1864–1875)
Gunnar Wennerberg (1875–1888)
Gustaf H. Spens (1888–1898)
Charles E. Oelreich (1898–1909)
Alexis Hammarström (1909–1925)
August Beskow (1925–1944)
Erik Lundh (1944–1946)
Thorwald Bergqvist (1946–1965)
Gunnar Helén (1965–1970)
Lars Eliasson (1971–1977)
Astrid Kristensson (1977–1982)
Britt Mogård (1983–1988)
Sten Wickbom (1988–1995)
Wiggo Komstedt (1995–2002)
Lars-Åke Lagrell (2002–2006)
Claes Sjöblom (2006–2007, acting)
Kristina Alsnér (2007–2016)
Anders Flanking (2016–2017, acting)
Ingrid Burman (2017–2019)
Kristina Zetterström (2019–2020, acting)
Maria Arnholm (2020– )
Footnotes
References
Kronoberg
|
[
-0.6089795827865601,
0.685975193977356,
0.36216479539871216,
0.09475253522396088,
-1.0181074142456055,
0.34422245621681213,
1.0414479970932007,
0.2866874635219574,
-1.2629116773605347,
-0.30927419662475586,
0.05217893421649933,
-0.277431458234787,
-0.3475918471813202,
0.8610749840736389,
-0.021641621366143227,
0.5245355367660522,
0.48338714241981506,
0.8545403480529785,
-0.5292388796806335,
-0.47519758343696594,
0.23148712515830994,
0.0440986305475235,
0.449428528547287,
0.1154068261384964,
0.4170961380004883,
0.5719718337059021,
0.5304629802703857,
0.08518192917108536,
-0.14403164386749268,
-0.09443263709545135,
-0.459004282951355,
0.7496852874755859,
0.13647903501987457,
0.38201823830604553,
-0.5299683809280396,
-0.6243035197257996,
-0.13475574553012848,
-0.5252982378005981,
0.47266295552253723,
-0.10019285976886749,
-0.5163492560386658,
0.25488701462745667,
-0.39502620697021484,
0.22409558296203613,
0.19399447739124298,
-0.7667859196662903,
-1.1030144691467285,
0.08711766451597214,
-0.4944695830345154,
0.03877550736069679,
-0.2581562399864197,
0.5813280940055847,
0.30861541628837585,
0.7056334614753723,
-0.13280655443668365,
0.011151478625833988,
-0.7974334359169006,
0.03524566814303398,
-0.07620412111282349,
0.5613970160484314,
0.3908087909221649,
0.30286136269569397,
-0.27134084701538086,
-0.021977536380290985,
0.5186721682548523,
-0.18707935512065887,
-0.025128625333309174,
0.8245716691017151,
-0.07026772201061249,
-0.904211699962616,
-0.5758689641952515,
0.10463197529315948,
0.7156585454940796,
-0.4383304715156555,
0.4988226890563965,
-0.17994198203086853,
0.11265115439891815,
0.1127561628818512,
0.2229103296995163,
-1.2178748846054077,
-0.3497135639190674,
-0.4830731749534607,
0.63850337266922,
-0.03649824857711792,
0.27844464778900146,
0.16946379840373993,
-0.4389646053314209,
-0.8393774032592773,
-0.9327874183654785,
0.37472856044769287,
0.07831872254610062,
0.23839223384857178,
0.487878680229187,
0.41217973828315735,
0.018552137538790703,
-0.38550111651420593,
-0.2890589237213135,
0.20715183019638062,
0.09440045058727264,
0.6176422238349915,
-0.08987215161323547,
0.6073305606842041,
0.513603150844574,
-0.025467708706855774,
-0.40071365237236023,
-0.15619957447052002,
-0.2857087254524231,
0.325726181268692,
-0.5680027604103088,
-0.38592734932899475,
-0.7602247595787048,
0.049173444509506226,
-0.10122642666101456,
-0.16913333535194397,
0.09485708177089691,
0.14552640914916992,
0.27900105714797974,
-0.32786980271339417,
-0.029118267819285393,
0.29080644249916077,
-0.4612242579460144,
0.9760050773620605,
-0.17568305134773254,
0.27534422278404236,
-0.1010092943906784,
0.2788730263710022,
-0.19289597868919373,
-0.13896051049232483,
0.09094353020191193,
0.8135985732078552,
0.41879943013191223,
0.8218780159950256,
-0.05559667944908142,
0.47181740403175354,
-0.020525524392724037,
-0.7220618724822998,
-0.1974579393863678,
0.48230400681495667,
0.10407576709985733,
0.4489670693874359,
-0.8654981851577759,
-0.4605552852153778,
-1.027278184890747,
0.07716865837574005,
0.13167530298233032,
-0.5151762962341309,
-0.6447684168815613,
-0.728278636932373,
-0.3143142759799957,
0.2964376211166382,
0.11011181771755219,
-0.1618782877922058,
0.02948053367435932,
0.3123525083065033,
-0.26319247484207153,
0.7824001908302307,
0.04988706111907959,
-0.15681560337543488,
0.51958829164505,
0.1042487621307373,
0.29924076795578003,
0.34393876791000366,
-0.05934213846921921,
0.08009875565767288,
-0.0648803561925888,
-0.152040034532547,
0.19898681342601776,
0.33333680033683777,
0.2119925320148468,
-0.44554585218429565,
-0.7552784085273743,
0.04223213717341423,
0.164615198969841,
-0.4882919192314148,
-0.246254563331604,
0.8079906702041626,
0.6593137383460999,
-0.07273709028959274,
-0.03753955289721489,
-0.13690303266048431,
-0.9643159508705139,
-0.32484832406044006,
0.47709372639656067,
-0.6466112732887268,
0.2229486107826233,
0.38342875242233276,
0.15757764875888824,
0.6320475935935974,
0.5277100801467896,
-0.11382746696472168,
-0.38518425822257996,
-0.5006561279296875,
0.9266319274902344,
-0.02243226207792759,
1.3070764541625977,
0.46724840998649597,
-0.18002068996429443,
-0.03757580742239952,
-0.15575791895389557,
0.9288195967674255,
-0.3816724419593811,
-0.25746801495552063,
0.19775043427944183,
-0.1981334090232849,
0.4021150469779968,
0.762782871723175,
-0.34022843837738037,
0.025036374107003212,
0.47662633657455444,
0.8576398491859436,
0.1019643023610115,
-0.7145135998725891,
0.21563933789730072,
-0.20368382334709167,
0.22991864383220673,
0.2829790413379669,
-0.125391885638237,
-0.2045154720544815,
0.3868241012096405,
-0.8012887239456177,
0.4092510938644409,
0.42720821499824524,
0.4280052185058594,
0.8237206935882568,
-0.23924165964126587,
0.5783357620239258,
0.18944983184337616,
0.7330050468444824,
-0.3616836369037628,
-0.9393560886383057,
1.0279362201690674,
-0.044712383300065994,
0.3459547460079193,
-0.48699507117271423,
0.07318895310163498,
-0.25830551981925964,
-0.5706578493118286,
0.12189081311225891,
-0.47178059816360474,
-0.24525703489780426,
0.30293819308280945,
0.27871182560920715,
-0.21448449790477753,
0.28289467096328735,
0.07054551690816879,
1.0134286880493164,
-0.4226435720920563,
-0.33411017060279846,
-0.3080974817276001,
-0.5385197401046753,
0.26935938000679016,
0.04552212357521057,
-0.3846888244152069,
-0.6143547892570496,
0.23271678388118744,
0.2007652074098587,
0.13343755900859833,
-0.2855892777442932,
-0.43855804204940796,
0.48637115955352783,
-0.5208419561386108,
-0.016771085560321808,
-0.3956810534000397,
0.2673943042755127,
-0.3507278859615326,
0.570365846157074,
0.04168282076716423,
-0.7848199009895325,
0.4612139165401459,
-0.017325855791568756,
-0.35726842284202576,
-0.3922877907752991,
-0.3705941438674927,
-0.9192534685134888,
0.3948929011821747,
-0.7441225647926331,
-0.19216574728488922,
0.2180212438106537,
-0.7229862809181213,
-0.1273130625486374,
-0.22010920941829681,
0.6107100248336792,
0.07758831232786179,
-0.377679705619812,
-0.5556613206863403,
-0.4802951514720917,
0.556037425994873,
0.3524717092514038,
0.3305973708629608,
0.012698943726718426,
-0.15928825736045837,
0.23743215203285217,
-0.7886035442352295,
-0.3528503179550171,
-0.11339407414197922,
0.09653575718402863,
0.0027870466001331806,
0.11203423887491226,
0.22906394302845,
-0.6540982127189636,
-0.8547995686531067,
-0.27531614899635315,
-0.26622989773750305,
0.10518305003643036,
-0.23992213606834412,
-0.3165569007396698,
0.1089874729514122,
-0.11314576119184494,
-4.800838947296143,
-0.3590018153190613,
-0.5527110695838928,
-0.20279021561145782,
0.05166824162006378,
0.26574862003326416,
0.5706201791763306,
-0.5382364988327026,
0.05633159354329109,
-0.11134655773639679,
0.584511935710907,
-0.040146369487047195,
-0.024177186191082,
0.8338502049446106,
1.0328717231750488,
1.1274043321609497,
1.0497535467147827,
0.31813696026802063,
0.1324702650308609,
-0.31356704235076904,
-0.029153749346733093,
-0.40563416481018066,
-0.06586512178182602,
-0.14341653883457184,
0.397522896528244,
1.016547679901123,
-0.13107337057590485,
0.18139606714248657,
-0.5547444224357605,
-0.06409301608800888,
-0.013393227010965347,
-0.09587478637695312,
0.15785323083400726,
-0.04777760058641434,
-0.7302438616752625,
0.27087369561195374,
0.5450031757354736,
1.4765286445617676,
0.08406016230583191,
-0.4771982729434967,
0.04178265482187271,
0.8168011903762817,
-0.701962411403656,
1.126335859298706,
0.3653489351272583,
-0.43461865186691284,
-1.0319362878799438,
0.6389978528022766,
-0.6992602348327637,
1.3790262937545776,
-0.03541557118296623,
-0.36733490228652954,
0.6963895559310913,
0.6784743666648865,
0.0315287783741951,
-0.21890680491924286,
0.16822397708892822,
0.25479674339294434,
-0.41022664308547974,
0.5045477151870728,
0.295507550239563,
-0.21086138486862183,
-0.5659263134002686,
-0.5607393383979797,
-0.20925144851207733,
-0.4782622456550598,
-0.5657971501350403,
0.5671066641807556,
0.24566218256950378,
0.05311235785484314,
-0.23003007471561432,
0.2770395278930664,
-0.34862735867500305,
-0.9752122759819031,
0.03881474584341049,
-0.5916897058486938,
-0.697522759437561,
0.2250412106513977,
0.014783714897930622,
0.1279592663049698,
-0.135227769613266,
0.1243622750043869,
-0.39533737301826477,
0.7060621380805969,
0.35253873467445374,
-0.7104931473731995,
-0.14891661703586578,
-0.28706642985343933,
-0.31505903601646423,
-0.8000454902648926,
0.0924413725733757,
-0.5057251453399658,
0.11709137260913849,
0.7581772804260254,
-0.20328806340694427,
0.29061564803123474,
0.18101924657821655,
-0.8243952989578247,
0.121226005256176,
-0.6369943022727966,
1.0978153944015503,
0.06723643839359283,
0.2307671457529068,
-0.42135414481163025,
-0.1013122946023941,
0.055348534137010574,
-0.2150689959526062,
0.5617051720619202,
-0.23633123934268951,
0.16365885734558105,
-0.08398708701133728,
-0.18786457180976868,
-0.2776346504688263,
-0.8088766932487488,
0.4288208782672882,
-0.6180906295776367,
-0.37680357694625854,
1.1581377983093262,
0.5042511224746704,
0.11617372184991837,
0.19625625014305115,
-0.17113757133483887,
0.06112498790025711,
0.3320311903953552,
-0.5118619203567505,
-0.2556926906108856,
-0.10114327073097229,
0.20299987494945526,
0.006702461279928684,
0.24734066426753998,
0.22265906631946564,
0.44257596135139465,
-0.6004813313484192,
0.015767984092235565,
0.09702593088150024,
-0.6689106822013855,
0.024395247921347618,
-0.21505773067474365,
0.4900549650192261,
-0.6587619781494141,
0.28631454706192017,
-0.4912293553352356,
-0.3871176242828369,
0.33400705456733704,
-0.7938202023506165,
0.33837202191352844,
0.10584241151809692,
-0.24784483015537262,
-0.5814468860626221,
0.278069406747818,
-1.2754515409469604,
-0.3974341154098511,
0.28923267126083374,
-0.646452784538269,
0.10767114907503128,
-0.5560411214828491,
-0.09657658636569977,
0.14600245654582977,
-0.22989241778850555,
-0.3390323221683502,
0.028943490236997604,
-0.6380654573440552,
-0.9879859089851379,
0.10777436941862106,
0.16978532075881958,
-0.5183020234107971,
-0.40214788913726807,
-0.43896016478538513,
-0.19171690940856934,
1.3066558837890625,
-0.339489221572876,
-0.2946471869945526,
-0.6430519819259644,
-0.037511952221393585,
0.5869508981704712,
-0.5548920631408691,
0.5592986941337585,
0.9038656949996948,
-0.24092146754264832,
0.15672104060649872,
-0.15267440676689148,
0.3917734920978546,
0.04419570043683052,
0.4662609100341797,
0.5374231934547424,
0.16656602919101715,
-0.6673394441604614,
-0.03154962137341499,
-0.012869157828390598,
-0.7208366394042969,
0.02893882244825363,
0.3576710820198059,
0.20356321334838867,
-0.11893084645271301,
-0.7233087420463562,
-0.7281922698020935,
0.09806086868047714,
-0.07057099044322968,
0.21214720606803894,
-0.17259809374809265,
0.5618649125099182,
0.8336064219474792,
0.019477669149637222,
0.60477215051651,
0.37334540486335754,
-0.15542882680892944,
0.22835269570350647,
0.41401785612106323,
-0.26259860396385193,
0.512054979801178,
-0.7856975793838501,
-0.1852605789899826,
-0.597327709197998,
0.578194260597229,
-0.5742902159690857,
-0.33506858348846436,
0.7877084016799927,
-0.43892017006874084,
-0.4210706055164337,
-0.5483700633049011,
-0.8714298009872437,
-0.34519556164741516,
-0.7931385636329651,
-0.00693900603801012,
-0.5372442603111267,
-0.1060953214764595,
0.25087296962738037,
-0.6528445482254028,
1.06869375705719,
-0.10454525053501129,
0.34926319122314453,
0.13506418466567993,
-0.20909593999385834,
-0.3237786293029785,
-0.4532893896102905,
0.3623049855232239,
-0.056308794766664505,
0.786795437335968,
0.036013163626194,
0.7119525671005249,
0.38155579566955566,
1.189549207687378,
0.9791695475578308,
-0.3299795687198639,
-0.006496716290712357,
-0.19810603559017181,
0.1067698746919632,
-0.39054805040359497,
-0.0766635462641716,
0.057243380695581436,
-0.21607308089733124,
-0.38360580801963806,
-0.3140650689601898,
-0.37757566571235657,
1.686305046081543,
-0.4805101454257965,
0.05894596874713898,
1.289631962776184,
0.27354326844215393,
0.28852489590644836,
-0.038098789751529694,
0.5005163550376892,
-0.25295010209083557,
0.26433849334716797,
0.4602491855621338,
0.28819143772125244,
-0.11223053932189941,
-0.20476427674293518,
0.6039679050445557,
-0.01464797928929329,
-0.5838732123374939,
-0.33647775650024414,
-0.5883099436759949,
0.0068169087171554565,
0.14799943566322327,
0.17234942317008972,
0.38055747747421265,
-0.46815916895866394,
0.41379812359809875,
-0.28892281651496887,
-0.47028011083602905,
0.2984764575958252,
-0.13511930406093597,
-0.5362933278083801,
0.3959798514842987,
-0.4467438757419586,
-0.6942004561424255,
0.06120944768190384,
-0.12272971868515015,
0.40431952476501465,
0.08215583115816116,
0.02893652953207493,
-0.43772053718566895,
0.3629421293735504,
0.12842296063899994,
0.4277734160423279,
-0.005843028426170349,
0.51108717918396,
-0.025447286665439606,
0.19564101099967957,
-0.5330226421356201,
0.6416102647781372,
-0.34951353073120117,
-0.2862754464149475,
0.03716479241847992,
0.7229875326156616,
-0.2501285970211029,
-0.054376229643821716,
-0.9567181468009949,
-0.055870141834020615,
0.5444555878639221,
0.29696235060691833,
0.18423683941364288,
0.14192992448806763,
-0.3001743257045746,
-0.4983808994293213,
0.36587488651275635,
-0.5896390080451965,
-0.4570934474468231,
-0.0024864389561116695,
0.5331428647041321,
-0.07475432753562927,
-0.45023030042648315,
-0.003377590561285615,
-0.08838342875242233,
0.7709311842918396,
0.07393931597471237,
-0.14577676355838776,
-0.2267785519361496,
-0.3534911274909973,
0.030097167938947678,
0.05436686798930168,
-1.0941017866134644,
0.943923830986023,
-0.813692569732666,
0.5074437856674194,
0.26453307271003723,
-0.716451108455658,
0.3046894073486328,
0.4413318634033203,
-0.37340047955513,
1.1414167881011963,
-0.05785932019352913,
-0.34248480200767517,
-0.10049185901880264,
-0.12030103802680969,
-0.16076920926570892,
0.026651496067643166,
0.03416068106889725,
-0.378597617149353,
0.11186183989048004,
-0.1620045155286789,
0.09923474490642548,
-0.44711586833000183,
-0.014623484574258327,
0.23178835213184357,
0.271339476108551,
0.13559897243976593,
-0.6402170062065125,
-1.078127145767212,
-0.334661602973938,
-1.0209739208221436,
0.12214043736457825,
0.3086754381656647,
-0.07955475896596909,
-0.3826999366283417,
0.03152165189385414,
0.5009628534317017,
0.12934236228466034,
0.09726640582084656,
0.533997118473053,
-0.6698697805404663,
0.3974283039569855,
-0.7290077209472656,
0.21705840528011322,
0.5781885981559753,
0.2247694879770279,
0.35404717922210693,
0.30386883020401,
0.1514248549938202,
-0.12510935962200165,
0.8955649137496948,
0.34815824031829834,
-0.9559915065765381,
0.2655268609523773,
-0.074154332280159,
-0.5368981957435608,
0.20217129588127136,
0.4312465786933899,
-0.24123935401439667,
0.43456795811653137,
-0.3706950843334198,
0.1657261699438095,
0.6885336637496948,
-0.9369243383407593,
0.21841385960578918,
-0.1310173124074936,
0.7971891760826111,
0.7456946969032288,
-0.6977431178092957,
-0.17479166388511658,
0.32756996154785156,
-0.08760204166173935,
0.6239933967590332,
-0.14098645746707916,
0.5918691754341125,
-0.2872920036315918,
0.26350951194763184,
0.6904245018959045,
0.5426638126373291,
0.09121079742908478,
0.37464994192123413,
-0.10254253447055817,
0.7442427277565002,
-0.11306999623775482,
0.1780591607093811,
0.8029260039329529,
-0.6872615218162537,
-0.31764569878578186,
-0.14753887057304382,
-0.2912624478340149,
-0.4078095257282257,
-0.13215290009975433,
0.6926751732826233,
-0.12396453320980072,
-0.3924562633037567,
-0.03818895295262337,
-0.039477210491895676,
-0.28411999344825745,
0.4131911098957062,
-0.37840619683265686,
-0.40992921590805054,
-0.35742074251174927,
-0.37095993757247925,
0.07297667860984802,
0.06625733524560928,
0.791506290435791,
0.8029337525367737,
0.8776689171791077,
-0.20765629410743713,
-0.5175801515579224,
-0.2820243239402771,
0.653999388217926,
0.5185968279838562,
-1.6115167140960693,
0.5138780474662781,
-0.01828761398792267,
-0.7735306620597839,
-0.4217453598976135,
0.3569842576980591,
0.01259328331798315,
-0.3358902633190155,
0.23710031807422638,
-0.4899256229400635,
0.2314203381538391,
0.07761523127555847,
-0.08802736550569534,
-0.4901851415634155,
-0.13256031274795532,
0.07261256873607635
] |
210942
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20Norrbotten%20County
|
List of governors of Norrbotten County
|
This is a list of governors for Norrbotten County of Sweden. Norrbotten County separated from Västerbotten County in 1810; for a list of governors who ruled the area before that date, see List of governors of Västerbotten County.
Footnotes
References
Norrbotten
|
[
-0.6508397459983826,
0.6208729147911072,
-0.0836826041340828,
0.045557472854852676,
-1.0850507020950317,
0.17810751497745514,
1.0204999446868896,
0.42067620158195496,
-1.3248670101165771,
-0.3590516746044159,
0.0682801678776741,
-0.3638124167919159,
-0.35660505294799805,
0.7228105664253235,
0.17324680089950562,
0.5618569850921631,
0.34553882479667664,
1.1030479669570923,
-0.29466933012008667,
-0.6195961833000183,
0.2218652069568634,
0.14126747846603394,
0.21111345291137695,
-0.07978270202875137,
0.18333172798156738,
0.4771689772605896,
0.6816007494926453,
0.22327764332294464,
-0.12965576350688934,
-0.13312861323356628,
-0.4293174743652344,
0.8906351327896118,
0.08714823424816132,
0.22472929954528809,
-0.3026091456413269,
-0.5851337313652039,
0.1582397073507309,
-0.607206404209137,
0.5026018023490906,
-0.03189985826611519,
-0.7109937071800232,
0.08989188075065613,
-0.2842962145805359,
0.10345889627933502,
0.3126162886619568,
-0.8044036030769348,
-0.9784584641456604,
-0.017278624698519707,
-0.48579132556915283,
0.10693474113941193,
-0.28661584854125977,
0.511590838432312,
0.2778399884700775,
0.7566044330596924,
0.18895582854747772,
0.12111315131187439,
-0.8724064826965332,
0.36039769649505615,
0.15542440116405487,
0.6294959783554077,
0.3416965901851654,
0.35372287034988403,
-0.346291184425354,
-0.04284749552607536,
0.49422264099121094,
0.06012648716568947,
0.006810413207858801,
0.8192760348320007,
-0.2063044011592865,
-0.6568956971168518,
-0.6571279168128967,
-0.08231750130653381,
0.7860493659973145,
-0.41036349534988403,
0.5932225584983826,
-0.0666319876909256,
0.07608995586633682,
0.0024524000473320484,
0.11728840321302414,
-1.2472528219223022,
-0.36087486147880554,
-0.3051958382129669,
0.6468027830123901,
0.05467383190989494,
0.34932810068130493,
0.2867080271244049,
-0.7010617256164551,
-0.8308601379394531,
-0.6662974953651428,
0.3148486316204071,
-0.03920114040374756,
0.2940569221973419,
0.4191212058067322,
0.31534478068351746,
0.027580182999372482,
-0.22690646350383759,
-0.4283348619937897,
0.30735817551612854,
0.1384844332933426,
0.835738480091095,
0.08399718254804611,
0.7581269145011902,
0.5828717350959778,
-0.07304736971855164,
-0.5808560848236084,
-0.16587701439857483,
-0.4437698423862457,
0.13297612965106964,
-0.5385760068893433,
-0.9304733276367188,
-0.686393678188324,
0.056021180003881454,
-0.09994355589151382,
-0.22528831660747528,
0.0204092338681221,
0.2921818196773529,
0.3569575548171997,
-0.03168368339538574,
0.007575290277600288,
0.3902217149734497,
-0.32122567296028137,
1.0202780961990356,
-0.13579446077346802,
0.2535307705402374,
0.05276085436344147,
0.1478377878665924,
-0.24353502690792084,
-0.14599274098873138,
0.4246509373188019,
1.100136399269104,
0.4572615921497345,
0.8996888399124146,
-0.284877747297287,
0.24768102169036865,
0.08334091305732727,
-0.8150281310081482,
-0.21086792647838593,
0.5108128190040588,
0.2940881848335266,
0.47272107005119324,
-1.1071833372116089,
-0.3486911356449127,
-1.6237075328826904,
0.015524164773523808,
0.16676759719848633,
-0.2585124969482422,
-0.7546023726463318,
-0.5635954737663269,
-0.22652652859687805,
0.2938259541988373,
0.2825942635536194,
-0.12854228913784027,
0.27815720438957214,
0.4993070960044861,
-0.36052340269088745,
0.7773404121398926,
0.19236604869365692,
-0.30388757586479187,
0.6615166068077087,
0.1893075853586197,
0.1915273815393448,
0.24971026182174683,
0.15476065874099731,
0.11578135192394257,
-0.12387951463460922,
-0.026910798624157906,
0.31782835721969604,
0.22519095242023468,
0.09626977890729904,
-0.3419528007507324,
-0.8118912577629089,
0.043027669191360474,
0.20048800110816956,
-0.5672880411148071,
-0.05248293653130531,
0.49880048632621765,
0.6087235808372498,
-0.10590959340333939,
-0.04631474241614342,
-0.23045746982097626,
-1.0551812648773193,
-0.2701120674610138,
0.5017313361167908,
-0.7068910002708435,
0.2753840982913971,
0.32987460494041443,
0.3156057894229889,
0.5290205478668213,
0.18500392138957977,
-0.022515984252095222,
-0.39304083585739136,
-0.5692052245140076,
1.1066042184829712,
0.21190118789672852,
1.2836288213729858,
0.38038673996925354,
0.01531225349754095,
-0.3094388544559479,
-0.07164600491523743,
0.8073661923408508,
-0.32443833351135254,
-0.37587714195251465,
0.05864804610610008,
-0.011205949820578098,
0.20999526977539062,
1.524488925933838,
-0.2706899046897888,
0.051253754645586014,
0.3052937090396881,
0.7746385931968689,
0.11516981571912766,
-0.8852217197418213,
0.38947248458862305,
-0.16283674538135529,
0.12423962354660034,
0.2313186526298523,
-0.20255103707313538,
-0.11802681535482407,
0.4571744203567505,
-0.7814602851867676,
0.2908852696418762,
0.5677655339241028,
0.3428024351596832,
0.7599601745605469,
-0.2645280957221985,
0.4966888427734375,
0.14070172607898712,
0.9489771127700806,
-0.38976335525512695,
-1.0142276287078857,
0.8503803610801697,
-0.0680520236492157,
0.2119193822145462,
-0.5925203561782837,
-0.01968126744031906,
-0.4463982880115509,
-0.5106111764907837,
0.16634705662727356,
-0.1878044307231903,
-0.07895767688751221,
0.1409539431333542,
0.22028063237667084,
-0.29276254773139954,
-0.008886660449206829,
-0.061813946813344955,
1.0537855625152588,
-0.4497620165348053,
-0.28669583797454834,
-0.060662928968667984,
-0.5879872441291809,
0.3182641267776489,
-0.08759649842977524,
-0.19260333478450775,
-0.7545081377029419,
0.28307420015335083,
0.2010582983493805,
0.2244129180908203,
-0.19646872580051422,
-0.27984192967414856,
0.3445892632007599,
-0.5965058207511902,
0.08933456987142563,
-0.36911696195602417,
0.22124814987182617,
-0.5437507629394531,
0.3023822009563446,
-0.09985141456127167,
-0.7979801297187805,
0.6013110280036926,
0.03152663633227348,
-0.34397944808006287,
-0.41279923915863037,
-0.5235762000083923,
-2.025531053543091,
0.2848973572254181,
-0.4520474672317505,
-0.2645617425441742,
0.20156246423721313,
-0.8103345036506653,
0.05128250643610954,
-0.010032572783529758,
0.7044628858566284,
0.26584628224372864,
-0.3940132260322571,
-0.5482040643692017,
-0.3661537766456604,
0.6932843923568726,
0.22645235061645508,
0.4205434024333954,
-0.23509274423122406,
-0.2632773518562317,
0.057102322578430176,
-0.6613843441009521,
-0.18161003291606903,
-0.1792692244052887,
-0.11365079134702682,
-0.05072888359427452,
0.20610511302947998,
0.23333515226840973,
-0.6437386870384216,
-0.8930146098136902,
-0.11991319060325623,
-0.34723302721977234,
0.14954794943332672,
-0.32823121547698975,
-0.17105518281459808,
-0.04967043176293373,
-0.048629581928253174,
-4.120913028717041,
-0.2744671404361725,
-0.5355894565582275,
-0.10247388482093811,
-0.07294376194477081,
0.017345180734992027,
0.608009934425354,
-0.5737450122833252,
-0.10754065215587616,
-0.035155199468135834,
0.4686175286769867,
-0.10007603466510773,
0.0549485981464386,
0.8551777601242065,
0.8614423871040344,
1.1388481855392456,
1.2243841886520386,
0.2546570897102356,
0.31617605686187744,
-0.22207407653331757,
-0.10910072922706604,
-0.19812019169330597,
-0.11240208894014359,
-0.24638164043426514,
0.2662803530693054,
1.1288951635360718,
-0.03522871807217598,
-0.04825972393155098,
-0.6831724643707275,
-0.0902593806385994,
-0.1303631216287613,
-0.023888621479272842,
0.2939033806324005,
-0.13267618417739868,
-0.8234866261482239,
0.17286737263202667,
0.5865722894668579,
1.4746630191802979,
0.26595059037208557,
-0.4179912507534027,
-0.030016278848052025,
0.948735773563385,
-0.48535478115081787,
1.1440621614456177,
0.5198702216148376,
-0.4285601079463959,
-1.1500170230865479,
0.3780035674571991,
-0.514194905757904,
1.3474173545837402,
-0.17277035117149353,
-0.5030739307403564,
0.8268327713012695,
0.7167618870735168,
0.03708018362522125,
-0.23528270423412323,
0.2895113527774811,
0.07667917013168335,
-0.28522810339927673,
0.48239731788635254,
0.297708660364151,
-0.2973848581314087,
-0.4271674156188965,
-0.509585976600647,
0.0760185644030571,
-0.43156737089157104,
-0.2684427499771118,
0.44856715202331543,
0.02368902787566185,
0.003505854634568095,
-0.3269030749797821,
0.15623019635677338,
-0.40590885281562805,
-0.7573760747909546,
0.17490285634994507,
-0.498037189245224,
-0.7919856905937195,
0.30672189593315125,
0.27649495005607605,
0.17236316204071045,
-0.38284483551979065,
0.11114532500505447,
-0.46263599395751953,
0.6956542134284973,
0.2452223002910614,
-0.7433544993400574,
-0.06154318526387215,
-0.010122789070010185,
-0.3242770731449127,
-0.6852510571479797,
-0.14727644622325897,
-0.21671102941036224,
0.35838013887405396,
0.7941632270812988,
-0.12824751436710358,
0.4491138160228729,
0.3339858949184418,
-1.0512467622756958,
-0.010735316202044487,
-0.6376060843467712,
0.9251740574836731,
-0.08866789937019348,
0.22035709023475647,
-0.48334044218063354,
-0.32410088181495667,
0.17470082640647888,
-0.033614419400691986,
0.5646753907203674,
-0.4176882207393646,
0.004540373105555773,
-0.05448863282799721,
-0.16504314541816711,
-0.21884185075759888,
-0.6019080281257629,
0.6992699503898621,
-0.5935360789299011,
-0.401761919260025,
1.3213497400283813,
0.3579704463481903,
0.10374100506305695,
0.31312525272369385,
-0.15068002045154572,
0.018236026167869568,
0.22283674776554108,
-0.5082157850265503,
-0.30451682209968567,
-0.13424117863178253,
0.11633365601301193,
-0.13824452459812164,
0.43302711844444275,
-0.026956625282764435,
0.31074976921081543,
-0.5645270943641663,
-0.17576545476913452,
0.01638089306652546,
-0.6732545495033264,
-0.24801333248615265,
0.15109771490097046,
0.29678916931152344,
-0.725629448890686,
0.40002506971359253,
-0.38694167137145996,
-0.45877984166145325,
0.7164337038993835,
-0.7354065775871277,
0.27147409319877625,
-0.07467314600944519,
-0.18824124336242676,
-0.7006316781044006,
0.20028159022331238,
-1.055662989616394,
-0.5439439415931702,
0.2746736407279968,
-0.7969475388526917,
-0.04950318858027458,
-0.41365209221839905,
-0.1097821369767189,
0.276160329580307,
-0.21686458587646484,
-0.2677457630634308,
-0.10659889131784439,
-0.5599640011787415,
-0.905195951461792,
0.46021950244903564,
0.4777798652648926,
-0.6702641844749451,
-0.19905219972133636,
-0.44393569231033325,
-0.3057700991630554,
1.1744858026504517,
-0.4312566816806793,
-0.346778005361557,
-0.6476050019264221,
0.07377296686172485,
0.5259850025177002,
-0.46120986342430115,
0.5593433976173401,
1.0125516653060913,
-0.27537885308265686,
0.2654252052307129,
-0.2690613865852356,
0.22401350736618042,
0.04635148122906685,
0.7601253986358643,
0.39071741700172424,
0.28195664286613464,
-0.6942234039306641,
0.1342678815126419,
-0.11119627207517624,
-0.531400740146637,
0.18143506348133087,
0.45027709007263184,
0.17196497321128845,
-0.13800610601902008,
-0.8408896327018738,
-0.7228401303291321,
0.0699799656867981,
-0.18888619542121887,
0.2504386603832245,
-0.20024751126766205,
0.7099433541297913,
0.7964327335357666,
0.08623863011598587,
0.6522692441940308,
0.3348931670188904,
-0.39358198642730713,
0.41053393483161926,
0.5387398600578308,
-0.39446112513542175,
0.6028061509132385,
-0.7553139925003052,
-0.3703417181968689,
-0.3561020791530609,
0.37192240357398987,
-0.5544494986534119,
-0.39796963334083557,
0.9747745394706726,
-0.38165733218193054,
-0.305561363697052,
-0.4995456039905548,
-0.7028753161430359,
-0.4056302011013031,
-0.6276870369911194,
-0.09479101747274399,
-0.7068189382553101,
-0.09617920219898224,
0.3342856764793396,
-0.8343584537506104,
0.9858351945877075,
-0.21528232097625732,
0.22066806256771088,
0.16923880577087402,
-0.13481615483760834,
-0.2599414587020874,
-0.398087739944458,
0.5483214855194092,
-0.2240869104862213,
0.7841171026229858,
0.0721336305141449,
0.5991555452346802,
0.5177993774414062,
1.3778250217437744,
0.9068724513053894,
-0.3692609667778015,
-0.1789580136537552,
-0.20713509619235992,
0.08912377804517746,
-0.4643225371837616,
-0.2670696973800659,
0.09316800534725189,
-0.318960040807724,
-0.3995112180709839,
-0.4948802590370178,
-0.44716179370880127,
1.731605887413025,
-0.2926941215991974,
0.08962423354387283,
1.2469863891601562,
0.25136271119117737,
0.18984299898147583,
0.03459300100803375,
0.3738543391227722,
-0.20462416112422943,
0.49953824281692505,
0.4139973223209381,
0.2663557231426239,
-0.037084441632032394,
-0.1730334311723709,
0.6090108752250671,
-0.10210322588682175,
-0.7985356450080872,
-0.4509156048297882,
-0.4539778530597687,
0.013339787721633911,
-0.188852921128273,
0.1831260770559311,
0.4130869209766388,
-0.6803402900695801,
0.5151692628860474,
-0.18217779695987701,
0.3159017562866211,
0.3733922243118286,
0.011280963197350502,
-0.44476133584976196,
0.604087769985199,
-0.297074556350708,
-0.7749743461608887,
0.08575127273797989,
-0.273308128118515,
0.3973165452480316,
0.27566424012184143,
-0.1825866997241974,
-0.38568735122680664,
0.4482957124710083,
0.2912839353084564,
0.33141443133354187,
-0.23977158963680267,
0.1698756068944931,
-0.22640135884284973,
0.25338539481163025,
-0.7421064376831055,
0.5980666279792786,
-0.3430268466472626,
-0.14409951865673065,
0.13217148184776306,
0.5969220995903015,
-0.29929283261299133,
-0.2520400583744049,
-0.8007801175117493,
0.03065062314271927,
0.44281649589538574,
0.23085753619670868,
-0.005342502146959305,
0.27460262179374695,
-0.08758530020713806,
-0.32635536789894104,
0.46162277460098267,
-0.6263389587402344,
-0.37478774785995483,
0.15091602504253387,
0.46356818079948425,
-0.04291864484548569,
-0.3923080265522003,
-0.03637957200407982,
0.05066009610891342,
0.8973066210746765,
0.03600892797112465,
-0.29531577229499817,
-0.05117577314376831,
-0.49697840213775635,
0.0432017520070076,
0.006598039995878935,
-1.1808271408081055,
1.0637611150741577,
-1.0139886140823364,
0.23565378785133362,
0.19339576363563538,
-0.7569801807403564,
0.3269016742706299,
0.41061344742774963,
-0.5527968406677246,
1.0729774236679077,
0.11743828654289246,
-0.23332767188549042,
-0.061854295432567596,
-0.08457062393426895,
-0.34789082407951355,
-0.022606974467635155,
0.0874861404299736,
-0.4227725863456726,
0.08904922008514404,
-0.1876193881034851,
0.20014610886573792,
-0.3139461278915405,
-0.04149463400244713,
0.11896911263465881,
0.05592217668890953,
0.13889919221401215,
-0.536552906036377,
-1.5806410312652588,
-0.3434540927410126,
-0.8962280750274658,
0.03918751701712608,
0.49216052889823914,
0.10193472355604172,
-0.2715298533439636,
0.0009713202598504722,
0.7455248832702637,
0.08033796399831772,
0.2805531620979309,
0.5473725199699402,
-0.6193097233772278,
0.5511530637741089,
-0.7933319807052612,
0.1965225785970688,
0.4981445074081421,
0.08410193771123886,
0.06548654288053513,
0.33967673778533936,
0.0006154600414447486,
-0.21098312735557556,
0.8320584893226624,
0.31008970737457275,
-0.991493284702301,
0.4077392816543579,
-0.05838235467672348,
-0.5393204092979431,
0.20105454325675964,
0.6127033233642578,
-0.1299556940793991,
0.257299542427063,
-0.1978488713502884,
0.15014030039310455,
0.7756199240684509,
-0.9518657326698303,
0.14036816358566284,
-0.21293315291404724,
0.7393320798873901,
0.6116811037063599,
-0.8617059588432312,
-0.11384724080562592,
0.5506812334060669,
-0.05305258184671402,
0.5773501992225647,
-0.22007043659687042,
0.4799532890319824,
-0.2798336446285248,
0.2880220413208008,
0.3869052827358246,
0.3543565571308136,
0.14512993395328522,
0.4423792362213135,
-0.05883075296878815,
0.8230849504470825,
-0.2183937281370163,
0.20776775479316711,
0.8168075084686279,
-0.7246676087379456,
-0.353874146938324,
-0.19513599574565887,
-0.2792547941207886,
-0.3337569534778595,
0.16164322197437286,
0.6655628681182861,
-0.03519327566027641,
-0.5122390985488892,
0.08744502067565918,
-0.014642875641584396,
-0.2568598687648773,
0.49265801906585693,
-0.5191280841827393,
-0.2677350640296936,
-0.2482074797153473,
-0.6199427843093872,
0.058536555618047714,
0.18426981568336487,
0.7896631360054016,
0.896295964717865,
0.8086649179458618,
-0.09881628304719925,
-0.5023730993270874,
-0.24134202301502228,
0.6357019543647766,
0.5703526139259338,
-3.536611557006836,
0.37353450059890747,
-0.3574213981628418,
-0.8059356212615967,
-0.18823115527629852,
0.40510058403015137,
-0.015244540758430958,
-0.32543304562568665,
0.3455430865287781,
-0.5341147780418396,
-0.0739494040608406,
0.14379078149795532,
0.042208556085824966,
-0.2987326979637146,
0.029407214373350143,
0.07502294331789017
] |
210945
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20S%C3%B6dermanland%20County
|
List of governors of Södermanland County
|
This is a list of governors of Nyköping County and Södermanland County of Sweden, from 1634 to present.
Footnotes
References
References
Södermanland County Board: Landshövdingar i Södermanland sedan 1634
Sodermanland
|
[
-0.5936477184295654,
0.4596409201622009,
0.19383880496025085,
0.12448510527610779,
-1.0868231058120728,
0.20588085055351257,
0.9014387130737305,
0.231587752699852,
-1.2158923149108887,
-0.4641326367855072,
0.3488122522830963,
-0.20609287917613983,
-0.2641790211200714,
0.621300995349884,
-0.025522446259856224,
0.4108923673629761,
0.3759545087814331,
1.0646629333496094,
-0.545689046382904,
-0.46592801809310913,
0.0979745164513588,
0.11564434319734573,
0.3618042469024658,
-0.06703364104032516,
0.3422926664352417,
0.31761205196380615,
0.5654669404029846,
0.17139333486557007,
0.012623932212591171,
-0.15577936172485352,
-0.4679056704044342,
0.7190653085708618,
0.1734689325094223,
0.30144721269607544,
-0.5792235136032104,
-0.6072002053260803,
-0.14903941750526428,
-0.4903801381587982,
0.3945153057575226,
0.001188483671285212,
-0.6379778385162354,
0.1569526642560959,
-0.42694738507270813,
0.2190340906381607,
0.1758388727903366,
-0.726270854473114,
-0.9543271064758301,
0.20472948253154755,
-0.6036569476127625,
0.32932114601135254,
-0.45126086473464966,
0.44942885637283325,
0.23799899220466614,
0.7441432476043701,
-0.06848093122243881,
-0.1420237123966217,
-0.8087361454963684,
0.23113586008548737,
0.05826514959335327,
0.5405253767967224,
0.39648115634918213,
0.19267694652080536,
-0.24602627754211426,
-0.21418684720993042,
0.4006807804107666,
-0.14249584078788757,
-0.006867849268019199,
0.7113770246505737,
0.04381432384252548,
-0.6226585507392883,
-0.4027698338031769,
0.18066459894180298,
0.6374611258506775,
-0.46567031741142273,
0.5696636438369751,
-0.3586338460445404,
0.14709646999835968,
0.080436110496521,
0.07969331741333008,
-1.1390703916549683,
-0.3843953609466553,
-0.6626051664352417,
0.6234180331230164,
0.0069200568832457066,
0.31988459825515747,
0.17686717212200165,
-0.4463649392127991,
-0.9048301577568054,
-0.7754780650138855,
0.38448306918144226,
0.13283345103263855,
0.26590195298194885,
0.584518551826477,
0.4001806378364563,
-0.08706897497177124,
-0.2099500447511673,
-0.4488668441772461,
0.3440383970737457,
0.0646071583032608,
0.7059101462364197,
-0.15659412741661072,
0.8014935255050659,
0.5364174842834473,
-0.10443765670061111,
-0.25839704275131226,
-0.24514736235141754,
-0.16917024552822113,
0.2938033938407898,
-0.4832240641117096,
-0.7043030261993408,
-0.692423939704895,
0.024480506777763367,
0.13739927113056183,
0.017389630898833275,
0.030148809775710106,
0.28167539834976196,
0.28090307116508484,
-0.22321584820747375,
-0.1713983565568924,
0.10734144598245621,
-0.4885689914226532,
1.1338220834732056,
-0.19784186780452728,
0.3702845573425293,
-0.1554899662733078,
0.23062652349472046,
-0.1725187599658966,
-0.28351619839668274,
0.05157652124762535,
0.8014494776725769,
0.4264557957649231,
0.8673429489135742,
-0.29185837507247925,
0.4197842478752136,
0.023760108277201653,
-0.5776549577713013,
-0.14827372133731842,
0.6102347373962402,
-0.006021016277372837,
0.4379454255104065,
-0.9579648971557617,
-0.36138808727264404,
-1.057969570159912,
0.15374405682086945,
0.1310405433177948,
-0.3544819951057434,
-0.51369708776474,
-0.7549307346343994,
-0.25292718410491943,
0.2068987637758255,
0.021236231550574303,
-0.3413147032260895,
0.06884417682886124,
0.42211639881134033,
-0.30623629689216614,
0.9058511257171631,
0.1662263721227646,
-0.12862466275691986,
0.5459869503974915,
0.17525386810302734,
0.41167616844177246,
0.2816493511199951,
0.08026178926229477,
0.13139723241329193,
0.038395874202251434,
-0.12074398994445801,
0.09950600564479828,
0.4304969012737274,
0.2110295444726944,
-0.35639238357543945,
-0.7413828372955322,
-0.022334326058626175,
0.17915375530719757,
-0.8261033296585083,
-0.19779956340789795,
0.7899263501167297,
0.5763158202171326,
-0.19582903385162354,
-0.06427206099033356,
-0.25828295946121216,
-0.9902492761611938,
-0.16597633063793182,
0.5200283527374268,
-0.661359965801239,
0.2929321229457855,
0.45561811327934265,
0.07054009288549423,
0.5642205476760864,
0.48118865489959717,
-0.07021940499544144,
-0.396506130695343,
-0.46872231364250183,
1.0501443147659302,
-0.06317028403282166,
1.1614906787872314,
0.4106992185115814,
-0.29533302783966064,
-0.13068968057632446,
-0.08984165638685226,
0.9572545289993286,
-0.3251957297325134,
-0.41466689109802246,
0.001516510033980012,
-0.08040450513362885,
0.40430331230163574,
1.071801781654358,
-0.30528783798217773,
0.03983936458826065,
0.5678837895393372,
0.8035024404525757,
0.014730232767760754,
-0.7552658319473267,
0.24352802336215973,
-0.1260971873998642,
0.23467136919498444,
0.16361956298351288,
-0.052777763456106186,
-0.2647164463996887,
0.5014222264289856,
-0.8038727045059204,
0.49451613426208496,
0.43388259410858154,
0.3915581703186035,
1.0275307893753052,
0.051452286541461945,
0.5795748233795166,
0.15612773597240448,
0.7692203521728516,
-0.2110498994588852,
-1.016396164894104,
0.9584768414497375,
0.08558832108974457,
0.2593488395214081,
-0.45982635021209717,
-0.02107682265341282,
-0.24934612214565277,
-0.3713965117931366,
0.23042120039463043,
-0.42466992139816284,
-0.2591223120689392,
0.14243869483470917,
0.38801309466362,
-0.23457573354244232,
0.15817634761333466,
0.15730294585227966,
1.0102704763412476,
-0.4501672387123108,
-0.22056476771831512,
-0.42132335901260376,
-0.5312916040420532,
0.2583416700363159,
0.0638241395354271,
-0.27395501732826233,
-0.632939338684082,
0.1706910878419876,
0.28230565786361694,
0.18943123519420624,
-0.1877383142709732,
-0.43095794320106506,
0.29188334941864014,
-0.6017443537712097,
0.08330940455198288,
-0.4002200663089752,
0.46014437079429626,
-0.33048275113105774,
0.31828388571739197,
-0.06091984733939171,
-0.8372468948364258,
0.6371601819992065,
0.0832621157169342,
-0.30058449506759644,
-0.44614359736442566,
-0.5656626224517822,
-1.2948181629180908,
0.31364384293556213,
-0.8414139151573181,
-0.22263513505458832,
0.017071092501282692,
-0.7303524017333984,
-0.21356280148029327,
-0.06908740848302841,
0.6425319314002991,
0.20332622528076172,
-0.3859153389930725,
-0.3843689262866974,
-0.5826398134231567,
0.6337019801139832,
0.4595000445842743,
0.2884984612464905,
0.13355161249637604,
-0.23243941366672516,
0.2419917732477188,
-0.7381515502929688,
-0.28605636954307556,
0.07561399042606354,
0.1825387328863144,
-0.15731050074100494,
0.07396366447210312,
0.37029218673706055,
-0.6558493375778198,
-0.7997431755065918,
-0.2672577202320099,
-0.3438812494277954,
0.062269821763038635,
-0.33792686462402344,
-0.2027963101863861,
-0.04508231580257416,
0.09152635186910629,
-4.699910640716553,
-0.41162362694740295,
-0.6313332319259644,
-0.1997576802968979,
0.06496122479438782,
0.04803135618567467,
0.5760980248451233,
-0.6586811542510986,
0.19552701711654663,
-0.12725448608398438,
0.6752745509147644,
0.01143453735858202,
0.0826190710067749,
0.9398497343063354,
0.8759669065475464,
1.112775444984436,
1.020379900932312,
0.19977375864982605,
0.2433731108903885,
-0.29167070984840393,
-0.20498979091644287,
-0.36972352862358093,
-0.15311096608638763,
0.023443643003702164,
0.3190928101539612,
1.081996202468872,
-0.10710617899894714,
0.012998177669942379,
-0.5311760306358337,
0.015153951942920685,
-0.06598903983831406,
-0.08772870153188705,
0.36453762650489807,
0.01475340686738491,
-0.8534543514251709,
0.14610648155212402,
0.4855828285217285,
1.505303144454956,
-0.13223537802696228,
-0.4685823321342468,
0.20637984573841095,
0.9767544865608215,
-0.8909850716590881,
1.006158471107483,
0.30187657475471497,
-0.2734939157962799,
-1.1891934871673584,
0.7738816738128662,
-0.6002252101898193,
1.3012930154800415,
0.13021345436573029,
-0.3491162657737732,
0.8074047565460205,
0.5435917377471924,
0.170817568898201,
-0.2009967863559723,
0.36388564109802246,
0.04355385899543762,
-0.3755300045013428,
0.5730790495872498,
0.2363632321357727,
-0.2790064513683319,
-0.419686883687973,
-0.6336175203323364,
-0.03436568006873131,
-0.29925090074539185,
-0.44686782360076904,
0.478811651468277,
0.2000666707754135,
-0.039582859724760056,
-0.1476031094789505,
0.12102370709180832,
-0.4301820397377014,
-0.9672470092773438,
0.08176302164793015,
-0.5460096001625061,
-0.6305983662605286,
0.29111382365226746,
0.10749265551567078,
0.10052542388439178,
-0.15909302234649658,
0.16977018117904663,
-0.3696601986885071,
0.7544363141059875,
0.3904123902320862,
-0.677859902381897,
0.10054555535316467,
-0.2480662316083908,
-0.31624650955200195,
-0.5390502214431763,
0.16367679834365845,
-0.4223417639732361,
0.19224029779434204,
0.8553747534751892,
-0.1332801878452301,
0.3936762511730194,
0.025069577619433403,
-0.8482271432876587,
0.020818740129470825,
-0.7720066905021667,
0.9757940769195557,
-0.0644535943865776,
0.08561263233423233,
-0.4647889733314514,
-0.09938228130340576,
0.13645263016223907,
-0.027876699343323708,
0.5182715058326721,
-0.40501371026039124,
0.2444213479757309,
0.2821146249771118,
-0.39332112669944763,
-0.2527700960636139,
-0.8277375102043152,
0.5664954781532288,
-0.5390695929527283,
-0.2995423972606659,
1.1451596021652222,
0.3423396050930023,
0.07399716228246689,
0.14374424517154694,
-0.18300731480121613,
-0.0031395810656249523,
0.31514617800712585,
-0.5599826574325562,
-0.24356842041015625,
-0.2817167043685913,
0.16917385160923004,
-0.0022510173730552197,
0.12012894451618195,
0.17774274945259094,
0.41234615445137024,
-0.4419350028038025,
0.17289887368679047,
0.16441377997398376,
-0.6809636354446411,
-0.13590295612812042,
-0.27672088146209717,
0.5244190692901611,
-0.6291489601135254,
0.2372918725013733,
-0.5159429907798767,
-0.3814719319343567,
0.33894532918930054,
-0.8379496335983276,
0.32882413268089294,
-0.0906483381986618,
-0.4120568633079529,
-0.6211892366409302,
0.31282028555870056,
-1.1080955266952515,
-0.3602595031261444,
0.2750914394855499,
-0.7003063559532166,
0.07065897434949875,
-0.598950982093811,
-0.221403568983078,
0.06971791386604309,
-0.29996591806411743,
-0.29022860527038574,
0.11131071299314499,
-0.6117607951164246,
-1.045597791671753,
0.14793618023395538,
0.3103366792201996,
-0.6940546035766602,
-0.4057949483394623,
-0.5355061888694763,
-0.15410210192203522,
1.2129994630813599,
-0.5871980786323547,
-0.4283510446548462,
-0.6811685562133789,
-0.1091228500008583,
0.6489019393920898,
-0.6152489185333252,
0.6507282853126526,
0.983663022518158,
-0.33850666880607605,
0.20405612885951996,
-0.17053726315498352,
0.3292522728443146,
-0.09222494065761566,
0.3862287402153015,
0.6740630865097046,
0.05524526908993721,
-0.6674124598503113,
-0.04287742078304291,
-0.028413182124495506,
-0.7820786237716675,
0.025288203731179237,
0.47736331820487976,
0.2549322545528412,
-0.005695361644029617,
-0.7836815118789673,
-0.7389065623283386,
0.13245508074760437,
0.0017301636980846524,
0.3145688474178314,
-0.2286730706691742,
0.4647321105003357,
0.7251030802726746,
-0.0652446374297142,
0.6375086903572083,
0.2702008783817291,
-0.15863126516342163,
0.3711799085140228,
0.5038043856620789,
-0.26691198348999023,
0.41869494318962097,
-0.6887546181678772,
-0.26316002011299133,
-0.6397660374641418,
0.5105863809585571,
-0.49400249123573303,
-0.34893128275871277,
0.9156206250190735,
-0.43657180666923523,
-0.4186801314353943,
-0.454061895608902,
-0.7499855160713196,
-0.2104233056306839,
-0.7960411906242371,
-0.03930332139134407,
-0.5803942084312439,
0.06432810425758362,
0.3967685103416443,
-0.6698002815246582,
0.9288544654846191,
-0.03689875453710556,
0.4352031648159027,
0.22444282472133636,
-0.18828943371772766,
-0.19981662929058075,
-0.6387535929679871,
0.3042922019958496,
-0.024857135489583015,
0.5138112902641296,
0.007812845520675182,
0.6658473014831543,
0.3988792896270752,
1.0985536575317383,
0.8722291588783264,
-0.33211883902549744,
0.03734657168388367,
-0.13428989052772522,
0.126153826713562,
-0.39960017800331116,
-0.050495345145463943,
0.08288490027189255,
-0.1268635392189026,
-0.2983393967151642,
-0.3353310823440552,
-0.17779627442359924,
1.629812240600586,
-0.35886600613594055,
-0.025747155770659447,
1.2634294033050537,
0.3334699273109436,
0.427886962890625,
0.03625492379069328,
0.47553694248199463,
-0.14498066902160645,
0.3886711895465851,
0.44341355562210083,
0.17108377814292908,
-0.017662514001131058,
-0.24422231316566467,
0.6684385538101196,
0.024156004190444946,
-0.6651254296302795,
-0.44978106021881104,
-0.5923038721084595,
-0.020777534693479538,
-0.03507651761174202,
0.10383551567792892,
0.3944207727909088,
-0.5069717168807983,
0.31818994879722595,
-0.2344079166650772,
-0.2362581342458725,
0.299326628446579,
-0.1389368623495102,
-0.5535642504692078,
0.020200707018375397,
-0.28441372513771057,
-0.36695441603660583,
-0.10782133787870407,
-0.10794676095247269,
0.37464600801467896,
0.1476231813430786,
-0.05204463005065918,
-0.3449517786502838,
0.24059909582138062,
0.021222220733761787,
0.4894352853298187,
-0.12024708837270737,
0.38638606667518616,
-0.06939421594142914,
0.09312407672405243,
-0.49472349882125854,
0.44478684663772583,
-0.4506462514400482,
-0.1302020400762558,
-0.1337776780128479,
0.6966948509216309,
-0.07837212085723877,
-0.21978092193603516,
-1.029732584953308,
-0.047263626009225845,
0.3637210726737976,
0.2414153665304184,
0.3209962844848633,
0.04212405905127525,
-0.3256058394908905,
-0.3877086043357849,
0.5013960003852844,
-0.6032299995422363,
-0.5007787942886353,
-0.001967198681086302,
0.6063746809959412,
-0.09042830765247345,
-0.37823936343193054,
-0.035093411803245544,
0.01824340410530567,
0.8304911851882935,
0.16001176834106445,
-0.2915280759334564,
-0.06803278625011444,
-0.28208789229393005,
0.04763953015208244,
0.13964208960533142,
-1.20772385597229,
0.9368345141410828,
-0.7150829434394836,
0.4761825203895569,
0.303509384393692,
-0.7423567175865173,
0.3145312964916229,
0.3426574170589447,
-0.18023788928985596,
1.1474391222000122,
0.04658562317490578,
-0.08752021938562393,
0.11491403728723526,
-0.06463700532913208,
-0.22644543647766113,
0.08226296305656433,
0.12458527088165283,
-0.4537622630596161,
0.11352789402008057,
-0.06946799159049988,
0.32907140254974365,
-0.48627805709838867,
0.05157404765486717,
0.22736229002475739,
0.0324181467294693,
0.12210174649953842,
-0.6412334442138672,
-1.3261109590530396,
-0.3562343716621399,
-1.0407826900482178,
-0.013802388682961464,
0.3797677457332611,
-0.027848459780216217,
-0.4001504182815552,
-0.022851821035146713,
0.5652011036872864,
-0.03982251137495041,
0.31829339265823364,
0.460601806640625,
-0.5174810290336609,
0.4710983335971832,
-0.7971484065055847,
-0.07037163525819778,
0.698743462562561,
0.4159068465232849,
0.36313655972480774,
0.4417448043823242,
0.24975666403770447,
-0.02019055001437664,
1.0269526243209839,
0.20776060223579407,
-0.8013186454772949,
0.1251320093870163,
-0.25342050194740295,
-0.4417933523654938,
0.21320490539073944,
0.4224649667739868,
-0.3335890769958496,
0.23419241607189178,
-0.41532739996910095,
0.14972354471683502,
0.7899765372276306,
-0.9484180212020874,
0.25572389364242554,
-0.38374850153923035,
0.8959404230117798,
0.7966625690460205,
-0.685387909412384,
-0.21993838250637054,
0.3272252678871155,
-0.07726109772920609,
0.4891490042209625,
-0.3707193434238434,
0.5945755243301392,
-0.3011859357357025,
0.30326002836227417,
0.5716987252235413,
0.5449603796005249,
0.10473229736089706,
0.451850563287735,
-0.10983811318874359,
0.5535327792167664,
-0.27784472703933716,
0.1909656971693039,
0.8073540925979614,
-0.5577167868614197,
-0.21390089392662048,
-0.07828490436077118,
-0.3055494725704193,
-0.3928625285625458,
-0.13606877624988556,
0.5556275844573975,
-0.19368703663349152,
-0.28834259510040283,
-0.06372790783643723,
0.10374710708856583,
-0.22055602073669434,
0.39125150442123413,
-0.23384147882461548,
-0.3486889898777008,
-0.1722269207239151,
-0.3610217571258545,
0.006473397370427847,
0.052761077880859375,
0.8256980776786804,
0.7307497262954712,
0.8570429682731628,
-0.24891668558120728,
-0.3538898825645447,
-0.25493207573890686,
0.5161423683166504,
0.4267319440841675,
-2.259683847427368,
0.40357860922813416,
-0.06976298242807388,
-0.7703583836555481,
-0.5145907998085022,
0.34110334515571594,
0.2155000865459442,
-0.5071773529052734,
0.3560256361961365,
-0.3782188594341278,
0.14265668392181396,
0.27159368991851807,
-0.1596517711877823,
-0.3870108723640442,
-0.21999195218086243,
-0.03734103590250015
] |
210946
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C
|
Ü
|
Ü (lowercase ü), is a character that typically represents a close front rounded vowel . It is classified as a separate letter in several extended Latin alphabets (including Azerbaijani, Estonian, German, Hungarian and Turkish), but as the letter U with an umlaut/diaeresis in others such as Catalan, Galician, Occitan, Guarani and Spanish.
Although not a part of their alphabet, it also appears in languages such as Finnish and Swedish when retained in foreign names and words such as München ("Munich"); Finnish and Swedish spell in domestic words solely as Y. A small number of Dutch and Afrikaans words also use this as a diaeresis.
U-umlaut
A glyph, U with umlaut, appears in the German alphabet. It represents the umlauted form of u, which results in when long and when short. The letter is collated together with U, or as UE. In languages that have adopted German names or spellings, such as Swedish, the letter also occurs. It is however not a part of these languages' alphabets. In Swedish the letter is called tyskt y which means German y.
In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet or in limited character sets such as ASCII, U-umlaut is frequently replaced with the two-letter combination "ue". Software for optical character recognition sometimes sees it falsely as ii.
Letter Ü
The letter Ü is present in the German, Hungarian, Turkish, Uyghur Latin, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Kazakh Latin and Tatar Latin alphabets, where it represents a close front rounded vowel . It is considered a distinct letter, collated separately, not a simple modification of U or Y, and is distinct from UE.
In the Swedish and Finnish alphabets ü is alphabetized as y.
This same letter appears in the Chinese Romanisations pinyin, Wade–Giles, and the German-based Lessing-Othmer, where it represents the same sound : 綠/lǜ (green) or 女/nǚ (female). Standard Mandarin Chinese pronunciation has both the sounds and . Pinyin only uses "Ü" to represent after the letters "L" or "N" to avoid confusion with words such as 路/lù (road) and 怒/nù (anger). Words such as 玉/yù (jade) or 句/jù (sentence) are pronounced with , but are not spelled with "Ü", although Wade–Giles and Lessing use "Ü" in all situations. As the letter "Ü" is missing on most keyboards and the letter "V" is not present in standard Mandarin pinyin, the letter "V" is used on most computer Chinese input methods to enter the letter "Ü". As a result, romanisation of Chinese with the letter "V" representing the Ü sound is sometimes found. However, Ü sound should be officially represented by "yu" in Pinyin when it's difficult to enter Ü. For example, the surname Lü (吕) would be written as "Lyu" in the passports. Four extra tones for the letter "ü", which are "ǖ, ǘ, ǚ, ǜ", is added in Unicode as per GB/T 2312.
U-diaeresis
Several languages use diaeresis over the letter U to show that the letter is pronounced in its regular way, without dropping out, building diphthongs with neighbours, etc.
In Spanish, it is used to distinguish between "gue"/"güe" / and "gui"/"güi" /: nicaragüense ("Nicaraguan"), pingüino ("penguin").
Similarly in Catalan, "gue~güe" are ~, "gui~güi" are ~, "que~qüe" are ~ and "qui~qüi" are ~,
as in aigües, pingüins, qüestió, adeqüi. Also, ü is used to mark that vowel pairs that normally would form a diphthong must be pronounced as separate syllables, examples: Raül, diürn.
In French, the diaeresis appears over the "u" only very rarely, in some uncommon words, capharnaüm ('shambles'), Capharnaüm/Capernaüm or Emmaüs . After the 1990 spelling reforms, it is applied to a few more words, like aigüe (formerly aiguë), ambigüe (formerly ambiguë) and argüer (formerly without the diaeresis).
Usage in phonetic alphabets
In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, the Low Rhenish, and few related vernacular languages, "ü" represents a range from to .
Typography
Historically the unique letter Ü and U-diaeresis were written as a U with two dots above the letter. U-umlaut was written as a U with a small e written above (Uͤ uͤ): this minute e degenerated to two vertical bars in medieval handwritings. In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots.
In modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both a U-with-dots (also representing Ü) and a U-with-bars. Since they looked near-identical the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result, there was no way to differentiate between the three different characters. While Unicode theoretically provides a solution, this is almost never used.
Computing codes
Tonal marks for Hanyu Pinyin
Keyboarding
The methods available for entering and from the keyboard depend on the operating system, the keyboard layout, and the application.
Microsoft Windows – some keyboard layouts feature separate keys for
Using the Swiss French keyboard, can be entered by typing
Using the US International layout, can be entered by typing
Microsoft Windows: with the Number Lock on, hold down the key while typing on the numeric keypad the decimal value of the code point from the active DOS/OEM code page without a leading zero, then release the key; i.e. for and for
Microsoft Windows: with the Number Lock on, hold down the key while typing on the numeric keypad the decimal value of the code point from the active ANSI code page with a leading zero, then release the Alt key; i.e. for and for
Microsoft Word for Windows: type followed by for or then for
macOS with an English keyboard layout (Australian, British, or U.S.): type followed by for or and then for or by keeping the key pressed and then typing
In Linux-based operating systems, this symbol may be typed by pressing the Compose key followed by , .
In GTK-based GUI-Applications, followed by the Hex-Code
See also
Umlaut (diacritic)
Ӱ ӱ : Cyrillic letter U with diaeresis
Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Ue
References
Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
|
[
-0.4460139572620392,
0.1307031214237213,
0.09170572459697723,
-0.22061973810195923,
-0.6166707873344421,
1.0925157070159912,
0.3986123204231262,
0.3579695522785187,
-0.14384272694587708,
-0.5206254720687866,
-0.26152873039245605,
0.1874387562274933,
0.04975006729364395,
0.09410272538661957,
0.3003130555152893,
0.20417584478855133,
0.4758347272872925,
0.36117514967918396,
-0.3188847005367279,
-0.21931569278240204,
0.18148505687713623,
-0.15731121599674225,
0.22642044723033905,
-0.22333474457263947,
0.17812380194664001,
-0.4772947132587433,
-0.263656347990036,
-0.1999044418334961,
-0.001992017962038517,
0.043040454387664795,
-0.43823108077049255,
0.9582566022872925,
-0.06583229452371597,
0.3851929306983948,
0.1150769516825676,
-0.6310194134712219,
-0.13400106132030487,
-0.2858322858810425,
-0.17301955819129944,
-0.13771261274814606,
-0.4307088553905487,
-0.3607708811759949,
0.031092103570699692,
0.5772109031677246,
-0.6727162599563599,
-0.35335278511047363,
-1.5237774848937988,
0.06616663187742233,
-0.34640926122665405,
0.0634116604924202,
-0.18394821882247925,
0.06429722160100937,
0.2375636100769043,
-0.04889388382434845,
-0.2253425419330597,
0.4585537016391754,
-0.660658061504364,
-0.5143740773200989,
0.6780933141708374,
-0.16425590217113495,
0.22169934213161469,
-0.2137773036956787,
-0.2177022099494934,
0.2655821740627289,
0.32585394382476807,
0.3719918429851532,
-0.6213173866271973,
0.2417249232530594,
-1.2441829442977905,
-0.33586278557777405,
-0.5673981308937073,
-0.32021233439445496,
-0.2682529091835022,
0.026559893041849136,
-0.3606196939945221,
0.07191447168588638,
-0.37411049008369446,
0.26104336977005005,
0.2487792819738388,
0.09399832040071487,
-0.06332988291978836,
0.16676314175128937,
0.4081951975822449,
0.5099461674690247,
0.019816629588603973,
0.24026769399642944,
-0.2623935341835022,
-0.12137353420257568,
-0.5265335440635681,
0.4275669455528259,
-0.028394248336553574,
-0.4018188416957855,
0.0401286780834198,
-0.08518404513597488,
-0.21799680590629578,
0.04618791118264198,
0.10457634925842285,
0.118534617125988,
0.6279025673866272,
0.0180733073502779,
-0.6874507069587708,
-0.04772350564599037,
0.789575457572937,
-0.1261802464723587,
-1.0994712114334106,
-0.5717310309410095,
-0.7122308015823364,
-0.0669926330447197,
-0.11348041146993637,
0.11028404533863068,
-0.8616613149642944,
0.17064538598060608,
-0.29542914032936096,
-0.07760824263095856,
-0.13696151971817017,
-0.2651619613170624,
-0.04003709554672241,
-0.26208946108818054,
-0.3242814540863037,
-0.5111936926841736,
-0.3762974143028259,
0.29493677616119385,
0.38680094480514526,
0.0759749636054039,
0.597205638885498,
0.15680046379566193,
0.4931127429008484,
0.13758951425552368,
-0.47914937138557434,
-0.285416841506958,
-0.046651940792798996,
1.1965229511260986,
0.17649629712104797,
0.4838794469833374,
0.1550109088420868,
-0.2890933156013489,
0.3503290116786957,
0.10809595882892609,
0.10598507523536682,
-0.10343343764543533,
-0.43343931436538696,
0.13583475351333618,
-0.6577233672142029,
-0.02066844515502453,
0.8436098098754883,
0.5324957966804504,
-0.4513845145702362,
0.34874427318573,
-0.7830052375793457,
-0.05135104060173035,
0.21783405542373657,
-0.30202198028564453,
0.10516282916069031,
0.20170001685619354,
-0.2035055011510849,
0.24886132776737213,
0.21763750910758972,
0.24827724695205688,
0.3775610029697418,
-0.25301218032836914,
-0.11667421460151672,
0.6109618544578552,
-0.3424360156059265,
0.13218866288661957,
0.5845662355422974,
-0.4530077278614044,
-0.0965377688407898,
0.04128008708357811,
-0.8827715516090393,
0.13155528903007507,
0.017866574227809906,
0.09222906082868576,
0.3771926164627075,
0.00501926988363266,
-0.22854986786842346,
-0.6038913130760193,
0.257455050945282,
-0.142330139875412,
0.7702129483222961,
0.16041353344917297,
-0.607180655002594,
0.37102991342544556,
0.5002650618553162,
-0.06265229731798172,
-0.37208330631256104,
0.02915871888399124,
0.04128793627023697,
0.002758206333965063,
0.2527502179145813,
-0.24407130479812622,
-0.010405055247247219,
-0.11718858033418655,
-0.6484813690185547,
-0.5387086272239685,
0.4226159453392029,
-0.09565947204828262,
-0.17464034259319305,
0.6450085043907166,
0.09025565534830093,
0.6274070739746094,
-0.4145921468734741,
-0.8354787230491638,
0.20166566967964172,
0.3132384121417999,
0.3768543303012848,
0.5766264796257019,
0.2686489224433899,
0.511019766330719,
0.39904603362083435,
0.553092360496521,
0.24355821311473846,
0.26258403062820435,
0.6630151867866516,
0.28146329522132874,
-0.06184227019548416,
-0.20604795217514038,
-0.037399373948574066,
-0.3091373145580292,
-0.24450932443141937,
-0.14202621579170227,
0.888553261756897,
-0.7213388085365295,
-0.05644012987613678,
0.1996004283428192,
-0.4343051314353943,
0.20232734084129333,
0.5080998539924622,
0.07788053900003433,
0.35249537229537964,
-0.5079041719436646,
0.06774359941482544,
-0.4573608934879303,
0.21038185060024261,
0.1243007704615593,
-0.39723795652389526,
-0.00225238804705441,
0.12376923859119415,
-0.26283586025238037,
0.25986966490745544,
-0.6311820149421692,
0.08208385854959488,
-0.10754597187042236,
-0.10532037913799286,
-0.09600350260734558,
0.19703485071659088,
-0.6999703049659729,
0.5072422027587891,
0.162270650267601,
-0.5167054533958435,
-0.07111582159996033,
0.15969595313072205,
0.1351928859949112,
-0.5515541434288025,
-0.10457691550254822,
-0.25905799865722656,
0.05147126317024231,
0.22096531093120575,
0.43681880831718445,
0.8926556706428528,
0.30577611923217773,
0.42273038625717163,
0.37189847230911255,
0.3638291656970978,
-0.3593619763851166,
-0.1546676903963089,
-0.1180182620882988,
-0.15864168107509613,
-0.2412167340517044,
0.8005422353744507,
0.5820988416671753,
-0.39760613441467285,
0.6126607656478882,
-0.6031249761581421,
-0.15606164932250977,
-0.9967260360717773,
-0.7162962555885315,
0.12606412172317505,
0.49375349283218384,
-0.5218407511711121,
-0.49997392296791077,
-0.18525519967079163,
0.00929588358849287,
0.40905559062957764,
-0.6708554625511169,
-0.303789883852005,
-0.5145397782325745,
0.026194080710411072,
-0.4598371684551239,
-0.06389029324054718,
-1.0707587003707886,
-0.48282063007354736,
0.4719713032245636,
-0.3814576268196106,
-0.25699323415756226,
0.05067196488380432,
-0.13372664153575897,
0.269932359457016,
0.5515674352645874,
0.5229944586753845,
-0.42821067571640015,
-0.263721764087677,
-0.01156968716531992,
0.42706161737442017,
-0.23232445120811462,
-0.34249112010002136,
0.2642872929573059,
0.04406064376235008,
0.30056846141815186,
-5.672889232635498,
0.49197185039520264,
-0.11546996980905533,
-0.2715902030467987,
-0.14650528132915497,
-0.04272584244608879,
0.8050504326820374,
-0.23112733662128448,
0.12987910211086273,
-0.24254360795021057,
-0.004566997289657593,
0.28656038641929626,
-0.44697219133377075,
-0.22455786168575287,
0.14941926300525665,
-0.08288966119289398,
0.4322476089000702,
0.6679255962371826,
0.02516254037618637,
0.5128327012062073,
0.3821333944797516,
0.5562106370925903,
0.26005256175994873,
0.7012083530426025,
0.7175372838973999,
0.10831298679113388,
0.1999119520187378,
0.0037559797056019306,
0.22970297932624817,
-0.5236145853996277,
0.04381496086716652,
-0.19729654490947723,
0.2961946725845337,
0.036649446934461594,
0.1847260594367981,
0.11397280544042587,
0.7720671892166138,
0.4014947712421417,
0.6562744379043579,
0.12866994738578796,
0.20607808232307434,
0.5533174276351929,
0.1897152066230774,
-0.6231666207313538,
0.17270617187023163,
0.035878632217645645,
-0.43363890051841736,
-0.3765680193901062,
-0.40641307830810547,
0.39674675464630127,
-0.20017530024051666,
-0.30662521719932556,
0.23287363350391388,
0.4336508512496948,
1.226511836051941,
0.5658339262008667,
0.3700277805328369,
0.13130423426628113,
-0.5434515476226807,
-0.04723088815808296,
0.16499944031238556,
-0.9007371664047241,
-0.7238681316375732,
-0.9949357509613037,
0.21528658270835876,
-0.7217201590538025,
-0.611866295337677,
0.21847715973854065,
0.16200155019760132,
0.5793535113334656,
-0.39010339975357056,
-0.021108996123075485,
0.6740488409996033,
-0.32574379444122314,
0.5310795903205872,
-0.6101567149162292,
-0.42460477352142334,
-0.422952800989151,
-0.5810428857803345,
0.01780947856605053,
-0.513950765132904,
0.03801749646663666,
-0.21371927857398987,
0.5851569771766663,
-0.014352919533848763,
-0.07407981157302856,
-0.019324248656630516,
-0.15098799765110016,
0.1282893270254135,
0.19951222836971283,
0.9516968727111816,
-0.4658873379230499,
0.14017260074615479,
-0.01956896111369133,
-0.1155167669057846,
0.2763243317604065,
0.6712774634361267,
-0.6975661516189575,
0.4516832232475281,
-0.28870153427124023,
0.47074413299560547,
-0.18951907753944397,
-0.3649629056453705,
0.06573440879583359,
-0.0844491496682167,
0.18850621581077576,
-0.635358989238739,
-0.2319120168685913,
1.3459110260009766,
0.1007782518863678,
0.11059574782848358,
0.18195296823978424,
-0.02786487527191639,
-0.21044497191905975,
-0.2920776605606079,
-0.09305022656917572,
-0.40408721566200256,
0.4700663089752197,
0.29478079080581665,
-0.022200362756848335,
0.22766101360321045,
0.4545843303203583,
-1.1604442596435547,
0.32138898968696594,
-0.13154415786266327,
0.2711808383464813,
-0.12233845889568329,
0.1582188606262207,
-0.3778381943702698,
0.3375188410282135,
0.2181265503168106,
-0.31386104226112366,
0.33036908507347107,
0.07659866660833359,
0.37990862131118774,
0.5375791192054749,
-0.03639969602227211,
0.23724788427352905,
-0.12010511755943298,
-0.37803125381469727,
-0.5177168250083923,
-0.5068836808204651,
-0.16196462512016296,
-0.34062352776527405,
0.9356586337089539,
0.14128562808036804,
-0.2821163833141327,
0.010602501221001148,
-0.39155343174934387,
0.6415089964866638,
0.17686818540096283,
-0.12615613639354706,
0.4468471109867096,
-0.07136984169483185,
0.05352307856082916,
-0.12145844846963882,
-0.2782260477542877,
0.2957601547241211,
-0.08787938952445984,
0.30639272928237915,
0.31638655066490173,
-0.38994479179382324,
-0.1139216423034668,
-0.35297703742980957,
0.45661821961402893,
-0.8171587586402893,
0.09575691819190979,
0.11921203136444092,
-0.3818083107471466,
0.32282447814941406,
-0.018792318180203438,
0.31844961643218994,
-0.3655353784561157,
-0.42730334401130676,
0.11754677444696426,
-0.028572548180818558,
0.17527952790260315,
0.9301559925079346,
-0.23432393372058868,
0.30798202753067017,
0.6951372027397156,
0.21517318487167358,
-0.016142437234520912,
0.6102070212364197,
0.2608972489833832,
-0.12860532104969025,
0.051541365683078766,
0.10035230219364166,
-0.40981510281562805,
-0.29946526885032654,
-0.19277739524841309,
-0.5978660583496094,
0.4036494195461273,
-0.38924768567085266,
-0.3778802454471588,
-0.1378864347934723,
-0.7589428424835205,
0.27380266785621643,
-0.013671638444066048,
-0.6716580986976624,
0.22797803580760956,
0.5864738821983337,
-0.7292338609695435,
-0.045665543526411057,
0.24983295798301697,
-0.32301613688468933,
0.67166668176651,
-0.10239487141370773,
-0.06416382640600204,
-0.22386781871318817,
-0.15947508811950684,
-1.1817667484283447,
-0.6626135110855103,
0.013437140733003616,
0.14888674020767212,
-0.16204573214054108,
0.1804134100675583,
-0.386701375246048,
-0.13672269880771637,
-0.9943519234657288,
0.7925515174865723,
-0.4854411780834198,
-0.4142301678657532,
0.22708602249622345,
0.04587717726826668,
0.035500895231962204,
-0.19257020950317383,
-0.08549685031175613,
0.49247032403945923,
-0.2909536063671112,
0.4220523238182068,
-0.311856746673584,
0.41208744049072266,
0.31654348969459534,
-0.140668585896492,
-0.586154580116272,
-0.4733804166316986,
-0.49145570397377014,
-0.24672065675258636,
0.3542664051055908,
0.5830625295639038,
0.8074720501899719,
-0.004989176522940397,
0.10007529705762863,
-0.3648037612438202,
0.12479543685913086,
0.35191893577575684,
-0.17924737930297852,
-0.5711263418197632,
0.6173300743103027,
0.43166428804397583,
-0.182767853140831,
-0.7848405838012695,
-0.6241326332092285,
0.1306263953447342,
0.03791867569088936,
0.27437806129455566,
-0.3049398362636566,
-0.23247526586055756,
0.2255294919013977,
0.36710280179977417,
-0.5536888837814331,
-0.07987932860851288,
0.39736348390579224,
-0.09075314551591873,
0.917274534702301,
-0.9350929260253906,
0.4860776662826538,
0.06223984807729721,
-0.6662511229515076,
-0.16656629741191864,
0.16789153218269348,
-0.04939649626612663,
-0.004962516017258167,
0.00402620155364275,
0.15315543115139008,
-0.5310332775115967,
0.0620025210082531,
0.2348354607820511,
0.14266353845596313,
-0.3419029414653778,
-0.38679245114326477,
0.01885623298585415,
-0.007089446298778057,
-0.1762249916791916,
0.13476918637752533,
0.14928607642650604,
0.2201228141784668,
-0.1448078155517578,
0.07165005803108215,
-0.5912333130836487,
0.35900160670280457,
-0.37827053666114807,
0.49070730805397034,
-0.04762105271220207,
-0.16545990109443665,
0.3085511326789856,
1.050706386566162,
0.2750542461872101,
-0.15388593077659607,
-0.5982634425163269,
0.27222564816474915,
0.52398282289505,
-0.23250935971736908,
0.3244713544845581,
0.18665963411331177,
0.17436034977436066,
-0.6601914763450623,
0.08142126351594925,
-0.13872021436691284,
0.1888219565153122,
0.3400005102157593,
0.9832992553710938,
0.5803844928741455,
0.382154643535614,
0.3883194923400879,
0.4860137701034546,
-0.3340457081794739,
-0.17260508239269257,
-0.09332282841205597,
0.36636221408843994,
-0.08770795911550522,
0.5591232180595398,
-0.17919793725013733,
-0.6843996047973633,
0.31650882959365845,
-0.4064972996711731,
-0.12726426124572754,
-0.09191113710403442,
0.44178307056427,
0.6331676244735718,
0.004622987471520901,
-0.006052092649042606,
-0.49565890431404114,
-0.4540601372718811,
-0.5338304042816162,
-0.5726639032363892,
-0.6924189329147339,
-0.19698026776313782,
0.5193836092948914,
0.7854225635528564,
0.9557689428329468,
-0.2213614135980606,
-0.15955589711666107,
-0.19873777031898499,
-0.1487143337726593,
-0.028327591717243195,
0.07833714038133621,
-0.019124431535601616,
0.290303498506546,
0.5296834111213684,
-0.18876779079437256,
0.25416260957717896,
0.17451193928718567,
-0.3250570595264435,
-0.24627161026000977,
0.06243564933538437,
-0.21599352359771729,
-0.17982329428195953,
0.007720388472080231,
-0.39856094121932983,
0.5827240347862244,
0.569388747215271,
-0.4495411813259125,
-0.03583364933729172,
0.015397816896438599,
-0.08793129771947861,
-0.5686525702476501,
-0.2710767984390259,
-0.18914590775966644,
0.16338719427585602,
0.6028175354003906,
-0.17396079003810883,
-0.03913252428174019,
0.19844461977481842,
0.22665412724018097,
0.21870417892932892,
-0.07248852401971817,
-0.43543127179145813,
-0.411705881357193,
-0.9059703350067139,
-0.12683479487895966,
-0.18505749106407166,
-0.3130244314670563,
0.21320416033267975,
-0.07895761728286743,
-0.02945941686630249,
0.16516640782356262,
0.19747766852378845,
0.28627920150756836,
-0.03128031641244888,
-0.18595843017101288,
0.5203806757926941,
-0.49702906608581543,
-0.35733821988105774,
-0.2340703159570694,
-0.09527353197336197,
0.6024674773216248,
0.536608874797821,
0.8061541318893433,
0.397152841091156,
-0.06274383515119553,
0.18125250935554504,
0.17749182879924774,
-0.3417379856109619,
0.16116641461849213,
-0.20332588255405426,
0.3925405740737915,
-0.4140678644180298,
0.42203015089035034,
0.7146579027175903,
-0.23036371171474457,
0.18993674218654633,
0.8765591382980347,
-0.025532519444823265,
0.06455158442258835,
0.3755280375480652,
-0.025732289999723434,
0.09211212396621704,
-0.3770025670528412,
-0.5931345820426941,
-0.3392571806907654,
-0.027114545926451683,
0.35469183325767517,
0.13159596920013428,
-0.10086707770824432,
0.21670809388160706,
0.9119627475738525,
-1.0485173463821411,
-0.04620598629117012,
-0.24732352793216705,
0.08954654633998871,
-0.34475529193878174,
0.7106213569641113,
-0.10571829974651337,
0.46375876665115356,
-0.13700973987579346,
0.3246194124221802,
-0.07953501492738724,
-0.4619748592376709,
-0.010022290050983429,
-0.3801426887512207,
-0.21445827186107635,
0.6033394932746887,
-0.7603814005851746,
0.15563669800758362,
-0.15168987214565277,
-0.5718290209770203,
-0.5010871887207031,
-0.11866849660873413,
0.09102711081504822,
-0.19204849004745483,
0.7392361760139465,
0.42984381318092346,
-0.2586580216884613,
-0.29362890124320984,
0.5847291946411133,
-0.33300912380218506,
-0.34481462836265564,
0.7116042971611023
] |
210947
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan%20blue%20magpie
|
Taiwan blue magpie
|
The Taiwan blue magpie (Urocissa caerulea), also called the Taiwan magpie, Formosan blue magpie (), or the "long-tailed mountain lady" (; Taiwanese Hokkien: Tn̂g-boé soaⁿ-niû), is a species of bird of the crow family. It is endemic to Taiwan.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Taiwan blue magpie was collected by Robert Swinhoe and described by John Gould. Swinhoe translated the magpie's Hokkien name into English, calling it the "Long-tailed Mountain-Nymph". The species is sometimes placed in the genus Cissa. It forms a superspecies with the yellow-billed blue magpie (Urocissa flavirostris) and the red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythroryncha). The species is monotypic.
Distribution and habitat
The Taiwan blue magpie is endemic to Taiwan. It lives in broadleaf forests at elevations of .
Description
It is in length. The tail measures around in length, and the wings are long. It weighs .
The plumages of the male and female are similar. The head, neck and breast are black. The eyes are yellow, and the bill and feet are red. The rest of the plumage is mostly blue. The wings and tail feathers have white tips. The underwing-coverts are dark grey, and the flight feathers are light grey. The uppertail-coverts have black tips. The central pair of tail feathers are the longest. The other tail feathers have black bands. Chicks are greyish, with a short tail and greyish-blue eyes.
Behavior
Taiwan blue magpies are not very afraid of people. They can be found near human residences in the mountains or newly cultivated lands. They are gregarious and are usually found in groups of three to twelve. The birds often fly in a line, following each other. This is sometimes called "long-tailed formation".
Similar to other members of the crow family, they have a raucous call which is described as a high-pitched cackling chatter, kyak-kyak-kyak-kyak. Other calls include ga-kang, ga-kang, kwee-eep and gar-suee.'Food and feeding
Taiwan blue magpies are scavengers and omnivores. Their diet includes snakes, rodents, small insects, carrion, eggs and chicks of other birds, plants, fruits, and seeds. They also feed on food waste of humans. They sometimes store leftovers on the ground and cover them with leaves for future retrieval. Sometimes they store food in the leaves or branches.
Breeding
The breeding season is from March to July. The Taiwan blue magpie is monogamous. Females incubate eggs while males help with nest building and feeding. Their nests are built on high branches of trees. The nest is in the shape of a bowl and is made of twigs. Usually there are 3–8 eggs in a clutch. Eggs are light green in color, with brown marks. Hatching takes 17–19 days. There are 3–7 chicks per nest. Chicks leave the nest after 21–24 days, and can start flying for short distances after a few days. Some pairs breed a second time after this. The Taiwan blue magpie has helpers at the nest, mostly juveniles from previous breeding seasons. They help to feed the chicks and defend the nest. Taiwan blue magpies have a strong nest defence behaviour, and will attack intruders until they leave.
Threats
Taiwan blue magpies may be hit by cars or captured by humans. They are also killed by predators, such as the crested goshawk, white-bellied sea eagle, spot-bellied eagle owl and the Gurney's eagle.
Relationship with humans
Taiwan blue magpie is the sacred bird of Taiwan aborigine Tsou, Thao, and Bunun peoples. The sacred bird is called in Tsou, in Thao, and (Isbukun group) / in Bunun. In the common great flood myths of Taiwan Austronesian peoples, in Tsou, Thao, and Bunun sagas, the last surviving peoples escaped from the great flood to high mountain summits as the last refuge. The sacred bird Taiwan blue magpie sacrificed itself and helped the peoples to carry the last fire tinder from Yu Shan summit back to the peoples.
(in some versions of the sagas, the sacred bird is considered to be black bulbul).
Taiwan blue magpies have attacked humans to defend their nests. Taiwan blue magpies are sometimes illegally captured by humans, but the number of cases of this seems to have decreased.
In the 2007 National Bird Voting Campaign held by the Taiwan International Birding Association, there were over 1 million votes cast from 53 countries. The Taiwan blue magpie defeated the Mikado pheasant in the vote, but the vote was not formally accepted.
In 2017 China Airlines unveiled a Taiwan blue magpie paint scheme on an Airbus A350. The aircraft was the 100th A350 produced by Airbus.
The AIDC XAT-5 Blue Magpie advanced jet trainer is named after the Taiwan blue magpie.
Status
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has currently assessed the species to be of least concern as it does not meet the criteria to be vulnerable. The population trend is suspected to be stable. Due to its endemism, however, the Taiwan blue magpie has been listed as other conservation-deserving wildlife () and protected by Taiwan's Wildlife Conservation Act'' ().
There is a small population of red-billed blue magpies that has been introduced to Wuling Farm in Taichung County (now part of Taichung City). In 2007, three hybrid chicks were found in a nest in Taichung, with red-billed and Taiwan magpie parents tending them. This caused some concern to conservationists, given the decline of the Taiwan hwamei due to the invasion of the Chinese hwamei. However, the Endemic Species Research Institute of Taiwan has been working to control red-billed magpie populations by capturing individual birds and relocating their nests.
See also
List of protected species in Taiwan
List of endemic birds of Taiwan
List of endemic species of Taiwan
Notes
References
External links
Ka-shiang, Liu. "The Long-Tailed Fairy of the Forest: In Search of the Formosan Blue Magpie." Tzu Chi Quarterly.
"Formosan blue magpie." ROC Government Information Office.
Pictures of Formosan blue magpie
Sounds
Videos of Formosan blue magpie (links are at the bottom)
台灣藍鵲 (in Chinese)
Taiwan blue magpie
Endemic birds of Taiwan
Taiwan blue magpie
|
[
0.09544315189123154,
-0.1103585809469223,
-0.43808722496032715,
0.08940824866294861,
-0.044141851365566254,
0.4019838273525238,
-0.11124321073293686,
0.39869681000709534,
-0.5142112970352173,
0.29677435755729675,
-0.16608627140522003,
-0.007696754299104214,
-0.43203282356262207,
-0.05204985663294792,
-0.4520212709903717,
0.5397490859031677,
0.9385265707969666,
0.3404974639415741,
-0.23556099832057953,
-0.6714998483657837,
-0.20555473864078522,
-0.6722738146781921,
0.19798773527145386,
-0.41897591948509216,
0.21427518129348755,
0.37700915336608887,
0.17830890417099,
0.8851708173751831,
0.7799680233001709,
0.1093440130352974,
-0.1913314014673233,
0.922741174697876,
0.47345107793807983,
0.44743674993515015,
-0.18303103744983673,
0.1418476402759552,
0.1054050549864769,
0.03228539973497391,
-0.14477628469467163,
-0.30852481722831726,
0.07445243000984192,
-0.10224419087171555,
0.3614021837711334,
0.08558715879917145,
0.18870021402835846,
-0.6170085668563843,
-1.1296719312667847,
0.4953036904335022,
-0.24118192493915558,
0.1709204912185669,
-0.3774526119232178,
0.9627296924591064,
0.12437057495117188,
0.5783870220184326,
0.27660709619522095,
0.46074920892715454,
-0.6490963101387024,
-0.24262024462223053,
-0.39418983459472656,
-0.5904725193977356,
-0.28392794728279114,
0.06063154339790344,
0.21465618908405304,
0.24792559444904327,
0.2108328938484192,
0.6206380128860474,
-0.055690947920084,
-0.19185739755630493,
-0.17685775458812714,
-0.2871936559677124,
0.23566630482673645,
-0.0617285780608654,
-0.10550188273191452,
0.5816783905029297,
-0.5641393661499023,
0.37203550338745117,
-0.59328293800354,
-0.1861378699541092,
0.24379518628120422,
-0.18319910764694214,
0.03472353145480156,
0.03862818703055382,
0.5970718264579773,
0.12340434640645981,
-0.039868250489234924,
-0.11820341646671295,
-0.35015273094177246,
0.2287130057811737,
-0.23769737780094147,
0.4322919547557831,
-0.5367741584777832,
0.009524915367364883,
0.4198986291885376,
0.5675008893013,
-0.6392619609832764,
-0.08555637300014496,
-0.11920784413814545,
0.4598095417022705,
0.6871687173843384,
-0.2502976059913635,
-0.19983750581741333,
0.025223515927791595,
1.1348457336425781,
0.029074573889374733,
-1.039650559425354,
-0.27343323826789856,
-0.45712220668792725,
-0.12559960782527924,
-0.5286399126052856,
0.5525157451629639,
-1.0113921165466309,
0.03205738961696625,
0.2794749438762665,
0.2495245784521103,
0.07463463395833969,
0.5623586773872375,
0.0846945270895958,
-0.38791999220848083,
-0.12673936784267426,
-0.3268505036830902,
0.5181746482849121,
0.07904911041259766,
-0.45866459608078003,
0.19191767275333405,
0.4509775936603546,
0.4905449450016022,
0.548819899559021,
0.4183381199836731,
-0.2714206576347351,
0.765348494052887,
0.10918716341257095,
0.7847575545310974,
-0.2353373020887375,
0.05262681841850281,
-0.03840349242091179,
-0.5881555080413818,
0.2655293643474579,
-0.038842905312776566,
0.7540115118026733,
0.637657642364502,
-1.4463268518447876,
-0.03444116935133934,
-0.602261483669281,
-0.4766652584075928,
-0.38604751229286194,
0.4486405551433563,
-0.4204375743865967,
-0.6139145493507385,
-0.036727819591760635,
-0.18656030297279358,
-0.06915021687746048,
-0.05483139678835869,
-0.054829712957143784,
-0.11111380159854889,
-0.7813313007354736,
-0.29960519075393677,
0.7931163907051086,
-0.020361486822366714,
0.5672724843025208,
-0.02671005204319954,
-0.36058667302131653,
0.12248842418193817,
-0.4762568175792694,
-0.042905550450086594,
0.20937493443489075,
-0.10312928259372711,
0.22561600804328918,
0.574751079082489,
0.01935827173292637,
0.26685941219329834,
-0.31250497698783875,
0.006662412080913782,
0.12462586909532547,
0.7134366631507874,
-0.6212133169174194,
-0.39077499508857727,
-0.26299652457237244,
-0.27318233251571655,
-0.19283190369606018,
0.2208426147699356,
-0.8404258489608765,
0.5652545094490051,
0.05690154805779457,
-0.24748703837394714,
0.19308483600616455,
0.3514513671398163,
0.4121350049972534,
0.17350850999355316,
0.07996880263090134,
-0.46319806575775146,
-0.38718846440315247,
-0.2988305687904358,
0.05293749272823334,
-0.06079275161027908,
0.1613912284374237,
0.23585714399814606,
-0.2122432142496109,
0.8218423128128052,
0.12011108547449112,
0.37455880641937256,
-0.3117424547672272,
-0.29296842217445374,
0.6783005595207214,
0.19202128052711487,
-1.2207106351852417,
0.10639197379350662,
-0.042963795363903046,
0.7018364071846008,
0.45289361476898193,
-0.0969005599617958,
-0.4131675958633423,
-0.22160647809505463,
-0.24567891657352448,
0.4287067949771881,
-0.15188661217689514,
-0.2191435694694519,
-0.370453417301178,
-0.14801707863807678,
0.2511119246482849,
-0.4719456732273102,
0.8666632771492004,
-0.08761898428201675,
-0.5697807669639587,
0.5276796221733093,
0.359529584646225,
1.1158909797668457,
0.5641548037528992,
0.22706380486488342,
0.1902141571044922,
0.24670735001564026,
-0.1590041071176529,
-0.19225101172924042,
0.5528691411018372,
-0.1793672740459442,
0.06426721811294556,
0.6144430637359619,
0.21453997492790222,
-0.7292658686637878,
0.26001402735710144,
-0.5162907242774963,
0.5091085433959961,
0.1431274116039276,
-0.05921636149287224,
0.09004411846399307,
0.5966296792030334,
-0.20080339908599854,
-0.7070057392120361,
-0.20100584626197815,
-0.011959705501794815,
0.14613860845565796,
0.33475175499916077,
0.31462362408638,
0.23881830275058746,
-0.011271320283412933,
-0.2912229895591736,
0.17565235495567322,
-0.07026518881320953,
0.200972318649292,
0.3562774956226349,
-0.06260102242231369,
0.04675006493926048,
0.10873989015817642,
0.4457523226737976,
-0.015386630780994892,
-0.35878100991249084,
-0.17473077774047852,
0.33145439624786377,
-0.10965534299612045,
0.685351550579071,
0.3425443172454834,
-0.019386563450098038,
-0.32102108001708984,
-0.14868995547294617,
-0.24235184490680695,
-0.6457638740539551,
-0.9655817747116089,
-0.5093076229095459,
-0.28686246275901794,
-1.118820071220398,
-0.5614843368530273,
0.17974884808063507,
0.20221975445747375,
0.2152620404958725,
-0.4676763713359833,
0.12572038173675537,
-0.09306646138429642,
0.21635673940181732,
-0.43290844559669495,
-0.43737247586250305,
-0.41206103563308716,
-0.4232659935951233,
0.22710677981376648,
-0.03680265322327614,
-0.026689862832427025,
-0.3009510636329651,
-0.15680478513240814,
0.08650560677051544,
0.746504545211792,
0.49483469128608704,
-0.8285810947418213,
-0.32341545820236206,
0.180060476064682,
0.03779410570859909,
0.39149338006973267,
0.2353014498949051,
-0.22013786435127258,
0.2371181845664978,
0.40134042501449585,
-5.478238582611084,
0.43412190675735474,
0.031781699508428574,
-0.10347273200750351,
-0.30940020084381104,
0.5561748743057251,
0.1633928418159485,
-0.6636603474617004,
-0.008953667245805264,
0.17439301311969757,
0.5722892880439758,
-0.0383487343788147,
0.09200514107942581,
0.0918598473072052,
0.30649593472480774,
0.35631391406059265,
-0.79591965675354,
-0.16768014430999756,
0.05201023072004318,
-0.266787588596344,
0.23306256532669067,
0.3307172358036041,
0.12421669065952301,
0.8335553407669067,
0.016534989699721336,
0.30918753147125244,
0.11359689384698868,
-0.801501452922821,
-0.7007203102111816,
-0.566216766834259,
-0.17504341900348663,
-0.34773749113082886,
-0.061615340411663055,
0.30014529824256897,
0.0029654044192284346,
-0.5951765775680542,
0.626689076423645,
0.36777403950691223,
0.22938182950019836,
-0.48603516817092896,
-0.5047225952148438,
-0.33126556873321533,
0.12925566732883453,
0.06437263637781143,
0.3160254657268524,
-0.23376032710075378,
-0.13157032430171967,
-0.7346397042274475,
-0.6906833648681641,
0.7560988068580627,
-0.10742739588022232,
0.060445044189691544,
0.5150502324104309,
0.0853772833943367,
-0.03993657976388931,
0.6559126973152161,
-0.06603595614433289,
0.15466834604740143,
-0.9687139391899109,
-0.017479119822382927,
0.510230541229248,
-0.2701666057109833,
-0.544065535068512,
-0.6379340887069702,
-0.18973802030086517,
0.3050973415374756,
-0.6160497069358826,
0.22479191422462463,
0.3634378910064697,
-0.007677746005356312,
0.13341255486011505,
0.06857969611883163,
-0.3634978234767914,
-0.8889623284339905,
0.7723060846328735,
-0.7594462633132935,
-0.5322710275650024,
0.18239951133728027,
-0.2602233588695526,
0.20177195966243744,
0.2359628975391388,
-0.3944703936576843,
0.6603326201438904,
0.6256160736083984,
0.1971500813961029,
-0.8038097023963928,
-0.545673668384552,
0.125308558344841,
0.37178072333335876,
0.46791622042655945,
0.6447527408599854,
-0.6818153858184814,
0.29400697350502014,
0.5330679416656494,
0.8405473232269287,
0.7369651198387146,
0.48257946968078613,
-0.6245180368423462,
0.7120951414108276,
-0.31864529848098755,
0.7328521609306335,
0.22628459334373474,
-0.009847620502114296,
-0.10076379776000977,
0.11877264082431793,
-0.3670032322406769,
0.3923790752887726,
0.5041318535804749,
1.0516629219055176,
-0.52360999584198,
0.1824614405632019,
-0.21322597563266754,
0.08087436854839325,
-0.2450171411037445,
0.2837522029876709,
-0.20591147243976593,
0.34024497866630554,
0.025539880618453026,
0.28175684809684753,
0.026852425187826157,
-0.08961503952741623,
-0.20162539184093475,
0.012206888757646084,
-0.12258484959602356,
0.09231751412153244,
-0.6362791657447815,
-0.11114782840013504,
0.8381593227386475,
-0.6798843145370483,
-0.37950649857521057,
0.07819316536188126,
-0.5197778344154358,
0.5183583498001099,
-0.18444889783859253,
0.03220323845744133,
0.13001056015491486,
-0.474668949842453,
-0.3621273934841156,
0.6879405975341797,
0.271727591753006,
-0.20443707704544067,
0.06897959113121033,
-0.27024441957473755,
0.16148623824119568,
0.7587648034095764,
0.26640576124191284,
-0.5440831184387207,
-0.30212193727493286,
-0.2005644291639328,
0.5204132199287415,
0.1086505800485611,
-0.7992368340492249,
0.2651444375514984,
-0.3871992826461792,
-0.3839842975139618,
0.16514071822166443,
0.03845307603478432,
0.2724212408065796,
0.12326321005821228,
-0.11654548346996307,
0.1924728900194168,
-0.6392117142677307,
-0.5351132154464722,
0.06275889277458191,
-0.21037162840366364,
-0.37063494324684143,
-0.36104586720466614,
0.13722935318946838,
-0.04539366811513901,
0.5138715505599976,
1.0380933284759521,
-0.47520938515663147,
-0.16257232427597046,
0.27905958890914917,
-0.09377068281173706,
-0.25291046500205994,
-0.293183833360672,
0.43330466747283936,
-0.19787713885307312,
0.1921316534280777,
-0.47072169184684753,
-0.14233948290348053,
-0.33743467926979065,
0.2609816789627075,
0.3902319371700287,
-0.15847733616828918,
0.38249126076698303,
0.050602734088897705,
-0.1841801255941391,
0.48661595582962036,
0.9003530144691467,
0.0875156819820404,
-0.2931872606277466,
0.4669492840766907,
-0.25239360332489014,
-0.2197621464729309,
-0.15378019213676453,
0.5317211151123047,
0.17046883702278137,
-0.3796718716621399,
-0.3428022563457489,
-0.07037171721458435,
0.13943754136562347,
0.06235593557357788,
-0.20679616928100586,
-0.1684643179178238,
0.7652859091758728,
-0.015202348120510578,
-0.4849768280982971,
-0.16829900443553925,
-0.6470528244972229,
-0.5493824481964111,
0.3632230758666992,
0.7156413793563843,
-0.44628965854644775,
0.3162485957145691,
-0.28415754437446594,
-0.1555500626564026,
-0.2767592966556549,
-0.6537195444107056,
-0.2849142253398895,
-0.04844913259148598,
-0.26057228446006775,
-0.33559244871139526,
-0.42019182443618774,
0.2532264292240143,
-0.09959675371646881,
-0.8594907522201538,
0.4075867831707001,
-0.6722068786621094,
-0.2636571526527405,
0.16330906748771667,
0.16482608020305634,
-0.16754162311553955,
-0.5855573415756226,
-0.21947678923606873,
-0.38294321298599243,
-0.2860075533390045,
0.5409356355667114,
0.9335249662399292,
0.26682600378990173,
0.9467571377754211,
-0.08431636542081833,
-0.13930918276309967,
-0.6013750433921814,
0.7454415559768677,
-0.19638538360595703,
-0.08220604062080383,
-0.8560910820960999,
-0.2720257043838501,
0.7564384341239929,
0.050523001700639725,
-0.3445609211921692,
-0.12900224328041077,
0.3483400046825409,
-0.7322614192962646,
-0.21935325860977173,
0.5476590991020203,
-0.06803339719772339,
0.1419927328824997,
-0.39577141404151917,
-0.15534910559654236,
-0.14993232488632202,
-0.3986618220806122,
0.10889916867017746,
0.46326157450675964,
-0.7125808596611023,
0.21380402147769928,
-0.049268241971731186,
-0.0985405221581459,
0.5422951579093933,
-0.2597411274909973,
0.4836796224117279,
-0.2807343602180481,
0.12622854113578796,
-0.027300704270601273,
-0.3410254716873169,
-0.3550280034542084,
-0.21321271359920502,
0.3016619384288788,
-0.36839559674263,
-0.4435090124607086,
-0.20223766565322876,
-0.2517186403274536,
-0.04599650949239731,
-0.3557969331741333,
0.1232084333896637,
0.22137027978897095,
0.2346021831035614,
0.15313100814819336,
-0.6524660587310791,
0.02185930125415325,
-0.08820497244596481,
-0.2080487608909607,
0.3416823148727417,
0.045622680336236954,
0.559117317199707,
0.5480765104293823,
-0.4343728721141815,
-0.013719025067985058,
-1.2660506963729858,
-0.12664096057415009,
0.4663061201572418,
-0.2623445689678192,
0.030813083052635193,
-0.40696221590042114,
0.07210523635149002,
-0.46544885635375977,
-0.38407647609710693,
0.25850072503089905,
0.4370565712451935,
-0.0923502966761589,
-0.08438277989625931,
0.22539128363132477,
0.17035137116909027,
0.1781749427318573,
0.1342478096485138,
-0.188507542014122,
0.5763291120529175,
0.9579275846481323,
-0.09847593307495117,
-0.18917205929756165,
0.766948938369751,
0.8996829986572266,
-0.1788533329963684,
0.040364719927310944,
-0.3823162317276001,
-0.10225854068994522,
0.649017333984375,
0.0872381180524826,
0.3326238989830017,
-0.15393424034118652,
0.2997286319732666,
0.1329253613948822,
0.07217948883771896,
-0.39786940813064575,
0.34253376722335815,
-0.9829920530319214,
-0.3330428898334503,
0.6805779933929443,
1.0701897144317627,
0.6722962260246277,
0.5600224733352661,
-0.22993603348731995,
0.3985823392868042,
-0.11513844132423401,
-0.11618608236312866,
0.18051613867282867,
0.05511246249079704,
-0.8471977114677429,
0.3607310354709625,
0.4336358904838562,
0.04082107916474342,
-0.9661614894866943,
0.5916906595230103,
0.6493111848831177,
-0.5551639795303345,
-0.3739018142223358,
0.28551921248435974,
0.4467247724533081,
-0.5186314582824707,
0.42423954606056213,
-0.46065786480903625,
0.17534171044826508,
-0.8353501558303833,
0.3591376543045044,
-0.4757537841796875,
-0.5349095463752747,
-0.3792070150375366,
0.09552929550409317,
-0.03302455320954323,
-0.042540233582258224,
-0.03398372232913971,
0.14262591302394867,
0.1553657203912735,
0.1357060819864273,
-0.18327532708644867,
0.2706397473812103,
-0.041861023753881454,
0.057579562067985535,
-0.6496812105178833,
0.17099180817604065,
0.8122210502624512,
-0.9034597277641296,
0.7573322653770447,
0.13549841940402985,
-0.2604774534702301,
-0.41658103466033936,
-0.2478465586900711,
0.5039060115814209,
-0.008976559154689312,
-0.28418242931365967,
0.11136041581630707,
-0.44868919253349304,
0.4998047351837158,
-0.24562495946884155,
-0.016029173508286476,
0.5749867558479309,
0.2121368646621704,
0.389078825712204,
0.07622513175010681,
0.10268356651067734,
0.08911243081092834,
-0.24399307370185852,
-0.2233598232269287,
0.0023091204930096865,
-0.08482860773801804,
0.5692663788795471,
-0.6490172743797302,
0.13534015417099,
0.3486810624599457,
0.8773216009140015,
-0.06526413559913635,
0.21078185737133026,
-0.1778966784477234,
0.30506858229637146,
0.8214583396911621,
-0.2622191607952118,
-0.1906382143497467,
-0.5165862441062927,
-0.605401873588562,
-1.1113771200180054,
0.6084212064743042,
0.14536501467227936,
0.1306123286485672,
-0.351113498210907,
0.10669019818305969,
0.04803372919559479,
-0.7443499565124512,
0.21354670822620392,
-0.3124683201313019,
0.23903563618659973,
-0.5808130502700806,
-0.1331893801689148,
-0.20964667201042175,
-0.46552371978759766,
-0.09239355474710464,
0.5356144905090332,
-0.06962266564369202,
-0.18145984411239624,
0.20224732160568237,
-0.23756271600723267,
-0.27189865708351135,
0.21331164240837097,
0.6754230260848999,
0.29209136962890625,
0.21906951069831848,
-0.2968803644180298,
-0.8579037189483643,
0.2547893226146698,
-0.07461734116077423,
-0.6098252534866333,
0.41565459966659546,
-0.6222547888755798,
-0.5465664267539978,
-0.019427282735705376,
0.22621206939220428,
-0.049277231097221375,
0.2394668161869049,
-0.4628823399543762
] |
210952
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20umlaut
|
Metal umlaut
|
A metal umlaut is a diacritic that is sometimes used gratuitously or decoratively over letters in the names of hard rock or heavy metal bands—for example, those of Blue Öyster Cult, Queensrÿche, Motörhead, the Accüsed, Mötley Crüe and the parody band Spın̈al Tap.
Usage
Among English speakers, the use of umlaut marks and other diacritics with a blackletter typeface is a form of foreign branding which has been attributed to a desire for a "gothic horror" feel. The metal umlaut is not generally intended to affect the pronunciation of the band's name, unlike the umlaut in German (where the letters u and ü represent distinct vowels) and the Scandinavian languages (where å, ä and a, ö/ø and o are distinct letters).
History
The first gratuitous use of the umlaut in the name of a hard rock or metal band appears to have been by Blue Öyster Cult in 1970. Blue Öyster Cult's website states it was added by guitarist and keyboardist Allen Lanier, but rock critic Richard Meltzer claims to have suggested it to their producer and manager Sandy Pearlman just after Pearlman came up with the name: "I said, 'How about an umlaut over the O?' Metal had a Wagnerian aspect anyway."
Reactions
Speakers of languages which use an umlaut to designate a pronunciation change may understand the intended effect, but perceive the result differently. When Mötley Crüe visited Germany, singer Vince Neil said the band couldn't figure out why "the crowds were chanting, 'Mutley Cruh! Mutley Cruh!'"
These decorative umlauts have been parodied in film and fiction; in an interview about the mockumentary film This Is Spın̈al Tap, fictional rocker David St. Hubbins (Michael McKean) says, "It's like a pair of eyes. You're looking at the umlaut, and it's looking at you." The heavy metal parody band Gwar parodied the use of metal umlauts in a lyric insert included with its first record, stylizing the song names with gratuitous diacritics. In 1997, the satirical newspaper The Onion published an article titled "Ünited Stätes Toughens Image With Umlauts."
Band or album name examples
English-speaking countries
The Accüsed – American сrossover thrash band.
Assück – American grindcore band.
Barbariön - Australian metal band.
Beowülf – California thrash metal band.
Blue Öyster Cult – American hard rock band.
The Crüxshadows – American alternative rock band.
Dälek – American hip-hop band.
Death in June – British dark folk/experimental band used umlauts and accented "e"s in their name and titles on the original releases of their albums The Wörld Thät Sümmer (1985) and Thé Wäll Öf Säcrificé (1989), spelling their name, Deäth In Jüne and Déäth In Jüné, respectively on each.
Deströyer 666 – thrash metal/black metal band.
Dethklok – fictional metal band from the cartoon Metalocalypse, sometimes spelled as "Dëthkløk" in the band's logo.
Green Jellÿ – comedy metal band, originally spelled (and still pronounced) Green Jellö.
G̈r̈oẗus̈ – Experimental band, their logo design has umlauts over only the consonants.
Hüsker Dü – American punk band (the game "Hūsker Dū?" was published with macrons instead of umlauts).
Infernäl Mäjesty – Canadian thrash metal band.
Jack Ü – American EDM DJ duo, side group and collaborative project, consisting of Mad Decent founder Diplo and OWSLA founder Skrillex.
Kïll Cheerleadër – Canadian punk metal band.
King Creosote – Scottish band sometimes used a three-dot "umlaut" in some of their artwork, over the "i."
Lȧȧz Rockit – American thrash band. German pronunciation would roughly be "Let's rock it."
Läther – album of Frank Zappa, used an umlaut in its title.
Leftöver Crack – American anarcho punk band.
Maxïmo Park – British indie rock band.
Möngöl Hörde – British hardcore punk/noise rock band.
Mötley Crüe – American glam metal band.
Motörhead – English rock band.
Moxy Früvous – Canadian political satire band.
Night on Bröcken – debut album by American progressive metal band Fates Warning. Apparently a reference to the German mountain Brocken, which is not spelled with an umlaut.
Queensrÿche – American progressive metal band.
Rrröööaaarrr and Dimension Hatröss – albums by Canadian thrash metal band Voivod. They also used it for their songs "Korgüll the Exterminator" and "Chaosmöngers", which appear on Rrröööaaarrr and Dimension Hatröss respectively.
Ruste⃛d Root – American jam band uses a three-dot umlaut over the "e" in its logo, as seen on its album covers.
Spın̈al Tap – British semi-fictional band, with a dotless letter i and a metal umlaut over the n.
Toilet Böys – American laser punk band from New York City.
Tørsö - American punk rock band.
Ünloco – alternative metal/hard rock band.
Yächtley Crëw - A Yacht rock band based out of the Los Angeles area using the metal umlaut for comedic effect
Znöwhite – American thrash band.
Other countries
Аквариум - Russian rock band, whose name is stylized as "Åквариум" on their logo, and they use "Å" as their symbol.
Crashdïet – Swedish glam metal band.
Die Ärzte – German punk band, have used three dots over the "Ä" since their 2003 album Geräusch. The normal two-dot umlaut, Die Ärzte, is simply correct German for The Doctors.
Girugämesh – Japanese rock band often stylise their name with an umlaut over the a.
Infernal – Danish electronic band, was stylized as Infërnal on their album Waiting for Daylight.
Insidiöus Törment – Liechtenstein-based old school heavy metal band who use gratuitous umlauts, but pronounce them nonetheless.
Kobaïan – French progressive rock band Magma sing in this constructed language, which has many diereses in its written form.
Közi – Japanese rock musician.
Mägo de Oz – Spanish folk metal band.
Moottörin Jyrinä – Finnish heavy metal band, the umlaut in Moottörin is gratuitous, but the one in Jyrinä is not.
Motör Militia – Bahraini thrash metal band.
Mütiilation – French black metal band.
Püdelsi – Polish rock band.
Timo Säruh – Norwegian synth band.
Törr – Czech black metal band.
Other examples
Video games
Brütal Legend – action-adventure video game
Dynamite Düx – a beat 'em up video game
Lars Ümlaüt – a character in Guitar Hero II and III
Dieselstörmers – a crowdfunded in 2014 pre-released steampunk multiplayer platformer
Other
Häagen-Dazs – an ice cream brand (introduced 1961)
Cröonchy Stars – a discontinued breakfast cereal (introduced 1988)
Tonfön – the Tongan telephone company (introduced 2002)
Brüno – film by Sascha Baron Cohen (2009)
Löded Diper – name of the fictional band that includes Rodrick Heffley in the book series Diary Of A Wimpy Kid
Deathtöngue – the original name of a metal band in the comic Bloom County (changed, after media publicity, to "Billy and the Boingers")
See also
Devil horns, heavy metal hand signal
Faux Cyrillic (Faцx Cyяillic)
Foreign branding (Häagen-Dazs, Fahrvergnügen)
Nu metal, also stylized as nü-metal
Sensational spelling
Über
Word play
References
External links
My Life in Heavy Metal by Steve Almond (excerpt)
The Döts (Dave Krinsky)
Would you like umlauts with that? (PDF) by Bruce Campbell
The Metal Umlaut in the Liff Dictionary
Early history of this page (screencast) by Jon Udell
Umlaut
Latin-script diacritics
Nonstandard spelling
|
[
0.575958788394928,
0.5684247016906738,
-0.4797385334968567,
-0.35825809836387634,
-0.737206757068634,
0.4153468906879425,
0.27711522579193115,
1.0479375123977661,
-0.1098155528306961,
-0.012953718192875385,
-0.2419065684080124,
0.7826053500175476,
-0.12010397017002106,
0.5329490900039673,
0.07019186019897461,
0.7236412167549133,
0.035309817641973495,
1.0341606140136719,
0.008602676913142204,
-0.18252873420715332,
-0.1367838829755783,
0.030506348237395287,
0.4314374625682831,
-0.5252153277397156,
0.5642613172531128,
0.17964239418506622,
-0.18551769852638245,
-0.5414266586303711,
-0.49451690912246704,
0.17269733548164368,
0.5663869976997375,
0.7203838229179382,
0.29980865120887756,
0.25727346539497375,
-0.009847989305853844,
-0.22779235243797302,
-0.014647561125457287,
-0.15908315777778625,
0.35034412145614624,
-0.443461149930954,
0.11417843401432037,
-0.5509430766105652,
0.6582146286964417,
-0.4652513265609741,
-0.36876174807548523,
-0.6166443228721619,
-1.7366536855697632,
0.23264987766742706,
-0.6358201503753662,
0.12129528820514679,
-0.68696528673172,
0.034568242728710175,
-0.28579941391944885,
0.44773969054222107,
-0.1266295164823532,
0.3557852506637573,
-0.526792049407959,
-0.5226985216140747,
0.4201623201370239,
-0.401511013507843,
0.8368746042251587,
-0.03956884890794754,
-0.37126296758651733,
-0.09763499349355698,
0.3015201985836029,
0.42384082078933716,
-0.7117813229560852,
0.3319857716560364,
-1.3568612337112427,
-0.7985131740570068,
-0.33102360367774963,
-0.6744367480278015,
-0.18642264604568481,
-0.44728803634643555,
-0.1396007090806961,
0.1416604369878769,
-0.461744099855423,
0.4049890637397766,
0.15495173633098602,
0.12568743526935577,
0.18503384292125702,
0.3831113874912262,
0.5866643786430359,
0.8470723032951355,
0.0653788223862648,
0.080875925719738,
-0.6673164367675781,
0.45133209228515625,
0.008846906013786793,
0.5638101696968079,
0.0028448132798075676,
-0.5116242170333862,
0.40243905782699585,
0.12684892117977142,
-0.30252760648727417,
-0.04590887203812599,
0.32636916637420654,
-0.03054719977080822,
-0.06561677902936935,
-0.0058688391000032425,
-0.06965406984090805,
-0.6084285378456116,
0.48776692152023315,
-0.17327554523944855,
-0.5795849561691284,
-0.31533488631248474,
-0.7483716011047363,
0.26035043597221375,
0.3049761652946472,
-0.15021556615829468,
-0.46903055906295776,
0.19036230444908142,
0.026427121832966805,
-0.02353609912097454,
-0.007451064419001341,
0.08295291662216187,
-0.05987890437245369,
-0.09186027199029922,
-0.19954031705856323,
0.01914302259683609,
0.23847709596157074,
0.04062489792704582,
0.2442309409379959,
-0.20698271691799164,
0.17774167656898499,
0.18504707515239716,
0.48139920830726624,
0.43441981077194214,
-0.9972602128982544,
0.42631083726882935,
0.08838017284870148,
1.301917314529419,
0.06485266983509064,
-0.01586974412202835,
-0.12918621301651,
-0.16999565064907074,
0.4500090181827545,
-0.5965818166732788,
0.7868942618370056,
0.10730189830064774,
-0.8593742847442627,
-0.5541898608207703,
-1.1074689626693726,
-0.2178439199924469,
0.7914438843727112,
-0.43899014592170715,
0.14592966437339783,
0.2244977504014969,
-0.3392016887664795,
0.15666738152503967,
0.46625879406929016,
-0.685566782951355,
-0.06470721960067749,
0.3208121657371521,
0.15153717994689941,
0.1444683074951172,
0.6471967697143555,
-0.5554296374320984,
0.23243285715579987,
0.22015227377414703,
-0.2877284586429596,
0.22097888588905334,
-0.27873194217681885,
0.18561850488185883,
0.20736324787139893,
-0.2406959980726242,
-0.3312198519706726,
0.06306693702936172,
-0.3831653892993927,
0.4754319489002228,
-0.42515644431114197,
-0.2120124101638794,
0.2721197307109833,
0.05088135600090027,
0.07702697813510895,
0.571438729763031,
0.9484266042709351,
0.0458269901573658,
0.8284826278686523,
0.1987203061580658,
-0.6528146266937256,
0.22251564264297485,
0.36953088641166687,
0.4131360948085785,
-0.017918892204761505,
-0.5278818011283875,
0.25482606887817383,
-0.5364819169044495,
0.2340204417705536,
0.10617934167385101,
-0.930426299571991,
-0.36835238337516785,
0.26182934641838074,
-0.2351084202528,
0.7810781002044678,
-0.06290312111377716,
-0.3776751756668091,
0.489877849817276,
0.05768749862909317,
0.5178478956222534,
-0.24921685457229614,
0.1220635399222374,
0.5511143207550049,
-0.15848375856876373,
-0.46864986419677734,
0.8608012795448303,
0.5874410271644592,
0.1572694033384323,
-0.06509220600128174,
0.4053272008895874,
0.6841375231742859,
-0.009928766638040543,
0.4251103103160858,
-0.29535678029060364,
0.05026928707957268,
-0.3615681827068329,
0.043253738433122635,
-0.2602924108505249,
-0.6168389916419983,
-0.4537510573863983,
0.5710706114768982,
-0.6546187400817871,
-0.39556562900543213,
-0.4895727038383484,
0.029027702286839485,
0.12428931891918182,
-0.424811989068985,
0.22175146639347076,
0.30719128251075745,
-0.48604488372802734,
0.2787342071533203,
-0.05341346934437752,
0.22682978212833405,
0.08096643537282944,
-0.5920956134796143,
-0.06258521974086761,
0.15158990025520325,
-0.11399693042039871,
0.2503390610218048,
-0.4345339238643646,
-0.09688317775726318,
0.08687260746955872,
-0.7248253226280212,
0.14402703940868378,
0.1843969225883484,
-0.5140978097915649,
0.10632674396038055,
-0.2298467755317688,
-0.18887248635292053,
0.5103248953819275,
0.2065334916114807,
-0.05199159309267998,
-0.7079136371612549,
-0.1994270235300064,
0.07832769304513931,
0.26676565408706665,
0.30983835458755493,
0.6230874061584473,
-0.08864584565162659,
-0.4549284279346466,
-0.5156124830245972,
0.2199922502040863,
0.4019201993942261,
-0.03926782310009003,
-0.5912827849388123,
0.5348737239837646,
-0.12026311457157135,
0.4114357531070709,
0.2485470026731491,
-0.09889091551303864,
-0.4350610673427582,
0.6054507493972778,
-0.8529396653175354,
0.11663028597831726,
-0.9318406581878662,
-0.059629861265420914,
-0.04131331667304039,
0.22125518321990967,
-0.6813761591911316,
-0.31871575117111206,
-0.19940105080604553,
0.3417438268661499,
0.011570627801120281,
-0.7899521589279175,
-0.4588008522987366,
-0.3061724007129669,
0.4532782733440399,
-0.27039530873298645,
-0.10639049857854843,
-0.7073993682861328,
-0.5638564825057983,
0.24208980798721313,
0.19290891289710999,
0.07224109768867493,
0.16427817940711975,
-0.12808752059936523,
0.3788498342037201,
0.28995928168296814,
0.10707433521747589,
-0.34677523374557495,
-0.22465373575687408,
0.21455898880958557,
0.2350350320339203,
-0.12005260586738586,
0.29126420617103577,
0.12623608112335205,
-0.14939220249652863,
0.4161839783191681,
-5.562768459320068,
0.9708046913146973,
-0.012518657371401787,
-0.23804867267608643,
0.26811280846595764,
0.3944626450538635,
0.3888297379016876,
-0.30837222933769226,
-0.46581006050109863,
-0.37833285331726074,
-0.2358885109424591,
0.20867733657360077,
-0.15605376660823822,
0.0780087560415268,
0.13373367488384247,
-0.03031381592154503,
0.445827454328537,
-0.020812107250094414,
-0.029429776594042778,
0.4065577983856201,
0.433257132768631,
0.12690405547618866,
0.29122674465179443,
0.9422689080238342,
0.43542343378067017,
0.37779778242111206,
-0.07084853947162628,
0.6419925689697266,
-0.013509994372725487,
-0.28873541951179504,
0.7727555632591248,
0.3241477608680725,
0.3720450699329376,
-0.11145023256540298,
-0.2927388548851013,
0.15875744819641113,
0.5476243495941162,
-0.4205607771873474,
0.4836355745792389,
0.2269262969493866,
-0.21848486363887787,
0.6137519478797913,
-0.010841314680874348,
-0.7432975769042969,
0.42944690585136414,
0.1876225769519806,
-0.2334553599357605,
-0.36148887872695923,
-0.06679099053144455,
0.3483295142650604,
-0.3305761218070984,
-0.2854667007923126,
0.029999535530805588,
0.5641646981239319,
0.5473589897155762,
0.20065449178218842,
0.11272315680980682,
0.5421017408370972,
0.17575958371162415,
-0.11301898211240768,
0.2275955229997635,
-0.6042218804359436,
-0.6134685277938843,
-0.7914583683013916,
-0.08257506787776947,
-0.75010085105896,
-0.4450710117816925,
-0.11262787133455276,
0.5640820860862732,
0.5236724019050598,
-0.2870917320251465,
0.26520487666130066,
-0.05601166933774948,
-0.6385140419006348,
0.21340155601501465,
-0.5073629021644592,
-0.18551450967788696,
-0.006593175698071718,
-0.3367372453212738,
0.43926525115966797,
-0.6106395125389099,
0.20644408464431763,
-0.7181136608123779,
0.04097897559404373,
-0.2624928951263428,
-0.32111379504203796,
-0.27807560563087463,
0.0547969676554203,
-0.18007786571979523,
0.17029805481433868,
0.7211940288543701,
-0.21069234609603882,
-0.20300625264644623,
0.5215991139411926,
-0.38356176018714905,
0.20347380638122559,
0.43570905923843384,
-0.07626969367265701,
0.3002270460128784,
0.26262468099594116,
0.4998531937599182,
-0.3557116687297821,
0.3521362245082855,
-0.018425393849611282,
0.04322831332683563,
-0.13083571195602417,
-0.28149670362472534,
0.09401276707649231,
0.594297468662262,
-0.04284187778830528,
0.050453681498765945,
0.25144216418266296,
-0.14941871166229248,
-0.5915074348449707,
-0.235030859708786,
-0.03422405570745468,
0.0018878404516726732,
0.012214693240821362,
0.3257323205471039,
0.07907157391309738,
0.09534995257854462,
0.25311967730522156,
-0.47208505868911743,
-0.23671646416187286,
0.12919044494628906,
0.04276871308684349,
-0.026056870818138123,
0.07138144969940186,
-0.03768095001578331,
0.2714308500289917,
0.22043673694133759,
0.09363225102424622,
0.27237632870674133,
0.26721617579460144,
0.4324996769428253,
-0.49662309885025024,
-0.678993821144104,
0.23263399302959442,
-0.40741854906082153,
-0.6216325759887695,
0.4230135381221771,
-0.5335567593574524,
-0.19268012046813965,
-0.1075119599699974,
0.6677101850509644,
0.6984373927116394,
0.24102941155433655,
-0.3036956191062927,
-0.04625977948307991,
0.9878251552581787,
0.2857765555381775,
-0.3190910816192627,
-0.006916142534464598,
-0.9121883511543274,
0.6140703558921814,
0.5600236654281616,
-0.10193556547164917,
0.2989804446697235,
-0.5940564870834351,
-0.4515942633152008,
0.31169959902763367,
0.07220940291881561,
-0.7441115379333496,
-0.18566153943538666,
-0.16294929385185242,
-0.6542136073112488,
-0.06230613589286804,
-0.32520073652267456,
-0.5181328058242798,
0.5972238779067993,
-0.33587902784347534,
0.37673327326774597,
-0.4500832259654999,
0.19860796630382538,
0.4532863199710846,
-0.13530580699443817,
-0.33543267846107483,
0.41459089517593384,
0.3260326385498047,
-0.22897976636886597,
-0.13300646841526031,
-0.3383294939994812,
0.037538956850767136,
0.2757434844970703,
0.2415526956319809,
-0.6536047458648682,
-0.171965554356575,
0.2533823847770691,
-0.5761532187461853,
-0.2046280801296234,
-0.612735390663147,
-0.3746904134750366,
0.33145445585250854,
-0.3387190103530884,
-0.7840980291366577,
-0.10702484101057053,
-0.6073476672172546,
0.5113349556922913,
0.018203692510724068,
-0.6374990940093994,
0.5159945487976074,
0.3206671476364136,
-0.6592086553573608,
-0.2687765955924988,
-0.06060395389795303,
-0.41010501980781555,
0.9788193106651306,
-0.12201806902885437,
-0.7343930602073669,
0.2529687285423279,
-0.2753995358943939,
-0.9145649075508118,
-0.194125235080719,
0.1312585324048996,
-0.16463904082775116,
-0.21412210166454315,
0.0628872960805893,
-0.47345733642578125,
-0.532658576965332,
-0.5660325884819031,
0.25879985094070435,
-0.29010429978370667,
0.11036425083875656,
0.5645242929458618,
-0.26559585332870483,
0.08718563616275787,
-0.05825106427073479,
-0.49446049332618713,
1.1729700565338135,
-0.0019381485180929303,
-0.17096638679504395,
-0.08393025398254395,
0.23018133640289307,
0.4923914074897766,
-0.010647285729646683,
0.03210647031664848,
-0.46941521763801575,
-0.030390532687306404,
-0.2844339609146118,
-0.21199549734592438,
0.5887659788131714,
0.7784095406532288,
0.2171511948108673,
-0.453512042760849,
-0.5707091093063354,
0.11493281275033951,
0.21620339155197144,
-0.22992675006389618,
-0.7854467034339905,
0.5265292525291443,
0.34352248907089233,
-0.33184581995010376,
-0.6885488629341125,
-0.5802068114280701,
0.24360819160938263,
-0.6281189918518066,
-0.20532293617725372,
-0.20121005177497864,
-0.08113028854131699,
0.7064694166183472,
0.45155203342437744,
-0.3783714473247528,
-0.41593122482299805,
0.8688688278198242,
0.15473996102809906,
0.5580902099609375,
-0.08702866733074188,
0.2956209182739258,
0.20557157695293427,
-0.18243315815925598,
-0.014547686092555523,
0.0568217895925045,
0.5015864968299866,
0.08637838810682297,
-0.26150184869766235,
-0.17955483496189117,
-0.2704961597919464,
-0.9647325873374939,
0.15013353526592255,
-0.13472670316696167,
-0.24668902158737183,
0.12118247151374817,
0.36704713106155396,
-0.24489262700080872,
0.19691580533981323,
-0.8859803676605225,
0.21970807015895844,
0.2843994200229645,
-0.5264613032341003,
-0.0737387165427208,
-0.439336359500885,
0.08336322754621506,
-0.18596041202545166,
0.37388986349105835,
-0.17151980102062225,
-0.10060964524745941,
0.6225299835205078,
0.5579088926315308,
0.1617891788482666,
-0.1978318840265274,
-0.52093905210495,
0.5354171991348267,
0.2928906977176666,
-0.6349550485610962,
0.17448559403419495,
0.1477925330400467,
-0.2306465208530426,
-0.712529182434082,
0.23764784634113312,
-0.013220288790762424,
-0.06227323040366173,
-0.1491978019475937,
0.022504201158881187,
1.2911455631256104,
0.3994126319885254,
-0.22598257660865784,
0.3546364903450012,
-0.1854761242866516,
-0.06824762374162674,
0.43101736903190613,
0.26593121886253357,
-0.7569007277488708,
0.8325946927070618,
-0.07156657427549362,
-0.4367041289806366,
0.41688159108161926,
0.3731498718261719,
0.025812475010752678,
0.7870331406593323,
0.2914644181728363,
0.7790980935096741,
-0.15667442977428436,
-0.1962236911058426,
0.1237512156367302,
-0.658505380153656,
-0.8330808877944946,
-0.1759200245141983,
-0.7128614783287048,
-0.3981483280658722,
0.7347180843353271,
0.07388687133789062,
0.3783879578113556,
-0.03132779896259308,
-0.018669337034225464,
-0.07211403548717499,
-0.003084957366809249,
-0.07652825862169266,
0.15314291417598724,
-0.04331890121102333,
-0.4590279757976532,
-0.2173921763896942,
-0.13620369136333466,
-0.08341248333454132,
-0.15054914355278015,
0.3528306186199188,
-0.20262278616428375,
0.06854480504989624,
-0.38654178380966187,
-0.4850366711616516,
-0.2329578995704651,
-0.1871498078107834,
0.32100701332092285,
0.4963535666465759,
-0.3116430640220642,
0.009030926041305065,
0.033332254737615585,
0.2044893205165863,
-0.49462494254112244,
-0.06649897247552872,
-0.13862115144729614,
0.5280630588531494,
0.42687901854515076,
-0.14002424478530884,
-0.17060628533363342,
0.1410587728023529,
0.241864413022995,
0.9247117638587952,
0.5065568685531616,
-0.2260325700044632,
-0.07974883168935776,
-0.31971532106399536,
-0.05057670921087265,
-0.21345213055610657,
-0.5091725587844849,
0.4205910861492157,
0.13769806921482086,
0.43098899722099304,
0.42805618047714233,
0.09686631709337234,
0.061144158244132996,
-0.017358168959617615,
-0.30453041195869446,
0.08584779500961304,
-0.7150530219078064,
-0.1822175234556198,
-0.3044024109840393,
-0.04225744307041168,
1.1064152717590332,
0.2661343514919281,
0.4965623617172241,
0.6422399282455444,
0.1755625307559967,
0.7162085175514221,
-0.2826538383960724,
-0.8669010400772095,
-0.04490441828966141,
0.07867728918790817,
0.4370573163032532,
-0.533266544342041,
0.3600308299064636,
0.5535794496536255,
-0.17353568971157074,
0.044275157153606415,
0.7757925987243652,
-0.06450106203556061,
-0.8028572797775269,
0.5616833567619324,
-0.3715707063674927,
0.21247822046279907,
-0.37342509627342224,
0.15190348029136658,
0.17779085040092468,
-0.1647268831729889,
0.8274396657943726,
-0.3899100720882416,
0.34255343675613403,
0.3345879018306732,
0.5375853180885315,
-0.4202378988265991,
0.04942222684621811,
-0.7494199275970459,
0.29668721556663513,
-0.42599207162857056,
0.087379090487957,
-0.4524387717247009,
-0.2471202164888382,
0.3583312928676605,
0.09629206359386444,
-0.14056164026260376,
-0.2389245480298996,
0.19152933359146118,
-0.3253277838230133,
-0.3420872688293457,
0.2323390543460846,
-0.4114651381969452,
0.3129833936691284,
-0.3994998633861542,
-0.36523425579071045,
-0.11944813281297684,
0.08024312555789948,
0.7577868700027466,
-0.4426460564136505,
0.7294374108314514,
0.23199233412742615,
0.5527048110961914,
-0.5023020505905151,
0.3350750505924225,
-0.36537614464759827,
0.4577323794364929,
0.440566748380661
] |
210955
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Ehrnrooth
|
Adolf Ehrnrooth
|
Adolf Erik Ehrnrooth (9 February 1905 – 26 February 2004) was a Finnish general who served during the Winter and Continuation wars. He also competed in two equestrian events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
Early life
Born in Helsinki, Ehrnrooth first went to Svenska normallyceum i Helsingfors and then entered cadet school in 1922 and served in the Uusimaa Dragoon Regiment (Uudenmaan Rakuunarykmentti). In 1958 he married a Danish countess Karin-Birgitte Schack who was a lady-in-waiting and a close friend of Queen Ingrid of Denmark. They had three children: Karin, Hans and Eva.
Military career
During the brief Winter War against the Soviet Union, he served on the staffs of the 7th Division and the Cavalry Brigade. When the Continuation War, also against the Soviet Union, broke out in June 1941, he served as the chief of staff of the 2nd Division until he was seriously wounded. After he recovered he was appointed to lead the 7th Infantry regiment (JR 7) of the 2nd Division. During the battles on the Karelian Isthmus, he was awarded the Mannerheim cross. He also received the Grand Cross of the Royal Swedish Order of the Sword.
After the war, he led an active military career until he retired in 1965.
Later life
Adolf Ehrnrooth was the face and voice most associated with rehabilitation of the soldiers who secured Finland her independence. The long post-war era during which it simply was not progressive to value the military ended in the early 1990s, at which time his charismatic persona was at its height.
Voice impressionists have found his idiosyncratically emphasized speech patterns and overheavily guttural snarls a rich ground to harvest. For them he is one of the indispensable voices.
In his last statement he gave support to ProKarelia (Finnish NGO) and its plan for the Return of Ceded Territories. He said that he defended the borders of Finland declared in the Treaty of Tartu and considered them the only proper borders of Finland and that it was great injustice that the Soviet Union had taken these territories.
General Ehrnrooth died on 26 February 2004, and is buried in Hietaniemi cemetery, Helsinki. He was voted as the 4th greatest Finn of all time by the Finnish public during the Suuret suomalaiset (Great Finns) competition in 2004.
See also
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Finnish Defence Force
Winter War
References
Bibliography
Karin Ehrnrooth: Isäni oli nuori sotilas / Min fader var en ung soldat – Adolf Ehrnrooth, Ajatus Kirjat 2008,
Adolf Ehrnrooth − Marja-Liisa Lehtonen: Kenraalin testamentti, WSOY 1995.
Ulla Appelsin: Adolf Ehrnrooth, Kenraalin vuosisata, Ajatus Kirjat 2001.
External links
1905 births
2004 deaths
Military personnel from Helsinki
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish military personnel of World War II
Finnish generals
Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
Continuation War
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Finnish male equestrians
Olympic equestrians of Finland
Equestrians at the 1948 Summer Olympics
|
[
-0.2825239598751068,
0.5648454427719116,
-0.3655380308628082,
0.4235277771949768,
-0.5470383167266846,
0.8713530898094177,
1.3104336261749268,
-0.695757269859314,
-0.2396000325679779,
-0.013173604384064674,
-0.15589818358421326,
0.4057306945323944,
0.08591581881046295,
0.22406309843063354,
-0.006114473566412926,
0.18314355611801147,
0.041331175714731216,
0.24371351301670074,
-0.8278077244758606,
0.0060270363464951515,
-0.28444957733154297,
-0.5969579815864563,
0.32660216093063354,
0.418605774641037,
0.016920022666454315,
0.2567410469055176,
0.3245939016342163,
0.4161701202392578,
0.49315908551216125,
0.08359287679195404,
-0.392105370759964,
0.6811067461967468,
0.31989526748657227,
-0.5501554012298584,
-0.5815449953079224,
0.28273046016693115,
-0.2797705829143524,
-0.5078270435333252,
0.24566301703453064,
0.43837788701057434,
-0.2222757637500763,
0.647333562374115,
-0.46527019143104553,
-0.24178871512413025,
0.12172207981348038,
-0.5673750042915344,
-1.4133065938949585,
0.06533853709697723,
-0.5626168251037598,
-0.3526246249675751,
-0.091000996530056,
-0.3109543025493622,
0.4204035997390747,
0.13140243291854858,
0.3059437870979309,
0.11554098129272461,
-0.8187798857688904,
-0.256658673286438,
-0.2690572738647461,
-0.3085912764072418,
0.2612961530685425,
-0.24951037764549255,
0.39482009410858154,
-0.25532034039497375,
0.46092402935028076,
-0.14008332788944244,
-0.03473304957151413,
0.27177315950393677,
0.4965531527996063,
-0.32795366644859314,
-0.007647719234228134,
0.16114355623722076,
0.5087103247642517,
-0.17290566861629486,
0.3502994179725647,
-1.0754152536392212,
-0.04373490437865257,
0.2485341727733612,
-0.19547219574451447,
-0.4165723919868469,
-0.23432891070842743,
-1.0168672800064087,
0.8201605677604675,
0.004062518011778593,
0.04656613990664482,
-0.10315131396055222,
-0.23321561515331268,
0.09295310825109482,
-0.7997671961784363,
0.18666605651378632,
0.3408648371696472,
-0.6918556094169617,
0.4241323471069336,
-0.17327703535556793,
-0.052167024463415146,
0.13250508904457092,
0.30350202322006226,
0.7498897314071655,
-0.2880423963069916,
-0.00732817966490984,
0.3515232503414154,
0.24669979512691498,
0.2799821197986603,
-0.17980480194091797,
-0.36715182662010193,
-0.05114743858575821,
0.22512997686862946,
-0.1859709471464157,
-0.04550565779209137,
-0.4106701612472534,
-0.8618566989898682,
0.017617156729102135,
-0.1930399090051651,
-0.26754000782966614,
-0.14257699251174927,
0.1757460981607437,
0.011325133964419365,
-0.35395169258117676,
-0.07033660262823105,
0.34017667174339294,
-0.42331215739250183,
0.6404679417610168,
-0.3331281840801239,
0.3367375433444977,
-0.6828158497810364,
0.12837056815624237,
-0.20203623175621033,
0.2804728150367737,
-0.7600470185279846,
0.3392360508441925,
0.6635720133781433,
0.9851436018943787,
-0.79355788230896,
0.5140867233276367,
-0.14807264506816864,
-0.4093981385231018,
0.14090928435325623,
0.03513132408261299,
-0.5824902653694153,
0.2781999111175537,
-0.7937825322151184,
-0.3944481909275055,
-0.3037319779396057,
0.1324089765548706,
-0.11671125888824463,
-0.06001971289515495,
-0.09027010947465897,
-0.08242734521627426,
-0.16532060503959656,
-0.3396994471549988,
0.5159363746643066,
-0.08201558887958527,
0.046295471489429474,
-0.42141956090927124,
0.06657273322343826,
0.9916236400604248,
0.6304805278778076,
0.06740443408489227,
0.10034889727830887,
0.1739080548286438,
0.8371760845184326,
0.14805373549461365,
-0.30416807532310486,
0.7085390686988831,
0.3487342894077301,
0.16677525639533997,
-0.06009272485971451,
0.17372097074985504,
-0.20167922973632812,
0.11796711385250092,
-0.2250409722328186,
-0.18456049263477325,
0.1930820345878601,
0.010400527156889439,
0.14142125844955444,
0.7922269701957703,
0.1495724469423294,
0.04920116066932678,
0.2566053569316864,
-0.48160848021507263,
-0.6407114863395691,
-0.40465426445007324,
0.021596748381853104,
0.11943678557872772,
0.2705278694629669,
0.48478591442108154,
-0.03551887720823288,
-0.22015084326267242,
0.9901048541069031,
-0.2791551351547241,
-0.3902694284915924,
-1.1004741191864014,
0.5013110637664795,
-0.4652312099933624,
0.9006327986717224,
0.2102496474981308,
-0.2975119650363922,
0.5073276162147522,
-0.1925172060728073,
0.8980332016944885,
-0.19173134863376617,
-0.8514189124107361,
0.24493777751922607,
0.09636463224887848,
0.37591084837913513,
1.0793986320495605,
0.30884605646133423,
0.029703401029109955,
-0.23065145313739777,
0.682460606098175,
0.3423560857772827,
-0.5543278455734253,
-0.2673051953315735,
0.5906299352645874,
0.26926204562187195,
-0.2341078221797943,
-0.7853446006774902,
-0.23730173707008362,
0.46788617968559265,
-0.41491419076919556,
0.35820940136909485,
0.20638851821422577,
-0.5426762104034424,
0.8284119367599487,
-0.044213950634002686,
0.4814426600933075,
0.19863879680633545,
0.1500653475522995,
-0.2777491509914398,
-0.8336142301559448,
0.7664140462875366,
0.305629163980484,
0.06597138941287994,
0.21529003977775574,
0.31682559847831726,
0.42722412943840027,
0.25953686237335205,
0.3644258379936218,
0.0753011703491211,
-0.7273522615432739,
-0.004640895873308182,
0.18977250158786774,
0.046476949006319046,
0.2586667537689209,
0.6398847699165344,
0.4761158227920532,
-0.3684893548488617,
0.24942368268966675,
-0.2950419783592224,
-0.16846103966236115,
-0.009187440387904644,
0.08033349364995956,
0.09743427485227585,
-0.31301334500312805,
-0.18293453752994537,
-0.44942599534988403,
0.5000991225242615,
0.07103196531534195,
-0.1710815578699112,
0.2115497589111328,
0.4893185794353485,
0.14609651267528534,
0.18144461512565613,
-0.05376457795500755,
0.13569918274879456,
-0.2613712549209595,
-0.26820722222328186,
-0.4663728177547455,
0.18081316351890564,
0.10901162773370743,
-0.3840378224849701,
-0.43129631876945496,
0.08490758389234543,
-0.18685418367385864,
-0.23809239268302917,
-0.804989218711853,
-0.639309287071228,
0.5568705201148987,
-0.7075966596603394,
-0.2691061496734619,
0.626193106174469,
0.6728679537773132,
0.1384904980659485,
-0.013239449821412563,
-0.5323457717895508,
0.02141193486750126,
-0.09138279408216476,
0.06516840308904648,
0.3041601777076721,
0.24908815324306488,
0.07361482083797455,
0.9535715579986572,
-0.6301608681678772,
-0.05374227836728096,
0.2547991871833801,
0.507630467414856,
-0.3305972218513489,
-0.8116593956947327,
0.6848967671394348,
0.3332750201225281,
-0.8352422714233398,
0.062106918543577194,
-0.19733749330043793,
0.2909708619117737,
-0.0791316106915474,
-0.08652795851230621,
-0.17441000044345856,
-0.2105400115251541,
-5.311712741851807,
-0.2626103162765503,
-0.02506670169532299,
-0.47114884853363037,
0.07346123456954956,
0.6590787768363953,
0.21279093623161316,
-0.34396111965179443,
0.25256356596946716,
-0.37176984548568726,
0.7887252569198608,
-0.059993792325258255,
0.3632594645023346,
0.6851858496665955,
0.9486407041549683,
0.45192044973373413,
0.5333808064460754,
-0.20102906227111816,
0.05429407209157944,
0.05200633406639099,
0.2826767861843109,
-0.09990325570106506,
0.02177000790834427,
0.2757534980773926,
-0.11087027192115784,
0.4305187165737152,
-0.3359687626361847,
0.5781194567680359,
-0.8257673382759094,
-0.2733963131904602,
0.1769658774137497,
0.4086160957813263,
0.10134236514568329,
-0.1119690090417862,
-0.34320586919784546,
-0.5521970391273499,
0.09154404699802399,
1.0488172769546509,
-0.10583581775426865,
0.04719109833240509,
0.41642212867736816,
0.07395629584789276,
-0.3247235417366028,
-0.05046403780579567,
0.6200593113899231,
-0.2024802416563034,
-0.8297434449195862,
0.3401029109954834,
-0.28080326318740845,
0.3468189239501953,
0.4664233326911926,
-0.15379439294338226,
0.2042122632265091,
0.19232286512851715,
-0.10733965784311295,
0.127338707447052,
0.23276399075984955,
0.22699488699436188,
-0.16789180040359497,
0.7677584290504456,
-0.3973371982574463,
-0.2979283630847931,
0.17871472239494324,
-0.6389963030815125,
-0.26828673481941223,
0.28654733300209045,
0.13921591639518738,
-0.42212897539138794,
0.08553527295589447,
-0.4581136703491211,
0.0558321513235569,
0.893223762512207,
-0.16650249063968658,
-1.0210955142974854,
-0.10060275346040726,
-0.7142128348350525,
-0.4422778785228729,
-0.16034984588623047,
-0.7409822344779968,
-0.09688462316989899,
-0.13339492678642273,
-0.8777313232421875,
-0.081735759973526,
-0.029859399423003197,
0.9346151351928711,
0.6006481647491455,
-0.2033909261226654,
-0.15120960772037506,
0.44180214405059814,
-0.04257417470216751,
0.010756921023130417,
-0.6893576383590698,
0.4564756751060486,
0.037554528564214706,
-0.07929714769124985,
0.17825280129909515,
-0.6555773615837097,
0.2934759557247162,
0.6682158708572388,
-0.028430648148059845,
-0.12777875363826752,
-0.14828988909721375,
0.19667722284793854,
-0.5334561467170715,
0.07295084744691849,
-0.08620911091566086,
0.3795642852783203,
0.3744124472141266,
0.7936093211174011,
0.30201229453086853,
-0.06124793365597725,
0.5199930667877197,
0.2953423857688904,
-0.9443917274475098,
0.04978819191455841,
-0.7199622392654419,
0.10478835552930832,
0.7836874127388,
0.5942267775535583,
0.3710833191871643,
-0.5333216786384583,
-0.1382191926240921,
0.3929360806941986,
-0.481061726808548,
0.5685936212539673,
0.006068688817322254,
-0.3237362504005432,
-0.34762394428253174,
-0.17781277000904083,
0.34366804361343384,
0.14295999705791473,
1.3995667695999146,
0.2611476182937622,
0.24940942227840424,
0.16890983283519745,
-0.9093630313873291,
-0.09473725408315659,
-0.209167942404747,
-0.02890784852206707,
-0.27287569642066956,
0.25512486696243286,
-0.34993845224380493,
-0.43154215812683105,
0.7009295225143433,
-0.5747657418251038,
0.07613615691661835,
0.0054697864688932896,
-0.2581009864807129,
-0.14969505369663239,
0.5832235813140869,
-0.5406370759010315,
0.05920778959989548,
0.6740944385528564,
0.01856362633407116,
-0.2100011557340622,
0.7091425657272339,
-0.02350761368870735,
0.3365379869937897,
-0.7747015953063965,
-0.3199828863143921,
0.28757497668266296,
-0.1777152717113495,
-1.3024799823760986,
-0.4046699106693268,
0.2862544357776642,
-0.4145500957965851,
-0.6553683876991272,
-0.5939425826072693,
-0.2968604862689972,
0.8568430542945862,
-0.013178609311580658,
-0.6293178200721741,
-0.2881973087787628,
0.06196491792798042,
-0.049973588436841965,
-0.20855610072612762,
0.4147949516773224,
0.006978073623031378,
0.017234845086932182,
-0.5324679017066956,
0.20039835572242737,
0.7662914991378784,
-0.71977698802948,
0.0943242534995079,
0.18798086047172546,
0.04034747555851936,
-0.35017961263656616,
-0.32539403438568115,
-0.21814177930355072,
-0.06814699620008469,
-0.06633342802524567,
-0.4084097146987915,
0.02533998154103756,
0.27679944038391113,
0.0324542298913002,
-0.15614809095859528,
-0.40536344051361084,
-0.04384389892220497,
0.022961048409342766,
0.11761943995952606,
0.25582990050315857,
0.048695843666791916,
-0.06565963476896286,
-0.20534873008728027,
0.02770082652568817,
-0.9533196687698364,
0.44447270035743713,
0.5599136352539062,
0.2918928563594818,
0.5946277379989624,
-1.1918891668319702,
-0.3495350182056427,
-0.5641898512840271,
0.6286669969558716,
-0.6338725090026855,
0.3184760510921478,
0.47120895981788635,
0.33903375267982483,
-0.8254430294036865,
-0.42768874764442444,
-0.7698754668235779,
-0.08998529613018036,
-0.2960834503173828,
-0.18716895580291748,
-1.089810848236084,
-0.14475208520889282,
-0.006347210146486759,
-0.18216413259506226,
0.7394455075263977,
0.10577066242694855,
-0.08241047710180283,
-0.2173626571893692,
0.10601115971803665,
0.2559170722961426,
0.2923773229122162,
-0.14405842125415802,
0.4525175094604492,
0.33005598187446594,
-0.42852678894996643,
0.22496002912521362,
0.3297157883644104,
0.6720448136329651,
0.6735439300537109,
-0.25275352597236633,
0.19727793335914612,
0.32342153787612915,
0.15337371826171875,
-0.6191290616989136,
-0.29486411809921265,
0.38596758246421814,
-0.015453922562301159,
-0.2438749074935913,
-0.5663312673568726,
0.05895843729376793,
1.1676498651504517,
-0.40424033999443054,
0.10367080569267273,
0.524252712726593,
0.14092622697353363,
0.23296716809272766,
-0.34834033250808716,
0.16275855898857117,
0.2586342394351959,
0.13837531208992004,
0.07661068439483643,
0.7917439937591553,
-0.5895417332649231,
-0.10025975853204727,
-0.2775675058364868,
-0.05738746002316475,
-0.19615589082241058,
-0.03995134308934212,
-0.08536756783723831,
0.014765020459890366,
-0.14001265168190002,
0.4509205222129822,
0.08927378058433533,
-0.35569584369659424,
-0.08844263106584549,
-0.40695276856422424,
-0.8635876774787903,
-0.5485068559646606,
0.14319990575313568,
-0.4708140790462494,
-0.7027408480644226,
-0.9917892217636108,
-0.23378141224384308,
0.04726344347000122,
-0.1750408113002777,
0.5252432227134705,
-0.38256707787513733,
-0.3211425542831421,
-0.2806268036365509,
0.11628083884716034,
0.14609076082706451,
0.03610705956816673,
-0.514927089214325,
0.9041794538497925,
-0.16296690702438354,
0.19252656400203705,
-0.13573753833770752,
0.18804125487804413,
0.32925736904144287,
-0.3291855752468109,
-0.06238791346549988,
0.4435823857784271,
-0.024030959233641624,
-0.21779495477676392,
-0.3174504339694977,
-0.04584555700421333,
0.44662725925445557,
-0.41349858045578003,
-0.3943459689617157,
0.2819913327693939,
-0.45888498425483704,
-0.2531895339488983,
0.21862494945526123,
-1.045143485069275,
-0.4242645502090454,
-0.15751922130584717,
0.5353439450263977,
-0.04977766424417496,
0.49304476380348206,
-0.15985554456710815,
0.24996668100357056,
1.1189957857131958,
0.4888576865196228,
-0.1816839873790741,
0.0894957110285759,
0.04922948032617569,
-0.05861813575029373,
-0.2978314459323883,
-0.6541048288345337,
0.6116950511932373,
-0.304378867149353,
0.627763032913208,
-0.1913471668958664,
-0.7461155652999878,
0.24640364944934845,
0.6146934628486633,
0.3577493131160736,
1.1961688995361328,
-0.17667755484580994,
-0.27439379692077637,
0.40775057673454285,
0.1618853509426117,
-0.4725351333618164,
-0.01667419634759426,
0.32791760563850403,
-0.4218536913394928,
0.36076080799102783,
-0.48319733142852783,
0.02294769510626793,
-1.0356371402740479,
-0.005271268542855978,
0.18619078397750854,
0.5776019096374512,
-0.6977221965789795,
0.0371665433049202,
-0.2255246937274933,
-0.3599972128868103,
-1.1948000192642212,
0.909683883190155,
0.40920761227607727,
0.17227192223072052,
-0.1506599336862564,
-0.13064081966876984,
-0.6878716349601746,
0.4525364339351654,
0.18607686460018158,
-0.10318271070718765,
-0.47917553782463074,
-0.3516969680786133,
-0.3819456100463867,
0.13736455142498016,
0.21102124452590942,
0.586301326751709,
-0.02825300581753254,
0.031172726303339005,
0.37285494804382324,
-0.2098284214735031,
0.5412318110466003,
0.2766793370246887,
-0.4280552864074707,
0.20454345643520355,
-0.5451065301895142,
-0.03852994367480278,
0.11801639944314957,
0.379842609167099,
-0.3990388810634613,
0.5246331095695496,
-0.5361191630363464,
-0.509158194065094,
0.405575692653656,
0.10398514568805695,
-0.1583206206560135,
-0.07289990782737732,
0.42134347558021545,
0.7049732208251953,
-0.08794806152582169,
-0.6475384831428528,
0.07404738664627075,
0.3806425929069519,
-0.21620790660381317,
-0.5293405055999756,
0.10763785988092422,
-0.1993919312953949,
0.1928502470254898,
0.1660703718662262,
0.4938690960407257,
-0.04178158938884735,
0.5967531800270081,
-0.42521512508392334,
-0.0982004851102829,
-0.11606639623641968,
-0.6039411425590515,
0.8066452741622925,
-0.7682088017463684,
-0.36017149686813354,
-0.3322611451148987,
-0.0343233086168766,
-0.7186079621315002,
0.018095295876264572,
-0.19718162715435028,
-0.0178153607994318,
-0.1916283518075943,
0.37023475766181946,
0.25100451707839966,
0.1038602963089943,
0.49929818511009216,
0.03921325504779816,
-0.18446677923202515,
-0.16097603738307953,
-0.4915774166584015,
-0.21164411306381226,
-0.3583517074584961,
0.7288467288017273,
0.22013826668262482,
1.0723634958267212,
-0.5021176934242249,
0.35152924060821533,
-0.38653743267059326,
-0.20841023325920105,
-0.16784295439720154,
0.12854909896850586,
0.5015435218811035,
-0.3143540322780609,
-0.6146766543388367,
0.236953467130661,
0.051936037838459015,
-0.1517348736524582,
-0.39792755246162415,
1.1826398372650146,
-0.7486789226531982,
0.37731412053108215,
0.6981592178344727,
-0.5514879822731018,
0.002042293082922697,
0.33964380621910095,
0.04876912385225296
] |
210957
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala
|
Karbala
|
Karbala or Kerbala ( , , also ;) is a city in central Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 700,000 people (2015).
The city, best known as the location of the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, or the shrines of Imam Husayn and Abbas, is considered a holy city for Shia Muslims, in the same way as Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year, rivaling Mecca and Mashhad by the number of pilgrims annually. The martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali is commemorated annually by millions of Shi'ites. Up to 8 million pilgrims visit the city to observe ʿĀshūrāʾ (the tenth day of the month of Muharram), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the Arbaʿīn (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 30 million visit the graves. Most of the pilgrims travel on foot from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.
Etymology
There are many opinions among different investigators, as to the origin of the word "Karbala". Some have pointed out that "Karbala" has a connection to the "Karbalato" language, while others attempt to derive the meaning of word "Karbala" by analyzing its spelling and language. They conclude that it originates from the Arabic word "Kar Babel" which was a group of ancient Babylonian villages that included Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (Karb Illu. as in Arba Illu [Arbil]), Al-Nawaweess, and Al-Heer. This last name is today known as Al-Hair and is where Husayn ibn Ali's grave is located.
The investigator Yaqut al-Hamawi had pointed out that the meaning of "Karbala" could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—"Al-Karbalat".
According to Shia's belief, the archangel Gabriel narrated the true meaning of the name Karbalā to Muhammad: a combination of karb (, the land which will cause many agonies) and balā (, afflictions)."
Climate
Karbala experiences a hot desert climate (BWh in the Köppen climate classification) with extremely hot, long, dry summers and mild winters. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet.
History
Battle of Karbala
The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Husayn ibn Ali and his brother Abbas ibn Ali were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the Mashhad Al-Husayn. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of Yazid I's demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to Kufa.
Husayn had no army, he was with his family and few friends who joined them, so there were around 73 men, including a 6-month-old Ali Asghar, son of Imam Husayn, in total. The horsemen, under 'Umar ibn Sa'd, were ordered to deny Husayn and his followers water in order to force Husayn to agree to give an oath of allegiance. On the 9th of Muharram, Husayn refused, and asked to be given the night to pray. On 10 Muharram, Husayn ibn Ali prayed the morning prayer and led his troops into battle along with his brother Abbas. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.
In 63 AH (682 ), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison as there was a threat of uprisings and some of the people in his court were unaware of who the battle was with, when they got to know that the descendants of Muhammad were killed, they were horrified . On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. There is record of Sulayman ibn Surad going on pilgrimage to the site as early as 65 AH (685 CE). The city began as a tomb and shrine to Husayn and grew as a city in order to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again.
Early modern
Like Najaf, the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced Isfahan in Iran as the main centre of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, Yusuf Al Bahrani, a key proponent of the Akhbari tradition of Shia thought, until his death in 1772, after which the more state-centric Usuli school became more influential.
The Wahhabi sack of Karbala occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801), under the rule of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad the second ruler of the First Saudi State, when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from Najd attacked the city of Karbala. The attack was coincident with the anniversary of Ghadir Khum event, or 10 Muharram. This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.
After the First Saudi State invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In order to reassert their authority, the Ottoman army laid siege to the city. On January 13, 1843, Ottoman troops entered the city. Many of the city leaders fled leaving defense of the city largely to tradespeople. About 3,000 Arabs were killed in the city, and another 2,000 outside the walls (this represented about 15% of the city's normal population). The Turks lost 400 men. This prompted many students and scholars to move to Najaf, which became the main Shia religious centre. Between 1850 and 1903, Karbala enjoyed a generous influx of money through the Oudh Bequest. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of Awadh, known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. The Oudh money, 10 million rupees, originated in 1825 from the Awadh Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider. One third was to go to his wives, and the other two-thirds went to holy cities of Karbala and Najaf. When his wives died in 1850, the money piled up with interest in the hands of the British East India Company. The EIC sent the money to Karbala and Najaf per the wives' wishes, in the hopes of influencing the Ulama in Britain's favor. This effort to curry favor is generally considered to have been a failure.
In 1915, Karbala was the scene of an uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.
Defense of the City Hall in Karbala – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the Mahdi Army trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the Multinational Division Central-South
In 2003 following the US invasion of Iraq, the Karbala town council attempted to elect United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his marines, contractors, and funds couldn't leave.
On April 14, 2007, a car bomb exploded about from the shrine, killing 47 and wounding over 150.
On January 19, 2008, 2 million Iraqi Shia pilgrims marched through Karbala city, Iraq to commemorate Ashura. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in Basra and Nasiriya).
Religious tourism
Karbala, alongside Najaf, is considered a thriving tourist destination for Shia Muslims and the tourism industry in the city boomed after the end of Saddam Hussein's rule. Some religious tourism attractions include:
Al Abbas Mosque
Imam Husayn Shrine
Euphrates
Ruins of Mujada, about to the west of the city
Airports
Airports in Karbala include:
Karbala Northeast Airport
Karbala International Airport (located to the southeast of Karbala)
Religious beliefs
Mesopotamia in the Quran
Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the Quran to refer to Iraq, land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of Kufah, Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiyyah and Samarra, since the Monotheistic preachers Ibrāhīm (Abraham) and Lūṭ (Lot), who are regarded as Prophets in Islam, are believed to have lived in the ancient Iraqi city of Kutha Rabba, before going to "The Blessed Land".
Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in Polytheistic Mesopotamia, there are passages in the Quran about Mount Judi, Babil ("Babylon") and Qaryat Yunus ("Town of Jonah").
Hadith
There are many Shia traditions that narrate the status of Karbala:
Thus the tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired this great significance in Shi'ite tradition because the Imam and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others):
The angel Gabriel narrated to Muhammad that:
The fourth Shi'ite Imam, that is Zayn al-Abidin narrated:
In this regard, Ja'far al-Sadiq narrates, 'Allah, the Almighty, has made the dust of my ancestor's grave – Imam Husain (r.a) as a cure for every sickness and safety from every fear.'
It is narrated from Ja'far that: "The earth of the pure and holy grave of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (r.a) is a pure and blessed musk. For those who consume it, it is a cure for every ailment, and if our enemy uses it then he will melt the way fat melts, when you intend to consume that pure earth recite the following supplication"
Culture
Sports
Karbalaa FC is a football club based in Karbala.
Media
There are many references in books in films to "Karbala", generally referring to Husayn's death at the Battle of Karbala. Husayn is often depicted on a white horse impaled by arrows. There are films and documentaries about the events of Karbala in both animated and realistic form
University
Hawza are the Islamic education institutions that are run collectively by mujtahid or Allamas to teach Shia Muslims and guide them through the rigorous journey of becoming and Alim. In terms of the hawaz in Karbala, After the death of a renowned Alama, the Sayyid Muhammad, the leadership in terms of teacher shifted to taqlid to mujtahid. This was a significant factor that lead to the leadership of Ulama to reside in Karbala and as well as Najaf. Initially Karbala's hawza (Islamic education institution) consisted mostly of Iranians and Turkish Ulama. After the death of Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani in 1830 and the repression of the shia population by the Ottomans in 1843 both played an important role in the relocation of many Ulamas and thus Najaf becoming the center of Shia Islamic leadership in education.
As of now, there are two universities in Karbala. University of Karbala, which was inaugurated on March 1, 2002, is one of the top most universities in Iraq regarding academic administration, human resources, and scientific research. The Ahl Al Bayt University was founded in September 2003 by Dr. Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. The university has six major colleges: College of Law, Arts, Islamic Sciences, Medical & Health Technology, Pharmacy and Dentistry.
Warith al-Anbiya University in Karbala, has recently been established under a project of Husayn Holy Shrine, having the faculties of engineering, administration, economics, law and pathology, which is ready to receive students for the first academic year 2017–2018.
Indian subcontinent
In the Indian subcontinent, Karbala, apart from meaning the city of Karbala (which is usually referred to as Karbala-e-Mualla meaning Karbala the exalted), also means local grounds where commemorative processions end and/or ta'zīya are buried during Ashura or Arba'een, usually such grounds will have shabeeh (copy) of Rauza or some other structures.
In South Asia where ta'zīya refer to specifically to the miniature mausoleums used in processions held in Muharram. It all started from the fact that the great distance of India from Karbala prevented Indian Shi'is being buried near the tomb of Husayn or making frequent pilgrimages (ziyarat) to the tomb. This is the reason why Indian Shi'is established local karbalas on the subcontinent by bringing soil from Karbala and sprinkling it on lots designated as future cemeteries. Once the karbalas were established on the subcontinent, the next step was to bring Husayn's tomb-shrine to India. This was established by building replicas of Husayn's mausoleum called ta'zīya to be carried in Muharram processions. Thousands of ta'zīyas in various shapes and sizes are made every year for the months of mourning of Muharram and Safar; and are carried in processions and may be buried at the end of Ashura or Arba'een.
See also
Battle of Karbala
1977 Shia protests in Iraq
1991 Uprising in Karbala
Battle of Karbala (2003)
2003 Karbala bombings
2004 Iraq Ashura bombings
2007 Karbala bombings
Karbala raid
Arba'een
Karbala, Iran
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
External links
Shia Shrines of Karbala – Sacred Destinations
Shia Karbala Poetry
Karbala – A Lesson for Mankind
Karbala Quotes and Sayings
Karbala and Martyrdom
Karbala – The Facts and the Fairy-tales
Karbala, the Chain of Events
Holy cities
Shia holy cities
Populated places in Karbala Province
District capitals of Iraq
Cities in Iraq
Levant
Husayn ibn Ali
Karbala Governorate
|
[
0.004006378818303347,
0.35600021481513977,
-0.017907775938510895,
-0.625878095626831,
-0.4264985918998718,
0.36668679118156433,
0.2198537141084671,
-0.08283563703298569,
-0.4037303924560547,
0.2510249614715576,
-0.7285909056663513,
-0.1617555469274521,
-0.5283492803573608,
0.47818922996520996,
0.07358786463737488,
0.6239429712295532,
0.06768417358398438,
0.1336391121149063,
0.6196740865707397,
0.13700875639915466,
0.03162000700831413,
0.0994189903140068,
0.28781938552856445,
-0.035607777535915375,
0.39533236622810364,
-0.16460594534873962,
0.48824650049209595,
0.4152730107307434,
-0.3287143409252167,
-0.030374126508831978,
-0.23063533008098602,
0.20351608097553253,
-0.16382424533367157,
-0.30272990465164185,
0.2445182055234909,
0.41280847787857056,
0.25805777311325073,
-0.02457278221845627,
-0.2866918742656708,
-0.7439723014831543,
-0.3956146538257599,
-0.4089420735836029,
-0.08922474831342697,
0.4087817668914795,
-0.4587141275405884,
-0.7175719738006592,
-0.93592768907547,
0.648461639881134,
-0.5845962762832642,
-0.3912375569343567,
-0.8303237557411194,
0.2572796046733856,
0.11789516359567642,
-0.24622277915477753,
0.5512283444404602,
0.4407491385936737,
-0.6061241626739502,
0.11110950261354446,
0.20118200778961182,
-0.477507084608078,
0.8289498090744019,
0.25096583366394043,
0.22455210983753204,
-0.14446042478084564,
0.07078292965888977,
0.060122791677713394,
0.1272735595703125,
-0.17216140031814575,
0.17102819681167603,
0.1395590901374817,
-0.19379763305187225,
0.3062618374824524,
-0.45124351978302,
-0.0609852559864521,
-0.15328921377658844,
0.0013324900064617395,
-0.45746028423309326,
-0.40117207169532776,
0.2278747856616974,
0.34582141041755676,
0.313522070646286,
-0.6894534826278687,
0.62198805809021,
-0.19616329669952393,
0.5747889280319214,
0.018448853865265846,
-0.34936046600341797,
0.4861406683921814,
-0.46566399931907654,
0.03522823378443718,
-0.42873305082321167,
-0.22723551094532013,
0.12544021010398865,
0.2603793144226074,
-0.012447209097445011,
-0.7792257070541382,
-0.11605105549097061,
0.08850762993097305,
-0.4888753592967987,
0.06966930627822876,
-0.2673393487930298,
0.7834402322769165,
0.2815907895565033,
0.5868332982063293,
-0.46549779176712036,
-0.046811822801828384,
-0.39995846152305603,
0.20652760565280914,
0.040646377950906754,
-0.2885347902774811,
0.05112379789352417,
0.4744797945022583,
-0.35443657636642456,
-0.3142834007740021,
-0.055519361048936844,
0.0193557757884264,
-0.2602803409099579,
0.38326072692871094,
-0.21113847196102142,
0.2636645436286926,
-0.3841276168823242,
1.0785318613052368,
-0.32169458270072937,
0.21976125240325928,
0.033384058624506,
-0.04037366434931755,
0.1398908793926239,
0.29741209745407104,
-1.2242566347122192,
1.039087176322937,
0.1935068666934967,
0.05432124435901642,
-0.1968647539615631,
0.8302777409553528,
0.1663571298122406,
-0.7387163043022156,
-0.13284316658973694,
-0.029402730986475945,
1.0603989362716675,
0.07240340858697891,
-1.1589155197143555,
0.1246677115559578,
-0.1047186553478241,
-0.22501333057880402,
0.06323215365409851,
-0.6093324422836304,
-0.07230933755636215,
-0.543815553188324,
-0.24364566802978516,
-0.6865161657333374,
0.04360441491007805,
0.2429313212633133,
-0.3938499987125397,
-0.26745375990867615,
-0.05237232893705368,
-0.013664476573467255,
0.03832561895251274,
-0.1173250749707222,
0.3868294060230255,
-0.12343377619981766,
-0.13675765693187714,
0.5020226240158081,
0.4822673499584198,
0.0695284977555275,
0.10995062440633774,
-0.08969571441411972,
0.5123887062072754,
0.10582946240901947,
0.40574467182159424,
0.029013726860284805,
-0.21808159351348877,
0.13181047141551971,
0.4278610348701477,
-0.11229189485311508,
0.032489240169525146,
0.02397591806948185,
0.6873648166656494,
0.3110530376434326,
0.20312070846557617,
0.1601194143295288,
-0.5063328742980957,
0.1805764138698578,
-0.39593473076820374,
0.23267430067062378,
-0.11637953668832779,
0.15640051662921906,
0.06822305917739868,
-0.23277029395103455,
-0.3198527991771698,
0.12704642117023468,
-0.037036921828985214,
-0.44086235761642456,
-0.3336801528930664,
0.14844128489494324,
0.572736382484436,
0.4353117048740387,
-0.4814251661300659,
0.12369654327630997,
-0.30268990993499756,
1.1043654680252075,
-0.35352659225463867,
-0.3540779948234558,
0.8093128800392151,
-0.9059092402458191,
-0.011398976668715477,
0.011413329280912876,
0.2701428532600403,
0.4377852976322174,
0.18658693134784698,
0.6906910538673401,
0.3097989559173584,
-0.18465988337993622,
-0.15610775351524353,
0.4484308063983917,
0.21687249839305878,
-0.28523722290992737,
-0.5203262567520142,
0.3786071240901947,
0.3290051817893982,
-0.07789690792560577,
0.5936278700828552,
0.12982797622680664,
-0.5316909551620483,
0.274737149477005,
-0.09200388193130493,
-0.058327872306108475,
0.5223562717437744,
0.047029927372932434,
-0.43711137771606445,
-0.30140194296836853,
0.2572091519832611,
0.3510335683822632,
0.053989704698324203,
-0.22921866178512573,
-0.4530217945575714,
-0.3137291371822357,
-0.0351095087826252,
0.1597515046596527,
0.3649170994758606,
-0.6649225354194641,
-0.00013376690912991762,
0.21249157190322876,
0.32100141048431396,
-0.07755149155855179,
0.6072974801063538,
-0.027836009860038757,
0.11122739315032959,
0.31549549102783203,
-0.1353350579738617,
0.5407967567443848,
-0.5802979469299316,
0.2125575989484787,
0.7586103081703186,
-0.2851511240005493,
0.21214589476585388,
-0.20858308672904968,
0.13787487149238586,
0.1777128130197525,
0.6782774329185486,
0.22239091992378235,
-0.1982620507478714,
0.15891285240650177,
-0.3360973000526428,
0.36605304479599,
0.09726371616125107,
0.2680332362651825,
0.07576211541891098,
-0.7233127355575562,
0.25982996821403503,
0.7083483338356018,
0.17469561100006104,
-0.32019707560539246,
0.2987050712108612,
0.34291261434555054,
-0.047795966267585754,
-0.0028345193713903427,
-0.022684672847390175,
-0.03394923359155655,
-0.5458815693855286,
0.05670512840151787,
0.4250679910182953,
0.3876749873161316,
0.23762346804141998,
-0.41681697964668274,
-0.5723212957382202,
-0.5318808555603027,
0.1406741738319397,
-0.46466076374053955,
-0.24433104693889618,
-0.11412085592746735,
-0.8479262590408325,
0.01255811657756567,
0.16426406800746918,
0.4298510253429413,
-0.3450568616390228,
-0.31791701912879944,
0.08512093126773834,
-0.11589007824659348,
0.1776069849729538,
-0.4774869680404663,
-1.238466739654541,
0.8396247625350952,
-0.6758260130882263,
0.12745258212089539,
0.2280842512845993,
0.2098696231842041,
-0.34628501534461975,
0.19313617050647736,
-5.72860860824585,
0.04544539004564285,
-0.34295839071273804,
-0.5903891921043396,
0.062014348804950714,
-0.3638096749782562,
-0.03414642810821533,
-0.9185539484024048,
0.07416050881147385,
-0.002097421558573842,
-0.1827806532382965,
-0.10515060275793076,
-0.2904359698295593,
0.6017661690711975,
0.8091802597045898,
0.2988080382347107,
0.326005220413208,
0.13701525330543518,
0.057127874344587326,
-0.13046666979789734,
-0.4678743779659271,
-0.21589092910289764,
-0.3784724175930023,
0.5341856479644775,
-0.002732667839154601,
0.6194749474525452,
0.14491614699363708,
-0.21571895480155945,
-0.9428822994232178,
-0.48703300952911377,
-0.18961642682552338,
0.13339276611804962,
-0.1703817993402481,
0.38559767603874207,
0.22342856228351593,
0.6135648488998413,
0.5082128047943115,
-0.01682143658399582,
0.4165336787700653,
-0.1375207006931305,
0.18661560118198395,
0.18764416873455048,
-0.033466607332229614,
-0.6564061045646667,
0.6602164506912231,
-0.42249101400375366,
-0.8621958494186401,
-0.12773126363754272,
-0.1023668721318245,
0.29355695843696594,
0.5684081315994263,
-0.26687103509902954,
0.304341197013855,
0.07026766985654831,
-0.42517367005348206,
-0.042385876178741455,
0.7028777003288269,
-0.2086276412010193,
-0.010421592742204666,
0.78932124376297,
0.3948479890823364,
-0.12853007018566132,
-0.14569009840488434,
-0.19216792285442352,
0.20817846059799194,
-0.5194477438926697,
0.6775539517402649,
-0.40877196192741394,
0.14575669169425964,
0.3352843225002289,
-0.24167507886886597,
-0.3654792606830597,
-0.7639616131782532,
-0.9430534243583679,
-0.19119130074977875,
-0.8927332758903503,
-0.32330605387687683,
-0.13643598556518555,
-0.3276090919971466,
0.6984468698501587,
-0.4882800281047821,
-0.4994485676288605,
0.6189205646514893,
-0.26447808742523193,
-0.16161324083805084,
-0.7938631772994995,
0.4090225100517273,
0.5861234664916992,
0.3194742500782013,
0.058204133063554764,
0.6169199347496033,
-0.7169598340988159,
0.9534937739372253,
-0.3804531991481781,
-0.0847269669175148,
0.5595639944076538,
-0.37567445635795593,
-0.17796927690505981,
0.8844780921936035,
-0.2121383398771286,
0.0923919603228569,
-0.5064805150032043,
0.4902840554714203,
0.17872926592826843,
0.32384201884269714,
-0.396369993686676,
-0.03203941881656647,
0.2689782977104187,
0.9367482662200928,
-0.39413318037986755,
-0.04658503457903862,
0.20297771692276,
-0.12103424221277237,
-0.44614723324775696,
0.5199204087257385,
-0.3210536241531372,
0.13581469655036926,
0.9616652727127075,
-0.008048598654568195,
0.48022568225860596,
-0.21693968772888184,
-0.2151382565498352,
-0.201494500041008,
0.4323769211769104,
0.2544957399368286,
-0.08701471239328384,
-0.44285809993743896,
0.20932838320732117,
0.22017599642276764,
0.015153632499277592,
0.4969412386417389,
-0.250588595867157,
0.19009098410606384,
-0.3394535481929779,
0.04714403301477432,
0.012861046008765697,
-0.49273478984832764,
-0.7942962646484375,
0.0547664649784565,
0.20749063789844513,
0.5407305359840393,
-0.1936722844839096,
0.10903271287679672,
0.23504966497421265,
0.20923522114753723,
0.07841961830854416,
-0.11675787717103958,
0.3939640522003174,
-0.3834778964519501,
-0.4224921762943268,
-0.17500868439674377,
0.031499747186899185,
-0.3967832028865814,
0.057511888444423676,
-0.4591566026210785,
-0.021440070122480392,
0.9608525037765503,
0.8537824749946594,
-0.03681502863764763,
-0.09923213720321655,
0.1094929501414299,
-0.42530497908592224,
-1.00698983669281,
-0.002663521794602275,
-0.09278404712677002,
-0.017370441928505898,
0.23878072202205658,
0.012771686539053917,
0.341262549161911,
0.34554314613342285,
0.007435336243361235,
-0.9629296660423279,
-0.5629982352256775,
-0.16632592678070068,
0.3961292803287506,
-0.06889058649539948,
0.13675744831562042,
0.004613746423274279,
0.2590259611606598,
-0.18528252840042114,
-0.23313896358013153,
-0.23422518372535706,
-0.10108111053705215,
0.3408113121986389,
0.12621977925300598,
0.3253532648086548,
-0.8242701292037964,
-0.43363213539123535,
-0.19725477695465088,
-0.30908438563346863,
0.7716227769851685,
-0.6935385465621948,
-0.3467211127281189,
0.21378076076507568,
0.4933627247810364,
-0.8675170540809631,
0.08585242182016373,
0.6107146739959717,
-0.0096522755920887,
0.2951316237449646,
0.018212338909506798,
0.30899134278297424,
-0.4155411720275879,
0.7204558253288269,
-0.14685088396072388,
-0.5036624073982239,
0.676116406917572,
0.46629729866981506,
-0.6258630752563477,
0.02817811258137226,
-0.4295116364955902,
-0.6456544995307922,
-0.05058056116104126,
0.9141404628753662,
-0.4765327274799347,
0.4344979226589203,
-0.27088138461112976,
0.2945559322834015,
-0.20741169154644012,
-0.1115204393863678,
-0.49630221724510193,
-0.5339512228965759,
0.4248120188713074,
-0.32378482818603516,
-0.23379462957382202,
0.4302058517932892,
0.10265813767910004,
-0.7066279649734497,
-0.054013751447200775,
0.4109916388988495,
0.4730680584907532,
0.23534630239009857,
0.6566237211227417,
0.4094996750354767,
0.5808448791503906,
-0.4353354275226593,
-0.02755754627287388,
-0.3192572295665741,
-0.20894497632980347,
0.11084252595901489,
0.26910200715065,
0.3686547875404358,
0.2622484266757965,
0.05398957058787346,
0.30081167817115784,
0.45891237258911133,
-0.08821829408407211,
-0.3319666385650635,
-0.5852682590484619,
0.0647260919213295,
0.16017065942287445,
0.37062641978263855,
-0.33522236347198486,
0.078306183218956,
0.36410534381866455,
-0.35607728362083435,
0.04695494845509529,
0.2951149642467499,
0.07998210191726685,
0.5236100554466248,
0.038968753069639206,
-0.16278071701526642,
0.2880958020687103,
0.03998686373233795,
-0.13665680587291718,
-0.393576979637146,
-0.4459385573863983,
-0.47394442558288574,
0.0643102377653122,
-0.3199566900730133,
-0.2714507281780243,
-0.022043809294700623,
0.621890127658844,
0.4629746079444885,
0.3407597243785858,
0.05422072485089302,
-0.03341051563620567,
-0.25758835673332214,
-0.32794705033302307,
0.4719858765602112,
-0.6831458806991577,
-0.45964664220809937,
-0.3384636342525482,
-0.46963539719581604,
0.3252771496772766,
-0.570541262626648,
0.22510722279548645,
0.48812544345855713,
-0.5623346567153931,
-0.010934232734143734,
-0.4082431495189667,
-0.027250761166214943,
0.003395990701392293,
0.27215439081192017,
-0.34488150477409363,
0.0839143842458725,
0.6013354063034058,
0.9242169857025146,
-0.6861147284507751,
0.058299873024225235,
-0.6473851799964905,
0.055011164397001266,
-0.29681387543678284,
-0.23009303212165833,
-0.09818825125694275,
-0.4063045084476471,
0.3527013957500458,
0.011068005114793777,
0.18548117578029633,
0.18947617709636688,
0.10671371966600418,
0.0679226890206337,
0.6742573976516724,
0.6362317204475403,
-0.6048039793968201,
0.6629776358604431,
0.7388719916343689,
-0.6809529066085815,
0.46319082379341125,
0.4641413688659668,
0.1940319985151291,
-0.37185409665107727,
0.12226701527833939,
0.4602145254611969,
0.4303598999977112,
0.35655418038368225,
0.3269803524017334,
-0.0956960991024971,
-0.4299791753292084,
0.355132520198822,
-0.05667748674750328,
-0.2933000326156616,
-0.3930785059928894,
0.20619000494480133,
-0.42827609181404114,
-0.8424443006515503,
0.14440090954303741,
-0.16816046833992004,
-0.12222837656736374,
0.027141883969306946,
0.28284579515457153,
0.46847298741340637,
-0.20125342905521393,
-0.071883924305439,
-0.09291516244411469,
0.08694930374622345,
0.2087855041027069,
0.05693848058581352,
0.15175756812095642,
0.019452949985861778,
-0.16954438388347626,
-0.002618255792185664,
-0.2058243602514267,
-0.21634624898433685,
0.43454667925834656,
-0.14660049974918365,
0.3111579418182373,
0.2571556270122528,
-0.1590942144393921,
0.5474520921707153,
0.153702050447464,
-0.09659595042467117,
0.23144561052322388,
0.17396758496761322,
0.3049461543560028,
-0.288779616355896,
-0.166426420211792,
-0.6740742921829224,
-0.3058526813983917,
0.3035511374473572,
-0.03726700320839882,
0.28183141350746155,
-0.29928213357925415,
0.039897557348012924,
0.3407495319843292,
0.36885493993759155,
-0.3616429567337036,
0.55500328540802,
-0.1591838002204895,
0.48030659556388855,
0.05524178594350815,
-0.4369112253189087,
0.47702866792678833,
-0.3054840862751007,
-0.3313361406326294,
0.10139106214046478,
-0.030299486592411995,
0.18726994097232819,
-0.676672637462616,
-0.17966800928115845,
-0.21431812644004822,
0.022849418222904205,
-0.4967229664325714,
0.01629224419593811,
-0.04353383928537369,
-0.37474319338798523,
0.28208085894584656,
0.44965970516204834,
0.3586925268173218,
-0.31875643134117126,
0.11763457208871841,
0.1198105663061142,
-0.3944128453731537,
0.3147333562374115,
-0.4245096445083618,
-0.04005851969122887,
-0.22569143772125244,
-0.3236504793167114,
-0.29364216327667236,
0.06898369640111923,
-0.17602679133415222,
-0.25381314754486084,
-0.08000657707452774,
0.16953277587890625,
-0.5120272040367126,
0.42236411571502686,
0.23811548948287964,
-0.3898921012878418,
0.6629694700241089,
-0.7552445530891418,
0.21343180537223816,
0.008651938289403915,
-0.16916441917419434,
0.1659378558397293,
0.5400758385658264,
-0.27104029059410095,
0.2932135760784149,
0.15728510916233063,
-0.936736524105072,
0.15441735088825226,
0.48280996084213257,
-0.5293418169021606,
-0.26543253660202026,
-0.10263162851333618,
-0.4592885971069336,
-0.18426458537578583,
0.6872013211250305,
0.5778218507766724,
0.6266842484474182,
-0.1600426435470581,
0.12258250266313553,
-0.053547464311122894,
0.11928749829530716,
-0.7708184719085693,
0.05754728242754936,
0.4103001058101654,
-0.9159777164459229,
-0.11333707720041275,
-0.06739826500415802,
0.9045529365539551,
-0.06787188351154327,
0.03114647977054119,
0.1782463788986206,
0.008623571135103703,
-0.08423729240894318,
-0.23633214831352234,
-0.44349485635757446,
-0.8058661222457886,
0.30886954069137573,
-0.3995116353034973
] |
210960
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil
|
Recoil
|
Recoil (often called knockback, kickback or simply kick) is the rearward thrust generated when a gun is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of conservation of momentum, as according to Newton's third law the force required to accelerate something will evoke an equal but opposite reactional force, which means the forward momentum gained by the projectile and exhaust gases (ejectae) will be mathematically balanced out by an equal and opposite momentum exerted back upon the gun. In hand-held small arms, the recoil momentum will be eventually transferred to the ground, but will do so through the body of the shooter hence resulting in a noticeable impulse commonly referred to as a "kick".
In heavier mounted guns, such as heavy machine guns or artillery pieces, recoil momentum is transferred to the Earth's surface through the platform on which the weapon is mounted. In order to bring the rearward moving gun to a halt, the momentum acquired by the gun is dissipated by a forward-acting counter-recoil force applied to the gun over a period of time after the projectile exits the muzzle. To apply this counter-recoiling force, modern mounted guns may employ recoil buffering comprising springs and hydraulic recoil mechanisms, similar to shock-absorbing suspension on automobiles. Early cannons used systems of ropes along with rolling or sliding friction to provide forces to slow the recoiling cannon to a stop. Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded. Gun chamber pressures and projectile acceleration forces are tremendous, on the order of tens of thousands of pounds per square inch and tens of thousands of times the acceleration of gravity (g's), both necessary to launch the projectile at useful velocity during the very short travel distance of the barrel. However, the same pressures acting on the base of the projectile are acting on the rear face of the gun chamber, accelerating the gun rearward during firing. Practical weight gun mounts are typically not strong enough to withstand the maximum forces accelerating the projectile during the short time the projectile is in the barrel, typically only a few milliseconds. To mitigate these large recoil forces, recoil buffering mechanisms spread out the counter-recoiling force over a longer time, typically ten to a hundred times longer than the duration of the forces accelerating the projectile. This results in the required counter-recoiling force being proportionally lower, and easily absorbed by the gun mount. Modern cannons also employ muzzle brakes very effectively to redirect some of the propellant gasses rearward after projectile exit. This provides a counter-recoiling force to the barrel, allowing the buffering system and gun mount to be more efficiently designed at even lower weight.
Recoilless guns also exist where much of the high pressure gas remaining in the barrel after projectile exit is vented rearward though a nozzle at the back of the chamber, creating a large counter-recoiling force sufficient to eliminate the need for heavy recoil mitigating buffers on the mount.
The same physics principles affecting recoil in mounted guns also applies to hand-held guns. However, the shooter's body assumes the role of gun mount, and must similarly dissipate the gun's recoiling momentum over a longer period of time than the bullet travel-time in the barrel, in order not to injure the shooter. Hands, arms and shoulders have considerable strength and elasticity for this purpose, up to certain practical limits. Nevertheless, "perceived" recoil limits vary from shooter to shooter, depending on body size, the use of recoil padding, individual pain tolerance, the weight of the firearm, and whether recoil buffering systems and muzzle devices (muzzle brake or suppressor) are employed. For this reason, establishing recoil safety standards for small arms remains challenging, in spite of the straightforward physics involved.
Recoil: momentum, energy and impulse
Momentum
A change in momentum of a mass requires a force; according to Newton's first law, known as the law of inertia, inertia simply being another term for mass. That force, applied to a mass, creates an acceleration, which when applied over time, changes the velocity of a mass. According to Newton's second law, the law of momentum -- changing the velocity of the mass changes its momentum, (mass multiplied by velocity). It is important to understand at this point that velocity is not simply speed. Velocity is the speed of a mass in a particular direction. In a very technical sense, speed is a scalar (mathematics), a magnitude, and velocity is a vector (physics), magnitude and direction. Newton's third law, known as conservation of momentum, recognizes that changes in the motion of a mass, brought about by the application of forces and accelerations, does not occur in isolation; that is, other bodies of mass are found to be involved in directing those forces and accelerations. Furthermore, if all the masses and velocities involved are accounted for, the vector sum, magnitude and direction, of the momentum of all the bodies involved does not change; hence, momentum of the system is conserved. This conservation of momentum is why gun recoil occurs in the opposite direction of bullet projection -- the mass times velocity of the projectile in the positive direction equals the mass times velocity of the gun in the negative direction. In summation, the total momentum of the system equals zero, surprisingly just as it did before the trigger was pulled. From a practical engineering perspective, therefore, through the mathematical application of conservation of momentum, it is possible to calculate a first approximation of a gun's recoil momentum and kinetic energy, and properly design recoil buffering systems to safely dissipate that momentum and energy, simply based on estimates of the projectile speed (and mass) coming out the barrel. To confirm analytical calculations and estimates, once a prototype gun is manufactured, the projectile and gun recoil energy and momentum can be directly measured using a ballistic pendulum and ballistic chronograph.
There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired: conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy.
The nature of the recoil process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in the barrel upon the gun (recoil force), which is equal and opposite to the force upon the ejecta. It is also determined by the counter-recoil force applied to the gun (e.g. an operator's hand or shoulder, or a mount). The recoil force only acts during the time that the ejecta are still in the barrel of the gun. The counter-recoil force is generally applied over a longer time period and adds forward momentum to the gun equal to the backward momentum supplied by the recoil force, in order to bring the gun to a halt. There are two special cases of counter recoil force: Free-recoil, in which the time duration of the counter-recoil force is very much larger than the duration of the recoil force, and zero-recoil, in which the counter-recoil force matches the recoil force in magnitude and duration. Except for the case of zero-recoil, the counter-recoil force is smaller than the recoil force but lasts for a longer time. Since the recoil force and the counter-recoil force are not matched, the gun will move rearward, slowing down until it comes to rest. In the zero-recoil case, the two forces are matched and the gun will not move when fired. In most cases, a gun is very close to a free-recoil condition, since the recoil process generally lasts much longer than the time needed to move the ejecta down the barrel. An example of near zero-recoil would be a gun securely clamped to a massive or well-anchored table, or supported from behind by a massive wall. However, employing zero-recoil systems is often neither practical nor safe for the structure of the gun, as the recoil momentum must be absorbed directly through the very small distance of elastic deformation of the materials the gun and mount are made from, perhaps exceeding their strength limits. For example, placing the butt of a large caliber gun directly against a wall and pulling the trigger risks cracking both the gun stock and the surface of the wall.
The recoil of a firearm, whether large or small, is a result of the law of conservation of momentum. Assuming that the firearm and projectile are both at rest before firing, then their total momentum is zero. Assuming a near free-recoil condition, and neglecting the gases ejected from the barrel, (an acceptable first estimate), then immediately after firing, conservation of momentum requires that the total momentum of the firearm and projectile is the same as before, namely zero. Stating this mathematically:
where is the momentum of the firearm and is the momentum of the projectile. In other words, immediately after firing, the momentum of the firearm is equal and opposite to the momentum of the projectile.
Since momentum of a body is defined as its mass multiplied by its velocity, we can rewrite the above equation as:
where:
is the mass of the firearm
is the velocity of the firearm immediately after firing
is the mass of the projectile
is the velocity of the projectile immediately after firing
A force integrated over the time period during which it acts will yield the momentum supplied by that force. The counter-recoil force must supply enough momentum to the firearm to bring it to a halt. This means that:
where:
is the counter-recoil force as a function of time (t)
is duration of the counter-recoil force
A similar equation can be written for the recoil force on the firearm:
where:
is the recoil force as a function of time (t)
is duration of the recoil force
Assuming the forces are somewhat evenly spread out over their respective durations, the condition for free-recoil is , while for zero-recoil, .
Angular momentum
For a gun firing under free-recoil conditions, the force on the gun may not only force the gun backwards, but may also cause it to rotate about its center of mass or recoil mount. This is particularly true of older firearms, such as the classic Kentucky rifle, where the butt stock angles down significantly lower than the barrel, providing a pivot point about which the muzzle may rise during recoil. Modern firearms, such as the M16 rifle, employ stock designs that are in direct line with the barrel, in order to minimize any rotational effects. If there is an angle for the recoil parts to rotate about, the torque () on the gun is given by:
where is the perpendicular distance of the center of mass of the gun below the barrel axis, is the force on the gun due to the expanding gases, equal and opposite to the force on the bullet, is the moment of inertia of the gun about its center of mass, or its pivot point, and is the angle of rotation of the barrel axis "up" from its orientation at ignition (aim angle). The angular momentum of the gun is found by integrating this equation to obtain:
where the equality of the momenta of the gun and bullet have been used. The angular rotation of the gun as the bullet exits the barrel is then found by integrating again:
where is the angle above the aim angle at which the bullet leaves the barrel, is the time of travel of the bullet in the barrel (because of the acceleration the time is longer than : ) and L is the distance the bullet travels from its rest position to the tip of the barrel. The angle at which the bullet leaves the barrel above the aim angle is then given by:
Including the ejected gas
Before the projectile leaves the gun barrel, it obturates the bore and "plugs up" the expanding gas generated by the propellant combustion behind it. This means the gas is essentially contained within a closed system and acts as a neutral element in the overall momentum of the system's physics. However, when the projectile exits the barrel, this functional seal is removed and the highly energetic bore gas is suddenly free to exit the muzzle and expand in the form of a supersonic shockwave (which can be often fast enough to momentarily overtake the projectile and affect its flight dynamics), creating a phenomenon known as the muzzle blast. The forward vector of this blast creates a jet propulsion effect that exerts back upon the barrel, and creates an additional momentum on top of the backward momentum generated by the projectile before it exits the gun.
The overall recoil applied to the firearm is equal and opposite to the total forward momentum of not only the projectile, but also the ejected gas. Likewise, the recoil energy given to the firearm is affected by the ejected gas. By conservation of mass, the mass of the ejected gas will be equal to the original mass of the propellant (assuming complete burning). As a rough approximation, the ejected gas can be considered to have an effective exit velocity of where is the muzzle velocity of the projectile and is approximately constant. The total momentum of the propellant and projectile will then be:
where: is the mass of the propellant charge, equal to the mass of the ejected gas.
This expression should be substituted into the expression for projectile momentum in order to obtain a more accurate description of the recoil process. The effective velocity may be used in the energy equation as well, but since the value of α used is generally specified for the momentum equation, the energy values obtained may be less accurate. The value of the constant α is generally taken to lie between 1.25 and 1.75. It is mostly dependent upon the type of propellant used, but may depend slightly on other things such as the ratio of the length of the barrel to its radius.
Muzzle devices can reduce the recoil impulse by altering the pattern of gas expansion. For instance, muzzle brakes primarily works by diverting some of the gas ejecta towards the sides, increasing the lateral blast intensity (hence louder to the sides) but reducing the thrust from the forward-projection (thus less recoil). Similarly, recoil compensators divert the gas ejecta mostly upwards to counteract the muzzle rise. However, suppressors work on a different principle, not by vectoring the gas expansion laterally but instead by modulating the forward speed of the gas expansion. By using internal baffles, the gas is made to travel through a convoluted path before eventually released outside at the front of the suppressor, thus dissipating its energy over a larger area and a longer time. This reduces both the intensity of the blast (thus lower loudness) and the recoil generated (as for the same impulse, force is inversely proportional to time).
Perception of recoil
For small arms, the way in which the shooter perceives the recoil, or kick, can have a significant impact on the shooter's experience and performance. For example, a gun that is said to "kick like a mule" is going to be approached with trepidation, and the shooter may anticipate the recoil and flinch in anticipation as the shot is released. This leads to the shooter jerking the trigger, rather than pulling it smoothly, and the jerking motion is almost certain to disturb the alignment of the gun and may result in a miss. The shooter may also be physically injured by firing a weapon generating recoil in excess of what the body can safely absorb or restrain; perhaps getting hit in the eye by the rifle scope, hit in the forehead by a handgun as the elbow bends under the force, or soft tissue damage to the shoulder, wrist and hand; and these results vary for individuals. In addition, as pictured on the right, excessive recoil can create serious range safety concerns, if the shooter cannot adequately restrain the firearm in a down-range direction.
Perception of recoil is related to the deceleration the body provides against a recoiling gun, deceleration being a force that slows the velocity of the recoiling mass. Force applied over a distance is energy. The force that the body feels, therefore, is dissipating the kinetic energy of the recoiling gun mass. A heavier gun, that is a gun with more mass, will manifest lower recoil kinetic energy, and, generally, result in a lessened perception of recoil. Therefore, although determining the recoiling energy that must be dissipated through a counter-recoiling force is arrived at by conservation of momentum, kinetic energy of recoil is what is actually being restrained and dissipated. The ballistics analyst discovers this recoil kinetic energy through analysis of projectile momentum.
One of the common ways of describing the felt recoil of a particular gun-cartridge combination is as "soft" or "sharp" recoiling; soft recoil is recoil spread over a longer period of time, that is at a lower deceleration, and sharp recoil is spread over a shorter period of time, that is with a higher deceleration. Like pushing softer or harder on the brakes of a car, the driver feels less or more deceleration force being applied, over a longer or shorter distance to bring the car to a stop. However, for the human body to mechanically adjust recoil time, and hence length, to lessen felt recoil force is perhaps an impossible task. Other than employing less safe and less accurate practices, such as shooting from the hip, shoulder padding is a safe and effective mechanism that allows sharp recoiling to be lengthened into soft recoiling, as lower decelerating force is transmitted into the body over a slightly greater distance and time, and spread out over a slightly larger surface.
Keeping the above in mind, you can generally base the relative recoil of firearms by factoring in a small number of parameters: bullet momentum (weight times velocity), (note that momentum and impulse are interchangeable terms), and the weight of the firearm. Lowering momentum lowers recoil, all else being the same. Increasing the firearm weight also lowers recoil, again all else being the same. The following are base examples calculated through the Handloads.com free online calculator, and bullet and firearm data from respective reloading manuals (of medium/common loads) and manufacturer specs:
In a Glock 22 frame, using the empty weight of , the following was obtained:
9 mm Luger: Recoil impulse of 0.78 lbf·s (3.5 N·s); Recoil velocity of ; Recoil energy of
.357 SIG: Recoil impulse of 1.06 lbf·s (4.7 N·s); Recoil velocity of ; Recoil energy of
.40 S&W: Recoil impulse of 0.88 lbf·s (3.9 N·s); Recoil velocity of ; Recoil energy of
In a Smith & Wesson .44 Magnum with 7.5-inch barrel, with an empty weight of , the following was obtained:
.44 Remington Magnum: Recoil impulse of 1.91 lbf·s (8.5 N·s); Recoil velocity of ; Recoil energy of
In a Smith & Wesson 460 7.5-inch barrel, with an empty weight of , the following was obtained:
.460 S&W Magnum: Recoil impulse of 3.14 lbf·s (14.0 N·s); Recoil velocity of ; Recoil energy of
In a Smith & Wesson 500 4.5-inch barrel, with an empty weight of , the following was obtained:
.500 S&W Magnum: Recoil impulse of 3.76 lbf·s (16.7 N·s); Recoil velocity of ; Recoil energy of
In addition to the overall mass of the gun, reciprocating parts of the gun will affect how the shooter perceives recoil. While these parts are not part of the ejecta, and do not alter the overall momentum of the system, they do involve moving masses during the operation of firing. For example, gas-operated shotguns are widely held to have a "softer" recoil than fixed breech or recoil-operated guns. (Although many semi-automatic recoil and gas-operated guns incorporate recoil buffer systems into the stock that effectively spread out peak felt recoil forces.) In a gas-operated gun, the bolt is accelerated rearwards by propellant gases during firing, which results in a forward force on the body of the gun. This is countered by a rearward force as the bolt reaches the limit of travel and moves forwards, resulting in a zero sum, but to the shooter, the recoil has been spread out over a longer period of time, resulting in the "softer" feel.
Mounted guns
A recoil system absorbs recoil energy, reducing the peak force that is conveyed to whatever the gun is mounted on. Old-fashioned cannons without a recoil system roll several meters backwards when fired. The usual recoil system in modern quick-firing guns is the hydro-pneumatic recoil system, first developed by Wladimir Baranovsky in 1872–5 and adopted by the Russian army, then later in France, in the 75mm field gun of 1897. In this system, the barrel is mounted on rails on which it can recoil to the rear, and the recoil is taken up by a cylinder which is similar in operation to an automotive gas-charged shock absorber, and is commonly visible as a cylinder mounted parallel to the barrel of the gun, but shorter and smaller than it. The cylinder contains a charge of compressed air, as well as hydraulic oil; in operation, the barrel's energy is taken up in compressing the air as the barrel recoils backward, then is dissipated via hydraulic damping as the barrel returns forward to the firing position. The recoil impulse is thus spread out over the time in which the barrel is compressing the air, rather than over the much narrower interval of time when the projectile is being fired. This greatly reduces the peak force conveyed to the mount (or to the ground on which the gun has been placed).
In a soft-recoil system, the spring (or air cylinder) that returns the barrel to the forward position starts out in a nearly fully compressed position, then the gun's barrel is released free to fly forward in the moment before firing; the charge is then ignited just as the barrel reaches the fully forward position. Since the barrel is still moving forward when the charge is ignited, about half of the recoil impulse is applied to stopping the forward motion of the barrel, while the other half is, as in the usual system, taken up in recompressing the spring. A latch then catches the barrel and holds it in the starting position. This roughly halves the energy that the spring needs to absorb, and also roughly halves the peak force conveyed to the mount, as compared to the usual system. However, the need to reliably achieve ignition at a single precise instant is a major practical difficulty with this system; and unlike the usual hydro-pneumatic system, soft-recoil systems do not easily deal with hangfires or misfires. One of the early guns to use this system was the French 65 mm mle.1906; it was also used by the World War II British PIAT man-portable anti-tank weapon.
Recoilless rifles and rocket launchers exhaust gas to the rear, balancing the recoil. They are used often as light anti-tank weapons. The Swedish-made Carl Gustav 84mm recoilless gun is such a weapon.
In machine guns following Hiram Maxim's design – e.g. the Vickers machine gun – the recoil of the barrel is used to drive the feed mechanism.
See also
Muzzle rise, a torque generated by recoil that tends to cause the muzzle to lift up and back
Power factor, a ranking system used in practical shooting competitions to reward cartridges with more recoil.
Recoil operation, the use of recoil force to cycle a weapon's action
Ricochet, a projectile that rebounds, bounces or skips off a surface, potentially backwards toward the shooter
Recoil buffer
Muzzle brake
Recoil pad
References
External links
Recoil Tutorial
Recoil Calculator and summary of equations at JBM.
Firearm terminology
|
[
-0.37197455763816833,
0.07156489789485931,
-0.40969282388687134,
-0.005284965969622135,
-0.63807612657547,
0.12649783492088318,
0.5184925198554993,
-0.5258088111877441,
0.10044687241315842,
-0.09619591385126114,
-0.551602840423584,
0.6828470230102539,
-0.1502254158258438,
0.024089915677905083,
-0.28126367926597595,
0.22474582493305206,
0.28280362486839294,
0.07276833802461624,
-0.3803158104419708,
0.2373277246952057,
-0.08844035118818283,
-0.11709486693143845,
0.29599499702453613,
0.204807311296463,
0.07780183851718903,
-0.061264801770448685,
0.46782049536705017,
0.09276045113801956,
-0.3134637176990509,
0.034638047218322754,
-0.2578161060810089,
0.29984739422798157,
-0.4065081477165222,
-0.2782595157623291,
-0.10173139721155167,
0.25251346826553345,
-0.01954682357609272,
0.033524833619594574,
0.15611980855464935,
-0.3757617175579071,
-0.15233929455280304,
0.05655066296458244,
0.07801385968923569,
0.2385726124048233,
-0.05520779266953468,
-0.734093964099884,
-1.319584846496582,
-0.028200358152389526,
-0.38357409834861755,
-0.19689081609249115,
0.003723254892975092,
0.42229264974594116,
-0.11162590980529785,
0.20802244544029236,
-0.14273935556411743,
0.6061546206474304,
-0.5644025206565857,
-0.2537432014942169,
0.18948373198509216,
-1.0294256210327148,
0.4197539687156677,
-0.35495516657829285,
0.1255391240119934,
0.42031288146972656,
0.22703388333320618,
0.01748962700366974,
-0.17995411157608032,
0.40470874309539795,
-0.17372079193592072,
-0.48254260420799255,
-0.5726638436317444,
-0.07095346599817276,
-0.2925759255886078,
0.22245952486991882,
-0.3797585964202881,
0.23894524574279785,
-0.26015040278434753,
-0.09860318899154663,
-0.06069360300898552,
0.33389267325401306,
0.45978298783302307,
0.3465515077114105,
-0.0007904726080596447,
-0.183511883020401,
0.2865784168243408,
-0.1315925121307373,
-0.038950130343437195,
0.493034303188324,
-0.03234062343835831,
0.9531647562980652,
0.28465986251831055,
0.1453908234834671,
0.19761596620082855,
0.38113367557525635,
0.002803914016112685,
-0.18135297298431396,
0.5639449954032898,
0.09038294851779938,
0.2231166958808899,
0.11667013168334961,
0.06697641313076019,
-0.7344922423362732,
0.44129079580307007,
-0.03494687378406525,
0.00984177365899086,
-0.1967829167842865,
-0.3398948907852173,
-0.7731539607048035,
0.3698594570159912,
0.14944088459014893,
-0.743328869342804,
0.1788235455751419,
-0.054726168513298035,
-0.22012361884117126,
-0.969459056854248,
-0.5138176679611206,
0.0549912266433239,
-0.013195004314184189,
0.5017054080963135,
0.17277714610099792,
0.06401323527097702,
0.666364312171936,
-0.35570135712623596,
-0.2009117603302002,
-0.08717696368694305,
-0.16144835948944092,
0.6084209084510803,
0.770763635635376,
-0.9471474289894104,
-0.2643159329891205,
0.3868090808391571,
0.6565255522727966,
0.1572151929140091,
0.38126927614212036,
-0.38009512424468994,
-0.03343403711915016,
0.5997722148895264,
0.2313687950372696,
-0.12096376717090607,
-0.18373650312423706,
-0.4527565836906433,
-0.2374139279127121,
-0.3661409318447113,
-0.9016286134719849,
0.0734548270702362,
-0.4306309223175049,
-0.25364071130752563,
-0.43590232729911804,
-0.4099571108818054,
0.07573246210813522,
-0.21764180064201355,
0.1523045003414154,
0.06465692818164825,
0.018073853105306625,
-0.6419822573661804,
-0.343580424785614,
0.252795934677124,
-0.27178776264190674,
-0.14968594908714294,
-0.23803584277629852,
0.11391940712928772,
-0.005777021404355764,
-0.25200870633125305,
0.3372161090373993,
0.226226344704628,
0.008212268352508545,
0.2798512578010559,
-0.07330875843763351,
-0.11470233649015427,
0.19240812957286835,
-0.736943244934082,
0.2624627947807312,
0.30731040239334106,
-0.1552807241678238,
-0.08048252016305923,
-0.16656997799873352,
0.17076729238033295,
0.3258224427700043,
0.9148074388504028,
-0.1109636127948761,
-0.40599292516708374,
0.02829568274319172,
0.3252195119857788,
0.31592056155204773,
-0.23364083468914032,
-0.11304189264774323,
0.4510515630245209,
-0.6564276814460754,
-0.25298282504081726,
0.08555182069540024,
-0.5089623928070068,
-0.5716466307640076,
-0.42199668288230896,
-0.7662038803100586,
1.4452571868896484,
-0.5705980658531189,
-0.6390443444252014,
0.3125622868537903,
-0.15967997908592224,
0.44151821732521057,
-0.08695927262306213,
-0.19405369460582733,
0.307169646024704,
-0.10343043506145477,
-0.5363261103630066,
0.15525679290294647,
0.5075666904449463,
0.3972717225551605,
0.6071115136146545,
0.5820940732955933,
0.5575430989265442,
-0.09681802988052368,
0.017220592126250267,
-0.37481462955474854,
-0.1633756458759308,
0.7490498423576355,
-0.783822238445282,
0.24402448534965515,
0.26504138112068176,
0.1757877767086029,
0.3234952390193939,
0.1290716826915741,
-0.5774505734443665,
0.48788684606552124,
-0.2138415277004242,
0.49053677916526794,
0.3853699564933777,
0.4666155278682709,
0.2099970281124115,
-0.7669132947921753,
0.8827738761901855,
-0.054530069231987,
-0.0982106402516365,
0.15774722397327423,
-0.6210053563117981,
0.012903600931167603,
0.24114683270454407,
-0.2313186526298523,
-0.015379250980913639,
-0.7100833058357239,
0.029107311740517616,
0.7987997531890869,
-0.10519542545080185,
0.5157397985458374,
-0.33260443806648254,
-0.42612379789352417,
0.6344140768051147,
0.35711875557899475,
-0.46837684512138367,
-0.1077321395277977,
0.7878819108009338,
0.7779456377029419,
0.5198364853858948,
-0.21837995946407318,
0.29177507758140564,
-0.39589011669158936,
-0.06094667688012123,
0.26591187715530396,
0.3607102036476135,
0.15323425829410553,
0.3481309711933136,
-0.09745842963457108,
0.5922686457633972,
-0.4336121678352356,
-0.1113111600279808,
-0.36758217215538025,
-0.0021254848688840866,
0.034245122224092484,
-0.3548562526702881,
0.535241425037384,
0.2196889966726303,
0.7877591848373413,
-0.32854416966438293,
-0.11294078826904297,
-0.31668996810913086,
-0.3767017722129822,
0.5964816212654114,
0.14363574981689453,
-0.4518323540687561,
-0.27032744884490967,
-0.196922168135643,
0.30792519450187683,
0.38128459453582764,
-0.27980923652648926,
0.14216478168964386,
-0.6381533145904541,
0.16379879415035248,
0.2556549906730652,
-0.24358896911144257,
0.09826740622520447,
-0.4706729054450989,
-0.27026107907295227,
0.4156357944011688,
0.34109222888946533,
0.04811801761388779,
0.4476913511753082,
-0.32503414154052734,
0.3484797775745392,
0.6904215812683105,
-0.6010733842849731,
-0.46744444966316223,
-0.1623896062374115,
-0.31991416215896606,
0.17894697189331055,
-0.28635120391845703,
-0.6947163939476013,
-0.5606176257133484,
0.2629778981208801,
-5.733781814575195,
0.33070236444473267,
-0.425937294960022,
-0.02526010014116764,
0.13352523744106293,
0.5007839202880859,
0.5411587357521057,
-0.42281219363212585,
-0.81788170337677,
0.3766365945339203,
-0.31749290227890015,
0.04673999920487404,
0.14044098556041718,
-0.15335378050804138,
0.32941851019859314,
0.11869678646326065,
0.4020317494869232,
0.020991314202547073,
-0.009797590784728527,
0.6164884567260742,
0.0810469314455986,
0.20812267065048218,
-0.06974711269140244,
0.6730708479881287,
0.3887921869754791,
-0.29431235790252686,
0.14566515386104584,
-0.033513449132442474,
-0.08613920211791992,
0.21843662858009338,
-0.13763375580310822,
0.2569342851638794,
-0.08604997396469116,
0.6446189880371094,
0.4368862509727478,
-0.07840143889188766,
0.3677828013896942,
-0.26898542046546936,
0.6871505975723267,
0.15309683978557587,
-0.08580943197011948,
0.79176265001297,
0.509816586971283,
0.21931913495063782,
0.6553273797035217,
-0.7628774046897888,
-0.0615764781832695,
-0.06885023415088654,
0.013610735535621643,
0.11744826287031174,
-0.25523611903190613,
-0.0019015982979908586,
0.12585806846618652,
-0.42514219880104065,
0.38137245178222656,
-0.09788250178098679,
0.4711443781852722,
-0.32214635610580444,
0.1415742039680481,
0.21727140247821808,
-0.2486393004655838,
-0.6703687906265259,
-0.3515039086341858,
0.1531163901090622,
-0.0897865816950798,
-0.7881852984428406,
-0.541003942489624,
-0.5806146264076233,
0.572049617767334,
0.3322477340698242,
-0.6974403858184814,
0.392078161239624,
0.462309330701828,
-0.8710750341415405,
0.42144787311553955,
-0.4889965057373047,
-0.3700081706047058,
-0.49048250913619995,
0.07967028021812439,
0.4688957631587982,
-0.1113913506269455,
-0.052150726318359375,
0.2548275589942932,
0.182735875248909,
-0.05421805381774902,
-0.35238438844680786,
-0.2403685450553894,
-0.05254665017127991,
0.5638403296470642,
-0.05037318915128708,
0.7466802597045898,
-0.14443212747573853,
0.4767332077026367,
-0.5093864798545837,
-0.6788528561592102,
0.4914951026439667,
-0.27554693818092346,
0.060721274465322495,
0.2714262902736664,
-0.450311541557312,
0.47793030738830566,
0.021580485627055168,
-0.22846010327339172,
-0.4722033143043518,
0.27017322182655334,
-0.14420892298221588,
0.15213310718536377,
0.7085612416267395,
1.0121731758117676,
0.29315152764320374,
-0.14377549290657043,
0.34925606846809387,
-0.3828657865524292,
-0.044751908630132675,
0.07266128063201904,
0.2622089385986328,
-0.7123916149139404,
0.12967674434185028,
0.09451436251401901,
-0.2827855050563812,
0.08498875051736832,
0.04752947390079498,
-1.4768996238708496,
-0.006747500505298376,
0.4558868706226349,
-0.31893542408943176,
-0.33972468972206116,
-0.11051809042692184,
-0.01661660708487034,
-0.1920742392539978,
0.03976362571120262,
0.4055820107460022,
0.1856355220079422,
0.7221542000770569,
0.10031388700008392,
-0.5155603289604187,
0.2961495816707611,
-0.08015353232622147,
-0.29712340235710144,
-0.6540156602859497,
0.07669296860694885,
-0.09157480299472809,
-0.28333279490470886,
-0.0753735899925232,
0.9484748244285583,
0.21295331418514252,
-0.39559483528137207,
0.23259949684143066,
-0.5929068922996521,
0.20195715129375458,
-0.0013572868192568421,
-0.6901209950447083,
-0.1875964254140854,
-0.46486610174179077,
0.04524024575948715,
-0.5068691372871399,
-0.26371482014656067,
0.5433319211006165,
0.09425625950098038,
-0.6093299984931946,
0.5275665521621704,
-0.17154547572135925,
-1.0196223258972168,
-0.1777651458978653,
0.008940671570599079,
0.23309998214244843,
-0.11097058653831482,
-0.568277895450592,
0.1687452495098114,
0.40521949529647827,
-0.6077371835708618,
-0.639548659324646,
-0.280021995306015,
-0.9887775182723999,
0.3212488293647766,
-0.059032585471868515,
-0.2732314169406891,
-0.12702453136444092,
0.28675660490989685,
-0.21391813457012177,
0.21536697447299957,
-0.14809969067573547,
-0.17842669785022736,
0.47361263632774353,
0.22424283623695374,
-0.3807545304298401,
-0.4800300896167755,
0.22305624186992645,
-0.2996521592140198,
-0.7311087846755981,
0.4836803078651428,
0.2659936547279358,
0.3158571720123291,
-0.021127786487340927,
0.04510745778679848,
0.12787334620952606,
-0.4535142183303833,
0.6000319719314575,
-0.37521159648895264,
-0.43420517444610596,
0.11075975000858307,
0.5084885954856873,
-0.5986988544464111,
0.14003130793571472,
-0.07358615845441818,
0.3373493552207947,
0.24486427009105682,
0.03228718787431717,
-0.17424283921718597,
0.22059637308120728,
-0.11881624907255173,
-0.8528621792793274,
-0.30275383591651917,
0.4617418944835663,
0.07058370113372803,
0.23887214064598083,
0.15705424547195435,
-0.6269664168357849,
0.10663817077875137,
-0.10921841114759445,
-0.015745339915156364,
-0.06518622487783432,
-0.5250371098518372,
0.3902851343154907,
-0.33939310908317566,
-0.11518873274326324,
0.18866945803165436,
-0.6324780583381653,
0.5719669461250305,
-0.18248231709003448,
-0.6003594994544983,
0.04828103259205818,
0.2404109388589859,
0.006441610399633646,
0.11881740391254425,
0.23300552368164062,
-0.17334388196468353,
0.003877627896144986,
-0.1519118845462799,
-0.45205962657928467,
0.23211950063705444,
0.9963076710700989,
0.32399678230285645,
0.1899135410785675,
-0.42727816104888916,
0.034415796399116516,
0.4945389926433563,
-0.8822554349899292,
-0.594944179058075,
0.41396960616111755,
0.5660139918327332,
-0.1595236361026764,
-0.6475844383239746,
0.21915197372436523,
-0.19404032826423645,
-0.3821222186088562,
0.0925438329577446,
-0.2107631415128708,
0.017253555357456207,
0.7387043237686157,
0.19998601078987122,
-0.14687873423099518,
-0.5015884041786194,
-0.10425177961587906,
0.016222460195422173,
0.011899984441697598,
-0.26558250188827515,
-0.35401010513305664,
0.5197053551673889,
-0.16153603792190552,
0.5722174644470215,
0.6756973266601562,
0.4671867787837982,
0.3819894790649414,
0.35645073652267456,
0.7358431220054626,
-0.4819568693637848,
-0.20676971971988678,
-0.2857295870780945,
-0.2631257474422455,
-0.05849848687648773,
-0.5097665190696716,
-0.2858298122882843,
-0.9966071248054504,
0.13156136870384216,
0.24067476391792297,
0.8637178540229797,
-0.5890144109725952,
-0.4102058708667755,
0.2198561280965805,
-0.5112725496292114,
0.19655822217464447,
0.41451629996299744,
0.22929266095161438,
-0.24414494633674622,
0.33866921067237854,
-0.2594759464263916,
0.08397421985864639,
-0.34915611147880554,
0.1312565803527832,
-0.5938758254051208,
0.4746682047843933,
0.26174163818359375,
-0.7034339904785156,
0.43594178557395935,
-0.5179208517074585,
0.17295242846012115,
-0.6397598385810852,
0.25076255202293396,
-0.07745032012462616,
-0.07730367034673691,
0.285927951335907,
-0.051642198115587234,
0.6055179238319397,
0.2677275240421295,
-0.42492273449897766,
0.7098479866981506,
0.03503786399960518,
-0.31832924485206604,
0.44221001863479614,
-0.062007803469896317,
0.4520069658756256,
0.3891260027885437,
-0.7282364368438721,
-0.3475514352321625,
-0.10988035053014755,
-0.4908130168914795,
-0.08585945516824722,
0.09810993075370789,
0.15905074775218964,
0.4171176850795746,
-0.28585976362228394,
-0.060038018971681595,
0.43257731199264526,
-0.301469624042511,
-0.38993537425994873,
0.8148095011711121,
-0.20945918560028076,
-0.17082694172859192,
0.13791029155254364,
0.41370877623558044,
0.7851315140724182,
-0.20602668821811676,
0.23760133981704712,
-0.24452565610408783,
0.3417290449142456,
0.4760473072528839,
0.6256492137908936,
0.093836709856987,
0.3528984487056732,
0.5029069781303406,
-0.4574238657951355,
0.13064345717430115,
-0.23069335520267487,
0.05052051693201065,
-0.3880811035633087,
0.7311093807220459,
-0.0432681143283844,
-0.41795507073402405,
0.1423291116952896,
0.10865389555692673,
0.4314274191856384,
0.6725160479545593,
-0.6845607757568359,
0.8387232422828674,
-0.25114667415618896,
0.3106673061847687,
-0.6008833646774292,
-0.042515188455581665,
0.17728878557682037,
-0.15672457218170166,
0.4303986728191376,
-0.33463338017463684,
0.05905672907829285,
0.9514294862747192,
0.05868292599916458,
0.5117387175559998,
0.5626475214958191,
-0.024385035037994385,
0.12238564342260361,
0.029039951041340828,
0.33366909623146057,
-0.8883394002914429,
-0.5283195972442627,
0.35209110379219055,
-0.09472980350255966,
0.12492183595895767,
0.314573734998703,
-0.2529902756214142,
-0.38814225792884827,
0.3836967647075653,
-0.3252909779548645,
-0.0922018438577652,
-0.06550981849431992,
0.40546101331710815,
-0.8650396466255188,
0.1511780470609665,
0.61502605676651,
0.7734465003013611,
0.3638513684272766,
-0.15036244690418243,
0.5839117765426636,
-0.24611932039260864,
0.33391475677490234,
-0.46853432059288025,
-0.1100759208202362,
-0.24560968577861786,
0.5250041484832764,
-0.30836978554725647,
0.5365847945213318,
0.3161911964416504,
-0.7851104140281677,
0.10930889844894409,
0.2595160901546478,
-0.5702623128890991,
-0.45311298966407776,
0.4902048408985138,
-0.7984773516654968,
0.3354795277118683,
-0.6545777916908264,
-0.03490093722939491,
-0.5094649195671082,
0.1410933881998062,
-0.005458556581288576,
-0.03727373853325844,
0.152511864900589,
0.3869646489620209,
-0.21052859723567963,
-0.5729082226753235,
0.16117098927497864,
-0.19528481364250183,
0.05203833058476448,
-0.7285363674163818,
0.39587122201919556,
-0.03289191424846649,
-0.5503183603286743,
0.22406892478466034,
0.37792715430259705,
0.361731618642807,
0.00030804751440882683,
0.3397970497608185,
-0.007818586193025112,
0.04934962838888168,
-0.2201632410287857,
0.17647632956504822,
0.030244115740060806,
-0.5332074761390686,
0.07166483253240585,
0.11841176450252533,
0.7799519300460815,
0.2014487385749817,
-0.11201692372560501,
0.3534794747829437,
0.13699065148830414,
-0.23899981379508972,
0.22099745273590088,
-0.23199927806854248,
-0.49016106128692627,
-0.5899019837379456,
-0.10883673280477524
] |
210968
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20George%20Gordon
|
Charles George Gordon
|
Major-General Charles George Gordon CB (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885), also known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha, and Gordon of Khartoum, was a British Army officer and administrator. He saw action in the Crimean War as an officer in the British Army. However, he made his military reputation in China, where he was placed in command of the "Ever Victorious Army", a force of Chinese soldiers led by European officers which was instrumental in putting down the Taiping Rebellion, regularly defeating much larger forces. For these accomplishments, he was given the nickname "Chinese Gordon" and honours from both the Emperor of China and the British.
He entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt in 1873 (with British government approval) and later became the Governor-General of the Sudan, where he did much to suppress revolts and the local slave trade. Exhausted, he resigned and returned to Europe in 1880.
A serious revolt then broke out in the Sudan, led by a Muslim religious leader and self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. In early 1884 Gordon was sent to Khartoum with instructions to secure the evacuation of loyal soldiers and civilians and to depart with them. In defiance of those instructions, after evacuating about 2,500 civilians he retained a smaller group of soldiers and non-military men. In the months before the fall of Khartoum, Gordon and the Mahdi corresponded; Gordon offered him the Sultanate of Kordofan and the Mahdi requested Gordon to convert to his religion and join him, to which Gordon replied abruptly: "No!"
Besieged by the Mahdi's forces, Gordon organised a citywide defence that lasted for almost a year and gained him the admiration of the British public, but not of the government, which had wished him not to become entrenched. Only when public pressure to act had become irresistible did the government, with reluctance, send a relief force. It arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed.
Early life
Gordon was born in Woolwich, London, a son of Major General Henry William Gordon (1786–1865) and Elizabeth (Enderby) Gordon (1792–1873). The men of the Gordon family had served as officers in the British Army for four generations, and as a son of a general, Gordon was brought up to be the fifth generation; the possibility that Gordon would pursue anything other than a military career seems never to have been considered by his parents. All of Gordon's brothers also became Army officers.
Gordon grew up in England, Ireland, Scotland and the Ionian Islands (which were under British rule until 1864) as his father was moved from post to post. He was educated at Fullands School in Taunton, Taunton School, and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
In 1843, Gordon was devastated when his favourite sibling, his sister Emily, died of tuberculosis, writing years later "humanly speaking it changed my life, it was never the same since". After her death, her place as Gordon's favourite sibling was taken by his very religious older sister Augusta, who nudged her brother towards religion.
As a teenager and an army cadet, Gordon was known for his high spirits, a combative streak and tendency to disregard authority and the rules if he felt them to be stupid or unjust, a personality trait that held back his graduation by two years when teachers decided to punish him for flouting the rules.
As a cadet, Gordon showed exceptional talents at map-making and in designing fortifications, which led to his choosing to become a Royal Engineer or a "sapper". He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers on 23 June 1852, completing his training at Chatham, and he was promoted to full lieutenant on 17 February 1854. The sappers were an elite who performed the "reconnaissance work, led storming parties, demolished obstacles in assaults, carried out rear-guard actions in retreats and other hazardous tasks."
As an officer, Gordon showed strong charisma and leadership, but his superiors distrusted him on account of his tendency to disobey orders if he felt them to be wrong or unjust. A man of medium stature, with striking blue eyes, the charismatic Gordon had the ability to inspire men to follow him anywhere.
Gordon was first assigned to construct fortifications at Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, Wales. During his time in Milford Haven, Gordon was befriended by a young couple, Francis and Anne Drew, who introduced him to evangelical Protestantism. Gordon was especially impressed with Philippians 1:21 where St. Paul wrote: "For to me, to live is Christ, and to die is gain", a passage he underlined in his Bible and often quoted. He attended diverse congregations, including Roman Catholic, Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist. Gordon, who once said to a Roman Catholic priest that "the church is like the British Army, one army but many regiments", never aligned himself with or became a member of any church.
From the Crimea to the Danube
When the Crimean War began, Gordon was assigned to his boyhood home of Corfu, but after several letters to the War Office, he was sent to the Crimea instead. He was sent to the Russian Empire, arriving at Balaklava in January 1855. He first displayed his death wish as he wrote at the time that he had gone "to the Crimea, hoping, without having a hand in it, to be killed".
In the 19th century Russia was Britain's archenemy, with many people in both nations seeing an ideological conflict between Russian autocracy and British democracy, and Gordon was anxious to fight in the Crimea. He was put to work in the Siege of Sevastopol and took part in the assault of the Redan from 18 June to 8 September. As a sapper, Gordon had to map out the Russian fortifications at the city-fortress of Sevastopol designed by the famous Russian military engineer Eduard Totleben, a highly dangerous job that frequently put him under enemy fire, and led him to being wounded for the first time when a Russian sniper put a bullet into him. Gordon spent much time in "the Quarries", as the British called their section of the trenches facing Sevastopol.
During his time in the Crimea, Gordon made a number of friendships that were to last for the rest of his life, most notably with Romolo Gessi, Garnet Wolseley and Gerald Graham, all of whom would cross paths with Gordon several times in the future.
On 18 June 1855, the besieging British and French armies began what was intended to be the final assault that would take Sevastopol, which began with a huge bombardment. As a sapper, Gordon was in a front line trench where he was under intense fire, men fell all around him and he was forced to take cover so often that he was covered literally from head to toe with mud and blood. Despite the best efforts of the Allies, the French failed to take the Malakhov fortress while the British failed to take the Redan fortress on 18 June. The casualties on the Allied side were quite high that day.
Gordon spent thirty-four consecutive days in the trenches around Sevastopol, and earned a reputation as an able and brave young officer. It was said at the British HQ that "If you want to know what the Russians are up to, send for Charlie Gordon."
Gordon took part in the expedition to Kinburn, and returned to Sevastopol at the war's end. During the Crimean war, Gordon picked up an addiction to Turkish cigarettes which was to last for his rest of his life, and many commented that smoking was Gordon's most conspicuous vice as he always seemed to have a cigarette at his lips.
For his services in the Crimea, he received the Crimean war medal and clasp. For the same services he was appointed a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France on 16 July 1856.
Following the peace, he was attached to an international commission to mark the new border between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in Bessarabia. When Gordon first arrived at the city of Galatz (modern Galați, Romania) in the Ottoman protectorate of Moldavia, he called the city "very dusty and not desirable at all as a place of residence". As he travelled to Bessarabia, he commented in his letters home about the richness and fertility of the Romanian countryside, which produced delicious fruits and vegetables in great abundance, and the poverty of the Romanian peasants.
After a visit to Jassy (modern Iași), Gordon wrote: "The boyers live most of their lives in Paris and society is quite French... The prince keeps a great state and I was introduced to him with much ceremony. The English uniform produces an immediate sensation". Gordon did not speak Romanian, but his fluency in French allowed him to socialise with the Francophile Romanian elite, who were all fluent in French. As the maps that delineated the Russian-Ottoman frontier were all old and inaccurate, Gordon spent much time clashing with his Russian counterparts about where precisely the frontier was and soon discovered that Russians were very keen to have the frontier on the Danube, which Gordon had orders from London to prevent. Gordon called the Romanians the "most fickle and intriguing people on the earth. They ape the French in everything and are full of ceremony, dress, etc... The employees sent by the Moldovan government to take over the ceded territory have been receiving bribes and trafficking in the most disgraceful manner."
Afterwards, Gordon was sent to delineate the frontier between Ottoman Armenia and Russian Armenia, the highlight of which was tobogganing down Mount Ararat. Gordon continued surveying, marking off the boundary into Asia Minor. During his time in Anatolia, Gordon embraced the new technology of the camera to take what the Canadian historian C. Brad Faught called a series of "evocative photographs" of the people and landscape of Armenia. Throughout his life, Gordon was always a keen amateur photographer and was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society to honour him for his Armenian photographs. Gordon returned to Britain in late 1858, and was appointed as an instructor at Chatham. He was promoted to captain on 1 April 1859.
China
Gordon was intensely bored with garrison duty in Chatham and often wrote to the War Office, begging them to send him anywhere in the world where British arms were seeing action. In 1860 Gordon volunteered to serve in China, in the Second Opium War. When Gordon arrived at Hong Kong, he was disappointed to learn he was "just too late for the fighting". Gordon had heard of the Taiping Rebellion long before he had set sail for China, and he was at first sympathetic towards the Taipings, led by the charismatic madman Hong Xiuquan who proclaimed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ, viewing them as somewhat eccentric Christians.
After stopping in Shanghai, Gordon visited the Chinese countryside and was appalled at the atrocities committed by the Taipings against the local peasants, writing to his family he would love to smash this "cruel" army with its "desolating presence" that killed without mercy. He arrived at Tianjin in September 1860. He was present during the capture of Peking and at the destruction of the Summer Palace. Gordon agreed with Lord Elgin that after the Chinese authorities had murdered a group of British and French officers travelling under a white flag to parley that a reprisal was in order, but called the burning of the Summer Palace "vandal-like" and informed his sister in a letter "it made one's heart sore" to burn it. The Anglo-French force remained in northern China until April 1862, then under General Charles William Dunbar Staveley, withdrew to Shanghai to protect the European settlement from the rebel Taiping army.
Following the successes in the 1850s in the provinces of Guangxi, Hunan and Hubei, and the capture of Nanjing in 1853 the rebel advance had slowed. For some years, the Taipings gradually advanced eastwards, but eventually they came close enough to Shanghai to alarm the European inhabitants. A militia of Europeans and Asians was raised for the defence of the city and placed under the command of an American, Frederick Townsend Ward, and occupied the country to the west of Shanghai. The British arrived at a crucial time. Staveley decided to clear the rebels within of Shanghai in co-operation with Ward and a small French force. Gordon was attached to his staff as engineer officer. Jiading, northwest suburb of present Shanghai, Qingpu and other towns were occupied, and the area was fairly cleared of rebels by the end of 1862.
Ward was killed in the Battle of Cixi and his successor H. A. Burgevine, an American, was disliked by the Imperial Chinese authorities. Burgevine was an unsavory character known for his greed and alcoholism. Moreover, Burgevine made little effort to hide his racism, and his relations with the Chinese were very difficult at the best of times. Li Hongzhang, the governor of the Jiangsu province, requested Staveley to appoint a British officer to command the contingent. Staveley selected Gordon, who had been made a brevet major in December 1862 and the nomination was approved by the British government. Given Burgevine's alcoholism, open corruption, and tendency to engage in acts of mindless violence when drunk, the Chinese wanted "a man of good temper, of clean hands and a steady economist" as his replacement. These requirements led Staveley to choose Gordon. Li was impressed with Gordon, writing:It is a direct blessing from Heaven, the coming of this British Gordon. ... He is superior in manner and bearing to any of the foreigners whom I have come into contact with, and does not show outwardly that conceit which makes most of them repugnant in my sight...What an elixir for a heavy heart-to see this splendid Englishman fight! ... If there is anything that I admire nearly as much as the superb scholarship of Zeng Guofan, it is the military qualities of this fine officer. He is a glorious fellow!...With his many faults, his pride, his temper, and his never-ending demand for money – but he is a noble man, and in spite of all I have said to him or about him, I will ever think most highly of him. ... He is an honest man, but difficult to get on with. Gordon was honest and incorruptible, and unlike many Chinese officers, did not steal the money that was meant to pay his men, but rather insisted on paying the Ever Victorious Army on time and in full. Gordon's insistence on paying his men meant that he was always pressing the Imperial government for money, something which often irritated the mandarins who did not understand why Gordon did not just let his men loot and plunder as a compensation for wages. Gordon designed the uniform for the Ever Victorious Army, which consisted of black boots together with turbans, jackets and trousers that were all green while his personal bodyguard of 300 men wore blue uniforms.
In March 1863 Gordon took command of the force at Songjiang, which had received the name of "Ever Victorious Army". Without waiting to reorganise his troops, Gordon led them at once to the relief of Changsu, a town 40 miles northwest of Shanghai. The relief was successfully accomplished and Gordon quickly won the respect of his troops. Gordon made a point of treating POWs well to encourage the Taipings to surrender and many of his men were former Taipings who chose to enlist in the Ever Victorious Army. Unlike Ward and Burgevine, Gordon realised that the network of canals and rivers that divided the Chinese countryside were not obstacles blocking an advance, but were rather "arteries" for allowing an advance as Gordon decided to move his men and supplies via the waterways.
Gordon's task was made easier by innovative military ideas Ward had implemented in the Ever Victorious Army. Gordon was quite critical of the way Chinese generals fought the war, observing that the Chinese were willing to inflict and accept gargantuan losses in battle, an approach Gordon disapproved of. Gordon wrote: "The great thing...is to cut off their retreat, and the chances are they will go without trouble; but attack them in the front, and leave their rear open, and they fight most desperately". Gordon always preferred to outflank the Taiping lines rather to take them on frontally, an approach that caused much tension with his counterparts in the Chinese Imperial Army who did not share Gordon's horror at the huge numbers of casualties caused by frontal assaults.
On the morning of 30 May 1863, the Taiping forces guarding the town of Quinsan were astonished to see an armoured paddle streamer, the Hyson armed with a 32-pounder cannon on the bow, sailing up a canal, at whose prow stood Gordon. Following the Hyson was a fleet of 80 junks converted to gunboats. Aboard the Hyson were 350 men from the elite 4th Regiment of the Ever Victorious Army. Under fire from the Taiping forces, Gordon's men chopped up the wooden stakes the Taipings had placed in the canal, thereby allowing Gordon to outflank the main Taiping defence line and to enter the main canal connecting Quinsan to Suzhou.
Gordon's breakthrough caught the rebel army off guard and caused thousands of the enemy to panic and flee. Gordon disembarked the 4th Regiment with orders to take Quinsan while he sailed up and down the main canal in the Hyson, using the 32-pounder gun to blast apart the Taiping positions on the canal. At times, Gordon feared that assaults by the Taiping would take the Hyson, but all the attacks were repulsed. The next day, Quinsan fell to the 4th Regiment, which led a proud Gordon to write: "The rebels did not know its importance until they lost it".
In its last years, the Taiping movement had oppressed the Chinese peasantry and as the Taipings retreated in the face of fire from the Hyson, Chinese peasants emerged from their homes to cut down and hack to death the fleeing Taipings. After the battle, Gordon was hailed as a liberator from the Taipings by the ordinary Chinese people. One British officer serving with the Ever Victorious Army described Gordon at this time as: "a light-built, wiry, middle-sized man, of about thirty two years of age, in the undress uniform of the Royal Engineers. The countenance bore a pleasant frank appearance, eyes light blue with a fearless look in them, hair crisp and inclined to curl, conversation short and decided".
The Ever Victorious Army was entirely a mercenary force whose only loyalty was to money and whose men were interested in fighting only in order to gain the chance to plunder. Gordon felt very uncomfortable commanding this force and at one point had to order the summary execution of one of his officers when the latter tried to take the Ever-Victorious Army over to the Taipings, who had offered a generous bribe for switching sides. Gordon had to impose strict discipline on the Ever Victorious Army and worked hard to prevent the Army from engaging in its tendency to loot and mistreat civilians.
The mercenaries of the Ever Victorious Army, comprising some of the worst social elements of Chinese society, were notorious for their practice, whenever they marched into a new district, of stealing everything while raping all of the women, leading Gordon to impose harsh discipline, with those soldiers accused of looting or rape being summarily shot. Gordon also had the pleasure of defeating Burgevine (whom Gordon detested), who had raised a mercenary force and joined the Taipings. After Gordon had surrounded Burgevine's force outside of Suzhou, the latter had abandoned his own men and attempted to rejoin the Imperial side, leading Gordon to arrest him and send him to the American consul in Shanghai together with a letter asking that Burgevine be expelled from China.
As Gordon travelled up and down the Yangtze River valley, he was appalled by the scenes of poverty and suffering he saw, writing in a letter to his sister: "The horrible furtive looks of the wretched inhabitants hovering around one's boats haunts me, and the knowledge of their want of nourishment would sicken anyone; they are like wolves. The dead lie where they fall, and are, in some cases, trodden quite flat by passers by". The suffering of the Chinese people strengthened Gordon's faith, as he argued that there had to be a just, loving God who would one day redeem humanity from all this wretchedness and misery.
During his time in China, Gordon was well known and respected by friend and foe alike for leading from the front and going into combat armed only with his rattan cane (Gordon always refused to carry a gun or a sword), a choice of weapon that almost cost him his life several times. Gordon's bravery in battle, his string of victories, apparent immunity to bullets and his intense, blazing blue eyes led many Chinese to believe that Gordon had supernatural powers and had harnessed the Qi (the mystical life-force traditionally believed in China to govern everything) in some extraordinary way.
Gordon then reorganised his force and advanced against Kunshan, which was captured at considerable loss. Gordon then took his force through the country, seizing towns until, with the aid of Imperial troops, capturing the city of Suzhou in November. After its surrender, Gordon personally guaranteed that any Taiping rebel who laid down his arms would be humanely treated. The Ever-Victorious Army – which was inclined to looting – had been ordered not to enter Suzhou, and only Imperial forces entered the city. Gordon was thus powerless when the Imperial forces executed all of the Taiping POWs, an act that enraged him.
A furious Gordon wrote that executing POWs was "stupid", writing "if faith had been kept, there would have been no more fighting as every town would have given in". In China, the penalty for rebellion was death. Under the Chinese system of familial responsibility, all family members of a rebel were equally guilty even if they had nothing to do with the rebellious individual's acts. The mandarins were thus much inclined to execute not only Taipings, but also their spouses, children, parents and siblings as being all equally guilty of treason.
Gordon believed this approach was militarily counterproductive, as it encouraged the Taipings to fight to the death, which Gordon felt to be very unwise as the Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan had become murderously paranoid, conducting bloody purges of his followers. Many Taipings were willing to surrender only if the Imperial government would spare the lives of themselves and their families. Even more importantly, Gordon had given his word of honour that all of the Taipings who surrendered would be well treated, and regarded the massacre as a stain on his honour.
On 1 January 1864, Gordon was informed that a messenger from the Tongzhi Emperor was coming to see him and that he should put on his finest uniform. When the Emperor's messenger arrived, he had with him servants carrying boxes of silver taels (coins) numbering 10,000 in total, together with banners written in the most eloquent calligraphy celebrating Gordon as a great general and a letter from the Emperor himself written in the best calligraphy on yellow silk thanking Gordon for taking Suzhou and offering all these presents as rewards.
Gordon refused all these gifts and wrote on the Emperor's silk message: "Major Gordon receives the approbation of His Majesty the Emperor with every gratification, but regrets most sincerely that owing to the circumstances which occurred since the capture of Soochow, he is unable to receive any mark of His Majesty the Emperor's recognition". The Emperor was much offended when he received Gordon's message at the Forbidden City, and Gordon's military career in China was effectively over for a time. A Scotsman who knew Gordon in China wrote: "he shows the Chinese that if even an able and reliable man, such as he is, is unmanageable". Following a dispute with Li over the execution of rebel leaders, Gordon withdrew his force from Suzhou and remained inactive at Kunshan until February 1864.
Gordon then made a rapprochement with Li and visited him in order to arrange for further operations. The "Ever-Victorious Army" resumed its high tempo advance, leading to the Battle of Changzhou, and culminating in the capture of Changzhou Fu, the principal military base of the Taipings in the region. Gordon wrote in his diary: "The HOUR GLASS BROKEN" and predicted that the war would soon be won. The Ever Victorious Army did not take part in the final offensive that ended the war with the Capture of Nanking as the "Imps", as Gordon called the Imperial Army, wanted the honour of taking Nanking, the Taiping capital, for themselves.
Instead, the Ever Victorious Army was given the task of taking the secondary cities of Yesing, Liyang and Kitang. At Kitang, Gordon was wounded for a second time on 21 March 1864 when a Taiping soldier shot him in the thigh. The wound was only slight and Gordon was soon back in action, fighting his last battle at Chang-chou in May 1864. Gordon then returned to Kunshan and disbanded his army in June 1864. During his time with the Ever Victorious Army, Gordon had won thirty-three battles in succession. Gordon wrote a letter home that his losses were "no joke" as 48 of his 100 officers and about 1,000 of 3,500 soldiers had been killed or wounded in action.
The Emperor promoted Gordon to the rank of tidu (提督: "Chief commander of Jiangsu province" – a title equal to field marshal), decorated him with the imperial yellow jacket, and raised him to Qing's Viscount first class, but Gordon declined an additional gift of 10,000 taels of silver from the imperial treasury. Only forty men were allowed to wear the Yellow Jacket, which was the Emperor's ceremonial bodyguard, and it was thus a signal honour for Gordon to be allowed to wear it. The British Army promoted Gordon to lieutenant-colonel on 16 February 1864 and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 9 December 1864.
The traders of Shanghai offered Gordon huge sums of money to thank him for his work commanding the Ever Victorious Army. Gordon declined all honours of financial gain, writing: "I know I shall leave China as poor as I entered it, but with the knowledge that, through my weak instrumentality, upwards of eighty to one hundred thousand lives have been spared. I want no further satisfaction than this". The British journalist Mark Urban wrote: "People saw a brave man who acted with humanity in an otherwise ghastly conflict, standing out from the other mercenaries, adventurers and cut-throats in wanting almost nothing for himself".
In a leader in August 1864, The Times wrote about Gordon: "the part of the soldier of fortune is in these days very difficult to play with honour...but if ever the actions of a soldier fighting in foreign service ought to be viewed with indulgence, and even with admiration, this exceptional tribute is due to Colonel Gordon". The savage Taiping Rebellion – which was the bloodiest war of the entire 19th century taking somewhere between 20 and 30 million lives – is largely forgotten in the West today, but at the time the civil war in China attracted much media attention in the West, and Gordon's command of the Ever Victorious Army received much coverage from British newspapers. Gordon also gained the popular nickname "Chinese" Gordon.
Gravesend years
Charity work
Gordon returned to Britain and commanded the Royal Engineers' efforts around Gravesend, Kent, to erect forts for the defence of the River Thames. After he arrived in Britain, Gordon announced to the press that he "did not want to board the tram of the world" and asked to be left alone. Gordon disapproved of the forts he was building at the mouth of Thames to guard against a possible French invasion, regarding them as expensive and useless. When the Duke of Cambridge, the Army's commander, visited one of the forts under construction and praised Gordon for his work, he received the reply: "I had nothing to do with it, sir; it was built regardless of my opinion, and, in fact, I entirely disapprove of its arrangement and position". Gordon's father was against his son working in Chinese service, an estrangement that had not been settled at the time of his death, and Gordon felt immense guilt that his father had died before they were reconciled.
Following the death of his father he undertook extensive social work in the town. During his time at Gravesend, Gordon was much involved in charity work, trying to ensure that homeless boys he found begging on the street did not go hungry while attempting to find them homes and jobs. Many of the "scuttlers" as Gordon fondly called the homeless boys were taken in by him to live at his home, the Fort House. Together with Mrs. Sarah Mackley, his housekeeper, he adapted two rooms at Fort House to serve as classrooms and basic needs resource rooms for boys living on the streets. He also rented a small house in East Terrace for working boys to be taught for free. Gordon's closest friends were a couple, Frederick and Octavia Freese, whose son Edward become Gordon's surrogate son. Persuaded by his friends in 1867, he became a trustee for the local Ragged school committee. Before 1870, there was no universal school system in Britain, and the Ragged Schools were a network of privately funded schools that gave a free education to children whose parents were too poor to afford the school fees. Outside of the Fort House were graffito written on the wall by one of the evidently less educated boys that read: "God Bless the Kernel". Another "scuttler" later recalled: "He made me feel, first of all, the meaning of the phrase, the Goodness of God. Goodness become to me, through Gordon, the most desirable of ideas...We were under the spell of Gordon's personality. We lived in the magic of his mystery-enchanted".
Octavia Freese published a book in 1894 about his charity work and Christian beliefs. The council subsequently acquired the gardens of his official residence, Fort House (now a museum), for the town.
His favourite books were The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis, Christ Mystical by Joseph Hall and the poem The Dream of Gerontius by John Henry Newman.
Every year, Gordon gave away about 90% of his annual income of £3,000 () to charity. "Chinese Gordon" did not enjoy his celebrity status and though Gordon was extremely charismatic, he only kept a limited circle of friends and found dealing with strangers difficult. A colleague recalled that Gordon's time at Gravesend was the "most peaceful and happy of his life", but Gordon was often bored, and constantly asked the War Office for an assignment to somewhere dangerous. Gordon often spoke nostalgically of his service in China, and wished he could return to that country.
Sexuality
Gordon's charitable work for the boys of Gravesend led to assertions later in the 20th century that he was a homosexual. The Dictionary of National Biography described Gordon as a great "boy lover". Urban wrote:
Gordon never married and is not known to have had a sexual or romantic relationship with anyone. He claimed that his army service and frequent travels to dangerous places made it impossible for him to marry. He could only hurt a potential wife because it was inevitable that he would die in battle. Gordon's parents expected him to marry and were disappointed about his lifelong bachelorhood. Urban wrote that the best evidence suggests Gordon was a latent homosexual, whose sexual repression led him to funnelling his aggression into a military career with a special energy. The British historian Denis Judd wrote about Gordon's sexuality:
The American historian Byron Farwell strongly implied in his 1985 book Eminent Victorian Soldiers that Gordon was a homosexual, for instance writing of Gordon's "unwholesome" interest in the boys he took in to live with him at the Fort House, and his fondness for the company of "handsome" young men.
Gordon, at the age of 14, said that he wished he had been born a eunuch, which has been taken to suggest that he wanted to annihilate all of his sexual desires and, indeed, his sexuality altogether. Together with his sister Augusta, Gordon often prayed to be released from their "vile bodies" in which their spirits were "imprisoned" so that their souls might be joined with God. Faught argued that no-one at the time suspected Gordon of having sexual relations with the legions of teenage boys living with him at the Fort House. Faught also pointed out that the first hints that Gordon might secretly have been having sex with the boys of the Fort House were made by Lytton Strachey in his book Eminent Victorians which, in Faught's opinion, may have said more about Strachey than it did about Gordon.
Faught maintained that Gordon was a heterosexual whose Christian beliefs led him to maintain his virginity right up to his death, because he believed that sexual intercourse was incompatible with his faith. The frequent references in Gordon's letters about his need to resist "temptation" and "subdue the flesh", Faught argued, related to women rather than men who were "tempting" him. The South African minister, Dr. Peter Hammond, denied that Gordon was a homosexual, citing the numerous statements made by Gordon condemning homosexuality as an abomination, charging that the claim that Gordon was a homosexual was a theory with no foundation in fact. The British historian, Paul Mersh, has suggested that Gordon was not a homosexual, but rather his awkwardness with women was due to Asperger syndrome, which made it extremely difficult for him to express his feelings for women properly.
Service with the Khedive
From the Danube to the Nile
In October 1871, he was appointed British representative on the international commission to maintain the navigation of the mouth of the River Danube, with headquarters at Galatz. Gordon was bored with the work of the Danube commission, and spent as much time as possible exploring the Romanian countryside whose beauty enchanted Gordon when he was not making visits to Bucharest to meet up with his old friend Romolo Gessi who was living there at the time. During his second trip to Romania, Gordon insisted on living with ordinary people as he travelled over the countryside, commenting that Romanian peasants "live like animals with no fuel, but reeds", and spent one night at the home of a poor Jewish craftsman whom Gordon praised for his kindness sharing the single bedroom with his host, his wife and their seven children. Gordon seemed pleased by his simple lifestyle, writing in a letter that: "One night, I slept better than I have for a long time, by a fire in a fisherman's hut".
During a visit to Bulgaria, Gordon and Gessi become involved in an incident when a Bulgarian couple told them that their 17-year-old daughter had been abducted into the harem of an Ottoman pasha, and asked them to free their daughter. Popular legend has it that Gordon and Gessi broke into the pasha's palace at night to rescue the girl, but the truth is less dramatic. Gordon and Gessi demanded that Ahmed Pasha allow them to meet the girl alone, had their request granted after much arm-twisting and then met the girl who ultimately revealed she wanted to go home. Gordon and Gessi threatened to go to the British and Italian press if she was not released at once, a threat that proved sufficient to win the girl her freedom.
Gordon was promoted to colonel on 16 February 1872. In 1872, Gordon was sent to inspect the British military cemeteries in the Crimea, and when passing through Constantinople he made the acquaintance of the Prime Minister of Egypt, Raghib Pasha. The Egyptian Prime Minister opened negotiations for Gordon to serve under the Ottoman Khedive, Isma'il Pasha, who was popularly called "Isma'il the Magnificent" on the account of his lavish spending. In 1869, Isma'il spent 2 million Egyptian pounds (the equivalent to $300 million U.S dollars in today's money) just on the party to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal, in what was described as the party of the century. In 1873, Gordon received a definite offer from the Khedive, which he accepted with the consent of the British government, and proceeded to Egypt early in 1874. After meeting Gordon in 1874, the Khedive Isma'il had said: "What an extraordinary Englishman! He doesn't want money!".
The French-educated Isma'il Pasha greatly admired Europe as the model for excellence in everything, being an especially passionate Italophile and Francophile, saying at the beginning of his reign: "My country is no longer in Africa, it is now in Europe". Isma'il was a Muslim who loved Italian wine and French champagne, and many of his more conservative subjects in Egypt and the Sudan felt alienated by a regime that was determined to Westernise the country with little regard for tradition. The languages of Khedive's court were Turkish and French, not Arabic. The Khedive's great dream was to make Egypt culturally a part of Europe, and he spent huge sums of money attempting to modernise and Westernise Egypt, in the process going very deeply into debt.
At the beginning of his reign in 1863, Egypt's debt had been 3 million Egyptian pounds. When Isma'il's reign ended in 1879, Egypt's debt had risen to 93 million pounds. During the American Civil War, when the Union blockade had cut off the American South from the world economy, the price of Egyptian cotton, known as "white gold" had skyrocketed as British textile mills turned to Egypt as an alternative source of cotton, causing an economic blossoming of Egypt that ended abruptly in 1865. As the attempts of his grandfather - Muhammad Ali the Great - to depose the ruling Ottoman family in favour of his own family had failed due to the opposition of Russia and Britain, the imperialistic Ismai'il had turned his attention southwards and was determined to build an Egyptian empire in Africa, planning on subjecting the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa. As part of his Westernisation programme, Isma'il often hired Westerners to work in his government both in Egypt and in the Sudan. Ismai'il's Chief of General Staff was the American general Charles Pomeroy Stone, and a number of other veterans of the American Civil War were commanding Egyptian troops. Urban wrote that most of the Westerners in Egyptian pay were "misfits" who took up Egyptian service because they were unable to get ahead in their own nations.
Typical of the men that Khedive Isma'il Pasha hired was Valentine Baker, a British Army officer dishonorably discharged after being convicted of raping a young woman in England that he had been asked to chaperon. After Baker's release from prison, Isma'il hired him to work in the Sudan. John Russell, the son of the famous war correspondent William Howard Russell, was another European recruited to serve on Gordon's staff. The younger Russell was described by his own father as an alcoholic and spendthrift who "was beyond help" as it was always the "same story-idleness, self-indulgence, gambling and constant promises" broken time after time, leading his father to get him a job in the Sudan, where his laziness infuriated Gordon to no end.
Equatoria: Building Egypt's empire in the Great Lakes region
The Egyptian authorities had been extending their control southwards since the 1820s. Right up to 1914, Egypt was officially a vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire, but after Mohammed Ali become the vali (governor) of Egypt in 1805, Egypt was a de facto independent state where the authority of the Ottoman Sultan was more nominal than real. An expedition was sent up the White Nile, under Sir Samuel Baker, which reached Khartoum in February 1870 and Gondokoro in June 1871. Baker met with great difficulties and managed little beyond establishing a few posts along the Nile.
The Khedive asked for Gordon to succeed Baker as the governor of Equatoria province that comprised much of what is today South Sudan and northern Uganda. Isma'il Pasha told Gordon that he wished to expand Equatoria into the rest of Uganda, with the ultimate aim of absorbing the entire Great Lakes region of East Africa into the empire that Isma'il wanted to build in Africa. Baker's annual salary as governor of Equatoria had been £10,000 (Egyptian pounds, about US$1 million in today's money) and Ismail was astonished when Gordon refused that salary, saying that £2,000 per year was more than enough for him.
After a short stay in Cairo, Gordon proceeded to Khartoum via Suakin and Berber. In Khartoum Gordon attended a dinner with the Governor-General, Ismail Aiyub Pasha, entertained with barely dressed belly dancers whom one of Gordon's officers drunkenly attempted to have sex with, leading to a disgusted Gordon walking out, saying he was shocked that Aiyub allowed these things to happen in his palace. Joining Gordon on the journey to Equatoria was his old friend Romolo Gessi and a former US Army officer, Charles Chaillé-Long, who did not get along well with Gordon.
From Khartoum, he proceeded up the White Nile to Gondokoro. During his time in Sudan, Gordon was much involved in attempting to suppress the slave trade while struggling against a corrupt and inefficient Egyptian bureaucracy that had no interest in suppressing the trade. Gordon soon learned that his superior, the Governor-General of the Sudan, Ismail Aiyub Pasha was deeply involved in the slave trade and doing everything within his power to sabotage Gordon's anti-slavery work by denying him supplies and leaking information to the slavers. Gordon also clashed with Chaillé-Long, whom he accused of working as an informant for Aiyub Pasha and called him to his face a "regular failure". Chaillé-Long in return painted a very unflattering picture of Gordon in his 1884 book The Three Prophets, whom he portrayed as a bully, a raging alcoholic, an incompetent leader and a rank coward. Faught argued that since no one else who knew Gordon in Equatoria described him in these terms and given that Gordon's accusation that Chaillé-Long was a spy for Aiyub Pasha seems to be justified, that Chaillé-Long was engaging in character assassination as an act of revenge.
Gordon, despite his position as an official in the Ottoman Empire, found the Ottoman-Egyptian system of rule inherently oppressive and cruel, coming into increasing conflict with the very system he was supposed to uphold, later stating about his time in the Sudan, "I taught the natives they had a right to exist". In the Ottoman Empire, power was exercised via a system of institutionalised corruption where officials looted their provinces via heavy taxes and by demanding kickbacks known as baksheesh; some of the money went to Constantinople with the rest pocketed by the officials.
Gordon established a close rapport with the African peoples of Equatoria such as the Nuer and Dinka, who had long suffered from the activity of Arab slave traders, and who naturally supported Gordon's efforts to stamp out the slave trade. The peoples of Equatoria had traditionally worshipped spirits present in nature, but were steadily being converted to Christianity by missionaries from Europe and the United States, which further encouraged Gordon in his efforts as governor of Equatoria, who notwithstanding his position working for the Egyptian government saw himself as doing God's work in Equatoria. Gordon was not impressed with the forces of the Egyptian state. The soldiers of the Egyptian Army were fallāḥīn (peasant) conscripts who were both ill-paid and ill-trained. The other force for law and order were the much feared bashi-bazouks, irregulars who were not paid a salary, but were expected to support themselves by looting. The bashi-bazouks were extremely susceptible to corruption and were notorious for their brutality, especially to non-Muslims.
Gordon remained in the Equatoria province until October 1876. He quickly learned that before he could establish stations to crush the slave trade, he would have to first explore the area to find the best places for building them. A major problem for Gordon was malaria, which decimated his men, and led him to issue the following order: "Never let the mosquito curtain out of your sight, it is more valuable than your revolver". The heat greatly affected Gordon as he wrote to his sister Augusta, "This is a horrid climate, I seldom if ever get a good sleep".
Gordon had succeeded in establishing a line of way stations from the Sobat confluence on the White Nile to the frontier of Uganda, where he proposed to open a route from Mombasa. In 1874 he built the station at Dufile on the Albert Nile to reassemble steamers carried there past rapids for the exploration of Lake Albert. Gordon personally explored Lake Albert and the Victorian Nile, pushing on through the thick, humid jungle and steep ravines of Uganda amid heavy rains and vast hordes of insects in the summer of 1876 with an average daily temperature of , down to Lake Kyoga. Gordon wrote in his diary, "It is terrible walking...it is simply killing...I am nearly dead".
Besides acting as an administrator and explorer, Gordon had to act as a diplomat, dealing carefully with Muteesa I, the Kabaka (king) of the Buganda who ruled most of what is today southern Uganda, a man who did not welcome the Egyptian expansion into the Great Lakes region. Gordon's attempts to establish an Egyptian garrison in the Buganda had been stymied by the cunning Muteesa, who forced the Egyptians to build their fort at his capital of Lubaga, making the 140 or so Egyptian soldiers his virtual hostages. Gordon chose not to meet Muteesa himself, instead sending his chief medical officer, a German convert to Islam, Dr. Emin Pasha, to negotiate a treaty wherein in exchange for allowing the Egyptians to leave the Buganda, the independence of the kingdom was recognised.
Moreover, considerable progress was made in the suppression of the slave trade. Gordon wrote in a letter to his sister about the Africans living a "life of fear and misery", but in spite of the "utter misery" of Equatoria that "I like this work". Gordon often personally intercepted slave convoys to arrest the slavers and break the chains of the slaves, but he found that the corrupt Egyptian bureaucrats usually sold the freed Africans back into slavery, and the expense of caring for thousands of freed slaves who were a long away from home burdensome.
Gordon grew close to the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, an evangelical Christian group based in London dedicated to ending slavery all over the world, and who regularly celebrated Gordon's efforts to end slavery in the Sudan. Urban wrote that, "Newspaper readers in Bolton or Beaminister had become enraged by stories about chained black children, cruelly abducted, being sold into slave markets...", and Gordon's anti-slavery efforts contributed to his image as a saintly man.
Gordon had come into conflict with the Egyptian governor of Khartoum and Sudan over his efforts to ban slavery. The clash led to Gordon informing the Khedive that he did not wish to return to the Sudan, and he left for London. During his time in London, he was approached by Sir William Mackinnon, an enterprising Scots ship owner who had gone into partnership with King Leopold II of the Belgians with the aim of creating a chartered company that would conquer central Africa, and wished to employ Gordon as their agent in Africa.
He accepted their offer, believing rather naively in Leopold's and Mackinnon's assurances their plans were purely philanthropic and they had no interest in exploiting Africans for profit. But the Khedive Isma'il Pasha wrote to him saying that he had promised to return, and that he expected him to keep his word. Gordon agreed to return to Cairo, and was asked to take the position of Governor-General of the entire Sudan, which he accepted. He thereafter received the honorific rank and title of pasha in the Ottoman aristocracy.
Governor-General of the Sudan
As governor, Gordon faced a variety of challenges. Besides working to end slavery, Gordon carried out a series of reforms such as abolishing torture and public floggings where those opposed to the Egyptian state were flogged with a whip known as the kourbash made of buffalo hide. Gordon was well known for being utterly obstinate, joking that: "The Gordons and the camels are of the same race. Let them take an idea into their heads and nothing will take it out. I have a splendid camel-none like it; it flies along and quite astonishes the Arabs". The reforms that Gordon wanted would have changed the basic nature of Ottoman-Egyptian rule, by replacing a system based on exploitation of the people by the state with one where the state would work for the betterment of the people. These aims eluded him.
Gordon himself was honest and incorruptible, but he was almost alone in possessing these qualities, and the venal and corrupt Egyptian bureaucrats usually ignored his orders when they conflicted with the chance to make money. The Europeans whom the Egyptians had hired to work as civil servants in the Sudan were no better and proved to be just as corrupt as the Egyptians. The bribes that the slave traders offered for bureaucrats to turn a blind eye to the slave trade had far more effect on the bureaucrats than did any of Gordon's orders to suppress the slave trade, which were simply ignored. Licurgo Santoni, an Italian hired by the Egyptian state to run the Sudanese post office wrote about Gordon's time as Governor-General that: as his exertions were not supported by his subordinates his efforts remained fruitless. This man's activity with the scientific knowledge which he possesses is doubtless able to achieve much, but unfortunately no one backs him up and his orders are badly carried out or altered in such a way as to render them without effect. All the Europeans, with some rare exceptions, whom he has honoured with his confidence have cheated him. Reflecting these realities, Gordon had to undertake much of the administrative work himself, travelling ceaselessly and constantly all over the Sudan via camel in attempts to make the bureaucracy actually obey his orders, something that occurred when he was present, but stopped as soon as he left. Gordon's reforming zeal made him popular with the ordinary people of the Sudan. As one observer noted that whenever he left and entered the Governor's Palace in Khartoum: "Government officials, consular agents and native people awaited him in large numbers. They celebrated H.E's [His Excellency] arrival with an indescribable uproar".
During the 1870s, European initiatives against the Arab slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating increasing unrest. Relations between Egypt and Abyssinia (later renamed Ethiopia) had become strained due to a dispute over the district of Bogos, and war broke out in 1875. An Egyptian expedition was completely defeated near Gundet. A second and larger expedition under Prince Hassan was sent the following year and was routed at Gura. Matters then remained quiet until March 1877, when Gordon proceeded to Massawa, hoping to make peace with the Abyssinians. He went up to Bogos and wrote to the king proposing terms. He received no reply as the king had gone southwards to fight with the Shoa. Gordon, seeing that the Abyssinian difficulty could wait, proceeded to Khartoum.
In 1876, Egypt went bankrupt. A group of European financial commissioners led by Evelyn Baring took charge of the Egyptian finances in an attempt to pay off the European banks who had lent so much money to Egypt. With Egypt bankrupt, the money to carry out the reforms Gordon wanted was not there. With over half of Egypt's income going to pay the 7% interest on the debt worth 81 million Egyptian pounds that Isma'il had run up, the khedive was supportive of Gordon's plans for reform, but unable to do very much as he lacked the money to pay his civil servants and soldiers in Egypt, much less in the Sudan.
Gordon travelled north to Cairo to meet with Baring and suggest the solution that Egypt suspend its interest payments for several years to allow Isma'il to pay the arrears owned to his soldiers and civil servants, arguing that once the Egyptian government was stabilised, then Egypt could start paying its debts without fear of causing a revolution. Faught wrote Gordon's plans were "farsighted and humane", but Baring had no interest in Gordon's plans to suspend the interest payments. Gordon disliked Baring, writing he had "a pretentious, grand, patronizing way around him. We had a few words together...When oil mixes with water, we will mix together".
Slavery was the basis of the Sudanese economy, and Gordon's attempts to end the slave trade meant taking on very powerful vested interests, most notably Rahama Zobeir, known as the "King of the Slavers" as he was the richest and most powerful of all the slave traders in the entire Sudan. An insurrection had broken out in Darfur province led by associates of Zobeir and Gordon went to deal with it. The insurgents were numerous, and he saw that diplomacy had a better chance of success. On 2 September 1877, Gordon clad in the full gold-braided ceremonial blue uniform of the Governor-General of the Sudan and wearing the tarboush (the type of fez reserved for a pasha), accompanied by an interpreter and a few bashi-bazouks, rode unannounced into the enemy camp to discuss the situation.
Gordon carried no weapons except for his rattan cane (though the bashi-bazouks were armed with rifles and swords), but Gordon showed utterly no fear while his interpreter and the bashi-bazouks were visibly nervous as the rebels numbered about 3,000. Gordon was met by Suleiman Zobeir, the son of Rahama Zobeir and demanded in the name of the Khedive of Egypt that the rebels end their rebellion and accept the authority of their lord and master, telling Zobeir that he would "disarm and break them" if the rebellion did not end at once. Gordon also promised that those rebels who laid down their arms would not be punished and would all be given jobs in the administration.
A tense stand-off ensued, and though the rebels could have easily killed Gordon and his party, as Gordon wrote in a letter to his sister that the rebels were all "...dumbfounded at my coming among them". This bold move proved successful, as one chief then another pledged his loyalty to the Khedive including Suleiman Zobeir himself, though the remainder retreated to the south. Gordon visited the provinces of Berber and Dongola, and then returned to the Abyssinian frontier, before ending up back in Khartoum in January 1878. Gordon was summoned to Cairo, and arrived in March to be appointed president of a commission. The Khedive Isma'il was deposed in 1879 in favour of his son Tewfik by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Hamid II following heavy diplomatic pressure from the British, French and Italian governments after Isma'il had quarrelled with Baring.
Gordon returned south and proceeded to Harrar, south of Abyssinia, and, finding the administration in poor standing, dismissed the governor. In 1878, Gordon fired the governor of Equatoria for corruption and replaced him with his former chief medical officer from his time in Equatoria, Dr. Emin Pasha, who had earned Gordon's respect. Gordon then returned to Khartoum, and went again into Darfur to suppress the slave traders. His subordinate, Gessi Pasha, fought with great success in the Bahr-el-Ghazal district in putting an end to the revolt there. In July 1878, Suleiman Zobeir had rebelled again, leading Gordon and his close friend Gessi to take to the field.
In March 1879, Gessi had inflicted a sharp defeat on Zobeir even before Gordon had joined him to pursue their old enemy. After several months of chasing Zobeir, Gessi and Gordon met at the village of Shaka in June 1879 when it was agreed that Gessi would continue the hunt while Gordon would return to Khartoum. On 15 July 1879, Gessi finally captured Zobeir together with 250 of his men. As Zobeir had broken his oath to the khedive by rebelling, Gordon had given Gessi orders to execute Zobeir, and so later that day Gessi had Zobeir and his men publicly beheaded as an example of what happened to those who broke their oaths.
Gordon then tried another peace mission to Abyssinia. The matter ended with Gordon's imprisonment and transfer to Massawa. Thence he returned to Cairo and resigned his Sudan appointment. He was exhausted by years of incessant work. Gordon had gone to the Sudan with high hopes that via his iron will and Christian faith he would defeat the Ottoman-Egyptian system of rule, that he would act as a reformer who would change the system from within to make what was unjust, just, and that he would make things better for the ordinary people of the Sudan.
Instead, the Ottoman-Egyptian system had defeated him with almost all of Gordon's reforms having failed owing to the venality of the bureaucracy who shared absolutely none of Gordon's moral outrage at slavery and injustice, and Gordon's dreams of making things better for the ordinary people were dissolved in the face of greed and self-interest of others; the system remained the same creaking slow, utterly corrupt and oppressive apparatus trampling down ordinary people that it had always been.
At the end of his Governor-Generalship of the Sudan, Gordon had to admit that he had been a failure, an experience of defeat that so shattered him that he had a nervous breakdown. As Gordon travelled via Egypt to take the streamer back to Britain, a man who met him in Cairo described Gordon as a broken man who was "rather off his head". Before Gordon boarded the ship at Alexandria that was to take him home, he sent off a series of long telegrams to various ministers in London full of Biblical verse and quotations that he claimed offered the solution to all of the problems of modern life. After Gordon resigned, Muhammad Rauf Pasha succeeded him as governor general of Sudan.
In March 1880, Gordon recovered for a couple of weeks in the Hotel du Faucon in Lausanne, 3 Rue St Pierre, famous for its views on Lake Geneva and because several celebrities had stayed there, such as Giuseppe Garibaldi, one of Gordon's heroes, and possibly one of the reasons Gordon had chosen this hotel. In the hotel's restaurant, now a pub called Happy Days, he met another guest from Britain, the reverend R.H. Barnes, vicar of Heavitree near Exeter, who became a good friend. After Gordon's death Barnes co-authored Charles George Gordon: A Sketch (1885), which begins with the meeting at the hotel in Lausanne. The Reverend Reginald Barnes, who knew him well, describes him as "of the middle height, very strongly built".
The intensely religious Gordon had been born into the Church of England, but he never quite trusted the Anglican Church, instead preferring his own personal brand of Protestantism. In his worn out state, Gordon had some sort of religious rebirth, leading him to write to his sister Augusta: "Through the workings of Christ in my body by His Body and Blood, the medicine worked. Ever since the realisation of the sacrament, I have been turned upside down". The eccentric Gordon was very religious, but he departed from Christian orthodoxy on a number of points. Gordon believed in reincarnation. In 1877, he wrote in a letter: "This life is only one of a series of lives which our incarnated part has lived. I have little doubt of our having pre-existed; and that also in the time of our pre-existence we were actively employed. So, therefore, I believe in our active employment in a future life, and I like the thought." Gordon was an ardent Christian cosmologist, who also believed that the Garden of Eden was on the island of Praslin in the Seychelles. Gordon believed that God's throne from which He governed the universe rested upon the earth, which was further surrounded by the firmament.
Gordon believed in both predestination - writing that "I believe that not a worm is picked up by a bird without the direct intervention of God" - and free will with humans choosing their own fate, writing "I cannot and do not pretend to reconcile the two". These religious beliefs mirrored differing aspects of Gordon's personality as he believed that he could choose his own fate through the force of his personality and a fatalistic streak often ending his letters with D.V (Deo volente-Latin for "God willing" i.e. whatever God wants will be). Gordon's very strong religious feelings led him to devote much time and money to charity both at home and abroad and he was well known for sticking Christian tracts onto city walls and to throw them out of a train window. The Romanian historian Eric Tappe described Gordon as a man who developed his own "very personal peculiar variety of Protestantism".
Other offers
On 2 March 1880, on his way from London to Switzerland, Gordon had visited King Leopold II of Belgium in Brussels and was invited to take charge of the Congo Free State. Leopold tried very hard to convince Gordon to enter his service, not least because Gordon was known to be modest in his salary demands, unlike Leopold's current agent in the Congo, Henry Morton Stanley, who received a monthly salary of 300,000 Belgian francs. Gordon rejected Leopold's offers, partly because he was still emotionally attached to the Sudan and partly because he disliked the idea of working for Leopold's Congo Association, which was a private company owned by the King. In April, the government of the Cape Colony offered him the position of commandant of the Cape local forces, which Gordon declined. A deeply depressed Gordon wrote in his letter declining the offer that he knew, for reasons that he refused to explain, that he had only ten years left to live, and he wanted to do something great and grand in his last ten years.
In May, the Marquess of Ripon, who had been given the post of Governor-General of India, asked Gordon to go with him as private secretary. Gordon accepted the offer, but shortly after arriving in India, he resigned. In the words of the American historian Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, Gordon was a "man of action" unsuitable for a bureaucratic job. Gordon found the life of a private secretary to be in his words a "living crucifixion" that was unbearably boring, leading him to resign with the intention of going to East Africa, particularly Zanzibar, to suppress the slave trade.
Hardly had Gordon resigned when he was invited to Beijing by Sir Robert Hart, inspector-general of customs in China, saying his services were urgently needed in China as Russia and China were on the verge of war. Gordon was nostalgic for China, and knowing of the Sino-Russian crisis, he saw a chance to do something significant. The British diplomat Thomas Francis Wade reported "The Chinese government still holds Gordon Pasha in high regard", and were anxious to have him back to fight against Russia if war should break out.
An exchange of telegrams ensued between the War Office in London and Gordon in Bombay about just what exactly he was planning on doing in China, and when Gordon replied that he would find out when he got there, Gordon was ordered to stay. Gordon disobeyed orders and left on the first ship to China, an action that very much angered the Army's commander, the Duke of Cambridge. Gordon arrived in Shanghai in July and met Li Hongzhang, and learned that there was risk of war with Russia. After meeting his old friend, Gordon assured Li that if Russia should attack he would resign his commission in the British Army to take up a commission in the Chinese Army, an action that if taken risked prosecution under the Foreign Enlistments Act. Gordon informed the Foreign Office that he was willing to renounce his British citizenship and take Chinese citizenship as he would not abandon Li and his other Chinese friends should a Sino-Russian war begin. Gordon's willingness to renounce his British citizenship in order to fight with China in the event of war did much to raise his prestige in China.
Gordon went to Beijing and used all his influence to ensure peace. Gordon clashed repeatedly with Prince Chun, the leader of the war party in Beijing who rejected Gordon's advice to seek a compromise solution as Gordon warned that the powerful Russian naval squadron in the Yellow Sea would allow the Russians to land at Tianjin and advance on Beijing. At one point during a meeting with the Council of Ministers, an enraged Gordon picked up a Chinese-English dictionary, looked up the word idiocy, and then pointed at the equivalent Chinese word 白痴 with one hand while pointing at the ministers with the other.
Gordon further advised the Qing court that it was unwise for the Manchu elite to live apart from and treat the Han Chinese majority as something less than human, warning that this not only weakened China in the present, but would cause a revolution in the future. After speaking so bluntly, Gordon was ordered out of the court and Beijing, but was allowed to stay at Tianjin. After meeting with him there, Hart described Gordon as "very eccentric" and "spending hours in prayer", writing that: "As much I like and respect him, I must say he is 'not all there'. Whether religion or vanity, or the softening of the brain-I don't know, but he seems to be alternatively arrogant and slavish, vain and humble, in his senses and out of them. It's a great pity!". Wade echoed Hart, writing that Gordon had changed since his last time in China, and was now "unbalanced", being utterly convinced that all of his ideas came from God, making him dangerously unreasonable since Gordon now believed that everything he did was the will of God.
Gordon was ordered home by London as the Foreign Office was not comfortable with the idea of him commanding the Chinese Army against Russia if war should break out, believing that this would cause an Anglo-Russian war and Gordon was told that he would be dishonorably discharged if he remained in China. Though the Qing court rejected Gordon's advice to seek a compromise with Russia in the summer of 1880, Gordon's assessment of China's military backwardness and his stark warnings that the Russians would win if a war did break out played an important role in ultimately strengthening the peace party at the court and preventing war.
Gordon returned to Britain and rented a flat on 8 Victoria Grove in London. In October 1880 Gordon paid a two-week visit to Ireland, landing at Cork and travelling over much of the island. Gordon was sickened by the poverty of the Irish farmers, which led him to write a six-page memo to the Prime Minister, William Gladstone, urging land reforms in Ireland. Gordon wrote: "The peasantry of the Northwest and Southwest of Ireland are much worse off than any of the inhabitants of Bulgaria, Asia Minor, China, India or the Sudan". Having been to all of those places and thus speaking with some authority, Gordon announced the "scandal" of poverty in Ireland could only be ended if the government were to buy the land of the Ascendency families, as the Anglo-Irish elite was known, and give it to their poor Irish tenant farmers.
Gordon compared his plans for rural reform in Ireland to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1833, and ended his letter with the claim that if this was done, the unity of the United Kingdom would be preserved as the Irish would appreciate this great act of justice and the Irish independence movement would cease to exist as "they would have nothing more to seek from agitation". Besides championing land reform in Ireland, Gordon spent the winter of 1880–81 in London socialising with his family and his few friends such as Florence Nightingale and Alfred Tennyson.
In April 1881 Gordon left for Mauritius as Commander, Royal Engineers. He remained in Mauritius until March 1882. The American historian John Semple Galbraith described Gordon as suffering from "utter boredom" during his time in Mauritius. Gordon saw his work in building forts to protect Mauritius from a possible Russian naval attack as pointless, and his main achievement during his time there was to advise the Crown to turn the Seychelles islands, whose beauty had greatly moved Gordon, into a new crown colony as Gordon argued it was impossible to govern the Seychelles from Port Louis.
In a memo to London, Gordon warned against over-reliance on the Suez Canal, where the Russians could easily sink one ship to block the entire canal, thus leading Gordon to advise upon improving the Cape route to India with Britain developing a series of bases in Africa and in the Indian Ocean. Gordon visited the Seychelles in the summer of 1881 and decided the islands were the location of the Garden of Eden. On the island of Praslin in the Valle de Mai, Gordon believed that he found the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in the form of a coco de mer tree which fruit bore a close resemblance to a woman's body. Gordon was promoted to major-general on 23 March 1882.
Being unemployed, Gordon decided to go to Palestine which at the time was part of the Ottoman vilayet of Syria, a region he had long desired to visit, where he would remain for a year (1882–83). During his "career break" in the Holy Land, the very religious Gordon sought to explore his faith and biblical sites. In Jerusalem, Gordon lived with an American lawyer Horatio Spafford and his wife Anna Spafford, who were the leaders of the American Colony in the Holy City. The Spaffords had lost their home and much of their fortune in the Great Chicago Fire and then had seen one of their sons die of scarlet fever, four of their daughters drowned in a shipwreck followed by the death of another son from scarlet fever, causing them to turn to religion as consolation for unbearable tragedy, making them very congenial company for Gordon during his stay in Jerusalem. After his visit, Gordon suggested in his book Reflections in Palestine a different location for Golgotha, the site of Christ's crucifixion. The site lies north of the traditional site at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and is now known as "the Garden Tomb", or sometimes as "Gordon's Calvary". Gordon's interest was prompted by his religious beliefs, as he had become an evangelical Christian in 1854.
King Leopold II then asked Gordon again to take charge of the Congo Free State. He accepted and returned to London to make preparations, but soon after his arrival the British requested that he proceed immediately to the Sudan, where the situation had deteriorated badly after his departure—another revolt had arisen, led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Mohammed Ahmed. The Mahdi is a messianic figure in Islam which tradition holds will appear at the dawn of every new (Islamic) century to strike down the enemies of Islam.
The year 1881 was the Islamic year 1298, and to mark the coming of the new century, Ahmed announced that he was the Mahdi, and proclaimed a jihad against the Egyptian state. The long exploitation of the Sudan by Egypt led many Sudanese to rally to the Mahdi's black banner as he promised to expel the Egyptians, whom Ahmed denounced as apostates and he announced he would establish an Islamic fundamentalist state marking a return to the "pure Islam" said to have been practised in the days of the Prophet Mohamed in Arabia.
Additionally, Baring's policy of raising taxes to pay off the debts Isma'il had run up sparked much resentment in both Egypt and the Sudan. In 1882, nationalist rage in Egypt against Baring's economic policies led to the revolt by Colonel Urabi Pasha, which was put down by Anglo-Egyptian troops. From September 1882 onwards, Egypt was a de facto British protectorate effectively ruled by Baring, through in theory Egypt remained an Ottoman province with a very wide degree of autonomy until 1914. With Egypt under British rule, the British also inherited the problems of Egypt's colony, the Sudan, which the Egyptians were losing control of to the Mahdi.
Mahdist uprising
Mission to Khartoum
The Egyptian forces in the Sudan were insufficient to cope with the rebels, and the northern government was occupied in the suppression of the Urabi Revolt. By September 1882, the Egyptian position in the Sudan had grown perilous. In September 1883, an Egyptian Army force under Colonel William Hicks set out to destroy the Mahdi. The Egyptian soldiers were miserable fallāḥīn conscripts who had no interest in being in the Sudan, much less in fighting the Mahdi and morale was so poor that Hicks had to chain his men together to prevent them from deserting.
On 3–5 November 1883, the Ansar (whom the British called "Dervishes"), as the Mahdi's followers were known, destroyed the Egyptian army of 8,000 under Colonel Hicks at El Obeid, with only about 250 Egyptians surviving and Hicks being one of the slain. The Ansar captured a large number of Remington rifles and ammunition cases together with many Krupp artillery guns and their shells. After the Battle of El Obeid, Egyptian morale, never high to begin with, simply collapsed, and the black flag of the Mahdi soon flew over many towns in the Sudan. By the end of 1883 the Egyptians held only the ports on the Red Sea and a narrow belt of land around the Nile in northern Sudan. In both cases naval power was the key factor, as gunboats in the Red Sea and on the Nile provided a degree of firepower with which the Ansar could not cope.
The only other place to hold out for a time was mostly Christian Equatoria under Emin Pasha. Following the destruction of Hicks's army, the Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone decided that the Sudan was not worth the trouble it would take to keep, and that thus the region should be abandoned to the Mahdi. In December 1883, the British government ordered Egypt to abandon the Sudan, but that was difficult to carry out, as it involved the withdrawal of thousands of Egyptian soldiers, civilian employees, and their families.
At the beginning of 1884, Gordon had no interest in the Sudan and had just been hired to work as an officer with the newly established Congo Free State. Gordon – despite or rather because of his war hero status – disliked publicity and tried to avoid the press when he was in Britain. While staying with his sister in Southampton, Gordon received an unexpected visitor, namely William Thomas Stead, the editor of The Pall Mall Gazette, to whom Gordon reluctantly agreed to give an interview. Gordon wanted to talk about the Congo, but Stead kept on pressing him to talk about the Sudan; finally, after much prompting on Stead's part, Gordon opened up and attacked Gladstone's Sudan policy, coming out for an intervention to defeat the Mahdi. Gordon offered up a 19th-century anticipation of the domino theory, claiming: The danger arises from the influence which the spectacle of a conquering Mahometan Power established close to your frontiers will exercise upon the population which you govern. In all the cities of Egypt it will be felt that what the Mahdi has done they may do; and, as he has driven out the intruder, they may do the same. Stead published his interview on 9 January 1884 on the front page of the Pall Mall Gazette alongside an editorial of his titled "Chinese Gordon for the Sudan". Urban wrote: "With this leader, William Stead's real motive in going to Southampton revealed itself at last. As to who tipped him off that the general would be staying here for just a couple of nights, we can only speculate".
Stead's interview caused a media sensation and led to a popular clamour for Gordon to be sent to the Sudan. Urban wrote: "The Pall Mall Gazette articles, in short, began a new chapter in international relations; powerful men using media manipulation of public opinion to trigger war. It is often suggested that that campaign by William Randolph Hearst's paper that led to the US invasion of Cuba in 1898 was the world's first episode of this kind, but the British press deserves these dubious laurels for its actions a full fourteen years earlier". The man behind the campaign was the Adjutant General, Sir Garnet Wolseley – a skilled media manipulator who often leaked information to the press to effect changes in policy – and who was strongly opposed to Gladstone's policy of pulling out of the Sudan.
In 1880, the Liberals had won the general election on a platform of overseas retrenchment, and Gladstone had put his principles into practice by withdrawing from the Transvaal and Afghanistan in 1881. There was a secret "ultra" faction in the War Office led by Wolseley that felt that the Liberal government was too inclined to withdraw from various places all over the globe at the first sign of trouble, and who were determined to sabotage the withdrawal from the Sudan. Gordon and Wolseley were good friends (Wolseley being one of the people Gordon prayed for every night), and after a meeting with Wolseley at the War Office to discuss the crisis in the Sudan, Gordon left convinced that he had to go to the Sudan to "carry out the work of God".
With public opinion demanding that Gordon be sent to the Sudan, on 16 January 1884 the Gladstone government decided to send him there, albeit with the very limited mandate to report on the situation and advise on the best means of carrying out the evacuation. Gladstone had gone to his estate at Hawarden to recover from illness and thus was not present at the meeting on 18 January where Gordon was given the Sudan command, but he was under the impression that Gordon's mission was advisory whereas the four ministers present at the meeting had given Gordon the impression that his mission was executive in nature.
Gladstone felt that this was a deft political move. Public opinion would be satisfied with "Chinese Gordon" going to the Sudan, but at the same time, Gordon was given such a limited mandate that the evacuation would proceed as planned. The Cabinet felt highly uncomfortable with the appointment, as they had been pressured by the press to send a man who was opposed to their Sudan policy to take command there. The Foreign Secretary Lord Grenville wondered if they had just committed a "gigantic folly". Gordon made a short trip to Brussels to tell King Leopold that he would not be going to the Congo after all, news that enraged the King.
The British government asked Gordon to go to Khartoum to report on the best method of carrying out the evacuation. Gordon started for Cairo in January 1884, accompanied by Lt. Col. J. D. H. Stewart. At Cairo, he received further instructions from Sir Evelyn Baring, and was appointed Governor-General with executive powers by the Khedive Tewfik Pasha, who also gave Gordon an edict ordering him to establish a government in the Sudan. This Gordon would later use as a reason for staying in Khartoum. Baring disapproved of sending Gordon to the Sudan, writing in a report to London that: "A man who habitually consults the Prophet Isaiah when he is in a difficulty is not apt to obey the orders of anyone". Gordon immediately confirmed Baring's fears as he started to issue press statements attacking the rebels as "a feeble lot of stinking Dervishes" and demanded he be allowed to "smash up the Mahdi". Gordon sent a telegram to Khartoum reading: "Don't be panic-stricken. Ye are men, not women. I am coming. Gordon".
Urban wrote that Gordon's "most stupid mistake" occurred when he revealed his secret orders at a meeting of tribal leaders on 12 February at Berber, explaining that the Egyptians were pulling out, leading to almost all of the Arab tribes of northern Sudan declaring their loyalty to the Mahdi. Given that Gordon himself in his interview with Stead had stated: "The moment it is known that we have given up the game, every man will go over to the Mahdi", his decision to reveal that the Egyptians were pulling out remains inexplicable. Shortly afterwards, Gordon wrote what Urban called a "bizarre" letter to the Mahdi telling him to accept the authority of the Khedive of Egypt and offering him the chance to work as one of Gordon's provincial governors. The Mahdi contemptuously rejected Gordon's offer and sent back a letter demanding Gordon convert to Islam.
The Mahdi ended his letter with the remark: "I am the Expected Mahdi and I do not boast! I am the successor of God's Prophet and I have no need of any sultanate of Kordofan or anywhere else!". Even Wolseley had cause to regret sending Gordon, as the general revealed himself to be a loose cannon whose press statements attacking the Liberal government were "obstructing rather than furthering his plans to take over the Sudan". Travelling through Korosko and Berber, he arrived at Khartoum on 18 February, where he offered his earlier foe, the slaver-king Rahama Zobeir, release from prison in exchange for leading troops against Ahmed.
Gordon's abrupt mood swings and contradictory advice confirmed the Cabinet's view of him as mercurial and unstable. Even an observer as sympathetic as Winston Churchill wrote about Gordon: "Mercury uncontrolled by the force of gravity was not on several occasions more unstable than Charles Gordon. His moods were capricious and uncertain, his passions violent, his impulses sudden and inconsistent. The mortal enemy of the morning had become a trusted ally by night".
The novelist John Buchan wrote that Gordon was so "unlike other men that he readily acquired a spiritual ascendency over all who knew him well and many who did not...", but at the same time Gordon had a "dualism", in that "the impression of single-heartedness was an illusion, for all his life his soul was the stage of conflict". Gordon's attempt to have his former archenemy Zobeir -- the "King of the Slavers" whom he had hunted for years and whose son he had executed -- installed as the new Sultan of the Sudan appalled Gladstone and offended his former admirers in the Anti-Slavery Society.
Preparing the defence of Khartoum
After arriving in Khartoum, Gordon announced that on the grounds of honour, he would not evacuate Khartoum, but rather, would hold the city against the Mahdi. Gordon was well received by a crowd of about 9,000 during his return to Khartoum where the crowd continually chanted, "Father!" and "Sultan!". Gordon assured the people of Khartoum in a speech delivered in his rough-hewn Arabic that the Mahdi was coming with his Army of Islam marching under their black banners, but to have no fear as here he would be stopped. Gordon had a garrison of about 8,000 soldiers armed with Remington rifles together with a colossal ammunition dump containing millions of rounds.
Gordon commenced the task of sending the women, children, the sick and wounded to Egypt. About 2,500 people had been removed before the Mahdi's forces closed in on Khartoum. Gordon hoped to have the influential local leader Sebehr Rahma appointed to take control of Sudan, but the British government refused to support a former slaver. During this time in Khartoum, Gordon befriended the Irish journalist Frank Powers, who was The Times (London) correspondent in the Sudan. Powers was delighted that the charismatic Gordon had no anti-Catholic prejudices and treated him as an equal. The hero-worshiping Powers wrote about Gordon: "He is indeed I believe the greatest man of this century". Gordon granted Powers privileged access and in return Powers started to write a series of popular articles for The Times depicting Gordon as the solitary hero taking on a vast horde of fanatical Muslims.
Gordon made all of his personal dispatches to London public (there was no Official Secrets Act at the time) in attempts to win public opinion over to his policy, writing on one dispatch: "Not secret as far as I am concerned". At one point, Gordon suggested in a telegram to Gladstone that the notoriously corrupt Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Hamid II could be bribed into sending 3,000 Ottoman troops for the relief of Khartoum and if the British government was unwilling and/or unable to pay that amount, he was certain that either Pope Leo XIII or a group of American millionaires would be.
The advance of the rebels against Khartoum was combined with a revolt in the eastern Sudan. Colonel Valentine Baker led an Egyptian force out of Suakin and was badly defeated by 1,000 Haddendowa warriors who declared their loyalty to the Mahdi under Osman Digna at Al-Teb with 2,225 Egyptian soldiers and 96 officers killed. Because the Egyptian troops at Suakin were repeatedly defeated, a British force was sent to Suakin under General Sir Gerald Graham, which drove the rebels away in several hard-fought actions. At Tamai on 13 March 1884, Graham was attacked by the Haddendowa (whom the British nicknamed "Fuzzy Wuzzies") whom he defeated, but in the course of the battle, the Haddendowa broke a Black Watch square, an action later celebrated in the Kipling poem "Fuzzy-Wuzzy".
The ferocity of the Haddendowa attacks astonished the British, and Graham argued that he needed more troops if he were to advance deeper into the Sudan while one newspaper correspondent reported that the average British soldiers did not understand why they were in the Sudan fighting "such brave fellows" for "the sake of the wretched Egyptians". Gordon urged that the road from Suakin to Berber be opened, but his request was refused by the government in London, and in April Graham and his forces were withdrawn and Gordon and the Sudan were abandoned. The garrison at Berber surrendered in May, and Khartoum was completely isolated.
Gordon decided to stay and hold Khartoum despite the orders of the Gladstone government to merely report about the best means of supervising the evacuation of the Sudan. Powers who acted as Gordon's unofficial press attaché wrote in The Times: "We are daily expecting British troops. We cannot bring ourselves to believe that we are to be abandoned". In his diary, Gordon wrote: "I own to having been very insubordinate to Her Majesty's Government and its officials, but it is my nature, and I cannot help it. I fear I have not even tried to play battledore and shuttlecock with them. I know if I was chief I would never employ myself for I am incorrigible".
Because of public opinion, the government dared not sack Gordon, but the Cabinet was extremely angry about Gordon's insubordination, with many privately saying if Gordon wanted to defy orders by holding Khartoum, then he only deserved what he was going to get. Gladstone himself took Gordon's attacks on his Sudan policy very personally. One Cabinet minister wrote: "The London newspapers and the Tories clamor for an expedition to Khartoum, the former from ignorance, the latter because it is the best model of embarrassing us...Of course it is not an impossible undertaking, but it is melancholy to think of the waste of lives and the treasure which it must involve". The Cabinet itself was divided and confused about just what to do about the Sudan crisis, leading to a highly dysfunctional style of decision-making.
Gordon had a strong death wish, and clearly wanted to die fighting at Khartoum, writing in a letter to his sister: "I feel so very much inclined to wish it His will might be my release. Earth's joys grow very dim, its glories have faded". In his biography of Gordon, Anthony Nutting wrote Gordon was obsessed with "the ever-present, constantly repeated desire for martyrdom and for that glorious immortality in union with God and away from the wretchedness of life on this earth". Because his Turkish, Egyptian and many of his Sudanese troops were Muslim, Gordon refrained in public from describing his battle with the Mahdi as a religious war, but Gordon's diary showed he viewed himself as a Christian champion fighting against the Mahdi just as much for God as for his nation. The Mahdi and his followers had been fighting a jihad since 1881 and looked forward to taking on the famous General Gordon as a chance to win glory for Allah.
Gordon energetically organised the defence of Khartoum right from the moment he arrived in Khartoum, using his training as a military engineer to turn the city into a fortress. Additionally, Gordon had guns and armoured plating attached to the paddle wheel streamers stationed at Khartoum to create his own private riverine navy that served as an effective force against the Ansar. The Turkish troops at Khartoum were not part of the Ottoman Army, but rather bashi-bazouks, irregulars whom Gordon commented were good for raids, but useless for battle.
The Shaggyeh (one of the few Arab tribes who did not rally to the Mahdi) drove Gordon to distraction, with Gordon writing in his diary about them: "Dreadful lot! How I look forward to their disbandment". Gordon had a low opinion of the Egyptian, Turkish and Arab Sudanese troops under his command-whom he constantly described as a mutinous, badly disciplined and ill-trained rabble good only for looting – but had a much higher opinion of his Black Sudanese soldiers, most of them former slaves who would rather die fighting as free men than live as slaves again; it was well known that the Mahdi's forces were going to enslave the Blacks of Khartoum once they took the city. The black Sudanese troops, many from what is now South Sudan, proved to be Gordon's best troops at Khartoum and numbered about twenty-three hundred.
The siege of Khartoum
A siege of Khartoum by the Mahdist forces commanded by the Mahdi himself started on 18 March 1884. Initially, the siege of Khartoum was more in nature a blockade rather than a true siege as the Mahdi's forces lacked the strength to wage a proper siege, for example only cutting the telegraphy lines in April 1884. The British government had decided to abandon the Sudan, but it was clear that Gordon had other plans, and the public increasingly called for a relief expedition. Gordon's last telegrams were clearly meant for the British public with one message addressed to Baring reading: "You state your intention of not sending any relief force up here to Berber...I shall hold on here as long as I can, and if I can suppress the rebellion, I shall do so. If I cannot, I shall retire to the Equator and leave you with the indelible disgrace of abandoning the garrisons".
Gladstone was opposed to hanging onto the Sudan, saying in a speech in the House of Commons that sending a relief force to Khartoum would be "a war of conquest against a people struggling to be free. Yes, these are people struggling to be free and rightly struggling to be free". Khartoum was surrounded by the Ansar in March 1884, but was not cut off from the outside world for a considerable time afterwards. Gordon's armoured steamers continued to sail in and out of Khartoum with little difficulty for the first six months of the siege, and it was not until September 1884 that the armoured steamers first had trouble reaching the city.
Gordon had a low opinion of his enemy, writing that the Ansar besieging him were "some 500 determined men and some 2,000 rag-tag Arabs". Nutting wrote that Gordon "could have withdrawn at almost any moment between March and May" if only he had been willing. The American historian James Perry wrote: "But instead of following instructions, he stayed put, longing for martyrdom. It wasn't exactly fair to the Egyptian garrisons he had been sent to evacuate; they had no death wish". On 25 July 1884, the Cabinet over the objections of the Prime Minister voted to send a relief expedition to Khartoum. On 5 August 1884, the House of Commons voted to send the relief force with a budget of £300,000.
During this time, Gordon, when he was not organising the besieged garrison with incredible energy, spent his time writing a somewhat rambling diary containing his reflections on the siege, life, fate and his own intense, idiosyncratic version of Protestantism. Gordon waged a very vigorous defence, sending out his armoured steamers to engage the Ansar camps along the Blue Nile while he regularly made raids on the besiegers that often gave the Madhi's forces a "bloody nose". Elated by these successes, Gordon wrote in his diary: "We are going to hold out here forever".
To keep up morale, Gordon had a military band perform concerts in the central plaza every Friday and Sunday evenings for free, and cast his own decorations for his men. Though the telegraph lines to Cairo were cut, Gordon used the remaining telegraph lines to build his own telegraph network within Khartoum linking the men holding the walls of Khartoum to the Governor-General's palace, thus keeping him well informed of what was happening. To slow down the Ansar assaults, Gordon built primitive landmines out of water cans stuffed with dynamite and to confuse the enemy about his numbers, he put up wooden dummies in uniform along the walls of Khartoum facing the Blue Nile.
It was not until August 1884 that the government decided to take steps to relieve Gordon, with the British relief force, called the Nile Expedition, or, more popularly, the Khartoum Relief Expedition or Gordon Relief Expedition (a title that Gordon strongly deprecated). The relief force, under the command of Gordon's old friend Field Marshal Sir Garnet Wolseley, was not ready until November 1884. Wolseley had earlier served in Canada where he had commanded the Red River expedition of 1870, during which time he gained considerable respect for the skills of French-Canadian voyageurs, and now insisted he could not travel up the Nile without the voyageurs to assist his men as river pilots and boatmen.
It took considerable time to hire the voyageurs in Canada and bring them to Egypt, which delayed the expedition. Some of the "voyageurs" who arrived in Egypt turned out to be lawyers led by an alderman from Toronto who wanted to see "the fun" of war and were useless as boatmen. Wolseley was a bureaucratic general whose talents lay in administrative work, and as a field commander, Wolseley was slow, methodical, and cautious, making him in the opinion of Urban supremely unqualified to lead the relief expedition as he found one excuse after another to proceed down the Nile at a sluggish pace. For example, Wolseley could have hired Egyptian boatmen who knew the Nile to serve as river pilots instead of bringing over voyageurs from Canada, who knew nothing of the Nile, and moreover Wolseley only called for the voyageurs after his arrival in Egypt.
On the brink
On 4 September 1884, Gordon's fortunes took a turn for the worse when the most able of his subordinates, Mohammed Aly, together with about 1,000 of Gordon's best troops, were killed in an ambush while conducting a raid. Gordon wrote in his diary that Mohammed Aly had captured "a lad of 12 or 14 years of age, and the little chap spoke out boldly, and said he believed Mohamed Ahmed was the Mahdi and that we were dogs. He was shot! Before I heard of our defeat I heard of this, and I thought, 'THAT will not pass unavenged'."
On 9 September 1884, an armoured steamer, the Abbas on its way to Cairo was captured by the Ansar for the first time and all aboard were killed. Among the dead were Gordon's unofficial spokesman, the passionate wordsmith and Times journalist Frank Powers, Gordon's Chief of Staff Colonel Stewart and the French consul in Khartoum Léon Herbin, all of whom Gordon was sending to Cairo to plead for relief. Gordon received a letter from the Mahdi taunting him over the murders of his friends Powers and Stewart, warning that he would be next if he did not surrender. Bitterly Gordon wrote in his diary: "It is impossible to have any more words with Mohammed Achmed, only lead."
Among the papers captured on the Abbas was the cipher key Gordon used to code his messages in and out of Khartoum, which meant he could no longer read the messages he received, leading him to write in his diary: "I think cipher-messages are in some countries, like this, a mistake". During this period, Gordon was lionised by the British press, which portrayed him as a latter-day Christian crusader and a saint, a man of pure good, heroically battling the Mahdi, who was depicted as a man of pure evil. The Pall Mall Gazette in a front page leader wrote that Gordon stood "out in clear relief against the Eastern sky. Alone in [Africa], dauntless and unfaltering, he discharges his great trust, holding the capital of the Sudan against the beleaguering hordes". The defences Gordon had built with lines of earthwork, mines, and barbed wire presented the Ansar with much difficulty and their attempts to storm Khartoum failed, but the Ansar made good use of their Krupp artillery to gradually batter down the defences. To counter Gordon's armoured streamers, the Mahdi built a series of forts along the Nile equipped with Krupp guns that over time proceeded to make it almost impossible for Gordon's navy to operate.
By the end of 1884, both the garrison and the population of Khartoum were starving to death; there were no horses, donkeys, cats, or dogs left in Khartoum as the people had eaten all of them. Gordon told the civilians of Khartoum that anyone who wished to leave, even to join the Mahdi's army were free to do so. About half of the population took up his offer to promptly leave the city. A note written by Gordon and dated 14 December was sent out by a messenger from Khartoum who reached Wolseley's army on 30 December 1884.
The note read "Khartoum all right. Can hold out for years. C.G. Gordon", but the messenger (who knew very little English) had memorised another, darker message from Gordon, namely: "We want you to come quickly". In the same month, Gordon received a letter from the Mahdi offering safe passage out of Khartoum: "We have written to you to go back to your country...I repeat to you the words of Allah, Do not destroy yourself. Allah Himself is merciful to you".
Gordon and the Mahdi never met, but the two men, both charismatic and intensely religious soldiers who saw themselves as fighting for God had developed a grudging mutual respect. However, Faught wrote that there was a fundamental difference between Gordon and the Mahdi in that Gordon never tried to convert the Muslims of the Sudan to Christianity whereas the Mahdi was an "Islamic extremist" who believed he would establish a worldwide caliphate, looking forward to the day when he would "see the world bow before him".
During November–December 1884, Gordon's diary showed the stressful effects of the siege, as he was in a state of mental exhaustion, a man on the brink of madness. In his final months Gordon oscillated between a longing for martyrdom and death versus an intense horror at the prospect of his own demise as the hour of his destruction rapidly approached. Even if the relief force had reached him, it is not clear if he would have left Khartoum, as Gordon wrote in his diary: "If any emissary or letter comes up here ordering me to come down I WILL NOT OBEY IT, BUT WILL STAY HERE, AND FALL WITH THE TOWN!"
At another point, a death-obsessed Gordon wrote in his diary: "Better a bullet to the brain than to flicker out unheeded". In a letter that reached Cairo in December, Gordon wrote: "Farewell. You will never hear from me again. I fear that there will be treachery in the garrison, and all will be over by Christmas." On 14 December 1884, Gordon wrote the last entry in his diary, which read: "Now MARK THIS, if the Expeditionary Force and I ask for no more than two hundred men, does not come in ten days, the town may fall; and I have done my best for the honour of our country. Goodbye, C. G. Gordon". A chain-smoking Gordon constantly paced the roof of his palace during the day, looking vainly for smoke on the Nile indicating that the steamers were coming, while spending much of the rest of his time in prayer.
On 5 January 1885, the Ansar took the fort at Omdurman, which allowed them to use their Krupp artillery to bring down enfilading fire on the defences of Khartoum. In one of the last letters Gordon had smuggled out, he wrote: "I expect Her Majesty's Government are in a precious rage with me for holding out, and so forcing their hands". In his last weeks, those who knew Gordon described him as a chain-smoking, rage-filled, desperate man wearing a shabby uniform who spent hours talking to a mouse that he shared his office with when he was not attacking his Sudanese servants with his rattan cane during one of his rages.
A particular aspect of Gordon's personality that stood out was his death wish, as everyone who knew him was convinced that he wanted to die. When a Lebanese merchant visited Gordon in the evening, the Ansar began an artillery bombardment, leading the frightened merchant to suggest that perhaps Gordon ought to dim the lights to avoid drawing enemy fire down on the palace. The merchant recalled Gordon's response: "He called up the guard and gave the orders to shoot me if I moved" and ordered all of the lamps in the palace to be lit up as brightly as possible. Gordon defiantly told the merchant: "Go tell all the people of Khartoum that Gordon fears nothing, for God has created him without fear!"
The capture of Khartoum
The relief force under General Wolseley, which set out from Wadi Halfa, was divided into two columns at Korti - a 1,200-strong "flying column" or "desert column" of camel-borne troops which would cross the Bayuda desert to reach Metmemma on the Nile and meet Gordon's gunboats there, and the main column which would continue to advance along the Nile heading for Berber. The troops reached Korti towards the end of December, the small "Desert Column" reaching Metemma on 20 January 1885, fighting the Battle of Abu Klea on 18 January and Abu Kru (or Gubat) en route. There they found four gunboats which had been sent north by Gordon four months earlier, and prepared them for the trip back up the Nile. When the news of the defeats reached Ansar besieging Khartoum, terrible cries of lamentation rose from the besieging force, which led Gordon to guess that the Ansar had been defeated in battle and that Wolseley must be close.
On 24 January two of the steamers, under Sir Charles Wilson, carrying 20 soldiers of the Sussex Regiment wearing red tunics to clearly identify them as British, were sent on a purely reconnaissance mission to Khartoum, with orders from Wolseley not to attempt to rescue Gordon or bring him ammunition or food. On the evening of 24 January 1885, the Mahdi met with his generals whose leading spokesman was his uncle Muhammad Abd al-Karim, who told him that, with the Nile low and Wolseley close, it was time to either storm Khartoum or retreat. As dawn broke on the morning of 26 January 1885, the Ansar regiments led by their riflemen and followed by their spearmen marched out of their camps under their black banners.
The Ansar began their final attack by storming the city via the gap in the defence caused by the low Nile and after an hour's fighting, the starving defenders had abandoned the fight and the city was theirs. The Ansar took no prisoners and all of the approximately 7,000 defenders were killed. On arriving at Khartoum on 28 January, the reconnaissance gunboats found that the city had been captured and Gordon had been killed just two days before, coincidentally, two days before his 52nd birthday. Under heavy fire from Ansar warriors on the bank, the two steamers turned back up river.
The British press criticised the relief force for arriving two days late, but the main relief force was nowhere near Khartoum by then and only the reconnaissance party under Sir Charles Wilson on two gunboats had attempted to reach Khartoum, though it was later argued that the Mahdi's forces had good intelligence, and if the camel corps had advanced earlier, the final attack on Khartoum would also have come earlier. Finally, the boats sent were not there to relieve Gordon, who was not expected to agree to abandon the city, and the small force and limited supplies on board could have offered scant military support for the besieged in any case.
Death
The manner of Gordon's death is uncertain, but it was romanticised in a popular painting by George William Joy – General Gordon's Last Stand (1893, currently in the Leeds City Art Gallery), and again in the film Khartoum (1966) with Charlton Heston as Gordon. The most popular account of Gordon's death was that he put on his ceremonial gold-braided blue uniform of the Governor-General together with the Pasha's red fez and that he went out unarmed, except with his rattan cane, to be cut down by the Ansar. This account was very popular with the British press as it contained much Christian imagery with Gordon as a Christlike figure dying passively for the sins of all humanity.
Gordon was apparently killed at the Governor-General's palace about an hour before dawn. The Mahdi had given strict orders to his three Khalifas not to kill Gordon. The orders were not obeyed. Gordon's Sudanese servants later stated that Gordon for once did not go out armed only with his rattan cane, but also took with him a loaded revolver and his sword, and died in mortal combat fighting the Ansar.
Gordon died on the steps of a stairway in the northwestern corner of the palace, where he and his body servant, Agha Khalil Orphali, had been firing at the enemy. Orphali was knocked unconscious and did not see Gordon die. When he woke up again that afternoon, he found Gordon's body covered with flies and the head cut off.
A merchant, Bordeini Bey, glimpsed Gordon standing on the palace steps in a white uniform looking into the darkness. The best evidence suggests that Gordon went out to confront the enemy, gunned down several of the Ansar with his revolver and after running out of bullets drew his sword only to be shot down.
Reference is made to an 1889 account of the General surrendering his sword to a senior Mahdist officer, then being struck and subsequently speared in the side as he rolled down the staircase. Rudolf Slatin, the Austrian governor of Darfur who had been taken prisoner by the Ansar, wrote that three soldiers showed him Gordon's head at his tent before delivering it to the Mahdi. When Gordon's head was unwrapped at the Mahdi's feet, he ordered the head transfixed between the branches of a tree ". . . where all who passed it could look in disdain, children could throw stones at it and the hawks of the desert could sweep and circle above." His body was desecrated and thrown down a well.
In the hours following Gordon's death an estimated 10,000 civilians and members of the garrison were killed in Khartoum. The massacre was finally halted by orders of the Mahdi. Many of Gordon's papers were saved and collected by his two sisters, Helen Clark Gordon, who married Gordon's medical colleague in China, Dr. Moffit, and Mary Augusta and possibly his niece Augusta, who married Gerald Henry Blunt. Gordon's papers, as well as some of his grandfather's (Samuel Enderby III), were accepted by the British Library around 1937.
The failure to rescue General Gordon's force in Sudan was a major blow to Prime Minister Gladstone's popularity. Queen Victoria sent him a telegram of rebuke which found its way into the press. Critics said Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his acronym, "G.O.M." (for "Grand Old Man"), to "M.O.G." (for "Murderer of Gordon"). Gladstone told the Cabinet that the public cared much about Gordon and nothing about the Sudan, so he ordered Wolseley home after learning of Gordon's death. Wolseley, who had been led to believe that his expedition was the initial phase of an operation to re-conquer the Sudan, was furious, and in a telegram to Queen Victoria contemptuously called Gladstone "...the tradesman who has become a politician".
In 1885, Gordon achieved the martyrdom he had been seeking at Khartoum as the British press portrayed him as a saintly Christian hero and martyr who had died nobly resisting the Islamic onslaught of the Mahdi. As late as 1901 on the anniversary of Gordon's death, The Times wrote in a leader (editorial) that Gordon was "that solitary figure holding aloft the flag of England in the face of the dark hordes of Islam". Gordon's death caused a huge wave of national grief all over Britain with 13 March 1885 being set aside as a day of mourning for the "fallen hero of Khartoum". In a sermon, the Bishop of Chichester stated: "Nations who envied our greatness rejoiced now at our weakness and our inability to protect our trusted servant. Scorn and reproach were cast upon us, and would we plead that it was undeserved? No; the conscience of the nation felt that a strain rested upon it".
Baring – who deeply disliked Gordon – wrote that because of the "national hysteria" caused by Gordon's death, saying anything critical about him at present would be equal to questioning Christianity. Stones were thrown at the windows at 10 Downing Street as Gladstone was denounced as the "Murderer of Gordon", the Judas figure who betrayed the Christ-like figure of Gordon. The wave of mourning was not just confined to Britain. In New York, Paris and Berlin, pictures of Gordon appeared in shop windows with black lining as all over the West the fallen general was seen as a Christ-like man who sacrificed himself resisting the advance of Islam.
Despite the popular demand to "avenge Gordon", the Conservative government that came into office after the 1885 election did nothing of the sort. The Sudan was judged to be not worth the huge financial costs it would have taken to conquer it, the same conclusion that the Liberals had reached. After Khartoum, the Mahdi established his Islamic state which restored slavery and imposed a very harsh rule that according to one estimate caused the deaths of 8 million people between 1885 and 1898. In 1887, the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition under Henry Morton Stanley set out to rescue Dr. Emin Pasha, still holding out in Equatoria against the Ansar. Many have seen the attempt to save Emin Pasha, a German doctor-biologist-botanist who had converted from Judaism first to Lutheranism and then (possibly) to Islam, and who had not been particularly famous in Europe until then, as a consolation prize for Gordon.
Egypt had been in the French sphere of influence until 1882 when the British had established control over Egypt. In March 1896 a French force under the command of Jean-Baptiste Marchand left Dakar with the intention of marching across the Sahara with the aim of destroying the Mahdiyah state. The French hoped that conquering the Sudan would allow them to lever the British out of Egypt, and thus restore Egypt to the French sphere of influence.
To block the French, a British force under Herbert Kitchener was sent to conquer the Mahdiyah state and defeated the Ansar at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898. It was thus their rivalry with the French, not a desire to "avenge Gordon" that led the British government to annex the Mahdiyah state in 1898. However the British public and Kitchener himself saw the expedition as one to "avenge Gordon". As the Mahdi was long dead, Kitchener had to content himself with blowing up the Mahdi's tomb as revenge for Gordon's death. After the Battle of Omdurman, Kitchener opened a letter from the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, and for the first time learned the real purpose of the expedition had been to keep the French out of the Sudan and that "avenging Gordon" was merely a pretext.
Memorials
News of Gordon's death caused an outpouring of public grief across Britain. A memorial service, conducted by the Bishop of Newcastle, was held at St. Paul's Cathedral on 14 March. The Lord Mayor of London opened a public subscription to raise funds for a permanent memorial to Gordon; this eventually materialised as the Gordon Boys Home, now Gordon's School, in West End, Woking.
Statues were erected in Trafalgar Square, London, in Chatham, Gravesend, Melbourne (Australia), and Khartoum. Southampton, where Gordon had stayed with his sister, Augusta, in Rockstone Place before his departure to the Sudan, erected a memorial in Porter's Mead, now Queen's Park, near the town's docks. On 16 October 1885, the structure was unveiled; it comprises a stone base on which there are four polished red Aberdeen granite columns, about twenty feet high. The columns are surmounted by carved capitals supporting a cross. The pedestal bears the arms of the Gordon clan and of the borough of Southampton, and also Gordon's name in Chinese. Around the base is an inscription referring to Gordon as a soldier, philanthropist and administrator and mentions those parts of the world in which he served, closing with a quotation from his last letter to his sisters: "I am quite happy, thank God! and, like Lawrence, I have tried to do my duty." The memorial is a Grade II listed building.
Gordon's memory, as well as his work in supervising the town's riverside fortifications, is commemorated in Gravesend; the embankment of the Riverside Leisure Area is known as the Gordon Promenade, while Khartoum Place lies just to the south. Located in the town centre of his birthplace of Woolwich is General Gordon Square, formerly known as General Gordon Place until a major urban landscaped area was developed and the road name changed. In addition, one of the first Woolwich Free Ferry vessels was named Gordon in his memory.
In 1886 the Western Hospital for Fistula, Piles and other Diseases of the Rectum, at 278 Vauxhall Bridge Road and backing onto Vincent Square London, was renamed in honour of Gordon. It underwent a series of name changes until 1941 when it moved to its current location in Bloomburg Street, Westminster, as The Gordon Hospital. Shut for the closing years of World War II, it reopened in 1947 under the same name, but serving as a psychiatric unit operated by the Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust.
In 1888 a statue of General Gordon by Hamo Thornycroft was erected in Trafalgar Square, London, exactly halfway between the two fountains. It was removed in 1943. In a House of Commons speech on 5 May 1948, then opposition leader Winston Churchill spoke out in favour of the statue's return to its original location: "Is the right honorable Gentleman [the Minister of Works] aware that General Gordon was not only a military commander, who gave his life for his country, but, in addition, was considered very widely throughout this country as a model of a Christian hero, and that very many cherished ideals are associated with his name? Would not the right honorable Gentleman consider whether this statue [...] might not receive special consideration [...]? General Gordon was a figure outside and above the ranks of military and naval commanders." However, in 1953 the statue minus a large slice of its pedestal was reinstalled on the Victoria Embankment, in front of the newly built Ministry of Defence main buildings.
An identical statue by Thornycroft—but with the pedestal intact—is located in a small park called Gordon Reserve, near Parliament House in Melbourne, Australia.
The Corps of Royal Engineers, Gordon's own Corps, commissioned a statue of Gordon on a camel. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1890 and then erected in Brompton Barracks, Chatham, the home of the Royal School of Military Engineering, where it still stands. Much later a second casting was made. In 1902 it was placed at the junction of St Martin's Lane and Charing Cross Road in London. In 1904 it was moved to Khartoum, where it stood at the intersection of Gordon Avenue and Victoria Avenue, 200 metres south of the new palace that had been built in 1899. It was removed in 1958, shortly after the Sudan became independent. This is the figure which, since April 1959, stands at the Gordon's School in Woking.
Gordon's Tomb, which was carved by Frederick William Pomeroy, lies in St Paul's Cathedral, London.
The Church Missionary Society (CMS) work in Sudan was undertaken under the name of the Gordon Memorial Mission. This was a very evangelical branch of CMS and was able to start work in Sudan in 1900 as soon as the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium took control after the fall of Khartoum in 1899. In 1885 at a meeting in London, £3,000 were allocated to a Gordon Memorial Mission in Sudan.
In the Presidential Palace in Khartoum (built in 1899), in the west wing on the ground floor, there was, at least until 1936, a stone slab against the wall on the left side of the main corridor when coming from the main entrance with the text: "Charles George Gordon died—26 Jan 1885", on the spot where Gordon was killed, at the foot of the stairs in the old Governor-General's Palace (built around 1850).
Media portrayals and legacy
Charlton Heston played Gordon in the 1966 epic film Khartoum, which deals with the siege of Khartoum. Laurence Olivier played Muhammad Ahmad. The British historian Alex von Tunzelmann criticised the film for portraying Gordon and the Mahdi regularly meeting and as frères ennemis, though she added that it is true that Gordon and the Mahdi did exchange letters.
For the six months after the British public learned of Gordon's death, newspapers and journals published hundreds of articles celebrating Gordon as a "saint". The American historian Cynthia Behrman wrote the articles all commented upon "...Gordon's religious faith, his skill with native peoples, his fearlessness in the face of danger (a recurrent motif is Gordon's habit of leading his troops into battle armed with no more than a rattan cane), his honor, his resourcefulness, his graciousness to subordinates, his impatience with cant and hypocrisy, his hatred of glory and honors, his dislike of lionization and social rewards, and on and on. One begins to wonder whether the man had any faults at all". "The reading public wanted heroes, it wanted to read about one lone Englishmen sacrificing himself for glory, honour, God, and the Empire."
Such was the popularity of Gordon that the first critical book by a British author was not published until 1908, when Baring – by this time raised to the peerage as Viscount Cromer – published his autobiography, which was notable as the first British book to portray Gordon in an unflattering manner, though Lord Cromer also tried to be fair and emphasised what he felt were Gordon's positive, as well as his negative, traits. About the charge that if only Gladstone had listened to Gordon the disaster would have been avoided, Cromer wrote that in the course of one month, he received five telegrams from Gordon offering his advice, each one of which completely contradicted the previous telegram, leading Cromer to charge that Gordon was too mercurial a figure to hold command.
As a young man, Winston Churchill shared in the national consensus that Gordon was one of Britain's greatest heroes. During a meeting in 1898 in Cairo where Churchill interviewed Baring to gather material for his 1899 book The River War, Baring challenged Churchill about his belief that Gordon was a hero. After his conversation with Baring, Churchill wrote: "Of course there is no doubt that Gordon as a political figure was absolutely hopeless. He was so erratic, capricious, utterly unreliable, his mood changed so often, his temper was abominable, he was frequently drunk, and yet with all that he had a tremendous sense of honour and great abilities".
Many biographies have been written of Gordon, most of them highly hagiographic, such as the one by William Butler. The British sinologist Demetrius Charles Boulger published a biography of Gordon in 1896 which depicted him as a staunch patriot and a Christian of immense virtue who displayed superhuman courage in the face of danger. By contrast, Gordon is one of the four subjects discussed critically in Eminent Victorians by Lytton Strachey, one of the first texts about Gordon that portrays some of his characteristics which Strachey regards as weaknesses. Notably, Strachey emphasises the claims of Charles Chaillé-Long that Gordon was an alcoholic, an accusation dismissed by later writers like Alan Moorehead and Charles Chenevix Trench.
Strachey, a member of the Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals, depicted Gordon as a ludicrous figure, a bad-tempered, deranged egomaniac with a nasty habit of knocking out Arabs whenever he was unhappy, and who led himself into disaster. Even more devastatingly, Strachey depicted Gordon as a monumental hypocrite, noting the contrast between Gordon's lofty Christian ideas of love, compassion, charity, grace and hope vs. a career full of hate, war, carnage, death and destruction. Strachey ended his essay on Gordon on a cynical note: "At any rate, it all ended very happily-in a glorious slaughter of twenty thousand Arabs, a vast addition to the British Empire and a step in the Peerage for Sir Evelyn Baring".
Long after his death and despite the popularity of Strachey's essay in Eminent Victorians, the appeal of the Gordon legend lived on. As late as 1933, the French historian Pierre Crabitès wrote in his book Gordon, le Soudan et l'esclavage (Gordon, the Sudan and Slavery) that as a Frenchman the Gordon legend had meant nothing to him when he began researching his book, but after examining all of the historical evidence, he could not help but admire Gordon who "died as he lived, a Christian, a gentleman and a soldier".
In the 20th century, many British military leaders came to have a critical view of Gordon with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery writing that Gordon was "unfit for independent command, mentally unbalanced, a fanatic, self-imposed martyr", adding that he should never been sent to the Sudan and the Gladstone-Gordon relationship was a case study in dysfunctional civil-military relations. In 1953, the British novelist Charles Beatty published a Gordon biography His Country was the World, A Study of Gordon of Khartoum, which focused on Gordon's religious faith, but for the first time noted what a tormented figure Gordon was; a man of deeply felt Christian convictions, full of guilt and self-loathing over his own sinfulness and inability to live up to his own impossibly high standards over what a Christian should be and desperately longing to do something to expiate his sinfulness. Like Strachey, Beatty found Gordon a ridiculous figure, but unlike Strachey who had nothing but contempt for Gordon, Beatty's approach was a compassionate one, arguing that Gordon's many acts of charity and self-sacrifice were attempts to love others since he was unable to love himself.
Another attempt to debunk Gordon was Anthony Nutting's Gordon, Martyr & Misfit (1966). Nutting's book was noteworthy as the first book to argue that Gordon had a death wish. Nutting noted that Gordon had often recklessly exposed himself to Russian fire while fighting in the Crimea and stated he hoped to die in battle against the Russians before leaving for the Crimea. On the basis of such statements and actions, Nutting argued that Gordon's suicidal courage of going into battle armed only with his rattan cane, which so impressed the Victorian public, reflected darker desires. Nutting made the controversial claim that the basis of Gordon's death wish was that he was gay, noting that Gordon never married, is not known to had a relationship with any women, and often wished that he been born a eunuch, which strongly suggested that Gordon wished to have no sexual desires at all.
Nutting contended that the conflict between Gordon's devoutly held Christian ideals and his sexuality made Gordon deeply ashamed of himself and he attempted to expiate his wretched, sinful nature by seeking a glorious death in battle. Behrman wrote that the first part of Nutting's thesis, that Gordon had a death wish is generally accepted by historians, but the second part, that Gordon was a homosexual is still the subject of much debate. In his Mission to Khartum—The Apotheosis of General Gordon (1969) John Marlowe portrays Gordon as "a colourful eccentric—a soldier of fortune, a skilled guerrilla leader, a religious crank, a minor philanthropist, a gadfly buzzing about on the outskirts of public life" who would have been no more than a footnote in today's history books, had it not been for "his mission to Khartoum and the manner of his death", which were elevated by the media "into a kind of contemporary Passion Play".
More balanced biographies are Charley Gordon—An Eminent Victorian Reassessed (1978) by Charles Chenevix Trench and Gordon—the Man Behind the Legend (1993) by John Pollock. Mark Urban argued that Gordon's final stand was "significant" because it was "...a perversion of the democratic process" as he "managed to subvert government policy", making the beginning of a new era where decision-makers had to consider the power of media. In Khartoum—The Ultimate Imperial Adventure (2005), Michael Asher puts Gordon's works in the Sudan in a broad context. Asher concludes: "He did not save the country from invasion or disaster, but among the British heroes of all ages, there is perhaps no other who stands out so prominently as an individualist, a man ready to die for his principles. Here was one man among men who did not do what he was told, but what he believed to be right. In a world moving inexorably towards conformity, it would be well to remember Gordon of Khartoum."
Gordon also left a legacy in China and Sudan as well, two nations where he spent large parts of his career in. His legacy in China has also been influenced by subsequent political developments, as the Qing dynasty was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution and replaced by a republic; this eventually led to the Warlord Era and the Chinese Civil War which saw the communists to defeat the nationalists and establish control over China. Due to many aspects of the Taiping ideology resembling Chinese communism, the Taipings are treated sympathetically by Chinese historians who portrayed as them as prototypical communists with Hong Xiuquan being depicted as anticipating Mao. As such, Gordon's role in suppressing the rebellion has led his reputation to suffer in China, in addition to his role a general in service of the Manchu-dominated Qing government, which systematically oppressed the Han Chinese majority.
No monuments to Gordon exist in China today, though the British journalist Rob Stallard noted that the modest Gordon would have no doubt wanted it that way. Stallard, in a 2008 article argued Chinese historiography has largely neglected Gordon, which Stallard felt was undeserved. In the article, Stallard pointed to the egalitarianistic attitudes displayed by Gordon towards the Chinese, and arguing that if Chinese historians gave a closer attention to the activities of Gordon in China, it would improve Anglo-Chinese relations. In Sudan, Sudanese historians have traditionally focused on the Mahdi and his rebellion, with Gordon only being relevant as the enemy general during the Siege of Khartoum, and his abolitionist work largely ignored.
See also
Battle of Omdurman
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Original Letters Written by Charles Gordon from the Near East Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Chinese Gordon on the Soudan Gordon's famous interview to the Pall Mall Gazette, 1884
Gordon's tactics: an alternative view analysis of Gordon's war strategy by Gary Brecher (the War Nerd)
The Journals of Major-Gen. C. G. Gordon, C.B., at Kartoum Project Gutenberg
Material on Major-General Charles Gordon held at Churchill Archives Centre
1833 births
1885 deaths
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British Army personnel of the Second Opium War
British expatriates in China
British military personnel killed in the Mahdist War
British people of the Mahdist War
British Protestant missionaries
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Deaths by decapitation
Egyptian colonels
English evangelicals
English people of Scottish descent
Charles George
Pashas
People from Woolwich
British military personnel of the Taiping Rebellion
Qing dynasty tidus
Military personnel from London
Royal Engineers officers
Mount Ararat
|
[
0.0133946118876338,
0.6234520673751831,
-0.7162531614303589,
-0.30055952072143555,
-0.21313779056072235,
0.6866856813430786,
0.8442955017089844,
-0.23800668120384216,
0.011673783883452415,
-0.26557543873786926,
-0.8131622672080994,
-0.3356896638870239,
-0.45087167620658875,
0.5620309114456177,
0.4030918776988983,
0.4309041202068329,
0.20026282966136932,
-0.14343921840190887,
-0.699501633644104,
0.47134479880332947,
-0.2737574279308319,
0.06290586292743683,
0.056235745549201965,
0.21239998936653137,
0.09016993641853333,
-0.2575293481349945,
0.8355492353439331,
0.06502361595630646,
-0.013951188884675503,
-0.5551740527153015,
-0.13873626291751862,
-0.2333628088235855,
0.22593747079372406,
-0.13566726446151733,
-0.9222709536552429,
-0.14472411572933197,
-0.8059871792793274,
-0.3689787983894348,
-0.08789066970348358,
-0.33486881852149963,
-0.6699163913726807,
0.040022388100624084,
0.3188759684562683,
0.0775509625673294,
-0.16211770474910736,
-0.8164989352226257,
-1.2899385690689087,
0.19553720951080322,
-0.2352241426706314,
-0.1734960526227951,
0.3191176652908325,
0.3880666494369507,
0.5236186981201172,
-0.793437659740448,
0.01215741503983736,
0.23400592803955078,
-0.7779203057289124,
-0.3177529275417328,
-0.047170184552669525,
-0.7001155614852905,
0.7750155329704285,
0.3618985414505005,
0.5388111472129822,
-0.07192439585924149,
0.2234981209039688,
0.09421604871749878,
-0.43508630990982056,
0.7063313126564026,
0.0836014598608017,
-0.27852246165275574,
0.04731249436736107,
0.32871586084365845,
0.35134318470954895,
0.5341933965682983,
-0.18903352320194244,
-0.2619228661060333,
0.11655257642269135,
0.3039953410625458,
0.1027592271566391,
0.35650432109832764,
-0.2994173765182495,
-0.6126324534416199,
0.37285512685775757,
-0.1248093917965889,
-0.29642942547798157,
-0.07427384704351425,
-0.15492591261863708,
0.5215575098991394,
-0.03625835105776787,
-0.15920187532901764,
0.07511314749717712,
0.25403425097465515,
0.7019052505493164,
-0.2341507524251938,
-0.2826758921146393,
-0.3291681706905365,
0.0031044906936585903,
0.0849342867732048,
-0.44107839465141296,
-0.49031153321266174,
-0.17819227278232574,
0.108601875603199,
-0.15556606650352478,
0.35742658376693726,
-0.5972963571548462,
0.42473915219306946,
-0.13619057834148407,
0.06737083941698074,
-0.30704644322395325,
0.1330670267343521,
-0.7228349447250366,
0.020658385008573532,
-0.04620284214615822,
-0.4919807016849518,
0.21533328294754028,
-0.12281640619039536,
0.26593923568725586,
-0.5318735241889954,
-0.7788950800895691,
-0.5258573293685913,
-0.19549524784088135,
0.2859404981136322,
-0.007743713911622763,
-0.013578866608440876,
-0.06877247244119644,
-0.6603458523750305,
0.17357276380062103,
-0.12451064586639404,
-0.5930923819541931,
0.8754701018333435,
0.4836542010307312,
0.927883505821228,
-0.2249869704246521,
0.036041587591171265,
-0.5379288792610168,
-0.411090612411499,
-0.27699944376945496,
0.3655132055282593,
-0.41862210631370544,
-0.47536003589630127,
-0.6819728016853333,
0.41819408535957336,
-0.5410026907920837,
0.588672935962677,
0.026005003601312637,
0.1786699742078781,
-0.2202954888343811,
-0.3148867189884186,
-0.167514830827713,
-0.47329920530319214,
-0.35937848687171936,
-0.23830881714820862,
-0.22926065325737,
-0.15385569632053375,
-0.26142656803131104,
0.7435933947563171,
0.46966856718063354,
-0.15355950593948364,
0.5088374018669128,
0.07592523097991943,
-0.02723836526274681,
-0.02753717638552189,
-0.1420259326696396,
0.0280489269644022,
0.4334099590778351,
0.042306702584028244,
0.38165292143821716,
0.11488350480794907,
-0.16058459877967834,
0.03172320872545242,
-0.23486854135990143,
0.21567463874816895,
0.45594093203544617,
0.0917985662817955,
-0.4151749610900879,
0.9195247292518616,
0.33979344367980957,
0.22202737629413605,
0.4813893437385559,
-0.5849737524986267,
-0.6352449059486389,
-0.043134886771440506,
0.18945714831352234,
-0.11869273334741592,
1.0049045085906982,
0.20328380167484283,
0.5243435502052307,
-0.37366437911987305,
0.6256400346755981,
-0.254014790058136,
-0.441217303276062,
-0.5828461647033691,
-0.3451146185398102,
-0.012433605268597603,
0.6050561666488647,
0.26852115988731384,
-0.5772637128829956,
0.3011314272880554,
0.5829582214355469,
0.5996695756912231,
0.1739802360534668,
0.22381067276000977,
-0.0478421226143837,
-0.18582674860954285,
-0.02333763614296913,
0.5955429673194885,
0.43356654047966003,
0.511715292930603,
0.23862722516059875,
0.835679292678833,
0.5468395948410034,
-0.6113901734352112,
0.28123554587364197,
-0.3506636917591095,
0.18324552476406097,
-0.5022505521774292,
-0.2456933706998825,
-0.5551252961158752,
0.13809388875961304,
-0.2956337332725525,
0.6510500311851501,
0.03468415513634682,
-0.4252415597438812,
1.0258827209472656,
-0.14466716349124908,
0.2271939069032669,
0.12968634068965912,
0.04732851684093475,
-0.3627980947494507,
-0.6448962092399597,
-0.4865195155143738,
-0.046200573444366455,
0.4114897847175598,
-0.009051226079463959,
0.015289999544620514,
0.06739301234483719,
-0.3287007510662079,
-0.05463366582989693,
-0.05474172905087471,
-0.1397063434123993,
0.16336816549301147,
0.17362302541732788,
-0.08219579607248306,
0.023212529718875885,
0.2671932578086853,
0.6101927757263184,
-0.1724541187286377,
-0.07290434837341309,
-0.05272138491272926,
-0.029942825436592102,
0.3339281976222992,
0.3553394377231598,
0.592685341835022,
0.35645464062690735,
0.3570069670677185,
-0.6183472275733948,
0.3551524877548218,
-0.04138334468007088,
0.4258004426956177,
0.4336140751838684,
0.3679445683956146,
0.8406572341918945,
-0.2810010313987732,
0.4358753561973572,
0.5205537676811218,
0.5650723576545715,
0.25792762637138367,
-0.058154236525297165,
0.3726400136947632,
0.17206346988677979,
0.5224493145942688,
-0.4278966188430786,
-0.4380863308906555,
0.18443353474140167,
0.40565112233161926,
-0.33448299765586853,
-0.022870732471346855,
0.19868867099285126,
-0.1954680234193802,
-1.0900834798812866,
0.18146565556526184,
0.4992787837982178,
-0.021928438916802406,
-0.2730606198310852,
0.06140504032373428,
-0.5582410097122192,
-0.43810102343559265,
0.4966338574886322,
0.6001412868499756,
-0.19898439943790436,
-0.38304466009140015,
0.4747883677482605,
-0.12498614192008972,
0.14017647504806519,
-0.2184886336326599,
-0.05964163690805435,
-0.7219076752662659,
-0.45585402846336365,
0.24071846902370453,
-0.11262677609920502,
-0.9974658489227295,
-0.027302265167236328,
0.19444139301776886,
0.056777745485305786,
0.39994046092033386,
0.21968397498130798,
0.10315318405628204,
0.1447882205247879,
-5.606414794921875,
-0.17203417420387268,
0.0020380604546517134,
0.13722066581249237,
-0.3214339017868042,
0.4402214288711548,
-0.12110190838575363,
-0.07397717982530594,
-0.11361923068761826,
-0.26948821544647217,
0.09976178407669067,
0.09944790601730347,
0.08366122841835022,
-0.12871499359607697,
0.8080487847328186,
0.4768686294555664,
0.6028268933296204,
0.7256261706352234,
0.21319346129894257,
0.826598584651947,
-0.008746006526052952,
0.18629677593708038,
0.10494674742221832,
0.22248436510562897,
0.4494398534297943,
0.6297221779823303,
-0.13808706402778625,
0.5016049742698669,
-1.0024983882904053,
-0.5265103578567505,
0.10012641549110413,
0.09174301475286484,
-0.03827273100614548,
0.20817844569683075,
-0.3901647627353668,
-0.22673936188220978,
0.3002665042877197,
0.5840084552764893,
0.12288495898246765,
0.09392119199037552,
-0.03454958647489548,
-0.4418591558933258,
-0.7668149471282959,
0.28247877955436707,
-0.029263965785503387,
-0.9194973707199097,
-0.7050703763961792,
0.7196831107139587,
-0.21235871315002441,
0.1962311863899231,
0.06957977265119553,
0.3076862394809723,
-0.4181009829044342,
-0.12203667312860489,
-0.43664464354515076,
0.6355969309806824,
-0.06911657005548477,
0.29492461681365967,
-0.5014568567276001,
0.39905327558517456,
0.7820916771888733,
-0.5164918899536133,
-0.17834250628948212,
0.7286014556884766,
0.21276254951953888,
-0.10211624205112457,
0.20513154566287994,
-0.10548284649848938,
-0.40380048751831055,
0.24150460958480835,
-0.2773377299308777,
0.756666898727417,
0.2900465428829193,
-0.8150473237037659,
-0.14783531427383423,
-0.4131450355052948,
-0.18955953419208527,
0.10091668367385864,
-0.24595575034618378,
-0.12523508071899414,
-0.38382238149642944,
-0.480682373046875,
0.3167697489261627,
0.9404194951057434,
-0.24250635504722595,
-0.7497740387916565,
-0.32003122568130493,
0.5717784762382507,
0.16257695853710175,
-0.2586667239665985,
-0.44142723083496094,
-0.7269628643989563,
0.15509387850761414,
0.3568092882633209,
0.19805769622325897,
-0.13349325954914093,
-0.11495960503816605,
-0.01249188743531704,
0.028383726254105568,
0.08410198986530304,
-0.5006675124168396,
-0.13132789731025696,
-0.48494940996170044,
-0.3324846029281616,
0.18837685883045197,
-0.22666962444782257,
-0.31486737728118896,
0.7516717314720154,
1.0189939737319946,
0.12776727974414825,
0.1111229881644249,
0.7572320103645325,
-0.2667984366416931,
-0.007189525756984949,
0.4917912781238556,
0.022259902209043503,
0.39272940158843994,
-0.06578875333070755,
0.9204062223434448,
0.5031822919845581,
-0.46768006682395935,
0.33271124958992004,
-0.012717287056148052,
0.09335977584123611,
0.2947123050689697,
0.5886237621307373,
0.3792371153831482,
-0.5182662606239319,
-0.3899368643760681,
-0.13079334795475006,
0.46294888854026794,
0.3760407269001007,
-0.359241247177124,
0.2872457504272461,
-0.08686354011297226,
-0.6793709993362427,
-0.43879464268684387,
-0.5227259993553162,
-0.21043197810649872,
-0.06121435761451721,
-0.5756458640098572,
-0.12738411128520966,
-0.051238588988780975,
0.6684776544570923,
-0.027297398075461388,
-0.09207820147275925,
-0.03638995811343193,
-0.07529551535844803,
0.54829341173172,
0.5545780658721924,
-0.5459957718849182,
-0.35180649161338806,
0.6792714595794678,
-0.12976926565170288,
-0.423103004693985,
-0.19740553200244904,
-0.5872436761856079,
0.28705456852912903,
-0.08463703095912933,
-0.23652750253677368,
-0.21708489954471588,
-0.26826250553131104,
-0.853925883769989,
-0.2569679915904999,
-0.050990112125873566,
0.197557270526886,
-0.26346123218536377,
-0.4297851026058197,
0.21893301606178284,
0.5019401907920837,
0.41414523124694824,
-0.5198727250099182,
-0.5206013321876526,
-0.5927258133888245,
-0.09801662713289261,
-0.06628917157649994,
-0.09637057036161423,
0.01866289973258972,
-0.2891217768192291,
0.02085026539862156,
-0.1768370121717453,
0.04176199808716774,
-0.3630372881889343,
0.4706486165523529,
0.6416187286376953,
0.2020397037267685,
-0.8142567873001099,
-0.5058524012565613,
0.06543656438589096,
-0.1879245936870575,
-0.5833504796028137,
-0.4261263608932495,
0.15119637548923492,
0.7506752014160156,
-0.2288520187139511,
0.051592014729976654,
0.05497729778289795,
0.05553997680544853,
-0.013390043750405312,
-0.09804710745811462,
0.0762389600276947,
0.04294764995574951,
-0.21132251620292664,
-0.35889720916748047,
0.03728676587343216,
-0.4957980513572693,
0.09866161644458771,
-0.4722607731819153,
0.08843104541301727,
1.1963295936584473,
-0.13370797038078308,
-0.587848961353302,
-0.38807687163352966,
0.276324599981308,
-0.45816487073898315,
0.0031830649822950363,
0.01600298099219799,
-0.1326807588338852,
-0.029061639681458473,
-0.49505507946014404,
-0.8216736912727356,
-0.3552381992340088,
-0.39115986227989197,
-0.1978265345096588,
-0.11839165538549423,
-0.14105403423309326,
0.35137873888015747,
0.04420262575149536,
0.3440253436565399,
0.24420855939388275,
-0.11789792031049728,
-0.0805283710360527,
0.11147857457399368,
0.40646469593048096,
-0.246437206864357,
0.3798397481441498,
0.6304236650466919,
-0.002532216487452388,
-0.5020976066589355,
0.1081174984574318,
-0.10585904866456985,
0.7950467467308044,
0.6654844880104065,
-0.41776901483535767,
0.2694834768772125,
0.034465011209249496,
0.11979063600301743,
-0.45538264513015747,
-0.0958983451128006,
0.2795918881893158,
0.771493673324585,
-0.17488691210746765,
-0.7621320486068726,
-0.6051437854766846,
0.3100758194923401,
-0.5148183107376099,
0.17674462497234344,
-0.1809426099061966,
0.10113104432821274,
0.35436922311782837,
0.32936757802963257,
0.5841065049171448,
0.33705654740333557,
0.09907117486000061,
0.11147578060626984,
-0.08503194898366928,
-0.10139897465705872,
-0.25663506984710693,
0.13379867374897003,
-0.5528188347816467,
-0.5160893201828003,
-0.6688951849937439,
0.2204325795173645,
0.7653256058692932,
-0.1827152818441391,
0.012026063166558743,
0.1271786093711853,
-0.4607814848423004,
0.18114228546619415,
-0.09072291105985641,
-1.0093144178390503,
-0.4399541914463043,
0.47165432572364807,
-0.578580379486084,
0.06360787153244019,
-1.0437742471694946,
-0.26840224862098694,
0.31233370304107666,
0.02006903477013111,
0.07319377362728119,
-0.6774993538856506,
-0.3547132909297943,
-0.19573815166950226,
0.04815811663866043,
-0.5423710942268372,
0.09031009674072266,
-0.680978536605835,
0.8807876706123352,
-0.08169660717248917,
-0.5555336475372314,
-0.2792350649833679,
1.1996012926101685,
0.6132070422172546,
0.019915539771318436,
0.3558168113231659,
0.36378875374794006,
0.06248088926076889,
-0.1504369080066681,
-0.27166005969047546,
-0.25291240215301514,
-0.07968045026063919,
-0.1498669683933258,
0.17274746298789978,
0.007103448733687401,
-0.48025986552238464,
-0.4410238564014435,
0.16435325145721436,
-0.3574696183204651,
0.25262850522994995,
-0.0834609642624855,
-0.32703059911727905,
0.11922468990087509,
-0.05535907670855522,
-0.10762185603380203,
-0.1780131757259369,
0.05292204022407532,
-0.2636123299598694,
-0.18501070141792297,
0.3821224570274353,
0.315074622631073,
-0.175014927983284,
0.12605226039886475,
-0.30386582016944885,
0.27552586793899536,
-0.1962163895368576,
-0.0026026724372059107,
0.448579341173172,
-0.27052000164985657,
0.7201550006866455,
0.38309773802757263,
-0.2901153862476349,
0.8779775500297546,
-0.20144249498844147,
0.19389890134334564,
0.3238734304904938,
0.7218030691146851,
0.17998142540454865,
0.11390227824449539,
-0.03128327801823616,
0.28274300694465637,
0.3486340343952179,
0.07328810542821884,
0.42588815093040466,
-0.39459946751594543,
-0.06789443641901016,
0.4125405550003052,
0.4529057443141937,
-0.3695506155490875,
-0.021237805485725403,
0.2644725739955902,
0.35295870900154114,
-0.188363179564476,
0.34457239508628845,
-0.03423810750246048,
0.2779941260814667,
0.13243944942951202,
0.4280896782875061,
-0.9793792963027954,
0.3788484036922455,
0.4669543504714966,
0.3599467873573303,
-0.011153205297887325,
0.001704325550235808,
-0.09788654744625092,
0.7234424948692322,
0.18220217525959015,
0.45810726284980774,
0.8214837908744812,
-0.099795863032341,
0.35608384013175964,
-0.2538553476333618,
0.18944068253040314,
0.4954530894756317,
-0.6274831891059875,
0.1530883014202118,
-0.23155581951141357,
-0.5491854548454285,
0.3295929431915283,
-0.5703102946281433,
-0.4786061942577362,
0.42118898034095764,
-0.766167938709259,
-0.5539733171463013,
0.01593962125480175,
-0.13357792794704437,
-0.14602269232273102,
-0.23631717264652252,
0.6470906734466553,
0.5383201241493225,
-0.6315292119979858,
-0.368393212556839,
-0.03439177945256233,
0.13392631709575653,
0.04761567339301109,
-0.26128101348876953,
0.7306293845176697,
0.0004117326461710036,
-0.15029899775981903,
-1.1350106000900269,
0.3923054039478302,
-0.2299453318119049,
0.14148305356502533,
-0.3633338510990143,
0.6538496613502502,
-0.4472905099391937,
0.35381221771240234,
0.25693389773368835,
-0.5184547305107117,
-0.18532392382621765,
-0.3067767024040222,
0.22253619134426117,
-0.3573804795742035,
-0.2950924336910248,
-0.2259603589773178,
-0.14674624800682068,
0.0033380261156708,
0.37975260615348816,
0.1800752729177475,
-0.5320428609848022,
0.751952052116394,
-0.3222474753856659,
-0.4073711037635803,
-0.7431584000587463,
-0.4069922864437103,
-0.214751735329628,
-0.14131274819374084,
0.8499073386192322,
0.7236097455024719,
-0.17786701023578644,
-0.41826117038726807,
0.3771665096282959,
-0.04080168902873993,
0.18009190261363983,
0.2201019823551178,
0.2696658670902252,
0.3882642984390259,
-0.31583917140960693,
-0.23852065205574036,
-0.00895003229379654,
0.5683785676956177,
0.30831873416900635,
0.1353166699409485,
0.3518284857273102,
-0.8525866270065308,
0.8470153212547302,
0.1769312620162964,
-0.5090765357017517,
-0.2923237681388855,
0.2393619269132614,
0.02322947047650814
] |
210972
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Melbourne%20Football%20Club
|
South Melbourne Football Club
|
South Melbourne Football Club can refer to:
Sydney Swans, an Australian rules football club known as the South Melbourne Football Club until 1982
South Melbourne FC, a soccer club formerly known as South Melbourne SC, Hellas Hakoah and South Melbourne Hellas
|
[
-0.167342871427536,
-0.35270971059799194,
-0.2619384825229645,
-0.09615770727396011,
-0.8095502853393555,
0.6320456266403198,
0.35023561120033264,
-0.11023367196321487,
-0.993699848651886,
-0.27867817878723145,
0.061951737850904465,
-0.12738581001758575,
-0.43721675872802734,
0.5642817616462708,
0.6214522123336792,
0.8646359443664551,
0.6121317148208618,
0.6405903697013855,
0.5989665389060974,
-0.34697216749191284,
-0.17772921919822693,
0.17365795373916626,
0.5967003107070923,
-0.07736356556415558,
0.4441775679588318,
-0.3535585105419159,
0.5018226504325867,
0.3062793016433716,
0.19233305752277374,
0.23815158009529114,
0.16165484488010406,
0.2278258502483368,
-0.04687514901161194,
-0.2722478210926056,
-0.26289263367652893,
-0.7095369100570679,
0.42202550172805786,
0.33912745118141174,
-0.3811519145965576,
-0.46768227219581604,
-0.557219386100769,
-0.12542404234409332,
-0.07965821772813797,
-0.07447711378335953,
0.4087558388710022,
-0.6573696732521057,
-0.9009832143783569,
-0.1481020301580429,
-0.5108331441879272,
-0.012083941139280796,
-0.2533710300922394,
0.1666647493839264,
0.05354592576622963,
-0.057250138372182846,
0.10014025866985321,
0.2865704596042633,
-0.7536273002624512,
0.34056317806243896,
-0.06580056250095367,
-0.7666541337966919,
0.09292235225439072,
0.5467349290847778,
0.05789957568049431,
0.26094159483909607,
0.25575509667396545,
0.36516496539115906,
0.1738704890012741,
0.5071156620979309,
-0.1642295867204666,
0.10939745604991913,
0.2543904483318329,
-0.1857832670211792,
-0.35619059205055237,
-0.2687046527862549,
-0.05510995164513588,
-0.43593043088912964,
-0.19265921413898468,
0.4980529844760895,
0.250161349773407,
0.3170533776283264,
0.23345451056957245,
-0.18435780704021454,
0.1547165811061859,
0.33625584840774536,
0.30158257484436035,
-0.03255961835384369,
-0.5240519046783447,
-0.4570598900318146,
0.14158448576927185,
0.4711224138736725,
-0.1973726898431778,
-0.25916051864624023,
0.6715645790100098,
-0.12695743143558502,
-0.27788448333740234,
-0.7457818984985352,
-0.027301164343953133,
0.7008694410324097,
-0.3886442482471466,
-0.06729959696531296,
-0.5854678750038147,
-0.41463372111320496,
-0.3942336440086365,
-0.043854910880327225,
-0.4116498529911041,
-0.1690356284379959,
-0.13428083062171936,
-0.046132348477840424,
-0.7546557188034058,
-0.004901407286524773,
-0.7280933856964111,
-0.38760238885879517,
0.3273364007472992,
-0.30724185705184937,
-0.2730063199996948,
-0.32084545493125916,
0.3467165529727936,
-0.47179079055786133,
0.012210069224238396,
0.17106717824935913,
0.40674155950546265,
0.3823345899581909,
-0.3906545042991638,
0.46028465032577515,
-0.46868473291397095,
0.3283444046974182,
0.9725303649902344,
0.17748895287513733,
0.05959121137857437,
-0.06366173923015594,
-0.1888430416584015,
1.1916265487670898,
-0.05690111592411995,
0.33853879570961,
-0.42175960540771484,
-0.10731938481330872,
-0.3040761649608612,
0.3533448278903961,
0.1361677348613739,
0.02638436295092106,
-0.6829289197921753,
-0.1214543879032135,
-0.47729596495628357,
-0.628223180770874,
-0.1528690606355667,
-0.2300078272819519,
-0.2743073105812073,
-0.2692374885082245,
-0.2559967637062073,
-0.597518265247345,
0.05473744869232178,
-0.1623232364654541,
-0.39886584877967834,
-0.02358771115541458,
-0.18398217856884003,
0.5641259551048279,
0.48267728090286255,
-0.6836714744567871,
0.3369515538215637,
0.3339148759841919,
-0.20308838784694672,
0.13522420823574066,
0.19723960757255554,
0.31329014897346497,
0.5379675030708313,
-0.3389679491519928,
-0.4625546634197235,
-0.396997332572937,
0.15617156028747559,
-0.009253186173737049,
-0.507752537727356,
-0.3525296449661255,
0.5815902352333069,
-0.09097844362258911,
0.02110479399561882,
-0.6001768708229065,
0.37078243494033813,
0.05805862322449684,
-0.3116719424724579,
-0.42891615629196167,
-0.32769984006881714,
-0.13051512837409973,
-0.6098629236221313,
0.19145932793617249,
0.4228129982948303,
0.3699198365211487,
-0.03971485421061516,
0.3862190544605255,
0.06053795665502548,
-0.19244007766246796,
-0.286216676235199,
-0.935556173324585,
0.35111337900161743,
-0.29185450077056885,
0.9889729022979736,
-0.5090113282203674,
-0.03860130161046982,
0.7500941753387451,
0.2637420892715454,
0.5533377528190613,
0.36626556515693665,
-0.20060710608959198,
-0.2634912431240082,
0.40025293827056885,
-0.694176435470581,
0.24166730046272278,
0.4415421187877655,
0.20717686414718628,
0.09581969678401947,
0.6278992891311646,
-0.31317225098609924,
-0.46891921758651733,
-0.40371763706207275,
-0.6797417402267456,
0.2588329315185547,
-0.09513508528470993,
-0.2567749619483948,
0.1514216512441635,
-0.2467288225889206,
-0.39375534653663635,
0.7708887457847595,
-0.18832515180110931,
0.23129376769065857,
0.09291091561317444,
-0.6497111320495605,
0.45673540234565735,
0.06709912419319153,
-0.15122754871845245,
-0.2808364927768707,
-0.8084123134613037,
0.7773461937904358,
0.3246513903141022,
-0.23790201544761658,
-0.8246893882751465,
0.2573399543762207,
-0.8012661933898926,
0.3622269928455353,
-0.09853078424930573,
-0.05557144060730934,
-0.04503500461578369,
0.38183385133743286,
0.6935047507286072,
-0.38751232624053955,
0.3776538670063019,
-0.31121984124183655,
-0.2522978186607361,
-0.07385314255952835,
-0.0625186637043953,
-0.5280331373214722,
0.39693406224250793,
0.04357694461941719,
-0.08465650677680969,
0.404493123292923,
0.6507800817489624,
0.22772054374217987,
0.47136276960372925,
-0.396168977022171,
-0.42325249314308167,
-0.015900030732154846,
-0.13950540125370026,
-0.04394615814089775,
-0.23199217021465302,
0.1509510725736618,
-0.35461199283599854,
-0.134567990899086,
-0.0015711778542026877,
0.009240356273949146,
-0.5215925574302673,
0.09908595681190491,
0.6917220950126648,
0.07007241994142532,
-0.14658859372138977,
-0.765640139579773,
0.06284555792808533,
-0.47804147005081177,
0.12687493860721588,
-0.04897325113415718,
-0.09984765946865082,
-0.17347417771816254,
-0.2608621418476105,
-0.01186709851026535,
0.5907266736030579,
0.9435152411460876,
-1.0231859683990479,
-0.3106532692909241,
0.4284153878688812,
0.5305120348930359,
0.9171977639198303,
-0.26689010858535767,
-0.01635364070534706,
-0.31544315814971924,
-0.41717007756233215,
-0.43132951855659485,
0.23826012015342712,
-0.28996914625167847,
-0.15382514894008636,
0.045555513352155685,
0.8406158089637756,
0.6395013332366943,
-0.35544994473457336,
-0.5766565203666687,
-0.07569486647844315,
-0.326628178358078,
-0.2983643412590027,
0.3606349229812622,
-0.5558477640151978,
-0.6426854133605957,
-0.29195329546928406,
-5.606204509735107,
-0.049582891166210175,
-0.531004786491394,
-0.3634340763092041,
0.020473212003707886,
-0.07158786803483963,
0.36107704043388367,
-0.33642706274986267,
0.14489512145519257,
0.24509114027023315,
0.06427621096372604,
0.20641982555389404,
0.36988136172294617,
-0.16883569955825806,
0.6125932931900024,
0.2686440050601959,
0.2605934143066406,
-0.15179578959941864,
0.4035925269126892,
-0.35932230949401855,
-0.1994698941707611,
0.48367613554000854,
-0.4949318468570709,
0.635040283203125,
0.8237937092781067,
1.3437788486480713,
-0.254175066947937,
-0.9972037076950073,
-0.3764890432357788,
-0.6898372173309326,
-0.11781623959541321,
-0.13366734981536865,
0.3537732660770416,
0.11885705590248108,
-0.08720377832651138,
-0.3407703638076782,
0.18850700557231903,
-0.1097119003534317,
0.15636354684829712,
-0.4358764588832855,
-0.3582662343978882,
0.2572174072265625,
-0.1983558088541031,
0.001325908349826932,
-0.09545769542455673,
-0.3560282588005066,
-0.5101638436317444,
0.18534107506275177,
-0.4007495045661926,
0.9118043184280396,
0.2043498456478119,
0.43828439712524414,
0.44132745265960693,
0.3964160680770874,
0.12486541271209717,
-0.1706111580133438,
0.7500666379928589,
-0.5079275369644165,
0.0038691682275384665,
0.42608702182769775,
0.4613240659236908,
-0.48336338996887207,
-0.17764392495155334,
0.12965121865272522,
-0.7413458228111267,
-0.13165690004825592,
0.32783642411231995,
0.4899755120277405,
0.16290105879306793,
0.023663053289055824,
-0.08490775525569916,
-0.0347166433930397,
0.23091097176074982,
-1.069756269454956,
0.1369161605834961,
0.19445641338825226,
-0.806038498878479,
0.5534240007400513,
0.7096991539001465,
0.23008859157562256,
-0.36604875326156616,
0.10795168578624725,
-0.22977931797504425,
0.5175266265869141,
0.029819730669260025,
-0.33057543635368347,
-0.26444968581199646,
0.29864701628685,
-0.3966160714626312,
-0.4847945272922516,
0.42136433720588684,
-0.6635931134223938,
0.8094789385795593,
0.42680856585502625,
0.07880531251430511,
1.1467052698135376,
0.1462806612253189,
0.13813400268554688,
0.5474112033843994,
-0.13907620310783386,
0.3009644150733948,
0.31486839056015015,
-0.3275229334831238,
-0.307193785905838,
0.034967727959156036,
-0.08694445341825485,
-0.06405848264694214,
-0.004482870921492577,
0.734510064125061,
-0.2078271508216858,
1.0345237255096436,
-0.5754070281982422,
-0.4680827260017395,
0.24713988602161407,
0.7283113598823547,
-0.3736218512058258,
-0.6230887174606323,
0.2601552903652191,
0.2580861449241638,
0.2505508065223694,
-0.19757767021656036,
-0.10880652815103531,
-0.499317467212677,
0.4199616014957428,
-0.562069833278656,
0.6418894529342651,
-0.047068580985069275,
0.22751560807228088,
-0.47951120138168335,
0.3841848075389862,
0.6083043813705444,
-0.15280519425868988,
0.19094915688037872,
-0.4160248339176178,
-0.009756572544574738,
0.41396912932395935,
-0.5366944074630737,
-0.6445779204368591,
0.48072507977485657,
-0.29447633028030396,
0.3272903859615326,
0.20555968582630157,
-0.07995831966400146,
0.3068903088569641,
-0.1258833110332489,
-0.03145342320203781,
0.35251376032829285,
-0.4517166018486023,
0.14226648211479187,
-0.00542481942102313,
-0.6440240740776062,
-0.6254423260688782,
0.28341227769851685,
-0.5035302639007568,
-0.450173944234848,
-0.5591421127319336,
-0.21379853785037994,
-0.2732737064361572,
-0.027201667428016663,
-0.19774964451789856,
-0.2926541268825531,
-0.37024399638175964,
-1.0402061939239502,
-0.07144049555063248,
0.43453311920166016,
-0.30906942486763,
-0.03860669210553169,
-0.8067042827606201,
-0.10160201787948608,
0.47444406151771545,
-0.06956999003887177,
-0.34829890727996826,
-0.05777221918106079,
0.013030405156314373,
-0.000997778377495706,
0.1732637733221054,
-0.1953001618385315,
-0.2712155878543854,
0.064671590924263,
0.010984142310917377,
-0.16295607388019562,
0.35005414485931396,
-0.05840086191892624,
0.9813873171806335,
0.23382321000099182,
-0.07100135087966919,
-0.8308801651000977,
-0.16241230070590973,
-0.07175951451063156,
0.6562816500663757,
0.1806090772151947,
0.4430544674396515,
0.5159624218940735,
-0.16927604377269745,
-0.14395011961460114,
-0.6538792252540588,
-0.24052199721336365,
-0.26704418659210205,
-0.1771441400051117,
-0.9718103408813477,
0.18812322616577148,
-0.03453545272350311,
-0.179320827126503,
0.004511623177677393,
0.9186118841171265,
-0.5672309398651123,
0.6456461548805237,
-0.11092064529657364,
-0.26778653264045715,
-0.20399613678455353,
0.3460090160369873,
-0.1138116717338562,
0.16989512741565704,
0.316158652305603,
-0.12070049345493317,
0.23396825790405273,
0.5729244351387024,
-0.1643284112215042,
-0.4884449243545532,
-0.2725796103477478,
0.23571160435676575,
-0.23831820487976074,
-0.9192870259284973,
-0.16110533475875854,
-0.6027015447616577,
0.6897690296173096,
0.19440287351608276,
-0.9626341462135315,
0.09180229902267456,
0.35237857699394226,
0.02224794030189514,
-0.4431728720664978,
0.2680635154247284,
-0.08623160421848297,
-0.15637172758579254,
0.021468589082360268,
-0.23802627623081207,
-0.24612115323543549,
0.06904107332229614,
0.28189727663993835,
0.061223048716783524,
0.8615723848342896,
-0.20451685786247253,
-0.6300287246704102,
-0.3866915702819824,
-0.43588241934776306,
0.53276526927948,
-0.6617533564567566,
-0.7602970004081726,
0.18065103888511658,
0.5361518263816833,
-0.32190242409706116,
-0.37905174493789673,
-0.21135662496089935,
0.18318121135234833,
0.2757207453250885,
-0.05730068311095238,
0.27597230672836304,
-0.10676869004964828,
0.4549015164375305,
0.31530335545539856,
0.41993996500968933,
-0.3058275282382965,
1.007308840751648,
0.30870145559310913,
0.3716152012348175,
0.14105504751205444,
-0.8747690320014954,
0.4618811309337616,
-0.2924642860889435,
-0.28595787286758423,
0.46664825081825256,
0.8338384628295898,
0.4697926640510559,
0.24219252169132233,
0.4195472300052643,
-0.34213733673095703,
-0.5412070751190186,
0.11867839097976685,
-0.2411983162164688,
-0.2555611729621887,
0.20251524448394775,
-0.09917079657316208,
-0.4102064371109009,
0.10723400861024857,
-0.6834544539451599,
-0.3379758596420288,
0.30898159742355347,
-0.8765404224395752,
-0.20033353567123413,
0.12059277296066284,
-0.6883770227432251,
0.09223169833421707,
0.6424939632415771,
0.1657962203025818,
0.005599658470600843,
-0.4642602205276489,
-0.5874435901641846,
0.1855924278497696,
0.04589008912444115,
-0.9715172052383423,
0.5023381114006042,
-0.012656481936573982,
0.19855397939682007,
0.22382937371730804,
0.45866671204566956,
0.20681162178516388,
-0.553397536277771,
0.13599395751953125,
0.15558959543704987,
0.5253713130950928,
-0.2025289535522461,
0.197981059551239,
0.7980567812919617,
-1.130789875984192,
0.47188252210617065,
0.39750638604164124,
-0.4636894166469574,
0.4835485517978668,
0.49004849791526794,
0.14964066445827484,
0.3288288414478302,
0.7251309156417847,
0.39883631467819214,
-0.045892588794231415,
0.42953503131866455,
-0.0866432934999466,
-0.1450401246547699,
1.318598747253418,
0.3794267475605011,
0.1939448118209839,
-0.2693442106246948,
-0.5297967791557312,
0.6914759278297424,
-0.7287063002586365,
-0.2963564395904541,
0.4319082796573639,
-0.5035449266433716,
-0.5178471207618713,
0.6789497137069702,
0.5308572053909302,
0.35475969314575195,
-0.013567623682320118,
-0.43554502725601196,
0.05991898849606514,
0.4363226592540741,
0.7115659117698669,
0.1416483074426651,
0.3161538541316986,
-0.09294290095567703,
-0.3640636205673218,
0.36630648374557495,
-0.09291699528694153,
0.3120037615299225,
0.020069682970643044,
0.5426605343818665,
0.27181386947631836,
-0.03772599250078201,
-0.5099325180053711,
-0.044974323362112045,
0.03612938150763512,
0.4229646623134613,
0.3244881331920624,
-0.24211430549621582,
-0.029495257884263992,
-0.3011626899242401,
0.3087124824523926,
-0.26242706179618835,
-0.3075406551361084,
0.01516787987202406,
0.1392543762922287,
0.34037938714027405,
-0.15110033750534058,
-0.23314137756824493,
-0.20495884120464325,
0.44565442204475403,
1.008894920349121,
0.5945455431938171,
0.3236532509326935,
0.49549537897109985,
0.5896314382553101,
0.3019773066043854,
-0.37607645988464355,
-0.46543851494789124,
-0.17692860960960388,
-0.6731746196746826,
-0.17549745738506317,
0.24813586473464966,
-0.18177054822444916,
-0.5216127634048462,
-0.002795546082779765,
-0.3381907641887665,
0.62520831823349,
-0.11473226547241211,
0.18230099976062775,
-0.11749371141195297,
-0.20322245359420776,
0.7793014049530029,
0.7415991425514221,
-0.3922403156757355,
0.6176754832267761,
0.06781993061304092,
0.22849881649017334,
0.42960625886917114,
-0.39499056339263916,
0.7872801423072815,
0.11132828891277313,
-0.08610378205776215,
-0.26571124792099,
0.5036843419075012,
-0.033197250217199326,
0.16854402422904968,
-0.14196506142616272,
0.6105964779853821,
-0.31968459486961365,
0.2859996259212494,
0.38690081238746643,
-0.5297637581825256,
-0.1447964608669281,
-0.2719912528991699,
0.3815447688102722,
0.3528604209423065,
0.15376590192317963,
0.5496039986610413,
-0.10329728573560715,
-0.3292602300643921,
-0.18504399061203003,
-0.00024571208632551134,
-0.17942745983600616,
-0.20646101236343384,
0.3982900381088257,
-0.3679630160331726,
-0.608269453048706,
0.26134076714515686,
-0.7568270564079285,
-0.047541409730911255,
-0.004007570445537567,
-0.13070949912071228,
0.25733622908592224,
0.11296804994344711,
-0.17937961220741272,
-0.04985376447439194,
0.4815354347229004,
0.008165410719811916,
0.2612350583076477,
0.30871227383613586,
-0.6115538477897644,
-0.4136705696582794,
-0.492341011762619,
0.5610246658325195,
0.6240625977516174,
0.009253932163119316,
0.11215207725763321,
-0.3147575855255127,
0.5623158812522888,
-0.312547892332077,
-0.27096521854400635,
-0.409108430147171,
-0.29916244745254517,
0.1377192884683609
] |
210973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy%20Football%20Club
|
Fitzroy Football Club
|
The Fitzroy Football Club is an Australian rules football club currently competing in the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA). Formed in 1883 to represent the inner-Melbourne municipality of Fitzroy, the club was a member of the Victorian Football Association (VFA), before becoming a foundation member of the breakaway Victorian Football League (VFL/AFL) in 1897.
Fitzroy won a total of eight VFL premierships, of which seven (1898, 1899, 1904, 1905, 1913, 1916 and 1922) were won whilst they were nicknamed the Maroons and one (1944) as the Gorillas. The decision of the club to change its nickname to the Lions in 1957 coincided with what history now records as the beginning of decades of poor on-field performance and financial losses that eventually resulted in the club being placed into administration, ultimately leaving the AFL at the end of the 1996 season. That year the club's AFL playing operations merged with the Brisbane Bears to form the Brisbane Lions. It eventually came out of administration in 1998, and proceeded to commence playing in the VAFA in 2009.
Fitzroy largely resumed its original VFL/AFL identity through its continued use of their 1975–1996 VFL/AFL jumper, their club song and their 1884–1966 home ground at the Brunswick Street Oval. For a brief time, it experimented in partnerships with other semi-professional and amateur clubs before incorporating the Fitzroy Reds (formerly University Reds) to play in the Victorian Amateur Football Association. They began in the D1 section of the VAFA in 2009 and now, after having been promoted three times (2009, 2012, 2018), play in the Premier ‘B Division’.
History
Early years
The Fitzroy Football Club was formed at a meeting at the Brunswick Hotel on 26 September 1883, at a time when Melbourne's population was rapidly increasing. The Victorian Football Association (VFA) made changes to their rules, allowing Fitzroy to join as the seventh club in 1884, playing in the maroon and blue colours of the local Normanby Junior Football Club.
VFA
They quickly became one of the most successful clubs, drawing large crowds to their home at the Brunswick Street Oval in Edinburgh Gardens, and consistently in the top four and winning the VFA premiership in 1895.
Fitzroy's season-by-season records throughout its thirteen seasons at VFA level are given below. (Under VFA rules at the time, only goals were counted to the total team score).
VFL
In 1897, Fitzroy were one of the eight clubs who broke away from the VFA to form the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Despite winning only four games and finishing sixth in the first season, the Maroons, as they were then known, won the premiership the following year, winning the VFL's first "Grand Final" against Essendon. Fitzroy was the most successful club in the first 10 years of the VFL, winning four premierships and finishing runners-up on three occasions. Despite internal problems after the 1906 season which led to the players and set the club back for several seasons, the 1913 team won the flag after winning 16 of 18 matches in the home and away season, earning the nickname "Unbeatables". In contrast, the 1916 Fitzroy team only won 2 home and away matches and finished last in a competition reduced by the effects of World War I to four teams. All four teams qualified for the finals, and Fitzroy won their next three games to win one of the strangest VFL premierships.
Between the wars
The Maroons won their seventh premiership in 1922, a season which included four very rough games against eventual runners-up Collingwood. However, after this their fortunes waned, and they did not make the finals at all from 1925 to 1942. During this time, highlights for the club were individual achievements of their players, especially Haydn Bunton Sr. Originally a source of controversy, lured to Fitzroy with an illegal £222 payment, and subsequently not allowed to play in the 1930 season, Bunton became one of the game's greatest players, winning three Brownlow Medals while at Fitzroy. Brownlow Medals were also won by Wilfred Smallhorn and Dinny Ryan, while Jack Moriarty set many goalkicking records. It was during this time that the Maroons became known as the Gorillas.
Post-war
Football was less affected by World War II than it had been in 1916, and by 1944 was starting to return to its normal level. It was in this year, under captain-coach Fred Hughson, that the Gorillas won their eighth VFL flag against Richmond in front of a capacity crowd at Junction Oval.
However, it was also to be their last senior premiership, as the club, which became known as the Lions in 1957, entered one of the least successful periods any VFL/AFL club has had. The club finished in the bottom three 11 times in the 1960s and 1970s, including three wooden spoons in four years between 1963 and 1966. The club won only a single game between 1963 and 1964 – known as the Miracle Match when it defeated eventual premiers in Round 10, 1963 – but its 1964 season was winless, and as of 2021 stands as the only winless season by any club since 1950. Nevertheless, the club continued to produce great individual players over this period, including Brownlow Medallists Allan Ruthven and Kevin Murray.
By the mid 1960s, Fitzroy's traditional home ground, the Brunswick Street Oval was in a state of disrepair. However, the ground managers were the Fitzroy Cricket Club. The Football Club had to pay the Cricket Club to use the ground. Despite pressure from the Lions and other VFL clubs, the Cricket Club refused to make the needed upgrades. The Fitzroy City Council, despite repeated requests from the Football Club, also refused to help, even rejecting the idea of a $400,000 loan to Fitzroy Football Club, and a 40-year lease of the ground so they could make some repairs.
The football club put forward various ideas to try and change the situation, including the amalgamation of the Football and Cricket Clubs to form one club as in the manner of the Carlton Social Club. The Cricket Club held the liquor licence and managed the ground, and it was thought that a combined club could more efficiently manage funds. With a stake in the ground, the football club could have better agitated for improvements to the ground by sourcing funds from other organisations such as the VFL. However, the Cricket Club rejected the idea outright. The club also considered leaving Brunswick Street, and in 1962 it appealed to the Preston Council for a 40-year lease of the Preston City Oval, which was rejected.
It was only when the Council Health Officer condemned the change rooms at the Brunswick Street Oval in 1966 and negotiations broke down between the council, (who offered a 21-year lease) and the football club, that the Fitzroy Football Club was forced to find another ground. They had held discussions with the Northcote and Preston VFA clubs and also had approached the Heidelberg Council about relocating to the Olympic Training Ground. From 1966 to 1968, the club moved to Carlton's Princes Park while keeping their training and administration at the Brunswick Street Oval. Further problems with the Cricket Club and the high cost of rent imposed by Carlton saw Fitzroy move to the Junction Oval, where they had a short-lived promising start to the decade. This was followed by a night premiership win in 1978 and a then-League-record score of 36.22 (238) and greatest winning margin of 190 points in 1979. However, Fitzroy's most significant post-war success was in the early '80s, when the Lions made the finals four times, culminating in a preliminary final appearance in 1986. This success occurred under the coaching of Robert Walls and David Parkin, with players such as 1981 Brownlow Medallist Bernie Quinlan, Ron Alexander, Garry Wilson, Gary Pert and Paul Roos.
The club was evicted from Junction Oval at the end of 1984 after a fifteen-year tenure, and entered another nomadic period of existence. It played its home games at Victoria Park, sharing it with in 1985 and 1986, then at Princes Park from 1987 until 1993; and over the same time it moved through several different training and administrative bases, spending time first at the Westgarth Street Oval in Northcote, then later Lake Oval in South Melbourne and Bulleen Park in Bulleen.
Merger years
Talk of the death of the club due to financial troubles occurred as early as 1986. In 1989 the directors agreed to amalgamation with equally troubled Footscray to form the Fitzroy Bulldogs, but a fightback from Footscray supporters, in which almost two million dollars was raised in three weeks, averted the merger. At other times, joining with Melbourne or relocating to Brisbane was suggested. As well as trying several fund-raising ventures, the Lions experimented with playing four home matches in Tasmania in 1991 and 1992, but lost money in the process. In 1994, the club moved its home matches to Western Oval, its fourth match-day home ground in 10 years. Amid uncertainties about the financial future of the club, its on-field performances continued to deteriorate, to the point where the Lions finished last by a long way in 1995 and 1996, winning just three matches in those seasons combined. With financial and on–field performance issues plaguing the club and with due to enter the AFL in 1997 requiring a team to either merge or fold to make way for them, the writing for Fitzroy was on the wall.
On 28 June 1996, the Nauru Insurance Company, a creditor of the Fitzroy Football Club, appointed Michael Brennan to administer the affairs of the Fitzroy Football Club to ensure a loan of A$1.25 million was to be repaid. During the 1996 season, there were fears that the club would collapse in mid-season due to its lack of cash. This was averted when the AFL guaranteed funds to Fitzroy to allow the club to continue in the competition for the remainder of 1996.
During the final years, the Fitzroy Football Club had been in merger discussions with several teams, but discussions were most advanced with North Melbourne. By the beginning of July 1996, the club had agreed to arrangements to become the North Fitzroy Kangaroos Football Club. Negotiations for elements such as club colours, guernsey and song were to be settled by the morning of 4 July by the Fitzroy board.
However, later that afternoon the administrator of Fitzroy who had been appointed to temporarily replace the Fitzroy board agreed to merge the club with the equally strapped Brisbane Bears, with the agreement of the AFL commission and a majority vote of the AFL's constituent clubs. The new club was to be based in Brisbane as the Brisbane Lions, playing at the Brisbane Cricket Ground in the Brisbane suburb of Woolloongabba. The arrangement ensured that all creditors were repaid, at least eight Fitzroy players were to be selected by the Brisbane Lions before the 1996 National Draft and three Fitzroy representatives were to be on the new club's 11-member board. None of the three Fitzroy representatives, Laurie Serafini, David Lucas and Ken Levy, chosen by the Brisbane Bears to serve on the Brisbane Lions board were Fitzroy directors at that time.
Those involved have different opinions on why the merger with North Melbourne was rejected, despite negotiations being so far advanced and indeed concluded on the morning of the 4 July. The other AFL club presidents rejected the North Melbourne-Fitzroy merger by a vote of 14–1. It was commonly thought, and claimed by then Richmond president Leon Daphne, that an all-Victorian merge would create a superteam with on-field and off-field strength out of all proportion to the rest of the league. Not only would North Melbourne go on to the 1996 premiership, the merged team had proposed to take a 50-player senior list into the 1997 season. This is compared with the Brisbane Lions bid, which proposed a 44-player senior list for 1997, and did not have the potential off-field strength of an all-Victorian merge. Then North Melbourne CEO Greg Miller has accused the AFL of contriving the two bids in this manner to manufacture a result which would fulfil its strategic direction to strengthen the game in Queensland. Additionally, then North Melbourne vice-president Peter de Rauch believes that his club's decision not to include Fitzroy president Dyson Hore-Lacy on the board of the merged club was a catalyst for the temporary unravelling of negotiations between the clubs, allowing the appointment of the administrator and keeping the Brisbane Bears involved in the merger negotiations.
During this time, coach Mick Nunan resigned after Fitzroy's game against Essendon on July 6 and was replaced by Alan McConnell for his second stint in just twelve months. With eight rounds to go until the end of the season, Fitzroy's on field performances continued to deteriorate to the point where the team was thrashed week in, week out. In Round 21, 48,884 people attended the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) on 25 August 1996 for Fitzroy's last ever game in Melbourne as part of the AFL competition. They witnessed the Lions being defeated by 151 points, the second greatest loss in the club's history: Richmond 28.19 (187) defeated Fitzroy 5.6 (36). The club played its final VFL/AFL game the following week on 1 September against at Subiaco Oval, losing by 86 points.
Post-merger
On-field
The original Fitzroy Football Club came out of administration after the merger of the playing operations in late 1998. The shareholders voted to continue the club, and Fitzroy then developed a partnership with the Coburg Lions in the VFL. Coburg were known as the Coburg-Fitzroy Lions for just over a season (from August 1999 until the end of 2000). However, when Coburg entered into an affiliation with the AFL's Richmond Football Club, the Fitzroy connection was abandoned.
Fitzroy began a sponsorship arrangement with the Fitzroy Reds (formerly University Reds) in the Victorian Amateur Football Association and the Fitzroy Junior Football Club in the Yarra Junior Football League. Both wear the old Fitzroy jumper, play the old theme song, and play from Brunswick Street Oval in the heart of Fitzroy. In December 2008, at the instigation of the then Fitzroy (University) Reds president Craig Little, the University Reds Football Club (known as the 'Fitzroy' Reds from 1997) transferred all its assets to the Fitzroy Football Club (formed 1883). The University (Fitzroy) Reds terminated its membership of the VAFA and was wound up as a incorporated company and football club. By special dispensation from the VAFA, the Fitzroy Football Club then replaced the Fitzroy [University] Reds in D1 of the VAFA from the 2009 season, fielding a senior and reserves side, as well as two Under-19 sides and a Club 18 side. All the teams were made up mainly of Fitzroy Reds personnel. Dyson Hore-Lacy, chairman of Fitzroy in the AFL in 1996, automatically became chairman of the Club in the VAFA.
Fitzroy lost in the VAFA D1 Grand Final to Rupertswood in 2009, but as a Grand Finalist was promoted to C-Grade for the 2010 season. At the beginning of the 2011 season, Fitzroy appointed Tim Bell as their new senior coach following the resignation of Simon Taylor. Tim Bell resigned for personal reasons at the end of 2011 and assistant coach Michael Pickering, a former AFL player with the Richmond and Melbourne Football Clubs was appointed as coach for the 2012 season. Having reached the Premier C Grand Final at the end of 2012 season, Fitzroy was promoted to Premier B for season 2013 which coincided with the club's 130th birthday.
In 2015 the club initiated in a partnership with the Australian Catholic University to start fielding a women's team in the VWFL under the name of Fitzroy-ACU. They played their debut season in the same year.
The interest grew after the first year of women's Fitzroy footy, growing numbers within the women's league. This enabled the club to enter another women's team into the VWFL, in the North West division.
Both teams were hoping to make finals in 2016.
In 2018, Fitzroy won both the VAFA Premier C and the VAFA Premier C reserves competitions.
Relationship with Brisbane Lions
Fitzroy FC Ltd improved its relationship with the Brisbane Lions in the ten years from 1999 to 2009. In that time Brisbane acknowledged the two parent clubs for the merger with the letters BBFFC printed below the back of the neck of the club's guernseys from 2002. The Fitzroy Reds played the curtain-raiser at the MCG when the Brisbane Lions met the Collingwood Magpies in the AFL Heritage Round of 2003. Brisbane also now wears a version of Fitzroy's AFL guernsey with red instead of maroon in most matches played in Victoria, consistent with Fitzroy's most recent colours.
Relationships between Fitzroy and Brisbane were strained in late 2009, when Brisbane announced that it was adopting a new logo for season 2010 and beyond, which Fitzroy Football Club believed contravened Section 7.2 c) of the merger agreement. The new logo, a lion's head facing forward, replaced the former Fitzroy logo of a passant lion with a football. On 22 December 2009, Fitzroy lodged a Statement of Claim with the Supreme Court of Victoria, seeking an order that the Brisbane Lions be restrained from using as its logo, the new logo or any other logo other than 'the Fitzroy lion logo'. On 15 July 2010, the two clubs reached a settlement, agreeing that the Fitzroy logo symbolically represents the historic merger between the Bears and Fitzroy and the first 13 years of the Brisbane Lions competing in the AFL, and that Brisbane would use both the old and new logos alongside each other in an official capacity (e.g. on letterheads, marketing, etc.), with the old logo to be phased out altogether after 2024 (or 2017 in the case of the Brisbane Lions website). Brisbane returned to using the old logo on its playing guernseys from 2015, but the new logo will remain for corporate purposes.
Sine 2015 a one club approach has been taken from both the Brisbane Lions and Fitzroy. The Lions sponsor a male and female Fitzroy player each year, conduct coaching workshops for Fitzroy, and frequently invite the Fitzroy juniors to form a guard of honour for Victorian games. With many Fitzroy people having served on the Brisbane Lions board, the long history of Fitzroy continues in each of these iterations of the club.
Sponsorship
Honours
Individual honours
Brownlow Medal winners
Haydn Bunton Sr. – 1931, 1932, 1935
Wilfred Smallhorn – 1933
Dinny Ryan – 1936
Allan Ruthven – 1950
Kevin Murray – 1969
Bernie Quinlan – 1981 (co-winner with Barry Round)
Coleman Medal for leading goalkicker
Jimmy Freake – 1915
Jack Moriarty – 1924
Bernie Quinlan – 1983, 1984
Leigh Matthews Trophy winners
Paul Roos (1986)
Best and fairest award winners
See Fitzroy FC honour roll for list of winners 1884–1996.
Home venues
VFA
1884–1896 Brunswick Street Oval
VFL/AFL
Under
1897–1966 Brunswick Street Oval
1967–1969, 1987–1993 Princes Park
1970–1984 Junction Oval
1985–1986 Victoria Park
1994–1996 Whitten Oval
VAFA
2009–present Brunswick Street Oval
Nicknames
Current nicknames
The Lions (1957–present)
Fitzroy never won either a VFL or AFL premiership as the Lions.
The Redders (2009–present)
The Roys (unknown-present)
Former nicknames
The Maroons 1883–1938
Fitzroy won 8 premierships (1 VFA and 7 VFL) as the Maroons.
The Gorillas 1938–1957
Fitzroy won 1 premiership as the Gorillas, their final one in 1944.
VFL-AFL Club records
Colours
Throughout its history, Fitzroy had multiple colours and kits, in conjunction with the changing of its nicknames.
Club song
The Fitzroy Lions Football Club song was sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise", the French national anthem. The words were written by Bill Stephen on an end-of-season football trip to Perth in 1952.
We are the boys from old Fitzroy,
we wear the colours maroon and blue,
we will always fight for victory,
and we'll always see it through,
win or lose, we do or die,
in defeat, we always try,
Fitzroy, Fitzroy,
the club we hold so dear,
premiers, we'll be this year!
Team of the Century
See also
1963 Miracle Match
Brisbane Lions – for the merged club of Brisbane Lions Football Club
Fitzroy Bulldogs – for the proposed merger with the Footscray Football Club
Fitzroy FC honour roll – for coaches, captains, leading goalkickers and team position.
List of Fitzroy Football Club coaches
List of Fitzroy Football Club players
North Fitzroy Kangaroos – for the proposed merger with the North Melbourne Football Club
Proposed VFL/AFL clubs – for all of the proposed mergers for Fitzroy
Bibliography
Fitzroy Football Club: Silver Jubilee, Fitzroy City Press, (Friday, 18 September 1908), p.3.
References
External links
"In Defeat We'll Always Try" – Radio National documentary on the death of the Fitzroy Lions
Fitzroy history
"Around the Grounds" – Web Documentary – Brunswick Street
Australian rules football clubs established in 1883
Former VFL/AFL clubs
Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
Former Victorian Football League clubs
1883 establishments in Australia
|
[
0.25097188353538513,
0.4532516598701477,
-0.4495750665664673,
-0.2062045931816101,
-0.5973747968673706,
0.19026775658130646,
0.3034425675868988,
0.4496254622936249,
-0.7702481150627136,
-0.3643108308315277,
0.08891656994819641,
0.04191095381975174,
-0.20698247849941254,
0.4470319449901581,
0.6767397522926331,
0.7074493765830994,
-0.10956402868032455,
0.9961151480674744,
0.7973573803901672,
-0.7768152952194214,
-0.267288476228714,
-0.36833566427230835,
0.31836676597595215,
-0.1078169047832489,
0.09891162812709808,
-0.10347460955381393,
0.7418371438980103,
1.0233871936798096,
0.01895272545516491,
-0.0362187922000885,
0.5583463907241821,
0.505052924156189,
-0.1171533390879631,
-0.23638838529586792,
-0.01951191946864128,
-0.44714266061782837,
0.5756604075431824,
-0.25888070464134216,
-0.08676179498434067,
-0.5359697937965393,
-0.019466368481516838,
0.019109230488538742,
-0.15902160108089447,
-0.0093709547072649,
0.34670203924179077,
-0.37750813364982605,
-1.0971795320510864,
-0.12671172618865967,
-0.662169337272644,
-0.47253158688545227,
-0.24930980801582336,
0.25824102759361267,
0.25704994797706604,
-0.46225303411483765,
0.3280329704284668,
0.3568115532398224,
-0.29778677225112915,
0.1411193460226059,
-0.23919187486171722,
-0.20519131422042847,
0.1265479177236557,
0.48564067482948303,
0.21730101108551025,
0.10717760771512985,
0.07483640313148499,
0.177506223320961,
0.283233106136322,
-0.04933363199234009,
0.10752491652965546,
-0.04342641308903694,
0.2082761526107788,
-0.10967054218053818,
-0.24019692838191986,
-0.11948850750923157,
-0.3216070532798767,
-0.27239611744880676,
0.02827022783458233,
0.6128621101379395,
0.5005982518196106,
0.14213696122169495,
0.7489847540855408,
-0.09075961261987686,
0.38030388951301575,
0.4196840822696686,
0.10115598887205124,
0.6924493908882141,
-0.6659839153289795,
-0.7528753876686096,
0.1903088539838791,
0.9619712233543396,
-1.0428601503372192,
-0.33071455359458923,
0.4107059836387634,
-0.012213759124279022,
0.23030751943588257,
-0.8223636746406555,
0.05704345554113388,
0.3229299783706665,
-0.31524667143821716,
-0.11321334540843964,
-0.43417713046073914,
-0.13291969895362854,
0.01881185732781887,
-0.17220182716846466,
-0.4925374984741211,
-0.3340189754962921,
-0.2811087667942047,
-0.022475270554423332,
-0.6315001845359802,
-0.7441290616989136,
-0.27280566096305847,
-0.2166140377521515,
-0.018130289390683174,
-0.22934848070144653,
-0.010002111084759235,
-0.02178041823208332,
0.7415528893470764,
-0.320395827293396,
0.21783791482448578,
0.5289412140846252,
0.09635350853204727,
0.7633852958679199,
-0.37196019291877747,
0.1787201315164566,
-0.475798100233078,
0.33464643359184265,
0.8376213908195496,
-0.015041512437164783,
0.5727878212928772,
-0.29608219861984253,
-0.1327650547027588,
1.2365009784698486,
-0.3960144519805908,
-0.05277548357844353,
-0.27833929657936096,
-0.5118368864059448,
-0.21996450424194336,
-0.03212449699640274,
0.02307124063372612,
-0.09959426522254944,
-0.3268758952617645,
-0.43729743361473083,
-1.069709062576294,
-0.8584012985229492,
0.4995926320552826,
0.1666867733001709,
-0.0974007248878479,
-0.47251978516578674,
0.24502745270729065,
-0.5839109420776367,
-0.42318838834762573,
-0.5183623433113098,
-0.6784495711326599,
0.28684988617897034,
-0.36755672097206116,
-0.09659264236688614,
1.0118534564971924,
0.06272809207439423,
-0.04865653067827225,
0.7671025395393372,
-0.049163173884153366,
0.23364080488681793,
0.029123622924089432,
0.027369506657123566,
0.7141319513320923,
-0.3456736207008362,
0.04103967174887657,
-0.04639570415019989,
-0.2900225818157196,
-0.2701238989830017,
-0.6601587533950806,
-0.07488953322172165,
0.8264878988265991,
-0.7249889373779297,
0.00008221139432862401,
-0.1299954354763031,
0.5872419476509094,
0.025980565696954727,
0.08937213569879532,
-0.5345492959022522,
-0.4719354808330536,
0.4263805150985718,
-0.18995091319084167,
0.41741034388542175,
0.462207168340683,
0.31242743134498596,
-0.6127707362174988,
-0.365733802318573,
0.10264047235250473,
-0.25375866889953613,
0.1660459339618683,
-0.4167531728744507,
0.5344277024269104,
-0.07603631168603897,
0.5507100224494934,
-0.5234397053718567,
-0.4753824770450592,
0.4148263931274414,
0.4460854232311249,
0.9205670952796936,
0.13412654399871826,
0.19411726295948029,
-0.49332061409950256,
0.12963293492794037,
-0.6841561198234558,
0.8318325281143188,
0.15132227540016174,
0.35448235273361206,
-0.017568230628967285,
0.9433663487434387,
0.13648226857185364,
-0.449460506439209,
-0.19353364408016205,
-0.08006273210048676,
0.05674222111701965,
-0.5092960596084595,
-0.4591931700706482,
0.026547783985733986,
-0.4995245337486267,
-0.3783767819404602,
0.33014461398124695,
0.20527569949626923,
0.3721531927585602,
0.7325072884559631,
-0.671953022480011,
0.6432144641876221,
-0.010777710005640984,
0.20078538358211517,
-0.32786864042282104,
-1.212525486946106,
0.8301001191139221,
0.16569741070270538,
-0.20079311728477478,
-0.9634363055229187,
-0.4192452132701874,
-0.5415874123573303,
0.026661528274416924,
-0.6586388945579529,
0.19312821328639984,
0.38265225291252136,
0.06472156196832657,
0.3716568648815155,
-0.11455918848514557,
0.533536434173584,
-0.3089248836040497,
0.19060827791690826,
0.4312112033367157,
0.49702221155166626,
-0.39470353722572327,
0.07229392230510712,
-0.013745221309363842,
-0.3685348927974701,
0.6233488321304321,
0.35722029209136963,
0.18682022392749786,
-0.15818798542022705,
-0.4094798266887665,
-0.6097115874290466,
-0.5588319897651672,
0.017701992765069008,
0.3743954002857208,
-0.19323237240314484,
0.23048676550388336,
0.02082171104848385,
-0.39182525873184204,
-0.2761673331260681,
-0.09450190514326096,
-0.295790433883667,
-0.27526408433914185,
0.16456376016139984,
-0.20046637952327728,
0.3559008836746216,
-0.5725849866867065,
-1.1802679300308228,
-0.1999654918909073,
0.5634130239486694,
-0.13709379732608795,
0.4986552596092224,
-0.5370840430259705,
-0.04218585044145584,
-0.09223748743534088,
0.42318519949913025,
0.448947548866272,
-0.5006394982337952,
-0.7706266045570374,
0.14306685328483582,
0.45046791434288025,
0.1271446794271469,
0.12193551659584045,
-0.1006222739815712,
-0.5114880800247192,
-0.12205309420824051,
-0.6724133491516113,
0.3662793040275574,
-0.4578631818294525,
0.004732743836939335,
0.1827944666147232,
0.6332536339759827,
0.10238245874643326,
-0.5584737658500671,
-0.04152746498584747,
0.6592610478401184,
-0.373203307390213,
-0.5842095017433167,
-0.20359833538532257,
0.11192444711923599,
-0.6164520382881165,
-0.8011204600334167,
-5.163328170776367,
0.2565669119358063,
-0.24847939610481262,
-0.5291350483894348,
0.13885335624217987,
-0.4862845838069916,
0.3264918625354767,
-0.4044730067253113,
-0.4391901195049286,
0.0629613846540451,
0.14026184380054474,
0.0561319962143898,
0.3888130187988281,
-0.05110215023159981,
0.8831201195716858,
0.022662006318569183,
1.0851722955703735,
-0.34795045852661133,
-0.09120608866214752,
-0.24970681965351105,
-0.7045665979385376,
0.4250054359436035,
-0.08274709433317184,
0.3577709197998047,
0.7727795243263245,
1.209355354309082,
-0.3247060775756836,
-0.7604809403419495,
-0.20855261385440826,
-0.3183837831020355,
0.04349887743592262,
0.049252163618803024,
0.12546026706695557,
-0.2518579363822937,
-0.08203146606683731,
0.03837275877594948,
0.46291598677635193,
0.008757120929658413,
0.23414720594882965,
-0.17000174522399902,
-0.343574196100235,
0.5107616782188416,
-0.10897752642631531,
-0.006536197382956743,
-0.08055751025676727,
-0.19423143565654755,
-0.29125264286994934,
0.3595472574234009,
-0.6255744695663452,
0.9976107478141785,
0.41451603174209595,
0.6067526936531067,
0.8072653412818909,
0.22815163433551788,
0.3118082582950592,
-0.21168464422225952,
0.8300634622573853,
-0.3120499551296234,
-0.40963438153266907,
0.27895626425743103,
0.25648826360702515,
-0.40704160928726196,
0.2921984791755676,
-0.16529153287410736,
-0.6044517159461975,
-0.06812375783920288,
0.27621790766716003,
0.9382845163345337,
0.14699533581733704,
0.0567183718085289,
-0.19601662456989288,
0.3908269703388214,
-0.05398506298661232,
-0.844951868057251,
0.11357402056455612,
0.15384773910045624,
-0.2008749097585678,
0.5486251711845398,
0.6580303311347961,
-0.1071566790342331,
0.17636168003082275,
-0.5342246890068054,
-0.23604612052440643,
0.9290040731430054,
-0.3655659258365631,
-0.408402681350708,
-0.13358251750469208,
0.37969106435775757,
-0.5108005404472351,
-0.6349086761474609,
0.2160748392343521,
-0.04322507977485657,
0.3344620168209076,
0.48106110095977783,
-0.24201969802379608,
0.274244487285614,
0.4965362250804901,
-0.18969514966011047,
-0.027587542310357094,
-0.18384486436843872,
0.3767217993736267,
-0.03639267385005951,
-0.4545620381832123,
-0.640105664730072,
-0.38739335536956787,
-0.1388699859380722,
0.309705525636673,
-0.04330744966864586,
0.6499388217926025,
-0.52858567237854,
0.7845709919929504,
-0.6133189797401428,
-0.3020029366016388,
0.35266631841659546,
0.6728553175926208,
-0.0522523932158947,
-0.17531949281692505,
0.47623327374458313,
0.22731423377990723,
0.062423162162303925,
-0.13009631633758545,
0.07661440968513489,
-0.2845842242240906,
0.014208817854523659,
-0.578847348690033,
0.6527774930000305,
0.034194450825452805,
-0.006833376828581095,
-0.4518130421638489,
-0.05785204842686653,
0.3804129660129547,
0.1130998283624649,
-0.43418988585472107,
-0.16717429459095,
-0.3904300928115845,
0.3841763436794281,
-0.7899395823478699,
-0.6117745041847229,
0.5829214453697205,
0.029454248026013374,
0.4135932922363281,
0.2773873805999756,
-0.18812666833400726,
0.28815555572509766,
0.12243333458900452,
-0.15656507015228271,
0.4489748477935791,
0.14152595400810242,
-0.2775939106941223,
0.4805917739868164,
-0.3299722671508789,
-1.0284044742584229,
0.41669049859046936,
-0.5781673192977905,
-0.07347314804792404,
-0.14480601251125336,
-0.5204160213470459,
-0.1530461311340332,
-0.13942237198352814,
-0.6368333697319031,
-0.017642932012677193,
-0.002052081748843193,
-0.7594065070152283,
0.07332022488117218,
0.2962149679660797,
-0.28768786787986755,
-0.026712175458669662,
-0.8026831746101379,
-0.9515885710716248,
0.3256809711456299,
0.06838077306747437,
-0.1019243523478508,
-0.3876918852329254,
-0.33223745226860046,
-0.06822830438613892,
0.04125167056918144,
-0.6231728196144104,
0.11295285820960999,
0.26251277327537537,
-0.39408567547798157,
-0.027237119153141975,
0.44534119963645935,
-0.2658807635307312,
0.15530812740325928,
0.20623980462551117,
-0.6535229682922363,
-0.48810726404190063,
-0.4276532828807831,
0.20639950037002563,
0.7162745594978333,
0.016154007986187935,
0.4794413149356842,
0.8678616881370544,
-0.3850657343864441,
-0.10891986638307571,
-0.3247276842594147,
0.010839265771210194,
0.0666276142001152,
-0.6260746121406555,
-0.8380612134933472,
0.5264574885368347,
0.5590806603431702,
-0.3427952527999878,
0.2565598785877228,
0.6945822834968567,
-0.3933965861797333,
0.46779799461364746,
0.21433529257774353,
-0.2530939280986786,
-0.009595881216228008,
0.16772517561912537,
-0.7426484227180481,
-0.06536200642585754,
0.031146341934800148,
-0.46587997674942017,
0.17521582543849945,
0.5688105225563049,
0.2721467912197113,
-0.2981360852718353,
-0.13766540586948395,
-0.38494840264320374,
-0.2284989058971405,
-0.6365649700164795,
-0.14055150747299194,
-0.6492593884468079,
0.5238611698150635,
0.5699840784072876,
-0.6075333952903748,
0.7320242524147034,
0.1351340264081955,
0.17238593101501465,
-0.07070762664079666,
0.14229054749011993,
-0.017868109047412872,
0.2844128906726837,
0.19829010963439941,
-0.5050771236419678,
0.1641576886177063,
-0.28754085302352905,
-0.052968643605709076,
-0.27446943521499634,
1.5935543775558472,
-0.2405596524477005,
-0.983277440071106,
-0.25436902046203613,
0.1734171360731125,
0.08554282039403915,
-0.4601917266845703,
-1.052839994430542,
0.16684524714946747,
0.6572778820991516,
-0.0043277437798678875,
-0.25540468096733093,
0.32102665305137634,
-0.17606137692928314,
0.14001034200191498,
0.07226881384849548,
0.7204362750053406,
0.14775225520133972,
0.10520060360431671,
0.3985367715358734,
0.18906943500041962,
-0.576839029788971,
1.0324424505233765,
0.19553761184215546,
0.49315714836120605,
-0.35353565216064453,
-0.6266504526138306,
0.32890403270721436,
-0.22066238522529602,
-0.1048034280538559,
-0.1332700103521347,
0.8031537532806396,
0.6122336983680725,
0.15292158722877502,
0.1581880897283554,
-0.0666838139295578,
-0.4074774384498596,
-0.14417678117752075,
-0.7315080165863037,
0.3479568064212799,
0.42193371057510376,
0.5611740946769714,
-0.537696897983551,
0.15467259287834167,
-0.7784786224365234,
-0.7993565797805786,
0.8807751536369324,
-0.6298861503601074,
-0.30326971411705017,
-0.09031698107719421,
-0.5009962320327759,
-0.2111915647983551,
0.6838682293891907,
0.6603941917419434,
0.44147196412086487,
-0.2819922864437103,
-0.518088698387146,
0.42200127243995667,
-0.08089248836040497,
-0.9609732627868652,
0.8311956524848938,
0.1576896458864212,
0.287280410528183,
0.34786587953567505,
0.25385797023773193,
-0.42693835496902466,
-0.16056184470653534,
-0.33720725774765015,
0.366208016872406,
0.4406125843524933,
0.19849181175231934,
0.40620946884155273,
0.975628674030304,
-0.9956678152084351,
0.31118449568748474,
0.5691948533058167,
-0.6535525321960449,
0.25618618726730347,
0.1644313931465149,
-0.5629722476005554,
0.6651527881622314,
0.8701967597007751,
0.31024253368377686,
-0.19509993493556976,
0.3521367013454437,
-0.34302473068237305,
0.38957491517066956,
1.2516436576843262,
0.38732922077178955,
-0.15941718220710754,
-0.3033221662044525,
-0.7954373359680176,
0.8197617530822754,
-0.7259266972541809,
-0.34808239340782166,
0.1121637374162674,
-0.8454615473747253,
-0.5101512670516968,
0.7743334770202637,
0.6353700757026672,
-0.06741016358137131,
-0.30821260809898376,
-0.4702637195587158,
0.5829333066940308,
-0.07428772002458572,
0.3073446452617645,
0.1572895050048828,
0.10757021605968475,
0.27120155096054077,
0.08003874868154526,
0.16399571299552917,
0.4393033981323242,
0.26357510685920715,
0.12273936718702316,
0.07953190803527832,
0.4566159248352051,
0.015441777184605598,
-0.7524929642677307,
-1.1089998483657837,
-0.3291946053504944,
-0.25236400961875916,
0.19276194274425507,
-0.5390613079071045,
-0.1945066899061203,
-0.17285917699337006,
0.7852703332901001,
-0.04914889857172966,
-0.018659446388483047,
0.7321093678474426,
0.20820879936218262,
0.40587714314460754,
0.5338263511657715,
0.21884381771087646,
-0.2571479082107544,
-0.26932114362716675,
0.7355729341506958,
0.9165860414505005,
0.3248474895954132,
0.020829280838370323,
0.0868518278002739,
0.806570291519165,
-0.18435652554035187,
-0.2551614046096802,
0.11231164634227753,
-0.7826627492904663,
-0.486343652009964,
0.31564217805862427,
0.12456405907869339,
-0.4564419984817505,
0.4473435878753662,
0.10125846415758133,
-0.05293329805135727,
-0.1113363578915596,
-0.12691155076026917,
-0.22921022772789001,
-0.2433507740497589,
0.7574706077575684,
0.20310957729816437,
-0.4219646751880646,
0.2144976109266281,
0.40194132924079895,
0.11868772655725479,
0.009427420794963837,
0.16436588764190674,
0.27978479862213135,
-0.5748329758644104,
-0.002806511241942644,
-0.3796981871128082,
0.2129202038049698,
-0.08763563632965088,
0.010989528149366379,
0.03730591759085655,
1.1641788482666016,
-0.2732677757740021,
-0.16647520661354065,
0.5345034003257751,
0.020989179611206055,
-0.8479772210121155,
0.06952451914548874,
0.15065614879131317,
0.04216485098004341,
0.16491380333900452,
0.41190105676651,
0.020156903192400932,
-0.37477201223373413,
-0.5279762744903564,
-0.17444026470184326,
-0.4612502455711365,
-0.1324203759431839,
0.2881869971752167,
-0.6967482566833496,
-0.5665328502655029,
-0.10047644376754761,
-0.5115283131599426,
-0.43366479873657227,
0.29522210359573364,
0.7047480344772339,
0.8014627695083618,
0.4874837398529053,
0.13313737511634827,
-0.18609201908111572,
0.9702948331832886,
-0.18485072255134583,
-1.5452125072479248,
0.5033165812492371,
-0.14038199186325073,
-0.018822574988007545,
-0.5316373109817505,
0.09960780292749405,
0.28173843026161194,
0.27867400646209717,
0.06498759239912033,
-0.30625760555267334,
0.41535794734954834,
-0.3610776662826538,
-0.01237204298377037,
-0.48141372203826904,
-0.4994230568408966,
0.48235806822776794
] |
210979
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niner
|
Niner
|
Niner or Niners may refer to:
Niner, the pronunciation of the number nine in the NATO phonetic alphabet
29er (disambiguation)
49er (disambiguation)
Niner, a bicycle company that exclusively produces 29 inch wheel bikes
Niners, nickname for BV Chemnitz 99, a German basketball club
Niners (Star Trek), fictional baseball team in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Take Me Out to the Holosuite"
Niners, a name for fans of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine derived from the baseball team
Sendai 89ers, a Japanese basketball team
|
[
0.47017011046409607,
-0.08141762763261795,
-0.4109260141849518,
0.3156968355178833,
-0.03207164257764816,
0.5148354172706604,
-0.32538947463035583,
0.8032540678977966,
-0.5932594537734985,
-0.15900380909442902,
-0.10116059333086014,
0.2727402448654175,
-0.09062615782022476,
0.3375556766986847,
-0.1558850109577179,
0.28789734840393066,
0.7260636687278748,
0.40611615777015686,
-0.7056071758270264,
-0.6210430264472961,
-0.1144326776266098,
-0.24775661528110504,
0.19010591506958008,
-0.4591358006000519,
-0.3325759470462799,
0.39801865816116333,
-0.3234612047672272,
0.46270859241485596,
-0.20732343196868896,
0.6965331435203552,
-0.2696932256221771,
0.47177526354789734,
0.0748029500246048,
-0.00136903440579772,
-0.22406312823295593,
0.04604364186525345,
-0.2080191820859909,
0.20563119649887085,
-0.16524824500083923,
-0.05910591036081314,
0.5855068564414978,
-0.3981293737888336,
0.3179691433906555,
0.04071973264217377,
-0.34309637546539307,
0.32281965017318726,
-1.4298628568649292,
0.05560087412595749,
-0.28265073895454407,
-0.04717332497239113,
-0.04166918992996216,
0.4136661887168884,
-0.33083391189575195,
0.513246476650238,
0.4522443115711212,
0.24285174906253815,
-0.24180680513381958,
0.19273974001407623,
-0.14647775888442993,
-0.6319810748100281,
-0.03654003143310547,
-0.1486208140850067,
0.07701775431632996,
0.2380046844482422,
0.04248731583356857,
0.4600144922733307,
-0.06322382390499115,
0.17995485663414001,
-0.4432385563850403,
-0.3115757405757904,
-0.18219757080078125,
-0.4725368022918701,
-0.20589320361614227,
-0.04774719849228859,
0.15880770981311798,
0.036996930837631226,
-0.11153770238161087,
0.29908984899520874,
-0.26299554109573364,
0.29743555188179016,
-0.04667876660823822,
0.2183355838060379,
0.9628382325172424,
0.11710274964570999,
0.22242361307144165,
0.12505827844142914,
-0.374228835105896,
0.09769382327795029,
-0.2887183725833893,
0.17893759906291962,
0.18105164170265198,
-0.33829519152641296,
0.7766201496124268,
-0.040065474808216095,
-0.5733600854873657,
0.10642290860414505,
-0.046238306909799576,
0.3059195280075073,
0.4925524890422821,
-0.0363447405397892,
0.08904245495796204,
-0.03763217478990555,
0.39016056060791016,
0.19471515715122223,
-0.9401671290397644,
-0.2600535452365875,
0.2866514027118683,
-0.3425251245498657,
-0.24933025240898132,
0.30107149481773376,
-0.3889968693256378,
0.11850956827402115,
0.20601573586463928,
0.43589073419570923,
-0.3600301742553711,
-0.3226393759250641,
-0.16652928292751312,
-0.5266964435577393,
-0.07103340327739716,
0.05803849920630455,
-0.08078360557556152,
0.21020787954330444,
0.23583076894283295,
0.4276101589202881,
0.5102500319480896,
0.7491766214370728,
-0.17342226207256317,
0.4139901101589203,
-0.07131759077310562,
-0.29884201288223267,
-0.06478632986545563,
0.6694527268409729,
-0.33538785576820374,
0.1611425280570984,
-0.015686947852373123,
-0.07851202040910721,
-0.23316515982151031,
-0.21607688069343567,
0.2584470808506012,
-0.0014537754468619823,
-1.052874207496643,
0.008681665174663067,
-0.5451589822769165,
-0.6109859347343445,
0.46080830693244934,
-0.2823159396648407,
0.030261818319559097,
-0.11077024787664413,
-0.0898626521229744,
0.16223502159118652,
-0.24627786874771118,
-0.2672562897205353,
0.36304914951324463,
-0.4632616341114044,
-0.06740923970937729,
-0.44722163677215576,
-0.0029861065559089184,
0.14517931640148163,
0.22564515471458435,
-0.08310376852750778,
-0.5499902367591858,
0.21613457798957825,
-0.5335469841957092,
0.7261132597923279,
0.34248876571655273,
-0.10419950634241104,
0.19877831637859344,
-0.40736034512519836,
-0.2657633423805237,
0.4543928802013397,
0.10965997725725174,
0.26509177684783936,
0.42366087436676025,
0.5307963490486145,
-0.18745319545269012,
0.17118729650974274,
0.6735511422157288,
0.3164091408252716,
0.5259384512901306,
-0.31468474864959717,
-0.6839310526847839,
-0.11639884114265442,
0.4144047796726227,
-0.4560427963733673,
-0.17306400835514069,
-0.4537353813648224,
0.032403379678726196,
-0.014571079984307289,
0.06649354100227356,
-0.12055537849664688,
-0.4095733165740967,
-0.1173650398850441,
0.38069427013397217,
-0.5989389419555664,
0.6307718753814697,
-0.4347037076950073,
-0.01602226123213768,
0.347719669342041,
0.37433502078056335,
0.48774999380111694,
0.27978432178497314,
-0.4952152967453003,
0.36612820625305176,
0.1609385758638382,
-0.3605585992336273,
0.7140762805938721,
0.20557408034801483,
0.03085961379110813,
-0.05959130823612213,
0.03217519074678421,
0.15303103625774384,
-0.3124529719352722,
0.4127658009529114,
-0.28573450446128845,
-0.07465048134326935,
-0.3736479878425598,
-0.5666924118995667,
0.50071781873703,
-0.026012783870100975,
-0.5129081606864929,
0.47429710626602173,
-0.15133382380008698,
-0.35501930117607117,
-0.19839750230312347,
-0.028396030887961388,
0.8450115919113159,
-0.15921694040298462,
-0.01011521928012371,
0.3857935667037964,
-0.38862985372543335,
0.7246354818344116,
0.14947806298732758,
-0.5022708177566528,
0.2542603313922882,
0.4280374050140381,
0.1749058961868286,
0.4995098412036896,
-0.6178543567657471,
0.5399771928787231,
-0.7709556221961975,
-0.3333490788936615,
0.061012398451566696,
-0.7010142207145691,
0.20417420566082,
0.32244911789894104,
-0.270123153924942,
0.13451866805553436,
-0.046543121337890625,
-0.2853797376155853,
-0.11015813052654266,
-0.25507885217666626,
-0.3203429579734802,
0.052043888717889786,
0.26066479086875916,
-0.36236196756362915,
-0.1729980856180191,
-0.19746331870555878,
0.3064245879650116,
0.38563302159309387,
0.04141721501946449,
-0.33483728766441345,
-0.1959267556667328,
-0.08544468134641647,
-0.10754723101854324,
-0.45958033204078674,
-0.5833519697189331,
-0.41015884280204773,
0.2071256935596466,
0.43332648277282715,
0.2569768726825714,
-0.12724575400352478,
0.721765398979187,
-0.5759278535842896,
-0.06928188353776932,
-0.9826992154121399,
-0.8609762787818909,
-0.31013914942741394,
0.38447606563568115,
-0.6322907209396362,
-0.37056443095207214,
-0.20315520465373993,
-0.0270215030759573,
0.7411691546440125,
-0.3075312674045563,
0.3474864959716797,
-0.7528939247131348,
-0.4820120930671692,
-0.17723870277404785,
-0.2008516490459442,
-0.7448849678039551,
-0.31647923588752747,
0.22528184950351715,
-0.5402560830116272,
0.09239812195301056,
0.36149847507476807,
0.04248347878456116,
0.29310593008995056,
0.6320030093193054,
0.5128860473632812,
-0.2790278494358063,
-0.06015442684292793,
-0.12031568586826324,
-0.025936171412467957,
-0.03982575610280037,
0.03772306442260742,
0.058449551463127136,
-0.1501878947019577,
-0.2552240490913391,
-5.873364448547363,
0.383495032787323,
-0.651827871799469,
-0.1808767467737198,
0.3944557011127472,
0.2681255042552948,
0.887360692024231,
0.2107168585062027,
0.11170356720685959,
-0.35160914063453674,
-0.4630121886730194,
-0.14454728364944458,
-0.14279747009277344,
-0.04115533456206322,
-0.16896018385887146,
0.4755314588546753,
0.568749189376831,
0.2941581904888153,
0.01591997593641281,
-0.2731601297855377,
0.021682078018784523,
0.14665275812149048,
0.17405198514461517,
0.6795243620872498,
0.2139989733695984,
0.5535462498664856,
-0.6524839997291565,
-0.10413073003292084,
-0.3958934247493744,
-0.18083125352859497,
0.058195509016513824,
-0.15519854426383972,
-0.25545960664749146,
-0.31976577639579773,
0.23818255960941315,
-0.3839896321296692,
0.47876107692718506,
-0.4629769027233124,
0.26279520988464355,
-0.2009849101305008,
-0.549034059047699,
1.1663938760757446,
0.21124720573425293,
-0.8071482181549072,
0.641059935092926,
0.42825770378112793,
-0.4284343719482422,
-0.2646085023880005,
-0.09311068058013916,
0.40689828991889954,
0.06479549407958984,
-0.22583810985088348,
-0.10663391649723053,
0.27983948588371277,
0.43867528438568115,
0.05294577032327652,
0.1401597261428833,
0.3591534197330475,
-0.19758540391921997,
0.04522015154361725,
0.18340317904949188,
-0.1627570539712906,
-0.38477227091789246,
-0.49005410075187683,
-0.21019622683525085,
-0.5699122548103333,
-0.03317663446068764,
0.30238810181617737,
0.14778894186019897,
-0.20782606303691864,
-0.3830988109111786,
-0.06805059313774109,
0.2822217643260956,
-0.5859841108322144,
0.5085576176643372,
-0.27837085723876953,
-0.45036011934280396,
0.273075133562088,
-0.28909263014793396,
0.73136305809021,
-0.24730128049850464,
-0.18092681467533112,
-0.2517247200012207,
-0.3094053566455841,
-0.13422559201717377,
-0.5882230997085571,
0.026963569223880768,
0.07328756898641586,
0.1993311047554016,
0.3265424072742462,
0.6506966352462769,
-0.26322969794273376,
0.3003508150577545,
0.17942996323108673,
0.2982463836669922,
0.6034574508666992,
0.04264817759394646,
0.5815678238868713,
0.18421882390975952,
0.3000449240207672,
0.17408177256584167,
-0.7134319543838501,
0.3539222478866577,
-0.43939119577407837,
0.07962353527545929,
-0.003290752647444606,
0.3624168038368225,
-0.0026384962256997824,
1.1555837392807007,
-0.08679323643445969,
0.2827703356742859,
-0.25958073139190674,
-0.4639069437980652,
-0.04386547952890396,
0.33179745078086853,
-0.24983814358711243,
-0.2772362232208252,
1.0238895416259766,
0.5797193050384521,
-0.1894037276506424,
-0.24500535428524017,
0.24175408482551575,
-0.5731568336486816,
-0.5622922778129578,
-0.316078245639801,
-0.0744241327047348,
-0.3694625496864319,
-0.3969363272190094,
0.4463146924972534,
0.2320275753736496,
-0.37090423703193665,
0.483227014541626,
0.4192827641963959,
0.09955669939517975,
-0.3014253079891205,
-0.06857141852378845,
-0.4891623556613922,
-0.39613351225852966,
-0.19656845927238464,
-0.09899399429559708,
-0.07645247131586075,
0.1179988756775856,
0.30229467153549194,
-0.15423868596553802,
0.6768858432769775,
0.7139336466789246,
-0.05665413662791252,
-0.49053433537483215,
-0.012133575975894928,
0.8067939877510071,
0.7722836136817932,
-0.4035870432853699,
0.29122331738471985,
-0.31524401903152466,
0.03600814566016197,
0.20406396687030792,
-0.1818842589855194,
0.2317800223827362,
-0.2902802526950836,
-0.09953217953443527,
0.41438475251197815,
-0.30849388241767883,
-1.0647926330566406,
-0.10038499534130096,
0.5490793585777283,
-0.48544853925704956,
0.0709841325879097,
-0.9684951901435852,
-0.054111164063215256,
0.3623725175857544,
0.2123316526412964,
-0.2510438859462738,
-0.44719696044921875,
0.5776938796043396,
-0.1636577546596527,
0.26813122630119324,
-0.22507712244987488,
-0.09595441818237305,
0.13672256469726562,
0.44640859961509705,
0.08406798541545868,
0.2670482099056244,
0.09560061991214752,
0.4082195460796356,
0.3602103888988495,
-0.11775248497724533,
0.044143564999103546,
0.48614659905433655,
-0.16420987248420715,
0.09266100078821182,
-0.07336430251598358,
0.01974385417997837,
0.012686891481280327,
0.5237663388252258,
-0.6109958291053772,
-0.245891273021698,
-0.28558602929115295,
1.052578091621399,
-0.37476855516433716,
0.014918933622539043,
-0.14997369050979614,
0.3813295364379883,
-0.7095091342926025,
-0.3764190971851349,
0.5255391001701355,
-0.24896545708179474,
0.6597737073898315,
-0.3096347451210022,
-0.011518798768520355,
-0.01168705616146326,
-0.5957235097885132,
-0.5480762720108032,
0.029323091730475426,
-0.08874141424894333,
0.3875708281993866,
-0.1227511614561081,
-0.10332848131656647,
-0.4184530973434448,
-0.5023980140686035,
-0.5748353600502014,
-0.1256786286830902,
0.15304766595363617,
-0.20104411244392395,
-0.24850314855575562,
-0.33035609126091003,
0.06881319731473923,
0.2224474847316742,
-0.25519487261772156,
-0.3302621841430664,
-0.29679805040359497,
0.1037948876619339,
-0.2756205201148987,
-0.22107769548892975,
0.5784888863563538,
0.11886946856975555,
0.36876994371414185,
-0.22221560776233673,
-0.14858826994895935,
0.7397764921188354,
-0.019052794203162193,
0.38131535053253174,
0.05278633162379265,
-0.05840230733156204,
-0.5698761343955994,
-0.18453530967235565,
-0.1523561328649521,
0.4740840196609497,
-0.2061673253774643,
-0.4995706081390381,
0.09661317616701126,
0.4797343313694,
-0.9790491461753845,
-0.9362685680389404,
-0.5669932961463928,
0.785979688167572,
-0.6416316032409668,
-0.17813707888126373,
0.000573796802200377,
-0.07065880298614502,
0.15906083583831787,
-0.17700256407260895,
-0.0178673192858696,
-0.5010861158370972,
0.04208378121256828,
-0.6573614478111267,
0.3408937454223633,
-1.194512128829956,
-0.48466211557388306,
-0.42406415939331055,
-0.5261875987052917,
-0.1124560534954071,
0.6945642232894897,
0.6685156226158142,
0.19060833752155304,
0.2703865170478821,
0.04826394468545914,
0.46119242906570435,
-0.1722775250673294,
-0.2288111299276352,
0.05706044286489487,
-0.3701041638851166,
0.5413933396339417,
-0.31492188572883606,
-0.18544051051139832,
0.11118585616350174,
-0.46969786286354065,
0.2053726613521576,
-0.14484210312366486,
-0.49257367849349976,
0.4203198552131653,
-0.22841735184192657,
0.24687184393405914,
-0.2743922472000122,
0.05855584517121315,
-0.0636802464723587,
-0.27714449167251587,
0.36290717124938965,
-0.18001683056354523,
0.4496373236179352,
0.6379150748252869,
-0.7133274674415588,
0.3321681320667267,
-0.10503528267145157,
-0.5174729824066162,
-0.1507141888141632,
0.18939627707004547,
0.38294899463653564,
-0.3526526689529419,
-0.3170141577720642,
0.008598708547651768,
0.47426921129226685,
-0.403154194355011,
0.05404350534081459,
0.7261538505554199,
-0.16791900992393494,
-0.10293714702129364,
0.9905723333358765,
-0.4060291349887848,
-0.03640322759747505,
0.2881494462490082,
0.5640707015991211,
0.16191285848617554,
0.3839782178401947,
0.39312368631362915,
-0.2906944751739502,
0.14916178584098816,
-0.002930664923042059,
-0.3962081968784332,
0.337881863117218,
0.7180331349372864,
0.5925717949867249,
-0.5840064287185669,
0.040055036544799805,
0.25336790084838867,
-0.3833951950073242,
-0.4833970069885254,
0.1717701256275177,
-0.5349326729774475,
-0.08213489502668381,
0.7066429853439331,
0.31361469626426697,
0.7984297871589661,
0.11950232088565826,
-0.279983788728714,
0.5660959482192993,
0.5049269795417786,
0.07384011149406433,
-0.05130719393491745,
0.5930169820785522,
-0.16897346079349518,
-0.6953511238098145,
-0.07920505851507187,
-0.1766931712627411,
-0.4862697124481201,
0.08438660204410553,
-0.22493833303451538,
0.02861727960407734,
-0.2106781154870987,
-0.3996802270412445,
0.2619084119796753,
-0.10753857344388962,
-0.08409517258405685,
0.5734464526176453,
-0.20866917073726654,
-0.3576059937477112,
0.07089702039957047,
-0.1524595022201538,
-0.11996292322874069,
0.21227210760116577,
0.20525123178958893,
0.1620362401008606,
0.3883262276649475,
-0.3616718053817749,
0.09074778854846954,
-0.5650542974472046,
0.25265049934387207,
1.1069294214248657,
0.7077263593673706,
-0.051927510648965836,
0.17630282044410706,
-0.15203049778938293,
-0.12974362075328827,
0.03509029373526573,
-0.1649359166622162,
0.4638094902038574,
0.006317291408777237,
-0.1369057595729828,
-0.13076190650463104,
0.10918715596199036,
0.46833425760269165,
0.021761145442724228,
-0.8235653638839722,
-0.2628071904182434,
-0.2905481457710266,
0.06844505667686462,
-0.28874966502189636,
0.09527594596147537,
0.629336416721344,
0.2827383279800415,
0.5907110571861267,
0.12311486899852753,
-0.38193684816360474,
0.4040452539920807,
0.14686815440654755,
-0.3513418138027191,
-0.17358697950839996,
-0.37035298347473145,
0.14879071712493896,
0.04829806089401245,
0.2070143222808838,
0.7908711433410645,
0.2655908763408661,
-0.09413406252861023,
0.35147184133529663,
-0.04541369527578354,
-0.480600506067276,
0.9260501861572266,
0.03860239312052727,
-0.055852245539426804,
-1.0011498928070068,
-0.1659242957830429,
0.11147863417863846,
0.01674724742770195,
0.3255506455898285,
-0.02830139361321926,
0.010149378329515457,
0.4445855915546417,
-0.5889028906822205,
-0.5446099042892456,
0.27605658769607544,
-0.18711689114570618,
-0.1585618406534195,
-0.6327138543128967,
0.09697648137807846,
-0.3949218690395355,
-0.47478199005126953,
0.5437854528427124,
0.7587988376617432,
0.32193878293037415,
-0.3169105350971222,
0.2686016261577606,
0.16678637266159058,
-0.43929988145828247,
-0.06740497052669525,
0.3304460346698761,
0.833478569984436,
-0.15258558094501495,
0.017408382147550583,
-0.5309430956840515,
0.5604634284973145,
-0.09425132721662521,
-0.4891771376132965,
0.48346051573753357,
-0.03996584564447403,
0.5428807139396667,
-0.5820148587226868,
0.23504136502742767,
0.1415257304906845,
0.326092928647995,
0.23410485684871674
] |
210980
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike
|
Mike
|
Mike is a masculine given name. It is also encountered as an abbreviation or shorthand for Michael. Notable people with the name include:
People
Mike Adenuga, Nigerian billionaire businessman
Mike Affleck, American football player
Mike Akiu (born 1962)
Mike Alford (born 1943), American football player
Mike Alstott, American football player
Mike Ashley, British businessman
Mike Atkinson (born 1994), footballer
Mike Beebe, American attorney
Mike Bercovici, American football player
Mike Bloomberg, American businessman and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate
Mike Bloomfield, American musician
Mike Boone, American football player
Mike Bossy, (born 1957), Canadian National Hockey League player
Mike Breen, American sportscaster
Mike Brown (basketball, born 1970), American basketball coach
Mike Brown (fighter), American mixed martial artist
Mike Brown (ice hockey, born 1985), American National Hockey League player
Mike Bryan, American professional tennis player
Mike Burkhead, American football player
Mike Cameron, American baseball player
Mike Carp, American Major League Baseball player
Mike Carter (born 1955), American-Israeli basketball player
Mike Conley Jr., American basketball player
Michael Cox (disambiguation), several people
Mike Crumb (born 1970), Canadian football player
Mike D'Antoni (born 1951), American basketball coach
Mike Danna (born 1997), American football player
James "Mike" DeBardeleben (1940-2011), American rapist and possible serial killer
Mike DeWine, American politician and 70th Governor of Ohio
Mike Dibb (born 1940), English documentary filmmaker
Mike Dirnt (born 1972), bassist for Green Day
Mike Ditka, American football player and coach
Mike Dierickx, aka M.I.K.E., Belgian progressive trance DJ/producer
Mike Eghan, Ghanaian radio broadcaster
Mike Enriquez, Filipino journalist
Mike Enzi, American politician
Mike Epstein, American Major League Baseball first baseman
Mike Fisher (born 1980), Canadian National Hockey League player
Mike Franks (tennis), American tennis player
Mike Friede, American football player
Mike Gartner, (born 1959), Canadian National Hockey League player
Mike George, British radio presenter
Mike Gesicki, American football player
Mike Gibbins (1949–2005), Welsh drummer, member of the rock band Badfinger
Mike Green (born 1985), Canadian National Hockey League player
Mike Hartman, American National Hockey League player
Mike Hibler, American football player
Mike Huckabee, American politician
Mike Hughes (American football) (born 1997), American football player
Mike Hunt (disambiguation), multiple people
Mike Ilitch, American entrepreneur
Mike Jones (disambiguation), multiple people
Mike Joyce (musician) (born 1963), English drummer for The Smiths
Mike Judge (born 1962), American cartoonist, animator, voice actor and comedian
Mike Kellogg (American football), American football player
Mike Kennerty, guitarist of the band The All-American Rejects
Mike Kreger, former drummer for Michigan heavy metal band Battlecross
Mike Krüger (born 1951), German comedian and singer
Mike Largey (born 1960), American basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Mike Lenzly, former British basketball player
Mike Levenseller, American football player
Mike Lieberthal, American Major League Baseball catcher
Mike Little, British web developer, co-founder of WordPress Doraemon
Mike Love, American singer and songwriter who co-founded The Beach Boys
Mike Love (defensive lineman) (born 1994), American football player
Mike Lynn (basketball) (born 1945), American basketball player
Mike McCarthy (born 1963), American football coach
Mike McCready, guitarist of the band Pearl Jam
Mike McGlinchey (offensive lineman), American football player
Mike McLaughlin, (born 1956), American racing driver
Mike Mizanin, American professional wrestler who is better known by his ring name "The Miz"
Mike Modano, (born 1970), American National Hockey League player
Mike Morrison (basketball player, born 1989)
Mike Moser (born 1990), American basketball player
Mike Moura, Portuguese footballer
Mike Mucitelli, American mixed martial artist
Mike Muscala, Oklahoma City Thunder player
Mike Myers, Canadian-British-American actor, comedian, screenwriter, director, and film producer
Mike Napoli, catcher, first baseman in Major League Baseball
Mike Nifong (born 1950), American district attorney disbarred for misconduct in the Duke lacrosse case
Mike Nott, American football player
Mike Oldfield, English multi-instrumentalist, known for his 1973 album Tubular Bells
Mike Oliveira, Brazilian professional boxer
Mike Oliver, British sociologist and disability advocate
Mike O'Malley, American game show host
Mike Ozdowski, American football player
Mike Parson, American politician
Mike Pence, American politician and 48th Vice President of the United States
Mike Polk, American comedian
Mike Pollock, American voice actor
Mike Pompeo (born 1963), American politician and former Secretary of State of the United States
Mike Porcaro (1955–2015), American bassist, member of the rock band Toto
Mike Portnoy, drummer for Neal Morse band and former drummer and founding member of Dream Theater
Mike Posner, American singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer
Mike Purcell, American football player
Mike Rawlings, American politician
Mike Rhodes (American football), American football player
Mike Rose (disambiguation), multiple people
Mike Rosenberg, better known by his stage name, Passenger (singer), English singer-songwriter and musician
Mike Rosenthal (born 1977), American football player
Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano) (born 1955), American world champion light heavyweight boxer
Mike Rowe (born 1962), American television personality
Mike Rowe (ice hockey) (born 1965), Canadian retired ice hockey player
Mike Rowe (racing), American racing driver
Mike Rutherford (born 1950), British progressive rock guitarist
Mike Sanders (basketball) (born 1960), American basketball player and coach
Mike Schwartz (born 1949), American-Israeli basketball player and coach
Mike Schmidt, American former professional baseball player for the Philadelphia Phillies
Mike Seidman, American football player
Mike Shinoda, the vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the band Linkin Park
Mike Skinner (born 1957), American racing driver
Mike Smith (born 1982), Canadian National Hockey League player
Mike Stefanik (1958–2019), American racing driver
Mike Strachan (disambiguation), multiple people
Mike Taylor (basketball coach), American basketball coach
Mike Torres, Dominican basketball player
Mike Townsend, American football player
Mike Trainor, American comedian
Mike Trigg, American football player
Mike Trout, Major League Baseball player
Mike Tyson, American world champion heavyweight boxer
Mike Tyson (American football) (born 1993), American football player
Mike Veisor (born 1952), Canadian National Hockey League player
Mike Vick (born 1980), American football player
Mike Wallace, (1918–2012), American journalist, game-show host, and media personality
Mike Wallace, (born 1959), American racing driver
Mike Weber (American football) (born 1997), American football player
Mike White (quarterback) (born 1995), American football player
Mike Whitmarsh (1962–2009), American volleyball and basketball player
Mike Whitney (born 1959), Australian television personality and former cricketer
Mike Whitwell, American football player
Mike Williams (wide receiver, born 1994) (born 1994), American football player
Mike Will Made It, American music producer and rapper
Mike Witteck, American football player
Mike Zambidis, Greek kickboxing wrestler notable for the high number of KO wins
Mike (Brazilian footballer) (born 1993), full name Mike dos Santos Nenatarvicius, Brazilian football forward
Maidhc
Maidhc Ó Flaithearta, Irish Fenian and Land-Leaguer
Maidhc Ó Sé, Irish sportsman
Fictional characters
Mike, a character in 1993 action/martial arts movie Showdown
Mike Asparagus, a character and Junior's dad in VeggieTales
Mike Bison, the Japanese name of Balrog (Street Fighter)
Mike Donovan, a character in the American TV miniseries V (1983 miniseries)
Mike Fernandez, the Green Ranger in Power Rangers Samurai
Mike, the main character in Nintendo video games such as StarTropics Series and Battle Clash/Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge.
Mike, in the animated television series Total Drama: Revenge of the Island and Total Drama All-Stars
MIKE, a character from Twin Peaks
Mike Mazinsky, character in Mike, Lu & Og
Mike Banning, the main character in Has Fallen film series
Michael "Mike" Corbett/Magna Defender, in Power Rangers Lost Galaxy
Mike Dallas in Degrassi: The Next Generation
Mike Harper, a character from the game Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Mike Lane (Magic Mike), male stripper
Michael "Mike" Munroe, one of the primary protagonists in the video game Until Dawn
Mike O'Donnell/Mark Gold, a character in the 2009 American fantasy comedy movie 17 Again
Michael "Mike" Ross, a main character in the television series Suits
Mike, a small red Arlesdale Railway engine, in The Railway Series by the Rev W. Awdry and the spin-off television series Thomas and Friends
Mike Schmidt, protagonist of the horror game Five Nights at Freddy's
Mike Teavee, a Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character
Mike Wazowski, a green, one-eyed monster, a main character in the Monsters, Inc. franchise
Mike Wheeler (Stranger Things), a main character in the television series Stranger Things
Mike Zacharias, character of the anime Attack on Titan
See also
Big Mike (nickname)
List of people with given name Michael
English-language masculine given names
Lists of people by nickname
Hypocorisms
English masculine given names
|
[
-0.33510690927505493,
0.7375561594963074,
-0.6567033529281616,
-0.25145336985588074,
-0.12378796190023422,
0.6142340898513794,
0.7018542885780334,
0.5965238809585571,
-0.38300228118896484,
-0.35801824927330017,
-0.5991809368133545,
0.30657708644866943,
-0.11165853589773178,
0.25537216663360596,
-0.06704089045524597,
0.618063747882843,
-0.4558374881744385,
0.6686971187591553,
-0.011179396882653236,
-0.31827762722969055,
-0.2639360725879669,
-0.1897343397140503,
-0.07141014188528061,
-0.05614696070551872,
0.5793967843055725,
0.12192605435848236,
0.18924278020858765,
-0.3947007954120636,
-0.0443718321621418,
0.16351817548274994,
0.13146375119686127,
0.09841946512460709,
0.13176020979881287,
-0.40224283933639526,
-0.4279770255088806,
-0.5866764783859253,
-0.26437127590179443,
-0.28188997507095337,
0.22109809517860413,
-0.04987901449203491,
0.3126763701438904,
-0.23993194103240967,
0.5154314041137695,
-0.1132204458117485,
0.06781061738729477,
0.11281488090753555,
-2.306962251663208,
0.09866870194673538,
-0.03541523590683937,
-0.1416262984275818,
-0.12853120267391205,
0.08600648492574692,
0.10142398625612259,
0.4806651473045349,
-0.1724376380443573,
0.2152194380760193,
0.14759674668312073,
0.14591649174690247,
0.0004281298315618187,
-0.46515265107154846,
0.21805539727210999,
0.02484017051756382,
0.07165370881557465,
0.2225208282470703,
0.6594209671020508,
0.3319246172904968,
0.014245734550058842,
0.5658188462257385,
-0.6649677157402039,
0.1267290562391281,
-0.5499944686889648,
-0.5680629014968872,
0.29093414545059204,
-0.5226941108703613,
0.005308365449309349,
0.1810067594051361,
-0.23324935138225555,
0.29620254039764404,
0.10852086544036865,
0.31104519963264465,
-0.17193825542926788,
0.09084830433130264,
-0.0392647422850132,
0.1770910620689392,
0.0706147775053978,
0.3179469108581543,
-0.2874072790145874,
-0.0318416990339756,
-0.2249165177345276,
0.4768500030040741,
-0.16064120829105377,
-0.044424064457416534,
0.2688637971878052,
0.0006335183861665428,
0.2294960618019104,
-0.1270999163389206,
-0.539106547832489,
0.19097551703453064,
0.013388716615736485,
0.11775874346494675,
-0.14778132736682892,
-0.10389593988656998,
0.2786630094051361,
-0.2580719590187073,
-0.5536457896232605,
0.05430541932582855,
-0.15141452848911285,
0.34363487362861633,
0.1506139636039734,
-0.4098130762577057,
-0.47054094076156616,
0.0006040066946297884,
0.14860449731349945,
-0.0872408002614975,
-0.0662984624505043,
0.1523086428642273,
0.40447086095809937,
-0.3021531105041504,
0.06754442304372787,
-0.027042120695114136,
-0.15213976800441742,
0.7494634389877319,
-0.19733427464962006,
0.38524261116981506,
0.14799433946609497,
0.037782490253448486,
0.16337637603282928,
0.31791383028030396,
-0.13689422607421875,
-0.2731854021549225,
0.0071523976512253284,
0.3607950210571289,
0.22851525247097015,
0.009867016226053238,
-0.5502487421035767,
-0.10331521928310394,
-0.07755814492702484,
0.29766979813575745,
-0.11899640411138535,
0.08440442383289337,
-0.7204890847206116,
-0.4405001401901245,
-1.462395429611206,
0.20079751312732697,
0.591795802116394,
0.07767678052186966,
0.2339642196893692,
0.12896005809307098,
0.08688832074403763,
0.5425684452056885,
0.3413473069667816,
-0.12971946597099304,
0.06880757957696915,
-0.015966732054948807,
-0.18039412796497345,
0.23983095586299896,
0.3300907611846924,
-0.4630253314971924,
0.6279668211936951,
0.2098182737827301,
0.05238489434123039,
0.01754046231508255,
-0.13105951249599457,
0.4322351813316345,
0.5203672051429749,
0.0635342225432396,
0.16412900388240814,
-0.554707944393158,
-0.4167584478855133,
0.20153206586837769,
-0.45734402537345886,
0.09708622097969055,
0.0585324764251709,
-0.19864654541015625,
-0.13651448488235474,
0.3307769000530243,
0.6965571641921997,
-0.23616428673267365,
0.6335089206695557,
-0.49113160371780396,
-0.41361355781555176,
-0.2313043773174286,
-0.2356250286102295,
-0.0695478618144989,
0.24251620471477509,
-0.21162714064121246,
0.06654883176088333,
0.0773979127407074,
0.26699548959732056,
0.15442954003810883,
-0.4295271039009094,
-0.5081619024276733,
-0.015552325174212456,
-0.5447655320167542,
0.8238260746002197,
-0.07878585904836655,
-0.35451942682266235,
0.4397083520889282,
0.48843318223953247,
0.9631016254425049,
0.06299081444740295,
-0.5375989675521851,
0.2043302357196808,
0.10008250921964645,
-0.416220098733902,
1.61278235912323,
0.2383740246295929,
0.6613715887069702,
0.35555189847946167,
0.3907870650291443,
-0.037101298570632935,
0.1553918421268463,
0.696692168712616,
-0.35565534234046936,
0.12762929499149323,
-0.057605594396591187,
0.4387589693069458,
-0.13918106257915497,
0.03405878692865372,
-0.47909876704216003,
0.8515045046806335,
-0.4534238576889038,
-0.03713935986161232,
-0.05348433554172516,
0.19300271570682526,
0.8487812876701355,
0.1082482561469078,
-0.11471087485551834,
-0.0012734163319692016,
-0.3123684227466583,
0.34214866161346436,
0.051548659801483154,
-0.3794980049133301,
-0.3074513077735901,
-0.17315861582756042,
-0.32665538787841797,
0.30124717950820923,
-0.3183270990848541,
0.032942648977041245,
-0.06144272908568382,
0.29278767108917236,
0.4463324248790741,
-0.24537456035614014,
-0.04100619629025459,
-0.02557881735265255,
-0.44151854515075684,
0.1891849935054779,
-0.006148612126708031,
0.13673275709152222,
0.1621759682893753,
0.2944790720939636,
-0.10041937232017517,
0.4982943832874298,
0.2718457579612732,
0.14148390293121338,
0.21681095659732819,
-0.1768050193786621,
0.23326708376407623,
-0.08587947487831116,
0.039986271411180496,
-0.2158999890089035,
0.2622990906238556,
-0.18044817447662354,
0.19954045116901398,
-0.18090219795703888,
0.4014597237110138,
-0.2148749679327011,
-0.1371964067220688,
0.4631926715373993,
0.15261182188987732,
-0.12385730445384979,
0.32519620656967163,
-0.2636798620223999,
-1.3880805969238281,
-0.13983145356178284,
0.42167118191719055,
-0.023679791018366814,
0.171472430229187,
-0.19408710300922394,
-0.3316156268119812,
0.12833788990974426,
0.10213916748762131,
-0.24796590209007263,
-0.5654164552688599,
-0.033789876848459244,
-0.5642911195755005,
-0.18045324087142944,
-0.6145270466804504,
-0.46689483523368835,
-0.5072309970855713,
-0.016229182481765747,
0.039084043353796005,
-0.1449781060218811,
0.27522963285446167,
0.26801496744155884,
0.3320816159248352,
0.28157317638397217,
0.0026265468914061785,
-0.186544731259346,
-0.4001210927963257,
-0.04505148157477379,
-0.029194898903369904,
-0.22028888761997223,
-0.42208895087242126,
0.4921216666698456,
-0.11558906733989716,
-0.08811374753713608,
0.09268217533826828,
-5.752660751342773,
0.46675172448158264,
-0.28448954224586487,
-0.22117407619953156,
0.1917564570903778,
-0.0390365831553936,
0.5398384928703308,
-0.33501747250556946,
0.34137770533561707,
-0.19168563187122345,
-0.4755435287952423,
0.37096503376960754,
-0.11355743557214737,
0.3144570589065552,
0.3004399538040161,
0.32724085450172424,
0.5806888937950134,
-0.24740101397037506,
-0.011390479281544685,
0.046916812658309937,
0.04826350882649422,
0.43918612599372864,
-0.519986629486084,
0.11898088455200195,
0.7226176261901855,
0.7512560486793518,
-0.33660686016082764,
0.24293988943099976,
-0.11575189977884293,
0.04973764345049858,
0.2657267153263092,
-0.045810531824827194,
-0.2147085815668106,
-0.09284786134958267,
-0.4495326280593872,
-0.22476373612880707,
0.7673400640487671,
-0.016836589202284813,
0.808181881904602,
0.21662825345993042,
-0.5075833797454834,
0.2749515175819397,
-0.41933581233024597,
0.01483950950205326,
0.2977915406227112,
0.011070900596678257,
-0.3976558446884155,
-0.3418019115924835,
-0.23195165395736694,
0.20598828792572021,
-0.3259780704975128,
-0.016598867252469063,
0.7237656712532043,
0.39868348836898804,
1.2142976522445679,
-0.21834057569503784,
0.6743854284286499,
0.2677942216396332,
-0.2914155423641205,
-0.1563342660665512,
0.34685367345809937,
-0.4047093093395233,
0.0703379362821579,
-0.7341419458389282,
0.20840434730052948,
-0.7429280877113342,
-0.10912586748600006,
-0.2382599413394928,
0.014406897127628326,
0.12367871403694153,
-0.1868077516555786,
0.010772120207548141,
0.23591597378253937,
-0.9813428521156311,
0.5411379933357239,
-0.08421493321657181,
-0.7141993045806885,
0.15229998528957367,
-0.023370353505015373,
-0.2698870599269867,
-0.48282214999198914,
-0.1771382838487625,
-1.0026965141296387,
0.3445696532726288,
-0.34461477398872375,
-0.12979133427143097,
-0.44475293159484863,
0.03818106651306152,
0.06667108088731766,
-0.2495155930519104,
0.4752739667892456,
-0.29715701937675476,
0.015552441589534283,
0.4205458462238312,
-0.0069079152308404446,
0.6411688923835754,
0.5383117198944092,
-0.6241840124130249,
0.46305710077285767,
0.07439392060041428,
0.4488213062286377,
-0.4517151117324829,
-0.19527854025363922,
-0.1392289251089096,
0.4590153098106384,
0.043855320662260056,
-0.21116755902767181,
-0.06251490116119385,
0.806365430355072,
-0.02794422022998333,
0.21617688238620758,
-0.18029922246932983,
-0.8089415431022644,
-0.4015190005302429,
0.02834312804043293,
0.03397015854716301,
-0.05362897738814354,
0.4104730188846588,
0.3862104117870331,
0.5064076781272888,
-0.14208246767520905,
0.10185036063194275,
-0.12150818109512329,
-0.050327811390161514,
-0.7666946053504944,
-0.15240460634231567,
-0.2001936286687851,
-0.41395291686058044,
-0.292302668094635,
0.263034850358963,
0.3055436313152313,
0.5214672088623047,
0.10418011993169785,
0.035428471863269806,
0.2136874943971634,
0.13262230157852173,
0.04375051334500313,
-0.041974522173404694,
-0.133602112531662,
-0.4898546040058136,
-0.09788946807384491,
-0.3698160946369171,
-0.20626980066299438,
-0.1383599042892456,
0.2453722059726715,
0.556867778301239,
-0.20787249505519867,
0.013370951637625694,
-0.1680438369512558,
0.6807171106338501,
-0.05728376656770706,
-0.6254438757896423,
0.4739731550216675,
-0.32726308703422546,
-0.21472787857055664,
0.013657690957188606,
-0.2400234490633011,
0.40047022700309753,
-1.1522005796432495,
0.05920872092247009,
0.16142795979976654,
-0.40511828660964966,
-1.0086749792099,
0.40182843804359436,
0.4353216588497162,
-0.8079087734222412,
-0.17726284265518188,
-0.17851372063159943,
-0.08183615654706955,
0.9205437302589417,
-0.017328666523098946,
-0.09421166032552719,
-0.7094811201095581,
-0.10601925104856491,
0.4492771029472351,
-0.17817339301109314,
0.041273389011621475,
0.3222736418247223,
-0.05479102209210396,
0.25613847374916077,
0.5274673700332642,
-0.25231364369392395,
-0.10436432808637619,
0.5503497123718262,
0.3559483587741852,
-0.5096445083618164,
-0.1921662837266922,
0.05513346940279007,
-0.338241845369339,
-0.0011140428250655532,
-0.3595413565635681,
-0.17889581620693207,
0.5487616658210754,
-0.041608598083257675,
-0.6628270149230957,
0.3443635106086731,
0.04798031225800514,
-0.066848523914814,
0.02638889104127884,
-0.5348735451698303,
-0.048778317868709564,
0.2656952440738678,
-0.6719815135002136,
-0.09057995676994324,
-0.02014840953052044,
-0.44826939702033997,
0.7234153151512146,
-0.09681969881057739,
-0.8148821592330933,
0.34596559405326843,
-0.06254525482654572,
-1.1232150793075562,
-0.005285610910505056,
0.34781479835510254,
0.32617419958114624,
-0.24861136078834534,
0.07654865831136703,
0.10662080347537994,
-0.20022337138652802,
-0.6021586060523987,
0.21415142714977264,
-0.36291831731796265,
-0.06285379081964493,
-0.10445135831832886,
0.5251806378364563,
0.2098120152950287,
0.34657159447669983,
-0.2127552479505539,
0.8232367634773254,
-0.450528085231781,
0.07069703936576843,
-0.4247618615627289,
0.1488344967365265,
0.5214942693710327,
-0.23514647781848907,
0.26310282945632935,
-0.34365972876548767,
0.12960170209407806,
-0.07971716672182083,
0.06735508888959885,
0.4912615716457367,
0.8814782500267029,
-0.1835421472787857,
-0.6244627237319946,
0.24037088453769684,
-0.16739900410175323,
-0.09217866510152817,
-0.49254733324050903,
-0.2896672785282135,
0.30203235149383545,
0.24175924062728882,
-0.76689612865448,
-0.31397995352745056,
-0.11314475536346436,
0.7032257914543152,
-0.4500599205493927,
0.05904380604624748,
0.2215520292520523,
-0.5056897401809692,
0.3875123858451843,
-0.08170884102582932,
0.2035590261220932,
-0.5203109979629517,
0.8020990490913391,
-0.3850064277648926,
0.6591478586196899,
-0.3098026514053345,
0.11704432219266891,
0.075577512383461,
-0.20852002501487732,
-0.36065006256103516,
0.09041456133127213,
0.020504018291831017,
0.43098217248916626,
-0.4028618633747101,
-0.3102433979511261,
0.11102037131786346,
-0.08767467737197876,
0.05870423838496208,
-0.25154441595077515,
0.09515053778886795,
0.07313300669193268,
0.08416885882616043,
-0.3575352728366852,
0.11018197238445282,
-0.45289018750190735,
0.3332778513431549,
-0.04191487282514572,
-0.11909064650535583,
-0.042454760521650314,
-0.17415226995944977,
-0.027025992050766945,
-0.6115943193435669,
0.3628822863101959,
-0.1215594932436943,
-0.19266463816165924,
-0.35721710324287415,
0.35200628638267517,
0.3742164671421051,
0.2023710310459137,
-0.6761381030082703,
1.1712498664855957,
0.16155898571014404,
0.19328957796096802,
0.45339247584342957,
0.3992988169193268,
0.14425010979175568,
-0.24470852315425873,
0.10949382930994034,
-0.29816168546676636,
0.06787366420030594,
-0.024464217945933342,
0.48843130469322205,
0.7524165511131287,
-0.27772295475006104,
-0.25554007291793823,
0.5604506731033325,
-0.2904495298862457,
-0.08989541977643967,
0.08719202876091003,
0.11842209845781326,
-0.9035744667053223,
0.4976155757904053,
0.15313589572906494,
-0.28980791568756104,
0.7511551380157471,
0.01887747086584568,
-0.012968761846423149,
0.24641723930835724,
0.0775904729962349,
0.7091819643974304,
-0.22225122153759003,
0.025927910581231117,
-0.11973931640386581,
-0.25560083985328674,
-0.5796443819999695,
-0.027545642107725143,
-0.23087869584560394,
-0.3739831745624542,
0.8615102171897888,
0.2696188986301422,
0.33262690901756287,
-0.1823853850364685,
0.0570184700191021,
0.12293945997953415,
0.034783776849508286,
-0.11576191335916519,
0.02583305910229683,
-0.1383216381072998,
-0.2505505681037903,
-0.11292999237775803,
0.17723993957042694,
-0.08532699942588806,
-0.368255078792572,
0.08742313832044601,
-0.11622926592826843,
0.2471185028553009,
-0.28086647391319275,
-0.23882591724395752,
-1.232042670249939,
0.3153471350669861,
-0.3540210723876953,
0.7719646692276001,
0.07251486927270889,
-0.07052748650312424,
0.08294729888439178,
0.18234167993068695,
-0.3117114305496216,
0.13561603426933289,
0.1661352515220642,
0.22709333896636963,
0.34097620844841003,
-0.1761847287416458,
-0.1675613969564438,
0.051285866647958755,
0.7711575627326965,
0.46784305572509766,
-0.04730769246816635,
0.08223212510347366,
-0.18682850897312164,
0.08060827851295471,
-0.12829533219337463,
-0.6641691327095032,
-0.3444194197654724,
0.0756232813000679,
-0.11559175699949265,
-0.03193257749080658,
0.5418615341186523,
-0.17644581198692322,
0.3993626832962036,
0.6826776266098022,
-0.16739581525325775,
0.19400560855865479,
-0.14175094664096832,
-0.1436559557914734,
-0.47762662172317505,
-0.47397130727767944,
0.6481308937072754,
0.5626112818717957,
0.33364903926849365,
0.12250013649463654,
0.20092566311359406,
0.23913918435573578,
0.035308875143527985,
-0.5564833283424377,
-0.2348661869764328,
-0.3237149119377136,
-0.43311241269111633,
0.08483544737100601,
-0.021590454503893852,
0.3807586431503296,
-0.29253166913986206,
0.01187741756439209,
-0.5473881363868713,
0.02043321542441845,
-0.06434369832277298,
0.6334480047225952,
-0.4702114760875702,
0.34325915575027466,
0.11107620596885681,
0.07347669452428818,
0.14355410635471344,
-0.07569782435894012,
0.5541436076164246,
-0.22628667950630188,
-0.1219668835401535,
0.14494504034519196,
-0.08341946452856064,
-0.4440127909183502,
-0.13609054684638977,
-0.2425980120897293,
0.20563329756259918,
-0.4332323670387268,
0.1406189352273941,
0.019492443650960922,
-0.03161843866109848,
0.3873279392719269,
0.5331295132637024,
0.06816272437572479,
0.3585890531539917,
-0.36971116065979004,
-0.4769277274608612,
-0.018426701426506042,
0.2832338511943817,
-2.9435949325561523,
-0.07730412483215332,
-0.423245370388031,
-0.5690286755561829,
0.3329865634441376,
0.09616110473871231,
0.2743469178676605,
-0.45791831612586975,
0.5847703814506531,
0.5015034675598145,
0.3289085626602173,
-0.00744744623079896,
0.265887975692749,
-0.8182745575904846,
0.5194092392921448,
0.41607406735420227
] |
210981
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Romeo (disambiguation)
|
Romeo is the male protagonist in the play Romeo and Juliet.
Romeo may also refer to:
People and fictional characters
Romeo (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
Romeo (surname), a list of people
nickname of Aditya Dev (1988–2012), Indian body builder, entertainer and dancer and the "world's smallest bodybuilder"
Kid Romeo, American professional wrestler
Places
United States
Romeo, Colorado, a statutory town
Romeo, Florida, an unincorporated community
Romeo, Michigan, a village
Romeo, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
Antarctica
Romeo Island
Outer space
Romeo (lunar crater), a lunar crater
Romeo (crater on Oberon), a crater on Oberon
Music
Romeo Records, an American jazz record label
Romeo (English rapper) (born 1980), English rapper and MC
Romeo, stage name of Romeo Miller, an American rapper and actor
Romeo (band), a South Korean boy band
Romeo (EP), a 2009 EP by Shinee
Songs
"Romeo" (Basement Jaxx song), 2001
"Romeo" (Dino song), 1990
"Romeo" (Dolly Parton song), 1993
"Romeo" (Ketil Stokkan song), 1986
"Romeo" (Petula Clark song), 1961
"Romeo" (Wipers song), 1981
"Romeo", by Donna Summer from I'm a Rainbow
"Romeo", by Hande Yene, from Nasıl Delirdim?
"Romeo", by Jungle featuring Bas, 2021
"Romeo", by Mr Big
"Romeo", by Sublime from Second-hand Smoke
Film and television
Romeo (1976 film), a Malayalam film
Romeo (1990 film), a Dutch drama
Parugu or Romeo, a 2008 Telugu film
Romeo (2011 film), a Bengali film
Romeo (2012 film), a Kannada-language film
Romeo (2014 film), a Telugu-language film
Romeo!, a Nickelodeon television series starring Romeo Miller that aired from 2003 to 2006
Military
Romeo class submarine, the NATO reporting name for a Soviet submarine type
Operation Romeo, a French World War II commando operation
Fokker C.V, a Dutch reconnaissance and light bomber biplane manufactured in Italy under licence as the Romeo Ro.1
Other uses
Romeo, the letter R in the ICAO spelling alphabet
Alfa Romeo Romeo, a light van and pickup truck formerly produced by Alfa Romeo
Romeo file system, an extension to the ISO 9660 file system for optical media
RoMEO, Rights MEtadata for Open archiving
Romeo (wolf) ( 2000–2009), Alaskan wolf notable for interactions with humans
Romeo State Airport, a public airport near Romeo, Michigan
See also
Romeoo, a 2007 Malayalam film directed by Rafi Mecartin
Roamio, the name of a series of TiVo digital video recorders
|
[
-0.44115498661994934,
0.19481875002384186,
-0.2515522241592407,
-0.05278945341706276,
-0.17899921536445618,
0.29730722308158875,
0.4607640504837036,
0.06109320744872093,
-0.1501542031764984,
-0.2058296948671341,
-0.5307438373565674,
0.24236610531806946,
-0.6786062717437744,
0.09667828679084778,
0.17274753749370575,
0.47675684094429016,
0.44413360953330994,
-0.07018960267305374,
-0.04606456682085991,
-0.40343019366264343,
0.14486318826675415,
0.3786945939064026,
0.5308851599693298,
-0.3333810269832611,
0.5338321328163147,
-0.18207712471485138,
0.2285618931055069,
0.17652107775211334,
-0.6417233347892761,
0.10931751877069473,
-0.36073529720306396,
0.11393646150827408,
0.2146509289741516,
-0.5944076776504517,
-0.28094950318336487,
-0.14299991726875305,
-0.07298348844051361,
-0.21446268260478973,
-0.03031560219824314,
-0.5287382006645203,
0.36411523818969727,
-0.38348066806793213,
0.10641883313655853,
-0.5032965540885925,
-0.008078948594629765,
0.233775332570076,
-1.698386311531067,
0.08249681442975998,
-0.3523150086402893,
-0.43573933839797974,
-0.034006860107183456,
0.2782513499259949,
-0.06433340907096863,
0.7158077955245972,
-0.1710943877696991,
0.29058754444122314,
-0.6732059121131897,
-0.4269663691520691,
0.12541407346725464,
-0.021972637623548508,
0.36916783452033997,
0.7926201820373535,
0.19130130112171173,
0.7021231651306152,
0.3208121061325073,
0.5394343733787537,
0.11299744993448257,
0.28418993949890137,
-0.5634444355964661,
-0.2985124886035919,
-0.3011581599712372,
-0.210024893283844,
-0.16992653906345367,
0.2131563425064087,
-0.7787905931472778,
-0.5033925175666809,
0.19403938949108124,
0.2742335796356201,
0.48687857389450073,
0.03662310540676117,
-0.017826486378908157,
0.20101197063922882,
0.3188532590866089,
0.20205634832382202,
0.00398421473801136,
-0.04706356301903725,
0.1608259230852127,
-0.17397572100162506,
0.19307877123355865,
-0.19861075282096863,
-0.5512310862541199,
-0.08603769540786743,
-0.03545013815164566,
0.16593827307224274,
0.3340265154838562,
0.054527778178453445,
0.45165005326271057,
0.16024017333984375,
-0.16198822855949402,
-0.49638256430625916,
-0.2945857346057892,
0.4509439766407013,
0.3318980634212494,
-0.32374271750450134,
-0.12702231109142303,
-0.8740329742431641,
0.10080694407224655,
-0.028769686818122864,
-0.13197286427021027,
0.8752025961875916,
-0.7038449048995972,
-0.13499779999256134,
0.32254135608673096,
0.03789409250020981,
-0.16104263067245483,
0.5055009722709656,
0.21298708021640778,
0.06002744287252426,
-0.06592895090579987,
0.4880243241786957,
0.44197893142700195,
0.14407458901405334,
-0.1618220955133438,
0.483642041683197,
-0.1725701242685318,
-0.15747004747390747,
0.2685060501098633,
0.5350141525268555,
-0.6613161563873291,
0.13481241464614868,
0.2976580262184143,
0.5579584240913391,
-0.3329213559627533,
0.20395953953266144,
0.1886216104030609,
-0.6382083296775818,
0.2899613082408905,
0.09171052277088165,
-0.14201921224594116,
-0.11733376234769821,
-0.9246517419815063,
-0.2657337188720703,
-0.7106441259384155,
0.031223833560943604,
0.5174908638000488,
0.0848674327135086,
0.1224883496761322,
0.16424395143985748,
0.2791372537612915,
0.05370546132326126,
-0.19645048677921295,
0.3765133321285248,
-0.4122454524040222,
-0.44025933742523193,
-0.17473188042640686,
0.13383948802947998,
1.0500603914260864,
-0.008522114716470242,
-0.20407730340957642,
0.37850892543792725,
0.10445678979158401,
0.29917779564857483,
0.42156726121902466,
-0.23570694029331207,
-0.05992666631937027,
-0.7370737791061401,
0.5177090764045715,
-0.5425519943237305,
-0.2854501008987427,
-0.5360360145568848,
-0.42871513962745667,
-0.4998037815093994,
0.4260691702365875,
-0.6336197853088379,
0.09178687632083893,
-0.029136328026652336,
0.6925353407859802,
0.31693270802497864,
0.41362911462783813,
-0.13092748820781708,
-0.6647830605506897,
0.4802110195159912,
0.00720905652269721,
-0.2995254099369049,
0.7822853922843933,
0.2232087403535843,
0.08742824196815491,
0.19727300107479095,
0.22028911113739014,
0.14582499861717224,
-0.18016371130943298,
-0.12126253545284271,
0.041185952723026276,
-0.26220354437828064,
0.37356066703796387,
0.04592018201947212,
-0.6492201685905457,
0.6671410202980042,
0.285491943359375,
0.26708996295928955,
-0.24902324378490448,
-0.04512787237763405,
0.2643424868583679,
0.5586453676223755,
0.16121095418930054,
0.38779619336128235,
-0.4115395247936249,
0.5666242837905884,
0.21482299268245697,
0.3841573894023895,
0.06975866854190826,
-0.12549106776714325,
0.3188943862915039,
-0.6266611814498901,
-0.1842014342546463,
-0.2123241275548935,
-0.13362538814544678,
-0.1753607839345932,
-0.36613571643829346,
-0.3929528594017029,
0.6848322749137878,
-0.6796284914016724,
-0.06690745055675507,
-0.07075214385986328,
-0.006121480371803045,
1.2358272075653076,
-0.13742144405841827,
-0.14521637558937073,
-0.3118531107902527,
-0.09387145936489105,
-0.24871647357940674,
0.7273429036140442,
-0.21199506521224976,
0.08687170594930649,
-0.4785619378089905,
-0.4585593044757843,
0.11352696269750595,
-0.3724222481250763,
0.42054909467697144,
0.17510350048542023,
0.618360698223114,
0.4928986728191376,
-0.32089513540267944,
-0.10577228665351868,
-0.46432027220726013,
-0.14605462551116943,
-0.12366339564323425,
0.04796074703335762,
-0.23821094632148743,
0.24804338812828064,
-0.23386111855506897,
-0.22339528799057007,
-0.08223513513803482,
-0.05588299036026001,
0.47139135003089905,
-0.2080169916152954,
-0.3733537197113037,
0.18785136938095093,
0.06748755276203156,
-0.35748040676116943,
-0.42012301087379456,
-0.004126953426748514,
-0.003699264954775572,
-0.46371200680732727,
-0.06802283972501755,
0.4594201147556305,
-0.36246347427368164,
0.30231568217277527,
0.043463610112667084,
0.5467769503593445,
-0.1795133501291275,
-0.008332721889019012,
-0.5851359367370605,
0.09102390706539154,
-0.37801241874694824,
0.29177242517471313,
0.3423578143119812,
0.07793089747428894,
-0.2545396387577057,
-0.6135717034339905,
-0.21877244114875793,
0.3558332920074463,
-0.38356587290763855,
-0.3703583776950836,
-0.18057619035243988,
-0.19749842584133148,
0.00802980363368988,
-0.28717899322509766,
-0.13901065289974213,
-0.37497562170028687,
-0.055206939578056335,
0.04908360168337822,
-0.124661885201931,
-0.6150409579277039,
0.08760513365268707,
0.27139201760292053,
-0.1195748820900917,
0.0560559518635273,
-0.07031633704900742,
-0.35127705335617065,
-0.042356956750154495,
0.42844030261039734,
0.0044820248149335384,
-0.21456140279769897,
0.7136247754096985,
-0.32693541049957275,
-0.3984266221523285,
1.0793761014938354,
-5.982135772705078,
0.01366399135440588,
-0.334037721157074,
0.6530771851539612,
0.042321138083934784,
0.22234155237674713,
0.22710339725017548,
0.19403818249702454,
-0.12286112457513809,
-0.6153440475463867,
-0.025273170322179794,
-0.47415846586227417,
0.2573024034500122,
0.7476255893707275,
0.12043500691652298,
-0.0959576666355133,
-0.024624407291412354,
-0.5550724267959595,
0.2635248005390167,
0.8929017186164856,
0.02226560190320015,
0.32144469022750854,
-0.5869184136390686,
0.09685412049293518,
0.06584702432155609,
-0.0943361148238182,
-0.6086532473564148,
0.6215971112251282,
-0.7558655142784119,
-0.010674047283828259,
-0.08327312022447586,
0.35846030712127686,
-0.17625167965888977,
-0.2084338665008545,
-0.0358133502304554,
-0.19509880244731903,
0.5074256658554077,
-0.19291359186172485,
0.4786090850830078,
0.2217075079679489,
-0.45392897725105286,
-0.2792075276374817,
-0.32602816820144653,
0.17851285636425018,
0.19467036426067352,
-0.19913649559020996,
-0.398497074842453,
0.11202991753816605,
-0.3444213569164276,
0.3853582441806793,
0.3392656445503235,
-0.11172856390476227,
0.17952826619148254,
0.0890924483537674,
0.7278801202774048,
-0.11295735090970993,
0.4939303696155548,
-0.3076469302177429,
0.048128362745046616,
0.2908262312412262,
-0.11824029684066772,
-0.21834146976470947,
0.09889751672744751,
-0.18906141817569733,
-0.4212407171726227,
-0.13293364644050598,
-0.18719007074832916,
0.0018047618214040995,
0.08393882215023041,
0.5608813762664795,
-0.49687522649765015,
0.45726239681243896,
-0.029086237773299217,
-0.7935395240783691,
-0.001945527154020965,
0.19622570276260376,
-0.3753899335861206,
0.08003468811511993,
-0.19765602052211761,
-0.47241681814193726,
-0.6196457743644714,
-0.9263021945953369,
-0.32269448041915894,
-0.16525155305862427,
0.5071651339530945,
0.14003592729568481,
-0.077450230717659,
0.22000844776630402,
-0.4896882176399231,
0.34411656856536865,
0.4070684611797333,
-0.150823712348938,
-0.3398970663547516,
0.33430901169776917,
0.16800764203071594,
0.6180450916290283,
-0.17441974580287933,
-0.29381826519966125,
1.015708327293396,
0.31697264313697815,
-0.05153941363096237,
-0.7106355428695679,
-0.14707869291305542,
0.058634206652641296,
0.15085653960704803,
-0.19829078018665314,
-0.6560719609260559,
0.597067654132843,
0.2783052325248718,
0.0049860067665576935,
0.45073676109313965,
0.13593131303787231,
-0.4465261995792389,
-0.1253446340560913,
0.7948979139328003,
-0.03987622261047363,
0.08121096342802048,
0.6902943253517151,
0.42007502913475037,
0.4330226480960846,
-0.35597723722457886,
0.5385626554489136,
-0.060800570994615555,
-0.47743457555770874,
-0.4971294105052948,
0.257785826921463,
0.0766548290848732,
0.3061569333076477,
0.1096595898270607,
0.13586300611495972,
0.5507161617279053,
0.4624022841453552,
-0.16311809420585632,
-0.12789905071258545,
0.14935843646526337,
-0.5476193428039551,
-0.034742068499326706,
0.23103727400302887,
-0.13035131990909576,
-0.23898670077323914,
0.17927555739879608,
-0.4934704899787903,
-0.5084747672080994,
-0.16230922937393188,
0.4316761791706085,
-0.42457568645477295,
0.031656283885240555,
-0.4516514241695404,
-0.2697758376598358,
0.3546239137649536,
0.7263025045394897,
-0.5598196387290955,
1.093656301498413,
-0.10451392829418182,
-0.30649060010910034,
-0.1397477686405182,
-0.15966832637786865,
0.5436548590660095,
-0.4726869761943817,
0.23355276882648468,
-0.10680396854877472,
-0.31782659888267517,
-0.6325292587280273,
-0.18858329951763153,
0.10217463225126266,
-0.0815223902463913,
-0.16175657510757446,
-0.9686709642410278,
-0.016311023384332657,
0.6409234404563904,
0.186043843626976,
0.04620214179158211,
-0.07339475303888321,
0.06242382153868675,
0.5003604292869568,
-0.03876649588346481,
-0.15662835538387299,
0.19321498274803162,
-0.18658365309238434,
-0.119405597448349,
0.3148830831050873,
-0.5456444621086121,
-0.28658100962638855,
0.2384127378463745,
0.2561771273612976,
-0.0315488800406456,
0.2306959629058838,
-0.5841302275657654,
-0.6612333655357361,
-0.4676106572151184,
-0.5491318702697754,
0.3259318172931671,
0.49283120036125183,
0.055259477347135544,
-0.38175973296165466,
-0.004344118759036064,
0.3779458701610565,
0.02379864826798439,
0.30082178115844727,
-0.24237848818302155,
-0.09506219625473022,
0.8055458068847656,
-0.6136077046394348,
-0.15052978694438934,
0.30186817049980164,
-1.0980952978134155,
0.6115793585777283,
-0.2774147093296051,
-0.4576418399810791,
0.48696979880332947,
0.09325897693634033,
-0.6185665130615234,
-0.28470972180366516,
0.4077109694480896,
-0.5647294521331787,
-0.38412290811538696,
0.06753078103065491,
-0.3594319820404053,
-0.4727765619754791,
0.046413496136665344,
0.30293330550193787,
-0.1784689724445343,
-0.1727486401796341,
-0.055375128984451294,
-0.0681123360991478,
-0.010214464738965034,
0.30627357959747314,
-0.6806574463844299,
0.8438833951950073,
-0.24092505872249603,
0.2744068205356598,
0.1514757126569748,
-0.3626360297203064,
0.20918190479278564,
-0.32909008860588074,
-0.7765068411827087,
-0.038452550768852234,
0.006845554802566767,
-0.8012524843215942,
0.31178978085517883,
0.8495582938194275,
0.9068897366523743,
0.1886543184518814,
-0.28693699836730957,
0.16956937313079834,
0.39668118953704834,
0.03514141961932182,
-0.6297717094421387,
-0.33672958612442017,
0.2256559431552887,
-0.04168891906738281,
0.00420977920293808,
-0.6063288450241089,
-0.23537635803222656,
0.5936874151229858,
0.017803922295570374,
0.08044317364692688,
-0.2307550311088562,
-0.2647744417190552,
0.48628586530685425,
0.6889592409133911,
0.1604466736316681,
-0.11490312963724136,
-0.00019366138440091163,
-0.5073546171188354,
0.3925030827522278,
0.18079328536987305,
0.46231216192245483,
-0.02212524600327015,
-0.2565532922744751,
-0.34052762389183044,
-0.295426607131958,
0.13424788415431976,
0.7150315046310425,
-0.19682420790195465,
0.43225717544555664,
0.2267676442861557,
0.20954547822475433,
0.3789430856704712,
0.007816601544618607,
-0.18924255669116974,
0.5057670474052429,
0.11851932108402252,
-0.3724040389060974,
0.26927778124809265,
0.048104483634233475,
0.032560817897319794,
0.24138756096363068,
-0.19215556979179382,
0.027231991291046143,
-0.004887547809630632,
-0.273977130651474,
0.12862296402454376,
0.21774813532829285,
0.3174879252910614,
0.20870769023895264,
-0.30266037583351135,
0.18699981272220612,
0.48645031452178955,
-0.4840856194496155,
-0.8657167553901672,
0.1494014412164688,
0.3034314215183258,
-0.12187612801790237,
0.15399563312530518,
0.013911589048802853,
0.27301454544067383,
-0.45471546053886414,
-0.4687964916229248,
0.18512381613254547,
0.5889236927032471,
-0.3597348928451538,
-0.06287337094545364,
0.5779967904090881,
-0.10198093205690384,
0.06928318738937378,
0.44870734214782715,
0.16626539826393127,
0.1852474808692932,
0.41264986991882324,
0.056879039853811264,
-0.2593229115009308,
0.7901700139045715,
-0.26637232303619385,
-0.20986643433570862,
0.011555353179574013,
-0.3514597415924072,
0.31529656052589417,
-0.019185008481144905,
0.345795601606369,
0.7019166946411133,
-0.27999576926231384,
-0.4508957266807556,
0.7259506583213806,
-0.0664106085896492,
-0.5176807045936584,
0.7557216286659241,
-0.7826379537582397,
-0.12340929359197617,
-0.11120166629552841,
0.5241256952285767,
0.046798884868621826,
-0.34240904450416565,
0.6415674686431885,
0.28377440571784973,
0.11716652661561966,
-0.13419021666049957,
-0.27256476879119873,
-0.31423109769821167,
0.46586841344833374,
0.12030239403247833,
0.5410535335540771,
0.21463903784751892,
-0.49382588267326355,
0.26675015687942505,
0.08691103756427765,
0.7048555016517639,
0.29022490978240967,
-0.3585870563983917,
-0.18975426256656647,
0.1710488647222519,
0.22976700961589813,
0.26183682680130005,
-0.036111295223236084,
-0.45405450463294983,
0.19770710170269012,
0.4084358215332031,
-0.35653969645500183,
-0.09380584210157394,
-0.3583887815475464,
0.20828750729560852,
0.013776229694485664,
-0.46328991651535034,
0.24219153821468353,
0.5133427381515503,
-0.10155274718999863,
0.5698603987693787,
-0.06868844479322433,
0.04118597134947777,
-0.5603269338607788,
0.1294153779745102,
-0.0397641696035862,
-0.21662122011184692,
-0.09677333384752274,
-0.07842523604631424,
-0.15062029659748077,
0.19757148623466492,
0.0725240558385849,
0.06030716747045517,
0.009775102138519287,
-0.19637255370616913,
0.030595041811466217,
0.06581500917673111,
0.20421896874904633,
-0.4065079689025879,
-0.4867929518222809,
-0.5008165836334229,
0.7925245761871338,
-0.17963822185993195,
-0.12805220484733582,
0.5499321222305298,
0.17944268882274628,
0.06371258199214935,
0.3194672763347626,
-0.20227967202663422,
-0.1496405005455017,
-0.25919121503829956,
-0.2639852464199066,
-0.9557870626449585,
-0.042222000658512115,
0.6338799595832825,
0.15407206118106842,
-0.26866528391838074,
0.12684468924999237,
0.31590503454208374,
-0.08468375355005264,
-0.23437325656414032,
-0.5836775302886963,
0.34647801518440247,
-0.1111280545592308,
0.01514837983995676,
0.22825445234775543,
-0.28092700242996216,
-0.03467888757586479,
-0.9539969563484192,
-0.11747832596302032,
0.48774996399879456,
-0.2738252580165863,
-0.24365493655204773,
0.31337660551071167,
-0.19618834555149078,
0.299100399017334,
-0.3903278410434723,
0.07305995374917984,
0.04067350924015045,
-0.3813360035419464,
0.5921866297721863,
0.20090557634830475,
-0.528144359588623,
-0.33336037397384644,
0.07907747477293015,
0.162795290350914,
-0.5491583943367004,
0.3799196481704712,
-0.2761502265930176,
-0.14092028141021729,
-0.4335685670375824,
-0.09876079857349396,
0.21219667792320251,
0.23291055858135223,
0.6416513323783875,
0.18757088482379913,
0.11506406217813492,
-0.2634991705417633,
-0.12011325359344482,
0.27207085490226746,
0.20330218970775604,
-0.8040971755981445,
0.44437193870544434,
0.5843443870544434
] |
210982
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra
|
Sierra
|
Sierra (Spanish for "mountain range" and "saw", from Latin serra) may refer to the following:
Places
Mountains and mountain ranges
Sierra de Juárez, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico
Sierra de las Nieves, a mountain range in Andalusia, Spain
Sierra Madre (disambiguation), various mountain ranges
Sierra Madre (Philippines), a mountain range in the east of Luzon, Philippines
Sierra mountains (disambiguation)
Sierra Nevada, a mountain range in the U.S. states of California and Nevada
Sierra Nevada (Spain), a mountain range in Andalusia, Spain
Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico
Sierra Maestra, a mountain range in Cuba
Other places
Africa
Sierra Leone, a country located on the coast of West Africa
Asia
Sierra Bullones, Bohol, Philippines
Europe
Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain), Andalusia, Spain
Sierra Nevada Observatory, Granada, Spain
North America
High Sierra Trail, California, United States
Sierra County, California
Sierra County, New Mexico
Sierra Foothills AVA, an American Viticultural Area in California
Sierra National Forest, California, United States
Sierra Sky Park Airport, Fresno, California
Sierra Valley, in Plumas and Sierra counties, California
South America
Sierra (Ecuador), the mountain region of Ecuador
Sierra (Peru), the mountain region of Peru
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a national park in northern Colombia
Sierra Nevada National Park (Venezuela), a national park in the Andean Region of Venezuela
Arts, entertainment, and media
Fictional characters
Sierra (Dollhouse), a character in Joss Whedon's TV series Dollhouse
Sierra, a character in The Land Before Time VII
Sierra, a character from the Canadian animated TV series Total Drama
Sierra Burgess, the titular character in the Netflix movie Sierra Burgess Is a Loser
Sierra McCoy, a character of Josie in the TV series Riverdale
Music
Sierra (group), American musical artists
Sierra (metal band), Canadian progressive rock band
"Sierra" (song), a song by Maddie & Tae
"Sierra", a song by Cursive from the 2003 album The Ugly Organ
"Sierra", a song by Boz Scaggs on 1994's Some Change
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Sierra (film), a 1950 Western starring Audie Murphy
Sierra (magazine), published by the Sierra Club
Sierra (TV series), a 1974–1975 NBC television show produced by Universal Studios
Sierra Entertainment, a defunct developer and publisher of video games
Computing
Sierra (supercomputer), or ATS-2, a supercomputer for nuclear weapon simulations at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Sierra, a library management system developed by Innovative Interfaces
macOS Sierra, the thirteenth major release of the desktop operating system from Apple Inc., formerly known as Mac OS X and OS X
Organizations
Sierra Club, an environmental organization in the United States
Sierra Club Canada, an environmental organization in Canada
Sierra College, a community college located in Rocklin, California
Transportation
Acme Sierra, an American experimental aircraft built in 1948
Advanced Aeromarine Sierra, a glider
Ford Sierra, a car produced by the Ford Motor Company
GMC Sierra, various trucks and SUVs produced by General Motors
, a ship class of the Mexican Navy
, a Russian attack nuclear submarine
, the name of more than one United States Navy ship
, a United States Navy attack cargo ship named SS Sierra from 1947 to 1961 while in commercial service
Other uses
Sierra (name)
Sierra (retailer), an off-price retailer formerly known as Sierra Trading Post
Pacific sierra or Mexican sierra (species Scomberomorus sierra), a Spanish mackerel fish
PMC-Sierra, a semiconductor company
Sierra, the NATO phonetic alphabet designation for the letter S
See also
La Sierra (disambiguation)
High Sierra (disambiguation)
Sierra Nevada (disambiguation)
Cera (disambiguation)
Cerro (disambiguation)
Serra (disambiguation)
Serra (surname)
Sierre, Switzerland
Jamón serrano, Spanish for "Sierra ham"
|
[
0.22672471404075623,
0.1167764663696289,
0.1652432233095169,
-0.17572267353534698,
-0.24612663686275482,
0.016395006328821182,
0.48206770420074463,
0.7038737535476685,
-0.5927693247795105,
0.13899250328540802,
-0.025089044123888016,
0.7508672475814819,
0.05302317440509796,
0.46657654643058777,
-0.7168691158294678,
0.7988137006759644,
0.6529862284660339,
0.8164048790931702,
0.07150563597679138,
-0.364613801240921,
-0.081101194024086,
-0.6782935857772827,
0.8700050711631775,
-0.3509780466556549,
-0.04073937237262726,
-0.15011171996593475,
0.022583672776818275,
0.602258026599884,
0.566906213760376,
0.7244170904159546,
-0.6766332387924194,
0.7181762456893921,
-0.026454612612724304,
0.2498522400856018,
-0.40124064683914185,
0.4125642776489258,
0.12524449825286865,
-0.46210968494415283,
-0.7319872975349426,
-0.5913816094398499,
0.5537154078483582,
-0.332061231136322,
-0.33511003851890564,
0.5428122878074646,
-0.18193136155605316,
-0.08937936276197433,
-0.8146469593048096,
0.08252300322055817,
-0.6844482421875,
0.08183620125055313,
-0.4495392143726349,
0.797615110874176,
-0.30467352271080017,
-0.04194783419370651,
0.4257202744483948,
0.46470001339912415,
-0.974376916885376,
-0.2423652708530426,
0.38456210494041443,
-0.42975902557373047,
-0.008122331462800503,
0.9214113354682922,
-0.35547366738319397,
0.05881061032414436,
-0.28442975878715515,
0.1482696235179901,
0.07133642584085464,
-0.09629487991333008,
-0.42873314023017883,
-0.39671629667282104,
-0.2577977776527405,
0.00905625894665718,
0.2860644459724426,
-0.4162048101425171,
-0.5940921306610107,
-0.15827669203281403,
-0.5140580534934998,
-0.009131111204624176,
-0.3955185115337372,
-0.05116189271211624,
0.23933716118335724,
-0.278678834438324,
0.7494902014732361,
-0.38704752922058105,
-0.01255413144826889,
0.3524576425552368,
-0.5177423357963562,
-0.3363445997238159,
-0.5098420977592468,
0.11318802088499069,
-0.14128446578979492,
0.0027316214982420206,
0.5116943120956421,
0.40875107049942017,
0.44870880246162415,
-0.45370960235595703,
0.20092695951461792,
0.06464772671461105,
-0.24687771499156952,
0.6452584266662598,
-0.19004587829113007,
0.6255410313606262,
0.4723326563835144,
0.11509142816066742,
-0.41648200154304504,
-0.21815252304077148,
0.17092709243297577,
0.4025626480579376,
-0.2557485103607178,
-0.29412171244621277,
-0.39151644706726074,
0.30571478605270386,
0.5713261961936951,
0.522352933883667,
0.056876737624406815,
-0.0015786546282470226,
0.3636043667793274,
-0.011628425680100918,
0.21448437869548798,
-0.161470428109169,
0.18960927426815033,
0.6875850558280945,
-0.23915602266788483,
0.0562138669192791,
0.3429904282093048,
0.3571929931640625,
0.3659456670284271,
-0.33783474564552307,
-0.43033385276794434,
0.3252313435077667,
-0.24738769233226776,
0.19149617850780487,
0.18204309046268463,
0.5817564129829407,
-0.040157537907361984,
-1.0101993083953857,
-0.01445110235363245,
0.23244784772396088,
0.2351471483707428,
0.2468186914920807,
-1.4925470352172852,
0.006945226341485977,
-0.3036412000656128,
-0.712739109992981,
0.8483389019966125,
-0.48456665873527527,
0.0562971867620945,
-0.695340633392334,
-0.5170670747756958,
-0.1095360666513443,
-0.03416670113801956,
0.09760981798171997,
-0.3130532205104828,
-0.059846457093954086,
-0.23673416674137115,
-0.1746828407049179,
0.4486183822154999,
0.09653935581445694,
0.34515053033828735,
-0.11373961716890335,
-0.44310274720191956,
-0.2266242802143097,
0.5237114429473877,
0.13891561329364777,
0.18595685064792633,
-0.20512311160564423,
0.4904419779777527,
0.6166256070137024,
-0.27177897095680237,
0.5511726140975952,
-0.19231556355953217,
0.006869782228022814,
0.07192607969045639,
-0.1003892794251442,
-0.7549067735671997,
-0.4553108513355255,
0.03848469257354736,
0.9154557585716248,
-0.06981511414051056,
0.29396122694015503,
-0.49804243445396423,
0.561203122138977,
-0.4320419430732727,
0.14302104711532593,
-0.2858298718929291,
-0.0017243454931303859,
0.9566746950149536,
0.43257927894592285,
-0.27341386675834656,
0.19590608775615692,
0.18149887025356293,
0.306145042181015,
-0.2807866930961609,
-0.2955773174762726,
0.7104597687721252,
0.05923430994153023,
-0.38416725397109985,
0.3458763062953949,
-0.4490131735801697,
0.9095874428749084,
-0.257175475358963,
-0.24641822278499603,
0.6784831881523132,
0.011931011453270912,
-0.9896775484085083,
-0.16494901478290558,
0.27156347036361694,
0.43227869272232056,
1.0046873092651367,
0.864234447479248,
0.025768693536520004,
-0.07849263399839401,
-0.10818412154912949,
-0.01766716130077839,
-0.20346680283546448,
0.02337518520653248,
-0.23668453097343445,
-0.08527077734470367,
0.5494623780250549,
-0.24882028996944427,
0.08029718697071075,
0.11767910420894623,
-0.4413872957229614,
0.2898247241973877,
-0.20519031584262848,
0.26674070954322815,
0.39149385690689087,
0.29996052384376526,
0.5249750018119812,
-1.065409541130066,
0.5359752178192139,
-0.3430372178554535,
0.5892009735107422,
-0.25471290946006775,
0.24863681197166443,
0.37130075693130493,
0.033837705850601196,
-0.29416289925575256,
-0.09262930601835251,
-0.8208791613578796,
-0.3598743975162506,
-0.15646159648895264,
-0.057972054928541183,
0.35126712918281555,
0.5240527391433716,
0.21882843971252441,
0.03377094119787216,
0.08313197642564774,
-0.4125787317752838,
0.27728137373924255,
0.23851332068443298,
0.5445108413696289,
0.20308150351047516,
0.15088121592998505,
-0.45905035734176636,
0.060896776616573334,
-0.21121123433113098,
-0.5691380500793457,
0.41767019033432007,
-0.2087811827659607,
-0.1909378468990326,
0.10280847549438477,
-0.1104099228978157,
0.37288105487823486,
0.09080997854471207,
-0.326299786567688,
0.10908415168523788,
-0.5678985118865967,
-0.048970963805913925,
0.0619872584939003,
-0.07326716184616089,
-0.07099790871143341,
-0.4267115294933319,
-0.276842325925827,
-0.1972847729921341,
-0.5140801668167114,
-0.04919298738241196,
-0.08952336013317108,
-0.4707890748977661,
0.0282097440212965,
-0.04566384479403496,
0.6314671039581299,
1.0230892896652222,
-0.426978200674057,
-0.5939775109291077,
-0.5354217886924744,
0.20848259329795837,
-0.7528524994850159,
-0.18347705900669098,
-0.11903798580169678,
-0.14205200970172882,
-0.25144249200820923,
-0.05816801264882088,
0.5111314654350281,
-0.0013249492039903998,
-0.4720563292503357,
-0.04913017526268959,
0.019367970526218414,
1.0819905996322632,
-1.0635721683502197,
-0.7743802070617676,
0.11448953300714493,
-0.4836028218269348,
0.16858983039855957,
-0.058078616857528687,
0.08931639790534973,
-0.3092973530292511,
0.2105661928653717,
-5.481132507324219,
-0.27027416229248047,
-0.41643810272216797,
-0.6840469241142273,
-0.24884487688541412,
-0.4570782780647278,
-0.04268519580364227,
-0.34594228863716125,
-0.24717119336128235,
-0.2598492503166199,
0.4177863895893097,
0.14283187687397003,
0.04333030804991722,
0.6080321073532104,
0.6904337406158447,
0.5797120332717896,
0.019031675532460213,
0.08981410413980484,
0.10466954112052917,
0.11887286603450775,
0.06825558841228485,
0.1018521711230278,
-0.06074237450957298,
0.41921865940093994,
0.24956293404102325,
0.07575735449790955,
0.21155378222465515,
-0.25805485248565674,
-1.024219036102295,
-0.19323699176311493,
-0.4767458736896515,
0.32234519720077515,
-0.14916524291038513,
0.22435612976551056,
0.025036027655005455,
0.40186524391174316,
0.8044441342353821,
0.0003372633073013276,
0.36967557668685913,
0.08304453641176224,
0.12900955975055695,
0.06664542853832245,
0.27874067425727844,
0.2488924115896225,
0.06815289705991745,
-0.05715684965252876,
-0.33554959297180176,
0.09358188509941101,
-0.18986061215400696,
0.5376577973365784,
0.22475476562976837,
-0.604315996170044,
0.5030743479728699,
-0.4958900511264801,
-0.13864824175834656,
0.31033241748809814,
0.8609827160835266,
-0.19938087463378906,
-1.3619704246520996,
0.6045961380004883,
0.23586110770702362,
-0.2679023742675781,
0.004982901271432638,
-0.9729924201965332,
0.31120219826698303,
-0.14217795431613922,
-0.5322195291519165,
-0.021108353510499,
0.7735635042190552,
-0.3269851505756378,
-0.19499614834785461,
-0.09834586083889008,
-0.37111136317253113,
-0.7352573275566101,
-0.17422232031822205,
-0.23261091113090515,
-0.6910030841827393,
0.08724529296159744,
-0.3427853286266327,
0.5753033757209778,
-0.23644231259822845,
0.27020686864852905,
0.2857334315776825,
-0.27093714475631714,
-0.1006472036242485,
-0.2553652822971344,
-0.17581692337989807,
0.14508670568466187,
-0.12081341445446014,
0.602081835269928,
0.2972773015499115,
-0.20199891924858093,
0.8108945488929749,
0.16339609026908875,
0.061796631664037704,
0.9393776059150696,
0.4029172956943512,
0.26931309700012207,
0.30357447266578674,
-0.9656010866165161,
0.5548322200775146,
-0.38304823637008667,
0.9012126922607422,
-0.11082082241773605,
-0.45784100890159607,
0.055322762578725815,
-0.01808880642056465,
0.5722039937973022,
0.1354851871728897,
-0.5876801609992981,
0.43990522623062134,
-0.1458360254764557,
-0.44133514165878296,
-0.5133318901062012,
0.37107741832733154,
-0.16300885379314423,
-0.7083855867385864,
0.8190908432006836,
0.495254248380661,
-0.33963561058044434,
-0.1284101903438568,
0.18264223635196686,
-0.07548829168081284,
-0.1957162320613861,
-0.19850242137908936,
-0.18727128207683563,
0.14257016777992249,
0.7890571355819702,
-0.1945015788078308,
0.31943807005882263,
0.15772363543510437,
0.038392044603824615,
0.2948944568634033,
-0.13649539649486542,
-0.01634683459997177,
0.32897818088531494,
-0.3394900858402252,
-0.6415156722068787,
0.5983908772468567,
-0.37730687856674194,
-0.08491159975528717,
0.05662034824490547,
-0.012486601248383522,
0.6658891439437866,
0.7384606599807739,
-0.046156205236911774,
-0.7726683020591736,
-0.7741449475288391,
-0.7272548079490662,
0.17109347879886627,
0.034264352172613144,
0.016572237014770508,
-0.4249827265739441,
-0.27162256836891174,
-0.30848172307014465,
-0.3202488422393799,
-0.06489676982164383,
0.27485308051109314,
-0.2575862407684326,
-0.25554412603378296,
0.4157670736312866,
-0.6572396159172058,
-0.5725988745689392,
0.3592798411846161,
0.10062795132398605,
-0.40767258405685425,
-0.49739980697631836,
-0.16650889813899994,
-0.10498882830142975,
1.1606522798538208,
0.6101313829421997,
-0.3360750079154968,
-0.41287267208099365,
-0.3415571451187134,
0.23921498656272888,
0.031102379783988,
0.30626001954078674,
-0.11140066385269165,
-0.100247323513031,
0.02705628238618374,
-0.3462108373641968,
-0.3073854446411133,
0.2544650137424469,
0.7104658484458923,
0.22618445754051208,
0.08901063352823257,
-0.9424185752868652,
0.340321809053421,
-0.46338027715682983,
0.055156245827674866,
0.515295147895813,
-0.18285217881202698,
-0.04812226817011833,
0.2060076743364334,
-0.19135263562202454,
-0.08945360034704208,
-0.06563004851341248,
0.3291117548942566,
-0.18408608436584473,
-0.2972419559955597,
-0.36406996846199036,
-0.01984596438705921,
-0.11323295533657074,
0.33960995078086853,
0.37283825874328613,
-0.573472797870636,
0.25381237268447876,
0.2418593168258667,
-0.9163631796836853,
0.046152882277965546,
-0.609915018081665,
-0.660145103931427,
-0.04028403013944626,
0.7470754384994507,
0.35705265402793884,
0.05933050438761711,
0.6210583448410034,
0.35950008034706116,
-0.6905987858772278,
-0.2999941110610962,
0.6951075792312622,
-0.07273801416158676,
0.200252503156662,
-0.013531023636460304,
-0.4116102457046509,
0.9651128649711609,
0.42330798506736755,
-0.772430956363678,
1.1132148504257202,
-0.18023577332496643,
-0.0783349946141243,
0.3525930345058441,
-0.05017006769776344,
0.13383126258850098,
0.31411775946617126,
-0.05016769841313362,
-0.12627005577087402,
-0.04551143944263458,
0.6134399771690369,
0.6435670852661133,
0.16577133536338806,
0.5063179731369019,
0.08597518503665924,
-0.6236448884010315,
-0.09775442630052567,
0.25190964341163635,
-0.2556886374950409,
-0.6659157872200012,
-0.659168541431427,
0.4104500710964203,
-0.2746264338493347,
-0.6834705471992493,
-0.17214666306972504,
0.2308865338563919,
1.0117305517196655,
-0.46626782417297363,
-0.3206377327442169,
0.1562880277633667,
0.16471242904663086,
0.10955960303544998,
-0.11957772821187973,
-0.1810329407453537,
0.01695040799677372,
0.024853521957993507,
0.43165767192840576,
-0.48714226484298706,
-0.6745476126670837,
-0.11526315659284592,
0.4577939212322235,
0.20654603838920593,
0.48115482926368713,
-0.07045228779315948,
0.15854616463184357,
0.2493414282798767,
0.3075992166996002,
0.16601577401161194,
-0.12949691712856293,
-0.3986583948135376,
0.15746575593948364,
-0.09108132869005203,
-1.105540156364441,
-0.4698023796081543,
0.09824304282665253,
-0.2784566581249237,
0.01783960871398449,
-0.17666710913181305,
-0.4491020441055298,
-0.11230846494436264,
-0.7202260494232178,
0.11003593355417252,
-0.37149927020072937,
0.0182122141122818,
0.46408113837242126,
-0.6304531693458557,
0.15352629125118256,
-0.04389099404215813,
0.2922615110874176,
0.3188265562057495,
-0.5695368051528931,
-0.1652991622686386,
-0.4579305350780487,
0.34098559617996216,
-0.34205490350723267,
-0.22552981972694397,
-0.17068178951740265,
-0.13502459228038788,
0.6485710144042969,
-0.5103691816329956,
-0.5622300505638123,
-0.35229653120040894,
-0.18030540645122528,
0.4537420868873596,
0.25077739357948303,
0.5189087986946106,
-0.3660414218902588,
0.4132974445819855,
0.8279388546943665,
-0.007249502930790186,
-0.2351938933134079,
0.7901548743247986,
0.33250692486763,
0.1760718822479248,
0.2584078311920166,
0.3782230317592621,
0.5256659388542175,
0.6683697700500488,
-0.6373493075370789,
-1.0059714317321777,
0.06560622900724411,
0.5582004189491272,
0.4816657602787018,
-0.07230959087610245,
-0.5913708806037903,
0.34429430961608887,
-0.39166614413261414,
-0.6424530148506165,
-0.2727338969707489,
-0.836486279964447,
-0.35748353600502014,
0.5608456134796143,
1.1166867017745972,
0.45132169127464294,
0.3785015642642975,
0.1518000215291977,
0.04525478929281235,
-0.055622346699237823,
0.37112942337989807,
0.2510683536529541,
0.20555822551250458,
-0.15022653341293335,
0.35114550590515137,
-0.519976019859314,
0.6810541749000549,
-0.14986592531204224,
0.19515380263328552,
0.2977326512336731,
-0.1681976169347763,
0.3434082269668579,
-0.527846097946167,
-0.37578579783439636,
-0.486951619386673,
0.26075610518455505,
-0.37950485944747925,
-0.0674009695649147,
-0.37306272983551025,
-0.3541928827762604,
-0.0008129276684485376,
0.2978143095970154,
-1.046243667602539,
0.3545383810997009,
0.41707053780555725,
0.39015480875968933,
-0.4076623022556305,
0.3046151101589203,
0.05661015212535858,
0.10662657022476196,
0.23967988789081573,
0.683820366859436,
0.33199575543403625,
0.0632924735546112,
0.2847793400287628,
0.6177988052368164,
-0.3625730872154236,
-0.3710729479789734,
0.12676012516021729,
-0.2967495918273926,
0.30948469042778015,
0.005160271190106869,
-0.4868409037590027,
0.0668758675456047,
0.42384281754493713,
-0.06833910942077637,
-0.21164661645889282,
0.1149764135479927,
-0.45277342200279236,
0.08176768571138382,
-0.18298611044883728,
0.8284324407577515,
0.8331194519996643,
-0.472819060087204,
0.5215434432029724,
-0.13028360903263092,
0.09243858605623245,
-0.10414442420005798,
-0.615323543548584,
0.19418907165527344,
-0.2282252311706543,
-0.031018530949950218,
-0.33610662817955017,
-0.059865813702344894,
0.19306343793869019,
-0.47379666566848755,
-0.020296214148402214,
0.2915192246437073,
-0.4322687089443207,
0.22505152225494385,
0.4605589509010315,
-0.18631881475448608,
-0.0495852530002594,
-1.2599974870681763,
0.28881147503852844,
-0.5653723478317261,
-0.06788433343172073,
0.5905845761299133,
0.7945095300674438,
-0.348640501499176,
0.10790269821882248,
0.1580524891614914,
-0.6626652479171753,
0.248835489153862,
0.6139407753944397,
-0.4250989854335785,
-0.6938797235488892,
0.5012617707252502,
-0.4866333603858948,
-0.5462202429771423,
0.7016708850860596,
0.14058664441108704,
0.2749235928058624,
0.04138533025979996,
-0.31247588992118835,
-0.2791438102722168,
0.2145405262708664,
-0.6228774785995483,
-0.24042288959026337,
-0.21188512444496155,
-0.0761953666806221,
-0.24712032079696655,
-0.709842324256897,
0.6315913200378418,
0.15281766653060913,
0.22864657640457153,
0.027755482122302055,
0.048058126121759415,
-0.07245776057243347,
-0.11645272374153137,
0.2485506683588028,
-0.48486053943634033,
0.09059801697731018,
-0.49324050545692444
] |
210984
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babatunde%20Olatunji
|
Babatunde Olatunji
|
Michael Babatunde Olatunji (April 7, 1927 – April 6, 2003) was a Nigerian drummer, educator, social activist, and recording artist.
Early life
Olatunji was born in the village of Ajido, near Badagry, Lagos State, in southwestern Nigeria. A member of the Ogu people, Olatunji was introduced to traditional African music at an early age. His name, Bàbátúndé, means 'father has returned', because he was born two months after his father, an Ogu (Egun) man, Zannu died, and Olatunji was considered to be a reincarnation. His father was a local fisherman who was about to rise to the rank of chieftain, and his mother was a potter who was a member of the Ogu people. Olatunji grew up speaking the Gun (Ogu/Egun) and Yoruba languages. His maternal grandmother and a great-grandmother were priestesses of the Vodun and Ogu religions, and they worshipped the Vodun, such as Kori, the goddess of fertility. Because of his father's premature death, from an early age he was groomed to take the position as chief.
When he was 12, he realized that he did not want to become a chieftain. He read in Reader's Digest magazine about the Rotary International Foundation's scholarship program, and applied for it. His application was successful and he went to the United States of America in 1950.
Education
Olatunji received a Rotary scholarship in 1950 and was educated at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, where he desired to, but never sang in the Morehouse College Glee Club. Olatunji was a good friend of Glee Club director Dr. Wendell P. Whalum and collaborated with him on a staple of the choir's repertoire, "Betelehemu", a Nigerian Christmas carol. After graduating from Morehouse, he went on to New York University to study public administration. There, he started a small percussion group to earn money on the side while he continued his studies.
Career
After hearing Olatunji perform with the 66 piece Radio City Music Hall orchestra Columbia Records signed Olatunji to the Columbia label in 1957. Two years later he released his first of six records on the Columbia label, called Drums of Passion. Drums of Passion became a major hit and remains in print; it introduced many Americans to world music. Drums of Passion also served as the band's name.
Olatunji won a following among jazz musicians, notably creating a strong relationship with John Coltrane, with whose help he founded the Olatunji Center for African Culture in Harlem. This was the site of Coltrane's final recorded performance. Coltrane wrote the composition "Tunji" on the 1962 album Coltrane in dedication to him. Olatunji recorded with many other prominent musicians (often credited as "Michael Olatunji"), including Cannonball Adderley (on his 1961 African Waltz album), Horace Silver, Quincy Jones, Pee Wee Ellis, Stevie Wonder, Randy Weston, and with Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln on the pivotal Freedom Now Suite aka We Insist!, and with Grateful Dead member Mickey Hart on his Grammy winning Planet Drum projects. He is also mentioned in the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Free" in the version on the album The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964.
In 1969, Carlos Santana had a major hit with his cover version of "Jin-go-lo-ba" from Olatunji's first album, which Santana recorded on his debut album, Santana, as "Jingo".
Olatunji's subsequent recordings include Drums of Passion: The Invocation (1988), Drums of Passion: The Beat (1989) (which included Airto Moreira and Carlos Santana), Love Drum Talk (1997), Circle of Drums (2005; originally titled Cosmic Rhythm Vibrations, with Muruga Booker and Sikiru Adepoju), and Olatunji Live at Starwood (2003 – recorded at the 1997 Starwood Festival with guest Halim El-Dabh. He also contributed to Peace Is the World Smiling: A Peace Anthology for Families on the Music for Little People label (1993).
Film and theatre
Olatunji composed music for the Broadway theatrical and the 1961 Hollywood film productions of Raisin in the Sun. He assisted Bill Lee with the music for his son Spike Lee's hit film She's Gotta Have It.
Activism
Olatunji was known for making an impassioned speech for social justice before performing in front of a live audience. His progressive political beliefs are outlined in The Beat of My Drum: An Autobiography, with a foreword by Joan Baez, (Temple University Press, 2005). He toured the American south with Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and joined King in the march on Washington.
When he performed before the United Nations General Assembly, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev took off his shoes and danced. Later, he was one of the first outside performers to perform in Prague at Václav Havel's request. On July 21, 1979, he appeared at the Amandla Festival along with Bob Marley, Dick Gregory, Patti LaBelle and Eddie Palmieri, amongst others.
Teaching career
Olatunji was a music educator, and invented a method of teaching and recording drum patterns which he called the "Gun-Dun, Go-Do, Pa-Ta" method after the different sounds made on the drum. He taught drum and dance workshops year-round starting in the late 1950s. Over the years he presented workshops nationally and internationally at colleges, universities, civic, cultural, and governmental organizations.
He co-wrote Musical Instruments of Africa: Their Nature, Use and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People with Betty Warner-Dietz (John Day Company, 1965). He taught a summer drumming and African dance course with his wife, at the Omega Institute in Rhinebeck, New York for many summers during Family week. He also taught at the Esalen Institute in California beginning in 1985.
Later life and death
In early 2000, Olatunji purchased a home in Washington, D.C. where he lived for a short time, along with his roommate, Professor Akinsola Akiwowo. There he was assisted by Jaqui MacMillan and Chris Stewart, before he sold the house and moved to California. For the few years before his death Olatunji made his home at the wild Big Sur coastline. He became a scholar-in-residence at the Esalen Institute. During this time, he already suffered severely from diabetes and was assisted by Nora Arjuna, Leo Thompson and Leon Ryan until shortly before his death in Salinas, California, in 2003 from diabetes, one day before his 76th birthday. He was survived by his wife Amy, 3 children: Omotola Olatunji, Folashade Olatunji Olusekun, and Modupe Olatunji, 7 grandchildren, and a cousin, Akinsola Akiwowo.
Awards
Olatunji was part of Mickey Hart's Planet Drum projects, including the album Planet Drum, which won the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album of 1991, the first year for which the award was given.
He was an inductee into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 2001.
Discography
Albums
Drums of Passion (Columbia, 1959)
Zungo! (Columbia, 1961)
Flaming Drums (Columbia, 1962)
High Life! (Columbia, 1963)
Drums!, Drums!, Drums! (Roulette, 1964)
Soul Makossa (Paramount, 1973)
Dance to the Beat of My Drum (Bellaphon, 1986)
Drums of Passion: The Invocation (Rykodisc, 1988)
Drums of Passion: The Beat (Rykodisc, 1989)
Drums of Passion: Celebrate Freedom, Justice & Peace (Olatunji, 1993)
Drums of Passion and More (Bear Family, 1994)
Babatunde Olatunji, Healing Rhythms, Songs and Chants (Olatunji, 1995)
Love Drum Talk (1997, Chesky)
Drums of Passion [Expanded] (2002)
Olatunji Live at Starwood (2003) Recorded Live at the Starwood Festival 1997
Healing Session (2003, Narada)
Circle of Drums (2005, Chesky)
Videography
Olatunji and His Drums of Passion (Video) (1986 Video Arts International) Recorded Live at Oakland Colisium 12/31/85
Love Drum Talk (Video) (1998, CHE, TMS, Chesky)
African Drumming (Instructional video) (2004, Interworld)
Olatunji Live at Starwood (DVD) (2005, ACE) Recorded Live at the Starwood Festival 1997
As guest
With Mickey Hart
At the Edge (Rykodisc, 1990)
Planet Drum (Rykodisc, 1991)
Mickey Hart's Mystery Box (Rykodisc, 1996)
Supralingua (Rykodisc, 1998)
Global Drum Project (Shout! Factory, 2007)
Mysterium Tremendum (360°, 2012)
With others
1960 We Insist!, Max Roach
1960 Uhuru Afrika, Randy Weston
1960 The Incredible Kai Winding Trombones, Kai Winding
1961 African Waltz, Cannonball Adderley
1961 The Common Ground, Herbie Mann
1964 Gainsbourg Percussions, Serge Gainsbourg
1977 Home in the Country, Pee Wee Ellis
1977 Silver 'n Percussion, Horace Silver
1980 Connections, Richie Havens
1987 Taj, Taj Mahal
1988 The Other Side of This, Airto Moreira
1991 Jungle Fever, Stevie Wonder
1991 Strange and Beautiful, Crimson Glory
1995 Dance of the Rainbow Serpent, Carlos Santana
1967 released 2001. John Coltrane: "The Olatunji Concert. The Last Live Recording" (John Coltrane) Impulse Records.
1997 Jazz 'Round Midnight, Quincy Jones
2000 The Rose That Grew from Concrete, 2Pac
See also
Polyrhythm
References
Bibliography
Musical Instruments of Africa: Their Nature, Use and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People (1965) with Betty Warner-Dietz. John Day Company OCLC: 592096
Foreword to "The Drummer's Path: Moving the Spirit with Ritual and Traditional Drumming" (1992) by Súle Greg Wilson, Destiny Books
The Beat Of My Drum: An Autobiography (2005) (with a foreword by Joan Baez). Temple University Press ,
External links
Official site archived
Babatunde Olatunji biodata, AfricanMusic.org
Olatunji profile, salon.com
Interview with Olatunji (October 2000)
1927 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Chesky Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Deaths from diabetes
Djembe players
Master drummers
Morehouse College alumni
Musicians from Lagos
Nigerian drummers
Nigerian emigrants to the United States
Nigerian percussionists
Planet Drum members
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service alumni
Yoruba musicians
20th-century American male musicians
Provogue Records artists
|
[
0.24213935434818268,
0.6683697700500488,
-0.9473162889480591,
-0.7337738275527954,
-0.151999831199646,
0.7317854166030884,
0.6577721834182739,
-0.09196804463863373,
-0.3914032280445099,
-0.5499514937400818,
0.055990684777498245,
0.4436878263950348,
-0.6920312643051147,
0.2694155275821686,
0.05211802199482918,
-0.38395291566848755,
0.21639356017112732,
-0.30842074751853943,
-0.3463670611381531,
-0.07663311064243317,
-0.16510920226573944,
0.23001934587955475,
-0.18156196177005768,
0.3179433047771454,
0.22144806385040283,
0.5012177228927612,
0.1637377142906189,
-0.17589588463306427,
0.03160785883665085,
-0.010544181801378727,
0.5820243954658508,
0.760187566280365,
0.6081041097640991,
-0.3707617223262787,
-0.6111835241317749,
0.5215005874633789,
-0.32553181052207947,
-0.44696569442749023,
0.01266600750386715,
0.13383904099464417,
-0.3701822757720947,
-0.08144643157720566,
0.4247435927391052,
0.45213207602500916,
-0.08671954274177551,
-0.44584375619888306,
-1.240894079208374,
0.003444346599280834,
-0.5468005537986755,
-0.42387330532073975,
-0.25720861554145813,
0.40811190009117126,
0.2457006722688675,
0.1138685867190361,
0.2944154441356659,
-0.09649805724620819,
-0.13635489344596863,
0.1070815920829773,
0.17379485070705414,
-0.7470588684082031,
0.5318084955215454,
-0.006395111326128244,
0.22992666065692902,
-0.7712063789367676,
0.11354542523622513,
0.17301709949970245,
0.3244641423225403,
0.3347606658935547,
0.16092737019062042,
0.0666358694434166,
-0.5206664204597473,
0.6152592897415161,
0.28361061215400696,
-0.2102888524532318,
0.42136287689208984,
-1.077636480331421,
0.8780489563941956,
-0.09721790999174118,
0.0655694380402565,
0.1193351298570633,
0.14397965371608734,
-0.07948416471481323,
1.00709867477417,
0.16449838876724243,
-0.06538919359445572,
-0.09222806245088577,
-0.49956393241882324,
0.357268363237381,
-1.2220302820205688,
0.22353053092956543,
-0.8311248421669006,
-0.5322475433349609,
-0.26046279072761536,
0.5654000043869019,
-0.20567551255226135,
0.31651103496551514,
0.11351946741342545,
0.4654200077056885,
-0.13585810363292694,
0.2046157270669937,
0.17155764997005463,
-0.21980299055576324,
0.4940761923789978,
0.32361945509910583,
-0.5373464226722717,
-0.10480843484401703,
-0.05427926778793335,
-0.32308676838874817,
-0.10964100062847137,
-0.20117948949337006,
-0.31869712471961975,
-0.004950771573930979,
-0.13002325594425201,
-0.36436811089515686,
0.5599727630615234,
0.16098104417324066,
-0.264860600233078,
-0.2711346447467804,
-0.5955461859703064,
-0.12211472541093826,
-0.361097127199173,
0.15187275409698486,
-0.5362256169319153,
0.1752195954322815,
-0.9880719780921936,
0.34926673769950867,
-0.008884960785508156,
-0.052523788064718246,
-0.30903491377830505,
0.25321850180625916,
0.32421499490737915,
0.686296820640564,
0.031802721321582794,
-0.4672020673751831,
-0.10761559009552002,
-0.5644438862800598,
0.38198962807655334,
-0.08328933268785477,
-0.4690335988998413,
-0.2234843522310257,
-0.364714115858078,
-0.13011054694652557,
-0.5859842300415039,
-0.12736842036247253,
0.6848103404045105,
-0.3187843859195709,
-0.3868270218372345,
0.4062202274799347,
0.20105931162834167,
0.038253530859947205,
0.19244138896465302,
-0.3314201533794403,
0.07983717322349548,
-0.5198357701301575,
-0.8905357122421265,
0.4287622570991516,
-0.21664175391197205,
-0.3507774770259857,
0.24808615446090698,
0.07409107685089111,
0.5082443952560425,
0.07423218339681625,
0.18208833038806915,
-0.010083470493555069,
-0.19536519050598145,
0.24169886112213135,
0.6235141754150391,
0.10118132829666138,
0.12550745904445648,
0.20794767141342163,
-0.10504379123449326,
0.010638986714184284,
-0.7016414403915405,
-0.2972958981990814,
-0.946973443031311,
0.4066072404384613,
0.9614357948303223,
0.46131932735443115,
0.041206225752830505,
0.028472470119595528,
-0.4767005443572998,
-0.8221049904823303,
0.4259740114212036,
0.0335736982524395,
0.5854006409645081,
-0.019475292414426804,
0.28159716725349426,
-0.022986428812146187,
0.17218737304210663,
-0.0026321616023778915,
-0.14595885574817657,
-0.8731369972229004,
0.07702109217643738,
-0.31728193163871765,
1.0025805234909058,
0.5571653842926025,
-0.463080495595932,
0.2718501389026642,
0.14380468428134918,
0.5685808062553406,
-0.12934568524360657,
0.21508456766605377,
0.23926974833011627,
-0.7704007625579834,
-0.1293087899684906,
0.45666709542274475,
0.18716570734977722,
0.5462924242019653,
0.28526416420936584,
0.2900179624557495,
0.6344009041786194,
-0.47510361671447754,
-0.04302006959915161,
0.30690765380859375,
0.00046692113392055035,
-0.7670326232910156,
-0.38511574268341064,
0.031691040843725204,
-0.06993256509304047,
-0.5249061584472656,
0.020678667351603508,
0.16006521880626678,
-0.15652720630168915,
0.6467542052268982,
0.4025968909263611,
0.45637673139572144,
-0.4171959161758423,
-0.24859529733657837,
0.15984037518501282,
0.38732409477233887,
0.33966177701950073,
0.3516482710838318,
0.19178883731365204,
0.12383770942687988,
0.19975610077381134,
0.27070438861846924,
0.2920306622982025,
-0.5991442799568176,
-0.4678047299385071,
-0.16586780548095703,
0.20949307084083557,
-0.026209864765405655,
-0.8893341422080994,
-0.07112555205821991,
0.16980016231536865,
-0.00007505546091124415,
0.009811139665544033,
-0.38051971793174744,
-0.1983179897069931,
0.46705079078674316,
0.38244497776031494,
0.4748201370239258,
0.7226176857948303,
0.09352606534957886,
0.1735110878944397,
0.021019645035266876,
0.20405951142311096,
-0.5556415915489197,
0.22046343982219696,
-0.567704975605011,
0.5442317724227905,
-0.3787654638290405,
0.1338602900505066,
0.08383334428071976,
-0.2286476343870163,
-0.8739038109779358,
0.8706421256065369,
0.023481443524360657,
0.5193365216255188,
-0.2994615435600281,
-0.0940433219075203,
0.37321150302886963,
0.18459416925907135,
0.7742196321487427,
0.050505757331848145,
0.21181559562683105,
0.02046137861907482,
-0.02885464020073414,
-0.5081737041473389,
-1.1548577547073364,
0.9038163423538208,
0.525299608707428,
-0.35582202672958374,
-0.42548009753227234,
-0.2048414945602417,
0.2190399467945099,
-0.6504743099212646,
-0.8130289912223816,
0.07993482053279877,
0.09733857959508896,
-0.8851480484008789,
0.9292768239974976,
-0.11303969472646713,
-0.055627062916755676,
0.02113296464085579,
0.12074760347604752,
0.05025791749358177,
-0.612228512763977,
0.08711232990026474,
-0.6749327182769775,
-0.21464204788208008,
0.14306680858135223,
-0.43380117416381836,
0.5814163088798523,
0.7261569499969482,
0.18108904361724854,
0.08857972919940948,
-0.5696187615394592,
-5.419260025024414,
0.2535274922847748,
-0.23291811347007751,
-0.5110083818435669,
0.26507148146629333,
0.7208528518676758,
0.6169926524162292,
-0.31471899151802063,
0.40039804577827454,
-0.9097376465797424,
-0.5866194367408752,
0.6465559601783752,
-0.3760056495666504,
0.9449831247329712,
0.1666441112756729,
0.35215598344802856,
0.3552089333534241,
0.10660823434591293,
0.28201839327812195,
0.34960946440696716,
0.45793044567108154,
-0.6224179267883301,
-0.06756869703531265,
0.4071224331855774,
0.00008719249308342114,
0.14091756939888,
-0.7051880955696106,
0.17522823810577393,
-0.3873145878314972,
-0.521329939365387,
-0.024305909872055054,
-0.13329556584358215,
-0.4085840582847595,
-0.8858802318572998,
-0.1975833624601364,
0.4361811578273773,
0.2786710560321808,
1.2057133913040161,
-0.05081350728869438,
-0.4129565954208374,
0.162266343832016,
-0.5606012344360352,
-0.6985383629798889,
0.12870453298091888,
0.14962083101272583,
0.28780117630958557,
-0.5806525349617004,
-0.27104058861732483,
-0.019226789474487305,
0.5027810335159302,
-0.3097776770591736,
-0.05147187039256096,
0.35901954770088196,
-0.20721885561943054,
0.16222220659255981,
-0.3073652386665344,
-0.010557886213064194,
0.14475473761558533,
0.0732085183262825,
0.20249409973621368,
0.7146792411804199,
-0.4558297097682953,
-0.6375340819358826,
-0.7360917329788208,
-0.2910262942314148,
-0.4047236442565918,
0.5497552156448364,
0.3556927740573883,
0.15734820067882538,
0.21374806761741638,
0.5062515139579773,
0.5263035297393799,
0.028855975717306137,
-1.113508939743042,
-0.08305099606513977,
-0.08444245904684067,
0.28737378120422363,
0.019559355452656746,
-0.7653098106384277,
0.3013652265071869,
0.08304821699857712,
-0.23046207427978516,
0.35525578260421753,
0.5450010895729065,
-0.14211933314800262,
0.4614565074443817,
-0.3702870309352875,
0.31108585000038147,
-0.5495802760124207,
-0.22038932144641876,
0.1499776989221573,
-0.4735836088657379,
-0.4282713234424591,
0.44922754168510437,
0.6973659992218018,
-0.13675551116466522,
-0.024564355611801147,
0.62351393699646,
0.6792412400245667,
-0.24418732523918152,
-0.05554276332259178,
-0.20268158614635468,
0.050346117466688156,
-0.1763271540403366,
0.30073508620262146,
0.021683409810066223,
-0.4896101951599121,
-0.504052460193634,
0.6352638006210327,
0.316581666469574,
0.16184794902801514,
-0.2773464322090149,
-0.18070998787879944,
0.3158966600894928,
0.12375228852033615,
-0.49356380105018616,
-0.14728963375091553,
-0.06501360237598419,
0.04357798770070076,
0.06521956622600555,
0.12426118552684784,
0.3471167981624603,
-0.15409353375434875,
0.2346591055393219,
0.7331165075302124,
0.2183159738779068,
-0.47014740109443665,
0.0656498521566391,
-0.4889170229434967,
-0.44871553778648376,
-0.05392782762646675,
0.402403861284256,
-0.12859298288822174,
0.8647845387458801,
0.34717604517936707,
-0.7294971942901611,
-0.8594990968704224,
-0.4041202962398529,
0.6456816792488098,
-0.24851836264133453,
0.17142841219902039,
-0.6712770462036133,
0.7829664349555969,
0.26112690567970276,
0.5121579766273499,
0.32027170062065125,
-0.368325799703598,
-0.22751791775226593,
-0.6967718005180359,
0.17404040694236755,
0.22152259945869446,
-0.16080722212791443,
0.27049216628074646,
-0.8014606833457947,
-0.8573605418205261,
-0.08756034076213837,
-0.46071428060531616,
-0.13482233881950378,
-0.5157405734062195,
-0.3133399784564972,
0.9340510964393616,
-0.0006502753822132945,
-0.9379148483276367,
0.16349495947360992,
-0.12370071560144424,
0.2869049608707428,
-0.4669352173805237,
-0.2576659023761749,
-0.15206603705883026,
0.4081324338912964,
-0.00054454110795632,
-0.6694066524505615,
-0.354863703250885,
-0.434154748916626,
0.3435271382331848,
-0.48806101083755493,
-0.039229732006788254,
0.15631306171417236,
-0.05903621017932892,
0.08025987446308136,
-0.34996816515922546,
0.35115113854408264,
-0.5711740851402283,
-0.6959094405174255,
-0.014173831790685654,
-0.5951936841011047,
-0.20597809553146362,
-0.3814665377140045,
0.21373559534549713,
-0.4724801480770111,
-0.05996932461857796,
-0.09895293414592743,
0.081021249294281,
-0.05918384715914726,
-0.06470649689435959,
-0.7266613841056824,
-0.091990165412426,
0.19015271961688995,
-0.21689702570438385,
-0.7435377240180969,
0.2242225855588913,
0.16479258239269257,
0.030023204162716866,
0.4634401798248291,
0.3147013485431671,
-0.7045512199401855,
0.10462686419487,
-0.08653423190116882,
-0.696661651134491,
0.5661585927009583,
-0.6245338916778564,
-0.711322009563446,
0.1584407240152359,
0.35139578580856323,
-0.3588571846485138,
0.0493224672973156,
0.49792808294296265,
0.16647708415985107,
-0.43573257327079773,
-0.712979257106781,
-0.5198249816894531,
-0.17978402972221375,
-0.2584477663040161,
0.8127367496490479,
-0.6685128808021545,
0.29500478506088257,
0.38618993759155273,
0.6265013217926025,
0.30578896403312683,
-0.29221224784851074,
-0.44656291604042053,
0.10160578042268753,
-0.19862203299999237,
0.6029524207115173,
-0.6416966915130615,
0.26911550760269165,
-0.17914927005767822,
-0.03752424567937851,
0.43515634536743164,
0.11183734238147736,
0.36708366870880127,
0.8873798251152039,
0.28071269392967224,
-0.30340272188186646,
0.22025877237319946,
0.06581532955169678,
0.2867041528224945,
0.29445937275886536,
0.3180367648601532,
0.290147066116333,
0.5327436327934265,
0.20005103945732117,
-0.6770703792572021,
-0.12504476308822632,
0.16710643470287323,
-1.352468729019165,
0.13191008567810059,
0.06935671716928482,
0.33311983942985535,
-0.36677396297454834,
0.31607216596603394,
0.19389760494232178,
0.416922390460968,
-0.19267897307872772,
-0.22091448307037354,
-0.06573493778705597,
-0.33959338068962097,
-0.26664796471595764,
0.5191564559936523,
-0.5990548133850098,
-0.051787883043289185,
0.042604975402355194,
-0.08041262626647949,
0.3435589075088501,
-0.008092495612800121,
-0.1543457955121994,
0.12950754165649414,
0.424925297498703,
-0.22280533611774445,
-0.18115352094173431,
-0.39000651240348816,
-0.07580568641424179,
0.027374906465411186,
-0.39191824197769165,
0.1148885041475296,
-0.8056015372276306,
-0.2775796353816986,
-0.32466134428977966,
0.3854372203350067,
-0.2741932272911072,
-0.9869523048400879,
0.7675836682319641,
0.4001971483230591,
0.6710419654846191,
-0.5897932052612305,
-0.08887152373790741,
0.06315849721431732,
0.42258182168006897,
-0.06382690370082855,
-0.16737046837806702,
-0.03476196527481079,
0.7117114067077637,
0.43153709173202515,
-0.09848254173994064,
0.3379305303096771,
-0.2802695333957672,
0.3766992688179016,
-0.34626564383506775,
-0.6031261682510376,
0.7064181566238403,
-0.021960318088531494,
-0.15262927114963531,
0.2374190241098404,
0.49297672510147095,
-0.9842783808708191,
-0.031097061932086945,
0.4166463315486908,
-0.3745046854019165,
0.21458926796913147,
0.13321492075920105,
-0.3114250600337982,
-0.365092396736145,
0.49821996688842773,
0.48265546560287476,
0.9585768580436707,
0.6316848397254944,
0.2632688879966736,
-0.3231984078884125,
0.022268103435635567,
0.3915627896785736,
-0.34691321849823,
-0.19879809021949768,
0.16177506744861603,
0.29753121733665466,
0.2129851132631302,
-0.2311243712902069,
0.2966168522834778,
-0.024379801005125046,
0.12612995505332947,
0.615307629108429,
0.030021099373698235,
0.2603791654109955,
-0.4764159917831421,
0.02439037337899208,
0.3351050317287445,
-0.25053542852401733,
-0.030728435143828392,
0.676042377948761,
-0.06761478632688522,
-0.11485161632299423,
0.09361524134874344,
0.19408510625362396,
0.20215950906276703,
0.1421525478363037,
0.5494130849838257,
0.23098324239253998,
0.4776696264743805,
0.2301274836063385,
0.21362543106079102,
0.8669803142547607,
0.07491239160299301,
-0.14288322627544403,
1.1889889240264893,
0.10963577032089233,
0.3750535845756531,
-0.18654561042785645,
-0.122227244079113,
-0.5648491382598877,
-0.030575457960367203,
0.33783188462257385,
0.5963008999824524,
0.10430057346820831,
-0.1487489640712738,
0.723943293094635,
0.3367774486541748,
0.1672605723142624,
-0.11947472393512726,
0.07041953504085541,
0.35756760835647583,
-0.13645081222057343,
0.11484705656766891,
0.22810085117816925,
-0.21333764493465424,
-0.20542827248573303,
0.709526538848877,
-0.5183576941490173,
-0.6161844730377197,
0.43278685212135315,
-0.6093596816062927,
-0.1730523258447647,
0.1708884835243225,
-0.6382228136062622,
-0.4581802487373352,
0.2061302661895752,
-0.31232598423957825,
-0.5768616795539856,
-0.076064832508564,
0.6787099242210388,
0.2576247453689575,
0.025081979110836983,
0.309135377407074,
0.4928211271762848,
0.4842720329761505,
-0.37260928750038147,
-0.11781585216522217,
0.04612128064036369,
-0.6357147693634033,
0.5641543865203857,
-0.8078486919403076,
0.9614460468292236,
-0.2602459788322449,
-0.00042657824815250933,
-0.6835196614265442,
0.32194921374320984,
-0.03703843429684639,
0.9467930793762207,
0.21122322976589203,
-0.31232279539108276,
-0.7435600757598877,
-0.39346179366111755,
0.43758058547973633,
-0.3201238512992859,
0.03279644250869751,
0.020746247842907906,
-0.18713384866714478,
-0.030691323801875114,
0.164529487490654,
0.05736665055155754,
-0.34374263882637024,
1.0255151987075806,
-0.44676128029823303,
-0.30575031042099,
-0.22730152308940887,
-0.7007414698600769,
-0.2217000275850296,
-0.695694625377655,
0.697508692741394,
0.585873007774353,
0.4635908007621765,
-0.915770411491394,
0.4939870834350586,
0.11028853058815002,
0.5770987868309021,
-0.026761390268802643,
-0.34138223528862,
-0.15026505291461945,
-0.038974106311798096,
-0.42665842175483704,
-0.00048285219236277044,
0.41681528091430664,
0.21688272058963776,
-0.32892903685569763,
-0.17883680760860443,
-0.20936626195907593,
0.47401729226112366,
-0.5393500924110413,
0.31725937128067017,
0.24282951653003693,
0.29359880089759827,
-0.7954851984977722
] |
210985
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot
|
Foxtrot
|
The foxtrot is a smooth, progressive dance characterized by long, continuous flowing movements across the dance floor. It is danced to big band (usually vocal) music. The dance is similar in its look to waltz, although the rhythm is in a time signature instead of . Developed in the 1910s, the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today.
History
The dance was premiered in 1914, quickly catching the eye of the husband and wife duo Vernon and Irene Castle, who lent the dance its signature grace and style. The origin of the name of the dance is unclear, although one theory is that it took its name from its popularizer, the vaudevillian, Harry Fox. Two sources, Vernon Castle and dance teacher Betty Lee, credit African American dancers as the source of the foxtrot. Castle saw the dance, which "had been danced by negroes, to his personal knowledge, for fifteen years, [at] a certain exclusive colored club".
W. C. Handy ("Father of the Blues") notes in his autobiography that his "The Memphis Blues" was the inspiration for the foxtrot. During breaks from the fast-paced Castle Walk and One-step, Vernon and Irene Castle's music director, James Reese Europe, would slowly play the Memphis Blues. The Castles were intrigued by the rhythm, and Jim asked why they didn't create a slow dance to go with it. The Castles introduced what they then called the "Bunny Hug" in a magazine article. Shortly after, they went abroad and, in mid-ocean, sent a wireless to the magazine to change the name of the dance from "Bunny Hug" to the "Foxtrot." It was subsequently standardized by Arthur Murray, in whose version it began to imitate the positions of Tango.
At its inception, the foxtrot was originally danced to ragtime. From the late 1910s through the 1940s, the foxtrot was the most popular fast dance, and the vast majority of records issued during these years were foxtrots. The waltz and tango, while popular, never overtook the foxtrot. Even the popularity of the Lindy hop in the 1940s did not affect the foxtrot's popularity, since it could be danced to the same records used to accompany the Lindy hop.
When rock and roll first emerged in the early 1950s, record companies were uncertain as to what style of dance would be most applicable to the music. Notably, Decca Records initially labeled its rock and roll releases as "foxtrots", most notably "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley and His Comets. Since that recording, by some estimates, went on to sell more than 25 million copies, "Rock Around the Clock" could be considered the biggest-selling "foxtrot" of all time. Today, the dance is customarily accompanied by the same big band music to which swing is also danced.
Over time, the foxtrot split into slow and quick versions, referred to as "foxtrot" and "quickstep" respectively. In the slow category, further distinctions exist between the International or English style of the foxtrot, and the American continuity style, both built around a slow-quick-quick rhythm at the slowest tempo, and the social American style using a slow-slow-quick-quick rhythm at a somewhat faster pace. In the context of International Standard category of ballroom dances, for some time the foxtrot was called "Slow Foxtrot", or "Slowfox". These names are still in use, to distinguish from other types of foxtrots.
Styles
Three distinct styles of slow foxtrot are in common use among ballroom dancers today: the American Social Style, the American Continuity Style, and the International Style. All three are partner dances in which the dancers progress around the dance floor in a counter-clockwise direction and are danced to much the same music. However, they differ significantly in technique, positions, and figures.
American Social Foxtrot
The American Social Style was, and to some extent still is, widely employed in the United States as a social and party dance. It is particularly well suited to dancing in a crowded room, by partners who may or may not know each other well, and who may or may not have had much formal training in dance. Its defining feature is that the dancers close their feet at the end of almost every figure, as opposed to passing their feet as in the other two styles. As a result, the dancers progress fairly slowly around the room, and some figures can even be danced in place. Furthermore, almost every figure begins in much the same position, with the two partners facing each other squarely in the closed position and the man starting on his left foot. Since each figure leads so easily and consistently in the next, it is fairly easy for the leader to string multiple figures together on the fly in an ever-changing sequence. Body contact is unnecessary and not generally expected; all figures can be led through the frame formed by the arms. Hence, the potential social awkwardness of body contact between partners who do not know each other well is avoided. As American Social Style is the only style allowed in bronze (beginner) level American Style dance competition, this style is sometimes also known as "American Bronze Foxtrot".
The American Social style uses both six-count and eight-count figures. The rhythmic alteration between the two is one of the few potential difficulties in the dance. Syncopation is generally avoided.
The six-count figures extend across one and a half measures of music, and utilize the rhythm slow (two counts), slow (two counts), quick (one count), quick (one count). Examples include: the basic movement forward and back, the alternating quarter turns (zig-zag), the rock turns right and left, the promenade, the promenade twist (12 counts), the promenade pivot (12 counts), and the sway step. Social dancers generally use the alternating quarter turns to progress in a zig-zag pattern around the room, alternating for variety with the promenade. Rock turns are used for changes of direction in corners and to avoid collisions. Both the rock turns and balance step can be danced entirely in place, if necessitated by crowded conditions. Many of these figures can be further embellished by underarm turns.
The eight-count figures extend across two measures of music and utilize the rhythm slow (two counts), quick (one count), quick (one count); slow (two counts), quick (one count), quick (one count). Most of them can be further decomposed into two four-count figures, although this would break the convention that every figure begins in closed position with the man stepping on his left foot. Examples include: the forward and reverse box, the left and right box turns, the closed twinkle with promenade close ending, the fallaway twinkles (16 counts), the promenade twinkles (16 counts), and the serpentine (progressive twinkles) with closed footwork. A few, such as the grapevine, utilize a faster rhythm consisting of four quicks. Most of these eight-count figures resemble corresponding figures in the waltz, with the rhythm modified by extending the first step of each figure to occupy two counts. Again, many of these figures can be further embellished by underarm turns.
The only common syncopated figure is the chassé. It is a four-count figure with the rhythm slow (two counts) quick-and-quick (two counts), that may be inserted between a closed twinkle and its promenade close ending.
American Continuity Style
The American Continuity Style is widely employed in the United States as a competitive dance and as a base for formation dance and the performing arts. It is the style generally seen in American musical theater productions and in film. It differs from the social style in that the dancers pass their feet at the end of each figure, rather than closing them. Consequently, dancers progress much more rapidly around the room, in a smooth, continuous manner that gives the style its name. It differs from the International Style in that body contact is optional. This permits the dance partners to assume a much wider variety of positions and, therefore, to execute many types of figures that are not possible in the International Style. As American Continuity Style is expected in Silver Level American Style dance competitions and above, this style is sometimes also known as "American Silver Foxtrot".
Transitions from one dance position to another are an important aspect of the American style. Commonly employed dance positions include normal (closed) position, in which the dancers face each other squarely with the man's right hand around the woman's back; promenade position, in which the partners open slightly in a vee; open position (a two-hand hold with the arms extending forward sideways); and shadow position (in which both partners face the same direction, rather than each other). Partners may even separate completely for short periods of time. "Lines", in which the partners form and hold a special shape for a short period of time, also play an important role. Examples include the oversway, the chair, the check.
In the American Continuity Style, most figures are based upon four-count units with the rhythm slow (two counts), quick (one count), quick (one count) repeating in each measure. A basic dance sequence progressing around the room in a straight line might consist of an open left box turn (eight counts), an open twinkle (four counts), an open right turn (four counts), an open impetus (a/k/a hairpin) (four counts), and a continuity ending (four counts), returning to the start of the sequence. Other figures based upon the same rhythm include the serpentine (a/k/a progressive twinkles) with open footwork; the curved running steps; the outside swivel; the pivot from promenade; and the natural fallaway. Many of these figures may be executed in a variety of positions: for instance, the serpentine may be executed in closed position, open position, or shadow position, with the man facing either forwards or backwards. Many of these figures may be further embellished by underarm turns, especially when changing from one dance position to another. Variations upon this basic rhythm may employ four quick steps (quick, quick, quick, quick) as in the grapevine and the second measure of the weave, or syncopation (slow, quick-and-quick quick) as in the chassé.
Many Continuity-Style Foxtrot figures are similar to those of American Continuity Style Waltz, with the rhythm modified by extending the first step of each figure to occupy two counts. Some, like the open twinkles, are direct developments of the corresponding Social Foxtrot figures in which the footwork has been modified by passing the feet at the end of the figure instead of closing the feet; others are entirely different.
International Style
The International (British) Style is widely employed in Europe and Great Britain as a social and competitive dance. Its defining characteristic is that partners must maintain body contact at all times. Consequently, the variety of possible figures and positions is much more limited than in the American style. Dancers concentrate on creating an image of a smooth, gliding motion around the dance floor. The use of body contact makes it possible to execute very tight turns, which is further enhanced by the extensive use of heel turns. This use of heel turns, and the effort required to produce the desired gliding motion, give International Style Foxtrot a reputation as being perhaps the most difficult of all ballroom dances to execute well.
Most figures are based upon four-count units with the rhythm slow (two counts), quick (one count), quick (one count), repeating in each measure. A basic dance sequence progressing around the room might employ a feather step (four counts), reverse turn with feather finish (eight counts), three step (four counts), natural turn (four counts) with impetus (four count) and feather finish (four count), connecting again to a reverse turn. However, rhythmic variation is used to make up for the loss of variety in figures and positions: thus, for example, the weave uses four quick steps in a single measure, while the change of direction uses a two-measure sequence of four slow steps.
Figures
International Style Foxtrot is the most tightly defined of all the Foxtrot styles, with instructional and competitive syllabi that are tightly controlled by the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Thus, it is possible to present the following list of International or English style foxtrot figures, although this is by no means an exhaustive list.
Basic Figures
Three Step
Feather Step
Natural Turn
Reverse Turn
Closed Impetus
Feather Finish
Standard Figures
Natural Weave
Basic Weave
Closed Telemark
Open Telemark
Hover Feather
Hover Telemark
Hover Cross
Open Impetus
Reverse Wave
Competition
International Foxtrot is one of the five Standard dances that form the backbone of International Style Dance competitions held around the world under the auspices of the International Dance Sport Federation, its local affiliates, and other organizations. Competitions are generally held at six successive levels of difficulty: Bronze (beginning), Silver (intermediate), Gold (advanced), Novice, Pre-Championship, and Championship. The Bronze, Silver, and Gold levels are syllabus levels: that is, for each level there is a prescribed syllabus of figures from which the competitor is expected to select. The Novice, Pre-Championship, and Championship levels are open levels at which novel, original choreography is permitted and even encouraged. The competitive dance syllabi are defined and tightly controlled by the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.
Likewise, American Foxtrot is one of the four Modern Smooth dances that form the backbone of American Style Dance competitions held in the United States under the auspices of the National Dance Council of America and USA Dance, and in some other countries. Competitions are again generally held at six successive levels of difficulty: Bronze (beginning), Silver (intermediate), Gold (advanced), Novice, Pre-Championship, and Championship. The Bronze, Silver, and Gold levels are restricted levels in which the permitted set of figures is restricted by rules – very similar but not identical – published by the sponsoring organization. The Novice, Pre-Championship, and Championship levels are open levels at which novel, original choreography is permitted and even encouraged. At the Bronze level, only American Social Style is allowed; this is enforced by rules that require closing the feet at the end of each figure. Either Social or Continuity Style may be employed at the Silver level and higher, but Continuity Style is generally expected. There are multiple, alternative instructional and competitive syllabi published by various organizations, which are compatible to varying degrees with the competitive rule sets.
See also
Discofox
Peabody
Quickstep
References
External links
Foxtrot Basic Steps
Ballroom dance
Dance terminology
|
[
-0.05676509812474251,
0.25148624181747437,
-0.0860874205827713,
-0.0465778224170208,
-0.07638111710548401,
-0.23078711330890656,
0.634062647819519,
0.1945282369852066,
-0.03621883690357208,
-0.21090678870677948,
-0.02677791938185692,
0.00008303342474391684,
-0.6042948961257935,
-0.2501247823238373,
0.09006176888942719,
0.3476296365261078,
0.6230161786079407,
-0.22264593839645386,
0.4159439504146576,
-0.7099848389625549,
-0.1760435402393341,
-0.1408129781484604,
0.14051105082035065,
-0.10397610068321228,
0.39619630575180054,
-0.41983330249786377,
-0.3736419975757599,
-0.0653907060623169,
-0.26538145542144775,
0.4176191985607147,
0.28662681579589844,
0.9700486660003662,
-0.011192698031663895,
-0.5472825169563293,
0.1534353792667389,
0.18863295018672943,
0.14672565460205078,
-0.2422407567501068,
-0.18433324992656708,
-0.8808060884475708,
-0.31886258721351624,
-0.09167958796024323,
0.21059532463550568,
0.16114453971385956,
-0.11596154421567917,
-0.010594877414405346,
-1.5212688446044922,
0.5702122449874878,
-0.8958564400672913,
-0.465108722448349,
-0.2860307991504669,
0.5824487805366516,
0.5971008539199829,
0.5195448994636536,
0.20445036888122559,
0.5737120509147644,
-0.8355767726898193,
0.3056349754333496,
-0.07208172976970673,
-0.2845548987388611,
0.6615952849388123,
0.36522039771080017,
0.2600831687450409,
-0.17960426211357117,
0.17211593687534332,
0.3948904275894165,
0.08280310034751892,
0.3339376747608185,
0.23564934730529785,
0.08964798599481583,
-0.09403294324874878,
-0.1927453577518463,
-0.2532995641231537,
-0.042448483407497406,
-0.3152599632740021,
-0.10339051485061646,
0.7636759281158447,
0.1587512344121933,
0.45493215322494507,
0.6408976316452026,
0.36498960852622986,
0.2129858285188675,
0.37428706884384155,
0.8828037977218628,
0.3125137984752655,
0.10802208632230759,
-0.34974950551986694,
-0.1348307877779007,
-0.24411028623580933,
-0.3097459673881531,
-0.403960257768631,
-0.6163128018379211,
0.13660258054733276,
0.28515222668647766,
-0.29302000999450684,
0.19997677206993103,
0.78931725025177,
-0.08009645342826843,
0.27137407660484314,
0.168466717004776,
-0.11921443790197372,
-0.2593211829662323,
0.2612529695034027,
-0.2510567307472229,
-0.05994950234889984,
0.03445425629615784,
-0.10670040547847748,
-0.6361088752746582,
0.240239679813385,
-0.30584606528282166,
-0.7138878703117371,
-0.08123081177473068,
0.5111728310585022,
-0.21618545055389404,
-0.2755395770072937,
0.17281880974769592,
0.0929737314581871,
0.008046320639550686,
0.03336070105433464,
0.04151666536927223,
-0.16852355003356934,
-0.1193273738026619,
-0.10592199116945267,
0.3878829777240753,
-0.5279682874679565,
0.2499796450138092,
0.3401400148868561,
0.5459060668945312,
-0.15619295835494995,
-0.31814292073249817,
0.14262999594211578,
0.44211333990097046,
-0.11813858896493912,
-0.16205210983753204,
-0.3094418942928314,
-0.18636180460453033,
0.9113444089889526,
0.11200924217700958,
0.5337880849838257,
0.39436450600624084,
0.07273921370506287,
-1.0395416021347046,
-0.3385637402534485,
-0.883103609085083,
0.5873966813087463,
-0.3339955508708954,
-0.07981503009796143,
-0.5030950903892517,
0.16586056351661682,
-0.25602465867996216,
-0.048017412424087524,
0.3103945851325989,
-0.17912860214710236,
0.3436017632484436,
-0.43353456258773804,
-0.27746811509132385,
-0.05016570910811424,
-0.7643170952796936,
0.28340697288513184,
-0.12025180459022522,
-0.24111580848693848,
0.2750394642353058,
0.10377137362957001,
-0.12066809087991714,
0.29157787561416626,
-0.19815582036972046,
0.3161455988883972,
0.05082183703780174,
-0.6921272277832031,
0.5092213153839111,
-0.4145699143409729,
0.7558656334877014,
0.6021009683609009,
-0.6450590491294861,
-0.4659441113471985,
0.7040165662765503,
-0.017138736322522163,
0.4743101894855499,
0.7910009026527405,
-0.3381979167461395,
-0.6133838295936584,
0.2819523215293884,
0.5927005410194397,
-0.4993894398212433,
-0.10915804654359818,
-0.1266205906867981,
-0.04934419319033623,
-0.31478044390678406,
-0.08205937594175339,
-0.01633027009665966,
0.28822609782218933,
-0.11102140694856644,
0.15112629532814026,
-0.5030118227005005,
1.2376221418380737,
-0.6413663029670715,
-0.5025427937507629,
0.17983998358249664,
0.11707586795091629,
0.7370842695236206,
-0.007959750480949879,
0.14781934022903442,
0.4464026987552643,
-0.10460876673460007,
-0.6110405325889587,
-0.33800211548805237,
-0.011606221087276936,
0.011026917956769466,
0.067769356071949,
-0.432651162147522,
-0.006599854677915573,
-0.702121376991272,
-0.23878803849220276,
-0.09914999455213547,
-0.2646048069000244,
-0.07292791455984116,
-0.23644012212753296,
0.5681748986244202,
0.10300961881875992,
0.10787028074264526,
0.28192341327667236,
-0.08898179978132248,
-0.6600839495658875,
0.44623875617980957,
-0.04921320453286171,
0.6259593367576599,
-0.19534605741500854,
0.2732677161693573,
0.18610908091068268,
-0.4723829925060272,
0.5703046917915344,
0.09032057970762253,
-0.20956502854824066,
-0.3829776644706726,
-0.4160829484462738,
-0.23460692167282104,
0.2664264738559723,
-0.4591931104660034,
0.1825653612613678,
-0.8381319046020508,
0.005219141021370888,
0.19282223284244537,
-0.21837039291858673,
0.3616170883178711,
-0.4798209071159363,
-0.3683578372001648,
-0.1798546016216278,
0.5635373592376709,
-0.09308169782161713,
0.1454816609621048,
0.15888385474681854,
0.6115883588790894,
0.5172616839408875,
-0.6853470206260681,
0.029929926618933678,
0.26370006799697876,
-0.004197112284600735,
0.040114302188158035,
0.005085304845124483,
-0.23925162851810455,
0.015138793736696243,
0.11442537605762482,
0.4357406497001648,
0.4992443323135376,
-0.12196288257837296,
-0.8778031468391418,
-0.2853999137878418,
-0.30541449785232544,
0.3693206012248993,
-0.06378234922885895,
0.4861759543418884,
-0.1719011813402176,
-0.13397514820098877,
-0.1579722911119461,
-0.33100733160972595,
-0.4979642927646637,
0.4173327386379242,
-0.27327561378479004,
-0.29292139410972595,
-0.5675883889198303,
0.10950161516666412,
0.7320156097412109,
0.22916275262832642,
-0.4150542914867401,
-0.568341076374054,
-0.015820221975445747,
-0.09651578962802887,
0.02157626301050186,
0.4600560963153839,
0.3070404529571533,
-0.09106799215078354,
0.13951469957828522,
-0.41715580224990845,
-0.21354275941848755,
0.14859555661678314,
-0.04044395685195923,
-0.3312870264053345,
0.5838090777397156,
-0.02542324736714363,
0.25268977880477905,
-0.041180647909641266,
0.3627293109893799,
-0.5779498815536499,
-0.5229987502098083,
0.3406945765018463,
-0.14114035665988922,
-0.5034736394882202,
0.0031883830670267344,
-5.794436454772949,
0.15213273465633392,
-0.5710248947143555,
-0.5629796385765076,
-0.19507640600204468,
-0.15008309483528137,
0.2906649112701416,
0.1776212900876999,
-0.5733059048652649,
0.08884663879871368,
-0.33238375186920166,
-0.14729678630828857,
0.002860037609934807,
0.15771040320396423,
0.31527963280677795,
0.1458495408296585,
-0.2333904206752777,
-0.24320702254772186,
-0.22075125575065613,
0.11178670078516006,
-0.4944416880607605,
0.5306422710418701,
0.06311016529798508,
0.24168428778648376,
0.16890157759189606,
-0.07315181195735931,
-0.24471540749073029,
-0.14950242638587952,
-0.9150237441062927,
0.01276688277721405,
-0.07497499883174896,
0.14838887751102448,
-0.3296498656272888,
-0.25309497117996216,
0.25365400314331055,
0.09703527390956879,
0.6716483235359192,
-0.5749732255935669,
0.08596888184547424,
0.356102854013443,
-0.07178724557161331,
0.3360532522201538,
0.19432586431503296,
-0.008511004038155079,
0.9305605888366699,
-0.11739562451839447,
-0.13842764496803284,
-0.29010042548179626,
-0.6554811000823975,
0.08286914974451065,
-0.04383636638522148,
-0.015115851536393166,
-0.08355728536844254,
0.1007370874285698,
0.4662468135356903,
-0.07485228031873703,
0.49664345383644104,
-0.7936976552009583,
0.6220178008079529,
0.17788486182689667,
0.7025037407875061,
-0.3630598187446594,
-0.018452446907758713,
0.010742710903286934,
0.4774261713027954,
-0.8881199955940247,
0.25800129771232605,
-0.11187317967414856,
0.32293349504470825,
0.6162793040275574,
0.6759142875671387,
-0.11915966868400574,
0.23577500879764557,
-0.9613040089607239,
0.24145404994487762,
-0.38988420367240906,
0.2360771745443344,
0.21596023440361023,
0.5433145761489868,
-0.16662684082984924,
0.4438950717449188,
0.001806040178053081,
-0.4859698712825775,
-0.2615664303302765,
-0.08711738139390945,
-0.5268752574920654,
-0.24337990581989288,
0.4723910391330719,
-0.39561447501182556,
0.06674753874540329,
1.0933462381362915,
-0.36912670731544495,
0.2275368869304657,
-0.19303838908672333,
-0.19111092388629913,
0.6680765151977539,
-0.4828311502933502,
-0.1457429975271225,
0.21339139342308044,
-0.2558365762233734,
0.7414438724517822,
-0.42804667353630066,
-0.012520924210548401,
-0.1700289249420166,
0.0036614621058106422,
-0.15826353430747986,
-0.026982557028532028,
0.0560496561229229,
0.9640824794769287,
0.2845975458621979,
-0.14250202476978302,
-0.2864404618740082,
0.06171533092856407,
-0.10876287519931793,
0.04100958630442619,
-0.28101348876953125,
-0.4148331880569458,
-0.39114484190940857,
0.13800504803657532,
-0.15363870561122894,
-0.44594240188598633,
0.5227601528167725,
-0.38385769724845886,
0.43054941296577454,
-0.36775389313697815,
0.037226226180791855,
0.10092618316411972,
-0.0019232385093346238,
-0.07218215614557266,
-0.08206783980131149,
0.2712598145008087,
-0.18501603603363037,
0.19795888662338257,
0.06163738667964935,
-0.1638830155134201,
-0.013162071816623211,
0.1481759250164032,
-0.30016830563545227,
0.08114264905452728,
-0.5534494519233704,
-0.24000829458236694,
0.1970965564250946,
-0.20092588663101196,
0.44912776350975037,
0.6730049252510071,
0.4513746500015259,
-0.1786784529685974,
-0.2833126485347748,
-0.8967503905296326,
1.0378751754760742,
0.2871638834476471,
-0.43416860699653625,
0.10642970353364944,
-0.6583632826805115,
-0.25768810510635376,
-0.38850852847099304,
0.4236759841442108,
0.4984266757965088,
0.029986536130309105,
-0.2182687222957611,
0.4469980299472809,
-0.16225360333919525,
-1.3029532432556152,
-0.14702728390693665,
-0.23808810114860535,
-0.07544149458408356,
-0.40033090114593506,
-0.46305522322654724,
-0.7025123834609985,
0.2718789875507355,
-0.19282406568527222,
-0.6852899789810181,
-0.02540716715157032,
-0.23971529304981232,
0.2972756326198578,
-0.07250861078500748,
-0.7836807370185852,
0.18061599135398865,
-0.014170082286000252,
-0.19971902668476105,
-0.1347598433494568,
-0.011018991470336914,
-0.4263068437576294,
0.6270371079444885,
0.2540087103843689,
-0.2601988613605499,
-0.12916287779808044,
0.2636929452419281,
0.24261386692523956,
0.13780398666858673,
-0.013673501089215279,
0.4018554389476776,
0.36327818036079407,
-0.25729528069496155,
-0.021137045696377754,
-0.30155253410339355,
-0.36539846658706665,
1.2824370861053467,
-0.44320130348205566,
-0.20241355895996094,
0.8665337562561035,
0.6799197793006897,
0.2563740313053131,
0.6421558856964111,
1.1391808986663818,
-0.16369843482971191,
0.2928852140903473,
-0.08183317631483078,
-0.32797005772590637,
0.46665459871292114,
0.3107718825340271,
-0.706077516078949,
-0.24159705638885498,
0.34812378883361816,
-0.2602522671222687,
0.35728007555007935,
0.16084939241409302,
-0.43891265988349915,
-0.2650260627269745,
0.10762151330709457,
0.5257775783538818,
-0.11062958836555481,
-0.7836823463439941,
-0.06236693263053894,
-0.5545421838760376,
-0.03822198137640953,
0.1636013686656952,
0.07653746008872986,
0.8440647125244141,
-0.003558831289410591,
0.4222053587436676,
0.191838800907135,
-0.12015847116708755,
0.12912389636039734,
-0.017960110679268837,
-0.28889200091362,
-0.5630878210067749,
0.1601060926914215,
0.7524276971817017,
-0.014565614983439445,
0.18458709120750427,
0.8917099237442017,
0.510748565196991,
0.07455979287624359,
-0.13066501915454865,
-0.10498655587434769,
0.30842477083206177,
-0.7853640913963318,
-0.6906309127807617,
0.20746906101703644,
0.34058019518852234,
0.019155343994498253,
-0.13417522609233856,
-0.20723403990268707,
0.1833413988351822,
-0.269825279712677,
0.27921316027641296,
0.1359340250492096,
0.6087196469306946,
0.9808492064476013,
-0.08340538293123245,
0.015155766159296036,
-0.9847158193588257,
-0.019507035613059998,
-0.3035449981689453,
0.2341500073671341,
-0.07325837016105652,
-0.11106515675783157,
-0.2814551293849945,
-0.4953838586807251,
-0.024319197982549667,
-0.1576874703168869,
0.45202359557151794,
-0.4774421453475952,
0.17271855473518372,
0.32016003131866455,
0.2948344945907593,
-0.10626399517059326,
-0.01802096702158451,
0.06901958584785461,
0.07711031287908554,
0.12439803779125214,
0.08451295644044876,
-0.356664776802063,
0.058575551956892014,
-0.49483054876327515,
-0.0325666218996048,
-0.42483627796173096,
-0.02209559641778469,
-0.5823887586593628,
-0.33048364520072937,
0.5286630392074585,
-0.07332446426153183,
1.1181647777557373,
-0.10354345291852951,
0.1886778324842453,
0.5730072259902954,
-0.005006818100810051,
0.11281093209981918,
0.11430314183235168,
-0.2190263718366623,
0.21646839380264282,
-0.12716767191886902,
-0.33778116106987,
0.2417033314704895,
-0.40728113055229187,
0.6404529213905334,
-0.6987126469612122,
-0.06815062463283539,
0.5283814072608948,
0.33502814173698425,
0.053904905915260315,
-0.03301048278808594,
0.6289985179901123,
-0.1476656198501587,
0.47866091132164,
0.5347939133644104,
-0.2922154366970062,
0.41640612483024597,
0.5472567081451416,
0.22711794078350067,
-0.3500647246837616,
0.9034119248390198,
-0.1817614734172821,
0.38593006134033203,
-0.22311532497406006,
-0.4461699426174164,
0.29400381445884705,
0.178862065076828,
0.0733615979552269,
0.6753855347633362,
0.13663311302661896,
-0.29645228385925293,
0.3203592300415039,
-0.1619895100593567,
-0.26047977805137634,
0.1848878115415573,
-0.3419705927371979,
-0.7248853445053101,
-0.2051786482334137,
1.037558674812317,
-0.36945921182632446,
0.21099461615085602,
-0.031805846840143204,
0.0477016381919384,
-0.04403933510184288,
0.8496877551078796,
0.11312544345855713,
-0.26791083812713623,
0.018394630402326584,
0.351637065410614,
0.5918450951576233,
0.10685645788908005,
-0.35716521739959717,
0.8108433485031128,
-0.3194817900657654,
0.34453636407852173,
-0.20418938994407654,
-0.3328578472137451,
-0.2823812961578369,
0.2314324826002121,
-0.04889398813247681,
0.30017030239105225,
-0.6653555035591125,
-0.4890536963939667,
0.03928574174642563,
0.07740625739097595,
-0.3943621516227722,
-0.053589336574077606,
0.05913406237959862,
-0.014732778072357178,
0.25310659408569336,
-0.42895156145095825,
-0.025253457948565483,
0.1080651804804802,
-0.6641232967376709,
0.22087249159812927,
0.34016722440719604,
0.3537832796573639,
-0.605483889579773,
-0.04128104820847511,
-0.06274174898862839,
-0.5678789615631104,
0.08203861862421036,
0.15279029309749603,
-0.21231156587600708,
-0.5091050863265991,
-0.12317602336406708,
-0.6124904751777649,
0.14690165221691132,
-0.08816216886043549,
-0.38931819796562195,
-0.04742984473705292,
-0.15554200112819672,
0.04917458817362785,
-0.4685504734516144,
-0.15401707589626312,
0.8568345308303833,
-0.12705983221530914,
0.1910344958305359,
0.25869011878967285,
0.519193708896637,
0.025316689163446426,
0.19879484176635742,
-0.051260389387607574,
0.03222062811255455,
-0.9094566702842712,
-0.3026447594165802,
0.022247932851314545,
0.4703740179538727,
0.04296884685754776,
-0.6311171650886536,
0.048165902495384216,
0.45663896203041077,
0.42541614174842834,
-0.10386364907026291,
0.4181375205516815,
-0.5370823740959167,
-0.27752578258514404,
-0.9711366891860962,
0.14791648089885712,
0.6182541847229004,
0.3685363531112671,
-0.26465487480163574,
-0.6261807084083557,
0.07541964948177338,
0.5045475363731384,
-0.47300222516059875,
-0.02122809737920761,
0.7983798384666443,
-0.5027065277099609,
-0.17252817749977112,
-0.3414999842643738,
-0.16040824353694916,
0.09308106452226639,
-0.821973979473114,
0.103856161236763,
0.9674204587936401,
0.6817702054977417,
0.45970648527145386,
0.4308255910873413,
0.3212103545665741,
0.18744730949401855,
0.08817943930625916,
0.020160187035799026,
-0.2504725158214569,
-0.05192682519555092,
-0.1620037853717804,
-0.5493812561035156,
-0.0042025018483400345,
0.18783634901046753,
-0.07676856219768524,
-0.2767607271671295,
-0.07077299058437347,
-0.17587825655937195,
-0.06605516374111176,
0.01744185760617256,
-1.0083473920822144,
-0.4802463948726654,
0.3765144348144531
] |
210986
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie
|
Charlie
|
Charlie may refer to:
Places
Charlie, Texas, an unincorporated community in Clay County
Charlie Creek (Florida), a stream
People and fictional characters
Charlie (given name), a nickname for Charles and less commonly for Charlotte or Charlene
Charlie (Hungarian singer) (born 1947), Hungarian rock and soul singer born Károly Horváth in 1947
Charlie Chop-off, the pseudonym given to an unidentified American serial killer
Charlie (skeleton), a Neolithic skeleton discovered in England
Characters
"Charlie", a fictional title, the head of the Townsend Agency, from the 2019 film Charlie's Angels
Charlie, a character on signs for the CharlieCard, a smart card issued by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
Charlie, mascot of British restaurant Little Chef
Charlie Dompler, main character from animated series Smiling Friends
Film and television
"Charlie", a 2004 episode of the television series The Mighty Boosh
Charlie (2015 Malayalam film), a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language film
Charlie (2015 Kannada film), a 2015 Indian Kannada-language film
Charlie (TV series), a 2015 political drama series based on the life of Charles J. Haughey
Music
Charlie (band), a British rock band in the 1970s and 1980s
Charlie (album), a 1998 album by the band Melt-Banana
"Charlie" (Mallrat song), 2019
"Charlie" (Red Hot Chili Peppers song), 2006
"Charlie on the M.T.A.", 1949 song also known as "M.T.A"
"Charlie", a song by Alice Ivy on the album I'm Dreaming, 2018
"Charlie", a song by Miranda Cosgrove on her debut album Sparks Fly, 2010
"Charlie", a song by Lana Scolaro
Military
Charlie-class submarine, of the Soviet Navy
"Charlie", American military slang referring to the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese soldiers
"Charlie", the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet
Other uses
Charlie (parrot) (born 1899), a pet possibly owned by Winston Churchill
Charlie (fragrance), a line of women's and men's fragrances
Charlie Hebdo (Charlie Weekly), a French satirical weekly newspaper, sometimes shortened to Charlie
Charlie Mensuel (Charlie Monthly), a French monthly comics magazine
Cocaine, a drug sometimes referred to by the street name "Charlie"
Charles S. Roberts Award, nicknamed Charlie, an award in war gaming
Brownlow Medal of the Australian Football League, nicknamed "Charlie"
See also
La Trobe University, nicknamed "Old Charlie"
Charli XCX (born 1992), British singer and songwriter
Charlie Charlie challenge, a game played with pencils
Charles (disambiguation)
Charley (disambiguation)
Charline (name)
Charly (disambiguation)
Chuck (disambiguation)
|
[
0.6923065781593323,
0.4738144874572754,
-0.26699355244636536,
0.03668937459588051,
0.55301433801651,
0.2963857352733612,
0.7843710780143738,
0.43598672747612,
-0.4429874122142792,
0.3819822072982788,
-0.6281431913375854,
0.09678780287504196,
-0.22524702548980713,
0.06273745745420456,
-0.3851892948150635,
0.22743842005729675,
0.5060155391693115,
0.551102876663208,
-0.07550574094057083,
-0.18041440844535828,
-0.10947339236736298,
-0.21273648738861084,
0.4306151270866394,
-0.6253867149353027,
-0.019336190074682236,
0.4273224472999573,
-0.035827264189720154,
0.2650044858455658,
-0.12625494599342346,
0.19260072708129883,
0.08937869966030121,
0.07904340326786041,
0.337363600730896,
-0.3738708794116974,
-0.20181576907634735,
0.0826490968465805,
-0.459023118019104,
-0.34561359882354736,
-0.21970497071743011,
-0.5918648838996887,
0.0015722097596153617,
-0.5265074372291565,
0.329730361700058,
-0.07756844907999039,
-0.8773236870765686,
-0.0825285017490387,
-1.4123408794403076,
0.5157151222229004,
-0.16013365983963013,
-0.10775801539421082,
0.261821448802948,
0.3273325264453888,
-0.5212071537971497,
0.20210477709770203,
0.3932631313800812,
-0.09863876551389694,
-0.017032500356435776,
-0.8617504835128784,
0.34970924258232117,
-0.23510056734085083,
0.4377380311489105,
0.03040311299264431,
0.3604394197463989,
-0.11427924782037735,
-0.17855235934257507,
0.21564999222755432,
0.2097478210926056,
-0.16018423438072205,
-0.1997275948524475,
-0.13185948133468628,
0.23803645372390747,
-0.23737859725952148,
-0.35942354798316956,
-0.04618115350604057,
-0.3875965178012848,
-0.08344193547964096,
-0.08056413382291794,
0.15616340935230255,
0.5440806746482849,
0.48924583196640015,
0.03339992091059685,
-0.22398781776428223,
0.9431279897689819,
0.3513551652431488,
0.05172792822122574,
0.40460896492004395,
-0.4699626863002777,
0.14083203673362732,
-0.5544050931930542,
-0.20216383039951324,
-0.14688740670681,
-0.5667552947998047,
0.41113394498825073,
0.4793895483016968,
-0.33201709389686584,
-0.21016523241996765,
0.4363221526145935,
-0.3644914925098419,
-0.1908048838376999,
0.066774383187294,
-0.1454283744096756,
0.3074386417865753,
0.4148320257663727,
0.060180120170116425,
0.07140722870826721,
0.331102579832077,
-0.08543314039707184,
0.44465333223342896,
-0.33184680342674255,
-0.10212034732103348,
-0.1815768927335739,
-0.1485246866941452,
0.21356558799743652,
0.13135045766830444,
0.17219875752925873,
-0.5183613300323486,
-0.04847951978445053,
-0.21761122345924377,
-0.13784125447273254,
0.1351531445980072,
0.20017613470554352,
0.6227845549583435,
-0.11967875808477402,
0.006071428302675486,
0.17425119876861572,
0.09264009445905685,
0.02417239174246788,
0.22170941531658173,
-0.03496374189853668,
0.30952727794647217,
-0.2875339984893799,
0.15505196154117584,
0.1297188252210617,
0.18598800897598267,
-0.06398830562829971,
-0.25967806577682495,
-0.5632155537605286,
-0.28195708990097046,
-0.06282683461904526,
0.0035403654910624027,
-0.6782317757606506,
-0.38861608505249023,
-0.3488657474517822,
-0.28056463599205017,
0.3720652759075165,
-0.2540534734725952,
-0.14636321365833282,
0.0701100304722786,
0.279612272977829,
-0.06181560084223747,
-0.32714277505874634,
0.1410062611103058,
-0.3819735646247864,
-0.5329447388648987,
-0.2703034281730652,
0.23611104488372803,
0.16198600828647614,
-0.2943725287914276,
0.33486297726631165,
-0.3322336971759796,
-0.3152718245983124,
0.6792507767677307,
0.04445009306073189,
0.11495896428823471,
0.4064992070198059,
-0.03893253579735756,
0.2569957375526428,
0.2071576565504074,
-0.7981083989143372,
0.12717817723751068,
-0.3250654935836792,
0.3573966920375824,
0.3870847225189209,
0.06052494794130325,
-0.35519668459892273,
0.023040596395730972,
0.6662066578865051,
-0.08039766550064087,
0.2841626703739166,
0.08785592764616013,
-0.39998945593833923,
0.0761643499135971,
-0.3192848563194275,
-0.3450261652469635,
-0.20701166987419128,
0.169982448220253,
0.09654499590396881,
0.10604722052812576,
-0.4416961669921875,
-0.2774078845977783,
-0.296405553817749,
-0.4965512454509735,
0.059434060007333755,
-0.25122132897377014,
0.3911309540271759,
-0.656529426574707,
-0.3261164426803589,
0.7496811747550964,
0.3580589294433594,
0.6151701807975769,
-0.26710039377212524,
-0.2721227705478668,
0.21050584316253662,
-0.24733231961727142,
-0.5430070161819458,
0.2245892733335495,
0.729762077331543,
0.20006024837493896,
0.8230213522911072,
0.12308675795793533,
0.5924564599990845,
-0.2060289829969406,
0.4237014353275299,
-0.05136775225400925,
0.04443718492984772,
-0.05770304799079895,
-1.1458004713058472,
0.08601582050323486,
-0.11265058815479279,
-0.27814170718193054,
0.2558119297027588,
-0.15801085531711578,
-0.48314937949180603,
-0.03451753407716751,
-0.07676537334918976,
0.735019326210022,
-0.02612309902906418,
-0.31916511058807373,
0.4983879625797272,
-0.8143160343170166,
0.33678674697875977,
-0.0005761758657172322,
-0.41698044538497925,
-0.3430211544036865,
-0.01782236061990261,
0.2828017771244049,
0.3214884102344513,
-0.1457066684961319,
0.46412393450737,
-0.1633485108613968,
-0.1763271689414978,
0.24650460481643677,
-0.09711342304944992,
-0.31277158856391907,
0.16004826128482819,
0.0029064263217151165,
0.1680116355419159,
-0.28171730041503906,
-0.3077572286128998,
0.04106466472148895,
-0.06085679680109024,
0.598529577255249,
0.16469638049602509,
0.38930845260620117,
0.4556821286678314,
0.2497032731771469,
-0.08205066621303558,
0.26048633456230164,
-0.048574481159448624,
0.10144008696079254,
-0.4861621558666229,
0.16383874416351318,
0.004376995377242565,
-0.04973927512764931,
0.21756745874881744,
-0.23855872452259064,
-0.3339969217777252,
-0.5345001816749573,
0.839455783367157,
0.497327595949173,
0.17415446043014526,
0.21736298501491547,
-0.1822650134563446,
0.6528597474098206,
0.2735303044319153,
0.00987708754837513,
-0.218993678689003,
0.013717644847929478,
-0.3091135621070862,
-0.3748115003108978,
-0.44642892479896545,
0.517348051071167,
0.292388379573822,
-0.46210041642189026,
-0.25876858830451965,
-0.4380894601345062,
-0.051325373351573944,
-0.23718580603599548,
0.017760466784238815,
-0.09696546196937561,
-0.27714717388153076,
0.04363827407360077,
0.17442411184310913,
0.16510018706321716,
0.07260521501302719,
-0.11051000654697418,
0.7967580556869507,
0.2728831171989441,
-0.14506615698337555,
-0.12054479122161865,
-0.43967756628990173,
0.3789657950401306,
-0.4952481687068939,
-0.14719408750534058,
0.8336731195449829,
0.6500722765922546,
-0.2121630609035492,
0.1781206876039505,
-6.216716766357422,
0.35550040006637573,
-0.30929189920425415,
-0.33604714274406433,
0.5318263173103333,
0.14516620337963104,
0.4082223176956177,
-0.3457058072090149,
-0.21100157499313354,
0.03962530568242073,
0.1983869969844818,
0.15352842211723328,
0.42980819940567017,
-0.16670970618724823,
-0.12477340549230576,
-0.3106824457645416,
-0.1779075711965561,
-0.37392571568489075,
-0.05393892154097557,
0.36647215485572815,
-0.25828006863594055,
0.26920661330223083,
0.27761876583099365,
0.7135235667228699,
-0.199571892619133,
0.5462068915367126,
-0.1471683531999588,
0.2246442437171936,
-0.13142438232898712,
-0.15609166026115417,
-0.34584885835647583,
-0.2798807919025421,
-0.2985795736312866,
-0.28428706526756287,
-0.16956877708435059,
0.3618021607398987,
0.32543033361434937,
-0.26589709520339966,
0.6653874516487122,
0.15236596763134003,
-0.08558155596256256,
0.19807225465774536,
-0.39948922395706177,
-1.014634370803833,
0.11207859218120575,
-0.1474703699350357,
-0.486936092376709,
0.3337497413158417,
-0.34137287735939026,
0.3348877429962158,
0.5343511700630188,
-0.20773354172706604,
0.32271528244018555,
0.3388185203075409,
0.6195447444915771,
-0.14442570507526398,
0.8455323576927185,
-0.08163180202245712,
-0.27434176206588745,
0.3402414917945862,
0.6544483304023743,
-0.07396737486124039,
0.14152352511882782,
-0.43230217695236206,
-0.12828294932842255,
-0.07135193049907684,
0.1728622317314148,
0.03440900146961212,
0.07760804146528244,
0.10637359321117401,
0.0059714228846132755,
-0.4820847809314728,
-0.26986926794052124,
-1.1737974882125854,
-0.01688641868531704,
0.02901206910610199,
0.00007773306424496695,
0.0050450838170945644,
-0.48274266719818115,
0.5635709166526794,
0.12361973524093628,
-0.018214192241430283,
0.18121999502182007,
-0.27703189849853516,
-0.1468266397714615,
-0.7236580848693848,
-0.2864217162132263,
0.551075279712677,
-0.1253010779619217,
-0.34246325492858887,
0.2831367552280426,
-0.12845751643180847,
0.13088861107826233,
0.023578045889735222,
0.39392271637916565,
0.6837911009788513,
0.1757906675338745,
0.1423642784357071,
0.1585313081741333,
0.28387925028800964,
0.4155362546443939,
-0.36516624689102173,
0.09938753396272659,
-0.6098119020462036,
0.19353272020816803,
-0.5016594529151917,
0.04689721763134003,
0.030346285551786423,
0.39267024397850037,
-0.25124093890190125,
-0.3214435875415802,
-0.2815985679626465,
-0.63625168800354,
-0.6290935277938843,
0.41826996207237244,
-0.2876614034175873,
0.18354575335979462,
0.18596354126930237,
0.46953368186950684,
-0.16629542410373688,
-0.33641698956489563,
0.1932811588048935,
-0.11458183079957962,
0.39690208435058594,
-0.0685870349407196,
-0.5490174293518066,
-0.14589840173721313,
0.3120276927947998,
0.017209557816386223,
-0.011742168106138706,
-0.03663599118590355,
0.5617538094520569,
0.21736577153205872,
0.5365794897079468,
0.028052352368831635,
0.04826424643397331,
-0.16447103023529053,
-0.48076602816581726,
-0.08316806703805923,
-0.12822121381759644,
0.27429676055908203,
-0.25400927662849426,
-0.39891889691352844,
0.5085633397102356,
0.6915872097015381,
0.36322516202926636,
-0.4064188599586487,
-0.21407127380371094,
0.061653003096580505,
0.11091328412294388,
0.23713862895965576,
0.09183908998966217,
0.537613570690155,
0.15334142744541168,
-0.06977874785661697,
-0.3335336148738861,
-0.2695165276527405,
0.05863356962800026,
-0.26389363408088684,
-0.14458228647708893,
0.20872712135314941,
-0.14912676811218262,
-0.8125311136245728,
0.11829932034015656,
-0.0999213382601738,
-0.11069054156541824,
0.1261388659477234,
-0.39119982719421387,
0.3395985960960388,
0.39023879170417786,
0.06462065875530243,
-0.295693963766098,
-0.17619165778160095,
0.3183034062385559,
-0.08880490809679031,
0.2116895467042923,
-0.24681709706783295,
-0.1592431366443634,
0.1271384358406067,
-0.03527668118476868,
0.1444847285747528,
0.1056806743144989,
-0.030907325446605682,
0.03787820786237717,
0.47081029415130615,
0.30107977986335754,
0.12881523370742798,
-0.11237303912639618,
-0.0895310789346695,
-0.07167985290288925,
-0.1655501127243042,
0.20801296830177307,
0.3989441394805908,
0.851121723651886,
-0.1719062626361847,
-0.025056982412934303,
0.18244680762290955,
0.09772966802120209,
-0.30053263902664185,
-0.01946931704878807,
0.3607046902179718,
-0.282701313495636,
-0.19226817786693573,
-0.13471032679080963,
0.8337633013725281,
-0.7839807271957397,
0.5349715352058411,
0.1765354573726654,
-0.5148128867149353,
0.1509266495704651,
0.1498255431652069,
-0.34040266275405884,
0.24526873230934143,
0.03543582558631897,
-0.04913735389709473,
0.08611481636762619,
0.41506844758987427,
0.08285851776599884,
-0.28390419483184814,
-0.536236047744751,
-0.22606606781482697,
-0.06611832231283188,
0.09298420697450638,
0.022792628034949303,
-0.0711481124162674,
0.042175956070423126,
0.5336728692054749,
-0.26430273056030273,
0.4840337336063385,
0.02964172512292862,
-0.5271023511886597,
0.2715754210948944,
-0.3662503957748413,
0.48431047797203064,
-0.6115264892578125,
0.1373443454504013,
0.2717287540435791,
-0.23960620164871216,
-0.09350338578224182,
0.2522067427635193,
0.46499747037887573,
0.4456915259361267,
0.08342598378658295,
-0.1429504156112671,
-0.13801997900009155,
0.24946250021457672,
-0.28883200883865356,
-0.28057315945625305,
-0.12465313076972961,
-0.013231032527983189,
0.07591219246387482,
-0.0821852833032608,
0.18686778843402863,
0.26705989241600037,
0.43212637305259705,
-0.6608150601387024,
-0.16827556490898132,
-0.612869918346405,
0.22371205687522888,
0.1760263592004776,
-0.3000160753726959,
-0.05428661033511162,
-0.043170396238565445,
0.15811824798583984,
-0.16814737021923065,
-0.18393436074256897,
-0.4647374451160431,
-0.25674593448638916,
0.052833154797554016,
-0.5341393351554871,
0.033266425132751465,
0.5248212814331055,
0.7263286113739014,
0.6496245861053467,
-0.3087701201438904,
-0.1466892659664154,
-0.06416024267673492,
-0.8441301584243774,
-0.6408411860466003,
0.23369543254375458,
-0.6756719350814819,
0.29296860098838806,
-0.6613537669181824,
-0.547183096408844,
0.1515827178955078,
-0.32331129908561707,
0.4770507514476776,
-0.2955980598926544,
-0.029225222766399384,
-0.13637816905975342,
-0.19414053857326508,
0.43313950300216675,
0.21383748948574066,
0.1366223394870758,
-0.37454333901405334,
-0.07503880560398102,
-0.1380893737077713,
0.4761787950992584,
0.29166093468666077,
0.2916322648525238,
-0.2679937183856964,
0.2884635329246521,
-0.1926993578672409,
-0.20026043057441711,
-0.10154545307159424,
0.08565781265497208,
0.09936781227588654,
-0.47492262721061707,
-0.05699005722999573,
-0.03629589453339577,
0.3898670971393585,
-0.2107323557138443,
0.032081134617328644,
0.5193731188774109,
0.2581073045730591,
0.14482051134109497,
0.5905531644821167,
-0.7516646385192871,
0.15780851244926453,
0.25438573956489563,
-0.0025521013885736465,
0.4568261206150055,
0.3177677094936371,
0.11368411034345627,
-0.22681541740894318,
0.3130394220352173,
-0.058123353868722916,
0.3068353533744812,
0.442365825176239,
0.43603456020355225,
0.6208990216255188,
-0.2188481092453003,
0.1323547214269638,
0.22605326771736145,
-0.25406965613365173,
-0.2561779022216797,
-0.12809422612190247,
-0.49033254384994507,
-0.2249399870634079,
0.39946994185447693,
-0.06360830366611481,
0.30523794889450073,
-0.09072122722864151,
0.062291570007801056,
0.33607420325279236,
0.36051657795906067,
0.06532100588083267,
-0.30613112449645996,
0.04420166835188866,
0.2571951448917389,
-0.3221578299999237,
0.10567300021648407,
0.1650223433971405,
-0.6154562830924988,
0.267110675573349,
-0.16446539759635925,
-0.3126913607120514,
-0.15021416544914246,
-0.7172282934188843,
-0.050542838871479034,
-0.3274093568325043,
-0.036156512796878815,
0.7503815293312073,
-0.13981983065605164,
-0.14290736615657806,
-0.2573951482772827,
-0.31293848156929016,
-0.12195227295160294,
0.03225944936275482,
0.15637432038784027,
0.21652334928512573,
0.33918315172195435,
-0.6382366418838501,
-0.24852557480335236,
-0.07314909249544144,
0.1920158416032791,
0.5844202041625977,
0.4784104526042938,
-0.13649670779705048,
-0.34943103790283203,
-0.1914340704679489,
-0.11799269914627075,
-0.31917592883110046,
-0.24938304722309113,
0.2838120758533478,
-0.2673107087612152,
-0.13239429891109467,
0.14685247838497162,
-0.34167465567588806,
-0.6439570188522339,
0.44871747493743896,
-0.47917479276657104,
0.22508959472179413,
0.2549734115600586,
0.15115609765052795,
-0.31024855375289917,
-0.11465054750442505,
0.44197434186935425,
0.32259508967399597,
0.108399398624897,
0.337354838848114,
0.05583314225077629,
0.2185484915971756,
-0.1306666135787964,
-0.5122824311256409,
0.31591400504112244,
-0.27131932973861694,
-0.12906837463378906,
-0.5337412357330322,
0.6588355898857117,
0.2834908366203308,
-0.16246329247951508,
-0.12472052872180939,
-0.08953937143087387,
0.13484929502010345,
-0.052642907947301865,
0.2022288739681244,
0.17963896691799164,
-0.07147974520921707,
-0.8290097117424011,
0.47441571950912476,
0.02635672129690647,
0.06821497529745102,
0.23489204049110413,
-0.19215917587280273,
-0.12978962063789368,
-0.0029660265427082777,
-0.34144607186317444,
-1.0049973726272583,
0.07192230969667435,
0.02827155962586403,
-0.16251280903816223,
0.08716562390327454,
-0.020077792927622795,
-0.32916995882987976,
-0.7486607432365417,
0.5984439849853516,
1.0056782960891724,
0.10519441962242126,
-0.5491375923156738,
0.2926219403743744,
0.5133517384529114,
-0.2775035500526428,
-0.2821834087371826,
-0.1879933774471283,
0.27940770983695984,
-0.1522953361272812,
-0.6511408686637878,
-0.6182107925415039,
0.477833092212677,
-0.10152272135019302,
-0.1637994647026062,
0.11727673560380936,
0.0779712051153183,
0.35280394554138184,
-0.05202309414744377,
0.13555411994457245,
0.08639466017484665,
-0.06095900014042854,
-0.5264122486114502
] |
210987
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo
|
Bravo
|
Bravo(s) or The Bravo(s) may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Music
Groups and labels
Bravo (band), a Russian rock band
Bravo (Spanish group), represented Spain at Eurovision 1984
Bravo Music, an American concert band music publishing company
Albums
Bravo (5566 album) or the title song, 2008
Bravo (Dr. Sin album), 2007
Bravo! (EP), by Up10tion, or the title song, 2015
Bravo!, by Friska Viljor, 2006
Bravo!, by Tube, 1997
Literature
The Bravo, an 1831 novel by James Fenimore Cooper
Bravo (magazine), a European German-language teen magazine
Bravo (Romanian magazine), a teen magazine
Television
Bravo (American TV network), a cable television network
Bravo (British TV channel), a digital television channel 1985–2011
Bravo (Canada), now CTV Drama Channel, a specialty arts television channel
Bravo (New Zealand), a free-to-air channel
Bravo! (TV series), a 1975–1976 Brazilian telenovela
Bravo TV (TV series), a 1985–1986 German programme
Other arts and entertainment
The Bravo (Titian), a 1516–17 painting by Titian
The Bravos, a 1972 American television film
Captain Bravo, a character in the manga and anime Buso Renkin
Bravo!, the Theatre on Ice skating teams of Essex Skating Club
Bravo Award, an annual football award presented by the Italian magazine Guerin Sportivo
ALMA Award, originally Bravo Awards, the American Latino Media Arts Award
Brands and companies
Bravo (application), software design to track number of players at a poker room in casinos
Bravo (editor), the first WYSIWYG word processor, developed at Xerox PARC
Bravo (Saudi Arabia), a digital radio trunking operator
Bravo (supermarket), an American grocery store chain
Chlorothalonil, sold under the brand name Bravo, a fungicide
Bravo Group, an American lobbying firm headed by Chris Bravacos
Bravo! Cucina Italian, an American restaurant chain operated by FoodFirst Global Restaurants
Bravo Transport, a Hong Kong public transport company and owners of operators Citybus and New World First Bus
Military
Bravo, the letter "B" in the NATO phonetic alphabet
Bravo, Bravo, Bravo, a vessel emergency code
Castle Bravo, code name of the first U.S. test of a "dry" thermonuclear device
Operation Bravo, a military operation during the Vietnam War
Places
Río Bravo, or Rio Grande, a river that flows through Mexico and the United States
Bravo, Cuba, a community in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba
Transport
Aviation
Bravo Airlines, an airline based in Madrid, Spain
Bravo Airways, an airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine
Cessna Citation Bravo, a business jet
FFA AS 202 Bravo, a civil light aircraft
Mooney Bravo, an aircraft produced by the Mooney Aircraft Company
Other transport
Bravo-class submarine, a design of military submarines built in the then-Soviet Union
Fiat Bravo and Brava, a small family car produced from 1995 to 2001
Fiat Bravo (2007), a small family car produced from 2007 to 2014
Hobie Bravo, an American catamaran design
Lamborghini Bravo, a concept sports car
Other uses
Bravo (armed retainer) (plural bravi), a type of hired guard or soldier in 16th- and 17th-century Italy
Bravo (surname), a list of notable people with the name
BRAVO Volunteer Ambulance, a free volunteer ambulance service in New York City
See also
|
[
0.19702008366584778,
0.2197967916727066,
-0.03922238200902939,
0.14248833060264587,
-0.5273312330245972,
-0.11163138598203659,
0.434112548828125,
-0.303384393453598,
-0.2011726349592209,
0.24569222331047058,
-0.42173585295677185,
0.6381747722625732,
-0.14527927339076996,
-0.02766362391412258,
-0.3853830099105835,
0.4774094521999359,
0.5285515785217285,
0.5181339979171753,
-0.7781184315681458,
-0.9262552857398987,
-0.00367670226842165,
0.18198248744010925,
0.41841769218444824,
-0.3240518271923065,
-0.2161407470703125,
0.25916796922683716,
-0.16290788352489471,
0.12322677671909332,
0.10857284814119339,
0.5783633589744568,
0.020115138962864876,
0.0671333447098732,
0.5372037887573242,
0.17495028674602509,
-0.4122782349586487,
0.5706173181533813,
-0.3608025312423706,
-0.11724455654621124,
-0.4403547942638397,
-0.9683325886726379,
0.4603698253631592,
-0.7085614204406738,
0.3352714478969574,
0.003179338760674,
-0.222212016582489,
-0.24693432450294495,
-1.207565426826477,
0.6338461637496948,
-0.21808965504169464,
-0.21925637125968933,
0.16765102744102478,
0.4555850028991699,
-0.6506034731864929,
0.31720390915870667,
-0.07582298666238785,
0.13857077062129974,
-0.563494086265564,
-0.10765253007411957,
-0.24469079077243805,
-0.3843630254268646,
0.3253617584705353,
0.0959649533033371,
0.24838872253894806,
0.06157511845231056,
0.18415707349777222,
-0.09469481557607651,
0.3099246323108673,
0.3225019574165344,
-0.2552243769168854,
-0.4994727671146393,
-0.11454582214355469,
-0.28054535388946533,
-0.13168302178382874,
-0.8227545022964478,
-0.48292896151542664,
-0.7262601852416992,
-0.08799295127391815,
0.2429245412349701,
-0.024567527696490288,
0.5176740884780884,
0.5052189826965332,
-0.23962225019931793,
0.6601895689964294,
0.17889714241027832,
-0.2532474994659424,
0.23770995438098907,
0.016143903136253357,
0.020672710612416267,
-0.6126917600631714,
-0.2210724651813507,
-0.6048755645751953,
-0.9739837646484375,
0.8338606357574463,
0.4130861163139343,
0.19449825584888458,
0.27717140316963196,
-0.41215407848358154,
0.1210704818367958,
0.32867133617401123,
0.11379081755876541,
0.015848176553845406,
-0.17815397679805756,
-0.13936847448349,
-0.3432667553424835,
-0.7122873663902283,
-0.196702241897583,
0.09603041410446167,
-0.5569375157356262,
-0.09072650223970413,
0.2953856885433197,
0.0040938714519143105,
-0.2988527715206146,
-0.18389321863651276,
0.11452791839838028,
0.1306353062391281,
-0.05993439629673958,
-0.14317786693572998,
0.018593939021229744,
-0.26269787549972534,
0.4330146014690399,
0.7147923707962036,
0.26345548033714294,
-0.3053989112377167,
0.25650137662887573,
0.2327449470758438,
0.3996979296207428,
0.5444409847259521,
0.5296928882598877,
-0.13747450709342957,
-0.07554694265127182,
-0.476882666349411,
0.45511433482170105,
-0.26497218012809753,
0.5979058742523193,
-0.35616326332092285,
-0.012650632299482822,
0.3550877571105957,
-0.4799439013004303,
-0.8395332098007202,
0.05336994305253029,
-1.0378422737121582,
0.2594384551048279,
-0.7535983324050903,
-0.04977564141154289,
0.5021573901176453,
0.022241316735744476,
-0.28389009833335876,
0.32448744773864746,
-0.07299090921878815,
-0.4869793951511383,
0.04971317574381828,
-0.5063559412956238,
-0.04626970738172531,
-0.25407519936561584,
-0.5246800780296326,
0.25634127855300903,
0.09324804693460464,
-0.340480774641037,
0.2108660489320755,
-0.10157971829175949,
0.3632332980632782,
0.38164710998535156,
0.29768308997154236,
0.32496216893196106,
-0.09077100455760956,
-0.44488757848739624,
-0.31555357575416565,
0.6240826845169067,
-0.46196481585502625,
-0.38119903206825256,
0.0028916988521814346,
0.22633478045463562,
-0.2580868601799011,
0.6192927956581116,
-0.35879141092300415,
-0.02795875072479248,
0.5283160209655762,
0.4041873514652252,
0.2894221544265747,
0.20793326199054718,
-0.40391111373901367,
-0.017380302771925926,
0.06171096861362457,
-0.6159798502922058,
0.6451260447502136,
0.6542928814888,
-0.10707084089517593,
0.3155314028263092,
0.2680968642234802,
0.2833382785320282,
-0.2747094929218292,
-0.20152902603149414,
-0.009376423433423042,
-0.6515670418739319,
0.4460402727127075,
-0.38950106501579285,
-0.49741047620773315,
0.23930910229682922,
0.3664570450782776,
0.679495632648468,
-0.17741546034812927,
0.10132956504821777,
0.6969735026359558,
-0.16645675897598267,
0.26358574628829956,
0.34328073263168335,
0.5768746733665466,
-0.03828539326786995,
0.3043970465660095,
-0.01824185997247696,
-0.17995081841945648,
0.029340870678424835,
0.5191358923912048,
0.004365335684269667,
-0.12934648990631104,
-0.149370476603508,
-0.37955883145332336,
0.08985188603401184,
-0.1475229263305664,
0.10004068166017532,
0.5051401853561401,
-0.09058692306280136,
-0.25878027081489563,
-0.1186777725815773,
-0.12890943884849548,
0.788920521736145,
0.1258956342935562,
-0.17855201661586761,
0.32455974817276,
-0.0364154689013958,
-0.4558146297931671,
0.5335991382598877,
0.47514808177948,
0.35797712206840515,
-0.18483524024486542,
0.016167933121323586,
0.2874414026737213,
-0.12143111974000931,
0.22205959260463715,
-0.1597200185060501,
0.5384129881858826,
0.25981611013412476,
-0.045492831617593765,
0.3079555630683899,
0.239783376455307,
0.47223228216171265,
-0.06863012164831161,
0.1389811784029007,
-0.12100957334041595,
-0.21683336794376373,
0.25660648941993713,
-0.08758116513490677,
0.18632733821868896,
0.048570092767477036,
-0.342400461435318,
-0.10392510890960693,
-0.03050525113940239,
-0.169695645570755,
0.08374662697315216,
0.07212086021900177,
-0.23544055223464966,
-0.35209381580352783,
0.4068632423877716,
-0.17712315917015076,
0.36483895778656006,
-0.5826691389083862,
-0.4630070626735687,
-0.02028936706483364,
0.5290845632553101,
0.10109316557645798,
-0.19638413190841675,
0.3982183337211609,
-0.37126436829566956,
0.6149283051490784,
-0.10253123193979263,
-0.1669492870569229,
-0.05281653627753258,
0.009811220690608025,
-0.3089049458503723,
-0.7050687670707703,
-0.10677635669708252,
0.3677299916744232,
0.5650310516357422,
-0.5752238631248474,
-0.23248329758644104,
0.06872023642063141,
-0.015863006934523582,
-0.22741200029850006,
-0.13422735035419464,
-0.4276324510574341,
0.10511904954910278,
-0.0151678416877985,
-0.0067017897963523865,
-0.4998748302459717,
0.33550307154655457,
-0.2993076741695404,
0.3853134512901306,
0.5635270476341248,
-0.10057913511991501,
0.2376025915145874,
0.13567578792572021,
0.20033346116542816,
0.05128651112318039,
0.0000034468737339921063,
0.9816092848777771,
-0.132249653339386,
-0.047734878957271576,
0.46413442492485046,
-6.151820182800293,
-0.2909771800041199,
-0.18049220740795135,
0.12131482362747192,
0.07426726818084717,
-0.42829686403274536,
0.5759120583534241,
-0.2169533669948578,
0.08738336712121964,
-0.26330873370170593,
-0.1919688880443573,
0.16644789278507233,
-0.09685390442609787,
0.3628504276275635,
-0.050660908222198486,
-0.1282605230808258,
-0.10584371536970139,
0.009293985553085804,
0.49132439494132996,
0.34978845715522766,
0.526854395866394,
-0.016558032482862473,
-0.48262134194374084,
0.5521230697631836,
-0.11868736892938614,
0.21523727476596832,
-0.03373468294739723,
0.2414187341928482,
-0.36707383394241333,
-0.4335367977619171,
-0.15134502947330475,
-0.0435224212706089,
-0.5696389675140381,
-0.34511250257492065,
0.30083179473876953,
0.21330280601978302,
0.3039487600326538,
-0.295147567987442,
0.2858533263206482,
-0.17510096728801727,
0.2918800711631775,
0.10584661364555359,
0.0737619623541832,
-0.40099427103996277,
0.028931915760040283,
-0.09371020644903183,
-0.23738572001457214,
0.033030495047569275,
-0.23169828951358795,
0.835953414440155,
0.24521559476852417,
-0.3614407181739807,
0.49163079261779785,
-0.07724084705114365,
0.2546941041946411,
0.009100406430661678,
0.4143106937408447,
0.16381904482841492,
0.25975874066352844,
1.0085657835006714,
0.3603943884372711,
0.32722923159599304,
-0.12666209042072296,
-0.8846970200538635,
-0.18621113896369934,
-0.03286264091730118,
0.1048763319849968,
-0.3407573997974396,
0.15719394385814667,
0.23728308081626892,
0.18382345139980316,
-0.12802095711231232,
-0.2876211106777191,
-0.8900606036186218,
-0.35087519884109497,
-0.05412358045578003,
-0.17582066357135773,
0.07406629621982574,
-0.6259081363677979,
0.6885465383529663,
-0.4223884344100952,
-0.1799648404121399,
0.04526336118578911,
-0.24918760359287262,
-0.3455556631088257,
-0.3469650447368622,
-0.02295754663646221,
0.5215422511100769,
-0.1387181133031845,
0.05387384071946144,
0.5495399236679077,
-0.12259716540575027,
-0.18700258433818817,
0.7996339201927185,
0.21379780769348145,
0.37391212582588196,
0.28338563442230225,
-0.1181068867444992,
0.3731094002723694,
0.09072510898113251,
-0.22085106372833252,
-0.41607797145843506,
0.4712284803390503,
-0.8017340302467346,
-0.2265947163105011,
-0.2781135141849518,
-0.26848962903022766,
-0.31213948130607605,
0.610184371471405,
-0.13890330493450165,
0.27256256341934204,
-0.4933607876300812,
-0.4000898599624634,
-0.5267442464828491,
0.7026281356811523,
-0.14449067413806915,
0.30943384766578674,
0.3264167010784149,
0.3054119646549225,
0.022101962938904762,
0.06247682496905327,
0.17848920822143555,
-0.6317602396011353,
-0.35431352257728577,
-0.5749095678329468,
0.0003759810933843255,
-0.33427050709724426,
0.10330570489168167,
0.15496046841144562,
-0.09783405810594559,
0.07804783433675766,
0.2504943907260895,
0.10882596671581268,
0.45918557047843933,
0.5428097248077393,
0.015782466158270836,
0.14209489524364471,
-0.25223392248153687,
0.03138503059744835,
-0.9955100417137146,
-0.03604263439774513,
-0.3291952610015869,
-0.17284557223320007,
0.2940102219581604,
0.1789914220571518,
0.3025359511375427,
-0.09183253347873688,
-0.2714075446128845,
0.0018997351871803403,
0.24049054086208344,
0.5903043150901794,
0.11177079379558563,
0.6622984409332275,
0.026742013171315193,
0.06741257011890411,
-0.011897890828549862,
-0.05139773711562157,
-0.11139620840549469,
0.08819995820522308,
-0.14040005207061768,
0.3259120583534241,
-0.23326021432876587,
-0.7460428476333618,
0.019372280687093735,
0.2297382950782776,
-0.17305563390254974,
-0.12584654986858368,
-0.6149030923843384,
-0.005471673794090748,
0.5048614740371704,
0.009360099211335182,
-0.05527900531888008,
0.08806998282670975,
-0.41359782218933105,
-0.03263692185282707,
0.3873816728591919,
-0.04804185777902603,
-0.5275242924690247,
0.4086122214794159,
0.42210328578948975,
0.29663583636283875,
-0.058007534593343735,
-0.012836289592087269,
0.32036092877388,
0.18565435707569122,
-0.08917145431041718,
-0.2312476485967636,
0.051334183663129807,
-0.3367767930030823,
-0.04121193289756775,
-0.31744515895843506,
0.352293998003006,
0.3382004201412201,
0.04663693159818649,
0.056011784821748734,
-0.3952382504940033,
-0.10786249488592148,
0.08220866322517395,
-0.28798457980155945,
0.03248925507068634,
0.03501217067241669,
-0.21686488389968872,
-0.2841481864452362,
-0.16499920189380646,
0.2049081176519394,
-0.8083067536354065,
0.19479383528232574,
0.3724406361579895,
-0.4991925358772278,
-0.4133896231651306,
-0.0958300232887268,
-0.7888577580451965,
-0.19582785665988922,
0.05478636920452118,
-0.17789098620414734,
0.23450946807861328,
0.3828589618206024,
-0.49597135186195374,
-0.4813637137413025,
0.017587468028068542,
-0.3411782681941986,
-0.11412830650806427,
-0.41728612780570984,
0.27799689769744873,
-0.20301833748817444,
-0.0751289650797844,
0.19781538844108582,
-0.4828774333000183,
0.11976165324449539,
-0.4931442141532898,
-0.1974109560251236,
0.4578016400337219,
-0.4038424789905548,
-0.12401421368122101,
-0.6854246258735657,
0.06509119272232056,
0.07548368722200394,
0.06852869689464569,
-0.04755573347210884,
0.1472594290971756,
0.32775548100471497,
0.1857306808233261,
0.028667310252785683,
-0.461870014667511,
0.04171445220708847,
-0.058594461530447006,
0.45746079087257385,
-0.03813035041093826,
-0.11490649729967117,
0.3771807849407196,
0.15604054927825928,
0.037851959466934204,
-0.1091558188199997,
-0.128340944647789,
0.899785041809082,
-0.6862879395484924,
0.16055165231227875,
-0.41290807723999023,
-0.19197306036949158,
0.5468946099281311,
0.07344535738229752,
0.6427518129348755,
-0.6854231357574463,
-0.26506781578063965,
-0.17728738486766815,
0.6869720220565796,
-0.31063881516456604,
-0.1106257364153862,
-0.21918007731437683,
0.19317753612995148,
0.12758061289787292,
0.50914067029953,
0.4147495925426483,
1.1503362655639648,
0.11652921885251999,
0.32658132910728455,
-0.02517249435186386,
-0.59548419713974,
-0.3547515571117401,
0.20648539066314697,
-0.261185884475708,
0.26347947120666504,
0.011896262876689434,
-0.4808577597141266,
0.11580820381641388,
-0.6659569144248962,
-0.5024548172950745,
-0.19374531507492065,
-0.13311630487442017,
0.3553003668785095,
-0.0010499379131942987,
0.32196107506752014,
-0.3222520649433136,
0.15503229200839996,
-0.2810816168785095,
-0.10972142219543457,
-0.2523748278617859,
-0.2387167066335678,
-0.013288123533129692,
-0.05139121040701866,
-0.2473660260438919,
0.20837558805942535,
-0.16905276477336884,
0.4116384983062744,
-0.28267189860343933,
0.2349357306957245,
0.3992909789085388,
-0.5449128150939941,
-0.16356675326824188,
0.14021943509578705,
0.23678286373615265,
-0.6651064157485962,
-0.08067373186349869,
0.2853424549102783,
-0.3175850212574005,
0.34120050072669983,
0.6465814113616943,
-0.2010733038187027,
0.31719714403152466,
0.23419460654258728,
0.871176540851593,
-0.058499254286289215,
0.49877384305000305,
0.48071908950805664,
-0.28317397832870483,
0.0961335077881813,
-0.4762552082538605,
-0.4092964828014374,
0.6965498328208923,
0.06322935968637466,
1.0341535806655884,
0.19133347272872925,
-0.08535922318696976,
0.35042381286621094,
-0.5670281648635864,
-0.3233873248100281,
-0.018116749823093414,
-0.24287362396717072,
-0.02821095660328865,
0.542025625705719,
-0.030864249914884567,
-0.2501484155654907,
-0.20810793340206146,
-0.010571807622909546,
-0.07640568912029266,
0.2834796905517578,
-0.582472562789917,
-0.3453727662563324,
-0.026067832484841347,
-0.08350607752799988,
-0.450897753238678,
0.20269614458084106,
-0.4071224629878998,
-0.11764142662286758,
0.38094574213027954,
0.1688694804906845,
0.1470048427581787,
0.03856716677546501,
0.2172268182039261,
0.08420265465974808,
0.1389375776052475,
0.37968841195106506,
0.3897741734981537,
0.19922921061515808,
-0.32728296518325806,
-0.07637389749288559,
0.03063342720270157,
-0.21671195328235626,
0.13050313293933868,
0.10854021459817886,
-0.22307167947292328,
0.22595037519931793,
-0.3602260947227478,
0.14619499444961548,
-0.1762417107820511,
0.2792450785636902,
0.5110699534416199,
0.3422998785972595,
0.003614335088059306,
0.10342825949192047,
-0.46384453773498535,
0.20914620161056519,
-0.5167129635810852,
-0.025931043550372124,
-0.2668265998363495,
-0.512917160987854,
-0.0334140844643116,
-0.03965495526790619,
-0.01962381787598133,
-0.22016143798828125,
0.32340139150619507,
-0.6748349666595459,
-0.23907122015953064,
0.15098117291927338,
0.10505732893943787,
-0.6675989031791687,
-0.031064298003911972,
0.8353133201599121,
0.1392420083284378,
0.1546517312526703,
0.49221283197402954,
-0.01065407507121563,
0.02953936532139778,
0.13642534613609314,
0.07404061406850815,
-0.025266118347644806,
-0.6911594271659851,
-0.057096175849437714,
-0.538977324962616,
0.2755067050457001,
0.4904834032058716,
-0.33133795857429504,
-0.04085984453558922,
0.5315832495689392,
0.3841177523136139,
0.05851640924811363,
0.7459794282913208,
-0.10629621893167496,
0.22302770614624023,
-0.4196549654006958,
0.23091347515583038,
0.04733091592788696,
0.2339159995317459,
0.4619815945625305,
-0.45880401134490967,
0.05631867051124573,
0.09207785129547119,
-0.20924557745456696,
-0.6801968216896057,
0.22058254480361938,
0.44883087277412415,
-0.26156818866729736,
0.1086943969130516,
0.24804319441318512,
-0.8701328039169312,
-0.6683139204978943,
0.4394891560077667,
0.08694355934858322,
0.14041092991828918,
-0.5647186040878296,
-0.144565612077713,
0.14323297142982483,
-0.08805575966835022,
0.08356679975986481,
-0.5286529064178467,
-0.05309224873781204,
0.05692767724394798,
-0.06823933124542236,
-0.6920716762542725,
0.46656671166419983,
0.08298495411872864,
0.24484629929065704,
0.503555953502655,
-0.11074455082416534,
0.3628222346305847,
-0.12664523720741272,
0.23246189951896667,
-0.308954656124115,
0.12738880515098572,
-0.18052241206169128
] |
210988
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid
|
Cannabinoid
|
Cannabinoids () are compounds found in cannabis. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Delta9-THC or Delta8-THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant. At least 113 distinct cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis.
Classical cannabinoids are structurally related to THC.
Nonclassical cannabinoids (cannabimimetics) include aminoalkylindoles, 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, quinolines, and arylsulfonamides as well as eicosanoids related to endocannabinoids.
Uses
Medical uses include the treatment of nausea due to chemotherapy, spasticity, and possibly neuropathic pain. Common side effects include dizziness, sedation, confusion, dissociation, and "feeling high".
Cannabinoid receptors
Before the 1980s, cannabinoids were speculated to produce their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interaction with cell membranes, instead of interacting with specific membrane-bound receptors. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals. Two known cannabinoid receptors are termed CB1 and CB2, with mounting evidence of more. The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type.
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) regulates many functions of the human body. The ECS plays an important role in multiple aspects of neural functions, including the control of movement and motor coordination, learning and memory, emotion and motivation, addictive-like behavior and pain modulation, among others.
Cannabinoid receptor type 1
CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain, more specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, including the hippocampus and the striatum. They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are absent in the medulla oblongata, the part of the brain stem responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. CB1 is also found in the human anterior eye and retina.
Cannabinoid receptor type 2
CB2 receptors are predominantly found in the immune system, or immune-derived cells with varying expression patterns. While found only in the peripheral nervous system, a report does indicate that CB2 is expressed by a subpopulation of microglia in the human cerebellum. CB2 receptors appear to be responsible for immunomodulatory and possibly other therapeutic effects of cannabinoid as seen in vitro and in animal models.
Phytocannabinoids
The classical cannabinoids are concentrated in a viscous resin produced in structures known as glandular trichomes. At least 113 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the Cannabis plant To the right, the main classes of cannabinoids from Cannabis are shown.
All classes derive from cannabigerol-type (CBG) compounds and differ mainly in the way this precursor is cyclized. The classical cannabinoids are derived from their respective 2-carboxylic acids (2-COOH) by decarboxylation (catalyzed by heat, light, or alkaline conditions).
Well known cannabinoids
The best studied cannabinoids include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN).
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component of the Cannabis plant. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, THC) and Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), through intracellular CB1 activation, induce anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis produced naturally in the body and brain. These cannabinoids produce the effects associated with cannabis by binding to the CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the brain.
Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol (CBD) is non-psychotropic. Evidence shows that the compound counteracts cognitive impairment associated with the use of cannabis. Cannabidiol has little affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors but acts as an indirect antagonist of cannabinoid agonists. It was found to be an antagonist at the putative new cannabinoid receptor, GPR55, a GPCR expressed in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Cannabidiol has also been shown to act as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. CBD can interfere with the uptake of adenosine, which plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer. It may play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal.
CBD shares a precursor with THC and is the main cannabinoid in CBD-dominant Cannabis strains. CBD has been shown to play a role in preventing the short-term memory loss associated with THC.
There is tentative evidence that CBD has an anti-psychotic effect, but research in this area is limited.
Biosynthesis
Cannabinoid production starts when an enzyme causes geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid to combine and form CBGA. Next, CBGA is independently converted to either CBG, THCA, CBDA or CBCA by four separate synthase, FAD-dependent dehydrogenase enzymes. There is no evidence for enzymatic conversion of CBDA or CBD to THCA or THC. For the propyl homologues (THCVA, CBDVA and CBCVA), there is an analogous pathway that is based on CBGVA from divarinolic acid instead of olivetolic acid.
Double bond position
In addition, each of the compounds above may be in different forms depending on the position of the double bond in the alicyclic carbon ring. There is potential for confusion because there are different numbering systems used to describe the position of this double bond. Under the dibenzopyran numbering system widely used today, the major form of THC is called Δ9-THC, while the minor form is called Δ8-THC. Under the alternate terpene numbering system, these same compounds are called Δ1-THC and Δ6-THC, respectively.
Length
Most classical cannabinoids are 21-carbon compounds. However, some do not follow this rule, primarily because of variation in the length of the side-chain attached to the aromatic ring. In THC, CBD, and CBN, this side-chain is a pentyl (5-carbon) chain. In the most common homologue, the pentyl chain is replaced with a propyl (3-carbon) chain. Cannabinoids with the propyl side chain are named using the suffix varin and are designated THCV, CBDV, or CBNV, while those with the heptyl side chain are named using the suffix phorol and are designated THCP and CBDP.
Cannabinoids in other plants
Phytocannabinoids are known to occur in several plant species besides cannabis. These include Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Acmella oleracea, Helichrysum umbraculigerum, and Radula marginata. The best-known cannabinoids that are not derived from Cannabis are the lipophilic alkamides (alkylamides) from Echinacea species, most notably the cis/trans isomers dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic-acid-isobutylamide. At least 25 different alkylamides have been identified, and some of them have shown affinities to the CB2-receptor. In some Echinacea species, cannabinoids are found throughout the plant structure, but are most concentrated in the roots and flowers. Yangonin found in the Kava plant has significant affinity to the CB1 receptor. Tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins have an affinity for human cannabinoid receptors. A widespread dietary terpene, beta-caryophyllene, a component from the essential oil of cannabis and other medicinal plants, has also been identified as a selective agonist of peripheral CB2-receptors, in vivo. Black truffles contain anandamide. Perrottetinene, a moderately psychoactive cannabinoid, has been isolated from different Radula varieties.
Most of the phytocannabinoids are nearly insoluble in water but are soluble in lipids, alcohols, and other non-polar organic solvents.
Cannabis plant profile
Cannabis plants can exhibit wide variation in the quantity and type of cannabinoids they produce. The mixture of cannabinoids produced by a plant is known as the plant's cannabinoid profile. Selective breeding has been used to control the genetics of plants and modify the cannabinoid profile. For example, strains that are used as fiber (commonly called hemp) are bred such that they are low in psychoactive chemicals like THC. Strains used in medicine are often bred for high CBD content, and strains used for recreational purposes are usually bred for high THC content or for a specific chemical balance.
Quantitative analysis of a plant's cannabinoid profile is often determined by gas chromatography (GC), or more reliably by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Liquid chromatography (LC) techniques are also possible and, unlike GC methods, can differentiate between the acid and neutral forms of the cannabinoids. There have been systematic attempts to monitor the cannabinoid profile of cannabis over time, but their accuracy is impeded by the illegal status of the plant in many countries.
Pharmacology
Cannabinoids can be administered by smoking, vaporizing, oral ingestion, transdermal patch, intravenous injection, sublingual absorption, or rectal suppository. Once in the body, most cannabinoids are metabolized in the liver, especially by cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidases, mainly CYP 2C9. Thus supplementing with CYP 2C9 inhibitors leads to extended intoxication.
Some is also stored in fat in addition to being metabolized in the liver. Δ9-THC is metabolized to 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC, which is then metabolized to 9-carboxy-THC. Some cannabis metabolites can be detected in the body several weeks after administration. These metabolites are the chemicals recognized by common antibody-based "drug tests"; in the case of THC or others, these loads do not represent intoxication (compare to ethanol breath tests that measure instantaneous blood alcohol levels), but an integration of past consumption over an approximately month-long window. This is because they are fat-soluble, lipophilic molecules that accumulate in fatty tissues.
Research shows the effect of cannabinoids might be modulated by aromatic compounds produced by the cannabis plant, called terpenes. This interaction would lead to the entourage effect.
Cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals
Nabiximols (brand name Sativex) is an aerosolized mist for oral administration containing a near 1:1 ratio of CBD and THC. Also included are minor cannabinoids and terpenoids, ethanol and propylene glycol excipients, and peppermint flavoring. The drug, made by GW Pharmaceuticals, was first approved by Canadian authorities in 2005 to alleviate pain associated with multiple sclerosis, making it the first cannabis-based medicine. It is marketed by Bayer in Canada. Sativex has been approved in 25 countries; clinical trials are underway in the United States to gain FDA approval. In 2007, it was approved for treatment of cancer pain. In Phase III trials, the most common adverse effects were dizziness, drowsiness and disorientation; 12% of subjects stopped taking the drug because of the side effects.
Dronabinol (brand name Marinol) is a THC drug used to treat poor appetite, nausea, and sleep apnea. It is approved by the FDA for treating HIV/AIDS induced anorexia and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
The CBD drug Epidiolex has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of two rare and severe forms of epilepsy, Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes.
Separation
Cannabinoids can be separated from the plant by extraction with organic solvents. Hydrocarbons and alcohols are often used as solvents. However, these solvents are flammable and many are toxic. Butane may be used, which evaporates extremely quickly. Supercritical solvent extraction with carbon dioxide is an alternative technique. Once extracted, isolated components can be separated using wiped film vacuum distillation or other distillation techniques. Also, techniques such as SPE or SPME are found useful in the extraction of these compounds.
History
The first discovery of an individual cannabinoid was made, when British chemist Robert S. Cahn reported the partial structure of Cannabinol (CBN), which he later identified as fully formed in 1940.
Two years later, in 1942, American chemist, Roger Adams, made history when he discovered Cannabidiol (CBD). Progressing from Adams research, in 1963 Israeli professor Raphael Mechoulam later identified the stereochemistry of CBD. The following year, in 1964, Mechoulam and his team identified the stereochemistry of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Due to molecular similarity and ease of synthetic conversion, CBD was originally believed to be a natural precursor to THC. However, it is now known that CBD and THC are produced independently in the cannabis plant from the precursor CBG.
Endocannabinoids
Endocannabinoids are substances produced from within the body that activate cannabinoid receptors. After the discovery of the first cannabinoid receptor in 1988, scientists began searching for an endogenous ligand for the receptor.
Types of endocannabinoid ligands
Arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide or AEA)
Anandamide was the first such compound identified as arachidonoyl ethanolamine. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bliss and -amide. It has a pharmacology similar to THC, although its structure is quite different. Anandamide binds to the central (CB1) and, to a lesser extent, peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, where it acts as a partial agonist. Anandamide is about as potent as THC at the CB1 receptor. Anandamide is found in nearly all tissues in a wide range of animals. Anandamide has also been found in plants, including small amounts in chocolate.
Two analogs of anandamide, 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoylethanolamide and homo-γ-linolenoylethanolamine, have similar pharmacology. All of these compounds are members of a family of signalling lipids called N-acylethanolamines, which also includes the noncannabimimetic palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide, which possess anti-inflammatory and anorexigenic effects, respectively. Many N-acylethanolamines have also been identified in plant seeds and in molluscs.
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
Another endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, binds to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors with similar affinity, acting as a full agonist at both. 2-AG is present at significantly higher concentrations in the brain than anandamide, and there is some controversy over whether 2-AG rather than anandamide is chiefly responsible for endocannabinoid signalling in vivo. In particular, one in vitro study suggests that 2-AG is capable of stimulating higher G-protein activation than anandamide, although the physiological implications of this finding are not yet known.
2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (noladin ether)
In 2001, a third, ether-type endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether (noladin ether), was isolated from porcine brain. Prior to this discovery, it had been synthesized as a stable analog of 2-AG; indeed, some controversy remains over its classification as an endocannabinoid, as another group failed to detect the substance at "any appreciable amount" in the brains of several different mammalian species. It binds to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (Ki = 21.2 nmol/L) and causes sedation, hypothermia, intestinal immobility, and mild antinociception in mice. It binds primarily to the CB1 receptor, and only weakly to the CB2 receptor.
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA)
Discovered in 2000, NADA preferentially binds to the CB1 receptor. Like anandamide, NADA is also an agonist for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1), a member of the vanilloid receptor family.
Virodhamine (OAE)
A fifth endocannabinoid, virodhamine, or O-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (OAE), was discovered in June 2002. Although it is a full agonist at CB2 and a partial agonist at CB1, it behaves as a CB1 antagonist in vivo. In rats, virodhamine was found to be present at comparable or slightly lower concentrations than anandamide in the brain, but 2- to 9-fold higher concentrations peripherally.
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)
Lysophosphatidylinositol is the endogenous ligand to novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR55, making it a strong contender as the sixth endocannabinoid.
Function
Endocannabinoids serve as intercellular 'lipid messengers', signaling molecules that are released from one cell and activating the cannabinoid receptors present on other nearby cells. Although in this intercellular signaling role they are similar to the well-known monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, endocannabinoids differ in numerous ways from them. For instance, they are used in retrograde signaling between neurons. Furthermore, endocannabinoids are lipophilic molecules that are not very soluble in water. They are not stored in vesicles and exist as integral constituents of the membrane bilayers that make up cells. They are believed to be synthesized 'on-demand' rather than made and stored for later use.
As hydrophobic molecules, endocannabinoids cannot travel unaided for long distances in the aqueous medium surrounding the cells from which they are released and therefore act locally on nearby target cells. Hence, although emanating diffusely from their source cells, they have much more restricted spheres of influence than do hormones, which can affect cells throughout the body.
The mechanisms and enzymes underlying the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids remain elusive and continue to be an area of active research.
The endocannabinoid 2-AG has been found in bovine and human maternal milk.
A review by Matties et al. (1994) summed up the phenomenon of gustatory enhancement by certain cannabinoids. The sweet receptor (Tlc1) is stimulated by indirectly increasing its expression and suppressing the activity of leptin, the Tlc1 antagonist. It is proposed that the competition of leptin and cannabinoids for Tlc1 is implicated in energy homeostasis.
Retrograde signal
Conventional neurotransmitters are released from a ‘presynaptic’ cell and activate appropriate receptors on a ‘postsynaptic’ cell, where presynaptic and postsynaptic designate the sending and receiving sides of a synapse, respectively. Endocannabinoids, on the other hand, are described as retrograde transmitters because they most commonly travel ‘backward’ against the usual synaptic transmitter flow. They are, in effect, released from the postsynaptic cell and act on the presynaptic cell, where the target receptors are densely concentrated on axonal terminals in the zones from which conventional neurotransmitters are released. Activation of cannabinoid receptors temporarily reduces the amount of conventional neurotransmitter released. This endocannabinoid-mediated system permits the postsynaptic cell to control its own incoming synaptic traffic. The ultimate effect on the endocannabinoid-releasing cell depends on the nature of the conventional transmitter being controlled. For instance, when the release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA is reduced, the net effect is an increase in the excitability of the endocannabinoid-releasing cell. On the converse, when release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is reduced, the net effect is a decrease in the excitability of the endocannabinoid-releasing cell.
"Runner's high"
The runner's high, the feeling of euphoria that sometimes accompanies aerobic exercise, has often been attributed to the release of endorphins, but newer research suggests that it might be due to endocannabinoids instead.
Synthetic cannabinoids
Historically, laboratory synthesis of cannabinoids was often based on the structure of herbal cannabinoids, and a large number of analogs have been produced and tested, especially in a group led by Roger Adams as early as 1941 and later in a group led by Raphael Mechoulam. Newer compounds are no longer related to natural cannabinoids or are based on the structure of the endogenous cannabinoids.
Synthetic cannabinoids are particularly useful in experiments to determine the relationship between the structure and activity of cannabinoid compounds, by making systematic, incremental modifications of cannabinoid molecules.
When synthetic cannabinoids are used recreationally, they present significant health dangers to users. In the period of 2012 through 2014, over 10,000 contacts to poison control centers in the United States were related to use of synthetic cannabinoids.
Medications containing natural or synthetic cannabinoids or cannabinoid analogs:
Dronabinol (Marinol), is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), used as an appetite stimulant, anti-emetic, and analgesic
Nabilone (Cesamet, Canemes), a synthetic cannabinoid and an analog of Marinol. It is Schedule II unlike Marinol, which is Schedule III
Rimonabant (SR141716), a selective cannabinoid (CB1) receptor inverse agonist once used as an anti-obesity drug under the proprietary name Acomplia. It was also used for smoking cessation
Other notable synthetic cannabinoids include:
JWH-018, a potent synthetic cannabinoid agonist discovered by John W. Huffman at Clemson University. It was often sold in legal smoke blends collectively known as "spice". Several countries and states have moved to ban it legally.
JWH-073
CP-55940, produced in 1974, this synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist is many times more potent than THC.
Dimethylheptylpyran
HU-210, about 100 times as potent as THC
HU-211, a synthetic cannabinoid derived drug that acts on NMDA instead of endocannabinoid system
HU-331 a potential anti-cancer drug derived from cannabidiol that specifically inhibits topoisomerase II.
SR144528, a CB2 receptor antagonist/ inverse agonist
WIN 55,212-2, a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist
JWH-133, a potent selective CB2 receptor agonist
Levonantradol (Nantrodolum), an anti-emetic and analgesic but not currently in use in medicine
AM-2201, a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist
Recently, the term "neocannabinoid" has been introduced to distinguish these designer drugs from synthetic phytocannabinoids (THC or CBD obtained by chemical synthesis) or synthetic endocannabinoids.
See also
Cancer and nausea § Cannabinoid
Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
Endocannabinoid enhancer
Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
References
External links
|
[
0.004472787957638502,
0.3933296203613281,
-0.4641265273094177,
-0.08749635517597198,
-0.3471660315990448,
-0.6843765377998352,
0.3032592535018921,
0.1217576265335083,
0.34327033162117004,
-0.0015189691912382841,
-0.17103062570095062,
0.6132146716117859,
-0.7187582850456238,
0.29534950852394104,
0.043565064668655396,
0.6218113303184509,
0.0343177504837513,
0.7415035963058472,
0.029482387006282806,
-0.22855456173419952,
0.08756138384342194,
-0.22497521340847015,
-0.1430387645959854,
-0.48405948281288147,
0.6406282186508179,
0.23870091140270233,
0.04427633434534073,
0.6719443798065186,
0.4280913472175598,
-0.285476416349411,
0.019963743165135384,
1.1084811687469482,
0.13038606941699982,
-0.08093207329511642,
0.2272666096687317,
0.5275284647941589,
-0.270724356174469,
-0.4664430022239685,
-0.03683096170425415,
-0.3128628432750702,
-0.5354770421981812,
-0.0856081023812294,
-0.2823067009449005,
0.8139857649803162,
0.01853092387318611,
0.12277980893850327,
-1.057813286781311,
0.4866425693035126,
-0.5808048844337463,
-0.21864184737205505,
-0.08926837146282196,
0.06155873090028763,
0.5649247765541077,
-0.00621891999617219,
0.7900276184082031,
0.509425699710846,
-0.8289589285850525,
-0.3033001124858856,
0.11389061063528061,
-0.1869065910577774,
0.004705351777374744,
-0.007380956318229437,
-0.29022571444511414,
-0.06273801624774933,
0.39440223574638367,
0.2137695848941803,
-0.4763562083244324,
0.420522004365921,
-0.5023964643478394,
-0.1296626180410385,
-0.22118623554706573,
-0.13444457948207855,
-0.3940238058567047,
0.12073013931512833,
-0.19241304695606232,
-0.10248486697673798,
0.20212656259536743,
-0.29715532064437866,
-0.18571634590625763,
0.4911467730998993,
0.01719169318675995,
0.3119882643222809,
0.502705454826355,
-0.15452204644680023,
0.17539255321025848,
0.007210673298686743,
-0.6536313891410828,
0.8748661279678345,
-0.5778506398200989,
0.3399783968925476,
0.07981295138597488,
0.7772141098976135,
0.47440266609191895,
0.11359800398349762,
-0.26120561361312866,
-0.3344055712223053,
0.308417409658432,
0.049807533621788025,
0.09670889377593994,
0.1723678857088089,
0.14320024847984314,
0.19957949221134186,
0.5735045671463013,
-0.2647086977958679,
-0.16407082974910736,
-0.09499872475862503,
-0.7021995186805725,
-0.6778160333633423,
-0.1842627227306366,
-0.05856986343860626,
-0.32217130064964294,
0.7800267934799194,
-0.18392644822597504,
-0.026972370222210884,
-0.41061845421791077,
0.3413829803466797,
0.19293297827243805,
0.7242706418037415,
-0.4905829429626465,
-0.1356155127286911,
-0.3974963426589966,
1.2862213850021362,
-0.3917025327682495,
0.012723681516945362,
-0.4984219968318939,
0.3836085796356201,
-0.10259249061346054,
0.04251422360539436,
-0.03885871171951294,
0.3030877411365509,
0.19558531045913696,
0.762058436870575,
0.018285883590579033,
-0.28485238552093506,
-0.24260838329792023,
-0.26421359181404114,
-0.16228781640529633,
0.347016841173172,
0.8358369469642639,
0.08512081950902939,
-0.8880714178085327,
-0.426044762134552,
-1.2107458114624023,
-0.2454521507024765,
0.22024939954280853,
0.26500338315963745,
-0.289771169424057,
0.09919542074203491,
0.027088476344943047,
0.02107715606689453,
0.08035174757242203,
-0.22214029729366302,
-0.29262515902519226,
0.2817515432834625,
0.07104233652353287,
-0.08431150019168854,
0.016574392095208168,
-0.10652156919240952,
-0.10011529177427292,
-0.5231713652610779,
-0.2671278715133667,
-0.5689120888710022,
-0.018606219440698624,
-0.09175164997577667,
0.660926342010498,
0.0016327094053849578,
0.13551567494869232,
0.63566654920578,
0.31556999683380127,
0.07385281473398209,
-0.3452567160129547,
-0.6840388774871826,
0.17124663293361664,
-1.2182567119598389,
0.6483170390129089,
-0.15790525078773499,
-0.2508774697780609,
-0.23059555888175964,
0.44209572672843933,
0.1739099770784378,
-0.5852770209312439,
0.587612509727478,
0.11703381687402725,
-0.2229774296283722,
0.033783312886953354,
0.19196990132331848,
0.3285197913646698,
-0.022385189309716225,
0.9329537153244019,
0.007166728843003511,
-0.2777215242385864,
0.05593746900558472,
0.004186166450381279,
0.20932266116142273,
1.0543217658996582,
0.49289166927337646,
-0.5510929226875305,
0.278552383184433,
0.17877094447612762,
0.0903116911649704,
-0.05580856278538704,
0.30081650614738464,
0.5617974996566772,
-0.49434134364128113,
-0.7218057513237,
0.9289050102233887,
0.15974578261375427,
-0.32889795303344727,
0.2915830910205841,
1.0236597061157227,
0.3698537349700928,
-0.4360896944999695,
0.22809138894081116,
-0.45788922905921936,
0.6316248178482056,
-0.3519338369369507,
0.05960017815232277,
0.35376352071762085,
-0.1133185625076294,
0.04269733652472496,
0.0793195441365242,
-0.1241835206747055,
-0.32778337597846985,
1.2920550107955933,
0.04757320135831833,
1.0774955749511719,
0.16548849642276764,
-0.05533028393983841,
0.39870771765708923,
-0.08524401485919952,
0.8327239155769348,
-0.1241764947772026,
0.2507045567035675,
-0.19172115623950958,
-0.16893045604228973,
0.0021552839316427708,
-0.07098600268363953,
-0.31833869218826294,
0.15752795338630676,
-0.44047918915748596,
0.3613097071647644,
-0.10461237281560898,
-0.6404799222946167,
-0.3242728114128113,
0.16270969808101654,
-0.06463605165481567,
-0.1938762664794922,
0.30759409070014954,
-0.5473600625991821,
-0.17161710560321808,
0.0922786220908165,
0.11492079496383667,
0.4588846266269684,
-0.560386061668396,
0.7616754770278931,
-0.005712323822081089,
-0.67859947681427,
0.013310981914401054,
0.21418236196041107,
-0.22689403593540192,
-0.7222632169723511,
1.0240553617477417,
0.3941655158996582,
-0.015677982941269875,
-0.28149479627609253,
0.012169062159955502,
-0.04801470786333084,
0.05297143757343292,
0.004494386725127697,
0.2547183334827423,
0.5100831389427185,
-0.014304361306130886,
-0.7294777631759644,
-1.2833874225616455,
-0.4479244351387024,
-0.4796164333820343,
0.31993865966796875,
0.5576491355895996,
-0.6691374182701111,
-0.3662571310997009,
0.25751590728759766,
0.3060114085674286,
0.6623563766479492,
-0.48656076192855835,
-0.5150445103645325,
-0.46903008222579956,
-0.26832371950149536,
-0.7525216937065125,
-0.29718029499053955,
-0.3368254005908966,
-0.6340693235397339,
0.06928814202547073,
-0.6732531785964966,
0.9016345739364624,
-0.3178829848766327,
-0.22878742218017578,
0.12056805938482285,
0.9961226582527161,
0.2918097674846649,
-0.3638002872467041,
0.06713743507862091,
0.15574994683265686,
-0.17177504301071167,
0.28079986572265625,
-0.2846575975418091,
0.15100592374801636,
-0.38179951906204224,
0.11118121445178986,
-5.289152145385742,
0.20345476269721985,
-0.6165980696678162,
0.20755109190940857,
0.15738718211650848,
0.14512260258197784,
0.3307808041572571,
-0.5498030185699463,
-0.30884867906570435,
0.6177297830581665,
-0.2769746482372284,
0.1863289177417755,
-0.022958509624004364,
-0.14561453461647034,
0.07355184108018875,
0.047638554126024246,
-0.03102712891995907,
-0.9305370450019836,
0.5309800505638123,
0.2966032922267914,
0.23724152147769928,
1.0222159624099731,
-0.5400683879852295,
0.4372909963130951,
-0.5010036826133728,
0.3716263771057129,
0.2830441892147064,
0.2682536542415619,
-0.5873589515686035,
-0.10001835227012634,
0.19900555908679962,
0.3749479651451111,
-0.2758572995662689,
-0.24800944328308105,
-0.09999217092990875,
0.058272335678339005,
0.2606064975261688,
-0.3402170240879059,
-0.3448348045349121,
-0.49687302112579346,
-0.158570796251297,
0.08143531531095505,
0.5910035967826843,
0.5294669270515442,
0.9862225651741028,
0.2701304852962494,
-0.1862790882587433,
-0.5445815920829773,
-0.4294050633907318,
0.7672168016433716,
0.06464289128780365,
-0.2640315294265747,
-0.1519143134355545,
0.4285067617893219,
0.13396012783050537,
-0.04270123317837715,
0.3432089388370514,
-0.6483834981918335,
-0.24800649285316467,
-0.0015259676147252321,
-0.1778450459241867,
0.11886338889598846,
-0.20050697028636932,
-0.10264359414577484,
-0.18204288184642792,
-0.14212141931056976,
0.11398807913064957,
-0.16189919412136078,
0.8928271532058716,
-0.17802020907402039,
-0.37340644001960754,
0.3024244010448456,
0.09713798016309738,
-0.6565425992012024,
0.22345733642578125,
0.2142893522977829,
-0.39454078674316406,
0.24542392790317535,
-0.20069590210914612,
0.2979463040828705,
-0.7471801042556763,
-0.18456494808197021,
-0.0326615609228611,
0.7805389761924744,
0.305832177400589,
-0.5114647746086121,
-0.5391530990600586,
0.19151751697063446,
-0.2968080937862396,
-0.3020234704017639,
0.7904335856437683,
0.05581983923912048,
0.6313691735267639,
-0.059011310338974,
-0.3005326986312866,
0.5814834237098694,
0.2972846031188965,
0.4417130649089813,
0.6573983430862427,
0.001789366826415062,
0.9794506430625916,
-0.30817079544067383,
-0.3601345717906952,
-0.6482715010643005,
-0.2612330913543701,
-0.3509397804737091,
-0.19200363755226135,
0.3290662169456482,
0.7730392813682556,
-0.6511929631233215,
-0.09324492514133453,
0.6138129830360413,
-0.16778363287448883,
0.013539892621338367,
1.0254781246185303,
-0.2078724205493927,
0.014667345210909843,
0.8020323514938354,
0.7451810240745544,
-0.06217799335718155,
0.292145311832428,
0.9815037846565247,
0.0498502217233181,
-0.20992277562618256,
-0.5000070333480835,
-0.24543927609920502,
-0.038645897060632706,
0.014565783552825451,
-0.13022759556770325,
0.33338919281959534,
0.08373534679412842,
0.17009228467941284,
-0.5246505737304688,
-0.24527041614055634,
-0.043925244361162186,
-0.4633483290672302,
-1.1448386907577515,
0.2764216661453247,
-0.2222803831100464,
-0.5337417721748352,
0.2306133210659027,
-0.9679964184761047,
-0.02534322999417782,
0.10656009614467621,
0.3949871063232422,
-0.29365718364715576,
0.21003857254981995,
-0.3232673108577728,
-0.6105829477310181,
0.306117445230484,
0.43316856026649475,
0.17964206635951996,
0.1854659765958786,
-0.3332604467868805,
-0.3603786826133728,
0.3564118444919586,
0.8539836406707764,
0.6334962844848633,
0.3482414782047272,
-0.7193009853363037,
-0.06907442212104797,
-0.3626832365989685,
-0.9050137400627136,
-0.06954588741064072,
-0.4177488684654236,
-0.3782069683074951,
-0.18942487239837646,
-0.15035125613212585,
-0.3302036225795746,
0.5817089080810547,
-0.4697533845901489,
-0.5158482789993286,
-0.8298367261886597,
-0.425815224647522,
0.5651103258132935,
0.1525009125471115,
-0.21534401178359985,
0.3084949553012848,
-0.6912195086479187,
-0.3593817949295044,
-0.20425420999526978,
-0.521809995174408,
-0.6852468252182007,
0.17345212399959564,
0.7145093083381653,
-0.6327207684516907,
-0.3200904428958893,
-0.6873944401741028,
-0.20720480382442474,
-0.2876201868057251,
0.5789850354194641,
-0.20660875737667084,
0.24430052936077118,
-0.5529667735099792,
0.030107760801911354,
-0.053987931460142136,
0.04495207220315933,
0.6516361236572266,
-0.09027738124132156,
-0.7114232778549194,
0.4140377640724182,
0.5584339499473572,
-0.3206060528755188,
0.22689275443553925,
-0.08114280551671982,
-0.5213792324066162,
-0.10190574824810028,
-0.07418256253004074,
-0.6558010578155518,
0.26310160756111145,
-0.13187356293201447,
-0.4882926046848297,
0.04569785296916962,
-0.06300085037946701,
-0.39192572236061096,
0.4044712483882904,
-0.08794786781072617,
-0.5417104363441467,
-0.5607659220695496,
-0.12275386601686478,
0.48351216316223145,
-0.3462812900543213,
-0.015961211174726486,
-0.6377533674240112,
-0.1071402058005333,
0.1882505863904953,
0.17777922749519348,
-0.21621131896972656,
1.0630398988723755,
0.01700812764465809,
0.025238554924726486,
-0.2636032700538635,
-0.08543455600738525,
-0.03926831856369972,
-0.423969030380249,
0.34185582399368286,
-0.4043673276901245,
0.6497787833213806,
0.008484754711389542,
0.5010613799095154,
0.6688334345817566,
0.9437750577926636,
0.08662067353725433,
0.05451778322458267,
0.010083693079650402,
0.3272782862186432,
0.3436752259731293,
-0.6009218096733093,
-0.5705995559692383,
0.29295459389686584,
0.6203814744949341,
-0.38942384719848633,
-0.3666601777076721,
-0.1298365592956543,
1.0845950841903687,
-0.14747506380081177,
0.47715994715690613,
-0.0994124785065651,
-0.4855136275291443,
0.08403974771499634,
0.07116098701953888,
0.3688342869281769,
-0.16574963927268982,
0.9072085618972778,
-0.2911472022533417,
-0.6365628838539124,
-0.5897303223609924,
-0.8549426794052124,
0.8790560960769653,
-0.6981384754180908,
-0.18813951313495636,
-0.3236110806465149,
1.0830069780349731,
1.0525779724121094,
-0.31572896242141724,
0.563764750957489,
0.3399445712566376,
-0.5796443223953247,
-0.07302455604076385,
-0.3466247618198395,
-0.21429850161075592,
0.01150980032980442,
0.614354133605957,
-0.591346025466919,
0.2372927963733673,
-0.32026350498199463,
-0.4700738787651062,
-0.5430723428726196,
-0.5570542812347412,
-0.27864134311676025,
-0.45073217153549194,
-0.09728668630123138,
-0.45767098665237427,
0.48754504323005676,
0.055350929498672485,
0.3695127069950104,
-0.46239590644836426,
0.2199687957763672,
-0.24146929383277893,
-0.2709837555885315,
-0.8031995892524719,
0.8587312698364258,
0.39442941546440125,
-0.4941617548465729,
0.3251517117023468,
0.08568550646305084,
0.6073914766311646,
-0.7334281206130981,
-0.18028157949447632,
-0.48278185725212097,
-0.07704707980155945,
-0.18119654059410095,
-0.28770583868026733,
0.50516676902771,
-0.20787230134010315,
0.9220772385597229,
0.1932252198457718,
-0.1284167468547821,
0.35033294558525085,
0.4500768780708313,
0.6089476943016052,
0.027745340019464493,
0.2908772826194763,
0.14877153933048248,
0.014164777472615242,
0.9861383438110352,
0.30644699931144714,
-0.04941942170262337,
0.27817800641059875,
0.5908238291740417,
0.8037108182907104,
-0.10144347697496414,
-0.48213472962379456,
0.2385779172182083,
0.11262904852628708,
-0.08400774002075195,
0.5243977904319763,
-0.0627293661236763,
-0.9226279258728027,
0.16548043489456177,
0.6242986917495728,
0.016198784112930298,
-0.04301093518733978,
0.0971730574965477,
0.4112341105937958,
0.27282413840293884,
0.22758933901786804,
0.031386710703372955,
0.2266048938035965,
0.02477526105940342,
0.4687073230743408,
-0.10786574333906174,
0.17817078530788422,
-0.6431318521499634,
-0.07595096528530121,
0.4873380959033966,
0.6551244854927063,
-0.30620306730270386,
-0.9225284457206726,
-0.3210195004940033,
-0.1753266304731369,
-0.1684724986553192,
0.2121879905462265,
0.5385091304779053,
0.40501460433006287,
-0.13121025264263153,
-0.11345461010932922,
-0.2589247226715088,
-0.20304811000823975,
0.04240581393241882,
0.07127903401851654,
0.005937638692557812,
-0.08163372427225113,
0.3238125145435333,
0.47632235288619995,
0.11750123649835587,
-0.1355210542678833,
0.09024148434400558,
0.17854654788970947,
0.19119490683078766,
-0.3011039197444916,
-0.26306426525115967,
-0.4143848419189453,
-0.7427324652671814,
-0.053281087428331375,
-0.508836567401886,
-0.6724870204925537,
0.10909049957990646,
-0.4266951084136963,
-0.006611119024455547,
0.18253231048583984,
0.2500341236591339,
0.18660882115364075,
-0.4682748317718506,
0.22146448493003845,
-0.006650768220424652,
0.3964692950248718,
0.5512508749961853,
-0.358022004365921,
-0.6031681299209595,
-0.06848593801259995,
0.05287310481071472,
-0.32127538323402405,
0.3789065182209015,
-0.4229711890220642,
0.39342451095581055,
-0.9584898948669434,
0.34373241662979126,
-0.8114024996757507,
0.5253299474716187,
0.10675005614757538,
0.08053558319807053,
-0.15553346276283264,
0.667785108089447,
0.17164961993694305,
0.332703173160553,
0.5313732028007507,
-0.5972818732261658,
-0.04070678725838661,
-0.4621318578720093,
0.47652092576026917,
-0.03264602646231651,
-0.209512859582901,
0.35165858268737793,
-0.2849196791648865,
0.20247960090637207,
0.2761528193950653,
0.34272003173828125,
-0.3854498267173767,
0.09307163953781128,
0.04214407876133919,
0.39151129126548767,
-0.5226386189460754,
0.08099907636642456,
-0.3901490271091461,
-0.039203401654958725,
0.19481602311134338,
1.0528920888900757,
-0.15987920761108398,
0.7920674681663513,
0.3777943551540375,
-0.3013363778591156,
-0.4731823801994324,
-0.19227278232574463,
-1.6241854429244995,
-0.5537493824958801,
-0.10072054713964462,
-0.5671440362930298,
-0.07554206997156143,
-0.16265690326690674,
-0.3392788767814636,
-0.6098614931106567,
-0.2565596401691437,
0.35968318581581116,
0.12727709114551544,
0.32938873767852783,
-0.14550067484378815,
-0.7981702089309692,
-0.15684691071510315,
0.5898235440254211
] |
210998
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Matrix%20Revolutions
|
The Matrix Revolutions
|
The Matrix Revolutions is a 2003 American science fiction action film written and directed by the Wachowskis. It is the third installment in The Matrix film series, released six months following The Matrix Reloaded. The film stars Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving and Jada Pinkett Smith.
The film was released simultaneously in 108 territories on November 5, 2003, by Warner Bros. Pictures. While being the final entry in the original trilogy of the series, the Matrix storyline was continued in The Matrix Online video game. It was the first live-action feature film to be released in both regular and IMAX theaters at the same time. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film grossed $427.3 million worldwide. A fourth film, titled The Matrix Resurrections, began production in February 2020, and was released on December 22, 2021.
Plot
Picking up immediately where Reloaded ended, Neo and Bane still lie unconscious in the medical bay of the ship Hammer. Inside the Matrix, Neo is trapped in a subway station named Mobil Ave, a transition zone between the Matrix and the machine world. He meets a "family" of programs, including a girl named Sati. The "father" tells Neo the subway is controlled by the Trainman, a program loyal to the Merovingian. When Neo tries to board a train with the family, the Trainman refuses and overpowers him.
Seraph contacts Morpheus and Trinity on behalf of the Oracle, who informs them of Neo's confinement. Seraph, Morpheus and Trinity enter Club Hel, where they confront the Merovingian and force him to release Neo. Troubled by visions of the Machine City, Neo visits the Oracle, who reveals that Smith intends to destroy both the Matrix and the real world. She tells him that "everything that has a beginning has an end." After Neo leaves, a large group of Smiths assimilates Sati and Seraph. The Oracle does not resist assimilation and Smith gains her powers of precognition.
In the real world, the crews of the Nebuchadnezzar and the Hammer find and reactivate Niobe's ship, the Logos. They interrogate Bane, who says that he has no recollection of the earlier massacre. As the captains plan their defense of Zion, Neo requests a ship to travel to the Machine City. Motivated by her encounter with the Oracle, Niobe offers him the Logos. Neo departs, accompanied by Trinity. Bane, who has stowed away on the Logos, takes Trinity hostage. Neo realizes that Bane has been assimilated by Smith and a fight ensues. Bane burns Neo's eyes with a power cable, blinding him. Neo discovers that he can still "see" machine source code in the real world and uses this ability to kill Bane. Trinity pilots them to the Machine City.
Niobe and Morpheus rush toward Zion in the Hammer to aid the human defenses. Zion's shipyard is overwhelmed by a horde of Sentinels, and the fatally wounded Captain Mifune instructs Kid to open the gate for the Hammer, which he does with the aid of Zee. When it arrives, it discharges its EMP, disabling all the Sentinels present but also Zion's remaining defenses. The humans are forced to retreat and wait for the next attack, thinking it will be their last stand.
The Logos is attacked by a wave of machines outside of the Machine City. To avoid the onslaught, they fly above them to open sky, and then crash into a building, fatally wounding Trinity. Neo enters the Machine City and encounters the leadership of the machines in the form of the "Deus Ex Machina." Neo warns that Smith plans to conquer both the Matrix and the real world and offers to stop Smith in exchange for peace with Zion. The Deus Ex Machina agrees, and the Sentinels shut down, stopping the attack on Zion.
The Machines plug Neo into the Matrix, whose population has now been entirely assimilated by Smith. The Smith with the Oracle's powers steps forth, telling Neo that he has foreseen his victory against Neo. After a protracted fight, Neo appears to concede defeat and allows himself to be assimilated. Outside the Matrix, the machines send a surge of energy into Neo's body, which inside the Matrix causes the Neo-Smith clone, then all the other Smith clones to be destroyed, leaving the Oracle lying there, and causing Neo's life to be sacrificed. The Sentinels withdraw from Zion, Morpheus and Niobe embrace, and Neo's body is carried away by the machines.
The Matrix is rebooted, and the Architect meets the Oracle in a park. They agree that the peace will last "as long as it can" and that those humans who desire it will be offered the opportunity to leave the Matrix. The Oracle tells Sati (who created a beautiful sunset for Neo) that she thinks they will see Neo again. Seraph asks the Oracle if she knew this would happen. She replies that she did not know, but she believed.
Cast
Keanu Reeves as Neo
Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus
Carrie-Anne Moss as Trinity
Hugo Weaving as Smith
Jada Pinkett Smith as Niobe
Monica Bellucci as Persephone
Lambert Wilson as the Merovingian
Mary Alice as the Oracle
Helmut Bakaitis as the Architect
Harold Perrineau as Link
Tanveer K. Atwal as Sati
Bernard White as Rama Kandra
Collin Chou as Seraph
Nona Gaye as Zee
Gina Torres as Cas
Bruce Spence as the Trainman
Ian Bliss as Bane
Harry Lennix as Commander Lock
Anthony Zerbe as Councillor Hamann
Nathaniel Lees as Captain Mifune
Clayton Watson as Kid
Cornel West as Councillor West
David Roberts as Captain Roland
Anthony Wong as Ghost
Tharini Mudaliar as Kamala
Henry Blasingame (motion capture) as Deus Ex Machina
Kevin Michael Richardson as the voice of Deus Ex Machina
Production
The film's budget was estimated between US$110 million and $150 million.
Filming occurred concurrently with its predecessor, The Matrix Reloaded, and live-action sequences for the video game Enter the Matrix. This took place primarily at Fox Studios in Sydney, Australia. Most notably, the subway scenes were filmed at the disused tunnels of St James railway station, and the end sequence with the Oracle and the Architect was filmed in the Royal Botanic Garden. Carrie-Anne Moss injured her ankle during the shooting in Australia.
Soundtrack
In contrast to its predecessors, very few "source" tracks are used in the film. Aside from Don Davis' score, again collaborating with Juno Reactor, only one external track (by Pale 3) is used. Although Davis rarely focuses on strong melodies, familiar leitmotifs from earlier in the series reappear. For example, Neo and Trinity's love theme—which briefly surfaces in the two preceding films—is finally fully expanded into "Trinity Definitely"; the theme from the Zion docks in Reloaded returns as "Men in Metal", and the energetic drumming from the Reloaded tea house fight between Neo and Seraph opens "Tetsujin", as Seraph, Trinity and Morpheus fight off Club Hel's three doormen. The climactic battle theme, named "Neodämmerung" (in reference to Wagner's Götterdämmerung), features a choir singing extracts (shlokas) from the Pavamana Mantra, introduced in the Upanishads. The chorus can be roughly translated from Sanskrit as follows: "lead us from untruth to truth, lead us from darkness to light, lead us from death to immortality, peace peace peace". The extracts were brought to Davis by the Wachowskis when he informed them that it would be wasteful for such a large choir to be singing simple "ooh"s and "aah"s (according to the DVD commentary, Davis felt that the dramatic impact of the piece would be lost if the choir was to sing 'This is the one, see what he can do' in plain English). These extracts return in the film's denouement, and in Navras, the track that plays over the closing credits (which may be considered a loose remix of "Neodämmerung").
Release
The Matrix Revolutions was released in theaters roughly three weeks after The Matrix Reloaded arrived on DVD, October 14, 2003.
The film had the widest release ever opening simultaneously in 108 territories at 1400 Greenwich Mean Time on November 5, 2003.
Reception
Box office
The film grossed over $139 million in North America and approximately $427 million worldwide, roughly half of The Matrix Reloaded box-office total. In its first five days of release, the film grossed $83.8 million in the United States and Canada from 3,502 theaters, but dropped 66% during the second week. Internationally, it grossed $119 million in its first 5 days from 10,013 prints in 107 territories, with the third-biggest opening ever in Japan and Spain and the fourth biggest in the United Kingdom, Italy and Mexico. Combined, it grossed $203 million in its first five days.
Home media
The Matrix Revolutions was released on DVD and VHS on April 6, 2004. The film grossed $116 million in DVD sales. Additionally, it was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 30, 2018.
Critical response
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, The Matrix Revolutions holds an approval rating of 35% based on 218 reviews, with an average rating of 5.30/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A disappointing conclusion to the Matrix trilogy as characters and ideas take a back seat to the special effects." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 41 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, a grade down from the "B+" earned by the previous film and two grades down from the "A-" earned by the first film, therefore the second lowest grade earned by a film in the series.
Some critics criticized the film for being anticlimactic. Additionally, some critics regard the film as less philosophically ambiguous than its predecessor, The Matrix Reloaded. Critics had difficulty finding closure pertaining to events from The Matrix Reloaded, and were generally dissatisfied.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four, despite offering criticisms of his own, on the grounds that it at least provided closure to the story well enough so that fans following the series would prefer seeing it as to not.
Sequel
While making the Matrix films, the Wachowskis told their close collaborators that at that time they had no intention of making another installment after The Matrix Revolutions. Instead, they gave their blessing to the notion of gamers "inherit[ing] the storyline", and The Matrix Online video game was billed as the official continuation. In February 2015, in interviews promoting Jupiter Ascending, Lilly Wachowski called a return to The Matrix a "particularly repelling idea in these times", noting the studios' tendency to green-light sequels, reboots, and adaptations over original material, while Lana Wachowski, addressing rumors about a potential reboot, said that they had not heard anything, but she believed that the studio might be looking to replace them. At various times, Keanu Reeves and Hugo Weaving have stated that they would be willing to reprise their roles in potential Matrix films, but only if the Wachowskis were involved.
In March 2017, The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Warner Bros. was in early stages of developing a relaunch of the franchise, with Zak Penn in talks to write a treatment, and interest in getting Michael B. Jordan attached to star. According to the article neither the Wachowskis nor Joel Silver were involved at that stage, although the studio would like to get at minimum the blessing of the Wachowskis.
Warner Bros. officially announced the development on a fourth film in August 2019, with Lana Wachowski serving as director and producer on it. Lana wrote the screenplay with David Mitchell and Aleksander Hemon. Grant Hill produced it alongside Lana. The production is a joint-venture between Warner Bros. Pictures and Village Roadshow Pictures, similar to the original films. Keanu Reeves and Carrie-Anne Moss reprise their roles from the previous films; Laurence Fishburne does not appear in the film. Production began in February 2020 in San Francisco, briefly halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and wrapped in November of that same year. The film, The Matrix Resurrections, had its world premiere in Toronto, Canada, on December 16, 2021, and was released to theaters and streaming services on December 22, 2021.
Notes
See also
List of films featuring powered exoskeletons
References
External links
The Matrix Revolutions Explained – a comparative-literature-style exegesis of selected parts of Matrix Revolutions.
Understanding The Matrix Revolutions – A comparative guide to possible meaning and interpretations of The Matrix Revolutions
The Matrix Revolution October 27, 2000 draft script by Andy & Larry Wachowski
2003 films
2000s English-language films
2003 science fiction films
American films
The Matrix (franchise) films
American martial arts films
2003 martial arts films
2003 science fiction action films
American science fiction action films
American sequel films
Cyberpunk films
Drone films
Films about blind people
Films about rebellions
Films about telepresence
Films shot in California
Films shot in Sydney
Gun fu films
Kung fu films
Martial arts science fiction films
Warner Bros. films
Silver Pictures films
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Films scored by Don Davis (composer)
Films directed by The Wachowskis
Films produced by Joel Silver
Films with screenplays by The Wachowskis
Films about computer hacking
|
[
0.025459546595811844,
0.3220466375350952,
0.1680898368358612,
0.16354131698608398,
-0.10878909379243851,
-0.0061592538841068745,
-0.19549310207366943,
-0.08985400944948196,
-0.018275080248713493,
0.23213493824005127,
0.04757076874375343,
0.5463144779205322,
-0.31940147280693054,
0.2863333523273468,
-0.09168732911348343,
-0.5699670314788818,
-0.2993118166923523,
0.22244985401630402,
-0.1927589774131775,
-0.2337307333946228,
0.03413410857319832,
0.4398065209388733,
1.1325547695159912,
0.03795863315463066,
-0.4158083498477936,
0.30400019884109497,
-0.0393483005464077,
-0.19361937046051025,
-0.644304633140564,
0.17811642587184906,
-0.0027900380082428455,
-0.1788685917854309,
-0.028292782604694366,
-0.17467345297336578,
0.2645241618156433,
0.09139654785394669,
-0.5155686140060425,
0.4559590518474579,
-0.11889743059873581,
-0.9124440550804138,
0.16965216398239136,
-0.14601950347423553,
-0.11636649072170258,
-0.37276026606559753,
-0.13775919377803802,
-0.09516028314828873,
-1.391343116760254,
0.149808868765831,
-1.5435278415679932,
-0.6132501363754272,
0.2694091200828552,
0.2806667983531952,
0.8843551278114319,
0.17874766886234283,
0.31065306067466736,
0.4630451798439026,
-0.606778085231781,
-0.3256549537181854,
0.10059507936239243,
-0.19473905861377716,
0.26557794213294983,
0.08851615339517593,
-0.33954253792762756,
-0.18924273550510406,
0.3759806454181671,
-0.5199183821678162,
0.1429017186164856,
0.5251938104629517,
0.20260967314243317,
-0.5939426422119141,
0.025725755840539932,
-0.1893608421087265,
0.26016929745674133,
0.17763672769069672,
-0.49537989497184753,
-0.4135128855705261,
0.603574275970459,
0.48763221502304077,
0.13826285302639008,
-0.1218768060207367,
0.23720049858093262,
0.5874812602996826,
0.7310356497764587,
0.4972970187664032,
-0.298164427280426,
-0.22472070157527924,
-0.05267105624079704,
-0.1271318942308426,
-0.17264243960380554,
0.40460464358329773,
-1.227097749710083,
-0.25080546736717224,
0.4643569886684418,
0.7580217123031616,
0.44124525785446167,
-0.30796995759010315,
-0.5372085571289062,
-0.03472505137324333,
0.20292820036411285,
0.46745461225509644,
0.34607693552970886,
0.3260468542575836,
0.11879176646471024,
-0.21003146469593048,
0.17237459123134613,
-0.3260872960090637,
0.054633527994155884,
-0.3424101769924164,
0.49330300092697144,
0.21260255575180054,
-0.2929385304450989,
0.4400157332420349,
-0.12191806733608246,
0.1370556652545929,
0.17037086188793182,
0.7536367774009705,
0.23767420649528503,
-0.2213531732559204,
-0.1281028836965561,
0.18055081367492676,
0.21537448465824127,
0.5305727124214172,
0.001631962601095438,
0.25889819860458374,
-0.14451855421066284,
0.6012846231460571,
0.14170482754707336,
0.2546500563621521,
-0.8013484477996826,
-0.22870709002017975,
-0.09777025133371353,
0.6999697089195251,
-0.27311304211616516,
-0.16269901394844055,
-0.2268599569797516,
-0.4955821931362152,
0.7805342078208923,
-0.2954297363758087,
0.1701289862394333,
0.11466474831104279,
-0.23641948401927948,
-0.11998657137155533,
-0.240883469581604,
-0.14543631672859192,
0.11361482739448547,
-0.33766257762908936,
0.22721333801746368,
-0.21184442937374115,
-0.25378724932670593,
-0.16179677844047546,
-0.14219416677951813,
-0.038019776344299316,
-0.18653850257396698,
-0.7715405821800232,
0.09973885864019394,
0.4046611487865448,
0.42872166633605957,
0.010129682719707489,
0.23574486374855042,
0.11767272651195526,
-0.2956443428993225,
0.5275334119796753,
0.06178008019924164,
-0.3981647193431854,
-0.2174234688282013,
-0.8508368730545044,
0.7866773009300232,
-0.30894380807876587,
0.6007057428359985,
0.07680600136518478,
-0.5032689571380615,
0.4183349311351776,
-0.08742447197437286,
0.36333125829696655,
-0.05313124880194664,
0.06594593077898026,
0.9716301560401917,
1.125123143196106,
0.15680480003356934,
0.08962740749120712,
-0.43000853061676025,
0.40019693970680237,
-0.1069827601313591,
-0.08021991699934006,
0.3049451410770416,
-0.3089616298675537,
0.3115464746952057,
0.01836198754608631,
0.26414141058921814,
0.2574429512023926,
-0.25852712988853455,
0.06727498769760132,
0.17409418523311615,
-0.4304128587245941,
0.9439911842346191,
-0.21742932498455048,
-0.7032995820045471,
0.30113932490348816,
-0.19603030383586884,
0.7301937937736511,
-0.8257464170455933,
0.12266279011964798,
0.3480113446712494,
0.2947981059551239,
-0.00492222560569644,
-0.39366549253463745,
-0.0276290625333786,
-0.009424512274563313,
0.20078665018081665,
0.1881723701953888,
0.042865168303251266,
-0.26152318716049194,
0.2882135212421417,
0.14061123132705688,
0.09083941578865051,
-0.295645534992218,
-0.7532249689102173,
-0.03844466432929039,
-0.14948919415473938,
0.42110398411750793,
1.2019212245941162,
-0.03276393190026283,
-0.046202778816223145,
0.08771423995494843,
0.09493639320135117,
0.5392836928367615,
0.04513995721936226,
-0.2773381769657135,
0.17119061946868896,
-0.403079092502594,
-0.37353214621543884,
0.9136148691177368,
-0.5553012490272522,
-0.08228401094675064,
0.13949443399906158,
-0.05455201864242554,
0.3531651794910431,
-0.6032996773719788,
-0.4069770276546478,
-0.2556469440460205,
0.4199804663658142,
-0.06611195206642151,
-0.4960044324398041,
0.20949676632881165,
0.3954060971736908,
0.14377328753471375,
0.1745566874742508,
0.08677785098552704,
-0.580711305141449,
0.28626108169555664,
-0.2147003412246704,
0.2948506772518158,
-0.01785329543054104,
-0.0951506569981575,
0.3571581244468689,
0.3100990653038025,
-0.49994370341300964,
-0.43596944212913513,
0.4233109951019287,
0.02759050391614437,
0.3594236671924591,
0.10294612497091293,
-0.15427635610103607,
-0.08667793869972229,
0.0021390647161751986,
-0.08897900581359863,
-0.4850778877735138,
0.171886146068573,
0.019760094583034515,
0.13651956617832184,
0.3096197247505188,
0.045894887298345566,
-0.33490562438964844,
0.25456148386001587,
0.07715728133916855,
-0.5763064026832581,
-0.16332292556762695,
-0.07336868345737457,
-0.20784878730773926,
-0.5433882474899292,
0.4615877568721771,
0.7610222101211548,
0.17127077281475067,
-0.25480616092681885,
-0.22778019309043884,
0.3365688621997833,
-0.012976097874343395,
-0.3084455132484436,
-0.21695023775100708,
-0.3931366205215454,
-0.43383049964904785,
-0.2954014539718628,
-0.35861948132514954,
-0.2571582496166229,
-0.24207209050655365,
0.34044262766838074,
-0.17727966606616974,
-0.2380475103855133,
0.15333420038223267,
0.8794670104980469,
-0.07831081748008728,
0.8943576812744141,
-0.23718786239624023,
-0.16729682683944702,
0.24692308902740479,
-0.35536059737205505,
-0.1434555947780609,
-0.29760977625846863,
-5.90562105178833,
-0.020923111587762833,
-0.23539286851882935,
0.12587518990039825,
0.3883230686187744,
-0.03252542391419411,
0.35074543952941895,
0.1901562511920929,
-0.14442193508148193,
-0.12324187904596329,
-0.4234829843044281,
0.13369619846343994,
-0.7195040583610535,
0.46833786368370056,
0.45307278633117676,
0.17844514548778534,
0.38366976380348206,
0.1160665974020958,
0.008869566023349762,
0.2969318926334381,
-0.10109570622444153,
-0.403394490480423,
-0.3290223479270935,
-0.06337688118219376,
-0.036738697439432144,
0.1335437297821045,
-0.30871835350990295,
0.30788281559944153,
-0.9634523391723633,
-0.03815600275993347,
-0.40455010533332825,
0.05323735997080803,
-0.5761405825614929,
-0.4960745871067047,
0.022139111533761024,
0.11821198463439941,
0.4726516604423523,
-0.14301571249961853,
0.4236127436161041,
-0.6758440136909485,
0.0664118081331253,
0.22763696312904358,
-0.08166278153657913,
0.04280756413936615,
1.352632761001587,
-0.20948348939418793,
-0.5094801783561707,
-0.08740852773189545,
-0.482347309589386,
0.3799918293952942,
0.3429044783115387,
-0.33243536949157715,
0.4099113643169403,
0.29278966784477234,
-0.06778403371572495,
0.010452753864228725,
-0.09828227013349533,
0.15637026727199554,
0.04923875629901886,
0.4802197813987732,
0.1438456028699875,
-0.3958696126937866,
0.1420261263847351,
-0.33861565589904785,
0.1259535253047943,
-0.6581529378890991,
-0.13377448916435242,
-0.12157705426216125,
0.17544017732143402,
0.21366192400455475,
-0.006840154062956572,
0.5457470417022705,
-0.3213779330253601,
-0.9740386009216309,
0.10403289645910263,
0.204538956284523,
0.1666131615638733,
-0.05402510613203049,
-0.530353307723999,
0.1521974802017212,
-0.0591207779943943,
-0.11301415413618088,
0.3601301908493042,
-0.28899654746055603,
0.04214426130056381,
-0.01661418378353119,
-0.24360710382461548,
0.4300647974014282,
-0.45885542035102844,
0.3666161894798279,
0.6690274477005005,
-0.19554685056209564,
-0.15987779200077057,
0.29913529753685,
0.63204026222229,
-0.035022713243961334,
0.274824321269989,
0.029213597998023033,
0.07502007484436035,
0.042175788432359695,
0.2578233480453491,
-0.5439738035202026,
0.31801638007164,
-0.7968338131904602,
-0.3565850555896759,
-0.47665542364120483,
-0.11985372751951218,
0.6078372001647949,
0.15146291255950928,
-0.23590239882469177,
0.030478255823254585,
0.12431514263153076,
0.14766454696655273,
-0.5601775050163269,
0.42513084411621094,
0.0845208466053009,
-0.4343613088130951,
0.29265618324279785,
0.386884480714798,
0.6277616024017334,
-0.5557984113693237,
0.28286781907081604,
-0.5203363299369812,
-0.10351578146219254,
-0.1580180525779724,
-0.044470395892858505,
0.07206866890192032,
0.5470208525657654,
0.2218855321407318,
0.17713263630867004,
-0.46712425351142883,
0.16347964107990265,
-0.17672781646251678,
0.07158391177654266,
-0.1569935381412506,
-0.7556455135345459,
-0.5353996753692627,
0.19116315245628357,
-0.12176722288131714,
0.39122840762138367,
0.13748520612716675,
0.10528675466775894,
0.4436638355255127,
0.38468533754348755,
0.28974467515945435,
-0.2871191203594208,
0.2468024641275406,
-0.07059067487716675,
-0.4405357241630554,
0.41403821110725403,
0.4389759302139282,
-0.4031168818473816,
0.8732436895370483,
-0.782680094242096,
0.4829954504966736,
0.24078615009784698,
0.27723705768585205,
0.3217383623123169,
0.2559456527233124,
-0.36483249068260193,
0.7187328338623047,
-0.021566258743405342,
-0.7981652021408081,
0.3132281005382538,
0.17273761332035065,
0.04165380820631981,
-0.2056027501821518,
-0.9371924996376038,
-0.19529658555984497,
0.511335551738739,
0.6717577576637268,
0.028115607798099518,
-0.6876650452613831,
-0.392855167388916,
0.14723679423332214,
0.4682377576828003,
-0.3071630895137787,
-0.32915353775024414,
0.17903117835521698,
-0.3498746156692505,
-0.11938002705574036,
0.1549200415611267,
-0.5654665231704712,
-0.11258046329021454,
0.20476284623146057,
-0.22186772525310516,
-0.29408854246139526,
-0.4688747227191925,
-0.19922873377799988,
-0.24607090651988983,
-0.12294426560401917,
0.19106382131576538,
0.4663413465023041,
-0.5160337090492249,
-0.4335436224937439,
-0.47860482335090637,
0.1650458723306656,
0.8036290407180786,
-0.4892213046550751,
-0.4620465934276581,
0.02151227369904518,
0.7467762231826782,
-0.08030498027801514,
0.298701673746109,
0.9813463091850281,
-0.5085803270339966,
-0.09109364449977875,
0.2661442756652832,
-0.14216595888137817,
0.3571237027645111,
-0.30966633558273315,
-0.5567299723625183,
-0.6114873290061951,
-0.36130064725875854,
-0.34096279740333557,
0.10541398078203201,
0.09949420392513275,
-0.46761706471443176,
-0.8381328582763672,
-0.1099977120757103,
-0.24872499704360962,
-0.07819995284080505,
-0.4919646084308624,
-0.1446114331483841,
-0.7746493220329285,
-0.2081827074289322,
0.2695831060409546,
-0.07643301784992218,
0.25028491020202637,
-0.5239781737327576,
-0.42197540402412415,
0.16706250607967377,
-0.2328859269618988,
-0.30870771408081055,
-0.1619413197040558,
0.2700875699520111,
-0.012373712845146656,
0.2945381700992584,
-0.09014534950256348,
0.05918940529227257,
0.14976732432842255,
0.43521490693092346,
0.2545716166496277,
-0.08504629135131836,
0.6104413270950317,
0.5447281002998352,
-0.1757121980190277,
0.29116126894950867,
-0.8581486344337463,
0.3907257318496704,
0.24446704983711243,
-0.022483298555016518,
-0.6073007583618164,
-0.46618717908859253,
0.6758334040641785,
-0.5937273502349854,
0.3904423415660858,
-0.5478370189666748,
-0.07266402989625931,
-0.1929439902305603,
-0.03953148424625397,
-0.44131603837013245,
-0.6749498844146729,
-0.4800155758857727,
0.004291611723601818,
0.47036096453666687,
0.23690581321716309,
-0.6843096613883972,
0.17629268765449524,
-0.3789440989494324,
0.21134677529335022,
-0.14160534739494324,
0.0004972118767909706,
0.5239578485488892,
-0.020493175834417343,
0.22434042394161224,
-0.040465861558914185,
-0.15144048631191254,
-0.009479342959821224,
-0.3868982195854187,
-0.22565476596355438,
0.9246044754981995,
-0.1944749504327774,
-0.2480633705854416,
0.5388609766960144,
-0.3444514274597168,
0.22762496769428253,
-0.10070261359214783,
-0.0863264948129654,
0.5840363502502441,
-0.8273488879203796,
0.21998807787895203,
0.15931743383407593,
0.11587576568126678,
0.11312619596719742,
-0.5875200033187866,
0.5577707886695862,
-0.17438213527202606,
-0.20372404158115387,
-0.3763445019721985,
0.00807198416441679,
0.3651413023471832,
0.4437390863895416,
-0.4935922920703888,
0.1779690384864807,
0.10470100492238998,
0.11550960689783096,
-0.21243613958358765,
-0.34590989351272583,
0.041242677718400955,
-0.03127092868089676,
-0.4420442581176758,
0.28702017664909363,
0.30367541313171387,
-0.2976970970630646,
0.28946414589881897,
0.8590794205665588,
-0.06707650423049927,
0.06521158665418625,
0.13612940907478333,
-0.04682844877243042,
0.507436215877533,
0.3179539442062378,
-0.9454211592674255,
0.19605752825737,
0.11605145782232285,
0.1717531383037567,
0.21781466901302338,
0.026349106803536415,
0.23197472095489502,
0.4262085258960724,
0.21249164640903473,
-0.5349928736686707,
0.1113818809390068,
0.018892062827944756,
-0.1947677880525589,
0.6630458831787109,
-0.23335835337638855,
0.021222462877631187,
0.6903812885284424,
0.2581908404827118,
0.6345886588096619,
-0.10802440345287323,
0.2320290505886078,
-0.03898894414305687,
-0.13866382837295532,
0.25009188055992126,
-0.04826369881629944,
0.08222615718841553,
0.5447530150413513,
0.2700192630290985,
-0.013502557761967182,
-0.744711697101593,
-0.6307961344718933,
0.49619054794311523,
-0.5837692618370056,
0.4078366160392761,
0.029319068416953087,
0.587700605392456,
0.17634250223636627,
-0.16161181032657623,
-0.018708486109972,
-0.3009740114212036,
0.04976406693458557,
-0.06053788587450981,
0.3560580313205719,
0.4194634258747101,
-0.05883505195379257,
-0.029002845287322998,
-0.027766169980168343,
0.2761688828468323,
0.8842303156852722,
-0.2554143965244293,
0.23013009130954742,
0.400807648897171,
0.037512876093387604,
0.0103630805388093,
0.23986802995204926,
-0.3989066779613495,
0.007229041773825884,
0.15591402351856232,
0.340820848941803,
-0.25663572549819946,
0.18467609584331512,
-0.021575668826699257,
0.18584415316581726,
0.32774603366851807,
0.2692343294620514,
0.12277432531118393,
-0.7704418897628784,
-0.07697823643684387,
-0.49829816818237305,
-0.15961095690727234,
-0.15712948143482208,
-0.7558343410491943,
-0.07127097994089127,
-0.6467694640159607,
0.4869111478328705,
-0.46445342898368835,
0.6178964972496033,
0.4346923530101776,
0.24320131540298462,
0.26214519143104553,
0.6454335451126099,
-0.2607203423976898,
0.07877972722053528,
-1.1281099319458008,
-0.3314386308193207,
-0.8157589435577393,
0.48799437284469604,
0.15184956789016724,
-0.3209194839000702,
-0.31742459535598755,
0.42387813329696655,
-0.36841943860054016,
0.224352166056633,
0.6022154092788696,
0.05229806900024414,
0.018578436225652695,
-0.13514310121536255,
-0.6780728101730347,
-0.2974204123020172,
-0.049531787633895874,
0.16449949145317078,
-0.3236429691314697,
-0.18621237576007843,
0.7419393062591553,
-0.15091536939144135,
-0.42490699887275696,
0.47527557611465454,
-0.4204767942428589,
-0.021801849827170372,
-0.21172058582305908,
0.7264093160629272,
-0.1114635095000267,
-0.8291522860527039,
0.22652684152126312,
0.36329320073127747,
0.5603435635566711,
-0.26786941289901733,
0.23325151205062866,
-0.16920411586761475,
0.16968265175819397,
-0.18543267250061035,
-0.05450749397277832,
0.00916858110576868,
-0.4763078987598419,
0.5184124112129211,
-0.1457442343235016,
-0.11906459927558899,
-0.18416300415992737,
0.05189717933535576,
-0.07823450118303299,
-0.2655605673789978,
-0.07439733296632767,
0.5575089454650879,
-0.38642418384552,
-0.5886143445968628,
0.12663161754608154,
-0.3027077317237854
] |
210999
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Paulson
|
Ronald Paulson
|
Ronald Howard Paulson (born May 27, 1930 in Bottineau, North Dakota) is an American professor of English, a specialist in English 18th-century art and culture, and English artist William Hogarth.
Education
Paulson earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1952, where he was an editorial associate of campus humor magazine The Yale Record. He earned his doctorate degree from Yale in 1958.
Academic career
Paulson has taught and held various administrative positions at several universities in the United States, including the University of Illinois from 1959 to 1963 and Rice University from 1963 to 1967. He was the Chairman of the Johns Hopkins University English Department from 1967 to 1975. From 1975 to 1984 he was a professor at Yale University and served as the Director of Graduate Studies in the English Department from 1976 to 1983 and the Director of the British Studies Program from 1976 to 1984.
Paulson returned to Johns Hopkins University in 1984, serving as the Department Chairman from 1985 to 1991.
He has been a member of the editorial board of the academic journal ELH: English Literary History and was senior editor from 1985 to 2004; he served on the editorial boards of the journals Studies in English Literature; PMLA; Eighteenth-Century Studies; and the Johns Hopkins University Press.
On Paulson’s 3 vol. Hogarth,: “it must be the most detailed and the most deeply pondered monograph on a Btitish artist ever written” (Michael Kitson, Painting in Britain, 1530-1790).
Of Hogarth, “in our own time, the American scholar Ronald Paulson has devoted to him the best three-volume biography written about any eighteenth-century Englishman” (Paul Johnson, Humorists).
Honors and recognitions
Paulson was the Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities at Johns Hopkins University from 1973 to 1975 and has been the Mayer Professor of Humanities since 1985. He was a member of the Academic and Advisory Committees and Governing Board of the Yale Center for British Art and the Paul Mellon Centre for British Art in London from 1975 to 1984. He has also been a Guggenheim Fellow (1965–66, 1986–87), an NEH Senior Fellow (1977–78), and a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation (1978, 1987).
In 1988, Paulson traveled with several humorists from the United States to the Soviet Union as part of a cultural exchange.
Books
Theme and Structure in Swift's 'Tale of a Tub (1960)
Hogarth's Graphic Works (1965)
The Fictions of Satire (1967)
Satire and the Novel in Eighteenth-Century England (1967)
Hogarth: His Life, Art, and Times (1971)
Rowlandson: A New Interpretation (1972)
Emblem and Expression: Meaning in English Art of the Eighteenth Century (1975)
The Art of Hogarth (1975)
Popular and Polite Art in the Age of Hogarth and Fielding (1979)
Literary Landscape: Turner and Constable (1982)
Representations of Revolution (1789–1820) (1983)
Book and Painting: Shakespeare, Milton, and the Bible (1983)
Breaking and Remaking: Aesthetic Practice in England, 1700–1820 (1989)
Hogarth's Graphic Works (rewritten and reset) (1989)
Figure & Abstraction in Contemporary Painting (1990)
Hogarth, Vols. 1–3 (1991–93)
The Beautiful, Novel, and Strange: Aesthetics and Heterodoxy (1997)
The Analysis of Beauty (editor) (1997)
Don Quixote in England: The Aesthetics of Laughter (1998)
The Life of Henry Fielding (2000)
Hogarth's Harlot: Sacred Parody in Enlightenment England (2003)
Sin and Evil: Moral Values in Literature (2006)
The Art of Riot in England and America (2010)
References
1930 births
Living people
People from Bottineau County, North Dakota
American academics of English literature
Yale University alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
Rice University faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Yale University faculty
|
[
0.2209969162940979,
0.2808951139450073,
-0.11447383463382721,
-0.30721721053123474,
0.06504201889038086,
0.5675269961357117,
0.5303988456726074,
-0.00010179795935982838,
-0.067502960562706,
-0.41761747002601624,
-0.7513295412063599,
0.5028509497642517,
0.21313828229904175,
-0.2084411084651947,
0.11280623078346252,
0.03621040657162666,
0.3838595449924469,
-0.6680699586868286,
-0.5746466517448425,
-0.21387802064418793,
-0.4413206875324249,
-0.3686692416667938,
0.46458351612091064,
0.11080704629421234,
-0.3341355323791504,
0.058009035885334015,
0.2541767656803131,
-0.43799132108688354,
-0.05263109505176544,
-0.13196776807308197,
-0.11822225898504257,
0.04759037867188454,
0.5835001468658447,
-0.5684350728988647,
-0.37608832120895386,
0.14026039838790894,
-0.13046802580356598,
-0.49404412508010864,
0.19043771922588348,
0.29160749912261963,
-0.2469193935394287,
0.11007748544216156,
0.6592209339141846,
-0.0977410301566124,
-0.6403834819793701,
-0.14739926159381866,
-1.54902184009552,
0.41935625672340393,
-0.7670880556106567,
0.049151916056871414,
-0.41658568382263184,
0.20152217149734497,
0.3374519348144531,
0.2704264521598816,
-0.09432753175497055,
0.1562803089618683,
-0.5142784714698792,
-0.2848397195339203,
0.1929505318403244,
-0.7100746631622314,
0.7259630560874939,
0.22863730788230896,
0.3738686442375183,
-0.12198121845722198,
-0.2125234305858612,
0.08648744225502014,
-0.03447234258055687,
0.17259220778942108,
-0.2466329038143158,
-0.304391086101532,
0.0728946253657341,
0.48238086700439453,
0.13791286945343018,
0.1369846612215042,
0.5198660492897034,
-0.06758514046669006,
0.360243022441864,
-0.42567557096481323,
-0.1648027002811432,
-0.1757640242576599,
-0.20242008566856384,
-0.11497508734464645,
0.7914138436317444,
0.5410156846046448,
0.5758845210075378,
0.23119071125984192,
-0.2987038791179657,
0.2118152230978012,
-0.48158106207847595,
-0.12202415615320206,
-0.2500154376029968,
-0.5011292099952698,
-0.409487247467041,
0.2502647638320923,
0.02318619377911091,
-0.26026052236557007,
0.21360309422016144,
0.009890790097415447,
0.18714570999145508,
-0.7691166400909424,
-0.6233989000320435,
0.10669439285993576,
0.6850708723068237,
0.0016345850890502334,
-0.24290163815021515,
-0.15646368265151978,
0.16677924990653992,
-0.07187914848327637,
-0.19003453850746155,
-0.12392822653055191,
-0.3862453103065491,
0.01626264490187168,
-0.0023270882666110992,
-0.04563921317458153,
0.5837715268135071,
0.36041080951690674,
0.18167874217033386,
-0.49895694851875305,
-0.7969603538513184,
0.1356199085712433,
-0.06005634367465973,
0.35957014560699463,
0.1087317168712616,
-0.10006003081798553,
-0.5601449608802795,
-0.6311426162719727,
0.11251244693994522,
0.2884094715118408,
-0.7676077485084534,
-0.051271747797727585,
0.47244778275489807,
0.7251865267753601,
0.1464039832353592,
-0.2807299792766571,
-0.22416430711746216,
0.34137198328971863,
0.28967317938804626,
-0.13746333122253418,
-0.33756980299949646,
0.7528637647628784,
-0.4924960434436798,
-0.20629502832889557,
-0.25730136036872864,
-0.25180384516716003,
0.32613998651504517,
0.06229154020547867,
0.222399041056633,
0.015333529561758041,
-0.24282081425189972,
0.21394522488117218,
0.08214502036571503,
0.4899429976940155,
-0.010597425512969494,
-0.7013314962387085,
-0.16764676570892334,
0.5567331910133362,
0.8195992112159729,
0.43105483055114746,
0.5992833971977234,
-0.11303055286407471,
0.4509061872959137,
-0.4408092200756073,
-0.012969969771802425,
0.03605448082089424,
0.07775531709194183,
-0.33300653100013733,
0.0299242977052927,
0.2856281101703644,
-0.5520195960998535,
-0.22237245738506317,
0.0012807502644136548,
0.05864053592085838,
0.6289235353469849,
-0.5012198090553284,
-0.224607452750206,
0.7250593304634094,
0.2977501451969147,
0.2814238369464874,
0.445915549993515,
-0.3015478849411011,
-0.6075118780136108,
-0.2188112437725067,
0.14439059793949127,
-0.05219490826129913,
-0.057972364127635956,
0.16227781772613525,
0.19807349145412445,
-0.04672621935606003,
0.6712134480476379,
0.24016618728637695,
-0.3532789945602417,
-0.6470388174057007,
0.2285107672214508,
-0.5209615230560303,
0.6883115768432617,
0.4705706238746643,
-0.46006104350090027,
1.1116493940353394,
0.06282853335142136,
0.5289554595947266,
0.018318861722946167,
-0.3569137752056122,
-0.15175727009773254,
-0.35989680886268616,
0.4597768485546112,
-0.08307818323373795,
0.4153936207294464,
0.2064167857170105,
0.651990532875061,
0.5551217794418335,
0.47346290946006775,
-0.4802001416683197,
0.3110717236995697,
1.2411233186721802,
-0.3042093515396118,
-0.20068076252937317,
-0.040994688868522644,
-0.7777886986732483,
0.234691321849823,
-0.7414919137954712,
0.5841789841651917,
0.43365445733070374,
-0.15699446201324463,
0.3969069719314575,
-0.4060453772544861,
0.9118720293045044,
-0.3858964145183563,
0.11462050676345825,
0.11875493079423904,
-0.5406661629676819,
-0.22036199271678925,
0.8696417808532715,
0.08137267082929611,
-0.7435929775238037,
0.2055002599954605,
0.029159702360630035,
0.45351365208625793,
-0.28279295563697815,
0.27154943346977234,
-0.25437459349632263,
0.14550358057022095,
0.30035752058029175,
-0.3292669951915741,
0.11990963667631149,
-0.008849896490573883,
0.20107510685920715,
0.08625653386116028,
0.08449001610279083,
-0.2894243001937866,
0.24536359310150146,
0.38925445079803467,
0.3133721947669983,
-0.010057412087917328,
0.10426287353038788,
-0.14116635918617249,
0.17043019831180573,
0.26919272541999817,
0.07607372105121613,
0.5974448323249817,
0.1963040977716446,
0.011132054962217808,
-0.11147377640008926,
0.10158051550388336,
0.329295814037323,
-0.08648175746202469,
-0.41936957836151123,
0.04683699831366539,
-0.5425490736961365,
0.3516295552253723,
0.01311561930924654,
0.20736448466777802,
0.05690888687968254,
-0.2786160409450531,
0.5809953808784485,
0.08743570744991302,
0.2758190631866455,
0.17704248428344727,
-0.06317856162786484,
-0.10991989821195602,
-0.7636851072311401,
0.15386511385440826,
0.7711490988731384,
-0.26624011993408203,
-0.3982858955860138,
0.1756250113248825,
-0.3657836318016052,
-0.2999175786972046,
-0.33875584602355957,
0.3197016716003418,
0.04672904312610626,
0.13449446856975555,
1.0351659059524536,
0.08429374545812607,
-0.017247399315238,
-0.3904120922088623,
0.7050249576568604,
-0.24066241085529327,
-0.48249131441116333,
-0.5193341970443726,
0.05908964201807976,
-0.7589150071144104,
0.02808602899312973,
0.07322553545236588,
0.5693020224571228,
0.2824923098087311,
0.3951800763607025,
-0.6517910957336426,
-0.5104997158050537,
-5.791321277618408,
0.15346522629261017,
0.3941299319267273,
-0.2177557498216629,
0.37915074825286865,
-0.10356571525335312,
0.15697652101516724,
-0.10699376463890076,
0.05414038896560669,
-0.2899056375026703,
0.42357078194618225,
-0.11871848255395889,
-0.3841235339641571,
0.9841771125793457,
0.30612409114837646,
0.3202650249004364,
-0.3343674838542938,
-0.6735599637031555,
-0.11233995854854584,
0.4810152053833008,
-0.4506295919418335,
-0.09299205988645554,
0.36290067434310913,
0.49004557728767395,
0.26231080293655396,
0.2430037558078766,
-1.3190841674804688,
0.027210626751184464,
-0.2949240803718567,
-0.04885640740394592,
0.28707340359687805,
-0.3012164533138275,
0.20025180280208588,
0.46850985288619995,
-0.2202778160572052,
0.06064380705356598,
0.6156988143920898,
0.19424065947532654,
0.06105315685272217,
-0.11380023509263992,
0.42072439193725586,
0.24164289236068726,
-0.7157370448112488,
-0.3078647255897522,
-0.5590324401855469,
0.0996599793434143,
-0.4143511652946472,
-0.1871199756860733,
0.12523913383483887,
0.5439147353172302,
-0.0897555872797966,
0.10647488385438919,
0.4654599130153656,
-0.31145936250686646,
0.11854571104049683,
-0.36470258235931396,
0.26156726479530334,
0.03826921060681343,
-0.37990567088127136,
-0.46250858902931213,
-0.008145756088197231,
-0.5058079361915588,
0.19426196813583374,
-0.19918407499790192,
-0.27562958002090454,
-0.14293937385082245,
-0.2608042359352112,
0.42782899737358093,
0.8870376944541931,
-0.4141181707382202,
0.05161150544881821,
0.5904870629310608,
-0.19288292527198792,
-1.1961301565170288,
-0.3563084602355957,
-0.5724288821220398,
0.17542815208435059,
-0.31443819403648376,
-0.6406143307685852,
-0.54356849193573,
0.0643283799290657,
-0.5544030070304871,
-0.09186603128910065,
0.6815051436424255,
0.20406897366046906,
-0.4075828492641449,
-0.37890151143074036,
0.0867081806063652,
-0.2328796684741974,
-0.37313297390937805,
-0.0033328700810670853,
0.2315727025270462,
-0.26647046208381653,
0.0869041308760643,
0.23961712419986725,
-0.012347220443189144,
0.5016360282897949,
0.9389797449111938,
0.2414277344942093,
0.23358051478862762,
-0.02819793112576008,
-0.7014676332473755,
-0.23907773196697235,
-0.4367672801017761,
-0.03467118740081787,
0.3649477958679199,
-0.345864862203598,
0.182613343000412,
0.833116888999939,
0.03007850982248783,
-0.030804842710494995,
0.36924073100090027,
-0.2896549105644226,
-0.13011860847473145,
-0.11733955144882202,
-0.14343830943107605,
-0.1299571692943573,
0.20660868287086487,
0.4550423324108124,
-0.17161370813846588,
0.09994610399007797,
0.3741399943828583,
-0.6033412218093872,
0.10927145928144455,
0.1481100469827652,
-0.25714248418807983,
0.020499924197793007,
-0.08107678592205048,
-0.5282256007194519,
-0.2609599828720093,
-0.12997497618198395,
0.5380188822746277,
-0.012673328630626202,
0.1531047821044922,
0.5945641994476318,
0.03750576451420784,
-0.5934886336326599,
-0.21015633642673492,
-0.545669674873352,
0.4347580671310425,
0.10531536489725113,
-0.5502838492393494,
0.03986744582653046,
0.6327232122421265,
0.14419394731521606,
-0.18754170835018158,
-0.07106313109397888,
0.17685343325138092,
-0.243207648396492,
0.4539540708065033,
0.36913779377937317,
0.20491696894168854,
0.20006690919399261,
-0.03690480440855026,
-0.00669074896723032,
-0.40122464299201965,
-1.0689128637313843,
-0.09191374480724335,
-0.3949218988418579,
0.07711411267518997,
0.25837481021881104,
0.08712125569581985,
-0.6202906370162964,
-0.203998401761055,
-0.15488676726818085,
-0.2216123342514038,
-0.1958397924900055,
-0.3683871626853943,
-0.618080735206604,
-0.2143639773130417,
0.37291350960731506,
-0.7674591541290283,
-0.04529858008027077,
0.04501949995756149,
0.35158538818359375,
-0.010354941710829735,
-0.1360074281692505,
-0.020264465361833572,
0.22767053544521332,
0.19239702820777893,
0.4082343578338623,
-0.007044654805213213,
-0.5114783644676208,
-0.08014200627803802,
0.7271263003349304,
-0.7520690560340881,
-0.3028634190559387,
-0.512519121170044,
-0.3595734238624573,
0.0660405158996582,
0.07702381908893585,
0.06386905163526535,
0.3857952654361725,
1.190114140510559,
-0.24860692024230957,
-0.16383765637874603,
0.2570270001888275,
-0.5743429660797119,
0.19395627081394196,
0.14985156059265137,
0.431928813457489,
0.24240994453430176,
-0.5611036419868469,
-0.016022080555558205,
0.13741758465766907,
-1.054876685142517,
-0.3516424298286438,
-0.42825281620025635,
-0.30483001470565796,
0.7220820188522339,
-0.4996243715286255,
0.2737363278865814,
0.08300741016864777,
-0.2519659996032715,
-0.4249719977378845,
-0.11944238096475601,
0.2023462951183319,
-0.08363988250494003,
0.14553508162498474,
-0.11817522346973419,
-0.13011838495731354,
-0.31153637170791626,
-0.5375179052352905,
0.5189069509506226,
-0.3279295861721039,
0.15527679026126862,
0.4707683026790619,
-0.4242223799228668,
0.581648051738739,
-0.5170432925224304,
0.5520286560058594,
-0.49497565627098083,
-0.08579985797405243,
0.5410654544830322,
-0.1466754525899887,
-0.3836100697517395,
0.5641072988510132,
0.2801920473575592,
-0.00991361029446125,
0.21349695324897766,
0.6425179839134216,
0.525737464427948,
-0.24205896258354187,
0.05593835562467575,
-0.12758278846740723,
0.5464735627174377,
0.3810333013534546,
-0.6589924097061157,
-0.1274479329586029,
0.08768085390329361,
0.22442924976348877,
-0.0652828961610794,
0.24406376481056213,
0.204897940158844,
0.8182340860366821,
-0.35396304726600647,
0.1191985085606575,
-0.31361791491508484,
-0.01883895881474018,
-0.021433163434267044,
-0.09891308099031448,
-0.09591768682003021,
-0.218299999833107,
0.018261363729834557,
-0.2946246862411499,
0.20116053521633148,
0.1762668639421463,
0.1663019061088562,
-0.06824903935194016,
-0.008936232887208462,
-0.39574721455574036,
-0.22623229026794434,
-0.3550357520580292,
0.783682644367218,
-0.26214686036109924,
-0.0892549678683281,
-0.1644226610660553,
-0.31387728452682495,
0.4395720362663269,
-0.42481985688209534,
-0.8056515455245972,
-0.025503743439912796,
0.029232123866677284,
-0.8993114829063416,
-0.18239718675613403,
-0.2000417560338974,
0.6658737063407898,
-0.5998055934906006,
-0.22349371016025543,
-0.4220002293586731,
-0.3355277478694916,
-0.020418517291545868,
0.05756046995520592,
-0.25158241391181946,
-0.22575432062149048,
0.08388015627861023,
0.015649842098355293,
0.7660557627677917,
-0.12118597328662872,
-0.4331077039241791,
-0.20932574570178986,
0.273162841796875,
0.49822568893432617,
0.10554713755846024,
0.7120991945266724,
-0.012278960086405277,
-0.6444859504699707,
-0.2005961537361145,
-0.3855687379837036,
0.11097092926502228,
0.16603527963161469,
-0.29734674096107483,
0.1818147897720337,
0.5262822508811951,
-0.3557225465774536,
0.046638306230306625,
0.39029115438461304,
-0.15074358880519867,
-0.2243858426809311,
-0.019302520900964737,
-0.24782374501228333,
0.32513606548309326,
0.5047013759613037,
-0.2728971838951111,
0.35800445079803467,
0.9187377095222473,
0.15986177325248718,
-0.20673860609531403,
-0.16173169016838074,
0.139351487159729,
-0.016719792038202286,
0.30771777033805847,
-0.6722308397293091,
0.6497220396995544,
0.6387966871261597,
-0.15418966114521027,
-0.030827773734927177,
-0.11389202624559402,
0.536014199256897,
0.11056743562221527,
-0.36677950620651245,
0.9688424468040466,
-0.36715182662010193,
0.16195356845855713,
-0.003906474448740482,
-0.26708894968032837,
0.023108815774321556,
0.2917741537094116,
-0.14708483219146729,
0.09261617809534073,
0.7694823145866394,
-0.18059326708316803,
0.27860790491104126,
-0.3766511082649231,
0.4944745898246765,
0.15877170860767365,
0.39288416504859924,
-0.29335886240005493,
-0.3455296754837036,
0.3851989805698395,
0.08064105361700058,
-0.4813236892223358,
0.6503933668136597,
-0.16698196530342102,
-0.15729615092277527,
-0.23891212046146393,
-0.35941430926322937,
-0.6421895027160645,
-0.048857949674129486,
0.3485035002231598,
-0.19012287259101868,
-0.05714808776974678,
-0.2427208572626114,
0.2909485995769501,
0.23963060975074768,
0.4833272397518158,
0.7860908508300781,
-0.3415689170360565,
0.20618993043899536,
-0.2546091675758362,
-0.8345239758491516,
-0.08167682588100433,
-0.21330145001411438,
-0.25964492559432983,
0.3107631504535675,
-0.02084927074611187,
0.46333131194114685,
0.49612635374069214,
-0.8571281433105469,
0.06258565187454224,
-0.33316975831985474,
-0.4822167158126831,
-0.15673525631427765,
0.5497785806655884,
-0.7615054249763489,
-0.2219582200050354,
-0.38878288865089417,
0.7319962382316589,
0.05992046371102333,
0.2945273220539093,
-0.1477985829114914,
0.23690931499004364,
-0.021444009616971016,
-0.0851222351193428,
-0.6002416014671326,
-0.13274793326854706,
-0.3391802906990051,
-0.045423272997140884,
-0.6969723701477051,
0.390452116727829,
-0.08325650542974472,
0.07808385789394379,
-0.619259774684906,
-0.05872564762830734,
-0.09921658784151077,
0.22276636958122253,
-0.13575010001659393,
0.5361437797546387,
0.44020959734916687,
0.3295968174934387,
0.311916321516037,
0.4536895751953125,
0.012538193725049496,
0.43315014243125916,
-0.7855731248855591,
0.5542973875999451,
-0.09367886185646057,
0.4519882798194885,
-0.40802860260009766,
0.047268979251384735,
0.19002552330493927,
0.19920136034488678,
-0.5682460069656372,
0.29759350419044495,
0.18312853574752808,
-0.7367849349975586,
-0.04463275894522667,
0.5293431282043457,
0.2039141207933426,
-0.8226140737533569,
0.8107789754867554,
0.07731644809246063,
-0.31029438972473145,
0.16816164553165436,
-0.5146421194076538,
0.07036939263343811,
0.2392161637544632,
-0.3343575596809387,
-0.0412570983171463,
0.626152753829956,
0.19372446835041046,
-0.40929117798805237,
0.20240801572799683,
-0.5062996745109558,
-0.1212330088019371,
0.36566364765167236,
0.25114813446998596,
0.1989840716123581,
0.7557665705680847,
-0.4005962312221527
] |
211003
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Ontario
|
Northern Ontario
|
Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and quasi-administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario, the other primary region being Southern Ontario. Most of the core geographic region is located on part of the Superior Geological Province of the Canadian Shield, a vast rocky plateau located mainly north of Lake Huron (including Georgian Bay), the French River, Lake Nipissing, and the Mattawa River. The statistical region extends south of the Mattawa River to include all of the District of Nipissing. The southern section of this district lies on part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Shield which occupies the transitional area between Northern and Southern Ontario. The extended federal and provincial quasi-administrative regions of Northern Ontario have their own boundaries even further south in the transitional area that vary according to their respective government policies and requirements. Ontario government departments and agencies such as the Growth Plan for Northern Ontario and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation define Northern Ontario as all areas north of, and including, the districts of Parry Sound and Nipissing for political purposes, whilst the federal government, but not the provincial, also includes the district of Muskoka.
The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km2 (310,000 mi2) and constitutes 88 percent of the land area of Ontario, but with just 780,000 people it contains only about six percent of the province's population. The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature, extremely cold in winter and hot in summer. The principal industries are mining, forestry, and hydroelectricity.
For some purposes, Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario. When the region is divided in this way, the three westernmost districts (Rainy River, Kenora and Thunder Bay) constitute "Northwestern Ontario" and the other districts constitute "Northeastern Ontario." Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario's population.
In the early 20th century, Northern Ontario was often called "New Ontario", although this name fell into disuse because of its colonial connotations. (In French, however, the region may still be referred to as , although and are now more commonly used.)
Territorial evolution
Those areas which formed part of New France in the Pays d'en Haut, essentially the watersheds of the Ottawa River, Lake Huron and Lake Superior, had been acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris (1763) and became part of Upper Canada in 1791, and then the Province of Canada between 1840 and 1867.
At the time of Canadian Confederation in 1867, the portion of Northern Ontario lying south of the Laurentian Divide was part of Ontario, whilst the portion north of the divide was part of the separate British territory of Rupert's Land. The province's boundaries were provisionally expanded northward and westward in 1874, whilst the Lake of the Woods region remained subject to a boundary dispute between Ontario and Manitoba. The region was confirmed as belonging to Ontario by decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884, and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which set the province's new northern boundary at the Albany River.
The remaining northernmost portion of the province, from the Albany River to Hudson Bay, was transferred to the province from the Northwest Territories by the Parliament of Canada in the Ontario Boundaries Extension Act, 1912. This region was originally established as the District of Patricia, but was merged into the Kenora District in 1937.
Judicial and administrative divisions
The Province of Canada began creating judicial districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858. These districts had no municipal function; they were created for the provision of judicial and administrative services from the district seat. Nipissing had no district seat until 1895. Up until that date, registry office and higher court services were available at Pembroke in Renfrew County. Nipissing Stipendiary Magistrate and land registrar William Doran established his residence at North Bay in 1885. Following the hotly contested district town election in 1895, North Bay earned the right to become the district seat in the new Provisional District of Nipissing. After the creation of the province of Ontario in 1867, the first district to be established was Thunder Bay in 1871 which until then had formed part of Algoma District. The Ontario government was reluctant to establish new districts in the north, partly because the northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Confederation. Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. By 1899 there were seven northern districts: Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. Five more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1922: Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury, Temiskaming and Patricia. The Patricia District was then merged into the Kenora District in 1927.
Unlike the counties and regional municipalities of Southern Ontario, which have a government and administrative structure and jurisdiction over specified government services, a district lacks that level of administration. Districts are too sparsely populated to maintain a county government system, so many district-based services are provided directly by the provincial government. For example, districts have provincially maintained secondary highways instead of county roads.
Statistically, the districts in Northern Ontario (which appear in red on the location map) are Rainy River, Kenora, Thunder Bay, Cochrane, Timiskaming, Algoma, Sudbury, Nipissing and Manitoulin. The single-tier municipality of Greater Sudbury — which is not politically part of the District of Sudbury — is the only census division in Northern Ontario where county-level services are offered by a local government rather than the province.
A portion of the Nipissing District which lies south of the geographic dividing line between Northern and Southern Ontario is considered administratively and statistically part of Northern Ontario because of its status as part of Nipissing. As well, for administrative purposes, the districts of Muskoka and Parry Sound are sometimes treated as part of Northern Ontario even though they are geographically in Southern or Central Ontario. In 2004, finance minister Greg Sorbara removed Muskoka from the jurisdictional area of the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund, to which it had been added in 2000 by his predecessor Ernie Eves, but the province continues to treat Parry Sound as a Northern Ontario division under both programs. The federal government continues to retain both more southerly districts in the service area of FedNor.
All of Northeastern Ontario is within the Eastern (UTC −5) time zone; Northwestern Ontario is split between the Eastern and Central (UTC −6) time zones.
Communities
Cities
Northern Ontario has nine cities. In order of population, they are:
Until the City of Greater Sudbury was created in 2001, Thunder Bay had a larger population than the old city of Sudbury, but the Regional Municipality of Sudbury was the larger Census Metropolitan Area as Sudbury had a much more populous suburban belt (including the city of Valley East, formerly the region's sixth-largest city.) However, as the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury is now governed as a single city, it is both the region's largest city and the region's largest CMA.
Towns
Smaller municipalities in Northern Ontario include:
Economy
Sudbury is the dominant city in Northeastern Ontario, and Thunder Bay is the dominant city in Northwestern Ontario. These two regions are quite distinct from each other economically and culturally, and also quite distant from each other geographically. As a result, Sudbury and Thunder Bay are each the primary city in their part of the region, but neither city can be said to outrank the other as the principal economic centre of Northern Ontario as a whole.
In fact, each city has a couple of distinct advantages that the other city lacks—Sudbury is at the centre of a larger economic sphere due to the city's, and Northeastern Ontario's, larger population, but Thunder Bay is advantaged by air, rail and shipping traffic due to its prime location along major continental transportation routes. The Thunder Bay International Airport is the third busiest airport in Ontario after Toronto Pearson International Airport and Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport, carrying some 600,000 passengers in 2004 with over 100 flights and four international flights daily. Sudbury's economy, in which the largest sectors of employment are government-related fields such as education and health care, is somewhat more diversified than Thunder Bay's, which is still based primarily on natural resources and manufacturing. Yet in the era of government cutbacks, Thunder Bay's economy has been less prone to recession and unemployment.
Under the staples thesis of Canadian economic history, Northern Ontario is a "hinterland" or "periphery" region, whose economic development has been defined primarily by providing raw natural resource materials to larger and more powerful business interests from elsewhere in Canada or the world.
Northern Ontario has had difficulty in recent years maintaining both its economy and its population. All of the region's cities declined in population between the censuses of 1996 and 2001. (This coincides with the discontinuation of the operation of the subsidized government airline norOntair in March 1996.) Although the cities have tried with mixed results to diversify their economies in recent years, most communities in the region are resource-based economies, whose economic health is very dependent on "boom and bust" resource cycles. Mining and forestry are the two major industries in the region, although manufacturing, transportation, public services and tourism are represented as well. After 2001 the major cities returned to patterns of modest growth in the censuses of 2006, 2011 and 2016, although many of the smaller towns saw further declines.
The cities have, by and large, been very dependent on government-related employment and investment for their economic diversification. The Liberal government of David Peterson in the 1980s moved several provincial agencies and ministries to Northern Ontario, including the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (which maintains a large office in Sault Ste. Marie) and the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (whose head office is in Greater Sudbury).
As well, many of Northern Ontario's major tourist attractions (e.g. Science North, Dynamic Earth, the Sault Locks, etc.) are agencies of the provincial or federal governments. Further, much of the funding available for economic development in Northern Ontario comes from government initiatives such as the federal government's Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario (FedNor) and the provincial Northern Ontario Heritage Fund.
Over the past several years, there has been a renewed interest in mining exploration. McFaulds Lake in the James Bay Lowlands has attracted the attention of junior mining exploration companies. Since the 2003 investigation of the area for diamonds, some 20 companies have staked claims in the area, forming joint ventures. While still in the exploration phase, there have been some exciting finds that could bring prosperity to the region and the First Nations communities in that area. New mining sites have also been investigated and explored in Sudbury, Timmins, Kirkland Lake, Elliot Lake and the Temagami area. In Chapleau Probe Mines Limited is in the advanced stage of exploration and was recognized in 2013 with the Ontario Prospectors Association 2013 Ontario Prospector Award.
Politics
Northern Ontario has generally been one of the weakest areas in all of Canada for both the federal Progressive Conservative and Conservative parties, as well as one of the weakest areas for the provincial Progressive Conservatives. Instead, partly due to the region's significant dependence on government investment, the Liberal Party has traditionally taken the majority of the region's seats at both the federal and provincial levels. The New Democrats also have a significant base of support, thanks to Northern Ontario's history of labour unionism, support from First Nations communities, and the personal popularity of local NDP figures.
Two Premiers of Ontario, William Hearst (1914–1919) and Mike Harris (1995–2002), represented Northern Ontario constituencies in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. However, Harris himself was the only Conservative candidate elected in a true Northern Ontario riding in either the 1995 or 1999 elections (if the definition of Northern Ontario includes the Parry Sound District, then Harris was joined by Ernie Eves in Parry Sound—Muskoka). Following Eves' retirement from politics, Norm Miller was also elected in Parry Sound—Muskoka in a by-election in 2001, and was re-elected in the 2003 and 2007 elections.
Former Ontario New Democratic Party leader Howard Hampton and former Ontario Liberal Party leader Lyn McLeod also represented Northern Ontario ridings in the provincial legislature; the six months in 1996 between Hampton's accession to the NDP leadership in June and McLeod's departure as Liberal leader in December marked the first and only time in Ontario's history that all three parties in the legislature were simultaneously led by Northern Ontario MPPs.
The riding of Algoma East was represented federally by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson from 1948 to 1968. Pearson was not from the district, however, but represented the district because it had been chosen as a safe seat for him to run in a 1948 by-election following the appointment of Thomas Farquhar to the Senate of Canada.
In the 2008 federal election, the New Democratic Party won nearly every seat in the region, with the exception of Nipissing—Timiskaming, which was retained by its Liberal incumbent Anthony Rota, and Kenora, which was won by Conservative Greg Rickford. This sweep included several seats which were formerly seen as Liberal strongholds, including Sudbury, Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing, Thunder Bay—Rainy River and Thunder Bay—Superior North. In the 2011 election, the NDP retained nearly all of these seats with the exception of Sault Ste. Marie, where longtime incumbent MP Tony Martin was defeated despite that election's historic increase in NDP support nationwide; in the 2015 election, however, a resurgence of Liberal support under Justin Trudeau resulted in the Liberals regaining all of the region's seats except Timmins—James Bay and Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing, where the NDP incumbents were successfully re-elected.
Major political issues in recent years have included the economic health of the region, the extension of Highway 400 from Parry Sound to Sudbury, issues pertaining to the quality and availability of health care services, mining development in the Ring of Fire region around McFaulds Lake, the closure of Ontario Northland, the Algo Centre Mall roof collapse of 2012, and a controversial but now-defunct plan to ship Toronto's garbage to the Adams Mine, an abandoned open pit mine in Kirkland Lake.
In the redistribution of provincial electoral districts before the 2007 election, the province retained the existing electoral district boundaries in Northern Ontario, rather than adjusting them to correspond to federal electoral district boundaries as was done in the southern part of the province. Without this change, the region would have lost one Member of Provincial Parliament. For the 2018 election, the province further diverged from the federal electoral districts in the region, creating the special districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay to accommodate the unique political concerns of the rural far north.
Due to the region's relatively sparse population, federal and provincial electoral districts in the region are almost all extremely large geographically. The federal electoral district of Sudbury and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie are the only ones that are comparable in size to an electoral district in Southern Ontario, while at the other extreme the districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay are both geographically larger than the entire United Kingdom. One consequence of this, for example, is that a politician who represents a Northern Ontario riding in the House of Commons of Canada or the Legislative Assembly of Ontario must typically maintain a much higher budget for travel and office expenses than one who represents a small urban district does.
Secession movements
On-going high unemployment, lack of awareness of or concern for Northern Ontario's problems, and difficulties in achieving economic diversification have led to discontent amongst Northern Ontarians; throughout the region's history, there have been various movements proposing that the region secede from Ontario to form its own separate province or territory within Canada. The first to raise the issue of secession was Simon James Dawson in 1875, then the representative of the Algoma district in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Then, a movement emerged in Sudbury in the 1890s, when the provincial government began taxing mines; a second movement emerged following the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. In the 1940s, an organization called the New Province League formed to lobby for the creation of a new territory of "Aurora".
In 1966, a committee of mayors from the region, comprising Max Silverman of Sudbury, G. W. Maybury of Kapuskasing, Ernest Reid of Fort William, Leo Del Villano of Timmins, Merle Dickerson of North Bay and Leo Foucault of Espanola, formed to study the feasibility of Northern Ontario forming a new province.
In the late 1970s, North Bay businessman and city councillor Ed Deibel formed the Northern Ontario Heritage Party to lobby for the formation of a separate province of Northern Ontario. The party attracted only modest support and folded in 1984, but was reestablished in 2010. Both the party's original and revived forms have varied their platforms at different times, sometimes advocating for full independence of the region and other times lobbying for measures to increase the region's power over its own affairs within the province, including increasing the number of Northern Ontario electoral districts in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the creation of a special district for the region's First Nations voters.
In 1999 the Northeastern Ontario Municipal Association, a committee consisting of the mayors of 14 Northern Ontario municipalities, wrote a letter to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien asking him to outline the necessary conditions for the region to secede from Ontario to form a new province. This movement emerged as a reaction to the government of Mike Harris, whose policies were widely unpopular in the region even though Harris himself represented the Northern Ontario riding of Nipissing in the legislature.
More recently, some residents of the city of Kenora have called for the city or the wider region to secede from Ontario and join Manitoba. A few residents throughout the region continue to suggest splitting all or part of the region into a separate province. The latter movement, known as the Northern Ontario Secession Movement, has begun to attract attention and support; most notably by the mayors of Kenora and Fort Frances. The crisis in the Ontario forest industry, and the perceived inaction by the provincial government, has in particular spurred support for the idea of secession. In particular, many residents feel that the industrial energy rate is too high to allow the industry to remain competitive.
While also stopping short of advocating for full independence, Sudbury's Northern Life community newspaper has published a number of editorials in recent years calling on the province to create a new level of supraregional government that would give the Northern Ontario region significantly more autonomy over its own affairs within the province. In the 2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership race, candidate Glen Murray similarly proposed a distinct level of supraregional government for Northern Ontario.
Education
The region is home to four universities: Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Laurentian University in Sudbury, Nipissing University in North Bay and Algoma University in Sault Ste. Marie. Algoma, which was previously a federated school of Laurentian, became an independent university in 2008. Laurentian University also has a federated school with campuses in Hearst, Kapuskasing and Timmins, the francophone Université de Hearst.
The region also has six colleges: Confederation College in Thunder Bay, Sault College in Sault Ste. Marie, Northern College in Timmins, Canadore College in North Bay, and the anglophone Cambrian College and francophone Collège Boréal in Sudbury. Several of the colleges also have satellite campuses in smaller Northern Ontario communities.
A large distance education network, Contact North, also operates from Sudbury and Thunder Bay to provide educational services to small and remote Northern Ontario communities.
In the early 2000s, the provincial government announced funding for the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, which opened in 2005. This school, a joint faculty of Laurentian and Lakehead universities, has a special research focus on rural medicine. In 2011, Laurentian University was granted a charter to launch the McEwen School of Architecture in Sudbury, and Lakehead University was granted approval to launch the Bora Laskin Faculty of Law in Thunder Bay. As with the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, each was the first school of its type ever established in the region, as well as the first new school of its type launched in Ontario since the 1960s.
Culture
Outdoor recreation is popular in the region year-round. In summer, fishing, boating, canoeing, ATVing, and camping are enjoyed by residents. Hunting remains popular in autumn, especially for moose, whitetail deer, and grouse, although goose hunting is exceptionally popular near James Bay. Group hunting for moose is a favourite social outing. In winter, snowmobiling, ice fishing, outdoor shinny, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing are popular activities. The region boasts extensive snowmobiling trails and many lakes are dotted with ice hut villages throughout the winter.
The region is home to numerous major cultural events, including Sudbury's La Nuit sur l'étang, Northern Lights Festival Boréal and Cinéfest, the Festival of the Sound in Parry Sound and the Red Rock Folk Festival in Red Rock. Many communities host festivals celebrating local ethnic groups such as French, Métis, First Nations, Finnish, and Italian. Other communities have celebrations of unique local heritage such as Kapuskasing's Lumberjack Days, Mattawa's Voyageur Days, Sioux Lookout's Blueberry Festival, Elliot Lake's Uranium Heritage Days, and Red Lake's Norseman Festival. Even the smallest First Nations in the region will have an annual pow wow, which bring in many people from outside the community as well, although by far the largest and most famous powwow in the region is held in Wiikwemkoong on Manitoulin Island. In winter, many towns will host a winter carnival celebrating the cold weather; the largest of these is Sault Ste. Marie's Bon Soo Winter Carnival.
As of 2017, LGBT pride events take place in Sudbury (Sudbury Pride), Thunder Bay (Thunder Pride), Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Timmins, Elliot Lake and Kenora.
There is no single regional culinary dish. Fish and wild game, such as walleye (pickerel) and moose, can be considered regional favourites. Roadside chip trucks are popular choices for meals for locals and tourists alike, and almost every community has at least one. Italian cuisine has had an influence on the culture of Northeastern Ontario, with porchetta considered a culinary signature of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie, while Thunder Bay's food culture is distinctively Finnish, with the Hoito restaurant known internationally for its Finnish-style pancakes and other traditional Finnish dishes.
Although maple syrup is not produced in most of Northern Ontario, it is still made in some areas near North Bay, Sudbury, Manitoulin Island, and Sault Ste. Marie. St. Joseph Island near Sault Ste. Marie is noted for the large quantity of maple syrup produced there.
Since the demise of Northern Breweries, formerly the region's primary local brewery, in 2006, several new local craft brewers have emerged in the region, including Stack Brewing in Sudbury, OutSpoken Brewing and Northern Superior Brewing in Sault Ste. Marie, Sleeping Giant Brewing and Dawson Trail Craft Brewery in Thunder Bay, Lake of the Woods Brewing in Kenora, Manitoulin Brewing in Little Current, New Ontario Brewing Company in North Bay, and Full Beard Brewing in Timmins.
Sports
Although many sports are played in the region, ice hockey and curling are the most popular. Almost every community is home to both a hockey and curling rink. In fact, Northern Ontario is the only provincial or territorial subregion in Canada that sends its own teams to the Brier and the Tournament of Hearts separately from its province. Hockey is often played on artificial outdoor rinks, and sometimes on frozen lakes.
The North Bay Battalion, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and Sudbury Wolves play in the Ontario Hockey League.
The Algoma Thunderbirds, Lakehead Thunderwolves, Laurentian Voyageurs, and Nipissing Lakers compete in U Sports as members of Ontario University Athletics.
Also, the Thunder Bay Chill soccer teams play in North America's USL League Two.
Northern Ontario has hosted the 1981 Canada Summer Games, 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics, FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 and 2003 Continental Cup of Curling.
In 2018, the Sudbury Five were launched in the National Basketball League of Canada.
Media
As of 2017, only the CTV and Global networks have comprehensive terrestrial coverage in Northern Ontario, while services such as CBC Television, City, CTV Two, TVOntario, TFO and Ici Radio-Canada Télé are available almost exclusively via cable carriage of stations from Toronto. In the northeast, the four CTV Northern Ontario stations are the only television stations with locally based studios, while the region receives Global and CHCH-TV via rebroadcast transmitters; in Thunder Bay, where Dougall Media's two television stations are the only locally owned twinstick operation remaining in English Canada, one station operates as a Global affiliate while the other switched its affiliation from CBC to CTV on September 1, 2014.
Daily newspapers in the region include the Sudbury Star, the Chronicle-Journal in Thunder Bay, the Sault Star in Sault Ste. Marie, the North Bay Nugget, the Timmins Daily Press and the Kenora Daily Miner and News. The Chronicle-Journal is owned by Continental Newspapers, and all of the other daily newspapers are owned by Postmedia. Community newspapers include Northern Life in Sudbury, Northern News in Kirkland Lake, Thunder Bay's Source, the Dryden Observer, Sault This Week, the Mid-North Monitor in Espanola, the Manitoulin Expositor on Manitoulin Island and the Village Media network of web hyperlocals.
Noted magazines published in the region include HighGrader, Northern Ontario Business and Sudbury Living.
Most commercial radio stations in Northern Ontario are owned by the national radio groups Rogers Communications, Vista Broadcast Group, Bell Media or Stingray Group, although a few independent and community broadcasters are represented as well. CBC Radio One has stations in Sudbury (CBCS), with rebroadcasters throughout Northeastern Ontario, and in Thunder Bay (CBQT), with rebroadcasters in the Northwest. The French Ici Radio-Canada Première has a station in Sudbury (CBON), with rebroadcasters throughout Northern Ontario. CBC Music is currently heard only in Sudbury (CBBS) and Thunder Bay (CBQ), and the French Ici Musique is currently heard only in Sudbury (CBBX).
Cable television service is provided by Shaw Cable in Sault Ste. Marie and virtually all of Northwestern Ontario, by Cogeco in North Bay, and by EastLink in Northeastern Ontario apart from North Bay and Sault Ste. Marie.
Demographics
The mining boom of the early twentieth century attracted many francophones to Northeastern Ontario, and French is still widely spoken there. While the Canadian constitution never required the province of Ontario to recognize French as an official language, the government provides full services in the French language to any citizen, resident, or visitor wishing it including communications, schools, hospitals, social services, and in the courts, under the French Language Services Act of 1986. Bilingualism is higher than the Canadian average – in 2011, 180,020 people, or 24.6% of the population, spoke both English and French. There were also 8,910 people, or 1.2% of the population, who only spoke French. All of Northeastern Ontario, with the technical exception of Manitoulin Island, is designated as a French language service area, as are a few individual municipalities in the Northwest; Manitoulin Island, while not officially designated as a French language service area, effectively functions as one anyway since it receives most provincial government services from the designated Sudbury District seat in Espanola rather than functioning as its own jurisdictional area.
The government of Canada provides French and English equally in all matters. In 2011, 10.2% of people in Northern Ontario spoke French most often at home, mostly in Northeastern Ontario.
The 2016 Canadian Census found that the population of Northern Ontario was 780,140. During the Canada 2011 Census, data was not included from 17 incompletely enumerated Indian Reserves across the region. Four reserves were not counted due to permission not being given, and another 13 in Northwestern Ontario were not counted due to evacuations caused by forest fires. The census was later adjusted with the figures for these reserves showing a total population of 11,435. The median age for Northern Ontario in 2011 was 43.9. There were 43,670 immigrants in 2011, representing 5.8% of the population, down from 6.8% in 2006.
The region also has a significant First Nations population, primarily of the Ojibwe, Cree and Oji-Cree nations, with smaller communities of Nipissing, Algonquin, Odawa and Saulteaux.
In 2016, Northwestern Ontario was 71% white, 26.2% indigenous and 2.8% visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups in the region were South Asian (0.5%), Black (0.4%), Chinese (0.4%), Filipino (0.4%) and Southeast Asian (0.3%) Northeastern Ontario was 82.5% white, 15% indigenous and 2.5% visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (0.6%), Black (0.6%) and Chinese (0.4%).
A 2001 census showed Catholicism as the most commonly practiced religion in Northern Ontario (50.8%). The Precious Blood Cathedral in Sault Ste. Marie is the official cathedral for the diocese. However, the Pro-Cathedral of the Assumption in North Bay acts as the unofficial Episcopal See for the Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie.
The languages that had at least 1,000 native speakers (single mother-tongue response) in Northern Ontario in 2006 were:
Religion in Northern Ontario at the 2001 census
Note: Other religions mostly native spirituality
Fiction set in Northern Ontario
Novels
Shut Up and Eat Your Snowshoes (1970), by Jack Douglas
La Vengeance de l'orignal (1980), by Doric Germain
Le Trappeur du Kabi (1981), by Doric Germain
Loon (1992) and Freddy Dimwhistle's Northcountry Sketchbook (1997), by A. W. (Bill) Plumstead
Logan in Overtime (1990), by Paul Quarrington
Bastion Falls (1995), by Susie Moloney
No Great Mischief (1999), by Alistair MacLeod
Forty Words for Sorrow, The Delicate Storm, Blackfly Season, and By the Time You Read This (2000–2006), by Giles Blunt
Crow Lake (2002) and The Other Side of the Bridge (2006), by Mary Lawson
The Neanderthal Parallax (2002–2003), trilogy by Robert J. Sawyer
Three Day Road (2005), by Joseph Boyden
Someone Comes to Town, Someone Leaves Town (2005), by Cory Doctorow
Voyageurs (2003), by Margaret Elphinstone
Indian Horse (2012), by Richard Wagamese
The City Still Breathing (2013), by Matthew Heiti
We're All in This Together (2017) by Amy Jones
Plays
1932, la ville du nickel by Jean-Marc Dalpé and Brigitte Haentjens (1984)
Le Chien by Jean-Marc Dalpé (1987)
The Rez Sisters by Tomson Highway (1988)
Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing by Tomson Highway (1989)
Wildcat by Charlie Angus and Brit Griffin (1998)
The (Post) Mistress by Tomson Highway (2009)
Films
Captains of the Clouds - 1942
Between Friends - 1973
Roadkill - 1989
Termini Station - 1989
Highway 61 - 1991
Dance Me Outside - 1994
Mum's the Word (Maman et Ève) - 1996
Men with Brooms - 2002
Looking for Angelina - 2002
Phil the Alien - 2003
Shania: A Life in Eight Albums - 2005
That Beautiful Somewhere - 2006
Snow Cake - 2006
Sleeping Giant - 2015
Indian Horse - 2017
Castle in the Ground - 2019
North Bay inventor Troy Hurtubise was the subject of the documentary film Project Grizzly (1996).
Television series
The Forest Rangers (1963–1965, CBC)
Adventures in Rainbow Country (filmed 1969, first aired 1970–1971, CBC)
Spirit Bay (1984–1987, CBC)
The Rez (1995–1998, CBC)
Wind at My Back (1996–2001, CBC)
Total Drama Island (2007–2008, Teletoon)
Météo+ (2008–2011, TFO)
Les Bleus de Ramville (2012–2014, TFO)
Hard Rock Medical (2013–2018, TVOntario)
St. Nickel (2016, Unis)
Cardinal (2017–2020, CTV)
What Would Sal Do? (2017, HBO Canada)
Television series The Red Green Show (1991–2005) and its spinoff theatrical film Duct Tape Forever (2002) are set in the fictional town of Possum Lake. The animated sitcom Chilly Beach (2003–2008, CBC), set in a fictional town of unspecified location in Northern Canada, was produced in Sudbury.
Comics
In the comic strip For Better or For Worse, Elizabeth Patterson attended North Bay's Nipissing University, and subsequently taught school in the fictional reserve of Mtigwaki on Lake Nipigon. Lynn Johnston, the strip's cartoonist, lives in Corbeil, near North Bay in real life, although the strip is set primarily in Southern Ontario.
References
External links
Northern Ontario Overview
Physical Geography of Northern Ontario
Northern Ontario Outdoor Adventure Travel Information
|
[
-0.41116148233413696,
0.09843041002750397,
0.020562708377838135,
-0.29177534580230713,
-0.04108016565442085,
0.3247669041156769,
0.07818993180990219,
0.8698164224624634,
-0.09191881865262985,
-0.9643664956092834,
-0.30958595871925354,
-0.11992709338665009,
0.1755932718515396,
-0.07363631576299667,
-0.19675306975841522,
1.4053019285202026,
-0.6133998036384583,
0.35066890716552734,
0.595727801322937,
-0.38181668519973755,
-0.5311214923858643,
-0.5926729440689087,
0.17378073930740356,
0.5914950966835022,
0.38087671995162964,
-0.2893725335597992,
0.8958408832550049,
0.09394730627536774,
-0.24963785707950592,
0.34791168570518494,
-0.3825145959854126,
0.31924372911453247,
-0.1513194739818573,
-0.32283490896224976,
0.26869121193885803,
-0.11646366119384766,
0.12398439645767212,
-0.5508435964584351,
-0.5402267575263977,
-0.20543520152568817,
-0.4587474763393402,
-0.3424527049064636,
0.1438358724117279,
-0.07271591573953629,
0.6122872829437256,
0.1570829153060913,
-1.0411322116851807,
0.26541048288345337,
-0.4054322838783264,
-0.10016493499279022,
-1.2638258934020996,
0.596449613571167,
-0.2743341624736786,
0.09049923717975616,
0.032957252115011215,
-0.31622815132141113,
-0.1318470984697342,
0.014853405766189098,
0.2866288125514984,
-0.12674494087696075,
0.22647127509117126,
0.9542948007583618,
-0.17412836849689484,
0.14310340583324432,
0.007261230144649744,
0.19596733152866364,
-0.07628859579563141,
0.13308222591876984,
-0.44145017862319946,
-0.22841264307498932,
-0.13499759137630463,
0.20942625403404236,
0.17564943432807922,
0.6970992088317871,
0.0839364305138588,
0.07549571990966797,
0.6497525572776794,
-0.27202633023262024,
-0.19094941020011902,
0.47385507822036743,
-0.15274697542190552,
0.17905105650424957,
0.5839308500289917,
0.27222007513046265,
0.6865574717521667,
0.7502734065055847,
-0.7529382109642029,
0.0299240592867136,
0.3812980651855469,
0.03812330216169357,
-0.9423643946647644,
0.23450197279453278,
0.30589988827705383,
-0.08989572525024414,
0.019026760011911392,
-0.14815635979175568,
0.6622966527938843,
0.21139676868915558,
0.12186454236507416,
0.20609696209430695,
-0.5213418006896973,
0.3956766724586487,
1.2049981355667114,
-0.08695323765277863,
-1.1305536031723022,
-0.295002281665802,
-0.3204050064086914,
-0.012272508814930916,
-0.1333686262369156,
0.24306952953338623,
-0.3123794496059418,
0.14954905211925507,
-0.08139576762914658,
0.2549263536930084,
0.691489040851593,
-0.2044019103050232,
-0.33971932530403137,
-0.3276527523994446,
0.1273275464773178,
-0.26461029052734375,
-0.10428562760353088,
0.1318998634815216,
-0.6158653497695923,
0.13057562708854675,
-0.2210088074207306,
-0.07196179777383804,
0.030989225953817368,
-1.0212116241455078,
0.15437056124210358,
-0.05680834501981735,
0.2781091332435608,
0.9235463738441467,
-0.048832036554813385,
-0.06721589714288712,
-0.25722381472587585,
-0.17429862916469574,
-0.03240927308797836,
0.2538345754146576,
0.6992769837379456,
-0.22610785067081451,
-1.1822775602340698,
-0.5625642538070679,
0.1431710422039032,
-0.5380327701568604,
-0.011720913462340832,
-0.46852052211761475,
0.16207680106163025,
-0.1929587721824646,
-0.17100487649440765,
-0.6288838982582092,
0.3322688937187195,
-0.023349381983280182,
-0.3204258382320404,
-0.3433889150619507,
-0.23530074954032898,
0.23694679141044617,
0.6621474623680115,
0.08761336654424667,
0.6713640689849854,
0.18513798713684082,
0.2639385759830475,
0.6553979516029358,
1.0051771402359009,
0.16498392820358276,
0.863010823726654,
0.2668101489543915,
0.15717434883117676,
-0.5172440409660339,
0.5864062309265137,
0.20675671100616455,
-0.204074427485466,
-0.280132532119751,
0.7937865853309631,
-0.9889701008796692,
-0.21930590271949768,
-0.2926424443721771,
0.4365544021129608,
0.6931732296943665,
0.33227115869522095,
-0.9593108892440796,
-0.5638155937194824,
0.5227459669113159,
0.6273307204246521,
0.07531115412712097,
-0.43801870942115784,
0.1994725614786148,
0.02958926558494568,
-0.028190283104777336,
-0.4380728304386139,
0.3537501394748688,
0.3613896071910858,
-0.6805034875869751,
0.8260361552238464,
-0.7419092655181885,
0.7077323198318481,
0.11546380817890167,
-0.22419080138206482,
1.0181773900985718,
-0.4904737174510956,
0.61313796043396,
-0.02106080949306488,
-0.2662472724914551,
0.6318204402923584,
-0.11888793110847473,
-0.15684586763381958,
0.20230036973953247,
-0.11531601846218109,
0.2528616487979889,
0.3787226676940918,
0.10799409449100494,
-0.2533971667289734,
-0.3722773790359497,
0.0370372012257576,
0.6397659778594971,
-0.11822045594453812,
-0.4177227318286896,
-0.04090811684727669,
-0.12460780143737793,
-0.09735635668039322,
-0.09660544991493225,
0.3269491195678711,
0.08872802555561066,
0.1767982691526413,
0.01794811338186264,
-0.046509236097335815,
0.09164884686470032,
0.3422459661960602,
0.31914788484573364,
0.46567800641059875,
-0.12367726862430573,
0.28724905848503113,
0.3208189904689789,
-0.10264274477958679,
-0.5722295641899109,
-0.08306445926427841,
-0.9665163159370422,
0.2668885886669159,
0.20796674489974976,
0.23646536469459534,
-0.10621070116758347,
-0.07576283812522888,
-0.38867196440696716,
-0.7780119776725769,
-0.14152738451957703,
0.019115881994366646,
-0.14671963453292847,
-0.05107223615050316,
0.5120028257369995,
0.3314356803894043,
-0.34570273756980896,
-0.41090184450149536,
0.1870865374803543,
0.04270755872130394,
0.26688352227211,
0.8475780487060547,
0.1348169595003128,
0.1616077423095703,
0.014022867195308208,
0.3611026406288147,
-0.012970147654414177,
-0.1115332618355751,
-0.0926709845662117,
-0.902265727519989,
-0.017676280811429024,
0.08702568709850311,
-0.4221865236759186,
-0.07965822517871857,
-0.23377195000648499,
-0.5400009751319885,
0.4202379882335663,
0.03945784643292427,
-0.38810619711875916,
-0.020729126408696175,
-0.3600723147392273,
0.48200497031211853,
0.4531919062137604,
-0.045434191823005676,
-0.06876120716333389,
-0.3682797849178314,
0.032474882900714874,
0.0373210608959198,
0.707942545413971,
0.15976011753082275,
-0.4392819106578827,
-0.16654855012893677,
-0.380853533744812,
0.621519923210144,
-0.25247231125831604,
-0.2452777624130249,
0.20692670345306396,
-0.05292235687375069,
-0.39519163966178894,
0.025261128321290016,
0.316436767578125,
0.28982606530189514,
-0.1004650890827179,
0.07395970076322556,
0.062166281044483185,
0.4859992563724518,
-0.1766691356897354,
-0.47743675112724304,
0.10468101501464844,
-0.24238315224647522,
0.1175302118062973,
0.21217583119869232,
-0.20713715255260468,
-0.4120674133300781,
-0.26244401931762695,
-5.510743141174316,
0.12132693082094193,
-0.5684006214141846,
-0.34317636489868164,
0.1688876897096634,
-0.6121914982795715,
-0.25741541385650635,
-0.14169341325759888,
0.07365474104881287,
-0.0510113351047039,
0.15500135719776154,
0.003456990933045745,
-0.3040667176246643,
0.43803098797798157,
0.03479045629501343,
0.21710124611854553,
0.6425071358680725,
-0.10320019721984863,
0.20921380817890167,
0.09701910614967346,
-0.10820772498846054,
-0.2701372802257538,
-0.1507614701986313,
-0.13680115342140198,
0.662541925907135,
0.5505286455154419,
0.01587645336985588,
-0.40009546279907227,
-0.6304017901420593,
-0.6946675777435303,
0.05963901802897453,
-0.17265798151493073,
0.3057664632797241,
-0.33539921045303345,
0.21028293669223785,
-0.46261435747146606,
0.22276706993579865,
0.6385067701339722,
0.8931965827941895,
-0.23968133330345154,
-0.05534651502966881,
0.43823519349098206,
-0.1525365710258484,
-0.06910543143749237,
0.18776218593120575,
-0.20307433605194092,
-0.4463738799095154,
0.048078503459692,
-0.2741055488586426,
0.7297098636627197,
-0.05564369261264801,
0.22826707363128662,
0.179534450173378,
-0.022806746885180473,
0.1780138611793518,
-0.31243449449539185,
0.5436554551124573,
-0.8758774399757385,
-0.7907794713973999,
0.30260974168777466,
0.3979141414165497,
-0.0032099855598062277,
-0.7333919405937195,
-0.36370640993118286,
-0.21617986261844635,
-0.02373414859175682,
-0.20428059995174408,
0.0700727328658104,
0.7118304371833801,
0.16352204978466034,
-0.28008976578712463,
-0.2308512032032013,
-0.17294155061244965,
-0.7004868388175964,
-0.4895158112049103,
-0.3137368857860565,
-0.8405225872993469,
0.7492672801017761,
0.39317038655281067,
-0.3755859434604645,
-0.5731483697891235,
0.368008553981781,
0.11948525160551071,
0.323630154132843,
0.04775406792759895,
0.13980047404766083,
-0.4529341459274292,
0.4726465046405792,
0.11792914569377899,
-0.08897816389799118,
0.444276362657547,
0.07656630128622055,
0.6628671288490295,
-0.0524667352437973,
0.007404121104627848,
0.01688401587307453,
0.6035844087600708,
0.1524737924337387,
-0.1519562005996704,
-0.9560296535491943,
1.014460802078247,
-0.0478484071791172,
-0.0628364309668541,
-0.2621687650680542,
-0.678918719291687,
-0.36999377608299255,
-0.13340577483177185,
0.15575139224529266,
0.3917883038520813,
-0.3092629313468933,
-0.1282455176115036,
-0.3647442162036896,
-0.7903392314910889,
-0.06633263826370239,
0.5950396060943604,
-0.12933118641376495,
-0.3514671325683594,
0.7788217067718506,
0.823323667049408,
-0.06676149368286133,
-0.08799196034669876,
0.0029479400254786015,
0.19136406481266022,
0.45169776678085327,
0.04710884764790535,
-0.09992234408855438,
0.38378435373306274,
0.4429522156715393,
-0.2883203625679016,
0.37680333852767944,
0.284193217754364,
-0.35068801045417786,
0.3045588433742523,
-0.05114111304283142,
-0.6084465980529785,
0.01006690040230751,
-0.3585977852344513,
-0.542544424533844,
0.0006701359525322914,
-0.14458879828453064,
-0.10860483348369598,
0.4654052257537842,
0.23405420780181885,
0.24152158200740814,
0.2938636541366577,
0.11244365572929382,
-0.257024347782135,
-0.16358232498168945,
-0.5059019923210144,
0.45691442489624023,
-0.1357819139957428,
-0.3349085748195648,
0.03915859013795853,
-0.6150000095367432,
0.20289480686187744,
-0.3278706967830658,
-0.09499096125364304,
0.2497832328081131,
0.5291732549667358,
-0.20465901494026184,
0.7581062912940979,
-0.25267019867897034,
0.088472381234169,
0.42633914947509766,
0.3664649426937103,
-0.07362491637468338,
-0.6143742799758911,
-0.24531568586826324,
-0.23626691102981567,
0.38946032524108887,
0.027782348915934563,
-0.23953410983085632,
-0.25915634632110596,
-0.057127516716718674,
0.4952845275402069,
-0.37772849202156067,
-0.3919380307197571,
-0.15740631520748138,
-0.08485984802246094,
0.04696854576468468,
-0.03440140560269356,
-0.6157750487327576,
-0.5917684435844421,
0.2753157913684845,
0.6003637313842773,
-0.2518965005874634,
-0.590691864490509,
-0.2664640545845032,
0.37478184700012207,
0.3602735996246338,
0.4689268171787262,
-0.3141082227230072,
-0.010773707181215286,
0.3101106882095337,
-0.0872487723827362,
-0.059648070484399796,
0.5188624858856201,
-0.305963933467865,
-0.37252187728881836,
-0.41373389959335327,
-0.042101550847291946,
0.5904245376586914,
-0.6884426474571228,
0.5525543689727783,
0.4099947512149811,
-0.6000878214836121,
0.5993138551712036,
-0.012499351985752583,
-1.0598057508468628,
0.48877596855163574,
-0.07250738143920898,
-0.44108015298843384,
0.6084697842597961,
0.4755350947380066,
-0.5983301401138306,
0.06315051019191742,
0.13734601438045502,
-0.31616660952568054,
-0.4812217056751251,
0.0993882343173027,
-0.2911235988140106,
-0.10842490196228027,
-0.304476261138916,
-0.3151894807815552,
-0.20794250071048737,
0.5802328586578369,
0.9132204651832581,
-0.4311135411262512,
0.75196772813797,
-0.3883990943431854,
0.5382904410362244,
-0.13929159939289093,
0.2712215781211853,
0.04553789645433426,
0.6567985415458679,
0.15285609662532806,
-0.24827110767364502,
-0.12299258261919022,
-0.03763692453503609,
0.9684521555900574,
0.830430805683136,
0.6909006834030151,
0.23865117132663727,
-1.0320643186569214,
0.19840487837791443,
-0.4272456169128418,
1.0838364362716675,
-0.5916695594787598,
-0.863320529460907,
-0.1865910440683365,
0.5558692216873169,
-1.0666422843933105,
-0.4808475375175476,
-0.2823338210582733,
1.1968872547149658,
-0.69639652967453,
-0.18624910712242126,
0.4775628447532654,
-0.35098618268966675,
0.2960954010486603,
0.2668946385383606,
-0.40818628668785095,
0.4660657048225403,
0.4686839282512665,
0.5946179628372192,
-0.2165743112564087,
-0.6450183987617493,
0.14622241258621216,
0.2947251498699188,
-0.5574601292610168,
-0.13330653309822083,
-0.1821606159210205,
0.7537611722946167,
0.06046859547495842,
-0.11510608345270157,
-0.38249990344047546,
0.5206136703491211,
-0.17227621376514435,
0.5999804139137268,
-0.7575008869171143,
-0.45591074228286743,
0.05945489928126335,
0.2654382288455963,
-0.37591254711151123,
0.7827179431915283,
-0.4636557698249817,
-0.146244078874588,
0.09687672555446625,
-0.1450432389974594,
0.3016138970851898,
0.16893967986106873,
-0.03763556480407715,
-0.32345280051231384,
-0.7149378657341003,
-0.21948516368865967,
0.35239550471305847,
0.018949592486023903,
0.35663458704948425,
0.08016729354858398,
0.03925536945462227,
-1.205552577972412,
0.8452980518341064,
-0.4557851254940033,
-0.22122201323509216,
0.27217164635658264,
0.045266468077898026,
-0.14738620817661285,
-0.5215336084365845,
-0.25064387917518616,
-0.12581612169742584,
0.8873814940452576,
0.26608991622924805,
0.16588646173477173,
0.5759344696998596,
-0.3181802034378052,
0.31145235896110535,
0.2928263545036316,
-0.5947093963623047,
0.05102642625570297,
0.404944509267807,
-0.3553850054740906,
0.42077720165252686,
0.24323751032352448,
0.6234362125396729,
0.3364562392234802,
0.9277281761169434,
0.10244512557983398,
-0.39307472109794617,
0.005351061001420021,
0.15125901997089386,
0.08613013476133347,
0.0644938126206398,
-0.5173733830451965,
0.6278126239776611,
-0.9036868214607239,
-0.013913123868405819,
0.38237279653549194,
-0.6887764930725098,
-0.6089363694190979,
0.46839621663093567,
0.4166671633720398,
0.4059838354587555,
-0.442977637052536,
-0.19121024012565613,
0.04945887252688408,
0.38068339228630066,
0.378217488527298,
-0.1776658594608307,
-0.04659507796168327,
0.00011317410098854452,
0.11859533190727234,
-0.5384633541107178,
0.06399906426668167,
-0.052806828171014786,
-0.6774898171424866,
0.1759355515241623,
-0.30323466658592224,
-0.09802183508872986,
-0.3152855336666107,
-0.2408311814069748,
-0.4458494186401367,
-0.06679647415876389,
0.5111223459243774,
-0.07686412334442139,
-0.3456364572048187,
-0.10093092173337936,
0.9660530686378479,
-0.49769705533981323,
-0.3325694799423218,
0.04915861412882805,
-0.21978969871997833,
-0.1426040083169937,
-0.16399984061717987,
-0.5605692267417908,
-0.10576579719781876,
0.05267363414168358,
-0.2166755646467209,
0.531307578086853,
-0.11878881603479385,
0.3854462504386902,
-0.335085928440094,
0.1302686482667923,
-0.09095773845911026,
-0.2988109588623047,
0.3804822266101837,
-0.6514363884925842,
-0.3159686028957367,
0.1817217320203781,
-0.46224114298820496,
0.26537662744522095,
0.07838255912065506,
-0.14824837446212769,
0.009917774237692356,
0.16370542347431183,
-0.5409079790115356,
-0.6437528729438782,
-0.7637155652046204,
0.6598097085952759,
0.6759259104728699,
0.21973389387130737,
0.7118973135948181,
0.4092673063278198,
0.060262538492679596,
-0.23947469890117645,
-0.13672760128974915,
0.6130699515342712,
-0.39838138222694397,
-0.2179330438375473,
-0.6022641062736511,
-0.11027402430772781,
-0.33893686532974243,
0.5975819826126099,
-0.38120195269584656,
0.2975490987300873,
0.015019688755273819,
0.25168973207473755,
0.670469343662262,
-0.2783905267715454,
-0.05981479212641716,
-0.4131125807762146,
0.3695051074028015,
-0.128787100315094,
0.6837144494056702,
0.35399919748306274,
0.1410326212644577,
-0.37048378586769104,
-0.4785268008708954,
0.45462095737457275,
-0.48693540692329407,
0.522678554058075,
0.3057054281234741,
-0.6971049904823303,
-1.041392207145691,
0.20990526676177979,
-0.48609328269958496,
0.05678121745586395,
0.14418280124664307,
0.1351325958967209,
0.13217192888259888,
-0.5409243702888489,
-0.2503710389137268,
-0.025699159130454063,
0.11509907245635986,
0.054274484515190125,
-0.0021713878959417343,
-0.12059595435857773,
-0.415918231010437,
-0.181642547249794,
-0.6994976997375488,
0.40852439403533936,
-0.3670055866241455,
0.17582270503044128,
0.32876092195510864,
0.25452154874801636,
-0.25125449895858765,
-0.5264794826507568,
0.999454915523529,
-0.5391865372657776,
0.2495213747024536,
0.33066970109939575
] |
211010
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AE
|
AE
|
AE, Ae, ae, Æ or æ may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
A.E. (video game), 1982
Autechre, an electronic music group
L'Année épigraphique, a French publication on epigraphy
Encyclopedia Dramatica, often abbreviated æ
Language
Characters
Æ or æ, a ligature or letter
List of words that may be spelled with a ligature, including "AE" being rendered as "Æ"
Ä or ä, a letter sometimes represented as "ae"
Ae (Cyrillic), a Cyrillic-script letter
Ae (digraph), a Latin-script digraph
Languages and dialects
American English, the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States
Avestan, a language, ISO 639-1 language code ae
People
A. E. or Æ, a penname of George William Russell (1867–1935), Irish writer
Koichi Ae (born 1976), Japanese football player
Alexander Emelianenko (born 1981), Russian mixed martial artist, with AE Team
Places
Ae, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Water of Ae, a river
United Arab Emirates, ISO 3166-1 and FIPS 10-4 country code AE
.ae, the top level domain for United Arab Emirates
United States postal abbreviation for US armed forces in Europe
Science and technology
Acoustic emission, the phenomenon of radiation of acoustic waves in solids
Adobe After Effects, graphics software
Adverse event, any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation
Aeon in astronomy, 109 years
Aggregate expenditure, a measure of national income
Almost everywhere, in mathematical analysis
ASCII Express, computer software
Authenticated encryption, a form of encryption
Automatic exposure, a mode available on some cameras
Canon AE-1, a camera
Other uses
Æ or AE, a numismatic abbreviation for "bronze"
Air Efficiency Award, a British medal 1942–1999
Ammunition ship
Applied Engineering, a computer hardware retailer
Mandarin Airlines, a Taiwanese airline, IATA designator AE
Toyota Corolla, the fifth generation of which is referred to as "AE"
See also
A&E (disambiguation)
AES (disambiguation)
|
[
0.7777165174484253,
0.241861492395401,
-0.45666036009788513,
0.1924505978822708,
-0.342662513256073,
0.5975342392921448,
0.23192232847213745,
0.4239116311073303,
-0.21077752113342285,
-0.6680957674980164,
-0.45208540558815,
0.5761945247650146,
-0.10815281420946121,
-0.08953085541725159,
-0.07511802762746811,
0.29617613554000854,
0.30352064967155457,
0.3814096748828888,
-0.14896893501281738,
-0.10084956139326096,
-0.5427706837654114,
0.16566616296768188,
0.08378355205059052,
-0.5593245029449463,
0.6470323204994202,
-0.2896217703819275,
-0.09554967284202576,
-0.07160010933876038,
-0.1684456616640091,
-0.2659042477607727,
0.006836986634880304,
0.5897864103317261,
-0.254581093788147,
-0.2698730528354645,
-0.37515243887901306,
-0.20288778841495514,
0.04258125275373459,
-0.4244932532310486,
-0.21585828065872192,
-0.45609086751937866,
-0.24889013171195984,
-0.36714687943458557,
0.40232282876968384,
-0.3213679790496826,
-0.9562849402427673,
-0.5436630845069885,
-1.9432563781738281,
0.0026535678189247847,
-0.9902408123016357,
0.35457807779312134,
0.0111596854403615,
0.41875940561294556,
-0.25989001989364624,
0.3867053687572479,
-0.07274388521909714,
0.8245707750320435,
-0.28344976902008057,
-0.39392685890197754,
0.2708880305290222,
-0.15217025578022003,
0.9554251432418823,
0.2493095099925995,
-0.26856160163879395,
0.13397662341594696,
0.7099664807319641,
-0.0193935539573431,
0.0017710222164168954,
0.009467673487961292,
-0.6697214841842651,
-0.4252646565437317,
-0.17240116000175476,
0.08683358877897263,
-0.2913668751716614,
0.31665635108947754,
-0.33229881525039673,
-0.43763041496276855,
-0.030815210193395615,
-0.24218496680259705,
-0.13312573730945587,
-0.22683118283748627,
-0.21238094568252563,
0.397556871175766,
0.5444846153259277,
0.34604164958000183,
0.12502947449684143,
0.023446645587682724,
-0.26862242817878723,
-0.04681266471743584,
-0.25887468457221985,
0.15781690180301666,
0.47809898853302,
-0.2686596214771271,
0.37955179810523987,
0.08073600381612778,
0.009509896859526634,
0.048003584146499634,
0.03404957428574562,
-0.34897685050964355,
-0.018114380538463593,
-0.08285954594612122,
-0.7357445359230042,
-0.19997595250606537,
0.38927221298217773,
-0.13751350343227386,
-0.4268289804458618,
0.21326273679733276,
0.1330188512802124,
-0.3765889108181,
0.3483046293258667,
0.32152652740478516,
-0.41094595193862915,
0.40341633558273315,
0.005343290977180004,
0.3016166090965271,
-0.11289829760789871,
-0.0866444855928421,
0.216877743601799,
0.35732391476631165,
-0.24644924700260162,
-0.17535409331321716,
0.39644184708595276,
0.5133607387542725,
0.46959221363067627,
-0.42451202869415283,
-0.07736711949110031,
-0.07761046290397644,
0.2900577187538147,
0.2804819345474243,
0.062413379549980164,
-0.2751283347606659,
0.1643848568201065,
0.05665026232600212,
-0.3484748899936676,
-0.049375198781490326,
-0.13280075788497925,
-0.3046996295452118,
-0.22692540287971497,
-0.020546957850456238,
0.2588024139404297,
0.36343222856521606,
-0.8029001951217651,
-0.724385142326355,
-0.5717389583587646,
-0.20793254673480988,
0.07039584219455719,
-0.500588059425354,
0.23815935850143433,
-0.06794700771570206,
-0.2832416892051697,
0.527021586894989,
0.19861182570457458,
-0.004749692976474762,
-0.34094753861427307,
0.33383992314338684,
-0.19110852479934692,
0.08048350363969803,
0.7552875280380249,
0.2478277087211609,
-0.2737443745136261,
0.3037584722042084,
0.33559444546699524,
0.25681576132774353,
-0.26352831721305847,
-0.3040558397769928,
0.03373932093381882,
0.13530968129634857,
-0.2427835613489151,
0.47981375455856323,
-0.2821137011051178,
0.33373937010765076,
-0.3635575771331787,
-0.5626885294914246,
0.17558316886425018,
0.32873696088790894,
-0.277255117893219,
-0.040837083011865616,
0.713361382484436,
-0.16142882406711578,
0.702743649482727,
0.19353362917900085,
-0.5689175724983215,
0.11018189787864685,
0.2543905973434448,
-0.23729586601257324,
0.11430657655000687,
-0.40831002593040466,
0.1820002794265747,
-0.17965088784694672,
0.21365731954574585,
-0.41161438822746277,
-0.37459784746170044,
-0.3845793604850769,
-0.234853133559227,
-0.7195616960525513,
0.23673705756664276,
-0.40789324045181274,
-0.9239192008972168,
1.162683129310608,
-0.09303522855043411,
0.3775605857372284,
0.08072500675916672,
-0.25337719917297363,
0.27696266770362854,
-0.02699439972639084,
-0.22987669706344604,
0.28892144560813904,
0.27788928151130676,
0.561109721660614,
-0.1958708018064499,
0.130470871925354,
0.23215238749980927,
0.2606368362903595,
0.6754966974258423,
-0.4276461899280548,
0.5525123476982117,
-0.11992491781711578,
-0.45063018798828125,
0.02703079953789711,
-0.6999504566192627,
-0.20998406410217285,
0.8337947726249695,
-0.8006455898284912,
-0.3690344989299774,
0.2624906599521637,
-0.3054821193218231,
0.6034680008888245,
-0.07990839332342148,
-0.4466385841369629,
0.18982785940170288,
-0.7339034080505371,
0.2920083999633789,
0.05770789086818695,
0.26906198263168335,
-0.471844345331192,
-0.10682619363069534,
0.08235268294811249,
0.4346291124820709,
-0.04070303589105606,
0.4415663480758667,
-0.7358540296554565,
0.008807794190943241,
0.2923535108566284,
-0.37245866656303406,
0.19873598217964172,
0.23181839287281036,
-0.006611160933971405,
0.044345296919345856,
0.11366643011569977,
-0.06572002172470093,
0.11108431220054626,
0.4040736258029938,
-0.031584955751895905,
0.19064448773860931,
-0.059153079986572266,
0.12290648370981216,
-0.17670324444770813,
-0.2453952431678772,
0.07588791102170944,
0.22728486359119415,
-0.09284409135580063,
-0.8533575534820557,
-0.02307594008743763,
0.39835861325263977,
-0.20294539630413055,
0.38281819224357605,
0.035716813057661057,
-0.02608431689441204,
-0.18134088814258575,
0.1631646305322647,
0.5760661363601685,
0.5369606614112854,
0.37659457325935364,
-0.2936300039291382,
-0.09798897802829742,
-0.36417344212532043,
-0.26776280999183655,
0.7964580655097961,
-0.08094564825296402,
-0.5660377740859985,
-0.7165863513946533,
-0.19977456331253052,
0.19100117683410645,
0.4366621673107147,
-0.2834951877593994,
0.08580009639263153,
-0.46534085273742676,
0.08738616108894348,
-0.33221235871315,
-0.1617651730775833,
0.10269240289926529,
0.1284460574388504,
0.29517149925231934,
-0.1498580276966095,
0.151774063706398,
1.1731619834899902,
-0.07805045694112778,
-0.22217021882534027,
0.33119791746139526,
-0.222572460770607,
-0.7000734210014343,
-0.2557567059993744,
0.17238424718379974,
-0.19021959602832794,
0.11924676597118378,
0.23545177280902863,
-0.3856644332408905,
-0.05400307849049568,
0.1885080486536026,
-6.187729358673096,
-0.020653381943702698,
-0.25752612948417664,
-0.26498809456825256,
0.06822457909584045,
0.2405606061220169,
0.2353503704071045,
0.2394958883523941,
0.03904694318771362,
0.013291164301335812,
0.2054487019777298,
-0.25113439559936523,
0.057199884206056595,
0.6330298185348511,
0.6042901277542114,
0.2819209694862366,
-0.25657469034194946,
0.015538875944912434,
-0.145709827542305,
0.6737505793571472,
0.15349183976650238,
0.3323671817779541,
0.3045516610145569,
0.6269299983978271,
0.3942658007144928,
-0.9881805181503296,
-0.14673340320587158,
0.26762697100639343,
0.08965983986854553,
-0.050857167690992355,
0.38870689272880554,
0.28246167302131653,
0.26260364055633545,
-0.2827264070510864,
0.19344894587993622,
-0.036733899265527725,
0.680819571018219,
-0.17802296578884125,
0.35564497113227844,
-0.2520182132720947,
-0.2462524026632309,
0.12669020891189575,
0.10855385661125183,
-0.6637119054794312,
-0.14057907462120056,
-0.07487563788890839,
-0.15664252638816833,
0.3196777105331421,
-0.16492222249507904,
0.059306561946868896,
-0.470833957195282,
0.35183480381965637,
-0.22168079018592834,
0.030542990192770958,
0.15428051352500916,
-0.045826565474271774,
0.4147172272205353,
0.08976498246192932,
-0.3947978913784027,
-0.27165088057518005,
0.4164689779281616,
-0.649004340171814,
0.22977741062641144,
-0.0831964984536171,
-0.361283540725708,
-0.4288894534111023,
-0.47189202904701233,
-0.13208699226379395,
0.6460517048835754,
0.3038705885410309,
-0.03978290781378746,
0.2313091903924942,
0.38851749897003174,
-0.8514121770858765,
0.25296807289123535,
-0.16119737923145294,
-0.03591414541006088,
0.23602741956710815,
0.2479148507118225,
0.0808112695813179,
-0.14521291851997375,
-0.4247770607471466,
-0.22585873305797577,
0.11645670235157013,
0.34040340781211853,
0.04649924859404564,
-0.25942152738571167,
0.13749568164348602,
-0.38343948125839233,
-0.12592583894729614,
0.9124670028686523,
-0.12436790764331818,
0.0524904690682888,
0.426249235868454,
0.08381347358226776,
0.11009553074836731,
0.364448219537735,
-0.7852763533592224,
0.6337464451789856,
0.11748144775629044,
0.17685571312904358,
-0.20750096440315247,
-0.1205284371972084,
0.21282799541950226,
-0.15608863532543182,
-0.28169572353363037,
-0.3339262008666992,
-0.1847275048494339,
1.2668551206588745,
-0.47180697321891785,
0.18166735768318176,
0.3932131230831146,
-0.31339192390441895,
-0.14429669082164764,
0.28516536951065063,
0.0509527325630188,
-0.3350389897823334,
0.4691554307937622,
0.3915868103504181,
-0.23503123223781586,
-0.28152602910995483,
0.36420974135398865,
-0.3500737249851227,
-0.2877762019634247,
-0.8857585787773132,
0.1712823510169983,
-0.06262266635894775,
0.18069326877593994,
-0.10858043283224106,
0.21843673288822174,
0.3147165775299072,
-0.0975785180926323,
-0.07029739022254944,
-0.10369336605072021,
0.048687517642974854,
0.04198547452688217,
0.27089381217956543,
0.22305750846862793,
-0.5262014269828796,
-0.8662334680557251,
0.17072947323322296,
-0.6575946807861328,
0.06156530603766441,
0.14491014182567596,
0.34327757358551025,
0.0945613831281662,
-0.3489897847175598,
-0.24573954939842224,
0.11034779995679855,
0.5322748422622681,
0.31606772541999817,
0.1664382666349411,
0.6129134893417358,
-0.04506123811006546,
-0.40443721413612366,
-0.12491018325090408,
-0.1809685230255127,
-0.3620823323726654,
-0.1504267007112503,
-0.5273697376251221,
0.4425505995750427,
-0.29449397325515747,
-0.7880356311798096,
-0.26808932423591614,
-0.09683486074209213,
0.037940964102745056,
-0.5980333685874939,
-0.1143573746085167,
0.08384180068969727,
0.33958446979522705,
0.473899781703949,
0.08735202252864838,
0.2629019618034363,
-0.08311314135789871,
0.1455288827419281,
0.03869619965553284,
-0.06544499099254608,
-0.10007131844758987,
-0.09119526296854019,
0.10083134472370148,
0.42348018288612366,
-0.6326044201850891,
-0.18257135152816772,
-0.24210482835769653,
0.48708486557006836,
-0.10277367383241653,
0.36766186356544495,
0.16509489715099335,
-0.4284117519855499,
-0.3264610767364502,
-0.383187860250473,
-0.3289542496204376,
0.09385409951210022,
-0.09505902230739594,
-0.28618067502975464,
0.18422073125839233,
0.12430232018232346,
0.32473722100257874,
-0.19789505004882812,
-0.32667315006256104,
0.12576930224895477,
0.09972784668207169,
-0.5753775238990784,
-0.43771296739578247,
-0.34144219756126404,
-0.4965425133705139,
0.3347550928592682,
-0.5966833829879761,
-0.21050335466861725,
0.5062091946601868,
-0.43794187903404236,
-0.17582058906555176,
0.13980324566364288,
0.14511524140834808,
-0.05488613620400429,
0.29332125186920166,
-0.15549951791763306,
0.19527043402194977,
0.026975007727742195,
-0.6847168207168579,
0.7848895788192749,
0.013902782462537289,
-0.12933722138404846,
0.30751919746398926,
-0.07364139705896378,
0.047228723764419556,
0.3938145637512207,
-0.23616977035999298,
0.28910672664642334,
-0.17896334826946259,
0.24837055802345276,
0.5594986081123352,
-0.22796906530857086,
0.198741152882576,
-0.07089356333017349,
-0.34373557567596436,
-0.034623440355062485,
-0.1289874017238617,
0.17294923961162567,
-0.35479262471199036,
0.2692599594593048,
0.3016926646232605,
-0.005096354056149721,
-0.03795628622174263,
0.04625045135617256,
0.6167532801628113,
-0.1460563838481903,
-0.38488057255744934,
-0.4692848324775696,
0.016922328621149063,
0.08303917199373245,
-0.1892644613981247,
-0.25438565015792847,
0.05116835981607437,
0.2025037407875061,
-0.2929181456565857,
0.09020071476697922,
0.3248455822467804,
-0.3163785934448242,
0.6086498498916626,
0.2209634631872177,
-0.4188932180404663,
-0.24148742854595184,
0.22936098277568817,
0.10172612220048904,
0.14622366428375244,
-0.16619645059108734,
0.37531575560569763,
0.0899234265089035,
-0.21144677698612213,
0.3377794027328491,
0.43865492939949036,
0.16015969216823578,
0.7112991213798523,
0.6483471989631653,
-0.13468101620674133,
-0.06000717729330063,
-0.3434097468852997,
-0.19367192685604095,
0.11299271136522293,
-0.3749158978462219,
-0.49016088247299194,
0.32426273822784424,
-0.08305319398641586,
0.028719354420900345,
-0.42438992857933044,
0.4875301718711853,
0.33042314648628235,
-0.47656482458114624,
-0.0800117775797844,
0.18949414789676666,
0.29839155077934265,
0.07916595041751862,
0.08110278099775314,
-0.20974993705749512,
-0.26628798246383667,
0.4766525626182556,
0.3977316915988922,
0.7101768255233765,
0.005164049565792084,
-0.770677924156189,
-0.26247960329055786,
0.33095380663871765,
-0.355096697807312,
0.02576730214059353,
-0.043365754187107086,
0.4712388813495636,
-0.6211037635803223,
-0.2290603518486023,
-0.32678529620170593,
-0.221115380525589,
-0.09993775933980942,
0.732571542263031,
0.3238590955734253,
-0.1730034500360489,
-0.17019015550613403,
0.1287926584482193,
-0.38284534215927124,
0.20568987727165222,
0.0659041777253151,
0.11340861767530441,
-0.39386144280433655,
0.5677313804626465,
-0.07217078655958176,
-0.2457577884197235,
0.19778622686862946,
-0.06234311684966087,
0.08760293573141098,
0.06487872451543808,
0.05888161063194275,
0.5489935874938965,
0.20682789385318756,
-0.1612081378698349,
0.4269093871116638,
-0.1711357831954956,
-0.5769833326339722,
-0.19833388924598694,
-0.3690569996833801,
-0.06794049590826035,
0.30444565415382385,
0.7884539365768433,
0.7111666798591614,
0.3213133215904236,
0.07120147347450256,
-0.16483667492866516,
0.2473972737789154,
-0.1745256781578064,
0.1591436117887497,
-0.7549911141395569,
-0.12276341021060944,
0.39432528614997864,
-0.1428634226322174,
0.227572962641716,
-0.31019338965415955,
0.18868626654148102,
0.0005791903240606189,
-0.09509297460317612,
0.08604312688112259,
0.2304781973361969,
0.06981506943702698,
0.1474694460630417,
0.4773540794849396,
0.3157765567302704,
-0.30080801248550415,
-0.4148517847061157,
-0.4430901110172272,
0.169195294380188,
-0.035483915358781815,
-0.27932077646255493,
-0.11791697144508362,
-0.06837327778339386,
0.3471982181072235,
-0.5536009073257446,
0.329622745513916,
0.08804094791412354,
0.4176488518714905,
0.5471165180206299,
0.13531450927257538,
0.24202124774456024,
-0.5795901417732239,
-0.04546424746513367,
-0.3044411242008209,
-0.22425030171871185,
-0.7049548029899597,
0.2114267200231552,
0.20717284083366394,
0.17083370685577393,
0.03471072018146515,
-0.3495886027812958,
0.3954004645347595,
-0.13609792292118073,
-0.05549132451415062,
0.5136653184890747,
-0.15113960206508636,
-0.1503453403711319,
0.00460407231003046,
-0.38932594656944275,
0.9568114280700684,
0.17476624250411987,
-0.2192821353673935,
-0.029903851449489594,
0.1935492306947708,
-0.07983335107564926,
-0.5532701015472412,
-0.3032931685447693,
-0.08010616153478622,
-0.06740458309650421,
-0.01586572267115116,
-0.07699848711490631,
0.44919314980506897,
0.37936854362487793,
-0.37620773911476135,
-0.021078189834952354,
0.4936867654323578,
0.43357053399086,
0.11146070063114166,
0.3347056210041046,
0.07817383855581284,
0.10721137374639511,
-0.0906757190823555,
0.25099366903305054,
0.4848319888114929,
0.07638246566057205,
0.03734523802995682,
-0.2991115152835846,
0.15257211029529572,
-0.02234049141407013,
0.43647682666778564,
-0.12192780524492264,
0.5269753336906433,
-0.5268858671188354,
0.2950555384159088,
-0.7048557996749878,
0.5890723466873169,
-0.14255450665950775,
-0.31849294900894165,
0.16201433539390564,
-0.1284724920988083,
0.10558804869651794,
0.18599194288253784,
-0.21420706808567047,
-0.05141609162092209,
-0.03225264698266983,
-0.04240294173359871,
-0.19939148426055908,
0.3093625605106354,
-0.09504291415214539,
-0.10190854966640472,
-0.28655004501342773,
0.03442192077636719,
-0.05318117514252663,
-0.33448460698127747,
0.44827818870544434,
0.6877272725105286,
-0.38098129630088806,
-0.29693830013275146,
0.5035988688468933,
-0.38839614391326904,
-0.13305726647377014,
0.19095146656036377
] |
211016
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20orthography
|
Estonian orthography
|
Estonian orthography is the system used for writing the Estonian language and is based on the Latin alphabet. The Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme.
Alphabet
Due to German and Swedish influence, the Estonian alphabet () has the letters Ä, Ö, and Ü (A, O, and U with diaeresis), which represent the vowel sounds , and , respectively. Unlike German umlauts, they are considered, and alphabetised as, separate letters. The most distinctive letter in the Estonian alphabet, however, is the Õ (O with tilde), which was added to the alphabet in the 19th century by Otto Wilhelm Masing and stands for the vowel . In addition, the alphabet also differs from the Latin alphabet by the addition of the letters Š and Ž (S and Z with caron/háček), and by the position of Z in the alphabet: it has been moved from the end to between S and T (or Š and Ž).
The official Estonian alphabet has 27 letters: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Š, Z, Ž, T, U, V, Õ, Ä, Ö, Ü. The letters F, Š, Z, Ž are so-called "foreign letters" (võõrtähed), and occur only in loanwords and foreign proper names. Occasionally, the alphabet is recited without them, and thus has only 23 letters: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Õ, Ä, Ö, Ü.
Additionally C, Q, W, X, and Y are used in writing foreign proper names. They do not occur in Estonian words, and are not officially part of the alphabet. Including all the foreign letters, the alphabet consists of the following 32 letters:
In Blackletter script W was used instead of V.
Johannes Aavik suggested that the letter Ü be replaced by Y, as it has been in the Finnish alphabet.
Double letters are used to write half-long and overlong vowels and consonants, e. g. aa or , nn or , kk . For more information, see below.
As the distinction between voiced and voiceless plosives is not native to Estonian, the names of the letters 'b', 'd', 'g' may be pronounced , , , so the letters 'b' and 'd' are also named nõrk B (weak B) and nõrk D (weak D) to distinguish them from tugev P (strong P) and tugev T (strong T). About usage of these letters, see below.
Orthographic principles
Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example the initial letter 'h' in words, preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'. Where it is impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.
Some features of the modern Estonian orthography are:
Word-initial b, d, g occur only in loanwords and are normally pronounced as , , . Some old loanwords are spelled with p, t, k instead of etymological b, d, g: pank 'bank'. Word-medially and word-finally, b, d, g represent short plosives (may be pronounced as partially voiced consonants), p, t, k represent half-long plosives , and pp, tt, kk represent overlong plosives ; for example: kabi 'hoof' — kapi 'wardrobe [ ] — kappi /kɑpːːi/ 'wardrobe [ ]'.
Before and after b, p, d, t, g, k, s, h, f, š, z, ž, the sounds , , are written as p, t, k, with some exceptions due to morphology or etymology.
Word-initial is usually dropped in spontaneous speech, but should be represented in writing.
The letter j is used at the beginning of syllables, but i is used at the end of diphthongs. Double j is used only in some illative case forms. The spelling üü before vowels corresponds to the pronunciation : müüa 'he sells' (from müüma 'to sell'). The spelling üi is used only in the loanwords rüiu, rüiuvaip, süit. Between i and vowels, the epenthetic sound is pronounced but not written. It is, however, written in the suffix -ja.
Vowels and the consonants h, j, l, m, n, r, s, v are written single when they are short, double when they are half-long or overlong: vere /vere/ 'blood [gen.sg.]' — veere /veːre/ 'edge [gen. sg.]' — veere /veːːre/ 'roll [imp. 2nd sg.]', lina 'sheet' — linna 'town [ ]' — linna 'town [ ]'.
Diphthongs and consonant combinations are written as combinations of single letters, regardless of whether they are pronounced short or long. Only s after l, m, n, r may be doubled if not followed by another consonant (valss "waltz"), otherwise combinations "consonant+double consonant" and "double consonant+consonant" occur only in morpheme boundaries.
The single word-medial or word-final letters f and š represent half-long consonants , the double letters ff and šš represent overlong consonants . After consonants, f and š are always written single, regardless of whether they are pronounced half-long or overlong.
Palatalization is not indicated in writing, e. g. kann /ˈkɑnː/ 'jug' — kann /ˈkɑnʲː/ 'toy'. It occurs in words that have i in declension: kanni 'toy [gen. sg. and part. sg.]'.
Stress is not indicated in writing. Usually it falls on the first syllable, but there are a few exceptions with the stress on the second syllable: aitäh 'thanks', sõbranna 'female friend'. Often the original stress is preserved in loanwords, such as ideaal 'ideal', professor 'professor'; presence of long vowels (as in ideaal) also shows stress.
Syllabification
One consonant between two vowels belongs to the following syllable: kala 'fish' is syllabified ka-la. Consonant combinations are syllabified before the last consonant: linna 'town [ ]' is syllabified lin-na, tutvus 'acquaintance' is syllabified tut-vus. Consonant digraphs and trigraphs in foreign names are regarded as single consonants: Manchester is syllabified Man-ches-ter. Two vowels usually form a long vowel or a diphthong, e. g. laulu 'song is syllabified lau-lu. However, a hiatus is formed in morpheme bounds, e. g. avaus 'opening' is syllabified 'a-va-us' as the word is composed from the root ava- and the suffix -us. Combinations of three vowel letters represent a hiatus of a long vowel or a diphthong and another vowel, e. g. põuane 'dry, droughty, arid (lacking rain)' is syllabified põu-a-ne; but some loanwords have a hiatus of a short vowel followed by a long vowel: oaas 'oasis' is syllabified o-aas. Compound words are syllabified as combinations of their parts: vanaema 'grandmother' is syllabified as va-na-e-ma as the word is composed from vana 'old' and ema 'mother'. Etymologically compound loanwords and foreign names may be syllabified as compound or simple words: fotograaf 'photographer' is syllabified fo-to-graaf or fo-tog-raaf, Petrograd is syllabified Pet-ro-grad or Pet-rog-rad.
These syllabification rules are used for hyphenating words at the end of line, with the additional rule that a single letter is not left on a line.
Foreign words
Loanwords are normally adapted to Estonian spelling: veeb 'web', džäss 'jazz'. However, foreign words and phrases sometimes may be used in the original spelling, such as Latin phrases, Italian musical terms, exotic words. Such citations are typographically emphasized using italics and declined using apostrophe: croissant'id 'croissants'.
Foreign proper names from Latin-script languages are written in their original spelling: Margaret Thatcher, Bordeaux. Names from non-Latin-script languages are written using either Estonian orthographic transcription or established romanization systems. Some geographical names (and some names of historical personalities, such as monarchs) have traditional Estonian forms (including some adapted spellings such as Viin for German Wien 'Vienna').
Derivations from foreign proper names with the suffixes -lik, -lane, -lus, -ism, -ist usually conserve the spelling of names (e. g. thatcherism, bordeaux'lane), but a few are adapted by established tradition: marksism, darvinism, luterlus. Derivations without suffixes or with other suffixes are adapted to Estonian spelling: njuuton 'newton' (physical unit), haimoriit 'maxillary sinusitis' (inflammation of antrum of Highmore), üterbium 'ytterbium', šeikspiroloog 'Shakespearologist', etc.
Expressions such as Celsiuse kraad 'degree Celsius', Cheddari juust 'Cheddar cheese' conserve the spelling of proper names (adding case endings). However, names of plants and animals are usually written in adapted forms, e.g. koloraado mardikas 'Colorado beetle'.
Apostrophe is used when adding case endings to proper names with unusual grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (such as ending on a consonant orthographically but on a vowel phonetically or vice versa), e.g. Provence'i (genitive of Provence).
Capitalization
Capital letters are written at the beginning of the first word in a sentence, proper names, and official names functioned as proper names. May be used in the pronouns Sina 'you (singular)' and Teie 'you (plural, also used as formal singular)' to show respect.
Names of months, days of the week, holidays, Chinese zodiac years, and titles of people such as professor are not capitalized.
Titles of books, films, etc. are written in quotation marks with only the first word and proper names capitalized.
Compound words
Compound words are written as one word, but they are often composed of genitive+nominative and hard to distinguish from simple word combinations. A compound word is considered a single word and written together when: 1)it has a separate meaning, e. g. peatükk 'chapter' but pea tükk 'part of a head'; 2)it is different from the genitive+nominative combination, e. g. vesiveski (nominative+nominative) 'watermill'; 3)some combinations may be together or separately, but writing them together is preferred in more complex word phrases: erakonna liige 'member of a party' — iga erakonnaliige 'every member of the party'. Rare and long word combinations are typically written separately.
The hyphen is used: 1)in compounds where one of the parts is a letter (C-vitamiin 'vitamin C'), an initialism (teksti-TV 'text TV'), a foreign citation (nalja-show 'joke show') or a word part (kuni-sõna 'word containing kuni'); 2)in compound adjectives where the first part as a proper name; 3)in compound geographical names such as Lõuna-Eesti 'South Estonia'; 4)as a suspended hyphen, e. g. kuld- ja hõbeesemed 'gold and silver things' (also in compound words such as ekspordi-impordipank 'export-import bank'); 5)in "nominative+ablative" adverbs, e. g. päev-päevalt 'day after day'; 6)in dvandva compounds, e. g. isa-ema 'father and mother'; 7)in compound adjectives from word phrases, e. g. katselis-foneetiline 'related to tentative phonetics'; 8)in compound adjectives with coordinating meaning, e. g. eesti-inglise sõnaraamat 'Estonian-English dictionary'; 9)in double names such as Ulla-Liisa. It can be optionally used in unusual compounds such as karusmarja-jahukaste 'gooseberry disease'; in compounds with three or four identical letters in a row (e. g. iga-aastane 'yearly', luu-uure 'bone groove'); in compounds with numbers (see below) or with signs (e.g. +-märk '+ sign'); in the construction 'genitive of a proper name + nominative' after another genitive (e. g. Venemaa Euroopa-osa 'European part of Russia'); in the colloquial construction 'genitive of a proper name + noun' instead of 'noun + proper name', e. g. Kuuse-onu instead of onu Kuusk 'Uncle Kuusk'; in ad hoc compounds such as aega-küll-meeleolu; in words from two-or-more-component proper names, e. g. françois-villon'lik, buenos-aireslane.
Abbreviations
The abbreviation period (full stop) may be used, but it is not mandatory. Commonly used abbreviations are usually written without the abbreviation period: t, tn, or tän for tänav 'street'; vt for vaata 'see'; jpt for ja paljud teised 'and many others'. Using the abbreviation period is recommended when an abbreviation may be misread as another word: joon. for joonis 'figure, draft' but joon 'line'. If an abbreviation of a word phrase may be mistaken for a word or for another abbreviation, periods are used after every letter but the last one, and spaces are not used: e.m.a for enne meie ajaarvamist but ema 'mother', m.a.j for meie ajaarvamise järgi but maj for majandus 'economy'.
The hyphen is used in some abbreviations of compound words, e. g. ped-dr for pedagoogikadoktor 'doctor of pedagogy', kpt-ltn for kaptenleitnant 'capitan lieutenant', especially in the construction abbreviation + complete word, such as rb-paneelid for raudbetoonpaneelid 'reinforced concrete panels'.
Numerals
Numerals may be written in words (üks 'one', kaks 'two', kolm 'three'...) or in figures (1, 2, 3, ...). In Estonian texts, the comma is used as the decimal separator, and the space is used as thousands separator (in financial documents, the point can be used as thousands separator to avoid inserting an extra digit). The point as a separator is used for dates, daytime, prices, and sports results in meters and centimeters. For prices in euros and cents, writing € 84.95 as well as 84,95 € is accepted. Daytime in hours and minutes (24-hour format) may be written using the point or the colon (without spaces): 16.15 or 16:15; but seconds are separated by the point: 16:15.25. The colon with spaces is used for ratios. e. g. 2 : 3.
When written in words, numerals with -teist or -teistkümment (11 to 19), -kümmend (tens) and -sada 'hundreds' are written together, e. g. viisteist(kümment) 'fifteen', viiskümmend 'fifty', viissada 'five hundred'. Other compound numerals are written separately: kakskümmend viis 'twenty-five'.
For writing ordinal numbers in figures, the ordinal dot is used: 16. for kuueteistkümnes 'the sixteenth'. In some cases, ordinals are written as Roman numerals (without the ordinal dot). Romnan numerals followed by a dot may be used in numbered lists.
Case forms of cardinal and ordinal numerals may be written in the form "figures+case ending" with or without a hyphen: 16s or 16-s for kuueteistkümnes 'sixteen [inessive]', 16ndas or 16-ndas for kuueteistkümnendas 'the sixteenth [inessive]'. For case endings beginning with the letter l, the hyphen is mandatory to avoid confusion with the digit 1: 16-le for kuueteistkümnele 'sixteen [allative]'. Case endings after figures are not used when a cardinal or ordinal numeral is in a case concordance with a following noun. Likewise, compound words with numbers written in figures may be written with or without the hyphen: 60vatine lamp or 60-vatine lamp for kuuskümmendvatine lamp '60-watt light bulb'.
Punctuation
The period (full stop) is used at the end of sentences, as an ordinal mark and sometimes as an abbreviation mark and as a number separator (see above).
The colon is used before lists, before direct speech, before explanations, and also in writing daytime and ratios (see above).
The semicolon is used between weakly related parts of sentences, especially containing commas.
The hyphen is used for writing compound words (see above). It is also used for hyphenating words at the end of line, for declining letters and abbreviations, and optionally for declining acronyms/initialisms, numbers, and symbols.
The exclamation and question marks are used at the end exclamative and interrogative sentences. Occasionally, they may be parenthesized and written after words within sentences to show doubt or surprise. The exclamation mark is also used for addressing people in letters, e. g. Austatud professor Pirk!. Using the comma or the colon in this case is considered inappropriate.
The quotation marks, written as „ ”, are used for direct speech, citations, scare quotes, and names of books, documents, episodes, enterprises, etc. Names of plant sorts may be written in double or in single quotation marks (looking like apostrophes: ’ ’) and are normally italicized. For cited words and phrases, including words in a linguistic context, quotation marks or italics may be used. Quotation marks are not used in the names of institutions, periodicals, awards, wares, and vehicles.
The apostrophe is used for adding case endings and suffixes to foreign names with unusual grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences and to foreign citations in the original spelling (see above). Sometimes the apostrophe is used for adding case endings and suffixes to Estonian names, to make the original form clear: Metsa’le (allative of the surname Metsa), mutt’lik (the apostrophe is used to conserve the spelling if the surname Mutt, otherwise the duuble consonant would become a single consonant). Also, the apostrophe is sometimes used in poetry to indicate omission of a sound: õitsel', mull', sull' insted of õitsele, mulle, sulle are found in Lydia Koidula's poems. Single quotation marks (’ ’) are used for word meanings in a linguistic context.
The parentheses are used for parenthetical words or sentences, and also for optional parts of words in a linguistic context.
The square brackets are used for citer's notes to citations and for showing pronunciation in linguistic and reference works.
The ellipsis is used for slight pauses and for unfinished thoughts. It is surrounded by spaces. Also, the ellipsis is used for bowdlerizing obscene words.
History
Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. In the old orthography, single consonants following short vowels were written double even if they are short (kala 'fish' was written as kalla) and long vowels in an open syllable were written single (looma 'to create' was written as loma). Before Otto Wilhelm Masing introduced the letter õ in the early 19th century, its sound had not been distinguished in writing from ö. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.
In Fraktur typesetting (which was common in Estonian publications before the first half of the 20th century), two kinds of the small letter s were distinguished: the short s and the long ſ. The long ſ was used at the beginning and in the middle of syllables, and the short s was used at the end of syllables. For example: kaſs 'cat' — kasſi 'cat [gen. sg., part. sg.]'.
Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources were often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of я ("ya") for ä (e.g. Pyarnu (Пярну) for Pärnu), ы ("y") for õ (e.g., Pylva (Пылва) for Põlva) and ю ("yu") for ü (e.g., Pyussi (Пюсси) for Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma).
See also
Estonian Braille
Finnish alphabet
References
Mati Erelt, Tiiu Erelt, Kristiina Ross. Eesti keele käsiraamat 2020 (in Estonian).
Тийу Эрелт. Орфография эстонского языка (in Russian).
Mati Erelt, Reet Kasik, Helle Metslang, Henno Rajandi, Kristiina Ross, Henn Saari, Kaja Tael, Silvi Vare. Eesti keele grammatika. II. Süntaks. Lisa: Kiri. Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut. Tallinn, 1993 (in Estonian).
External links
Orthography and pronunciation
The Estonian alphabet
Estonian language
Latin-script orthographies
|
[
-0.01191835105419159,
0.4501466453075409,
-0.45927250385284424,
-0.39347410202026367,
-0.2873103618621826,
0.6874241828918457,
0.6467803716659546,
0.5523766279220581,
-0.23818476498126984,
-0.4963020086288452,
-0.18553303182125092,
0.2879464030265808,
-0.2712477743625641,
0.037553027272224426,
0.18804492056369781,
0.6155702471733093,
0.4362901449203491,
0.5849847793579102,
0.3468059301376343,
-0.11691860109567642,
-0.46644356846809387,
-0.1466018110513687,
0.5434091091156006,
0.09640433639287949,
0.16412870585918427,
-0.6302568316459656,
0.8702044486999512,
-0.03864844888448715,
-0.47525227069854736,
0.005804460030049086,
-0.10093191266059875,
1.022992730140686,
-0.20578284561634064,
0.25746530294418335,
0.005922791548073292,
-0.7656050324440002,
-0.06750655919313431,
-0.368655264377594,
0.012668069452047348,
0.06941457092761993,
-0.25345227122306824,
-0.5950380563735962,
-0.21782474219799042,
0.07380283623933792,
0.26970037817955017,
-0.9617534279823303,
-1.0338796377182007,
0.3348499834537506,
-0.7030069828033447,
0.35842254757881165,
-0.4790157675743103,
-0.004713330417871475,
-0.08530164510011673,
0.7463934421539307,
-0.032371051609516144,
0.4153963029384613,
-0.7046443223953247,
0.21112528443336487,
0.03598008677363396,
0.5668016076087952,
0.37991684675216675,
0.03841491788625717,
-0.565056562423706,
0.34316855669021606,
0.5986604690551758,
-0.0879654809832573,
-0.3764709234237671,
0.025349225848913193,
-0.7493277788162231,
-1.096426010131836,
-0.40335920453071594,
-0.1258000135421753,
-0.046185046434402466,
-0.2419646829366684,
-0.06428322196006775,
-0.39916926622390747,
-0.35499128699302673,
-0.11264272034168243,
0.0763864740729332,
-0.2090531289577484,
0.13031834363937378,
0.7231547236442566,
0.49818241596221924,
0.6569393277168274,
0.2601924538612366,
0.08391700685024261,
-0.2630739212036133,
0.005982820875942707,
0.051788292825222015,
0.2587366998195648,
0.4593142867088318,
-0.3857983350753784,
0.1338971108198166,
-0.10707593709230423,
-0.14904676377773285,
0.35846370458602905,
-0.47558245062828064,
0.4463736116886139,
-0.5010204315185547,
0.2691386044025421,
-0.0748654156923294,
0.6194518804550171,
0.6322011947631836,
0.29363831877708435,
-1.2607498168945312,
-0.3687680661678314,
-0.2580815553665161,
0.2308846414089203,
-0.016264550387859344,
-0.12386558949947357,
-0.2968654930591583,
-0.09299711138010025,
-0.20406527817249298,
0.08218000084161758,
-0.41671597957611084,
-0.09111843258142471,
0.1917944997549057,
-0.3357541561126709,
-0.3365629315376282,
0.18328914046287537,
0.30859822034835815,
0.6224188208580017,
0.37278062105178833,
0.18872860074043274,
0.20119290053844452,
0.09885847568511963,
0.20093324780464172,
0.6805046200752258,
-0.5862303376197815,
-0.1702108383178711,
0.17146000266075134,
0.7476008534431458,
-0.083873450756073,
0.5409204959869385,
0.12043200433254242,
0.051849137991666794,
0.043665457516908646,
-0.11732220649719238,
0.2397528737783432,
0.24512778222560883,
-0.8447081446647644,
-0.5037420988082886,
-0.369637131690979,
-0.17627935111522675,
0.1194411888718605,
-0.021051833406090736,
-0.26381605863571167,
-0.4190133810043335,
-0.3439571261405945,
-0.23482955992221832,
0.11642567813396454,
-0.3586902320384979,
0.004562665708363056,
0.05959978327155113,
-0.4168764352798462,
0.08692779392004013,
0.7507760524749756,
0.7086542248725891,
0.604261577129364,
0.2273513525724411,
0.03224363178014755,
0.34235063195228577,
-0.39723894000053406,
0.2370460033416748,
0.07336132973432541,
-0.18326590955257416,
0.13190600275993347,
1.2644989490509033,
0.13967786729335785,
-0.034629713743925095,
-0.215162992477417,
0.08592917770147324,
0.6672844886779785,
0.07930373400449753,
-0.5222352147102356,
-0.2945527136325836,
0.34631580114364624,
0.6127498745918274,
0.2796235680580139,
-0.576345682144165,
-0.6816120743751526,
0.7457834482192993,
0.39614227414131165,
0.542868971824646,
0.2631351351737976,
0.2953270375728607,
-0.018520012497901917,
-0.1714656800031662,
-0.014204669743776321,
-0.39668017625808716,
-0.6509543657302856,
-0.9291113018989563,
0.09121832996606827,
-0.04003860056400299,
0.5364065170288086,
0.05149316042661667,
-0.30312609672546387,
0.8968712687492371,
0.26629310846328735,
0.8416459560394287,
-0.23757876455783844,
-0.8716917037963867,
0.28871312737464905,
0.0409303642809391,
0.1347912698984146,
0.21488387882709503,
0.044148437678813934,
0.25966405868530273,
0.14456941187381744,
-0.03399647772312164,
0.9381181001663208,
-0.42702266573905945,
0.5076736211776733,
0.15959173440933228,
0.20140817761421204,
0.16305968165397644,
-0.3654608130455017,
-0.18477390706539154,
-0.1728111207485199,
0.09917432069778442,
0.7413070201873779,
-0.5632538199424744,
0.0303665678948164,
0.3691848814487457,
-0.3891708254814148,
0.36007454991340637,
0.1540164053440094,
0.4436332881450653,
0.07986289262771606,
-0.5552008152008057,
0.03802589699625969,
-0.6587607860565186,
0.26212337613105774,
-0.1164509505033493,
-0.30042800307273865,
-0.6085560917854309,
-0.4115760922431946,
0.16273616254329681,
0.6546708941459656,
-0.17716413736343384,
0.2575903534889221,
-0.08720969408750534,
-0.2604281008243561,
0.1060597226023674,
0.5960389375686646,
0.13465215265750885,
-0.32547706365585327,
-0.011803260073065758,
-0.11379794776439667,
-0.11590365320444107,
0.5833716988563538,
-0.1338747888803482,
-0.2759877145290375,
-0.2796711027622223,
-0.4039013385772705,
0.016422323882579803,
0.6639939546585083,
-0.057502489537000656,
0.6429938077926636,
-0.10113254934549332,
-0.13023097813129425,
0.13137933611869812,
0.18174506723880768,
-0.042700935155153275,
0.13142146170139313,
-0.7435651421546936,
0.23023094236850739,
-0.025344250723719597,
0.40534478425979614,
0.1922101080417633,
0.17509205639362335,
0.387828528881073,
-0.6131631731987,
0.09753977507352829,
-0.3499855399131775,
-0.6359776258468628,
0.17665225267410278,
0.2289692759513855,
-0.9465911388397217,
-0.06096178665757179,
-0.39144277572631836,
0.5038682222366333,
0.1706923544406891,
-0.5672565698623657,
-0.7073885798454285,
-0.40540167689323425,
0.16216205060482025,
-0.29784291982650757,
-0.06525944918394089,
-0.2580587863922119,
-0.07041437923908234,
-0.03274744376540184,
-0.41000840067863464,
-0.038989633321762085,
-0.1358003318309784,
0.42205169796943665,
0.5678215026855469,
0.11908454447984695,
0.3705366253852844,
-0.5599677562713623,
-0.3120274841785431,
0.06456403434276581,
0.20093055069446564,
-0.06086086109280586,
-0.5542426109313965,
0.2625384032726288,
-0.2734484076499939,
0.02206766977906227,
-5.587252616882324,
0.17608679831027985,
-0.6237232089042664,
-0.29453638195991516,
0.07082200050354004,
0.38290935754776,
0.67523592710495,
-0.36756211519241333,
0.05533578619360924,
-0.20150794088840485,
-0.29799893498420715,
0.4247038960456848,
0.1572258025407791,
0.4675148129463196,
0.37527549266815186,
0.19390363991260529,
0.422738254070282,
0.30307289958000183,
0.004019982647150755,
0.47483375668525696,
-0.24836930632591248,
-0.1300925463438034,
-0.033607568591833115,
0.5595800876617432,
0.8230387568473816,
0.5735785365104675,
-0.16732870042324066,
0.010778089985251427,
0.21158355474472046,
-0.10303603857755661,
-0.18264183402061462,
-0.5759328603744507,
0.7670755982398987,
-0.615718424320221,
-0.20802433788776398,
-0.28818777203559875,
0.7093417644500732,
1.1156387329101562,
0.840416669845581,
-0.4308605194091797,
0.46519407629966736,
0.39740172028541565,
0.23833096027374268,
-0.45990464091300964,
0.059313856065273285,
-0.2632765471935272,
-0.5823935866355896,
0.1741076409816742,
-1.0555639266967773,
1.2735763788223267,
-0.12829241156578064,
-0.08958161622285843,
0.03417195752263069,
0.3264876902103424,
0.30594393610954285,
-0.10248593240976334,
0.4768870174884796,
-0.10192844271659851,
-0.19386334717273712,
-0.06444603949785233,
0.20047010481357574,
-0.6468652486801147,
-0.6571943163871765,
-0.8510769605636597,
-0.2794976234436035,
-0.5953651666641235,
-0.6531869769096375,
-0.35993659496307373,
0.16925930976867676,
0.56498122215271,
-0.6629613041877747,
0.2187316119670868,
-0.13216106593608856,
-0.8402413129806519,
-0.08854416012763977,
-0.9340166449546814,
-0.32546359300613403,
0.09884262830018997,
-0.30324527621269226,
0.2896888256072998,
-0.5308598875999451,
-0.7553619146347046,
-0.4930684268474579,
0.5906380414962769,
0.7407365441322327,
-0.4037581980228424,
-0.3608768880367279,
-0.05727457255125046,
-0.25859174132347107,
-0.4416036903858185,
1.1374237537384033,
-0.6584059000015259,
-0.03159685805439949,
-0.2471422255039215,
0.4286741614341736,
0.21400612592697144,
0.4764208197593689,
-0.5143505930900574,
0.7092952728271484,
-0.6655158400535583,
0.5309002995491028,
-0.21882978081703186,
0.18412983417510986,
-0.5779574513435364,
0.16606156527996063,
-0.16132916510105133,
-0.5392445921897888,
0.1310780644416809,
0.6947359442710876,
-0.4226994514465332,
-0.5755192637443542,
-0.11680035293102264,
0.27453914284706116,
-0.42796942591667175,
0.04740560054779053,
-0.06659742444753647,
-0.005647937301546335,
0.545815646648407,
-0.23584729433059692,
-0.07904310524463654,
0.2525903582572937,
0.025143807753920555,
-0.13120533525943756,
0.02850773185491562,
-0.3707033395767212,
-0.26730626821517944,
-0.18349666893482208,
0.2572612762451172,
-0.3721427321434021,
0.17787717282772064,
0.35175880789756775,
-0.19316187500953674,
0.032249268144369125,
-0.11101335287094116,
0.4325067400932312,
0.3307575285434723,
0.12429877370595932,
-0.2017349898815155,
0.09792937338352203,
-0.8029241561889648,
-0.033086586743593216,
-0.7181463837623596,
-0.12213966995477676,
0.05022101476788521,
0.6424393057823181,
0.3283035457134247,
0.060715142637491226,
-0.5624877214431763,
-0.837806761264801,
0.090706467628479,
-0.13342684507369995,
-0.3593448996543884,
0.22537176311016083,
-0.024616943672299385,
0.3394714295864105,
0.3109053075313568,
-0.244162917137146,
0.03961116075515747,
-0.6141761541366577,
-0.1727941334247589,
0.2578650712966919,
-0.6624626517295837,
-0.33641868829727173,
-0.18237003684043884,
0.3750613331794739,
-0.7973784804344177,
-0.4922010600566864,
0.02398785948753357,
-0.6454648375511169,
0.9967113733291626,
0.156424418091774,
-0.0871146023273468,
-0.5301538109779358,
0.11188283562660217,
0.5306398868560791,
0.19722583889961243,
0.024495234712958336,
0.6518346071243286,
-0.2568078935146332,
0.04065481945872307,
0.48166558146476746,
-0.08787839859724045,
-0.2776314616203308,
0.7221456170082092,
0.2865268588066101,
-0.7314615249633789,
0.5875033736228943,
0.29247692227363586,
-0.5308515429496765,
-0.0011183015303686261,
0.049102216958999634,
0.10939731448888779,
0.5139918923377991,
-0.420546293258667,
-0.5957089066505432,
-0.8476300239562988,
-0.08308344334363937,
-0.10764432698488235,
0.12440881133079529,
-0.027610117569565773,
0.8396492004394531,
0.8255623579025269,
-0.16352708637714386,
-0.0452311672270298,
-0.10514993220567703,
-0.47824010252952576,
0.8432527184486389,
0.0988631471991539,
-0.6147379875183105,
0.24754877388477325,
-0.7648516297340393,
-0.7151151299476624,
-0.5300336480140686,
0.11620746552944183,
-0.5754997134208679,
-0.1327258050441742,
0.384324312210083,
-0.21820107102394104,
-0.1905769258737564,
-0.6021052002906799,
-0.34296730160713196,
0.17681920528411865,
-0.41765132546424866,
-0.13827694952487946,
-0.35815128684043884,
0.02331245131790638,
0.16426879167556763,
-0.30855420231819153,
0.3399234116077423,
-0.4514225721359253,
0.7168829441070557,
-0.6566113233566284,
0.42326200008392334,
0.07494264096021652,
-0.19366364181041718,
0.20535878837108612,
-0.30584684014320374,
0.2308785617351532,
0.06520240753889084,
0.7372186183929443,
0.6616595983505249,
1.1313426494598389,
-0.11322131752967834,
-0.20776978135108948,
-0.4787861704826355,
0.34199488162994385,
0.35955920815467834,
-0.15369698405265808,
-0.7528483271598816,
0.328747421503067,
-0.2632765471935272,
-0.6489391326904297,
-0.7345861196517944,
-0.5750222206115723,
0.6345232725143433,
-0.3834472894668579,
0.13485583662986755,
0.3860660195350647,
-0.052918240427970886,
0.4907006621360779,
0.12131883949041367,
-0.6439083218574524,
-0.20136311650276184,
0.4353468120098114,
0.29010361433029175,
0.3194473385810852,
-0.22171297669410706,
0.12977543473243713,
0.26027315855026245,
-0.0712541788816452,
-0.3831808567047119,
-0.6737140417098999,
0.5061579942703247,
-0.3279688358306885,
0.28305497765541077,
-0.13033856451511383,
0.05061827227473259,
0.07120372354984283,
-0.18072275817394257,
0.27407345175743103,
-0.5006251931190491,
0.12130974978208542,
0.02357964962720871,
-0.1998780071735382,
-0.5242000818252563,
-0.3208993077278137,
0.09461641311645508,
0.35144123435020447,
-0.17519523203372955,
-0.14933592081069946,
-0.28256943821907043,
0.08994366973638535,
-0.45062294602394104,
0.6288512349128723,
-0.05553600192070007,
0.08639101684093475,
0.2372354120016098,
0.49713343381881714,
-0.03552880138158798,
0.0870862752199173,
-0.10705820471048355,
0.9157353043556213,
0.45950108766555786,
-0.439779132604599,
0.2868204116821289,
0.39795154333114624,
-0.2122681885957718,
0.05366474390029907,
0.31841814517974854,
0.13924703001976013,
0.07805627584457397,
0.18424324691295624,
0.6512860059738159,
1.0747159719467163,
0.11771433055400848,
-0.21336409449577332,
0.6644930243492126,
-0.3300849199295044,
-0.12197312712669373,
0.09665530174970627,
0.45864975452423096,
-0.47428980469703674,
0.4012610912322998,
0.144100621342659,
-1.0271440744400024,
0.8658124208450317,
-0.30821162462234497,
0.021631499752402306,
0.16419418156147003,
0.030624698847532272,
0.4654764235019684,
0.44981735944747925,
-0.8019430041313171,
-0.024142315611243248,
-0.6058837175369263,
-0.5776574611663818,
-0.293442040681839,
-0.48086950182914734,
-0.03421220928430557,
0.639203667640686,
0.7690269947052002,
0.7726851105690002,
-0.010035812854766846,
0.01889180950820446,
0.39826586842536926,
-0.061499785631895065,
-0.04418853670358658,
0.11454418301582336,
-0.16016711294651031,
-0.20016972720623016,
0.38144487142562866,
-0.2365853637456894,
0.2619096040725708,
-0.33972302079200745,
-0.133972629904747,
-0.39939478039741516,
-0.3399025499820709,
-0.4425395429134369,
-0.17228181660175323,
-0.2530168294906616,
-0.4239513874053955,
0.08782990276813507,
-0.4007149338722229,
0.07189995050430298,
0.009598998352885246,
0.05432979762554169,
0.6182385087013245,
-0.43268439173698425,
-0.07648764550685883,
-0.2716384828090668,
0.16358155012130737,
0.141953244805336,
0.028587166219949722,
0.16454072296619415,
0.2827613353729248,
0.47314873337745667,
0.684312641620636,
0.05819353833794594,
-0.3171308636665344,
-0.13405443727970123,
-0.3763119578361511,
0.2547229528427124,
-0.1200767382979393,
-0.7308566570281982,
0.04921577870845795,
-0.08128795772790909,
0.20863986015319824,
-0.06018245965242386,
0.44401684403419495,
0.10751640051603317,
-0.22388887405395508,
-0.27812519669532776,
0.3666200637817383,
-0.03518146276473999,
-0.6253068447113037,
-0.21275447309017181,
-0.702416181564331,
0.7213743925094604,
-0.011243441142141819,
0.011103888973593712,
-0.12765352427959442,
0.23433749377727509,
0.3561569154262543,
0.3140787184238434,
-0.4153369963169098,
0.11590813100337982,
0.1032949760556221,
0.4938998520374298,
-0.2556499242782593,
0.2877733111381531,
0.5409131050109863,
0.3692273199558258,
0.3134700059890747,
0.23818421363830566,
-0.22808684408664703,
0.026476304978132248,
0.44871455430984497,
-0.3350006341934204,
-0.17564105987548828,
-0.17379409074783325,
-0.3568838834762573,
-0.06495929509401321,
0.26891231536865234,
0.20056545734405518,
-0.13424405455589294,
-0.2576284110546112,
-0.10011417418718338,
0.5139012932777405,
-0.8825840950012207,
-0.0521758608520031,
-0.8756336569786072,
0.19243039190769196,
-0.1835801750421524,
0.32333433628082275,
-0.5297855138778687,
0.5533325672149658,
0.09324304759502411,
0.5284366607666016,
0.2928371727466583,
-0.7434874176979065,
-0.2587197422981262,
-0.24509432911872864,
-0.11674020439386368,
0.6924123764038086,
-0.0013742290902882814,
0.08743932098150253,
-0.20930461585521698,
0.07200343161821365,
-0.620151162147522,
-0.02710806578397751,
0.2365141659975052,
-0.3113216161727905,
0.9410961270332336,
0.212049201130867,
0.10751071572303772,
0.03225155547261238,
0.29064545035362244,
-0.31257715821266174,
0.052398111671209335,
0.6766059398651123
] |
211017
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimalisation
|
Decimalisation
|
Decimalisation or decimalization (see spelling differences) is the conversion of a system of currency or of weights and measures to units related by powers of 10.
Most countries have decimalised their currencies, converting them from non-decimal sub-units to a decimal system, with one basic currency unit and sub-units that are to a power of 10, most commonly 100 and exceptionally 1000; and sometimes at the same time changing the name of the currency or the conversion rate to the new currency. Today, only two countries have non-decimal currencies: Mauritania, where 1 ouguiya = 5 khoums, and Madagascar, where 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja. However, these are only theoretically non-decimal, as, in both cases, the value of the main unit is so low that the sub-units are too small to be of any practical use and coins of the sub-units are no longer used. Russia was the first country to convert to a decimal currency when it decimalised under Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, resulting in the ruble being equal to 100 kopeks.
For weights and measures, this is also called metrication, replacing traditional units that are related in other ways, such as those formed by successive doubling or halving, or by more arbitrary conversion factors. Units of physical measurement, such as length and mass, were decimalised with the introduction of the metric system, which has been adopted by almost all countries (with the prominent exceptions of the United States, and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom). Thus, a kilometre is 1000 metres, while a mile is 1,760 yards. Electrical units are decimalised worldwide. Common units of time remain undecimalised; although an attempt was made during the French Revolution, this proved to be unsuccessful and was quickly abandoned.
Currency decimalisation by region
Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a factor of 10. Most sub-units are one-100th of the base currency unit, but currencies based on 1,000 sub-units also exist in several Arab countries.
Some countries changed the name of the base unit when they decimalised their currency, including:
Europe
Russia converted to a decimal currency under Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, with the ruble being equal to 100 kopeks, thus making the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency, but not quite as we know decimal currencies today, as there were smaller units beneath the kopek itself, the denga (half a kopek, or 200 to the ruble) and the polushka (half a denga, one-quarter kopek, or 400 to the ruble). After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union transitioned to a purely decimal model by eliminating the non-decimal subdivisions of the kopek.
France introduced the franc in 1795 to replace the livre tournois, abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it invaded during the Napoleonic period.
The Dutch guilder decimalised in 1817 (became equal to 100 centen instead of 20 stuivers = 160 duiten = 320 penningen), with the last pre-decimal coins withdrawn from circulation in 1848.
Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed the krona in 1873.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian gulden in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.
Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.
Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.
The United Kingdom and Ireland decimalised the pound sterling and Irish pound, respectively, in 1971. (See £sd and Decimal Day.)
Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.
Americas
North America
USA
Decimalisation was introduced into the Thirteen Colonies by the American Revolution, and then enshrined in USA law by the Coinage Act of 1792.
Canada
Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united Province of Canada's Governor General, Lord Sydenham, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the Canadian dollar). Francis Hincks, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal. In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a central bank was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of the currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars". The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time.
Decimalisation occurred in:
The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments: The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.
Mexico
The Mexican peso was formally decimalised in the 1860s with the introduction of coins denominated in centavos; however, the currency did not fully decimalise in practice immediately and pre-decimal reales were issued until 1897.
Bermuda
Bermuda decimalised in 1970, by introducing the Bermudian dollar equal to 8 shillings 4 pence (100 pence, effectively equal to the US dollar under the Bretton Woods system).
Caribbean
The Cuban peso decimalised in 1869 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Dominican peso decimalised in 1877 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Haitian gourde decimalised in 1881 by peg to French franc (became equal to 100 centimes/santim).
The Netherlands Antillean guilder decimalised in 1892 by peg to Dutch guilder (became equal to 100 centen).
The British West Indies dollar decimalised in 1955.
The Jamaican dollar decimalised in 1969.
Central America
Costa Rican peso decimalised in 1864, divided into 100 centavos, instead of 8 reales.
Honduran peso decimalised in 1871, divided into 100 centavos, instead of 8 reales.
British Honduran (Belize) dollar decimalised in 1885, divided into 100 cents.
South America
The Venezuelan peso decimalised in 1843.
The Colombian peso decimalised in 1847 (became equal to 10 décimos instead of 8 reales, later became equal to 100 centavos).
The Chilean peso decimalised in 1851 (became equal to 10 décimos or 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Peruvian sol decimalised in 1863 (equal to 10 dineros or 100 centavos).
The Paraguayan peso decimalised in 1870 (became equal to 100 centésimos, later centavos, instead of 8 reales).
The Ecuadorian peso decimalised in 1871.
The Argentine peso decimalised in 1881.
Africa
The Ethiopian birr decimalised in 1931 (became equal to 100 metonnyas instead of 16 ghersh).
The Ghanaian cedi decimalised in 1965.
The Zambian kwacha decimalised in 1968.
The Rhodesian dollar decimalised in 1970.
The Gambian dalasi decimalised in 1971.
The Malawian kwacha decimalised in 1971.
The Nigerian naira decimalised in 1973.
South Africa
The rand was introduced on 14 February 1961. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 shillings to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency.
Oceania
Australia and New Zealand
Australia decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the Australian dollars replacing the Australian pound. A television campaign containing a memorable jingle, sung to the tune of Click Go the Shears, was used to help the public to understand the changes. New Zealand decimalised on 10 July 1967, with the New Zealand dollars replacing the New Zealand pound.
In both countries, the conversion rate was one pound to two dollars and 10 shillings to one dollar.
To ease the transition, the new 5-cent, 10-cent and 20-cents coins were the same size and weight, and the new $1, $2, $10 and $20 banknotes (and the new $100 banknote in New Zealand) were the same colour, as their pre-decimal equivalents. Because of the inexact conversion between cents and pence, people were advised to tender halfpenny, penny and threepence coins in multiples of sixpence (the lowest common multiple of both systems) during the transition.
Rest of Oceania
Tongan pa'anga decimalised on 3 April 1967
Samoan tala decimalised on 10 July 1967
Fijian dollar decimalised on 15 January 1969
Asia
Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon at the time) decimalised in 1869.
King Chulalongkorn decimalised the Thai currency in 1897.
Iran decimalised its currency in 1932, with the rial, subdivided into 100 new dinars, replacing the qiran at par.
India changed from the rupee, anna, pie system to decimal currency on 1 April 1957.
Yemen Arab Republic introduced coinage system of 1 North Yemeni rial=100 fils in 1974, to replace former system of 1 rial = 40 buqsha = 80 halala = 160 zalat. The country was one of the last to convert its coinage.
Japan historically had two decimal subdivisions of the yen: the sen (1/100) and the rin (1/1,000). However, they were taken out of circulation as of December 31, 1953, and all transactions are now conducted in multiples of 1 yen.
Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion
In India, Pakistan, and other places where a system of 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192 pies was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 naya paisa = rupee. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan. Bold denotes the actual denomination written on the coins
Mauritania and Madagascar
Mauritania and Madagascar theoretically retain currencies with units whose values are in the ratio five to one: the Mauritanian ouguiya (MRU) is equivalent to five khoums, and the Malagasy ariary (MGA) to five iraimbilanja.
In practice, however, the value of each of these two larger units is very small: as of 2021, the MRU is traded against the euro at about 44 to one, and the MGA at about 4,600 to one. In each of these countries, the smaller denomination is no longer used, although in Mauritania there is still a "one-fifth ouguiya" coin.
Non-currency cases
Securities
In the special context of quoting the prices of stocks, traded almost always in blocks of 100 or more shares and usually in blocks of many thousands, stock exchanges in the United States used eighths or sixteenths of dollars, until converting to decimals between September 2000 and April 2001.
Similarly, in the UK, the prices of government securities continued to be quoted in multiples of of a pound ( d or p) long after the currency was decimalised.
Metrication
The idea of measurement and currency systems where units are related by factors of ten was suggested by Simon Stevin who in 1585 first advocated the use of decimal numbers for everyday purposes. The Metric system was developed in France in the 1790s as part of the reforms introduced during the French Revolution. Its adoption was gradual, both within France and in other countries, but its use is nearly universal today. One aspect of measurement decimalisation was the introduction of metric prefixes to derive bigger and smaller sizes from base unit names. Examples include kilo for 1000, hecto for 100, centi for 1/100 and milli for 1/1000. The list of metric prefixes has expanded in modern times to encompass a wider range of measurements.
While the common units of time, minute, hour, day, month and year, are not decimalised, there have been proposals for decimalisation of the time of day and decimal calendar systems. Astronomers use a decimalised Julian day number to record and predict events. Decades, centuries, and millennia are examples of common units of time that are decimalised. The millisecond is a decimalised unit of time equivalent to a thousandth of a second, and is sometimes used in computing contexts.
The gradian or grade was an angular unit defined as one hundredth of the right angle, further divided into one hundred centigrades.
See also
Decimal Day
British coinage
Non-decimal currencies
References
Currency
Russian inventions
Articles containing video clips
|
[
-0.2773835062980652,
-0.008072050288319588,
-0.048371586948633194,
0.3589547574520111,
-0.17146559059619904,
0.6169613003730774,
0.05583781749010086,
0.5972648859024048,
-0.4065093696117401,
-0.3045342266559601,
-0.41103583574295044,
-0.4747713804244995,
0.16914689540863037,
0.42435190081596375,
-0.2908725142478943,
0.30720847845077515,
0.09608890861272812,
0.06931953877210617,
-0.1384144127368927,
0.3367229998111725,
-0.24837271869182587,
0.6208295226097107,
0.07998907566070557,
-0.4114276170730591,
-0.049071457237005234,
-0.43309900164604187,
-0.2104886919260025,
-0.6567384004592896,
-0.12354148924350739,
-0.02887875959277153,
-0.056939125061035156,
0.7336642146110535,
-0.02086728997528553,
0.5424330830574036,
-0.16817016899585724,
-0.23888862133026123,
0.03904072567820549,
-0.03900478407740593,
0.03272981941699982,
-0.5472800731658936,
-0.20874948799610138,
-0.22179913520812988,
0.5245502591133118,
0.1503416895866394,
-0.2780980169773102,
-0.468081533908844,
-1.5273668766021729,
0.0739177018404007,
-0.8564624190330505,
-0.04547091946005821,
-0.5389016270637512,
0.2292243391275406,
0.1524365246295929,
0.3268011212348938,
-0.05667950585484505,
0.5643113255500793,
-0.7491356730461121,
0.006665315479040146,
0.06903917342424393,
-0.15351726114749908,
0.748426079750061,
-0.1267722249031067,
-0.20491266250610352,
-0.19254641234874725,
0.45271044969558716,
-0.47518450021743774,
0.3090575039386749,
0.6995735764503479,
-0.24325136840343475,
-0.6549456715583801,
-0.5023216009140015,
-0.604333221912384,
-0.26412472128868103,
0.39460787177085876,
-0.5264460444450378,
-0.19050592184066772,
0.03191220015287399,
0.2186475247144699,
-0.2619037926197052,
-0.20769427716732025,
-0.5593349933624268,
0.3122909963130951,
0.762948751449585,
-0.1620686650276184,
0.4778417646884918,
-0.411792516708374,
-0.45755043625831604,
0.18107406795024872,
0.009476409293711185,
0.9601497054100037,
0.06250855326652527,
0.03090188466012478,
0.7566567659378052,
-0.230922669172287,
-0.6291947960853577,
-0.10900145769119263,
0.23571524024009705,
-0.0646953135728836,
0.5189117193222046,
-0.16996946930885315,
0.25870874524116516,
-0.4006560742855072,
0.8262455463409424,
0.023394949734210968,
-0.40332934260368347,
-0.5045099854469299,
0.3421265482902527,
-0.4331836998462677,
0.5543031692504883,
-0.6223697066307068,
-0.778917133808136,
-0.15702304244041443,
0.14705990254878998,
0.508220374584198,
-0.6402984261512756,
-0.45838847756385803,
-0.09716852754354477,
0.14080668985843658,
-0.32338330149650574,
-0.05465244874358177,
0.21607911586761475,
0.35076627135276794,
0.3116038739681244,
-0.19029882550239563,
0.44300931692123413,
0.4858301877975464,
0.5809805393218994,
0.49795225262641907,
-0.13705302774906158,
0.16961197555065155,
0.36355337500572205,
0.7798579931259155,
-0.453796923160553,
-0.22739535570144653,
-0.1279096007347107,
-0.438871294260025,
0.3486054241657257,
0.28075286746025085,
0.5567650198936462,
-0.2803415060043335,
-0.26629069447517395,
0.40469488501548767,
-0.23967644572257996,
0.13071288168430328,
-0.06581824272871017,
0.24790067970752716,
-0.14606009423732758,
-0.26868072152137756,
-0.19449962675571442,
-0.3360687494277954,
0.496438592672348,
0.05264448747038841,
-0.1520102173089981,
0.23941195011138916,
-0.1040157899260521,
0.11187005043029785,
-0.2453276813030243,
-0.14328783750534058,
-0.3000229299068451,
0.3675236105918884,
-0.23797431588172913,
-0.29363638162612915,
0.055191222578287125,
-0.2599908709526062,
0.07463587075471878,
-0.3316357135772705,
0.5746785998344421,
0.7876824736595154,
0.09784642606973648,
0.2744343876838684,
-0.2889059782028198,
0.09066656976938248,
0.46579715609550476,
0.4675351679325104,
-0.6729010939598083,
0.07501024007797241,
-0.006314895581454039,
0.7641336917877197,
0.7827503085136414,
0.11554300785064697,
-0.5581711530685425,
0.1205989196896553,
0.26719045639038086,
0.8996526002883911,
0.24668194353580475,
-0.14391672611236572,
0.5370875000953674,
-0.21260425448417664,
0.16269470751285553,
-0.029538121074438095,
-0.4577633738517761,
0.18263740837574005,
-0.3225325047969818,
-0.8214913010597229,
0.4410170912742615,
-0.5278380513191223,
-0.8183133602142334,
0.11979278177022934,
-0.19602583348751068,
0.25716012716293335,
-0.22979210317134857,
-0.15257316827774048,
0.38355782628059387,
0.2911875545978546,
0.10602139681577682,
0.4152771532535553,
-0.13048338890075684,
0.43128007650375366,
0.1490405797958374,
0.4083254039287567,
-0.15082919597625732,
-0.5691319704055786,
-0.06611263006925583,
-0.15290531516075134,
-0.06806617230176926,
0.5009974837303162,
-0.472639262676239,
-0.06513912230730057,
-0.048489760607481,
0.023445038124918938,
0.3089273273944855,
-0.2500133216381073,
0.1631062626838684,
-0.07765631377696991,
0.2886294722557068,
0.46339288353919983,
0.48380735516548157,
0.24313096702098846,
0.840919017791748,
-0.616033136844635,
0.31128963828086853,
-0.09925821423530579,
0.4306395351886749,
0.03551803529262543,
0.23522372543811798,
-0.020392093807458878,
-0.18020978569984436,
-0.698917806148529,
0.17936263978481293,
-0.4283372461795807,
0.00553894555196166,
-0.18516531586647034,
0.20037755370140076,
0.06541679799556732,
0.4612427055835724,
0.4389810562133789,
-0.15250030159950256,
-0.04882356896996498,
-0.6284347176551819,
-0.12337704002857208,
0.5722191333770752,
0.5440171957015991,
0.3310812711715698,
-0.06038535013794899,
-0.712121307849884,
-0.11685129255056381,
0.1424664556980133,
-0.0800718292593956,
0.5159472227096558,
0.4751221537590027,
-0.24431683123111725,
-0.22155314683914185,
0.38466572761535645,
-0.058326054364442825,
-0.15438880026340485,
-0.6573302745819092,
-0.7051903009414673,
0.25771957635879517,
0.17409469187259674,
0.13276641070842743,
0.6532495617866516,
0.19963118433952332,
-0.3334657549858093,
-0.17727899551391602,
-0.34372252225875854,
-0.9346737861633301,
0.049549441784620285,
0.17996568977832794,
-0.6233968138694763,
-0.4169842600822449,
0.2297864854335785,
0.02164800837635994,
-0.2745566964149475,
-0.6647578477859497,
0.046265859156847,
-0.37720710039138794,
-0.1853896528482437,
-0.43923428654670715,
0.21565067768096924,
-0.6017139554023743,
-0.40084269642829895,
0.46775931119918823,
-0.7306071519851685,
-0.36665040254592896,
0.4358009696006775,
0.07905155420303345,
-0.277034729719162,
0.08396922796964645,
0.5932854413986206,
-0.008013784885406494,
-0.3916807174682617,
0.5064858198165894,
0.3739468455314636,
-0.20834127068519592,
-0.4229801297187805,
-0.22653530538082123,
-0.22496318817138672,
0.13301211595535278,
-5.724898338317871,
0.19613546133041382,
-0.5398421287536621,
-0.3164197504520416,
-0.528818666934967,
0.08002156019210815,
0.6100590229034424,
0.2751237750053406,
-0.7677047252655029,
0.066453717648983,
-0.2492467761039734,
-0.20441852509975433,
-0.01879052259027958,
0.5059106349945068,
0.5224508047103882,
0.31242868304252625,
0.5424058437347412,
0.17915812134742737,
0.1734691858291626,
0.9517591595649719,
0.14358419179916382,
-0.11718739569187164,
0.4713948667049408,
0.9576669931411743,
-0.1434851735830307,
0.34431394934654236,
0.3609923720359802,
0.40675681829452515,
-0.5858049988746643,
0.07230447232723236,
-0.19827941060066223,
-0.1389751136302948,
0.4593486189842224,
-0.4647279381752014,
0.16189001500606537,
0.031731367111206055,
0.5350518822669983,
0.44733726978302,
0.14939698576927185,
-0.42642125487327576,
-0.23998838663101196,
0.6368053555488586,
0.4291253685951233,
0.23718604445457458,
0.6792906522750854,
0.49623462557792664,
0.10460041463375092,
0.24297617375850677,
-0.8890482187271118,
0.07094799727201462,
-0.2589876055717468,
0.31699270009994507,
-0.10252786427736282,
-0.5403517484664917,
-0.11015986651182175,
0.3197859823703766,
-0.21335728466510773,
-0.08687365800142288,
-0.4589056968688965,
0.11501874029636383,
0.7846169471740723,
-0.3497058153152466,
-0.309201717376709,
-0.34617987275123596,
-0.03564376384019852,
-0.8808846473693848,
-1.0381696224212646,
-0.37863871455192566,
0.7904310822486877,
0.5978540778160095,
-0.5503789186477661,
0.007388103753328323,
0.3604491055011749,
-0.4740455448627472,
0.018380962312221527,
-0.36154186725616455,
0.2262958437204361,
0.7280288934707642,
0.1509687453508377,
0.8249579071998596,
-0.3181169033050537,
-0.44531381130218506,
-0.07472244650125504,
0.025854572653770447,
-0.12206348031759262,
-0.10843829810619354,
-0.8102105855941772,
0.46856507658958435,
0.1129266694188118,
0.20653720200061798,
0.8793607950210571,
-0.23909416794776917,
0.4294082820415497,
-0.20867855846881866,
0.27387839555740356,
0.009847734123468399,
0.3117150664329529,
-0.27202120423316956,
0.22460414469242096,
-0.6308634877204895,
-0.11947447806596756,
-0.688923180103302,
0.39502841234207153,
-0.398833692073822,
-0.09877131879329681,
-0.18271294236183167,
-0.2515559196472168,
0.34014013409614563,
0.41205281019210815,
-0.3935987651348114,
-0.30664026737213135,
0.18854589760303497,
-0.26198360323905945,
-0.5370527505874634,
-0.00583296176046133,
0.030057767406105995,
-0.6291674375534058,
-0.21740862727165222,
0.2950705289840698,
-0.4134412407875061,
0.09055569767951965,
0.1386285126209259,
-0.2586882412433624,
-0.38329628109931946,
-0.36104175448417664,
-0.43008020520210266,
-0.21205808222293854,
0.3602580428123474,
0.5361717939376831,
0.3155319392681122,
0.3625050485134125,
0.6720731854438782,
0.14812211692333221,
-0.14293646812438965,
0.11374461650848389,
-0.2919859290122986,
0.29734018445014954,
0.6662205457687378,
0.029127176851034164,
-0.1938590109348297,
0.5058518052101135,
-0.1983972042798996,
0.2694416344165802,
-0.3366234600543976,
0.7385574579238892,
-0.1501428782939911,
-0.02143784798681736,
-0.8729410171508789,
0.19360876083374023,
0.3590509295463562,
0.07930818200111389,
-0.2968849539756775,
0.11014975607395172,
0.07400331646203995,
-0.26383456587791443,
0.14828620851039886,
0.2885857820510864,
0.033316709101200104,
-0.23952974379062653,
-0.3854512870311737,
0.2805899977684021,
-0.3862283527851105,
-0.6670320630073547,
-0.5876135230064392,
0.6308473348617554,
-0.46680739521980286,
-0.48590508103370667,
0.15385638177394867,
0.34676310420036316,
0.9347348809242249,
0.14687837660312653,
-0.4549364149570465,
-0.5361613035202026,
-0.050711024552583694,
0.1540244072675705,
0.15957185626029968,
0.011422772891819477,
-0.3271465003490448,
-0.2249286025762558,
-0.17420072853565216,
0.031304530799388885,
-0.7431200742721558,
-0.6953269839286804,
0.829312801361084,
-0.05200294032692909,
-0.22753310203552246,
-0.41233211755752563,
0.8990098237991333,
-0.2970091998577118,
-0.3504820764064789,
0.22490251064300537,
-0.19182565808296204,
0.17846368253231049,
0.45068442821502686,
-0.46104320883750916,
-0.25282612442970276,
-0.5842487215995789,
0.9805501103401184,
-0.178066685795784,
0.0825856626033783,
0.11700877547264099,
0.48019158840179443,
0.004162757657468319,
-0.3737386167049408,
0.47046607732772827,
-0.32934874296188354,
0.22525185346603394,
-0.07763944566249847,
-0.7416531443595886,
0.07682500034570694,
-0.4856323301792145,
-0.6594993472099304,
-0.6978312730789185,
0.23739248514175415,
0.07855689525604248,
0.14005129039287567,
0.07540193945169449,
-0.09606411308050156,
0.17915800213813782,
-0.9362298846244812,
0.6139500737190247,
0.46490779519081116,
-0.4138924181461334,
0.1420339047908783,
0.23747530579566956,
-0.10972481966018677,
0.5114884972572327,
-0.2771356701850891,
0.48313361406326294,
-0.19569727778434753,
-0.0765150785446167,
-0.05693233385682106,
-0.03676724061369896,
0.6507015228271484,
0.2202834188938141,
0.4605794847011566,
-0.1641523838043213,
0.4369204640388489,
-0.0900597795844078,
-0.23760327696800232,
0.020204056054353714,
0.3154946267604828,
0.2456250935792923,
-0.2906738817691803,
-0.4902021288871765,
-0.17917026579380035,
0.2917014956474304,
-0.6919488906860352,
-0.5320169925689697,
0.6995925903320312,
-0.09740988910198212,
-0.4923853278160095,
-0.9546328783035278,
-0.35756319761276245,
0.26377832889556885,
-0.06843888759613037,
-0.11215461045503616,
-0.5867396593093872,
0.2841643691062927,
0.03463609144091606,
0.08624546974897385,
-0.5356832146644592,
-0.0951281264424324,
0.06437977403402328,
0.4453921914100647,
0.320887953042984,
-0.18537761270999908,
0.6063107848167419,
0.46974891424179077,
-0.7868071794509888,
0.15282882750034332,
-0.5012185573577881,
-0.11731985211372375,
0.11140478402376175,
0.8639788031578064,
-0.3883497714996338,
0.32989853620529175,
-0.5129517912864685,
-0.14231400191783905,
-0.588218629360199,
0.22620011866092682,
0.1543741226196289,
0.7163082361221313,
-0.49861446022987366,
-0.0809527263045311,
-0.3950271010398865,
0.43190038204193115,
-0.17476359009742737,
-0.57547926902771,
0.3828023076057434,
-0.2975285053253174,
0.40318065881729126,
0.1956178843975067,
0.19504177570343018,
-0.3010891377925873,
0.18189404904842377,
0.06089175492525101,
0.4046533405780792,
0.21519698202610016,
-0.16909432411193848,
0.35654884576797485,
0.7817469835281372,
0.3137231171131134,
-0.5963770151138306,
-0.10447075963020325,
0.14874134957790375,
-0.008232937194406986,
-0.29494011402130127,
0.16416655480861664,
-0.22661441564559937,
0.18891382217407227,
-0.08930543065071106,
0.15693773329257965,
0.5037775039672852,
-0.2104576677083969,
-0.30742600560188293,
0.976108968257904,
-0.3208681046962738,
0.31230103969573975,
0.5561062693595886,
0.14053477346897125,
0.03029286488890648,
0.8164749145507812,
-0.5003780722618103,
-0.5330402851104736,
-0.05400592088699341,
0.029913170263171196,
-0.16047976911067963,
-0.05288725346326828,
0.17227204144001007,
0.7194063663482666,
0.6611683368682861,
-0.29854655265808105,
-0.21757569909095764,
-0.04499691352248192,
-0.9769447445869446,
0.19316138327121735,
-0.13215546309947968,
0.3702523410320282,
0.554558515548706,
0.7412583827972412,
0.4649825096130371,
0.04132763296365738,
0.42052796483039856,
0.037615515291690826,
0.350980281829834,
-0.3120141327381134,
-0.3449460566043854,
-0.15549148619174957,
0.46274271607398987,
0.4724305272102356,
0.2537845969200134,
-0.3571617305278778,
-0.3806353807449341,
0.0010831018444150686,
-0.53363037109375,
-0.060641758143901825,
-0.2453884780406952,
0.2535783648490906,
-0.16089200973510742,
0.19720757007598877,
0.3613012433052063,
0.4357210397720337,
-0.5316109657287598,
0.08201786130666733,
0.3054574429988861,
0.6058437824249268,
-0.599858820438385,
-0.3125087320804596,
0.28394338488578796,
0.16977328062057495,
0.412614643573761,
0.3714451193809509,
0.1263493448495865,
0.15550287067890167,
-0.13853280246257782,
0.22749146819114685,
0.45504844188690186,
0.23138900101184845,
0.048205140978097916,
-0.4119102358818054,
-0.5681155920028687,
-0.36553335189819336,
-0.8117197751998901,
-0.0944332703948021,
0.043734993785619736,
0.3393351435661316,
0.05911320447921753,
-0.7798933386802673,
0.7542688846588135,
0.0036827242001891136,
-0.6041975021362305,
0.23679876327514648,
-0.6362367272377014,
-0.5032210946083069,
-0.25670865178108215,
-0.3728678524494171,
0.49246829748153687,
0.10240248590707779,
0.00384356826543808,
-0.21837614476680756,
-0.012330614030361176,
-0.015989381819963455,
-0.23868227005004883,
-0.37461191415786743,
0.3516291081905365,
-0.07157658040523529,
-0.10994414985179901,
-0.006754218600690365,
0.30988508462905884,
0.6076575517654419,
-0.8255019187927246,
-0.03285509720444679,
0.31930333375930786,
-0.735277533531189,
-0.05511109158396721,
0.1730433851480484,
0.024435807019472122,
-0.1123441681265831,
-0.24480830132961273,
-0.3252211809158325,
-0.16444110870361328,
0.3454756736755371,
-0.1844853013753891,
-0.16507817804813385,
-0.04309121519327164,
0.6637164354324341,
0.22166448831558228,
-0.09712351113557816,
0.5425198674201965,
-1.2204022407531738,
0.5145491361618042,
-0.557839035987854,
0.24893298745155334,
-0.5135717988014221,
-0.0320805162191391,
0.3708394467830658,
-0.13690690696239471,
-0.5720205903053284,
-0.1109786108136177,
-0.1919384002685547,
0.18429100513458252,
-0.1093234047293663,
0.06570956856012344,
-0.0712508037686348,
0.0713571310043335,
-0.6414620280265808,
0.10577629506587982,
-0.6039053201675415,
0.7010557651519775,
0.2716303765773773,
0.43718674778938293,
-0.09419672936201096,
0.15408752858638763,
0.6169013381004333,
-0.16979508101940155,
-0.03424835950136185,
-0.5625221729278564,
0.11169103533029556,
0.7854617834091187
] |
211020
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95
|
Õ
|
"Õ", or "õ" is a composition of the Latin letter O with the diacritic mark tilde.
The HTML entity is Õ for Õ and õ for õ.
Emilian-Romagnol
In Emilian-Romagnol, õ is used to represent , e.g. savõ "soap".
Estonian
In Estonian, Õ is the 27th letter of the alphabet (between W and Ä), and it represents a vowel characteristic of Estonian, the unrounded back vowel , which may be close-mid back, close back, or close-mid central. The vowel was previously written with the letter Ö, but in the early 19th century, Otto Wilhelm Masing adopted the letter Õ, ending the confusion between several homographs and clearly showing how to pronounce a word.
In informal writing, e.g., emails, instant messaging and when using foreign keyboard layouts where the letter Õ is not available, some Estonians use the characters O or 6 to approximate this letter.
In most parts of the island Saaremaa, Õ is pronounced the same as Ö.
Hungarian
In Hungarian, Õ only appears in foreign loanwords as a variant of O.
Samogitian
In Samogitian the letter Õ represents, as in Estonian, the unrounded back vowel which is unique to Samogitian and is not found in Standard Lithuanian, this is a rather new innovation brought on by the ensuing efforts of standardising Samogitian, this letter alleviates the confusion between the two distinct pronunciations of the letter ė.
Portuguese
In the Portuguese language, the symbol Õ stands for a nasal close-mid back rounded vowel, also written in IPA. It is not considered an independent letter of the alphabet: the tilde is the standard diacritic for nasalization.
Vietnamese
In the Vietnamese language, the symbol Õ stands for the sound with creaky voice (rising tone with a glottal break followed by a continuation of the rising tone). Vietnamese also has derived letters Ỗ/ỗ and Ỡ/ỡ.
Võro
In the Võro language, this letter is the 25th letter of the alphabet, pronounced as in Estonian.
Skolt Sami
In the Skolt Sami language, this letter is the 25th letter of the alphabet, pronounced like in Estonian.
Voko
In the Voko language, the letter Õ represents 'ɔ̀ŋ'.
Mathematical use
The symbol, pronounced soft-O, is used as a variant of big O notation that ignores logarithmic factors. Thus, is shorthand for .
Computer encoding
Due to character encoding confusion, the letters can be seen on many incorrectly coded Hungarian web pages, representing Ő/ő (letter O with double acute accent). This can happen due to said characters sharing a code point in the ISO 8859-1 and 8859-2 character sets, as well as the Windows-1252 and Windows-1250 character sets, and the web site designer forgetting to set the correct code page. Õ is not part of the Hungarian alphabet. The usage of Unicode avoids this type of problems. In Latex the option of using "\~o" and "\~O" exists.
See also
Ã
Tilde
References
Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
|
[
-0.25449827313423157,
0.030721381306648254,
0.324140727519989,
-0.05910159647464752,
-0.2402908354997635,
0.5131054520606995,
-0.327406108379364,
0.24093009531497955,
-0.08899255096912384,
-0.4537394046783447,
-0.1493244618177414,
-0.004786456469446421,
-0.04789767041802406,
-0.009565782733261585,
0.015927061438560486,
0.3693755865097046,
0.5855101943016052,
0.7634598016738892,
-0.785336434841156,
-0.5766637325286865,
-0.025351161137223244,
-0.046317219734191895,
0.006938532460480928,
-0.30032408237457275,
0.6358827352523804,
0.26635855436325073,
-0.8317431807518005,
-0.3238923251628876,
0.2536483705043793,
0.45377522706985474,
0.3274804949760437,
0.6019225716590881,
0.2571077346801758,
-0.12178738415241241,
-0.4122433066368103,
-0.5321506857872009,
-0.39970314502716064,
-0.8705058693885803,
-0.3910684287548065,
-0.20776760578155518,
-0.15765281021595,
-0.6537969708442688,
0.20211437344551086,
0.17780017852783203,
-0.4543825387954712,
-0.37205567955970764,
-1.7775741815567017,
0.49715304374694824,
-0.504369854927063,
0.6205850839614868,
-0.5342346429824829,
-0.1757170408964157,
-0.061263978481292725,
0.3833441138267517,
-0.21265926957130432,
0.4728921949863434,
-0.5392447113990784,
-0.04553157463669777,
0.20480920374393463,
-0.8527493476867676,
0.15455162525177002,
-0.04871922358870506,
0.23792465031147003,
0.5560590624809265,
0.046340711414813995,
0.42987051606178284,
-0.2183293104171753,
0.6204460859298706,
-0.586018979549408,
-0.3074890971183777,
-0.24083980917930603,
0.08782608807086945,
-0.6972295641899109,
-0.3951026201248169,
-0.3632279336452484,
-0.410856693983078,
-0.5676454305648804,
0.215793639421463,
0.007604591548442841,
0.6810351014137268,
-0.032126784324645996,
-0.41498371958732605,
0.3639028072357178,
0.037938348948955536,
0.4552077353000641,
0.21005874872207642,
-0.8115423917770386,
0.07622747123241425,
-0.3188498616218567,
0.034720756113529205,
0.23648762702941895,
-0.5638414025306702,
0.21222467720508575,
0.35018250346183777,
-0.03311797231435776,
0.22985565662384033,
0.17324340343475342,
-0.34898072481155396,
0.20335973799228668,
-0.03469064459204674,
-0.047359898686409,
-0.09243601560592651,
0.5048214197158813,
-0.36196157336235046,
-0.7219901084899902,
-0.3806941509246826,
-0.49733564257621765,
-0.46581193804740906,
0.5767317414283752,
-0.060506656765937805,
-0.6301960349082947,
0.233402818441391,
0.11973050236701965,
0.10840010643005371,
0.24857808649539948,
-0.45667704939842224,
0.40366286039352417,
0.15382671356201172,
-0.02835984155535698,
-0.32501038908958435,
-0.22985348105430603,
0.4119296371936798,
0.37938395142555237,
0.14699356257915497,
0.572496235370636,
0.051674555987119675,
-0.019932793453335762,
0.12359972298145294,
-0.8056957125663757,
0.14352378249168396,
0.010786754079163074,
0.533329963684082,
0.41465887427330017,
0.23844225704669952,
-0.08003674447536469,
-0.3063083589076996,
-0.04961518198251724,
-0.19847573339939117,
0.24530468881130219,
0.04069163650274277,
-1.1683375835418701,
0.12571486830711365,
-0.48935747146606445,
0.3040051758289337,
0.6862037777900696,
0.10011256486177444,
-0.23343823850154877,
0.3399338126182556,
0.23614934086799622,
0.14054779708385468,
0.206053227186203,
-0.5985198020935059,
-0.2063862383365631,
0.19097258150577545,
-0.4940076172351837,
-0.1320674866437912,
-0.029594125226140022,
0.06651906669139862,
0.18993867933750153,
-0.0193528700619936,
0.34505805373191833,
0.18587203323841095,
0.6377875804901123,
0.3592991530895233,
0.07393244653940201,
-0.2732500731945038,
0.006497988943010569,
0.2306801974773407,
-0.5240442156791687,
0.47664669156074524,
0.08386322110891342,
-0.3643248677253723,
0.663187563419342,
0.03208596631884575,
-0.38564252853393555,
-0.29433831572532654,
0.19956058263778687,
-0.4689203202724457,
0.7482618093490601,
0.4858003556728363,
-0.598116397857666,
0.1521255522966385,
0.1919981837272644,
-0.1260150820016861,
-0.45664408802986145,
0.25317996740341187,
-0.4182503819465637,
0.009394732303917408,
0.31842318177223206,
0.6311162114143372,
-0.5587738156318665,
-0.5751533508300781,
-0.5549299120903015,
-0.7299536466598511,
0.2028963267803192,
-0.42641016840934753,
-0.5967981219291687,
0.3940809369087219,
0.07700338214635849,
0.6396662592887878,
-0.7779712080955505,
-0.18306058645248413,
0.8807275295257568,
0.3103381097316742,
-0.07051046192646027,
0.519085168838501,
0.21244408190250397,
0.39471524953842163,
0.3444359302520752,
0.3588022291660309,
-0.1924673318862915,
0.24388085305690765,
1.0861605405807495,
-0.011583994142711163,
-0.2247256338596344,
-0.3197367191314697,
-0.05257437005639076,
-0.3410586416721344,
-0.30264079570770264,
0.2370472550392151,
0.9559021592140198,
-0.6387462615966797,
-0.13325388729572296,
0.07500003278255463,
-0.2400760054588318,
0.7101358771324158,
0.24231074750423431,
0.004240599926561117,
0.5538828372955322,
-0.3116074800491333,
-0.009693887084722519,
-0.294644296169281,
0.1639920324087143,
0.3042849004268646,
0.025705141946673393,
-0.01359598245471716,
0.3921685218811035,
-0.35435786843299866,
0.2902248799800873,
-0.24218972027301788,
0.16943851113319397,
0.5889367461204529,
-0.30428624153137207,
0.07714450359344482,
0.5204764008522034,
-0.11934146285057068,
0.29302385449409485,
-0.03942687436938286,
0.19792526960372925,
0.1769038885831833,
-0.2719762325286865,
-0.17156341671943665,
-0.4010125696659088,
-0.20326773822307587,
-0.49467793107032776,
-0.5617272853851318,
0.40101197361946106,
0.5307149291038513,
0.40952420234680176,
0.1732262820005417,
-0.4242669343948364,
0.25557446479797363,
0.19409364461898804,
-0.25152888894081116,
0.18762096762657166,
0.024640263989567757,
-0.1527426689863205,
-0.11816444993019104,
0.7261671423912048,
0.4061488211154938,
0.07358337193727493,
0.39567410945892334,
-0.621960461139679,
-0.18091711401939392,
-1.0392979383468628,
-0.4080657958984375,
-0.08137011528015137,
0.1601700633764267,
-0.644553542137146,
-0.7291528582572937,
-0.3749421238899231,
0.3434467911720276,
-0.04329675808548927,
-0.9574567079544067,
0.29740145802497864,
-0.21237468719482422,
0.17357777059078217,
-0.7651103138923645,
-0.725830614566803,
-1.0392820835113525,
-0.22438327968120575,
0.0347910150885582,
0.3408362865447998,
-0.05751834809780121,
0.6069194674491882,
-0.6061800122261047,
0.16433128714561462,
0.4344358444213867,
0.017367199063301086,
-0.5030673146247864,
-0.11550498008728027,
-0.5051851868629456,
0.11147718131542206,
0.0001804219209589064,
0.3086746633052826,
0.2283615916967392,
0.2272680103778839,
0.8755971789360046,
-5.868807315826416,
0.5328467488288879,
-0.26462069153785706,
0.21881337463855743,
-0.15429911017417908,
-0.016706261783838272,
0.5783570408821106,
0.05949685722589493,
0.3622078001499176,
-0.614898681640625,
-0.14232604205608368,
0.25464504957199097,
-0.19712157547473907,
0.4660137891769409,
-0.5384109616279602,
0.09190908819437027,
-0.0639767274260521,
0.19800031185150146,
-0.020900705829262733,
0.43832826614379883,
-0.04876085743308067,
0.5310280919075012,
0.03733412176370621,
0.8536869287490845,
0.3880610466003418,
0.06662371754646301,
-0.02515270933508873,
-0.05141749978065491,
-0.13628044724464417,
-0.32394012808799744,
0.10656743496656418,
-0.14009207487106323,
0.34993770718574524,
-0.24987797439098358,
-0.10395777970552444,
-0.01357353013008833,
0.8710300922393799,
-0.13709700107574463,
0.27311205863952637,
-0.09561025351285934,
-0.16531719267368317,
0.29161155223846436,
0.16490121185779572,
-0.6859015226364136,
0.23871463537216187,
0.01354201976209879,
-0.5250322818756104,
-0.24657054245471954,
0.022083833813667297,
0.036648910492658615,
-0.23000043630599976,
-0.23695781826972961,
0.2219846546649933,
-0.28958261013031006,
0.6566603779792786,
0.3434623181819916,
0.011112680658698082,
-0.49500226974487305,
-0.20581422746181488,
0.2824440002441406,
0.6070249676704407,
-0.3522370457649231,
-0.37406691908836365,
-0.7413322329521179,
0.2256729006767273,
-0.10791793465614319,
0.033122047781944275,
0.10777944326400757,
0.4919784665107727,
0.32883527874946594,
-0.18613745272159576,
0.4084755778312683,
0.4387887120246887,
-0.7087920904159546,
-0.04885992035269737,
-0.20320340991020203,
-0.2035658210515976,
-0.13713453710079193,
-0.6205212473869324,
-0.14305348694324493,
-0.5288824439048767,
-0.03801614046096802,
-0.48610934615135193,
0.44105514883995056,
-0.18455155193805695,
-0.05813189595937729,
-0.045114897191524506,
0.0021737590432167053,
-0.026763420552015305,
0.49790626764297485,
1.206766963005066,
0.10413303226232529,
0.2810417711734772,
0.348984032869339,
0.0811348557472229,
0.464015394449234,
0.07057017087936401,
-0.3540017008781433,
0.17834514379501343,
0.3157331049442291,
0.3058047294616699,
-0.09365759789943695,
0.2272760570049286,
0.09178087115287781,
-0.06764538586139679,
-0.2930790185928345,
-0.3255476951599121,
0.17973193526268005,
0.45119112730026245,
0.04683597385883331,
0.011641666293144226,
-0.006464687641710043,
0.02233896777033806,
-0.4585812985897064,
-0.023740725591778755,
-0.17522577941417694,
0.08957677334547043,
0.10688118636608124,
0.4981815814971924,
-0.32445961236953735,
0.014695261605083942,
0.7227442860603333,
-0.5405033230781555,
-0.28264686465263367,
-0.7229189872741699,
-0.08725592494010925,
0.04499053210020065,
-0.05550310015678406,
0.13940002024173737,
0.3411100208759308,
-0.17856869101524353,
0.1719180941581726,
0.38115209341049194,
0.2658103406429291,
-0.06711934506893158,
0.3156094253063202,
-0.2094610184431076,
-0.1860121637582779,
-0.024403883144259453,
-0.6039192080497742,
-0.24265487492084503,
-0.39926719665527344,
-0.32300928235054016,
-0.25074800848960876,
0.4812490940093994,
0.22486373782157898,
-0.49223989248275757,
-0.5655186176300049,
-0.6233780384063721,
1.1515920162200928,
0.48625680804252625,
-0.3476937711238861,
0.3553405702114105,
-0.33560776710510254,
-0.10999226570129395,
0.06113462522625923,
-0.264497846364975,
-0.022037526592612267,
-0.39739614725112915,
0.4156292974948883,
0.30272868275642395,
-0.4035589098930359,
-0.4618418216705322,
-0.05932684242725372,
0.5641358494758606,
-0.49358871579170227,
-0.0856272503733635,
-0.1692960411310196,
-0.28127822279930115,
0.510449230670929,
0.07682216912508011,
0.1914905607700348,
0.01965169422328472,
-0.35164767503738403,
0.20816801488399506,
-0.2764645218849182,
-0.12460744380950928,
0.5903605818748474,
0.028394127264618874,
-0.09650237113237381,
0.34880733489990234,
-0.00008191786764655262,
0.18954654037952423,
0.6860934495925903,
0.5448631644248962,
-0.576420247554779,
-0.143229678273201,
-0.029036780819296837,
-0.12961530685424805,
-0.1572561264038086,
-0.225925013422966,
-0.27949145436286926,
-0.05479448288679123,
-0.2525743544101715,
-0.5539712309837341,
0.29901552200317383,
-0.21381697058677673,
0.11227861791849136,
-0.3511080741882324,
-0.18854735791683197,
-0.05404023081064224,
-0.06114437058568001,
-0.8428937792778015,
0.20102240145206451,
-0.36325356364250183,
-0.5198214650154114,
0.6377713680267334,
-0.025505617260932922,
-0.4125657081604004,
0.13676415383815765,
0.11778926104307175,
-0.9209966063499451,
-0.3043173849582672,
0.3334990441799164,
0.14126156270503998,
0.3416007459163666,
0.04973936453461647,
-0.3844751715660095,
-0.39867979288101196,
-0.6026273369789124,
0.6935734748840332,
-0.23149970173835754,
0.19929751753807068,
0.05451834946870804,
0.15815384685993195,
0.5822766423225403,
-0.12793955206871033,
-0.08147256821393967,
0.7591664791107178,
-0.026927797123789787,
0.3155059814453125,
0.21496351063251495,
-0.06705347448587418,
0.5501623153686523,
-0.33676227927207947,
-0.4899507761001587,
-0.47146856784820557,
-0.4358161389827728,
-0.463196724653244,
0.22122716903686523,
0.5974816679954529,
0.12515230476856232,
0.019915474578738213,
-0.14682161808013916,
-0.23161917924880981,
-0.04351457208395004,
0.0813823789358139,
-0.42162024974823,
-0.3740790784358978,
0.4007110893726349,
0.36287543177604675,
-0.305419385433197,
-0.3061213493347168,
-0.5114767551422119,
0.618966817855835,
-0.31730929017066956,
0.30068734288215637,
-0.06960617005825043,
-0.12537257373332977,
0.4885115325450897,
0.2829582095146179,
-0.05542641878128052,
0.017353760078549385,
0.61748868227005,
-0.23752428591251373,
0.981163501739502,
-0.5066540241241455,
0.055549539625644684,
0.1620771586894989,
-0.47969093918800354,
-0.1471455842256546,
0.1783396601676941,
0.3662373721599579,
0.5677091479301453,
-0.08376114070415497,
0.27932947874069214,
-0.14610177278518677,
-0.10027097910642624,
0.284752756357193,
0.017171397805213928,
-0.714442253112793,
0.07677478343248367,
0.27273428440093994,
0.07276491075754166,
-0.11216211318969727,
-0.17670655250549316,
-0.1738843321800232,
0.2250465750694275,
-0.06544461101293564,
0.10176508128643036,
-0.39734897017478943,
0.36596205830574036,
0.027032766491174698,
0.28698351979255676,
0.14210541546344757,
0.2626991271972656,
0.17577914893627167,
0.89691561460495,
0.15747883915901184,
-0.2542824447154999,
-0.7900902032852173,
0.4708561301231384,
0.5242065787315369,
0.14270134270191193,
-0.13176822662353516,
0.6950960755348206,
0.6632263660430908,
-0.3729008436203003,
-0.2502444386482239,
-0.1391426920890808,
-0.09651654213666916,
-0.22419373691082,
0.16662639379501343,
0.6889008283615112,
-0.051319245249032974,
0.44446074962615967,
0.22948431968688965,
-0.28867673873901367,
-0.3526034355163574,
0.04120432958006859,
0.40186887979507446,
-0.30920666456222534,
0.22310197353363037,
0.2893702983856201,
-0.39406269788742065,
-0.10514778643846512,
-0.11583708226680756,
-0.30974775552749634,
-0.29928267002105713,
-0.06744518876075745,
0.821399986743927,
0.03660421073436737,
-0.16847746074199677,
-0.30629289150238037,
-0.49440887570381165,
-0.27425840497016907,
-0.6498063206672668,
-0.6061704158782959,
-0.08374366164207458,
0.8610369563102722,
0.5938040614128113,
0.9072737097740173,
-0.20834927260875702,
-0.3120569884777069,
0.07498146593570709,
-0.039255134761333466,
-0.004528282675892115,
-0.09833251684904099,
0.01897718571126461,
0.15998268127441406,
0.15364418923854828,
0.008755426853895187,
0.15680627524852753,
-0.4093424677848816,
-0.6129214763641357,
0.44160085916519165,
-0.28629225492477417,
0.08269855380058289,
0.06717651337385178,
0.19198660552501678,
-0.3390720784664154,
0.3284447491168976,
0.5909397602081299,
-0.36048102378845215,
-0.7656981348991394,
-0.036203499883413315,
-0.19574634730815887,
-0.42097949981689453,
-0.09574079513549805,
-0.08535085618495941,
0.061043631285429,
0.28612765669822693,
-0.253955215215683,
0.13468486070632935,
0.32764536142349243,
0.36726951599121094,
0.42053645849227905,
0.2970152497291565,
-0.2832789123058319,
-0.18415580689907074,
-0.7552645802497864,
-0.2634481191635132,
-0.5868569016456604,
-0.10980493575334549,
-0.30761200189590454,
-0.2731662690639496,
-0.2961297333240509,
0.028197845444083214,
-0.17871373891830444,
0.4598611891269684,
0.10559851676225662,
-0.22506451606750488,
0.4986827075481415,
-0.17204822599887848,
0.15062227845191956,
0.20981262624263763,
-0.3948231339454651,
0.8360381722450256,
0.5968181490898132,
-0.013237287290394306,
0.2598912715911865,
0.16256600618362427,
0.6286351084709167,
-0.6785441637039185,
-0.1811562329530716,
-0.037408340722322464,
-0.2641075849533081,
-0.19224169850349426,
-0.2756338119506836,
-0.09613203257322311,
0.8555522561073303,
-0.13009808957576752,
0.036610063165426254,
0.9213970899581909,
0.16007506847381592,
-0.3656664490699768,
0.6453602313995361,
-0.00011064695718232542,
0.09900116175413132,
-0.13399575650691986,
-0.124962218105793,
-0.15986891090869904,
-0.5416108965873718,
0.9713603854179382,
-0.22274959087371826,
0.13232243061065674,
0.40081870555877686,
0.394309401512146,
-0.36541202664375305,
0.34338584542274475,
0.14009709656238556,
0.19629032909870148,
-0.40558621287345886,
0.3764227330684662,
-0.5369529724121094,
0.20768101513385773,
0.298037052154541,
0.4477127194404602,
-0.03555575758218765,
-0.4187728464603424,
-0.11963459849357605,
0.3254305124282837,
-0.16943657398223877,
0.3264356553554535,
-0.43032482266426086,
-0.037324003875255585,
-0.3323602080345154,
-0.29989534616470337,
-0.5061284899711609,
-0.17080102860927582,
0.6661463379859924,
0.11192772537469864,
0.9486112594604492,
0.6275199055671692,
0.008269386366009712,
-0.6293317675590515,
0.26558858156204224,
-0.519060492515564,
0.2508402466773987,
0.5152280330657959
] |
211022
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20service
|
National service
|
National service is a system of either compulsory or voluntary government service, usually military service. Conscription is mandatory national service. The term national service comes from the United Kingdom's National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939.
Many young people spend one or more years in such programmes. Compulsory military service typically requires all citizens to enroll for one or two years, usually at age 18 (later for university-level students). Most conscripting countries conscripts only men, but Norway, Sweden, North Korea, Israel, Morocco, and Eritrea conscript both men and women.
Voluntary national service requires only three months of basic military training. The US equivalent is Selective Service. In the United States, voluntary enrollments at the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps are also known as national service.
Historical arguments
Around 100 AD, Plutarch quoted an early case for national service made by a Roman general sometime around the 5th century BC:With the politic design of preventing intestine broils by employment abroad, and in the hope that when rich as well as poor, plebeians and patricians, should be mingled again in the same army and in the same camp, and engage in one common service for the public, it would mutually dispose them to reconciliation and friendship.
By country
Australia
Brunei
Canada
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Israel
Malaysia
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tunisia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
See also
Alternative service
Civil conscription
Community service
Military service
National Youth Service
References
Conscription
|
[
0.6104263067245483,
-0.450606107711792,
-0.13534647226333618,
-0.4706522226333618,
-0.3763693869113922,
0.4012758433818817,
0.6662253141403198,
0.4354575276374817,
-0.692139208316803,
-0.2247016280889511,
-0.7148601412773132,
0.15680764615535736,
-0.03977975249290466,
0.09717139601707458,
-0.49329784512519836,
0.3511703312397003,
0.4534072279930115,
0.51332688331604,
0.24360455572605133,
-0.06074384227395058,
-0.5473007559776306,
0.031145257875323296,
0.09424358606338501,
-0.2798142731189728,
0.5753340125083923,
-0.4004333019256592,
0.40959009528160095,
-0.21198618412017822,
-0.18926820158958435,
-0.051513079553842545,
0.007956973277032375,
-0.35485997796058655,
0.30171725153923035,
-0.0039731236174702644,
0.07920315116643906,
-0.2001437246799469,
-0.15688928961753845,
-0.31160402297973633,
-0.1622098982334137,
-0.465914785861969,
-0.06729909777641296,
-0.5409864187240601,
0.14256800711154938,
0.0013326567132025957,
-0.12341122329235077,
-0.14643771946430206,
-0.5887458920478821,
0.25573235750198364,
-0.11967197805643082,
0.331428200006485,
-0.7369526624679565,
0.10435084253549576,
0.13109271228313446,
0.11573059111833572,
0.21058714389801025,
0.07428964227437973,
-0.06406114250421524,
0.17445331811904907,
-0.31706109642982483,
-0.8795950412750244,
0.48982223868370056,
0.24959991872310638,
0.4337129592895508,
0.03085947595536709,
0.4970983862876892,
-0.5412905216217041,
0.17574332654476166,
0.5530623197555542,
-0.44497165083885193,
-0.40217795968055725,
-0.13285298645496368,
-0.05834547057747841,
-0.13494637608528137,
-0.2027396857738495,
-0.4951346814632416,
-0.3625473082065582,
0.3812522888183594,
-0.18928949534893036,
0.2051323801279068,
0.01932990550994873,
0.0112138157710433,
0.2229282706975937,
0.17377211153507233,
0.3288983404636383,
0.5521015524864197,
0.19161349534988403,
-0.34534984827041626,
0.09083757549524307,
0.15705721080303192,
0.5469599962234497,
0.38065609335899353,
0.3533227741718292,
0.6987853050231934,
-0.1343015730381012,
-0.13837231695652008,
0.30216118693351746,
-0.23920738697052002,
-0.10323470830917358,
0.08979693800210953,
-0.673827052116394,
0.014878004789352417,
-0.3661086857318878,
-0.04458694905042648,
-0.0012226765975356102,
-0.6965551972389221,
-0.011511515825986862,
0.16448596119880676,
-0.4961462616920471,
0.16068673133850098,
0.04086269065737724,
-0.1485293209552765,
-0.4048493802547455,
-0.0505342036485672,
0.17631401121616364,
-0.5346798896789551,
0.006581343710422516,
0.03898215293884277,
0.2887088656425476,
-0.3793993294239044,
0.13535423576831818,
-0.22353897988796234,
-0.11850697547197342,
-0.14393775165081024,
0.13143505156040192,
0.036678314208984375,
0.3389337658882141,
0.32092100381851196,
0.4792231321334839,
-0.3530377447605133,
-0.31785261631011963,
0.3543544411659241,
0.6467218995094299,
-0.725824236869812,
0.3150390684604645,
0.10424677282571793,
-0.5972065925598145,
0.03352437540888786,
-0.05839293450117111,
0.3370209336280823,
0.4807617962360382,
-0.6909460425376892,
0.2571880519390106,
-0.06895717978477478,
0.10346203297376633,
0.16053879261016846,
-0.7053642272949219,
-0.016616670414805412,
-0.18294736742973328,
-0.027641259133815765,
-0.05394274368882179,
0.10197775810956955,
0.1502712368965149,
0.18627411127090454,
0.21804077923297882,
-0.5281392335891724,
0.13051873445510864,
0.5708537697792053,
-0.043267667293548584,
0.40296512842178345,
0.2643945515155792,
0.28304916620254517,
0.07843969762325287,
-0.18351830542087555,
0.05455876141786575,
0.4482536017894745,
0.14958752691745758,
-0.47037437558174133,
0.2635931074619293,
0.39035534858703613,
-0.14241203665733337,
-0.09069830924272537,
0.09245765209197998,
0.36181405186653137,
-0.07993656396865845,
-0.48179391026496887,
0.1298140287399292,
-0.07956936955451965,
0.4548013210296631,
0.657034158706665,
-0.25781723856925964,
-0.27073803544044495,
0.0009579203324392438,
0.6288408637046814,
0.3849404752254486,
0.2113807201385498,
-0.17471365630626678,
-0.02554681897163391,
-0.10703735053539276,
-0.24743321537971497,
0.09982379525899887,
-0.36460959911346436,
-0.6539961695671082,
-0.018020188435912132,
-0.8094087839126587,
0.8649093508720398,
-0.23548151552677155,
-0.3496161997318268,
1.1154712438583374,
-0.4950244128704071,
0.4819287061691284,
0.2615440785884857,
-0.10322009027004242,
0.18107157945632935,
-0.43157488107681274,
-0.4016898572444916,
0.5825395584106445,
0.36449092626571655,
0.3695549964904785,
0.20890825986862183,
-0.3306123912334442,
0.4705777168273926,
-0.5145412087440491,
0.11824996769428253,
-0.23717918992042542,
0.24217839539051056,
0.3390205502510071,
-0.5145260095596313,
-0.04085370898246765,
0.2512609362602234,
-0.2667776942253113,
0.40232181549072266,
-0.2157043069601059,
0.10456061363220215,
0.6147317290306091,
0.23233626782894135,
-0.07463115453720093,
0.08432434499263763,
0.1048629879951477,
-0.013975895009934902,
-0.4261574149131775,
0.3389689028263092,
-0.24952536821365356,
-0.3215750753879547,
0.11112716794013977,
0.05552252009510994,
-0.20161360502243042,
-0.08155018091201782,
0.079750195145607,
-0.6262924075126648,
-0.17316357791423798,
-0.17288152873516083,
0.2381744533777237,
0.05505595728754997,
0.17966419458389282,
0.06632163375616074,
0.09986063092947006,
-0.4683570861816406,
0.03890031948685646,
0.2622303068637848,
-0.04809780418872833,
0.008653472177684307,
-0.11346527189016342,
0.33783090114593506,
-0.05756065249443054,
0.022549686953425407,
-0.28353798389434814,
0.20705340802669525,
-0.03583667054772377,
0.2203708440065384,
-0.08650688081979752,
-0.15349632501602173,
-0.021564364433288574,
-0.5055630803108215,
0.15293392539024353,
-0.04409695416688919,
-0.7449954748153687,
-0.9194239974021912,
-0.2163252979516983,
0.5296168923377991,
0.3798220753669739,
0.43622466921806335,
0.34580788016319275,
-0.045337479561567307,
-0.009092179127037525,
0.16424886882305145,
-0.00013642657722812146,
0.6380782127380371,
0.20873409509658813,
-0.40166300535202026,
-0.5360231995582581,
-0.12002108991146088,
0.27306661009788513,
0.1556856781244278,
-0.46907445788383484,
-0.4764278531074524,
-0.1322607696056366,
-0.04207926243543625,
-0.29986220598220825,
0.061128538101911545,
0.3058011829853058,
-0.19240868091583252,
0.5752703547477722,
0.256183385848999,
-0.2626821994781494,
0.2342102974653244,
-0.2152017503976822,
-0.07829084247350693,
0.3808762729167938,
0.15398438274860382,
-0.28273412585258484,
-0.40542736649513245,
0.20626279711723328,
-0.09511192888021469,
-0.01409169565886259,
0.39446091651916504,
-0.3838030695915222,
-0.07537505775690079,
-0.40952521562576294,
-6.156337261199951,
-0.2131742686033249,
-0.5143293142318726,
-0.3569236397743225,
0.0681622102856636,
0.2753865420818329,
0.7280604243278503,
-0.024824131280183792,
-0.02700871415436268,
-0.09237773716449738,
-0.1855313628911972,
0.1294979304075241,
0.17739750444889069,
0.7777464389801025,
0.24077968299388885,
0.11456353217363358,
0.5022261738777161,
0.20334206521511078,
0.4412100911140442,
0.3080359697341919,
-0.06727604568004608,
0.23466506600379944,
0.2809225916862488,
0.4766045808792114,
0.1846894919872284,
-0.30767571926116943,
-0.27957549691200256,
-0.016524292528629303,
-0.22070924937725067,
-0.3895723819732666,
0.5314933657646179,
-0.049296051263809204,
0.5116754174232483,
-0.441275030374527,
-0.008353558368980885,
-0.6375717520713806,
0.15352550148963928,
0.5402694344520569,
0.3034425377845764,
-0.5580669045448303,
-0.4267628490924835,
-0.16779060661792755,
-0.03921879827976227,
0.24515466392040253,
0.3153049349784851,
-0.058560989797115326,
-0.1788468211889267,
-0.2709662914276123,
-0.16818825900554657,
0.5322046279907227,
-0.5292506814002991,
0.4786589741706848,
0.2928691804409027,
-0.6257098913192749,
-0.37619853019714355,
-0.052163880318403244,
-0.23676066100597382,
0.4143315851688385,
-0.15011268854141235,
-0.08028572797775269,
-0.1164347305893898,
-0.06926807016134262,
-0.21985091269016266,
-0.5406614542007446,
-0.6251214146614075,
-0.051597435027360916,
-0.6842765212059021,
-0.7676635384559631,
0.7187454700469971,
0.38567107915878296,
-0.26868611574172974,
0.07130897790193558,
0.059974703937768936,
-0.6683118939399719,
0.06663988530635834,
-0.8899306654930115,
0.028336921706795692,
0.3252989649772644,
0.3986893594264984,
-0.029056856408715248,
-0.21034136414527893,
-0.45465782284736633,
0.1356235295534134,
0.29454469680786133,
-0.1351051777601242,
-0.36940982937812805,
-0.11351754516363144,
-0.051621951162815094,
0.43171876668930054,
-0.31167611479759216,
0.7236359715461731,
-0.10153952986001968,
0.17211295664310455,
0.25608864426612854,
0.36665308475494385,
0.535527765750885,
-0.3317931890487671,
0.12901073694229126,
-0.053632620722055435,
-0.5337908864021301,
0.2959277927875519,
-0.0014671848621219397,
0.09253539890050888,
-0.7421056628227234,
0.1076938584446907,
-0.020006045699119568,
-0.2197817713022232,
0.03996793553233147,
0.2824959456920624,
-0.27221670746803284,
0.13382411003112793,
-0.32587119936943054,
-0.598550021648407,
-0.057020336389541626,
-0.5361036062240601,
-0.14569948613643646,
-0.31232157349586487,
-0.13346710801124573,
0.49988991022109985,
0.07780258357524872,
0.08991440385580063,
0.3875274956226349,
0.33885928988456726,
-0.1767285168170929,
0.1074562817811966,
-0.2655341327190399,
0.20643706619739532,
-0.19222107529640198,
0.12206324189901352,
-0.20823699235916138,
0.6641472578048706,
0.5607609152793884,
0.02500939555466175,
-0.18684688210487366,
0.06622867286205292,
-0.19416473805904388,
0.22578652203083038,
0.5374597311019897,
0.30740585923194885,
0.22479033470153809,
0.1303590089082718,
-0.3685048818588257,
-0.09435084462165833,
0.24528484046459198,
0.4753980040550232,
0.17678433656692505,
-0.10569567233324051,
-0.1092144250869751,
-0.07137956470251083,
0.4652223289012909,
-0.12309857457876205,
-0.6622689366340637,
0.6525087356567383,
-0.39691516757011414,
0.21103495359420776,
-1.0375521183013916,
0.2661392092704773,
-0.012693674303591251,
-0.17817465960979462,
-0.5458533763885498,
-0.47006458044052124,
-0.8515730500221252,
-0.8302395343780518,
0.09291869401931763,
0.5656242966651917,
-0.023090792819857597,
-1.0589182376861572,
-0.17539310455322266,
0.20894968509674072,
0.4917956590652466,
-0.3154550790786743,
-0.2307547628879547,
0.05643245205283165,
-0.22658874094486237,
0.02865157276391983,
0.22662867605686188,
-0.1930529922246933,
0.2397070974111557,
-0.2681240439414978,
-0.3234049379825592,
0.3790038824081421,
0.2533580958843231,
-0.21004973351955414,
0.04685232788324356,
0.24650588631629944,
0.014580673538148403,
0.10233786702156067,
0.33405810594558716,
0.10609002411365509,
0.11374816298484802,
0.49114909768104553,
-0.12951400876045227,
0.2781570255756378,
-0.19151028990745544,
-0.361868292093277,
-0.04833906143903732,
-0.6423237323760986,
0.6121452450752258,
0.10248277336359024,
0.02943221852183342,
0.40795502066612244,
0.15509337186813354,
-0.5383683443069458,
-0.2952759861946106,
-0.0042898147366940975,
-0.17025497555732727,
-0.08029469847679138,
0.11798824369907379,
-0.2850353419780731,
0.1436944603919983,
-0.8260802030563354,
-0.4345559775829315,
-0.03460986912250519,
0.14774149656295776,
-0.6678502559661865,
-0.020455097779631615,
-0.370147705078125,
0.04347953200340271,
0.22926843166351318,
-0.4772215485572815,
0.05166568234562874,
0.005813555791974068,
-0.25168806314468384,
0.3121180832386017,
0.07112462818622589,
-0.04963163286447525,
0.5062668323516846,
-0.5363977551460266,
0.5101279616355896,
-0.09864947944879532,
0.015376061201095581,
0.024732254445552826,
0.015195630490779877,
-0.12290318310260773,
0.506054162979126,
0.16785161197185516,
-0.010309135541319847,
0.03192301467061043,
0.2959769070148468,
0.13771528005599976,
-0.03230490908026695,
1.0020475387573242,
0.10544396191835403,
-0.8774253129959106,
-0.10505981743335724,
0.23382876813411713,
0.8512093424797058,
-0.31466686725616455,
-0.2158394157886505,
0.40948963165283203,
0.4380139708518982,
-0.41410714387893677,
-0.24767093360424042,
-0.10965225100517273,
-0.02502506412565708,
-0.1480506956577301,
-0.11577752977609634,
0.363459974527359,
0.3628878593444824,
-0.03413759917020798,
0.5341759920120239,
-0.3979550898075104,
-0.22996953129768372,
-0.045368168503046036,
0.30789849162101746,
-0.354907751083374,
-0.48519134521484375,
-0.4185448884963989,
0.01762944459915161,
-0.2189890295267105,
0.2042679488658905,
-0.04670780524611473,
0.28847116231918335,
0.4891167879104614,
0.9699324369430542,
-0.0815461203455925,
-0.051142618060112,
-0.13837730884552002,
0.05198096111416817,
0.1924724578857422,
-0.22282004356384277,
-0.07588735967874527,
0.12385872006416321,
-0.37526753544807434,
0.36373674869537354,
-1.0904898643493652,
0.7969462275505066,
-0.0955236405134201,
-0.3567652404308319,
-0.20451895892620087,
-0.118499256670475,
-0.16690421104431152,
-0.0905124768614769,
0.30300766229629517,
-0.43510743975639343,
-0.23855124413967133,
-0.18168844282627106,
-0.06736481189727783,
0.1749422401189804,
0.11182714253664017,
-0.0884784385561943,
0.337931752204895,
-0.3377009630203247,
-0.5655725002288818,
0.18091198801994324,
0.21860110759735107,
0.10959360748529434,
-0.18526005744934082,
0.0022303941659629345,
-0.2198687642812729,
0.030751727521419525,
-0.3873594403266907,
0.5310683846473694,
0.48628294467926025,
-0.2420739084482193,
-0.14752596616744995,
0.025300614535808563,
-0.9325904846191406,
0.15298916399478912,
0.1773729771375656,
0.11151709407567978,
0.06813729554414749,
0.09265593439340591,
0.36024099588394165,
0.1408001035451889,
0.6394623517990112,
-0.02075655199587345,
-0.19107824563980103,
0.41586387157440186,
0.0670492872595787,
0.0968232974410057,
0.1264394372701645,
-0.015634741634130478,
0.36437857151031494,
-0.3087250292301178,
-0.677494466304779,
0.4355011284351349,
-0.16499079763889313,
-0.1613023579120636,
0.8634287714958191,
0.6353011131286621,
-0.011163885705173016,
0.20442073047161102,
0.03683729097247124,
0.23653650283813477,
0.6148677468299866,
0.4416445195674896,
0.08287763595581055,
0.1535782665014267,
0.011756965890526772,
0.6052532196044922,
-0.31508395075798035,
0.4327833950519562,
0.18154990673065186,
-0.0542726144194603,
-0.4745037853717804,
0.03360021114349365,
-0.13357803225517273,
0.1278519332408905,
-0.7170145511627197,
0.09544803202152252,
0.06160289794206619,
0.2494727224111557,
-0.433455228805542,
0.08194337785243988,
-0.09497986733913422,
0.6111820340156555,
-0.13756947219371796,
-0.08027136325836182,
0.1269337385892868,
0.3685590624809265,
0.12110619246959686,
-0.1606197953224182,
-0.1536007672548294,
-0.0815771147608757,
-0.5550049543380737,
0.31077712774276733,
0.657621443271637,
0.24021872878074646,
-0.46441495418548584,
-0.12232992053031921,
0.2383268177509308,
-0.46482664346694946,
-1.0891542434692383,
-0.07154872268438339,
-0.07311578840017319,
-0.436908483505249,
0.14609748125076294,
-0.6857426762580872,
0.41591185331344604,
0.06473515927791595,
0.20145738124847412,
-0.18833503127098083,
0.20284073054790497,
-0.43496930599212646,
-0.4704473912715912,
0.3582601845264435,
0.6785023808479309,
0.6523134708404541,
-0.21276971697807312,
0.2824839949607849,
0.8689298629760742,
0.14484086632728577,
-0.0885414183139801,
-0.17720556259155273,
0.04410162195563316,
-0.008732655085623264,
-0.3308873772621155,
0.08176006376743317,
0.14377446472644806,
0.5402648448944092,
0.2994852662086487,
0.02751755528151989,
0.41748642921447754,
0.24119780957698822,
0.3468179404735565,
1.0651479959487915,
-0.38681361079216003,
-0.07903636246919632,
-0.46512454748153687,
0.5292884707450867,
-0.029861660674214363,
0.52748703956604,
-0.094681017100811,
-0.2572897970676422,
-0.1803371012210846,
0.2611140012741089,
0.1600486785173416,
-0.002395502058789134,
0.9336459040641785,
-0.9713608622550964,
-0.0432555228471756,
-0.6828556656837463,
-0.11463798582553864,
-0.32378676533699036,
-0.20458956062793732,
0.6028714179992676,
-0.050653126090765,
0.10096468031406403,
-0.4930739402770996,
-0.4718327820301056,
-0.3257952332496643,
0.7110994458198547,
0.04790308326482773,
0.07097801566123962,
0.11930884420871735,
0.18454143404960632,
0.14339572191238403,
-0.6118884682655334,
-0.17125803232192993,
0.07534303516149521,
-0.27879953384399414,
0.5076289772987366,
-0.20971570909023285,
-0.17859409749507904,
-0.6369668245315552,
0.13331978023052216,
0.06471927464008331,
-0.45670080184936523,
0.6423790454864502
] |
211039
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%20Clark
|
Ramsey Clark
|
William Ramsey Clark (December 18, 1927 – April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist and federal government official. A progressive, New Frontier liberal, he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965.
As attorney general, he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty, his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights, and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions. Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. After leaving public office, Clark led many progressive activism campaigns, including opposition to the War on Terror. He offered advice or legal defense to figures such as Charles Taylor, Slobodan Milošević, Saddam Hussein, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and Lyndon LaRouche.
Clark was the last surviving member of the cabinet of Lyndon B. Johnson.
Early life and career
Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on December 18, 1927, the son of jurist Tom C. Clark and his wife Mary Jane (née Ramsey). Clark's father served as United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 under President Harry S. Truman and then became a Supreme Court Justice in August 1949. His maternal grandfather was William Franklin Ramsey, who served on the Supreme Court of Texas, while his paternal grandfather, lawyer William Henry Clark, was president of the Texas Bar Association.
Clark attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Washington, D.C., but dropped out at the age of 17 in order to join the United States Marine Corps, seeing action in Western Europe in the final months of World War II; he served until 1946. Back in the U.S., he earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949, and obtained a Master of Arts in American history from the University of Chicago and a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1950 and 1951, respectively. While at the University of Texas, he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.
He was admitted to the Texas bar in 1950, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1956. From 1951 to 1961, Clark practiced law as an associate and partner at his father's Texas law firm, Clark, Reed and Clark.
Kennedy and Johnson administrations
In the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Clark occupied senior positions in the Justice Department; he was Assistant Attorney General, overseeing the department's Lands Division from 1961 to 1965, and then served as Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967.
In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated him to be Attorney General of the United States. He was confirmed by the Senate and took the oath of office on March 2. Clark was one of Johnson's popular and successful cabinet appointments, being described as "able, independent, liberal and soft-spoken" and a symbol of the New Frontier liberals; he had also built a successful record, especially in his management of the Justice Department's Lands Division; he had increased the efficiency of his division and had saved enough money from his budget so that he had asked Congress to reduce the budget by $200,000 annually.
However, there also was speculation that one of the reasons that contributed to Johnson's making the appointment was the expectation that Clark's father, Associate Justice Tom C. Clark, would resign from the Supreme Court to avoid a conflict of interest. Johnson wanted a vacancy to be created on the Court so he could appoint Thurgood Marshall, the first African American justice. The elder Clark assumed senior status on June 12, 1967, effectively resigning from the Supreme Court and creating the vacancy Johnson apparently desired.
During his years at the Justice Department, Clark played an important role in the history of the civil rights movement. He:
supervised the federal presence at Ole Miss during the week following the admission of James Meredith;
surveyed all school districts in the South desegregating under court order (1963);
supervised federal enforcement of the court order protecting the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches;
headed the Presidential task force to Watts following the 1965 riots; and
supervised the drafting and executive role in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968.
As attorney general during part of the Vietnam War, Clark oversaw the prosecution of the Boston Five for "conspiracy to aid and abet draft resistance." Four of the five were convicted, including pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin Jr., but in later years, Clark expressed his regret at the prosecution's victory: "We won the case, that was the worst part."
Clark served as the attorney general until Johnson's term as president ended on January 20, 1969. Because of Richard Nixon's attacks on Clark's liberal record during the 1968 presidential election campaign and ultimate narrow victory over Hubert H. Humphrey, relations between Johnson and Clark soured and, by inauguration day, they were no longer on speaking terms.
In addition to his government work, during this period Clark was also director of the American Judicature Society (in 1963) and national president of the Federal Bar Association in 1964–65.
Private career
Following his term as attorney general, Clark taught courses at the Howard University School of Law (1969–1972) and Brooklyn Law School (1973–1981). He was active in the anti-Vietnam War movement and visited North Vietnam in 1972 as a protest against the bombing of Hanoi. During this time he was associated with the New York law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, but he resigned in 1973, saying, "I didn't feel like working on things I didn't believe in, I didn't think were important."
On January 28, 1970, Ramsey Clark testified in the Chicago Seven trial. He was barred by Judge Julius Hoffman from testifying before the jury after Clark had testified outside the presence of the jury. Judge Hoffman upheld the prosecution's objections to 14 of Defense Attorney William Kunstler's 38 questions to Clark, but Clark did testify that he had told the prosecutor Tom Foran to investigate the charges against the defendants through Justice Department lawyers "as is generally done in civil rights cases", rather than through a grand jury.
At the 1972 Democratic National Convention, Clark received one delegate vote for the presidential nomination and two delegate votes for the vice-presidential nomination.
In the 1974 New York state election, Clark ran as the Democratic candidate for U.S. Senator; he defeated the party's designee Lee Alexander in the primary, but lost in the general election to the incumbent Jacob Javits. In the 1976 election, Clark again sought the Democratic nomination to represent New York in the Senate, but finished a distant third in the primary behind Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Congresswoman Bella Abzug.
On November 5, 1979, at the start of the Iranian hostage crisis, President Jimmy Carter instructed Clark and Senate staffer William Miller to visit Tehran and seek to open negotiations with Iranian authorities for the hostages' release; while en route, they were refused entry into the country by Ayatollah Khomeini. Defying a travel ban, Clark went to Tehran again in June 1980 to attend a conference on alleged U.S. interference in Iranian affairs, on which occasion he was granted admission. While there he both demanded the release of the hostages and criticized past U.S. support for the deposed Shah. This second unauthorized trip reportedly infuriated President Carter.
International activism
In September 1998, Clark led a delegation to Sudan to collect evidence in the aftermath of President Bill Clinton's bombing of the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum the previous month as part of Operation Infinite Reach. Upon returning to the U.S., the delegation held a press conference on September 22, 1998, to refute the U.S. State Department's claims that the facility had been producing VX nerve agent. U.S. officials later acknowledged that the evidence cited as the rationale for the Al-Shifa strike was weaker than initially believed.
In 1991, Clark's Coalition to Stop U.S. Intervention in the Middle East opposed the U.S.-led war and sanctions against Iraq. Clark accused the administration of President George H. W. Bush, its officials Dan Quayle, James Baker, Dick Cheney, William Webster, Colin Powell, Norman Schwarzkopf, and "others to be named" of "crimes against peace, war crimes", and "crimes against humanity" for its conduct of the Gulf War against Iraq and the ensuing sanctions; in 1996, he added the charges of genocide and the "use of a weapon of mass destruction". Similarly, after the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ramsey charged and "tried" NATO on 19 counts and issued calls for its dissolution.
As a lawyer, Clark was criticized by both opponents and supporters for some of the people he agreed to defend, such as foreign dictators hostile to the United States; Clark stood beside and defended his clients, regardless of their own admitted actions and crimes.
In 2004, Clark joined a panel of about 20 Arab and one other non-Arab lawyers to defend Saddam Hussein in his trial before the Iraqi Special Tribunal. Clark appeared before the Iraqi Special Tribunal in late November 2005 arguing "that it failed to respect basic human rights and was illegal because it was formed as a consequence of the United States' illegal war of aggression against the people of Iraq." Clark said that unless the trial was seen as "absolutely fair", it would "divide rather than reconcile Iraq". Christopher Hitchens said Clark was admitting Hussein's guilt when Clark reportedly stated in a 2005 BBC interview: "He [Saddam] had this huge war going on, and you have to act firmly when you have an assassination attempt".
Hitchens continued to describe Clark in the following terms: "From bullying prosecutor he mutated into vagrant and floating defense counsel, offering himself to the génocideurs of Rwanda and to Slobodan Milosevic, and using up the spare time in apologetics for North Korea. He acts as front-man for the Workers World Party, which originated in a defense of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956."
Sociologist and anti-communist scholar Paul Hollander wrote of Clark: "It is likely that well before Clark took his bizarre positions in support of highly repressive, violent, and intolerant political systems and their leaders, he came to the conclusion that the United States was the most dangerous and reprehensible source of evil in the world. This overarching belief led to the reflexive sympathy and support for all the enemies and alleged victims of the United States. They include dictators of different ideological persuasion noted above, whose inhumane qualities and policies Clark was unable to discern or acknowledge, let alone condemn. It was sufficient for Clark's moral accounting that if these dictators were opposed to (and allegedly victimized by) the United States, they deserved and earned his sympathy."
Clark was not alone in criticizing the Iraqi Special Tribunal's trial of Saddam Hussein, which drew intense criticism from international human rights organizations. Human Rights Watch called Saddam's trial a "missed opportunity" and a "deeply flawed trial", and the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found the trial to be unfair and to violate basic international human rights law. Among the irregularities cited by HRW, were that proceedings were marked by frequent outbursts by both judges and defendants, that three defense lawyers were murdered, that the original chief judge was replaced, that important documents were not given to defense lawyers in advance, that paperwork was lost, and that the judges made asides that pre-judged Saddam Hussein. One of the aforementioned outbursts occurred when Clark was ejected from the trial after passing the judge a memorandum stating that the trial was making "a mockery of justice". The chief judge Raouf Abdul Rahman shouted at Clark, "No, you are the mockery ... get him out. Out!"
On March 18, 2006, Clark attended the funeral of Slobodan Milošević. He commented: "History will prove Milošević was right. Charges are just that: charges. The trial did not have facts." He compared the trial of Milošević with Saddam's, stating "both trials are marred with injustice, both are flawed." He characterized Milošević and Saddam Hussein as "both commanders who were courageous enough to fight more powerful countries."
In June 2006, Clark wrote an article criticizing U.S. foreign policy in general, containing a list of 17 U.S. "major aggressions" introduced by "Both branches of our One Party system, Democrat and Republican, favor the use of force to have their way." He followed this by saying, "The United States government may have been able to outspend the Soviet Union into economic collapse in the Cold War arms race, injuring the entire planet in the process. Now Bush has entered a new arms race and is provoking a Second Cold War."
On September 1, 2007, in New York City, Clark called for detained Filipino Jose Maria Sison's release and pledged assistance by joining the latter's legal defense team headed by Jan Fermon. Clark doubted Dutch authorities' "validity and competency", since the murder charges originated in the Philippines and had already been dismissed by the country's Supreme Court.
In November 2007, Clark visited Nandigram in India where conflict between state government forces and villagers resulted in the death of at least 14 villagers. In a December 2007 interview, he described the War on Terrorism as a war against Islam.
In April 2009, Clark spoke at a session of the UN's anti-racism Durban Review Conference at which he accused Israel of genocide.
In September 2010, an essay on torture by Clark was published in a three-part paperback entitled The Torturer in the Mirror (Seven Stories Press).
Clark was a recipient of the 1992 Gandhi Peace Award, and also the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his commitment to civil rights, his opposition to war and military spending and his dedication to providing legal representation to the peace movement, particularly, his efforts to free Leonard Peltier. In 1999, he traveled to Belgrade to receive an honorary doctorate from Belgrade University.
In 2008, the United Nations awarded him its Prize in the Field of Human Rights for "his steadfast insistence on respect for human rights and fair judicial process for all".
Advocating the impeachment of George W. Bush
In 2002, Clark founded "VoteToImpeach", an organization advocating the impeachment of George W. Bush and several members of his administration. For the duration of Bush's terms in office, Clark sought, unsuccessfully, for the House of Representatives to bring articles of impeachment against Bush. He was the founder of the International Action Center, which holds significant overlapping membership with the Workers' World Party. Clark and the IAC helped found the protest organization A.N.S.W.E.R. (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism).
On March 19, 2003, the New Jersey newspaper and website The Independent reported Clark's efforts to impeach Bush and others, prior to the start of the Iraq War. The paper commented: "Clark said there is a Web site, www.votetoimpeach.org, dedicated to collecting signatures of U.S. citizens who want President George W. Bush impeached, and that approximately 150,000 have signed to impeach, he said." The Weekly Standard magazine stated in an article dated February 27, 2004, "Ramsey Clark's VoteToImpeach.org is a serious operation", and said the group had run full-sized newspaper advertising on both coasts of the U.S. though the Standard also went on to describe them as also being an "angry petition stage."
Clark's speech to a counter-inauguration protest on January 20, 2005, at John Marshall Park in Washington D.C. was broadcast by Democracy Now in which Clark stated: "We've had more than 500,000 people sign on 'Vote to Impeach'." The San Francisco Bay Guardian listed the website as one of three "Impeachment links", alongside afterdowningstreet.org and impeachpac.org.
The organization, under Clark's guidance, drafted its own articles of impeachment against President Bush, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney General John Ashcroft. The document argues that the four committed, "violations and subversions of the Constitution of the United States of America in an attempt to carry out with impunity crimes against peace and humanity and war crimes and deprivations of the civil rights of the people of the United States and other nations, by assuming powers of an imperial executive unaccountable to law and usurping powers of the Congress, the Judiciary and those reserved to the people of the United States." Votetoimpeach.org claimed to have collected over one million signatures in favor of impeachment as of January 2009.
Notable clients
As a lawyer, Clark also provided legal counsel and advice to prominent figures, including many controversial individuals.
Regarding his role as a defense lawyer in the trial of Saddam Hussein, Clark said: "A fair trial in this case is absolutely imperative for historical truth." Clark stated that by the time he decided to join Hussein's defense team, it was clear that "proceedings before the Iraqi Special Tribunal would corrupt justice both in fact and in appearance and create more hatred and rage in Iraq against the American occupation...affirmative measures must be taken to prevent prejudice from affecting the conduct of the case and the final judgment of the court...For there to be peace, the days of victor's justice must end."
A partial listing of persons who have reportedly received legal counsel and advice from Ramsey Clark includes:
Lori Berenson, an American convicted of support of MRTA guerrillas in Peru.
Father Philip Berrigan, a Catholic priest and antiwar activist (one of the Harrisburg Seven). Clark served as defense counsel at trial and won an acquittal.
Young church worker Jennifer Casolo, charged by Salvadoran authorities in 1989 with aiding the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front. Clark traveled to El Salvador to aid in her defense. Casolo was released and deported to the U.S. after 18 days in police detention.
Radovan Karadžić, former Bosnian Serb politician. In the 1990s, Clark represented Karadžić in a civil suit brought by Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia who sued Karadžić under the Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789 and Torture Victims Protection Act of 1992 for atrocities and human rights abuses committed during the Bosnian War.
About 100 survivors and relatives of the dead members of the Branch Davidian sect, whose Mount Carmel compound besieged by federal agents in a 51-day Waco siege in 1993, resulting in the death of about 80 members. Clark represented the plaintiffs in a suit alleging wrongful death and excessive force, giving an impassioned closing argument in which he called the siege "the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States." In a trial in 2000, the jury returned a verdict for the government.
"Political-cult guru" Lyndon LaRouche.
Nazi concentration camp commandant Karl Linnas.
Camilo Mejía, a U.S. soldier who deserted his post.
The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Advisory Board during the 1970s and early 1980s.
American Indian Movement prisoner Leonard Peltier.
Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, a leader in the Rwandan genocide.
Palestine Liberation Organization leaders in a lawsuit brought by the family of Leon Klinghoffer, who was murdered during hijacking of the Achille Lauro.
Nazi War criminal Jakob "Jack" Reimer, charged for the killings of Jews in Warsaw.
Liberian dictator Charles Taylor during his 1985 fight against extradition from the United States to Liberia, Taylor would later be convicted of crimes against humanity.
Civil rights attorney Stephen Yagman, whose disbarment from U.S. federal court was sought based on his harsh criticism of a federal judge, William Duffy Keller, calling him an anti-Semite and saying he had been drunk on the bench.
In popular culture
In Aaron Sorkin's 2020 film The Trial of the Chicago 7, Clark was portrayed by Michael Keaton.
Personal life
Clark married Georgia Welch, a classmate from the University of Texas, on April 16, 1949. They had two children, Ronda Kathleen Clark and Tom Campbell Clark II. His wife died on July 3, 2010, at the age of 81. His son Tom died from cancer on November 23, 2013. Clark lived in Greenwich Village in New York City, where he died on April 9, 2021, at age 93.
Works
See also
List of peace activists
Notes
References
Further reading
Citizen Clark: A Life of Principle – documentary film on the life of former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark (2018, 95 minutes)
External links
Biography from the Department of Justice website.
Longer biography from the Department of Justice website.
International Action Center Founded by Ramsey Clark.
Guide to the Citizens for Ramsey Clark papers 1969-1980
|-
|-
|-
1927 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American anti–death penalty activists
American anti–Iraq War activists
American anti-war activists
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Brooklyn Law School faculty
Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election
Lawyers from Dallas
Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members
Military personnel from Dallas
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
People from Greenwich Village
Politicians from Dallas
Presidents of the American Bar Association
Texas Democrats
United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Environment and Natural Resources Division
United States Attorneys General
United States Deputy Attorneys General
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marines
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Writers from Dallas
Writers from Manhattan
|
[
-0.09345769882202148,
0.22169534862041473,
-0.5907108783721924,
0.16351984441280365,
0.5839479565620422,
0.6841716170310974,
0.41314005851745605,
-0.19410215318202972,
-0.4287433624267578,
0.011969118379056454,
-0.166302889585495,
0.409339040517807,
-0.38029974699020386,
0.3672182261943817,
-0.3032485544681549,
0.09189540147781372,
-0.36286336183547974,
-0.44389984011650085,
-0.3939742147922516,
0.010240460745990276,
-0.5694162845611572,
-0.09458212554454803,
0.13553869724273682,
0.19498442113399506,
-0.1866597831249237,
0.48566898703575134,
-0.3879294693470001,
-0.6334124803543091,
0.2776510417461395,
0.44702765345573425,
-0.22042448818683624,
-0.04241569712758064,
0.3255428373813629,
-0.4067614674568176,
-0.806580126285553,
0.24912993609905243,
-0.37631654739379883,
-0.38371971249580383,
0.28456032276153564,
0.6144523024559021,
0.02148115076124668,
0.15438078343868256,
0.086651511490345,
-0.02208099700510502,
-0.15193156898021698,
0.20759335160255432,
-1.8266843557357788,
0.09514401108026505,
-0.23929956555366516,
-0.5276747941970825,
-0.18811486661434174,
0.29730018973350525,
-0.19221922755241394,
-0.22326958179473877,
0.034402716904878616,
0.07273071259260178,
-0.07760598510503769,
-0.2880016267299652,
-0.025835001841187477,
-0.24070023000240326,
0.22741177678108215,
-0.6248478889465332,
1.0060838460922241,
-0.2177501618862152,
0.33656901121139526,
0.3911660611629486,
0.004520039539784193,
0.26655280590057373,
-0.14093750715255737,
-0.03764643892645836,
-0.15326020121574402,
0.2814667522907257,
0.469001829624176,
0.1905573159456253,
0.42401546239852905,
-0.2816406786441803,
-0.09671500325202942,
0.42893528938293457,
0.06478974968194962,
0.4870489239692688,
-0.2942814826965332,
-0.14104068279266357,
0.3620806932449341,
0.14750942587852478,
0.13284412026405334,
-0.10448931157588959,
-0.43813633918762207,
0.7705481052398682,
-0.13505397737026215,
0.030717624351382256,
-0.5753546357154846,
-0.0621911883354187,
0.19155065715312958,
-0.02711339108645916,
-0.23104634881019592,
-0.6949189305305481,
0.10253223776817322,
0.22142033278942108,
0.03659242019057274,
-0.649827241897583,
-0.3354911804199219,
0.0727258250117302,
0.6993420720100403,
0.1645442247390747,
-0.47521835565567017,
0.12373089790344238,
0.12345132976770401,
-0.3664393723011017,
-0.3701612055301666,
-0.13775810599327087,
-0.2598058879375458,
0.6475960612297058,
0.22164134681224823,
-0.37810975313186646,
-0.5832505822181702,
0.4593725800514221,
0.286628782749176,
-0.7469730973243713,
-0.15161971747875214,
-0.1923244148492813,
-0.22103360295295715,
0.1169130876660347,
0.13211749494075775,
-0.13519635796546936,
-0.09616295993328094,
-0.11725055426359177,
0.15043415129184723,
0.005858308169990778,
-0.35138121247291565,
-0.009255816228687763,
0.4482388496398926,
0.49632155895233154,
-0.6228585243225098,
0.26029372215270996,
-0.1170017272233963,
0.015805304050445557,
-0.023832576349377632,
-0.20034557580947876,
-0.3314833641052246,
-0.12429719418287277,
-0.1753450185060501,
0.18426796793937683,
-0.2986627221107483,
-0.34111371636390686,
0.6815438270568848,
-0.19814901053905487,
0.23000593483448029,
-0.0437065027654171,
-0.03695037588477135,
-0.17673534154891968,
-0.2761857807636261,
0.38051679730415344,
0.3749566674232483,
-0.4018096327781677,
-0.21059022843837738,
0.5255367159843445,
0.6125516295433044,
0.04395256191492081,
0.4322461485862732,
0.25864121317863464,
0.27711719274520874,
0.037849582731723785,
-0.18964768946170807,
-0.023638343438506126,
-0.015639986842870712,
0.08182106912136078,
0.31388163566589355,
-0.5286559462547302,
-0.44527581334114075,
0.20381823182106018,
-0.3430846035480499,
-0.048990096896886826,
0.2654723525047302,
0.08860751241445541,
-0.1229139119386673,
0.09968822449445724,
0.5471781492233276,
0.06067763641476631,
0.41603970527648926,
-0.5068665742874146,
-0.6136276125907898,
-0.3592526614665985,
0.27949315309524536,
0.3351060748100281,
-0.07383947819471359,
-0.13227637112140656,
0.18827366828918457,
-0.34080252051353455,
0.722375750541687,
0.028339244425296783,
-0.2002517133951187,
-0.80544114112854,
-0.3069300949573517,
-0.019311826676130295,
0.3619130849838257,
0.16741333901882172,
-0.309482604265213,
1.1742600202560425,
0.284501850605011,
0.7032410502433777,
0.225792795419693,
-0.21894823014736176,
-0.19436711072921753,
-0.5538449883460999,
0.10450270771980286,
0.6895532608032227,
0.40893059968948364,
0.32340341806411743,
-0.1306055635213852,
0.6781634092330933,
0.2700829803943634,
-0.2978871762752533,
0.012554585002362728,
0.5357728600502014,
-0.2179861068725586,
-0.6404181122779846,
0.0933595821261406,
-0.45202866196632385,
0.34559592604637146,
-0.2757062613964081,
0.6521724462509155,
0.5206437706947327,
0.20076246559619904,
0.6204509735107422,
-0.22204439342021942,
0.8449418544769287,
-0.2831088602542877,
-0.12029075622558594,
-0.18001867830753326,
-0.03416312113404274,
-0.050001055002212524,
-0.08631733804941177,
-0.32772815227508545,
-0.7346882820129395,
0.4879606366157532,
0.20966576039791107,
0.04834508150815964,
-0.4770315885543823,
0.13127468526363373,
-0.3107329308986664,
0.20581500232219696,
-0.10228098183870316,
-0.20018251240253448,
0.23591700196266174,
-0.028948571532964706,
-0.38616877794265747,
-0.29346802830696106,
-0.19868838787078857,
0.33540382981300354,
0.05810370296239853,
0.1631275862455368,
0.2995692491531372,
0.002595426281914115,
0.3190497159957886,
0.17315910756587982,
-0.12707847356796265,
-0.08757705986499786,
0.2967965602874756,
0.2535017430782318,
-0.08041875064373016,
0.15916003286838531,
-0.11746127158403397,
-0.23783928155899048,
-0.021323710680007935,
-0.018229644745588303,
-0.1221289336681366,
-0.235157772898674,
-0.1855645775794983,
-0.03799613192677498,
0.05082428827881813,
0.1158117726445198,
-0.1144118532538414,
0.057106759399175644,
0.26632699370384216,
0.5674751400947571,
-0.06086917594075203,
-0.20765702426433563,
0.32605746388435364,
-0.9635232090950012,
-0.86330246925354,
0.7501015663146973,
0.5737103223800659,
-0.4601427912712097,
-0.03295571357011795,
0.17023657262325287,
-0.6617358922958374,
-0.3788805902004242,
-0.20743270218372345,
-0.13685700297355652,
0.30404162406921387,
-0.07539913803339005,
0.1966438740491867,
-0.29480522871017456,
0.09385979175567627,
0.08273542672395706,
0.6278184056282043,
0.25689759850502014,
-0.615004301071167,
-0.19392070174217224,
-0.16069631278514862,
-0.08487758785486221,
0.28089115023612976,
-0.05210895463824272,
0.01803525723516941,
0.6277449131011963,
0.13367494940757751,
0.3468987047672272,
-0.3210178017616272,
-5.972740173339844,
0.20624640583992004,
-0.19483156502246857,
-0.5234330892562866,
0.3895173668861389,
0.4251859486103058,
0.4110502600669861,
-0.06129637360572815,
0.6410909295082092,
-0.373708039522171,
0.282683789730072,
-0.1317916065454483,
-0.09669246524572372,
0.4724317193031311,
0.2069302648305893,
0.1904674470424652,
0.9798364639282227,
0.22906307876110077,
0.2531188726425171,
0.4890943467617035,
0.05410158261656761,
-0.34780487418174744,
-0.18525394797325134,
0.16576191782951355,
-0.30640947818756104,
0.14460241794586182,
-0.3851296603679657,
0.4290635883808136,
-0.33370456099510193,
-0.26559266448020935,
-0.029456907883286476,
0.035586923360824585,
0.04562937840819359,
0.17716167867183685,
-0.111922487616539,
-0.13977448642253876,
0.6533702611923218,
0.3861696422100067,
0.06935197860002518,
0.11464451253414154,
-0.1881893128156662,
-0.08103767037391663,
-1.2018623352050781,
-0.16940894722938538,
0.008385200053453445,
-0.22426559031009674,
-0.07842040807008743,
-0.20105227828025818,
-0.12333369255065918,
-0.10709824413061142,
-0.02460005320608616,
0.6767985820770264,
0.38832560181617737,
0.15516380965709686,
0.31234681606292725,
0.2842196226119995,
0.07545652240514755,
-0.008051194250583649,
-0.9187255501747131,
0.23461486399173737,
0.5968109369277954,
-0.14964333176612854,
0.12166313827037811,
0.021443935111165047,
-0.3937911093235016,
-0.5900723338127136,
0.056206099689006805,
0.020886290818452835,
0.23318874835968018,
-0.42370763421058655,
-0.050289444625377655,
0.7159404754638672,
0.04556824266910553,
-1.4439563751220703,
0.25064995884895325,
-0.778624951839447,
-0.15797926485538483,
-0.13382813334465027,
-0.6694032549858093,
-0.553541898727417,
-0.015651242807507515,
0.030329536646604538,
0.19704364240169525,
0.7034284472465515,
0.3675610423088074,
0.24051129817962646,
-0.33699357509613037,
0.661710262298584,
-0.12965969741344452,
-0.13291241228580475,
-0.6261599659919739,
-0.15971623361110687,
0.2303004264831543,
0.1361759603023529,
0.08357296139001846,
0.1272374987602234,
-0.29249468445777893,
0.4848373830318451,
0.5259947776794434,
0.11941397935152054,
-0.4273169934749603,
-0.512089192867279,
-0.2766895890235901,
-0.782389223575592,
0.18851961195468903,
0.06323377788066864,
0.14234645664691925,
0.40805888175964355,
0.48627597093582153,
0.5725240111351013,
-0.37442147731781006,
0.06137412041425705,
-0.1656232476234436,
-0.4209747910499573,
0.2760728895664215,
0.026064617559313774,
-0.053449880331754684,
-0.24099233746528625,
0.48534443974494934,
0.310131311416626,
0.06571897864341736,
0.4483674466609955,
-0.4077787399291992,
0.10367394983768463,
0.24068407714366913,
-0.346883624792099,
0.044112205505371094,
-0.6080822348594666,
-0.4522355794906616,
0.1272571086883545,
0.029503608122467995,
0.8184395432472229,
0.5194715261459351,
0.22912448644638062,
-0.07269621640443802,
-0.18916724622249603,
0.09455690532922745,
-0.3441524803638458,
-0.38336923718452454,
-0.08880171179771423,
-0.13196805119514465,
-0.15017087757587433,
0.1482425332069397,
0.15004152059555054,
0.1422060877084732,
0.09250783175230026,
-0.002229405101388693,
0.4021410048007965,
-0.4794304072856903,
0.7604827284812927,
-0.27716532349586487,
-0.7120265960693359,
0.1697026640176773,
-0.3468239903450012,
-0.3573700189590454,
-0.13136066496372223,
-0.17580871284008026,
-0.2560126781463623,
0.06076289713382721,
-0.2709723114967346,
-0.028971532359719276,
0.013412192463874817,
-0.9280180335044861,
-0.2557413876056671,
-0.18278701603412628,
0.3053176999092102,
-0.34667137265205383,
0.16009031236171722,
-0.4188423454761505,
0.5044426321983337,
-0.08636555075645447,
-0.35775893926620483,
-0.5414553284645081,
-0.000711373460944742,
0.2144094854593277,
0.16995948553085327,
0.1276559829711914,
0.04346730560064316,
-0.15578560531139374,
0.3096180558204651,
-0.024091901257634163,
-0.11429104954004288,
-0.3930356204509735,
-0.2925184667110443,
0.21734969317913055,
-0.5650744438171387,
-0.2819811701774597,
-0.37223929166793823,
-0.5368452668190002,
-0.1023283451795578,
0.21702055633068085,
-0.5887837409973145,
0.2578533887863159,
0.7683333158493042,
0.10656042397022247,
0.5083919763565063,
0.3217187821865082,
-0.43098893761634827,
-0.12593919038772583,
-0.13444234430789948,
-0.4780663549900055,
0.23119333386421204,
-0.19863443076610565,
0.01607861928641796,
-0.112099289894104,
-0.8932822942733765,
-0.3860562741756439,
0.03421402722597122,
0.13836431503295898,
0.5267834067344666,
0.009771564975380898,
-0.019808070734143257,
-0.19399875402450562,
-0.009327879175543785,
0.03380056098103523,
0.06636415421962738,
0.5818343162536621,
-0.14197298884391785,
-0.5267393589019775,
-0.412287175655365,
-0.3067153990268707,
-0.3531113862991333,
-0.0017037367215380073,
0.08871766924858093,
-0.03062736988067627,
0.19529971480369568,
-0.42482951283454895,
-0.12117895483970642,
0.6768379807472229,
0.11590079218149185,
-0.4934536814689636,
-0.686199963092804,
-0.026689426973462105,
0.6385160088539124,
0.0894303247332573,
-0.17454741895198822,
0.29217222332954407,
0.6726263761520386,
-0.4347527325153351,
-0.2968873679637909,
0.6453893184661865,
0.8735905885696411,
0.5429235696792603,
-0.14884793758392334,
-0.08806387335062027,
-0.06235663965344429,
0.6847950220108032,
0.023248989135026932,
0.1377779096364975,
0.2958608865737915,
0.490222305059433,
-0.03286086022853851,
-0.42173174023628235,
0.051655251532793045,
0.4779708683490753,
-0.4803656339645386,
-0.041251592338085175,
-0.3822806179523468,
0.4246308207511902,
-0.15311062335968018,
-0.12390206754207611,
0.2846014201641083,
-0.2368556261062622,
-0.11349866539239883,
0.04716939479112625,
0.2990891933441162,
-0.1610773652791977,
0.16142554581165314,
0.13137342035770416,
-0.7557350397109985,
-0.5335971713066101,
-0.01878465712070465,
-0.9829440116882324,
0.1537531465291977,
-0.28283044695854187,
0.33140692114830017,
0.5896889567375183,
0.04471864178776741,
0.1850188970565796,
-0.4638114273548126,
-0.7610728740692139,
0.27413323521614075,
-0.3482271134853363,
-0.37123584747314453,
-0.038207512348890305,
-0.6001979112625122,
0.12323486059904099,
0.05001012980937958,
-0.4015556573867798,
-0.7662608623504639,
-0.23756754398345947,
0.29147064685821533,
-0.459442138671875,
0.23575034737586975,
-0.4768308103084564,
0.056130122393369675,
0.14083097875118256,
1.1541391611099243,
-0.10127418488264084,
0.005220054183155298,
-0.31495872139930725,
0.2724539339542389,
-0.04209933802485466,
-0.021657614037394524,
0.05756012350320816,
-0.6857653856277466,
-0.3863580524921417,
-0.22493958473205566,
-0.16896075010299683,
0.33074045181274414,
0.08555837720632553,
-0.06690112501382828,
0.3738001883029938,
0.5208230018615723,
-0.7000767588615417,
-0.1802627146244049,
0.6440783143043518,
-0.18763914704322815,
-0.2221769094467163,
-0.3179388642311096,
-0.21716268360614777,
-0.0002423232072032988,
0.2804986834526062,
-0.2168029099702835,
0.5274868607521057,
0.5240057110786438,
0.055541567504405975,
0.2145809829235077,
-0.092167928814888,
0.4471185803413391,
0.2839350998401642,
-0.38627293705940247,
0.015694566071033478,
0.0999540388584137,
0.09761307388544083,
-0.21796944737434387,
0.2690105438232422,
-0.36492297053337097,
0.2934763431549072,
0.34503668546676636,
0.10490640997886658,
0.8630028367042542,
-0.16461637616157532,
0.2409028261899948,
0.08726657181978226,
-0.07989006489515305,
0.09814866632223129,
0.4965987205505371,
-0.12707830965518951,
-0.08248091489076614,
0.10635685920715332,
-0.1830628514289856,
0.4503189027309418,
-0.29487892985343933,
0.24326516687870026,
-0.2700828015804291,
-0.03934827074408531,
-0.15605707466602325,
-0.6485803723335266,
-0.4720459580421448,
0.1497127115726471,
-0.5469011664390564,
1.1333106756210327,
0.37530675530433655,
-0.18246756494045258,
-0.40437087416648865,
0.22643035650253296,
-0.5095368027687073,
-0.07685515284538269,
0.3260488510131836,
0.15117543935775757,
-0.21902641654014587,
-0.3284790813922882,
0.6129930019378662,
0.24257420003414154,
-0.3076936900615692,
0.6532174944877625,
-0.10528505593538284,
-0.32133615016937256,
0.1442294865846634,
0.09284590184688568,
-0.09793787449598312,
-0.3681950867176056,
-0.49554264545440674,
0.06305887550115585,
0.0497250072658062,
0.27776283025741577,
0.4097219407558441,
0.07315925508737564,
-0.2626194357872009,
0.38191094994544983,
-0.28392449021339417,
-0.8692013025283813,
1.004899263381958,
0.040760256350040436,
0.3340859115123749,
-0.27971839904785156,
0.7616348266601562,
0.7896194458007812,
0.47525182366371155,
-0.11464395374059677,
0.26553839445114136,
0.12159010022878647,
-0.24417708814144135,
-0.17053931951522827,
-0.07071332633495331,
0.20145383477210999,
-0.04720379039645195,
-0.5514557957649231,
0.061371397227048874,
-0.17325691878795624,
0.6840221881866455,
-0.402260422706604,
0.3004296123981476,
-0.21366767585277557,
0.027395201846957207,
0.6075718998908997,
0.17848540842533112,
-0.012356861494481564,
-0.14941076934337616,
0.009777495637536049,
0.1694425344467163,
-0.2763630151748657,
0.3513917028903961,
-0.004393256735056639,
0.21840572357177734,
0.19642333686351776,
-0.2924705147743225,
-0.22277845442295074,
0.31624773144721985,
-0.019805995747447014,
-0.3993741273880005,
-0.0625636875629425,
-0.29641789197921753,
-0.3939095437526703,
-0.5366700887680054,
-0.00613408163189888,
0.9049020409584045,
0.46415257453918457,
-0.6490522027015686,
0.2737395465373993,
0.1713210642337799,
-0.13611751794815063,
-0.3276679515838623,
0.1580079346895218,
0.2564181685447693,
0.34747427701950073,
-0.4700778126716614,
0.5595998167991638,
0.40678659081459045,
-0.48283088207244873,
-0.21608738601207733,
0.23448556661605835,
-0.291798859834671,
0.28276529908180237,
0.2083096206188202,
0.4430944323539734,
0.07960562407970428,
0.35959234833717346,
0.17146864533424377
] |
211041
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20drought%20index
|
Palmer drought index
|
The Palmer drought index, sometimes called the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), is a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events and studying areal extent and severity of drought episodes. The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple water balance model. It was developed by meteorologist Wayne Palmer, who first published his method in the 1965 paper Meteorological Drought for the Office of Climatology of the U.S. Weather Bureau.
The Palmer Drought Index is based on a supply-and-demand model of soil moisture. Supply is comparatively straightforward to calculate, but demand is more complicated as it depends on many factors, not just temperature and the amount of moisture in the soil but also hard-to-calibrate factors including evapotranspiration and recharge rates. Palmer tried to overcome these difficulties by developing an algorithm that approximated them based on the most readily available data, precipitation and temperature.
The index has proven most effective in determining long-term drought, a matter of several months, but it is not as good with conditions over a matter of weeks. It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of negative numbers; for example, negative 2 is moderate drought, negative 3 is severe drought, and negative 4 is extreme drought. Palmer's algorithm also is used to describe wet spells, using corresponding positive numbers. Palmer also developed a formula for standardizing drought calculations for each individual location based on the variability of precipitation and temperature at that location. The Palmer index can therefore be applied to any site for which sufficient precipitation and temperature data is available.
Critics have argued that the utility of the Palmer index is weakened by the arbitrary nature of Palmer's algorithms, including the technique used for standardization. The Palmer index's inability to account for snow and frozen ground also is cited as a weakness.
The Palmer index is widely used operationally, with Palmer maps published weekly by the United States Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It also has been used by climatologists to standardize global long-term drought analysis. Global Palmer data sets have been developed based on instrumental records beginning in the 19th century. In addition, dendrochronology has been used to generate estimated Palmer index values for North America for the past 2000 years, allowing analysis of long term drought trends. It has also been used as a means of explaining the Late Bronze Age collapse.
In the US, regional Palmer maps are featured on the cable channel Weatherscan.
See also
Keetch-Byram drought index
References
External links
Drought Monitoring at NOAA's Climate Prediction Center Using the Palmer Drought Index
National Center for Climate and Atmospheric Research, Climate Analysis Section
UCL Dept. of Space and Climate Physics Global Drought Monitor Using the Palmer Drought Index
Droughts
Hydrology
Meteorological indices
Climate change and agriculture
|
[
0.020325813442468643,
0.18147072196006775,
0.09202887862920761,
-0.06015092879533768,
-0.16749103367328644,
0.2298474907875061,
0.47092488408088684,
-0.44841939210891724,
-0.2573026716709137,
-0.4300660192966461,
-0.299826979637146,
0.020485026761889458,
-0.18990065157413483,
0.7825183272361755,
0.15142321586608887,
1.3361343145370483,
0.0819009318947792,
0.11210186779499054,
0.0881902202963829,
-0.26584967970848083,
-0.0035861781798303127,
-0.5554793477058411,
0.15088964998722076,
-0.4938114881515503,
-0.3838108777999878,
-0.04268931970000267,
0.4432816803455353,
0.303364098072052,
0.13089105486869812,
-0.1882382333278656,
0.24888405203819275,
0.6552732586860657,
0.07029309123754501,
-0.1739685833454132,
0.09247566759586334,
0.4018995463848114,
-0.00876180361956358,
-0.4246998727321625,
-0.08163540810346603,
-0.13063189387321472,
0.1911327838897705,
-0.37715134024620056,
0.2098863422870636,
0.3802652359008789,
-0.416462779045105,
-0.4522384703159332,
-1.7255178689956665,
-0.37728381156921387,
-0.2515735626220703,
-0.14253731071949005,
-0.29242008924484253,
0.9501040577888489,
0.6103634238243103,
-0.012528111226856709,
-0.025233495980501175,
0.2514569163322449,
-0.16702012717723846,
-0.11838794499635696,
0.4397887885570526,
-0.09074904769659042,
0.12740381062030792,
-0.0928066223859787,
-0.06631045043468475,
0.055207885801792145,
-0.705856442451477,
0.3899464011192322,
0.015369140543043613,
0.1582205593585968,
0.24492664635181427,
-0.17746402323246002,
-0.14961352944374084,
-0.1379404217004776,
0.09609576314687729,
0.3101552128791809,
-0.19157351553440094,
0.21456550061702728,
-0.30523398518562317,
0.050677865743637085,
0.22015853226184845,
0.11872705817222595,
-0.034185707569122314,
0.10836158692836761,
0.2620851993560791,
-0.899359405040741,
0.570395290851593,
0.2181510478258133,
0.41489270329475403,
0.40501242876052856,
-0.3211004436016083,
0.8944233655929565,
0.33468347787857056,
0.000689563574269414,
0.4511335790157318,
0.15844115614891052,
-0.007981675677001476,
-0.6170492768287659,
0.06183797866106033,
0.15061625838279724,
0.017340311780571938,
0.37248945236206055,
0.33574724197387695,
0.01730119064450264,
0.3355821967124939,
0.20684944093227386,
-0.21237267553806305,
-0.3139933943748474,
-0.6268874406814575,
-0.6631917953491211,
-0.3420407474040985,
0.08668482303619385,
-0.6416098475456238,
0.12133606523275375,
0.04191888868808746,
-0.26860034465789795,
-0.029708633199334145,
-0.43818777799606323,
0.4228143095970154,
-0.6576164364814758,
0.028133392333984375,
0.10257116705179214,
0.1788093000650406,
0.23140683770179749,
0.14752671122550964,
-0.01965547725558281,
-0.39155828952789307,
0.35872989892959595,
0.7583183646202087,
0.18416407704353333,
-0.42488694190979004,
0.7388854622840881,
-0.17864105105400085,
0.4328712224960327,
0.025558775290846825,
-0.28794199228286743,
-0.16866247355937958,
-0.4986995756626129,
-0.5380644798278809,
0.06529919803142548,
0.1572503298521042,
0.16962866485118866,
-0.4401944875717163,
-0.4629356861114502,
-0.19172221422195435,
-0.5097470879554749,
0.11091800779104233,
0.2863585352897644,
-0.008421159349381924,
-0.3183857500553131,
0.06773088872432709,
-0.18227028846740723,
0.33734235167503357,
0.250911682844162,
-0.3492702841758728,
0.1575603038072586,
-0.36242541670799255,
-0.32162535190582275,
0.005051171872764826,
-0.1372879147529602,
0.4777994453907013,
0.17278887331485748,
-0.04893270134925842,
0.5425907969474792,
-0.43403932452201843,
-0.06856952607631683,
0.2412552833557129,
-0.1712263971567154,
0.38573044538497925,
0.23701997101306915,
0.43797340989112854,
0.4841068983078003,
-0.37510618567466736,
0.42108240723609924,
0.5895310044288635,
-0.5910459756851196,
-0.06715860217809677,
-0.25563764572143555,
0.6071219444274902,
0.5400864481925964,
0.2857311964035034,
-0.16055753827095032,
-0.22309350967407227,
-0.19471202790737152,
0.12412835657596588,
0.06324862688779831,
0.4198525846004486,
-0.08235281705856323,
0.5360844135284424,
0.07862671464681625,
0.5148944854736328,
-0.23537202179431915,
-0.3274063467979431,
-0.6646113395690918,
0.4260006248950958,
-0.7477207183837891,
0.4572693109512329,
-0.4233156740665436,
0.3058018386363983,
1.1162689924240112,
0.19379864633083344,
-0.08941463381052017,
-0.15426494181156158,
-0.04897749051451683,
0.10773476958274841,
0.09070281684398651,
-0.8410703539848328,
-0.30623316764831543,
0.28876444697380066,
-0.1347329318523407,
-0.3211767077445984,
-0.02529299631714821,
0.323637992143631,
-0.7508811950683594,
-0.2202342450618744,
-0.42711955308914185,
-0.5031675100326538,
-0.021336650475859642,
-0.3137759268283844,
0.24018879234790802,
-0.4239564538002014,
0.163381889462471,
0.6451866030693054,
0.21012164652347565,
0.12767499685287476,
0.48333242535591125,
-0.03388949856162071,
0.044500887393951416,
0.6526980400085449,
0.43592920899391174,
0.5581216812133789,
-0.28162312507629395,
0.4552896022796631,
0.09427966922521591,
0.4776560962200165,
-0.9755753874778748,
0.404847115278244,
-0.4295555353164673,
-0.10753808170557022,
-0.5113546848297119,
0.14942723512649536,
-0.04496749863028526,
0.09740400314331055,
0.38711586594581604,
-0.04069889336824417,
0.7090304493904114,
-0.018461326137185097,
0.13028964400291443,
-0.04204384237527847,
0.2237853705883026,
-0.6947624087333679,
0.3210656940937042,
0.5013494491577148,
0.41468387842178345,
0.3310781419277191,
0.2151356041431427,
-0.242311030626297,
0.23127320408821106,
-0.14793144166469574,
-0.2642011046409607,
0.15548166632652283,
-0.043108019977808,
-0.09311794489622116,
0.21149203181266785,
0.13455446064472198,
-0.46937617659568787,
0.5564432740211487,
-0.7703604102134705,
-0.9370149970054626,
-0.8548102974891663,
-0.4046303629875183,
0.34054094552993774,
0.43790683150291443,
0.5539419651031494,
-0.5620333552360535,
0.21253959834575653,
-0.12553168833255768,
-0.1489427238702774,
0.25093594193458557,
0.4273378252983093,
-0.7708799242973328,
0.048385098576545715,
0.3157061040401459,
-0.1867593228816986,
0.3524188995361328,
-0.8070361614227295,
-0.5432045459747314,
-0.16217683255672455,
0.13057968020439148,
0.12426481395959854,
-0.12048796564340591,
-0.26296159625053406,
-0.4869834780693054,
0.13328438997268677,
0.37828153371810913,
-0.008218465372920036,
-0.25750812888145447,
0.023480288684368134,
0.005204843357205391,
-0.17965348064899445,
0.5309765934944153,
-0.547481119632721,
0.24754132330417633,
-0.10964659601449966,
-0.007115568034350872,
-0.34507474303245544,
0.08756349980831146,
0.20112323760986328,
-0.5535681843757629,
-0.2834261655807495,
-5.8970417976379395,
0.1824081838130951,
-0.24931979179382324,
-0.11837727576494217,
-0.1898118406534195,
0.15293952822685242,
1.20966637134552,
0.009427409619092941,
-0.05237893387675285,
-0.1596001386642456,
0.34980952739715576,
-0.3206259608268738,
0.3216415047645569,
0.21415475010871887,
0.4173768162727356,
0.1875593364238739,
0.7366377711296082,
0.11196666210889816,
0.4126015603542328,
0.12480035424232483,
0.40759584307670593,
0.14347413182258606,
0.02167917601764202,
-0.0005957177490927279,
0.2537653148174286,
0.7751640677452087,
-0.10994255542755127,
-0.2845221161842346,
-0.4432039260864258,
-0.004443411715328693,
0.12860466539859772,
-0.21175305545330048,
-0.464237242937088,
0.07877593487501144,
-0.026976285502314568,
0.3332689702510834,
0.4101874828338623,
0.40994471311569214,
0.056723453104496,
-0.056840866804122925,
-0.12265107780694962,
0.20274759829044342,
-0.1993858814239502,
-0.1672176569700241,
0.27555036544799805,
0.17120590806007385,
0.1612997204065323,
0.06961046904325485,
-0.4665932357311249,
0.47924065589904785,
-0.06779055297374725,
0.1818331480026245,
0.5040733218193054,
0.303635835647583,
-0.5031275153160095,
0.1950429230928421,
0.22458674013614655,
-0.1633855551481247,
-0.6656463146209717,
0.25418463349342346,
0.3989946246147156,
-0.0747385323047638,
0.1965223252773285,
-0.551977813243866,
-0.4491303265094757,
-0.018460730090737343,
-0.6511086225509644,
-0.1475607305765152,
0.6975955367088318,
0.09682074934244156,
-0.4201440215110779,
-0.6441879868507385,
0.24466034770011902,
-0.7405405640602112,
-0.24872127175331116,
-0.8060405850410461,
0.2396317571401596,
0.3877485394477844,
-0.2486283779144287,
-0.19683106243610382,
-0.7560805082321167,
-0.5380295515060425,
0.023405203595757484,
0.5191509127616882,
0.3101513385772705,
-0.42132651805877686,
-0.29810771346092224,
-0.14276351034641266,
-0.009631971828639507,
-0.4308392107486725,
-0.35437121987342834,
-0.6878775358200073,
0.5675650835037231,
-0.3103567957878113,
0.1845996230840683,
0.6681351065635681,
0.559646725654602,
0.33716076612472534,
0.3374967873096466,
-0.06986170262098312,
-0.09852419793605804,
-0.488130122423172,
0.31313806772232056,
-0.5215836763381958,
0.17163591086864471,
-0.16948555409908295,
0.030658874660730362,
0.46307486295700073,
0.629078209400177,
-0.42220810055732727,
0.41207155585289,
-0.3081854581832886,
-0.554938554763794,
-0.08591417223215103,
-0.07939819246530533,
0.013626612722873688,
-0.06336807459592819,
0.42709437012672424,
0.08577252924442291,
0.47698119282722473,
0.14544588327407837,
-0.015933632850646973,
-0.048899516463279724,
-0.5620271563529968,
-0.6307733058929443,
-0.5028672814369202,
-0.14290624856948853,
0.008036928251385689,
-0.09507893770933151,
0.30269262194633484,
0.249233216047287,
0.6603043675422668,
0.048006314784288406,
0.10060473531484604,
-0.03925735503435135,
-0.16724511981010437,
-0.07878189533948898,
-0.031415171921253204,
0.01777462661266327,
-0.39675992727279663,
0.24470819532871246,
-0.027873795479536057,
-0.5936588644981384,
0.08035393804311752,
0.4459131360054016,
0.12469004839658737,
-0.2768687903881073,
-0.37552106380462646,
-0.18938638269901276,
0.08980914205312729,
0.07400014251470566,
-0.146275132894516,
0.19450607895851135,
-0.5326693058013916,
-0.29796960949897766,
-0.03712455928325653,
-0.15784592926502228,
-0.1479535698890686,
-0.16753289103507996,
-0.7394899129867554,
0.19821661710739136,
-0.3420638144016266,
-0.8088411092758179,
-0.09723808616399765,
0.21515271067619324,
-0.19689315557479858,
-0.39264029264450073,
0.23298223316669464,
0.08087974786758423,
0.9376794695854187,
-0.06137142702937126,
-0.24828188121318817,
-0.5082272887229919,
-0.19201773405075073,
-0.07891805469989777,
0.3338586688041687,
-0.29949474334716797,
-0.02742687240242958,
0.038765400648117065,
0.04343840107321739,
-0.2216901332139969,
-0.28527340292930603,
-0.7026491761207581,
0.4321344494819641,
-0.05968870222568512,
0.10352059453725815,
-0.5863401293754578,
0.22488203644752502,
-0.07543311268091202,
0.0039462377317249775,
0.6570634841918945,
0.16349942982196808,
0.4495583772659302,
-0.25170156359672546,
0.11269702017307281,
-0.7179436683654785,
0.4990025460720062,
0.5162897109985352,
-0.26319390535354614,
-0.18756838142871857,
0.08657336980104446,
0.04191972687840462,
-0.44412124156951904,
0.44767528772354126,
0.10085698217153549,
-0.5893427729606628,
-0.030403878539800644,
-0.09615931659936905,
-1.3414193391799927,
-0.44248777627944946,
-0.30567747354507446,
-0.7156094312667847,
-0.3619247078895569,
0.4941682517528534,
-0.2435828000307083,
-0.016724320128560066,
0.13792923092842102,
-0.14960241317749023,
0.43382853269577026,
-0.10698510706424713,
-0.06202000379562378,
-0.1565537303686142,
-0.0786673054099083,
-0.06763773411512375,
-0.4062824547290802,
-0.11350549757480621,
0.820392370223999,
-0.8018954396247864,
0.039062485098838806,
0.13052032887935638,
-0.017372922971844673,
-0.20798414945602417,
0.1585913747549057,
0.11722241342067719,
-0.2890516221523285,
0.19076423346996307,
-0.7777253985404968,
-0.16319113969802856,
-0.3887341022491455,
0.5108521580696106,
-0.19886234402656555,
0.9735666513442993,
0.8532105088233948,
-0.7765185832977295,
-0.5590598583221436,
0.16764342784881592,
0.8140233159065247,
-0.5000230669975281,
-0.06536172330379486,
0.26997289061546326,
0.1341598480939865,
-0.27886223793029785,
-0.4456893503665924,
0.02340123802423477,
0.5984047055244446,
0.19546888768672943,
-0.16531045734882355,
-0.5814523100852966,
-0.01644136942923069,
0.2599002718925476,
-0.010607615113258362,
0.3636055290699005,
0.13430768251419067,
0.5809220671653748,
0.3319127559661865,
0.22990001738071442,
0.1430755853652954,
-0.7462881207466125,
0.47933027148246765,
-0.7468466758728027,
0.1541832834482193,
-0.07452337443828583,
0.34962260723114014,
0.8358789086341858,
0.1926167607307434,
-0.062909334897995,
0.25247713923454285,
-0.2908649444580078,
-0.050436001271009445,
-0.38906192779541016,
-0.2797168791294098,
-0.15998943150043488,
0.4235838055610657,
-0.3211616575717926,
0.2066240906715393,
-0.1866702288389206,
-0.7390910983085632,
-0.06584400683641434,
-0.20574519038200378,
-0.3872125446796417,
0.11735186725854874,
-0.18220235407352448,
-0.7145998477935791,
0.07240388542413712,
-0.49534788727760315,
0.5493889451026917,
-0.007760303560644388,
0.18068192899227142,
-0.5449869632720947,
-0.5366194248199463,
-0.39253586530685425,
1.1638118028640747,
0.033930420875549316,
-0.050497692078351974,
0.46145957708358765,
-0.4324737787246704,
-0.23351061344146729,
0.026735400781035423,
0.6294630765914917,
-0.41350141167640686,
0.3390186131000519,
0.2447558045387268,
0.3304562270641327,
1.0325065851211548,
-0.5494612455368042,
0.29136529564857483,
0.18077030777931213,
0.01976114511489868,
0.3288433253765106,
0.8615486025810242,
0.3376128375530243,
0.25774943828582764,
0.7600672245025635,
0.12942685186862946,
-0.1386166512966156,
0.8294193744659424,
-0.3249671757221222,
0.37809598445892334,
0.5444770455360413,
0.2872525155544281,
0.65787672996521,
-0.06248824670910835,
-0.5504083633422852,
0.1568794548511505,
-0.3142358958721161,
0.05401946231722832,
-0.07932646572589874,
-0.42352205514907837,
-0.46529024839401245,
0.48903676867485046,
0.46543678641319275,
0.5297695398330688,
0.25689199566841125,
0.10513154417276382,
-0.0597832091152668,
-0.19239288568496704,
-0.5145703554153442,
0.2636714577674866,
0.48764219880104065,
-0.1421738862991333,
-0.015273122116923332,
-0.2948523461818695,
0.08331998437643051,
-0.2788410782814026,
-0.0756894126534462,
-0.1485363394021988,
0.16437168419361115,
-0.46335527300834656,
0.012170905247330666,
0.008313293568789959,
-0.21391162276268005,
-0.024033967405557632,
-0.281292587518692,
0.07788868248462677,
-0.0940411314368248,
-0.49116772413253784,
0.23424272239208221,
-0.34930479526519775,
0.05564093589782715,
0.29271453619003296,
0.026329280808568,
0.19820618629455566,
0.08378752321004868,
0.8370423913002014,
0.4500236213207245,
-0.1295318752527237,
0.09284328669309616,
0.414663165807724,
-0.1608082354068756,
0.6836115717887878,
-0.30523210763931274,
0.11624684929847717,
-0.13399896025657654,
-0.44272810220718384,
-0.0440550334751606,
0.2677696943283081,
-0.3254573345184326,
0.5391349792480469,
0.0004671767237596214,
-0.19094006717205048,
0.701443076133728,
-0.4662690758705139,
-0.3113051950931549,
-0.04798993468284607,
-0.3224709928035736,
-0.10982970893383026,
-0.40538230538368225,
0.5160953998565674,
0.7296739220619202,
-0.48528289794921875,
-0.017449025064706802,
-0.2355194091796875,
0.27372437715530396,
0.3083480894565582,
-0.06676134467124939,
0.587746262550354,
0.1416843980550766,
0.24206437170505524,
-0.9280183911323547,
0.5197784304618835,
0.742211103439331,
0.23314610123634338,
0.07128683477640152,
0.3795796036720276,
-0.46255186200141907,
0.15599091351032257,
0.5791405439376831,
-0.18209286034107208,
0.04026271030306816,
-0.5949012041091919,
-0.01914876513183117,
-0.3607538938522339,
0.3361268937587738,
-0.058044008910655975,
0.09837526082992554,
-0.35207486152648926,
0.22539931535720825,
-0.17174997925758362,
0.04677805304527283,
0.5636982321739197,
-0.16257813572883606,
-0.2966234087944031,
-0.330636203289032,
0.4415198564529419,
-1.024217963218689,
-0.023938825353980064,
-0.08895746618509293,
0.4768625497817993,
0.4831598103046417,
-0.24937841296195984,
-0.11274949461221695,
-0.6402111053466797,
-0.1055416390299797,
-0.09014687687158585,
0.5492616891860962,
0.3184521496295929,
-0.1939060091972351,
-0.8103111982345581,
-0.5372070670127869,
0.899188756942749,
0.012926097959280014,
-0.26920750737190247,
-0.2683090269565582,
-0.10433296859264374,
0.15993763506412506,
-0.7232981324195862,
0.014717716723680496,
-0.8120064735412598,
0.33251649141311646,
-0.10097626596689224
] |
211045
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal%20assault
|
Frontal assault
|
The military tactic of frontal assault is a direct, full-force attack to the front line of an enemy force, rather than to the flanks or rear of the enemy. It allows for a quick and decisive victory, but at the cost of subjecting the attackers to the maximum defensive power of the enemy; this can make frontal assaults costly even if successful, and often disastrously costly if unsuccessful. It may be used as a last resort when time, terrain, limited command control, or low troop quality do not allow for any battlefield flexibility. The risks of a frontal assault can be mitigated by the use of heavy supporting fire, diversionary attacks, the use of cover (such as smokescreens or the darkness of night), or infiltration tactics.
Frontal assaults were common in ancient warfare, where heavy infantry made up the core of armies such as the Greek phalanx and the Roman legion. These dense formations, many ranks deep, would utilize their weight in numbers to press forward and break enemy lines. In medieval warfare, heavy cavalry such as mounted knights relied on frontal assaults for easy victories against infantry levies.
These tactics waned as the defensive quality of infantry increased, especially with the introduction of firearms. Both heavy infantry and heavy cavalry were replaced with lighter, more maneuverable troops.
Yet even in Napoleonic warfare, a frontal assault by cavalry against a thin line could be effective when conditions were right, or even by infantry if the enemy was shaken or weakened by preceding attacks. But as firepower increased, as with the introduction of the rifle, successful frontal assaults against a prepared enemy became rare. They continued to be attempted, however, as alternative tactics that could achieve a decisive victory for the attacker were not developed.
During World War I, advances in machine guns and artillery greatly increased defensive firepower, while trench warfare removed almost all options for battlefield maneuver. This resulted in repeated frontal assaults with horrific casualties. Only at the end of the war, with the introduction of tanks, infiltration tactics, and combined arms, were the beginnings of modern maneuver warfare found as a way to avoid the necessity of frontal assaults.
Battles with notably successful frontal assaults
Battle of Bunker Hill – After two failed attempts, the British army succeeds in capturing the heights.
Battle of Missionary Ridge – Union army storms Missionary Ridge after flank attacks are stalled.
Battle of Pea Ridge – Union army routs Confederate forces in a frontal assault on the second day.
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – Union army captures the "Mule Shoe" salient.
Brusilov Offensive – Russian army breaks Austro-Hungarian lines during the First World War.
Battle of Vimy Ridge – Operationally, a frontal assault, though new platoon-based tactics enabled tactical maneuver at the lowest levels.
Battles with notably unsuccessful frontal assaults
Battle of Gettysburg – Pickett's Charge aims at the Union center and is repulsed.
Battle of Fredericksburg – Union army fails to take Marye's Heights.
Siege of Vicksburg – Failure of frontal assaults forces Grant into siege operations.
Battle of Franklin – Repeated Confederate charges are repulsed.
Battle of Balaklava – The Charge of the Light Brigade.
Battle of Cold Harbor – Union assaults repulsed by Confederate forces with heavy casualties.
See also
Military science
Rush (computer and video games)
Assault tactics
|
[
-0.06575009226799011,
0.10940209776163101,
-0.2995430529117584,
-0.18424151837825775,
-0.42016538977622986,
0.2614116072654724,
0.8683885931968689,
0.26424509286880493,
-0.3572184145450592,
-0.237909734249115,
-0.8411448001861572,
0.49239039421081543,
0.07841424643993378,
0.028729727491736412,
-0.34999650716781616,
0.8563119173049927,
0.22821825742721558,
-0.007615827489644289,
0.019116312265396118,
-0.025424901396036148,
-0.1467609852552414,
-0.18696819245815277,
0.26652830839157104,
-0.03729624301195145,
0.36649471521377563,
-0.0756087601184845,
0.7821571230888367,
0.2995315194129944,
0.13937422633171082,
-0.13754771649837494,
-0.02209429256618023,
0.19362612068653107,
0.017818894237279892,
-0.4985559284687042,
0.030972054228186607,
0.17061889171600342,
-0.3951701521873474,
-0.1229081004858017,
-0.4453607201576233,
-0.6235204339027405,
0.08666076511144638,
0.15828368067741394,
0.36157068610191345,
0.1824943870306015,
0.012371421791613102,
-0.3802814483642578,
-1.1222635507583618,
0.223539337515831,
-0.751939594745636,
-0.2554648816585541,
-0.5550707578659058,
0.1912505030632019,
0.13382726907730103,
-0.023023076355457306,
0.32699793577194214,
0.6202948093414307,
-0.8857042789459229,
-0.46093112230300903,
0.29447922110557556,
-0.8165991306304932,
0.11982585489749908,
0.3104298710823059,
0.0079936683177948,
0.5072643160820007,
0.05003776773810387,
-0.2624884247779846,
-0.011251308023929596,
0.2549874484539032,
-0.28245630860328674,
-1.0112004280090332,
-0.6127907633781433,
-0.11513850837945938,
-0.01453622616827488,
0.39124998450279236,
-0.7883427739143372,
-0.3869040012359619,
0.28193965554237366,
-0.09857670217752457,
-0.40535804629325867,
0.34355390071868896,
0.16051632165908813,
-0.14029178023338318,
0.15702055394649506,
0.1156860813498497,
0.39335837960243225,
0.4396827816963196,
0.17227984964847565,
0.27843141555786133,
-0.1431441307067871,
0.31263551115989685,
0.377869188785553,
-0.1445089429616928,
0.24359315633773804,
0.45846661925315857,
0.4405631721019745,
0.08698168396949768,
0.30854466557502747,
0.4199971854686737,
0.3986128270626068,
0.0935543105006218,
-0.02277548797428608,
-0.24001403152942657,
0.5515506863594055,
0.3349575996398926,
-0.7756551504135132,
-0.6244125962257385,
-0.11914383620023727,
-0.4410475492477417,
-0.17015455663204193,
-0.7299706339836121,
-0.6910732388496399,
0.24614869058132172,
-0.47411584854125977,
-0.4605725407600403,
-0.5003550052642822,
0.19439907371997833,
0.17829890549182892,
0.17934256792068481,
-0.2512644827365875,
-0.10716371983289719,
0.17830055952072144,
0.8935007452964783,
-0.3136257529258728,
0.1689164787530899,
-0.16278663277626038,
-0.149428591132164,
0.5689422488212585,
0.5871932506561279,
-0.9400607347488403,
0.217861607670784,
0.12614499032497406,
0.7301737666130066,
-0.2935815751552582,
0.6827041506767273,
-0.29294171929359436,
-0.6482602953910828,
0.9664066433906555,
0.4359716475009918,
0.04716098681092262,
0.01299857348203659,
-1.3263521194458008,
-0.4069792330265045,
0.024885879829525948,
-0.28180551528930664,
0.6531690955162048,
-0.524150013923645,
0.31623899936676025,
-0.07455557584762573,
-0.18489448726177216,
-0.5073309540748596,
0.00595183577388525,
-0.025258468464016914,
-0.49335986375808716,
0.306887149810791,
-0.2366444319486618,
0.1407771110534668,
0.4337289333343506,
-0.16429051756858826,
0.30532726645469666,
0.2769916355609894,
0.1277891993522644,
0.386184424161911,
-0.20066793262958527,
0.16514471173286438,
0.38290631771087646,
-0.14166471362113953,
0.4004376530647278,
-0.09910376369953156,
0.5835192203521729,
-0.05456319823861122,
-0.2873207628726959,
0.2833824157714844,
-0.2021946907043457,
0.1196216270327568,
0.20046667754650116,
0.33260464668273926,
0.2064846009016037,
0.1546025574207306,
0.7640226483345032,
-0.3344123363494873,
-0.3428066074848175,
0.19090594351291656,
0.42567458748817444,
-0.04888952523469925,
-0.1658293604850769,
-0.07009673863649368,
0.1786784827709198,
-0.6239404082298279,
-0.398105651140213,
0.6436972618103027,
-0.15403679013252258,
-0.28635358810424805,
0.16715839505195618,
-0.3907116651535034,
1.537268042564392,
-0.44115692377090454,
-0.4343207776546478,
0.2911891043186188,
-0.29107439517974854,
0.6610849499702454,
0.2832924723625183,
-0.3319757282733917,
0.1134272888302803,
0.6517197489738464,
-0.7131999135017395,
0.2000938355922699,
0.21156196296215057,
0.20701199769973755,
0.22791770100593567,
0.6681563258171082,
0.1427869200706482,
-0.16266275942325592,
-0.28036150336265564,
-0.37829989194869995,
0.40034279227256775,
0.5293272733688354,
-0.5373790860176086,
0.13948692381381989,
0.25975850224494934,
-0.2669559121131897,
0.4118981659412384,
-0.4997510612010956,
-0.12487730383872986,
0.277410626411438,
-0.17543140053749084,
0.08368615806102753,
-0.335681676864624,
0.39738935232162476,
-0.09187298268079758,
-0.6401829719543457,
0.2966694235801697,
0.31462958455085754,
-0.23553021252155304,
-0.36521846055984497,
-0.6866941452026367,
-0.3384253978729248,
0.003261077916249633,
-0.06093846261501312,
0.06288725137710571,
-0.43057796359062195,
-0.21023544669151306,
0.39033931493759155,
0.04561273008584976,
0.7093493342399597,
-0.26170283555984497,
-0.3321734070777893,
0.0969018042087555,
0.3530021905899048,
0.2716749608516693,
-0.07215545326471329,
-0.33926156163215637,
0.1244245171546936,
0.3682515025138855,
-0.6219884157180786,
-0.07315050810575485,
-0.4346413314342499,
-0.1034432128071785,
0.008103964850306511,
-0.0323631726205349,
-0.057125698775053024,
-0.19183777272701263,
0.18633335828781128,
-0.1859709620475769,
0.15914416313171387,
0.2456098347902298,
-0.26416370272636414,
-0.5315510630607605,
0.41531261801719666,
-0.2400750368833542,
0.2806416451931,
0.05551866441965103,
-0.12154886871576309,
-0.3522796332836151,
-0.7214447855949402,
-0.4253249168395996,
-0.09954385459423065,
0.08668709546327591,
0.7451198697090149,
-0.6616464257240295,
-0.15634430944919586,
0.09224957227706909,
0.37866708636283875,
0.45165106654167175,
-0.7698490023612976,
-0.16799069941043854,
-0.7189052700996399,
0.5747708678245544,
0.20355577766895294,
-0.15026989579200745,
-0.03806528449058533,
-0.5429699420928955,
0.1433054655790329,
-0.03368382528424263,
0.44142791628837585,
0.22593845427036285,
0.4641546607017517,
-0.4285508096218109,
-0.09522570669651031,
0.44886723160743713,
-0.0466720387339592,
-0.5667629241943359,
-0.24287733435630798,
-0.4431909918785095,
0.10315312445163727,
-0.1720760017633438,
-0.727754533290863,
-0.4259694218635559,
0.5361956357955933,
-5.748160362243652,
-0.48130062222480774,
-0.4074370563030243,
-0.008527408353984356,
-0.10120547562837601,
0.6019074320793152,
-0.07687143236398697,
-0.38668227195739746,
-0.29522448778152466,
0.19749727845191956,
-0.39715468883514404,
-0.011017907410860062,
0.006502426695078611,
-0.236761212348938,
0.37781834602355957,
-0.07986263185739517,
0.5840822458267212,
-0.20134472846984863,
0.4724467992782593,
0.4446873068809509,
0.27406513690948486,
0.21695341169834137,
0.21858079731464386,
0.6393862366676331,
0.004355187062174082,
0.5092871785163879,
0.05723034217953682,
-0.1533866971731186,
-0.11040852963924408,
0.07379764318466187,
0.14755964279174805,
-0.48142123222351074,
0.24610184133052826,
-0.1658535897731781,
-0.10198274999856949,
0.15811972320079803,
0.5133363008499146,
-0.012490143068134785,
-0.07175327837467194,
-0.0685657188296318,
0.0037374189123511314,
0.27967289090156555,
0.10693001002073288,
0.09684774279594421,
0.7262538075447083,
-0.9937900304794312,
-0.17446628212928772,
-0.08234015107154846,
-0.13159899413585663,
0.422234445810318,
0.10178101062774658,
0.15923088788986206,
0.737449586391449,
-0.05350053310394287,
0.3014039099216461,
-0.15941396355628967,
0.5258587002754211,
-0.3784447908401489,
0.3280238211154938,
0.5195028185844421,
0.3123460114002228,
-0.4807629883289337,
-0.5751922726631165,
-0.4054791331291199,
0.7041223645210266,
-0.25479739904403687,
0.02346072718501091,
-0.3200092315673828,
0.4266917407512665,
-0.0421086885035038,
-0.2894408106803894,
0.7585742473602295,
0.2540680170059204,
-0.663304328918457,
0.42155399918556213,
-0.4087616205215454,
-0.13944727182388306,
-0.18256862461566925,
0.0239571426063776,
0.3133924603462219,
-0.26648083329200745,
-0.37589699029922485,
-0.2423325777053833,
-0.39687538146972656,
0.07036719471216202,
0.031432610005140305,
-0.1975356936454773,
0.05053217336535454,
0.342134565114975,
0.009629957377910614,
0.6431152820587158,
-0.3221902847290039,
0.43135347962379456,
-0.008905651979148388,
0.33258911967277527,
0.7008551955223083,
0.0713178813457489,
0.1415017992258072,
0.8384769558906555,
-0.8168097734451294,
-0.007275751326233149,
-0.1219567060470581,
0.31718215346336365,
-0.6292929649353027,
-0.2146826833486557,
-0.20238403975963593,
0.09081654250621796,
0.14440062642097473,
0.4063704311847687,
0.07076796889305115,
0.14260224997997284,
-0.08465101569890976,
-0.2789623737335205,
-0.26087263226509094,
-0.12742681801319122,
0.09599774330854416,
-0.43337902426719666,
0.6548468470573425,
0.7693053483963013,
0.04603907838463783,
-0.260776162147522,
0.25907763838768005,
-0.5326791405677795,
0.03274114057421684,
0.45166346430778503,
-0.6876984238624573,
-0.254153847694397,
0.21842747926712036,
-0.08198686689138412,
0.024917379021644592,
0.7024922966957092,
0.8081445693969727,
0.031760986894369125,
0.18838918209075928,
0.00037821379373781383,
-0.5799694657325745,
0.6835797429084778,
-0.29983022809028625,
-0.33328449726104736,
-0.42267361283302307,
-0.0019687176682054996,
-0.4058968424797058,
-0.4064567983150482,
0.686545729637146,
-0.06046583876013756,
0.08869073539972305,
-0.17716731131076813,
0.10190462321043015,
0.06500495970249176,
0.932232141494751,
-0.12964573502540588,
-0.27539294958114624,
0.3757089674472809,
-0.2741413116455078,
0.23493988811969757,
-0.25813302397727966,
0.06293608993291855,
0.12654200196266174,
0.07607764005661011,
-0.5818012952804565,
0.32336586713790894,
-0.032271601259708405,
-0.9233680367469788,
-0.24520376324653625,
-0.4507385194301605,
0.04910553991794586,
-0.5203037261962891,
-0.931047260761261,
-0.057093583047389984,
0.5907168984413147,
-0.21554455161094666,
-0.9266819357872009,
-0.30947181582450867,
-0.1558677703142166,
0.32359930872917175,
-0.08250559121370316,
-0.15095752477645874,
0.09197473526000977,
-0.11506000906229019,
-0.21283626556396484,
0.6720641255378723,
-0.2638985812664032,
0.18798190355300903,
0.9085140228271484,
0.33856287598609924,
-0.26676395535469055,
-0.34015414118766785,
0.07598457485437393,
-0.4114258885383606,
-0.07287898659706116,
-0.4545730650424957,
-0.19444341957569122,
0.39872872829437256,
-0.12132091075181961,
0.03240456432104111,
0.053073301911354065,
-0.2015916258096695,
0.513844907283783,
-0.08617865294218063,
-0.18480050563812256,
0.3713809847831726,
0.92948317527771,
-0.5465866327285767,
0.648087739944458,
0.0641869381070137,
0.00045783002860844135,
0.7143212556838989,
0.05029783397912979,
-0.6626272201538086,
0.26315194368362427,
-0.6125712394714355,
-0.3048425018787384,
-0.45111599564552307,
0.7179831862449646,
-0.526898980140686,
0.20414111018180847,
-0.3363324999809265,
-0.245791494846344,
-0.15403233468532562,
0.2019747793674469,
0.1075318306684494,
-0.41409412026405334,
-0.38333752751350403,
0.028434518724679947,
-0.7389498949050903,
0.47008460760116577,
0.08374589681625366,
-0.7529658079147339,
0.5051160454750061,
0.1669193059206009,
-0.10783106833696365,
-0.5042471885681152,
0.15673613548278809,
0.06581950187683105,
0.4574562907218933,
-0.12768198549747467,
0.5003839731216431,
-0.5621349811553955,
-0.3245803713798523,
0.09208246320486069,
0.1581689417362213,
0.8567782640457153,
0.2264595478773117,
-0.09251268953084946,
-0.11510968208312988,
0.14058947563171387,
0.8119736909866333,
-1.1957883834838867,
-0.548429548740387,
0.13381384313106537,
0.047161318361759186,
-0.20108743011951447,
-0.8792993426322937,
-0.021864062175154686,
0.5152928829193115,
-0.47127583622932434,
-0.4073978662490845,
-0.2213553637266159,
0.11519696563482285,
0.8194961547851562,
-0.08070086687803268,
-0.6184588670730591,
-1.0097815990447998,
-0.44637319445610046,
0.5191122889518738,
-0.42220208048820496,
0.04067153483629227,
0.23968011140823364,
-0.2336362898349762,
0.32458293437957764,
0.06385359913110733,
-0.0835111141204834,
0.5358863472938538,
0.8139280676841736,
0.6982731223106384,
0.12312573194503784,
-0.284847229719162,
-0.044071368873119354,
0.33541131019592285,
-0.03136187046766281,
-0.06366486102342606,
-0.11276797205209732,
-0.09457027167081833,
-0.8659128546714783,
0.4510670304298401,
-0.5137116312980652,
0.5350466370582581,
-0.5674880146980286,
-0.07426649332046509,
-0.025554833933711052,
-0.12319659441709518,
-0.09853634238243103,
-0.20846956968307495,
0.28313732147216797,
-0.19187712669372559,
0.7412329316139221,
-0.1689518243074417,
0.07085153460502625,
-0.1506577581167221,
-0.036067113280296326,
-0.22769586741924286,
0.810282826423645,
-0.37947991490364075,
-0.9555673599243164,
0.2832026481628418,
-0.30428871512413025,
-0.021953046321868896,
-0.5639877915382385,
0.2910737693309784,
-0.008613980375230312,
0.40208160877227783,
0.002981591736897826,
-0.037844590842723846,
0.8476142883300781,
0.23708802461624146,
0.2753317654132843,
0.5354384779930115,
-0.5931132435798645,
-0.03973916172981262,
-0.01723070628941059,
0.039547208696603775,
0.20786041021347046,
0.29002851247787476,
0.1762455850839615,
0.14040645956993103,
0.18495023250579834,
-0.5431610941886902,
-0.4465380907058716,
0.34425845742225647,
-0.19677038490772247,
0.3164023756980896,
0.08497312664985657,
-0.4068082869052887,
0.43645283579826355,
-0.15327036380767822,
-0.336685448884964,
0.258844792842865,
-0.5790104269981384,
-0.18261025846004486,
0.9615170359611511,
0.24721059203147888,
0.06904835999011993,
-0.12939035892486572,
-0.031770773231983185,
-0.22487911581993103,
0.3928074240684509,
0.7818334102630615,
0.30950528383255005,
-0.23071740567684174,
0.7359198927879333,
0.26077961921691895,
-0.0082729272544384,
-0.03982819989323616,
-0.37052223086357117,
0.4512776732444763,
-0.42623409628868103,
0.22363780438899994,
-0.4334389865398407,
-0.05821457505226135,
-0.20325039327144623,
0.11718682944774628,
0.14780265092849731,
0.2961384356021881,
-0.292520135641098,
0.23555345833301544,
0.005253183655440807,
0.04998760297894478,
-0.6362769603729248,
-0.10476022213697433,
0.7198828458786011,
0.29469987750053406,
0.34379586577415466,
-0.1070202887058258,
-0.1519361138343811,
0.24635504186153412,
-0.15176407992839813,
-0.10446370393037796,
0.5926464796066284,
0.020958945155143738,
-0.5176258683204651,
0.002912296447902918,
0.028105726465582848,
-0.16111816465854645,
-0.7210990786552429,
0.12818492949008942,
0.10280897468328476,
0.11826981604099274,
0.31080812215805054,
-0.14728917181491852,
0.14860184490680695,
0.425899863243103,
-0.42073094844818115,
-0.3468281030654907,
0.13279002904891968,
0.19806818664073944,
0.2268461287021637,
0.04363817349076271,
1.0241584777832031,
0.5106461048126221,
0.16155016422271729,
-0.05672687664628029,
0.22615106403827667,
-0.1420779526233673,
0.15429286658763885,
-0.04537942260503769,
0.07550286501646042,
-0.48999473452568054,
-0.06398932635784149,
-0.6839426159858704,
-0.16360187530517578,
0.598319411277771,
-0.2956988513469696,
-0.2393970489501953,
-0.13723953068256378,
-0.4299071431159973,
-0.2531338036060333,
0.3590864837169647,
-0.8249362707138062,
0.41452521085739136,
-1.051874041557312,
0.367159903049469,
0.10547520965337753,
0.39915260672569275,
-0.046827029436826706,
-0.3164995312690735,
-0.30896300077438354,
0.7149880528450012,
0.051116492599248886,
0.1388273984193802,
0.3877142667770386,
-0.02890678495168686,
0.0869755819439888,
-0.7344092726707458,
-0.28647756576538086,
-0.01609460450708866,
-0.4168420732021332,
0.8046261668205261,
0.21437327563762665,
0.5376753807067871,
-0.1323164403438568,
0.47393232583999634,
-0.4298803210258484,
0.19205060601234436,
0.08757320046424866,
-0.6765903234481812,
-0.3930240273475647,
-0.41096627712249756,
0.22885596752166748,
-0.37483838200569153,
0.6045390963554382,
0.13716450333595276,
-0.055957067757844925,
0.8197481036186218,
0.16830013692378998,
-0.5887898206710815,
0.46978700160980225,
-0.05337689816951752,
-0.442426860332489,
-0.9177876114845276,
0.17491669952869415
] |
211054
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Albany%20%28CA-123%29
|
USS Albany (CA-123)
|
USS Albany (CA-123) was a United States Navy Oregon City-class heavy cruiser, later converted to the guided missile cruiser CG-10. The converted cruiser was the lead ship of the new Albany-guided missile cruiser class. She was the fourth ship to carry the name Albany.
The ship was laid down on 6 March 1944 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem Steel Company, launched on 30 June 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth F. Pinckney, and commissioned on 15 June 1946 at the Boston Navy Yard.
Service history
Following outfitting and a shakedown cruise in the vicinity of Casco Bay, Maine, Albany began operations along the east coast of the United States punctuated with cruises to the West Indies. During the ensuing months, the cruiser made a number of voyages for the purpose of training naval reservists and NROTC midshipmen. Albany continued to perform such duty until 11 September 1948, when she stood out of Chesapeake Bay for her first tour of duty with the American naval forces operating in the Mediterranean Sea, recently made a permanent establishment as the 6th Fleet. That deployment set the tone for the next decade. The cruiser alternated five assignments to the 6th Fleet with operations along the east coast of the United States and in the West Indies and made three cruises to South American ports. During one of the South American voyages, Albany carried the official United States representative to the inauguration of the President of Brazil in January 1951.
For two years, stretching at least until the autumn of 1955, Albany served as flagship for Commander, Battleship-Cruiser Force, Atlantic.
Conversion to Guided Missile Cruiser
On 30 June 1958, Albany was placed out of commission at the Boston Naval Shipyard to begin conversion to a guided missile cruiser. On 1 November 1958, she was redesignated CG-10. The warship spent the next four years at Boston undergoing very extensive modifications as part of the conversion; stripped down to her hull to be fitted with a new superstructure. Albany was recommissioned at Boston on 3 November 1962 with Captain Ben B. Pickett in command. For almost five years, she alternated deployments to European waters – both to the Mediterranean Sea and to the North Atlantic – with operations along the east coast and in the West Indies. During that time, the cruiser visited many foreign ports and participated in a number of exercises with units of friendly navies. On 1 March 1967, she was decommissioned at the Boston Naval Shipyard once again to undergo extensive modifications. Some 20 months later, on 9 November 1968, Albany was placed back in commission at Boston with Captain Allan P. Slaff in command. In 1973, the ship was again decommissioned for overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. It was recommissioned in May 1974 and homeported in Norfolk, VA under the command of Captain John J. Ekelund. Shortly thereafter it became the flagship of the 2nd Fleet.
Between 1976 and 1980, Albany was the flagship of the 6th Fleet, and homeported in Gaeta, Italy.
Decommissioning and disposal
Albany was decommissioned on 29 August 1980 and laid up on the Elizabeth River across from the Norfolk Navy Yard. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 June 1985 but she remained at her berth and held for possible donation as a museum ship in her name sake city for a further 5 years. Though there was serious interest in saving the ship, a feasible museum and financial plan was never realized and she was sold for scrapping on 12 August 1990.
Commemoration
A portion of Albanys bow resides at the Albany County Fairgrounds in Altamont, New York.
The original 14-foot-long (1/48th-scale) brass model of the ship built by the United States Navy to help determine where antenna arrays would go on the actual-size ships was restored in 2013 and is on display at the Albany Heritage Area Visitors Center. USS Albany's bridge equipments like Ship Wheel, Clock, Window, Telephone and more, dining silver sets and items from crew members, shipbuilder plaque and bell are all on display at USS Albany Heritage Exhibit.
Awards
Navy Unit Commendation with 2 awards
Navy "E" Ribbon with 3 awards
World War 2 Victory Ribbon
World War 2 Occupation Medal with "Europe" clasp
National Defense Service Medal with 2 awards
Gallery
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Albany (Ship : CA-123). USS Albany CA-123: Mediterranean Cruise of 1951. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1951.
Albany (Ship : CA-123). The USS Albany: 1955 Mediterranean Cruise. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1955.
External links
USS Albany Association homepage
Photos of Albany
Entry for Ekelund Range
Oregon City-class cruisers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1945 ships
Albany-class cruisers
Cold War cruisers of the United States
United States Navy New York (state)-related ships
|
[
-0.4284682273864746,
0.012794706970453262,
-0.22246529161930084,
0.40946057438850403,
0.12504388391971588,
0.4491458237171173,
0.3601676821708679,
-0.7752936482429504,
-0.36761674284935,
0.2526542842388153,
0.4240649938583374,
0.48127245903015137,
-0.4649997055530548,
0.05552102252840996,
0.10063870996236801,
0.05227085202932358,
0.27426162362098694,
0.6062448620796204,
-0.3788239657878876,
-0.3982996940612793,
-0.13324585556983948,
-0.33434292674064636,
0.3993152379989624,
0.12752288579940796,
0.0010638905223459005,
0.2890707552433014,
0.31058865785598755,
0.3101626932621002,
0.6679161190986633,
0.06678348034620285,
-0.20920060575008392,
0.5800568461418152,
0.3642549216747284,
0.047323454171419144,
0.07261627167463303,
0.09490520507097244,
-0.2980146110057831,
-0.379060298204422,
-0.48023709654808044,
-0.136749729514122,
-0.7320019602775574,
-0.19795078039169312,
-0.08112634718418121,
0.23766569793224335,
0.03815322369337082,
-0.01568678207695484,
-1.3581397533416748,
0.5252695679664612,
0.21696092188358307,
-0.25899016857147217,
-0.5164569020271301,
0.034002263098955154,
0.6687101125717163,
0.08927737176418304,
0.5849217772483826,
0.7759993076324463,
-1.3640762567520142,
-0.09640433639287949,
-0.346799373626709,
-0.4176143407821655,
0.09614793956279755,
0.45733755826950073,
1.0384997129440308,
0.3823847770690918,
0.13551092147827148,
0.09381294250488281,
-0.6019665598869324,
0.47055941820144653,
0.10960911959409714,
-0.21694253385066986,
0.25051775574684143,
-0.08424916118383408,
0.23572883009910583,
0.6527629494667053,
-0.5654156804084778,
0.12341664731502533,
-0.019353313371539116,
-0.6791972517967224,
0.14847266674041748,
0.43117135763168335,
-0.05090291425585747,
0.14363707602024078,
1.0167728662490845,
0.12463241070508957,
0.5074647665023804,
-0.005976027809083462,
-0.9215016961097717,
-0.24234071373939514,
-0.4012939929962158,
0.503064751625061,
-0.8576799631118774,
-0.13109654188156128,
-0.06560563296079636,
0.860738217830658,
0.20549431443214417,
-0.005324204917997122,
-0.8256890773773193,
0.15196864306926727,
0.2521459758281708,
0.4015807509422302,
-0.023581726476550102,
0.29340052604675293,
0.8968974947929382,
0.0512329563498497,
-0.2440553456544876,
-0.1837080419063568,
0.11426034569740295,
-0.570514976978302,
-0.5143299698829651,
-0.29462143778800964,
-0.14974457025527954,
0.09849873185157776,
-0.24964256584644318,
-0.191060870885849,
0.24648097157478333,
0.5398126244544983,
0.6251655220985413,
-0.40840667486190796,
-0.042898647487163544,
-0.4098716974258423,
0.3467321991920471,
1.090844988822937,
-0.7476930618286133,
-0.23390962183475494,
0.3102301061153412,
0.504587709903717,
0.5703184008598328,
0.03591185435652733,
-0.8903791308403015,
0.19613836705684662,
0.19047321379184723,
0.9137635827064514,
-0.5333313941955566,
-0.042856428772211075,
-0.641393780708313,
-0.10293789952993393,
0.13894908130168915,
0.34423598647117615,
0.3218841850757599,
0.5216541886329651,
-0.946750819683075,
-0.07974373549222946,
-0.07398324459791183,
-0.42247477173805237,
0.5235560536384583,
0.09968665987253189,
0.4987536072731018,
-0.2007354348897934,
-0.09869500249624252,
-0.160887211561203,
0.14808163046836853,
-0.28919607400894165,
0.30854228138923645,
0.3465614318847656,
-0.3913174271583557,
0.05720394104719162,
0.4777647852897644,
-0.2552376091480255,
0.46663060784339905,
0.5168192982673645,
-0.24776531755924225,
0.4997219443321228,
-0.014944477006793022,
-0.09174929559230804,
0.06539620459079742,
-0.032967180013656616,
0.4467661678791046,
-0.012006084434688091,
0.3645492494106293,
-0.2625366747379303,
-0.5149900913238525,
-0.21183352172374725,
0.4407515227794647,
0.14604900777339935,
0.31344398856163025,
0.35534822940826416,
0.1858726441860199,
-0.3246613144874573,
-0.10308657586574554,
-0.5924761891365051,
-0.5601062774658203,
-0.09411278367042542,
0.505662739276886,
0.0719759538769722,
0.39128056168556213,
-0.10817429423332214,
-0.004878643434494734,
0.24826078116893768,
0.3811585307121277,
0.19645719230175018,
-0.16382208466529846,
-0.10397915542125702,
0.3008452355861664,
0.2022152692079544,
0.9256134033203125,
0.06088729575276375,
-0.3057830035686493,
-0.02230043150484562,
0.2817891836166382,
0.46876323223114014,
0.45509904623031616,
-0.47859159111976624,
0.4119545817375183,
0.0067936428822577,
-0.6793138980865479,
-0.01732392981648445,
-0.029818987473845482,
0.48104342818260193,
0.1877199113368988,
0.870966911315918,
-0.1817522495985031,
-0.7005723118782043,
0.35077494382858276,
0.4657411277294159,
-0.04009925201535225,
-0.47562384605407715,
-0.03697934374213219,
-0.4308083653450012,
0.0210129301995039,
-0.4208182394504547,
0.6401447653770447,
0.39040234684944153,
-0.2738083302974701,
0.18661269545555115,
-0.2923431694507599,
0.3912025988101959,
-0.2848895788192749,
0.5019873380661011,
-0.21867328882217407,
-0.1859605461359024,
0.13581669330596924,
0.11941533535718918,
-0.552751898765564,
-0.8170580267906189,
0.3196769058704376,
0.492112398147583,
-0.21228742599487305,
-0.42166903614997864,
0.5360614061355591,
-0.23084837198257446,
0.0189397931098938,
0.7576704621315002,
-1.0496200323104858,
0.17981532216072083,
0.17091402411460876,
-0.3645354211330414,
-0.010471215471625328,
-0.055090345442295074,
0.37236258387565613,
-0.547767162322998,
0.40566524863243103,
0.3594902753829956,
0.4714563488960266,
-0.720077395439148,
-0.32384902238845825,
0.12843213975429535,
-0.47166112065315247,
-0.2315245121717453,
0.731519341468811,
-0.09463530778884888,
0.09348475933074951,
0.36256110668182373,
0.26424887776374817,
0.297567754983902,
0.34480172395706177,
-0.4422560930252075,
-0.42757195234298706,
-0.2681750953197479,
0.1510661542415619,
-0.11433388292789459,
0.15906845033168793,
-0.0594651959836483,
0.1149945929646492,
-0.7945212125778198,
0.1617613583803177,
-0.09339432418346405,
-0.42092835903167725,
0.48938655853271484,
-0.50568687915802,
-0.7552751302719116,
0.7745915651321411,
1.0620371103286743,
-0.2765820622444153,
-0.5689870715141296,
-0.6604962348937988,
-0.3317294120788574,
-0.06638111174106598,
0.06833171844482422,
-0.6834903359413147,
-0.18763558566570282,
-0.16425573825836182,
-0.5751045942306519,
-0.22913463413715363,
0.4626516103744507,
-0.043156906962394714,
0.45808348059654236,
-0.04400692135095596,
-0.23155222833156586,
0.06534010171890259,
0.26501384377479553,
-0.339231938123703,
0.2672908306121826,
-0.31373730301856995,
0.06917168945074081,
-0.07104787975549698,
-0.25998422503471375,
-0.18315161764621735,
0.3961680233478546,
-5.357179164886475,
0.2230752557516098,
-0.29682305455207825,
-0.04831507429480553,
-0.025759708136320114,
0.33167678117752075,
0.2226683646440506,
-0.21092285215854645,
0.4000909626483917,
0.009516431950032711,
0.5519587397575378,
-0.13342440128326416,
0.03191446140408516,
-0.11662715673446655,
0.806365966796875,
0.5572926998138428,
0.971705436706543,
-0.5076841115951538,
0.6720777750015259,
-0.4436687231063843,
0.3393382132053375,
-0.09340998530387878,
-0.10354435443878174,
0.2928118407726288,
0.10769719630479813,
-0.0650983452796936,
-0.26223325729370117,
-0.12711049616336823,
-1.1808894872665405,
0.1095580905675888,
0.09544537216424942,
-0.33564597368240356,
-0.032833050936460495,
0.03748733922839165,
0.11008556932210922,
-0.34880200028419495,
0.9136660695075989,
0.15324626863002777,
-0.19866737723350525,
-0.6112247705459595,
-0.27817243337631226,
0.040147509425878525,
0.28007304668426514,
0.4191664755344391,
0.25933295488357544,
-0.4303036034107208,
-0.363029420375824,
0.10160735994577408,
0.2557826638221741,
1.260031819343567,
0.34399065375328064,
0.2168927639722824,
0.7919338345527649,
0.31985774636268616,
0.3348855674266815,
-0.0206491369754076,
0.05088801309466362,
-0.07013542950153351,
-0.5236576199531555,
-0.15617439150810242,
0.53987717628479,
-0.027104483917355537,
0.19708511233329773,
-0.7289348244667053,
-0.041457995772361755,
-0.05749397724866867,
-0.1945267915725708,
-0.056315869092941284,
0.7561621069908142,
-0.10118772089481354,
-0.30734094977378845,
1.4763391017913818,
-0.19262799620628357,
-0.9296290874481201,
0.21966010332107544,
-0.3823830485343933,
-0.23744061589241028,
0.09861624985933304,
-0.48005759716033936,
-0.11598796397447586,
0.017372267320752144,
0.2502234876155853,
-0.03535567969083786,
1.0613733530044556,
0.5256994366645813,
-0.519500195980072,
-0.7370679974555969,
0.33749935030937195,
-0.34108278155326843,
0.44897323846817017,
0.690423846244812,
-0.20955178141593933,
0.3455852270126343,
0.32227614521980286,
0.20016710460186005,
-0.46003299951553345,
-0.11961644142866135,
0.5100862383842468,
0.41114547848701477,
-0.39328131079673767,
0.5092806220054626,
-0.31954172253608704,
0.1366661936044693,
-0.2747461497783661,
-0.5533496141433716,
-0.6532972455024719,
-0.25108078122138977,
-0.14360810816287994,
0.3941699266433716,
-0.13248375058174133,
-0.2261108160018921,
-0.607941746711731,
0.4367944598197937,
-0.7082938551902771,
0.5486261248588562,
0.5131800770759583,
0.022217068821191788,
0.524998128414154,
0.7538703083992004,
0.49409961700439453,
-0.34602153301239014,
0.558030903339386,
-0.26924633979797363,
-0.3033958673477173,
-0.37400493025779724,
-1.1334302425384521,
0.48476967215538025,
-0.3569948673248291,
-0.7005903124809265,
0.03610851243138313,
0.1183418557047844,
0.09437750279903412,
-0.12282991409301758,
0.027138005942106247,
-0.34429484605789185,
-0.40489569306373596,
-0.1497710645198822,
0.048268891870975494,
0.44645029306411743,
0.048635076731443405,
-1.0033071041107178,
-0.10384945571422577,
-0.5076562166213989,
0.34213370084762573,
0.6095775961875916,
0.21634848415851593,
0.5945728421211243,
0.33075201511383057,
-0.5676282048225403,
0.4254831373691559,
-0.24328230321407318,
-0.6878077983856201,
0.39071330428123474,
-0.7057725191116333,
-0.12016377598047256,
0.2354486733675003,
0.3325510025024414,
0.13971148431301117,
0.369948148727417,
0.143183171749115,
-0.23192615807056427,
0.1915491819381714,
-0.20280690491199493,
-0.21195654571056366,
0.08835852146148682,
0.1474599987268448,
-0.31779754161834717,
-0.9265270829200745,
-0.1310899257659912,
0.4125652015209198,
-0.04591101408004761,
-0.37282174825668335,
-0.8731129169464111,
-0.16583971679210663,
0.632668137550354,
0.4528694450855255,
-0.3815746605396271,
-0.545218825340271,
-0.1695721298456192,
0.05320145934820175,
0.031610555946826935,
-0.16151762008666992,
-0.26636260747909546,
0.5926944017410278,
0.4979448914527893,
-0.13768884539604187,
-0.9442846179008484,
0.2121736705303192,
-0.2741876542568207,
0.09243499487638474,
-0.26392701268196106,
-0.14544785022735596,
0.8373123407363892,
0.20048072934150696,
-0.6092355251312256,
0.31413814425468445,
0.44399213790893555,
0.3838752210140228,
0.12113191187381744,
-0.8882107138633728,
0.00000244336956711777,
0.4940646290779114,
-0.9531339406967163,
0.4060485064983368,
-0.022545281797647476,
-0.38311704993247986,
-0.013906962238252163,
-0.27701205015182495,
0.3180544972419739,
0.38472050428390503,
0.15167468786239624,
-1.1538951396942139,
0.1679874062538147,
0.13144557178020477,
-0.11173372715711594,
-0.04101411998271942,
-0.3112424910068512,
-0.11735821515321732,
-0.4089190661907196,
-0.7869963645935059,
-0.9669477343559265,
-0.12121555954217911,
0.09803861379623413,
-0.684135377407074,
-0.7315425872802734,
0.1567610502243042,
-0.06444644927978516,
-0.28845450282096863,
0.3354785144329071,
-0.2955024838447571,
-0.28088614344596863,
0.20457661151885986,
-0.31565025448799133,
-0.21264448761940002,
0.05046361684799194,
-0.7079617977142334,
0.07829990983009338,
0.36089026927948,
-0.004529306199401617,
0.6664420962333679,
0.6715381741523743,
1.1073627471923828,
0.13763870298862457,
-0.3624759912490845,
-0.2704910337924957,
-0.16484703123569489,
0.37347880005836487,
-0.5692615509033203,
-0.4290546476840973,
0.30387845635414124,
0.8010393381118774,
-0.6791544556617737,
-0.6988866925239563,
-0.22209356725215912,
1.092652440071106,
-1.1914054155349731,
-0.1678951382637024,
-0.021193332970142365,
0.07416826486587524,
0.23904374241828918,
-0.2193000614643097,
0.4202991724014282,
-0.9706618785858154,
-0.18925872445106506,
0.2018682062625885,
0.3967342972755432,
-0.28267204761505127,
-0.42419344186782837,
0.6568408012390137,
-0.14928053319454193,
-0.3845946192741394,
0.20175038278102875,
0.592330276966095,
0.6022931337356567,
-0.46210920810699463,
0.045775171369314194,
0.23248444497585297,
-0.33337053656578064,
0.9852619171142578,
-0.2773520350456238,
-0.30685827136039734,
0.668283224105835,
-0.13310807943344116,
-0.33806517720222473,
-0.5406684279441833,
-0.6657454967498779,
-0.3925813138484955,
-0.7717106938362122,
-0.24390080571174622,
0.5634174942970276,
0.34596017003059387,
-0.0035763122141361237,
-0.8429606556892395,
-0.4124245345592499,
-0.06084118038415909,
0.33799439668655396,
-0.26946839690208435,
-0.12079506367444992,
-0.2561565637588501,
0.8319483399391174,
-0.5033712387084961,
0.5504672527313232,
-0.10109561681747437,
-0.2151671200990677,
-0.06271862238645554,
-0.19607484340667725,
0.23815946280956268,
-0.10841774940490723,
-0.6471753716468811,
-0.4381940960884094,
-0.33358141779899597,
-0.964968204498291,
0.4493204951286316,
0.3976357877254486,
-0.7229171395301819,
0.18685925006866455,
0.5313463807106018,
-0.27022865414619446,
-0.4960346519947052,
-0.0344308577477932,
-0.34443849325180054,
0.06637535989284515,
0.027267437428236008,
0.5813391208648682,
0.5819914937019348,
0.7555593252182007,
-0.760118842124939,
-0.1362101137638092,
0.13562889397144318,
0.4140697121620178,
-0.19117477536201477,
-0.6916029453277588,
-0.33005425333976746,
1.0411584377288818,
-0.023395614698529243,
0.33533522486686707,
0.6135531067848206,
-0.6118851900100708,
-0.6873669028282166,
0.5637919902801514,
0.006392826791852713,
0.535447895526886,
-0.1753738820552826,
-0.39735716581344604,
0.09350087493658066,
0.25182095170021057,
0.061154916882514954,
0.36025986075401306,
0.1978714019060135,
-0.05436979979276657,
-0.07754620909690857,
0.6030333042144775,
-0.06935583800077438,
-0.3413141071796417,
-0.18801356852054596,
0.5191609859466553,
0.06576632708311081,
-0.756350576877594,
0.35533666610717773,
-0.3054877817630768,
-0.3150412440299988,
0.057032711803913116,
0.3160935342311859,
-0.13094624876976013,
-0.2634660601615906,
-0.27877160906791687,
0.14884056150913239,
-0.015870163217186928,
0.07171298563480377,
0.668711245059967,
0.3329485356807709,
0.3501068353652954,
-0.24837912619113922,
-0.006098364945501089,
0.116263747215271,
0.13567638397216797,
0.6838966608047485,
-0.6289313435554504,
-0.2608499526977539,
0.23455068469047546,
-0.4096314609050751,
0.34157854318618774,
-0.5483443737030029,
-0.9903682470321655,
-0.15097984671592712,
0.009211228229105473,
-0.4013690650463104,
0.3864840865135193,
0.3601745367050171,
-0.11671756207942963,
0.8316178917884827,
-0.6945000290870667,
-0.2517409324645996,
0.12835697829723358,
0.10205034166574478,
0.4768708050251007,
-0.32068079710006714,
0.12730802595615387,
0.03210659325122833,
0.6155903339385986,
0.026910973712801933,
-0.24927811324596405,
0.1293802112340927,
0.18940497934818268,
0.2688900828361511,
-0.0788971334695816,
-0.32192423939704895,
0.1956288069486618,
-0.2198479175567627,
0.089713916182518,
0.2408502995967865,
-0.27868491411209106,
-0.24401165544986725,
0.1665825992822647,
-0.17079690098762512,
0.1215883418917656,
1.1402591466903687,
-0.913486123085022,
-0.6596025824546814,
-0.4721670150756836,
0.28543734550476074,
-0.2179645299911499,
-0.12911252677440643,
0.5012815594673157,
-0.6405555009841919,
-0.4242669939994812,
0.36420831084251404,
-0.498185396194458,
-0.18388359248638153,
0.42955100536346436,
0.5643221139907837,
-0.45889708399772644,
-0.26318731904029846,
0.3984645903110504,
-0.12289972603321075,
-0.11977621912956238,
0.01945173554122448,
0.7454186081886292,
0.8758274912834167,
0.4846659004688263,
0.344786673784256,
-0.5318027138710022,
0.36961886286735535,
0.024294989183545113,
-0.35091254115104675,
-0.049691807478666306,
-0.12168052047491074,
-0.3979896306991577,
-0.09522297978401184,
0.15895868837833405,
-0.11493575572967529,
-0.752113401889801,
0.12088848650455475,
-0.2578485906124115,
0.15490761399269104,
-0.15253736078739166,
0.04468167945742607,
-0.27999264001846313,
-0.1610354483127594,
0.01641257479786873
] |
211055
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Reformed%20Church
|
United Reformed Church
|
The United Reformed Church (URC) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom. It has approximately 46,500 members in 1,383 congregations with 608 active ministers, including 13 church related community workers.
Origins and history
The United Reformed Church resulted from the 1972 union of the Presbyterian Church of England and the Congregational Church in England and Wales. In introducing the United Reformed Church Bill in the House of Commons on 21 June 1972, Alexander Lyon called it "one of the most historic measures in the history of the Christian churches in this country". About a quarter of English Congregational churches chose not to join the new denomination; in England, there are three main groups of continuing Congregationalists: the Congregational Federation, the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches and the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches.
The URC subsequently united with the Re-formed Association of Churches of Christ in 1981 and the Congregational Union of Scotland in 2000.
In 1982, the United Reformed Church voted in favour of a covenant with the Church of England, the Methodist Church and the Moravian Church, which would have meant remodelling its moderators as bishops and incorporating its ministry into the apostolic succession. However, the Church of England rejected the covenant.
In 2012, the United Reformed Church voted to allow the blessing of same-sex civil partnerships. In 2016, the URC voted to allow its churches to conduct same-sex marriages.
Congregations and membership
According to its 2022 Yearbook, the United Reformed Church has approximately 40,000 members in 1,284 congregations with 334 stipendiary ministers, 56 non-stipendiary ministers, 110 non-active or in non-URC posts, 844 retired ministers, 209 of whom are active, 30 church-related community workers, 218 ministers of other churches, 36 Synod recognised local lay leaders and lay pastors, 2 mission partners, 342 accredited lay preachers, 7,286 serving elders and 6,278 non serving elders. The decline of the denomination matches that of other Christian churches in the United Kingdom such as the Church of England and the Methodist Church.
Belief
The URC is a trinitarian church whose theological roots are distinctly Reformed and whose historical and organisational roots are in the Presbyterian (Calvinism) and Congregational traditions. Its Basis of Union contains a statement concerning the nature, faith and order of the United Reformed Church which sets out its beliefs in a condensed form.
Polity
The URC is governed by a combined form of congregationalism and presbyterian polity.
Congregation
Each congregation (local church) within the URC is governed by a Church Meeting consisting of all its members, which is the ultimate decision-making body in the local church. There is also an elders' meeting (similar to the presbyterian Kirk Session in the Church of Scotland) which advises the Church Meeting and shares with the minister the spiritual and pastoral oversight of the church. Elders are normally elected to serve for a specific period of time.
Within the present structures, congregations are able to manage themselves and arrange their services as they choose, reflecting their circumstances and preferences. As a result, congregations, even neighbouring ones, may have quite different characters, types of service and eligibility for communion.
Congregations, through the Church Meeting, are responsible for the selection (issue of a 'call') of ministers to fill vacancies. They also select elders from within the membership and accept new members.
Synod
At a regional level, representatives of the congregations assemble in a synod. There are 11 English synods, roughly corresponding to each region of England, one in Scotland and one in Wales; each is served by a synod moderator. The synod and its committees provide oversight within the framework of presbyterian polity, giving pastoral care and making important decisions about where ministers serve and how churches share ministry. Through the synods, the URC relates to other Christian denominations at a regional level such as Anglican dioceses. Synods make many key decisions about finance, and about church property, which is usually held in trust by a synod trust company. Synods have committees and employ staff to encourage and serve local churches.
General Assembly
The URC has a General Assembly (chaired by two Moderators, one elder, one ordained a Minister of Word and Sacrament or a church related community worker) which gathers representatives of the whole of the URC to meet biennially. Advised by the Mission Council, the General Assembly plans the activity of the URC across Great Britain and makes key policy decisions about the direction of the life of the denomination. It also appoints central staff (i.e. those responsible Britain-wide), receives reports from committees, and deals with substantial reports and initiatives such as Walkin the Way. The synods are represented along with the convenors of the Assembly's standing committees.
There are 11 standing committees appointed by General Assembly to carry out its policy and to advise the Assembly. Each committee relates to a different area of church life, including communications, mission, ministries and education and learning.
Assembly Executive, formerly known as the Mission Council, the executive body of the General Assembly, meets once a year every November.
Church related community work
Church related community work (CRCW) is a distinctive ministry within the URC. CRCW ministers use the principles of community development to respond to issues facing their neighbourhoods, working alongside local individuals and organisations, developing initiatives to transform communities.
Between them, CRCW ministers enable churches to widen their mission by:
identifying local needs and opportunities;
confronting injustice;
organising community action;
developing and supporting initiatives that improve the lives and wellbeing of local people; and
theologically reflecting upon that action.
Ecumenism
Formed in an act of ecumenical union, the URC is committed to ecumenism. The denomination is a member of many ecumenical organisations, including Churches Together in England, Cytûn (Churches Together in Wales), the Enfys covenant, Action of Churches Together in Scotland (ACTS) and Churches Together in Britain and Ireland, the World Council of Churches, the Conference of European Churches, the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe, the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the Council for World Mission.
United Reformed Church Youth
URC Youth is for young people aged 11–25. Formed in 1974, with the name the Fellowship of United Reformed Youth (FURY), it is led by URC Youth Executive who plan the annual Youth Assembly. The Youth Executive comprises a representative from each Synod, and several other members such as the Moderator and Moderator Elect. The current Moderator is Reuben Watt.
Reform magazine
The United Reformed Church has published Reform magazine since 1972, as a forum for "News, comment, inspiration debate". A digital edition of the magazine, accessed through an app or online, was launched in April 2015. Reform was called "a prophetic voice" by the theologian Robert Beckford in 2013.
Archives
The denominational archives of the United Reformed Church are held in the Congregational Library, housed at the Dr Williams's Library, in London, as are the archives of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. The papers of the Presbyterian Church of England are held at Westminster College, Cambridge. The papers of associated missionary societies (London Missionary Society, the Council for World Mission (Congregational), and the Foreign Missions Committee (Presbyterian)) are held by the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
Local church records are the responsibility of the church concerned, and will normally be found either in the relevant local record office, or at the church concerned.
Churches
See also
English Presbyterian Mission
Religion in the United Kingdom
United Reformed Church Guide and Scout Fellowship
United and uniting churches
References
External links
Polity information
The Basis of Union A statement concerning the nature, faith and order of the United Reformed Church
The Structure of the United Reformed Church
United Reformed Church Act 2000
All legislation relating to the United Reformed Church on the legislation.gov.uk website
Organisations for young people
Pilots (children's organisation)
The United Reformed Church Guide and Scout Fellowship (URCGSF)
United Reformed Church Children's and Youth Work website
Internal groupings
Group for Evangelism and Renewal within the URC (GEAR)
Free to Believe: an informal network of liberally minded members of the United Reformed Church
URC Retreats Group: a network of people interested in silence and retreats
Continuing churches that did not unite organically with the URC
Congregational Federation
Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches
Fellowship of Churches of Christ in Great Britain & Ireland
Non-instrumental Churches of Christ in Britain
United and uniting churches
Congregationalist denominations
Congregationalism in the United Kingdom
Reformed denominations in the United Kingdom
Members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches
Members of the World Council of Churches
Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden
Religion in the London Borough of Camden
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Christian organizations established in 1972
Calvinist denominations established in the 20th century
|
[
0.8690887093544006,
0.5098238587379456,
-0.20726898312568665,
-1.2209941148757935,
-0.1963934749364853,
0.10577316582202911,
0.5519848465919495,
0.3121630847454071,
-0.5290474891662598,
-0.09413649141788483,
-0.11899831146001816,
-0.011406955309212208,
-0.23030123114585876,
0.6387720108032227,
-0.16750547289848328,
0.5481113791465759,
0.2997429668903351,
0.543036162853241,
0.1045532077550888,
-0.3838493525981903,
-0.383009135723114,
-0.1316765695810318,
0.23407110571861267,
0.4645566940307617,
-0.15001705288887024,
0.14478451013565063,
0.6387656927108765,
-0.7425137758255005,
-0.41021937131881714,
-0.7427725791931152,
0.41020360589027405,
0.951098620891571,
0.4424053430557251,
-0.1104859933257103,
0.6068695187568665,
0.004408527631312609,
0.2762717306613922,
-0.6555678844451904,
-0.12788082659244537,
-0.37681013345718384,
0.3110728859901428,
-0.4249458909034729,
0.9787037372589111,
0.6538267731666565,
0.24976836144924164,
-0.3259221315383911,
-1.4347608089447021,
0.6978509426116943,
-0.7622546553611755,
0.28972554206848145,
-0.23590922355651855,
-0.23762305080890656,
0.14077551662921906,
0.3957858085632324,
0.16611766815185547,
-0.0372152104973793,
-1.1380505561828613,
-0.38982418179512024,
0.42355796694755554,
-0.4281328320503235,
0.36927664279937744,
0.5154442191123962,
0.019679289311170578,
-0.17304745316505432,
0.7252163290977478,
-0.04295113682746887,
-0.5896304249763489,
0.26555153727531433,
-0.3332931399345398,
-0.7099506258964539,
-0.4293244481086731,
-0.3795965909957886,
-0.20099008083343506,
0.0072675952687859535,
-0.12296755611896515,
-0.6600579023361206,
-0.1961798369884491,
0.17773064970970154,
-0.09470533579587936,
-0.22158458828926086,
-0.02011112868785858,
0.5883127450942993,
0.07222431153059006,
0.5911286473274231,
0.2391635775566101,
-0.08313325047492981,
-0.30054205656051636,
-0.3663771450519562,
0.1280849725008011,
0.6564350724220276,
-0.4363887310028076,
0.15307997167110443,
-0.10966073721647263,
0.22455008327960968,
-0.6230111718177795,
-0.1277800053358078,
0.15654847025871277,
0.15622931718826294,
0.008677450940012932,
0.15197637677192688,
0.0076814135536551476,
0.725526750087738,
0.05851808935403824,
-0.5235472321510315,
-0.2471759021282196,
0.32557213306427,
-0.65837162733078,
-0.685714840888977,
0.1056082472205162,
-0.16165731847286224,
-0.5207045674324036,
0.5399790406227112,
-0.46468210220336914,
0.38187864422798157,
0.7295037508010864,
0.22469890117645264,
0.5392865538597107,
-0.9269670844078064,
-0.2310967594385147,
-0.1192673072218895,
-0.4591269791126251,
0.906404435634613,
0.1496725082397461,
0.5987451672554016,
0.08203344792127609,
0.4246577024459839,
0.04064275324344635,
0.7196998596191406,
-0.9182230234146118,
-0.5606693029403687,
0.23392143845558167,
0.8101869225502014,
-0.1787763088941574,
-0.38070130348205566,
-0.20251226425170898,
-0.03992926701903343,
0.48452228307724,
-0.2535810172557831,
0.6502454876899719,
0.5690949559211731,
-0.4790012538433075,
-0.49402421712875366,
-0.12174856662750244,
-0.05096297711133957,
0.4335136115550995,
-0.2656208276748657,
-0.3868725597858429,
-0.8367952108383179,
-0.6024979948997498,
-0.10845844447612762,
0.42230111360549927,
0.2708171010017395,
-0.19385530054569244,
-0.1190534383058548,
0.012289036996662617,
0.527370810508728,
0.6353520750999451,
-0.12690787017345428,
0.0017483291449025273,
0.5324009656906128,
-0.4717674255371094,
-0.06391137838363647,
0.10487164556980133,
-0.5483891367912292,
0.41615816950798035,
-0.15669725835323334,
-0.0403473787009716,
-0.08488541096448898,
-0.10653337091207504,
-0.30170169472694397,
-0.8096030950546265,
-0.6494125127792358,
0.5815650820732117,
-0.1474759429693222,
0.09704317152500153,
-0.3781287968158722,
0.6312522292137146,
0.5895500183105469,
0.4537561535835266,
-0.4370015561580658,
-0.677036702632904,
0.22595855593681335,
0.251463919878006,
-0.17424942553043365,
0.11638302356004715,
0.3128144443035126,
-0.6584764122962952,
0.291018545627594,
-0.3678007423877716,
0.6352531313896179,
0.14726684987545013,
-0.08261189609766006,
-0.03294017165899277,
-0.41685613989830017,
1.1485989093780518,
-0.3797539472579956,
-0.29725128412246704,
0.34219393134117126,
-0.5599470138549805,
0.21862654387950897,
-0.27476611733436584,
0.018621845170855522,
-0.3731737434864044,
-0.09390690177679062,
-0.5852799415588379,
0.47862961888313293,
1.068212866783142,
0.2351824939250946,
0.4208206832408905,
-0.0920499786734581,
0.37627312541007996,
-0.22220924496650696,
0.2841311991214752,
0.5148054957389832,
-0.2757181227207184,
-0.7043613195419312,
-0.3825121819972992,
0.04513460025191307,
-0.059783898293972015,
-0.03535619005560875,
0.702409565448761,
0.13889646530151367,
0.23824737966060638,
0.6371499300003052,
0.09411987662315369,
0.13067783415317535,
-0.038251087069511414,
0.20219877362251282,
-0.1703159064054489,
-0.2857778072357178,
0.7638605237007141,
0.32444795966148376,
-0.14999456703662872,
0.12259972840547562,
0.022674493491649628,
-0.42796772718429565,
-0.49260661005973816,
-0.09000622481107712,
0.04072991758584976,
-0.029745571315288544,
0.34455662965774536,
-0.5619190335273743,
-0.8222622275352478,
0.145216703414917,
0.168695330619812,
0.13728772103786469,
-0.7377641201019287,
0.06957539170980453,
0.030546974390745163,
0.6278970837593079,
0.3965376317501068,
-0.16255290806293488,
0.7270975708961487,
-0.14677350223064423,
0.7367905378341675,
0.10621121525764465,
0.49938929080963135,
-0.11389914900064468,
0.43348240852355957,
0.5359287261962891,
-0.7387140393257141,
-0.38418659567832947,
-0.3589547872543335,
-0.008036329410970211,
-0.37789106369018555,
-0.49915096163749695,
-0.9311320781707764,
-0.19826848804950714,
0.22443169355392456,
-0.40910059213638306,
-0.13757018744945526,
0.2820899486541748,
-0.7428812384605408,
-0.538108229637146,
0.29857441782951355,
-0.08427125215530396,
-0.235823854804039,
0.2788083553314209,
0.17158669233322144,
-0.16496427357196808,
-0.599453866481781,
0.4502607583999634,
-0.272906094789505,
-0.7922186255455017,
-0.054370421916246414,
0.46037372946739197,
-0.06062714383006096,
-0.4449743330478668,
-0.6853399872779846,
-0.14659875631332397,
-0.13001757860183716,
0.5809978246688843,
0.49125975370407104,
0.04534425586462021,
0.483397513628006,
0.26922324299812317,
0.4002068042755127,
-0.3789333403110504,
0.07686352729797363,
-0.22106987237930298,
0.12377629429101944,
0.7857048511505127,
0.2883932292461395,
0.29463085532188416,
0.5671109557151794,
-0.1273348033428192,
-0.2031347155570984,
-0.29375892877578735,
-5.496480941772461,
-0.2717586159706116,
-0.22170895338058472,
0.13518284261226654,
0.5786756873130798,
0.2708117365837097,
0.7273784875869751,
-0.6856711506843567,
0.057929277420043945,
-0.507932722568512,
-0.2687153220176697,
-0.2878783643245697,
0.12046322226524353,
0.725986659526825,
0.5468286275863647,
0.4704430401325226,
0.3660825490951538,
0.45561647415161133,
0.26070812344551086,
0.07105536758899689,
0.3379940688610077,
-0.2290140837430954,
-0.08361832052469254,
0.6299795508384705,
-0.12643921375274658,
-0.2275087833404541,
0.16204284131526947,
-0.03201991692185402,
-0.0055269887670874596,
-0.6299828290939331,
0.2957312762737274,
0.3381085991859436,
0.3213740289211273,
-0.5797048807144165,
-0.012115688063204288,
0.21454964578151703,
0.29025235772132874,
0.6107845306396484,
0.16744063794612885,
-0.26014474034309387,
0.33503133058547974,
0.3683539032936096,
0.11816641688346863,
-0.1932947188615799,
0.10242918133735657,
-0.6380564570426941,
-0.5529011487960815,
-0.24198956787586212,
-0.5668760538101196,
0.8301268815994263,
-0.36478525400161743,
-0.10835915803909302,
0.8649513125419617,
-0.2602286636829376,
0.2987883687019348,
-0.014629778452217579,
-0.04160939157009125,
0.3911784887313843,
0.5502799153327942,
0.09655939787626266,
-0.036818522959947586,
-0.4160451889038086,
-0.3455570638179779,
-0.15819956362247467,
-0.5897636413574219,
0.10060690343379974,
-0.6309416890144348,
0.31959208846092224,
0.7561657428741455,
0.2945728898048401,
-0.42311814427375793,
0.20427601039409637,
-0.3426162600517273,
-1.059399962425232,
-0.3706793487071991,
-0.7416510581970215,
0.2453882247209549,
-0.17823612689971924,
0.07029522210359573,
0.4394800066947937,
0.3092796206474304,
0.0012588361278176308,
-0.05334481596946716,
0.43895694613456726,
0.4337840676307678,
-0.23230375349521637,
-0.10140399634838104,
0.7282588481903076,
-0.5234369039535522,
-0.5411431193351746,
-0.46490344405174255,
-0.4586361348628998,
-0.390293151140213,
0.1422809511423111,
0.37995585799217224,
0.5784083604812622,
0.11696986854076385,
0.350493848323822,
-0.08289840072393417,
-0.37069427967071533,
0.8487428426742554,
0.20293360948562622,
-0.29870739579200745,
-0.2517658472061157,
0.047184061259031296,
-0.0338856466114521,
-0.056647833436727524,
0.17591716349124908,
-0.25017479062080383,
0.5105757117271423,
0.024620071053504944,
-0.3833390176296234,
-0.28699901700019836,
0.12807291746139526,
-0.24382853507995605,
0.015180419199168682,
-0.7526954412460327,
-0.13697011768817902,
0.11558619886636734,
0.6453084945678711,
0.220677450299263,
0.6736409664154053,
-0.24745459854602814,
0.16561071574687958,
-0.025438256561756134,
-0.05418785661458969,
0.3999637961387634,
-0.011003715917468071,
-0.7859060168266296,
0.14754614233970642,
0.25353631377220154,
-0.1519652009010315,
0.5546572208404541,
-0.20578384399414062,
0.1126074343919754,
0.3032797574996948,
-0.14732950925827026,
0.28229406476020813,
-0.29224345088005066,
0.24805115163326263,
0.248320072889328,
-0.013581044971942902,
0.3272429406642914,
0.8101218938827515,
0.34822672605514526,
0.25248727202415466,
0.07509146630764008,
0.3493419289588928,
-0.34805864095687866,
0.3818889260292053,
0.2230212390422821,
0.20030014216899872,
0.7465749382972717,
-0.04063280671834946,
0.44547101855278015,
-0.32706451416015625,
-0.09217339754104614,
0.22975262999534607,
-0.2737749218940735,
-0.3502200245857239,
-0.19210532307624817,
0.13997358083724976,
-0.49455779790878296,
-0.295991986989975,
0.4990687966346741,
-0.24130097031593323,
-0.435721755027771,
-0.29910609126091003,
-0.3132019340991974,
0.4388328790664673,
-0.3689812421798706,
0.2535582482814789,
-0.3914779722690582,
-0.3024003505706787,
0.6691893339157104,
0.5560495257377625,
0.20653869211673737,
-0.10292715579271317,
-0.22717450559139252,
-0.3115013837814331,
0.12359915673732758,
0.4898751378059387,
-0.1290832906961441,
0.4946364164352417,
0.6742879152297974,
-0.4187192916870117,
-0.3672325313091278,
-0.5604187250137329,
0.018285684287548065,
-0.11963594704866409,
0.8753072023391724,
0.09066089242696762,
0.3441089987754822,
0.09309036284685135,
-0.44454947113990784,
-0.6291012167930603,
-0.07819252461194992,
-0.06281124800443649,
0.20641951262950897,
-0.6250484585762024,
0.25251567363739014,
0.4775754511356354,
-0.25492700934410095,
0.10791090875864029,
0.3698154389858246,
-0.4386531114578247,
0.47911399602890015,
-0.18540051579475403,
-0.623827338218689,
0.7108538746833801,
-0.2960737347602844,
-0.5680540204048157,
-0.2911168932914734,
0.333676278591156,
-1.0365527868270874,
-0.35845962166786194,
-0.05768277868628502,
-0.4964761435985565,
-0.5793556571006775,
-0.2002689689397812,
0.04890289530158043,
-0.2764359712600708,
0.11453909426927567,
0.6071043610572815,
-0.2541618049144745,
0.4622071087360382,
-0.09679975360631943,
-0.6222306489944458,
-0.21495720744132996,
-0.03572194278240204,
-0.5834773778915405,
-0.15926982462406158,
0.33169201016426086,
-0.3509553372859955,
-0.06771698594093323,
0.2973153293132782,
-0.1482170969247818,
0.1702338606119156,
0.00515254121273756,
-0.05841241031885147,
-0.4202440679073334,
1.0411357879638672,
0.2720456123352051,
-1.1409398317337036,
-0.2682468593120575,
0.41610196232795715,
0.4400344789028168,
-0.06265036761760712,
-0.6490873098373413,
0.5726783871650696,
0.07110649347305298,
0.3297232389450073,
-0.24685391783714294,
-0.5987230539321899,
-0.1612035185098648,
-0.33055591583251953,
-0.5359471440315247,
-0.38121259212493896,
-0.1312519758939743,
-0.777607262134552,
0.4294564127922058,
-0.8378852009773254,
-0.40902772545814514,
-0.07254749536514282,
0.11927428096532822,
-0.0351150706410408,
-0.04050585255026817,
-0.8429445028305054,
0.028079459443688393,
-0.2283460795879364,
-0.17976602911949158,
-0.27269497513771057,
0.0160470362752676,
0.4862101674079895,
0.03703366592526436,
-0.04536544531583786,
-0.46784141659736633,
-0.5932963490486145,
0.4041328430175781,
0.550828754901886,
-0.012350852601230145,
-0.011988560669124126,
0.3167807459831238,
0.12305580824613571,
0.0865594670176506,
-0.6122148036956787,
-0.7834219336509705,
-0.25434738397598267,
-0.603868305683136,
-0.4325498640537262,
-0.7005078196525574,
-0.4777245819568634,
0.42854511737823486,
0.28921693563461304,
-0.4713054895401001,
0.1863861083984375,
0.19377005100250244,
-0.1077868714928627,
-0.33012866973876953,
-0.2931477129459381,
-0.26509517431259155,
1.086647868156433,
0.3725809156894684,
-0.36009976267814636,
0.13675855100154877,
0.07762651145458221,
-0.33585068583488464,
0.19312965869903564,
-0.05233831703662872,
-0.025127630680799484,
0.2020343840122223,
-0.10498318076133728,
0.33161231875419617,
0.8672334551811218,
-0.5253264904022217,
-0.205744206905365,
0.5933021306991577,
-0.7822688817977905,
0.3536888659000397,
0.46746644377708435,
0.20587962865829468,
0.2741851210594177,
0.21552938222885132,
-0.0566205196082592,
-0.010287478566169739,
0.45961371064186096,
-0.2008575052022934,
-0.5181911587715149,
-0.21898362040519714,
0.2017599642276764,
0.09073758870363235,
-0.24451951682567596,
-0.4056955873966217,
0.6424650549888611,
-0.9332947134971619,
-0.2730368375778198,
0.46978944540023804,
-0.31666770577430725,
-0.5431123971939087,
0.9789248108863831,
-0.0683087632060051,
0.3497011959552765,
-0.03012138605117798,
0.22139188647270203,
-0.2895984649658203,
0.3617760241031647,
-0.07811710983514786,
0.000594810931943357,
0.3976971209049225,
0.1441500037908554,
0.9761765599250793,
-0.42133629322052,
0.4745672047138214,
0.4162098467350006,
0.3787510395050049,
-0.2152937948703766,
0.4382953941822052,
-0.2606228291988373,
0.0015570424729958177,
-0.6590860486030579,
-0.11047619581222534,
0.4642429053783417,
0.37339523434638977,
-0.20812277495861053,
0.43786129355430603,
-0.3209662437438965,
0.08471604436635971,
-0.6222338080406189,
-0.3906618356704712,
0.695728063583374,
0.3231656551361084,
0.07171747088432312,
-0.5747500658035278,
-0.10879873484373093,
-0.01847337745130062,
-0.32923659682273865,
0.3554742932319641,
0.47428569197654724,
-0.21351590752601624,
0.29838013648986816,
-0.13662321865558624,
0.1725664585828781,
-0.2447916865348816,
-0.9540326595306396,
0.7321033477783203,
-0.23203226923942566,
-0.5650973320007324,
0.2995280623435974,
-0.866672933101654,
0.0642753466963768,
0.5673341751098633,
-0.3582068681716919,
0.1404569298028946,
-0.4965781569480896,
-0.6809647679328918,
-0.3345932066440582,
0.3238891065120697,
0.7142607569694519,
0.18466700613498688,
0.18440650403499603,
-0.2607300579547882,
0.6930820345878601,
0.07776947319507599,
0.04276685416698456,
-0.00893604289740324,
-0.288487046957016,
-0.3657435178756714,
0.26706865429878235,
-0.38897186517715454,
0.615356981754303,
0.39441531896591187,
0.06952206045389175,
0.054149363189935684,
0.5064366459846497,
-0.31517255306243896,
0.5467503070831299,
1.2282679080963135,
-0.16251970827579498,
-0.057636309415102005,
0.19042125344276428,
-0.26568955183029175,
0.26854801177978516,
0.4901357889175415,
0.2173602133989334,
0.20592020452022552,
-0.21958662569522858,
0.5716168880462646,
0.2680380940437317,
-0.4352158010005951,
0.6358113288879395,
0.08686136454343796,
-0.09721322357654572,
-0.3211445212364197,
0.06600116938352585,
-0.19308538734912872,
-0.3284554183483124,
0.6208227276802063,
0.37444132566452026,
-0.20240949094295502,
-0.07374639064073563,
-0.4194256067276001,
-0.6588180065155029,
0.279756635427475,
-0.30676138401031494,
-0.9379027485847473,
0.24873653054237366,
0.419890820980072,
-0.21210026741027832,
-0.5498086810112,
0.21102631092071533,
0.291000634431839,
-1.0116361379623413,
-0.22417087852954865,
-0.2605956494808197,
0.20582063496112823,
-0.5004226565361023,
-0.08253371715545654,
0.05863971635699272,
0.22726936638355255,
-0.20445385575294495
] |
211058
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%20W
|
ALGOL W
|
ALGOL W is a programming language. It is based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and Tony Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60. ALGOL W is a relatively simple upgrade of the original ALGOL 60, adding string, bitstring, complex number and reference to record data types and call-by-result passing of parameters, introducing the while statement, replacing switch with the case statement, and generally tightening up the language.
Wirth's entry was considered too little of an advance over ALGOL 60, and the more complex entry from Adriaan van Wijngaarden was selected in a highly contentious meeting. Wirth later published his version as A contribution to the development of ALGOL. With a number of small additions, this eventually became ALGOL W.
Wirth supervised a high quality implementation for the IBM System/360 at Stanford University that was widely distributed. The implementation was written in PL360, an ALGOL-like assembly language designed by Wirth. The implementation includes influential debugging and profiling abilities.
ALGOL W served as the basis for the Pascal language, and the syntax of ALGOL W will be immediately familiar to anyone with Pascal experience. The key differences are improvements to record handling in Pascal, and, oddly, the loss of ALGOL W's ability to define the length of an array at runtime, which is one of Pascal's most-complained-about features.
Syntax and semantics
ALGOL W's syntax is built on a subset of the EBCDIC character encoding set. In ALGOL 60, reserved words are distinct lexical items, but in ALGOL W they are only sequences of characters, and do not need to be stropped. Reserved words and identifiers are separated by spaces. In these ways ALGOL W's syntax resembles that of Pascal and later languages.
The ALGOL W Language Description defines ALGOL W in an affix grammar that resembles Backus–Naur form (BNF). This formal grammar was a precursor of the Van Wijngaarden grammar.
Much of ALGOL W's semantics is defined grammatically:
Identifiers are distinguished by their definition within the current scope. For example, a ⟨procedure identifier⟩ is an identifier that has been defined by a procedure declaration, a ⟨label identifier⟩ is an identifier that is being used as a goto label.
The types of variables and expressions are represented by affixes. For example ⟨τ function identifier⟩ is the syntactic entity for a function that returns a value of type τ, if an identifier has been declared as an integer function in the current scope then that is expanded to ⟨integer function identifier⟩.
Type errors are grammatical errors. For example, ⟨integer expression⟩ / ⟨integer expression⟩ and ⟨real expression⟩ / ⟨real expression⟩ are valid but distinct syntactic entities that represent expressions, but ⟨real expression⟩ DIV ⟨integer expression⟩ (i.e., integer division performed on a floating-point value) is an invalid syntactic entity.
Example
This demonstrates ALGOL W's record type facility.
RECORD PERSON (
STRING(20) NAME;
INTEGER AGE;
LOGICAL MALE;
REFERENCE(PERSON) FATHER, MOTHER, YOUNGESTOFFSPRING, ELDERSIBLING
);
REFERENCE(PERSON) PROCEDURE YOUNGESTUNCLE (REFERENCE(PERSON) R);
BEGIN
REFERENCE(PERSON) P, M;
P := YOUNGESTOFFSPRING(FATHER(FATHER(R)));
WHILE (P ¬= NULL) AND (¬ MALE(P)) OR (P = FATHER(R)) DO
P := ELDERSIBLING(P);
M := YOUNGESTOFFSPRING(MOTHER(MOTHER(R)));
WHILE (M ¬= NULL) AND (¬ MALE(M)) DO
M := ELDERSIBLING(M);
IF P = NULL THEN
M
ELSE IF M = NULL THEN
P
ELSE
IF AGE(P) < AGE(M) THEN P ELSE M
END
Implementation
The major part of ALGOL W, amounting to approximately 2,700 cards, was written in Wirth's PL360. An interface module for the IBM operating system (OS) in use (OS, DOS, MTS, ORVYL) was written in IBM assembly language, amounting to fewer than 250 cards.
In an OS environment on a 360/67 with spooled input and output files, the compiler will recompile itself in about 25 seconds. The compiler is approximately 2700 card images. Thus, when the OS scheduler time is subtracted from the execution time given above, it is seen that the compiler runs at a speed in excess of 100 cards per second (for dense code).
In a DOS environment on a 360/30, the compiler is limited only by the speed of the card reader. The compiler has successfully recompiled itself on a 64K 360/30 at a rate of 1200 cards per minute (the speed of the card reader). This is impressive when compared to the time needed for the DOS Assembler to assemble the interface module which consists of under 250 cards. When the macro instructions are expanded, the DOS interface has 972 card images and the Assembler takes 15 minutes for the assembly.
References
External links
aw2c – ALGOL W compiler for Linux
awe – aw2c updated version
ALGOL W @ Everything2 – informal but detailed description of the language by a former user, with sidebars extolling ALGOL W over Pascal as an educational programming language
1969 ALGOL W compiler listing at bitsavers.org
The Michigan Terminal System Manuals, Volume 16: ALGOL W in MTS
ALGOL W materials More than 200 ALGOL W programs and documentation
Procedural programming languages
Structured programming languages
ALGOL 60 dialect
Programming languages created in 1966
|
[
-0.2637176513671875,
0.5246679782867432,
0.21790921688079834,
-0.43519166111946106,
-0.5560566186904907,
-0.08451076596975327,
0.22343043982982635,
0.0448802188038826,
0.006040108855813742,
-0.11239480972290039,
-0.4882562756538391,
0.3863939046859741,
-1.0617257356643677,
0.0032415289897471666,
-0.07866914570331573,
-0.11897826939821243,
0.10170470178127289,
0.5256946682929993,
-0.4161074459552765,
-0.5521582365036011,
0.2554057240486145,
0.31287747621536255,
0.29617610573768616,
-0.5085036754608154,
-0.0063452450558543205,
-0.2528175711631775,
0.44435787200927734,
-0.6882315278053284,
-0.05780218541622162,
0.5582805871963501,
-0.2682649791240692,
0.6776915788650513,
0.22123533487319946,
-0.3942291736602783,
-0.26720985770225525,
0.2477862685918808,
0.4526505172252655,
0.34807708859443665,
-0.190425843000412,
-0.26005062460899353,
0.31719672679901123,
-0.08464854210615158,
0.4910794198513031,
0.4882315993309021,
-0.4016276001930237,
-0.2627037465572357,
-1.557116985321045,
0.5035876035690308,
-0.3696553111076355,
-0.22963012754917145,
-1.0973047018051147,
0.06943470984697342,
0.26810088753700256,
0.37085068225860596,
0.2487524300813675,
0.608121395111084,
-0.19167472422122955,
0.08554896712303162,
0.5010985732078552,
-0.18872418999671936,
0.5579280257225037,
0.055004656314849854,
-0.32086896896362305,
0.43844765424728394,
0.33528485894203186,
0.515166699886322,
-0.5495103001594543,
-0.08643674105405807,
-0.8376806378364563,
-0.6322879791259766,
-0.2859824597835541,
-0.46250149607658386,
-0.5828066468238831,
0.0005242928164079785,
-0.27165892720222473,
-0.3027580976486206,
0.11865268647670746,
-0.48601648211479187,
0.0603678822517395,
0.06184016168117523,
-0.18522222340106964,
0.5973778367042542,
0.9893606901168823,
-0.032937191426754,
0.5608862042427063,
-0.09521935880184174,
-0.3618188798427582,
0.3129001557826996,
-0.29776397347450256,
0.17645345628261566,
-0.08965055644512177,
-0.2356993556022644,
0.073278047144413,
0.2533697783946991,
0.32050174474716187,
0.11380012333393097,
-0.5355092287063599,
0.08203285932540894,
-0.07102750241756439,
0.4559263586997986,
-0.35653090476989746,
0.34620752930641174,
0.08746883273124695,
-0.4473166763782501,
-0.8424844741821289,
-0.27149879932403564,
-0.3817426562309265,
-0.4852026402950287,
0.7815639972686768,
-0.8922218680381775,
-0.5576257705688477,
0.2882413864135742,
-0.1248968169093132,
0.042172424495220184,
-0.7239025235176086,
0.12406443059444427,
0.6282069087028503,
0.1873711198568344,
0.15733200311660767,
0.3389093577861786,
0.2343207746744156,
1.3467744588851929,
0.22905246913433075,
0.19037048518657684,
0.08372773230075836,
0.28055334091186523,
0.37803196907043457,
0.9626213312149048,
-0.2526913285255432,
-0.6495167016983032,
0.11751300096511841,
1.2428451776504517,
0.5954813957214355,
-0.3198552131652832,
-0.18514390289783478,
-0.18341076374053955,
0.05780981108546257,
0.03638641536235809,
-0.5288365483283997,
0.060311537235975266,
-0.6303739547729492,
-0.5738177299499512,
-1.2818859815597534,
-0.1839577704668045,
0.6483763456344604,
-0.18382251262664795,
0.2597242593765259,
-0.3446829617023468,
-0.2005387842655182,
0.3691946864128113,
0.04992148280143738,
0.3725236654281616,
-0.5632197856903076,
0.10486539453268051,
-0.24226513504981995,
0.27191320061683655,
0.6522366404533386,
-0.10097406059503555,
-0.13082502782344818,
0.13044971227645874,
0.5044364929199219,
-0.16530123353004456,
-0.3051753342151642,
-0.5275073051452637,
0.27514544129371643,
-0.3608236312866211,
0.07487381994724274,
0.15109172463417053,
0.26016148924827576,
0.24610744416713715,
-0.4468766748905182,
-0.07570365071296692,
0.12120526283979416,
-0.12478188425302505,
-0.2511267364025116,
-0.6666530966758728,
0.7650654911994934,
-0.0765756219625473,
0.42485669255256653,
-0.1984037160873413,
-0.8577548265457153,
0.35054054856300354,
0.32022324204444885,
0.3857492208480835,
0.6537913680076599,
0.3683728575706482,
0.5665461421012878,
-0.13566924631595612,
-0.15952423214912415,
0.12163273245096207,
-0.06277815252542496,
-0.631571888923645,
0.24601832032203674,
-0.6173843741416931,
1.07281494140625,
0.3458215892314911,
-1.1375595331192017,
0.9268680810928345,
-0.2965620458126068,
0.799808144569397,
0.05432754009962082,
-0.14656396210193634,
0.5276706218719482,
0.017800044268369675,
0.28357020020484924,
1.0022205114364624,
0.0892295092344284,
0.30902278423309326,
-0.23268437385559082,
0.49880653619766235,
0.49162378907203674,
0.18410994112491608,
0.2774514853954315,
-0.08617547154426575,
0.18849137425422668,
-0.4697624146938324,
-0.256025493144989,
0.11405734717845917,
0.23409423232078552,
0.32804420590400696,
1.1154917478561401,
0.16493810713291168,
-0.3941839039325714,
0.0319565124809742,
-0.11380261927843094,
0.7139725089073181,
0.4841769337654114,
0.33924391865730286,
0.4985721707344055,
-0.5962508916854858,
0.45096492767333984,
-0.13354098796844482,
0.10825446248054504,
0.16323837637901306,
-0.16781751811504364,
-0.3628411591053009,
-0.24726131558418274,
0.3202335238456726,
0.5749276876449585,
-0.3359054625034332,
0.46156835556030273,
0.868522584438324,
-0.19746875762939453,
-0.12782353162765503,
-0.22847022116184235,
-0.23349405825138092,
0.1779971569776535,
0.2016410380601883,
0.1400505006313324,
0.3060547709465027,
0.09708449989557266,
-0.01487968023866415,
0.34905511140823364,
-0.8315881490707397,
-0.4924733340740204,
0.2949841022491455,
-0.1280200481414795,
-0.020866133272647858,
0.16110928356647491,
1.0832518339157104,
-0.3075241148471832,
-0.287784606218338,
0.12074551731348038,
0.03121360018849373,
0.3552974462509155,
-0.946474015712738,
-0.6368036866188049,
-0.4778192639350891,
0.3890029788017273,
0.5613257884979248,
0.38443514704704285,
-0.47935202717781067,
-0.1666743904352188,
-1.1778753995895386,
-0.21176289021968842,
-0.5790198445320129,
-0.42433956265449524,
-0.22159332036972046,
-1.2524718046188354,
-0.21186265349388123,
0.3901000916957855,
1.0844361782073975,
0.3223955035209656,
-0.04029585421085358,
-0.6848043203353882,
0.3648911118507385,
0.11145967990159988,
-0.45177388191223145,
0.24996250867843628,
-0.4857221245765686,
-0.5852952599525452,
-0.07591663300991058,
-1.0083444118499756,
-0.2167523056268692,
0.23664072155952454,
0.4450823664665222,
-0.1257985383272171,
-0.07204065471887589,
-0.056508708745241165,
-0.6766887307167053,
-0.5382252931594849,
0.3220880627632141,
-0.7252052426338196,
-0.10872872173786163,
0.1081470400094986,
-0.023106057196855545,
-0.5257740020751953,
0.2519974112510681,
-5.082454204559326,
0.6040947437286377,
-0.6632359623908997,
-0.4287000000476837,
-0.3034985363483429,
-0.03790692612528801,
0.16682319343090057,
-0.08194742351770401,
0.09229577332735062,
-0.2575474679470062,
-0.5495723485946655,
-0.4250922203063965,
-0.5501143336296082,
1.0958876609802246,
0.12981775403022766,
0.5024152398109436,
0.20987164974212646,
-0.27151626348495483,
0.5379884243011475,
0.10919889062643051,
0.5400747656822205,
-0.3204423785209656,
-0.027192484587430954,
0.13979025185108185,
0.8466119766235352,
0.20284432172775269,
-0.46379709243774414,
-0.007766276132315397,
-0.36180925369262695,
-0.43316301703453064,
-0.2052483707666397,
0.05463326349854469,
0.10082883387804031,
-0.7317705750465393,
-0.39039766788482666,
-0.0386747345328331,
0.8254589438438416,
0.6042927503585815,
0.6056423783302307,
-0.6059924960136414,
-0.13871900737285614,
0.28529420495033264,
-0.19501625001430511,
-0.4516335129737854,
0.29569488763809204,
0.1935080587863922,
-1.0151933431625366,
-0.09924854338169098,
0.0004921117215417325,
0.3360138237476349,
-0.775040864944458,
-0.060930777341127396,
0.16822218894958496,
0.08561728149652481,
0.07058204710483551,
-0.37561196088790894,
0.2846411168575287,
0.07430477440357208,
-0.4319194257259369,
0.11057738214731216,
0.43851763010025024,
-0.4819771945476532,
0.6247908473014832,
-0.814558207988739,
-0.46470510959625244,
-0.3283568322658539,
-0.4890039265155792,
-0.4652624726295471,
0.41128790378570557,
-0.10515096783638,
-0.0012481767917051911,
0.5474035739898682,
-0.3940078020095825,
-0.7173300385475159,
0.29714736342430115,
-0.5923746824264526,
-0.5331012010574341,
-0.29042965173721313,
0.4273475110530853,
0.16226007044315338,
0.1002429872751236,
-0.6764867901802063,
-0.46973609924316406,
0.4993896186351776,
-0.20388777554035187,
-0.0006415260722860694,
-0.05436301976442337,
0.03729837015271187,
-0.34482884407043457,
0.5448437929153442,
0.8923446536064148,
-0.42752736806869507,
0.15712909400463104,
0.3273265063762665,
0.532870352268219,
-0.3999044597148895,
0.6577101349830627,
-0.38959333300590515,
1.0427093505859375,
-0.3198256492614746,
-0.12656939029693604,
-0.2803419828414917,
-0.3742460310459137,
-0.43591225147247314,
0.49898138642311096,
0.34388771653175354,
-0.8313711285591125,
0.49120867252349854,
0.8636795878410339,
0.5300387740135193,
-0.3952302932739258,
0.29609179496765137,
-0.181881383061409,
0.0037361562717705965,
0.44783809781074524,
0.2019129991531372,
-0.5123700499534607,
0.3273284435272217,
0.46935155987739563,
-0.34856879711151123,
-0.3146218955516815,
0.2586613893508911,
-0.38252079486846924,
-0.15689314901828766,
0.4853936433792114,
-0.3612881004810333,
0.11099769920110703,
0.41919729113578796,
-0.5371065139770508,
0.05024827644228935,
-0.43886321783065796,
0.2842806577682495,
0.06089003011584282,
-0.2954551875591278,
-0.12140250205993652,
-0.17005644738674164,
-0.16460339725017548,
0.9155550003051758,
0.39124131202697754,
-0.9246488213539124,
0.2257925570011139,
-0.18937835097312927,
0.16722463071346283,
0.08151346445083618,
0.5124836564064026,
0.5299733877182007,
0.6257644295692444,
0.18182522058486938,
-0.24119505286216736,
0.3409455418586731,
0.2924327254295349,
-0.32293379306793213,
0.4792517423629761,
0.10243658721446991,
-0.5580959320068359,
0.20370961725711823,
0.2603214979171753,
0.9482866525650024,
0.15409016609191895,
-0.5493136048316956,
0.37017643451690674,
-0.1788739264011383,
-0.6457270979881287,
0.23325274884700775,
0.20261113345623016,
-0.4197040796279907,
-0.3033629357814789,
0.396005243062973,
-0.44830456376075745,
0.6225410103797913,
0.03078416734933853,
0.19473713636398315,
-0.07610934227705002,
0.04330260679125786,
0.7316656112670898,
-0.13480007648468018,
0.19766363501548767,
-0.08826615661382675,
0.37690067291259766,
0.027846401557326317,
0.3718777596950531,
-0.3209359645843506,
-0.35560762882232666,
0.7825479507446289,
-0.3939902186393738,
-0.6889610886573792,
-0.11640562117099762,
0.5030801296234131,
-0.6418875455856323,
-0.4372140169143677,
-0.19320924580097198,
0.19605477154254913,
0.6348603367805481,
0.05168231576681137,
-0.4637641906738281,
0.006530552636831999,
0.292472243309021,
0.9458584189414978,
-0.02831329219043255,
-1.2664177417755127,
0.30431631207466125,
0.6034123301506042,
-0.46717241406440735,
-0.052003342658281326,
0.26125457882881165,
-0.572963535785675,
-0.17600011825561523,
-0.24441245198249817,
-0.11409499496221542,
0.781124472618103,
-0.3990057110786438,
-0.46153494715690613,
-0.1319788694381714,
-0.20807762444019318,
-0.04520740732550621,
0.017247505486011505,
0.5753666162490845,
0.3533158004283905,
-0.3766578733921051,
-0.7722126245498657,
0.1288459151983261,
-0.5539984703063965,
-0.032924916595220566,
0.014279202558100224,
-0.7282600998878479,
0.19765307009220123,
-0.05352232977747917,
-0.502074122428894,
1.0214288234710693,
-0.2383689433336258,
0.452268123626709,
0.25641459226608276,
-0.19740819931030273,
0.7854937314987183,
0.04982100427150726,
-1.0513263940811157,
-0.7246093153953552,
0.4250236451625824,
-0.5518637895584106,
-0.438803106546402,
0.44642317295074463,
0.690784215927124,
0.10313424468040466,
-0.09188919514417648,
-0.37935879826545715,
-0.13274864852428436,
-0.10754592716693878,
-0.40230706334114075,
-0.47206437587738037,
-0.11260665953159332,
0.3139493465423584,
-0.3981828987598419,
-0.18600140511989594,
-0.42838114500045776,
0.8808459639549255,
0.12628686428070068,
0.230258971452713,
0.05491679161787033,
-0.04154932498931885,
0.28716760873794556,
-0.011305775493383408,
0.506289005279541,
-1.0955448150634766,
0.6530765295028687,
-0.13664782047271729,
0.6808663010597229,
-0.3030550181865692,
-0.22505831718444824,
0.6410589218139648,
-0.04807043448090553,
-0.47002294659614563,
-0.4788530766963959,
-0.08339384943246841,
0.8524227142333984,
0.4027756154537201,
-0.47050905227661133,
0.017059853300452232,
0.037023235112428665,
0.7780324220657349,
-0.20929111540317535,
-0.22633317112922668,
0.21207380294799805,
0.8386421799659729,
-1.227132797241211,
-0.07982777804136276,
-0.5844554901123047,
0.11812388896942139,
-0.15800583362579346,
-0.20349428057670593,
0.07724322378635406,
-0.5996196866035461,
0.7418163418769836,
-0.15020163357257843,
-0.044005654752254486,
-0.5362895727157593,
0.07329004257917404,
-0.2323894500732422,
0.10740682482719421,
-0.46564242243766785,
-0.1353229433298111,
-0.6749699711799622,
-0.027052251622080803,
0.2666098475456238,
-0.3566695749759674,
0.4408203065395355,
0.30487725138664246,
0.3855135440826416,
0.5053486824035645,
-0.6834173798561096,
0.2692239582538605,
-0.22028698027133942,
-0.24733977019786835,
0.3559899628162384,
0.5623233318328857,
-0.5680948495864868,
0.1728702038526535,
0.5292016863822937,
-0.6996831297874451,
0.4345763623714447,
0.3479481339454651,
-0.2229364961385727,
-0.9979711174964905,
0.7805021405220032,
0.05825015902519226,
-0.9041592478752136,
0.44574174284935,
-0.34691882133483887,
-0.18193890154361725,
-0.04532117024064064,
-0.22414711117744446,
0.3380969762802124,
0.039670396596193314,
-0.3763594329357147,
0.1192067340016365,
-0.07554618269205093,
-0.5294350981712341,
-0.1642991155385971,
-0.23288264870643616,
-0.22581031918525696,
0.5914746522903442,
0.8116263747215271,
0.9488705992698669,
-0.14159056544303894,
-0.335585355758667,
0.13149695098400116,
0.18791355192661285,
-0.18017572164535522,
0.979669988155365,
0.07733181864023209,
0.3543449938297272,
0.8945572376251221,
-0.18821029365062714,
0.46440941095352173,
-0.3258126676082611,
0.23512104153633118,
-0.28279685974121094,
0.5222244262695312,
0.1341775357723236,
0.5209993124008179,
-0.5968265533447266,
-0.10107505321502686,
0.2676934003829956,
0.6169198751449585,
-0.19126319885253906,
-0.044669557362794876,
0.36951935291290283,
0.09870481491088867,
-0.3778846561908722,
0.12549126148223877,
-0.1479382961988449,
-0.0075596091337502,
0.3415592610836029,
0.056111063808202744,
0.5117029547691345,
-0.31720075011253357,
0.1894148588180542,
-0.10717256367206573,
0.1913997083902359,
-0.05901356041431427,
-0.45855653285980225,
-0.1452435851097107,
0.03466685861349106,
-0.2373163402080536,
-0.5979856848716736,
-0.020007669925689697,
-0.14860551059246063,
0.10453903675079346,
0.015043850056827068,
0.11757353693246841,
-0.10818195343017578,
-0.5135224461555481,
-0.43391022086143494,
-0.5205902457237244,
-0.1939421445131302,
0.1381184160709381,
0.062157001346349716,
-1.0027066469192505,
0.49166470766067505,
0.3362385332584381,
-0.734894335269928,
0.07516088336706161,
0.07398023456335068,
0.4781189262866974,
0.5162966847419739,
-0.3109408915042877,
-0.16319134831428528,
-0.06404910981655121,
-0.16123010218143463,
-0.33849984407424927,
0.9741025567054749,
0.3005431890487671,
0.40203070640563965,
0.18239617347717285,
0.37483617663383484,
0.24803104996681213,
0.02693609520792961,
-0.0856059268116951,
-0.3367499113082886,
-0.08777942508459091,
0.13450409471988678,
-0.4671807289123535,
-0.006576480343937874,
-0.02525085210800171,
0.46481242775917053,
-0.281301349401474,
0.13032862544059753,
0.3177019953727722,
0.15002843737602234,
-0.3791433572769165,
0.10301428288221359,
0.4202170968055725,
0.005951215513050556,
-0.479833722114563,
0.7333775162696838,
-0.46581196784973145,
0.1154223158955574,
0.0905151218175888,
0.3459591567516327,
0.34124937653541565,
-0.042413193732500076,
-1.0929501056671143,
0.04116503894329071,
0.22366172075271606,
0.32195907831192017,
-2.3523895740509033,
-0.21127943694591522,
-0.29404518008232117,
-0.7609574794769287,
-0.5690644383430481,
0.6579726338386536,
0.39425423741340637,
0.5879518985748291,
0.23380553722381592,
0.1808343082666397,
-0.010946626774966717,
0.7642351388931274,
0.23089109361171722,
-0.6941397190093994,
-0.18777862191200256,
0.6535115242004395
] |
211065
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTree
|
XTree
|
XTree is a file manager program originally designed for use under DOS. It was published by Underwear Systems, later Executive Systems, Inc. (ESI) and first released on 1 April 1985, and became highly popular. The program uses a character-mode interface, which has many elements typically associated with a graphical user interface.
The program filled a required niche in the market, as DOS shipped with only a command-line file manager, until the generally unsuccessful DOS Shell that was provided with MS-DOS 4.0. Even then, the speed and features of XTreeGold were superior — specifically support for the Zip compression format and ability to undelete files. The program also has the benefit of requiring very little memory, essential at a time when less than 640 kB of memory was available for programs to run.
History
XTree 1.0 was officially introduced on April 1, 1985, at the West Coast Computer Faire and sold for $39.95. Work had begun on XTree in December 1984. The primary developer was Jeffery C. Johnson, who was working for a company named Executive Systems, Inc. (ESI). Additional contributions were made by ESI owners Dale Sinor, Tom Smith, and Henry Hernandez, as well as Ken Broomfield, who provided quality assurance. The XTree name was the concept of Johnson's wife, Arletta, who had made the suggestion: "'XTree'. You know, like 'X-Tree, X-Tree. Read all about it!'". Johnson was the originator of the visual directory tree concept first used in an Epson backup product created by ESI. Johnson describes the creation of a visual directory tree as follows: 'Everyone in the room when I first drew it on a whiteboard [...] When I sat down, Tom and Dale both said "it can't be done." Henry, on the other hand, could read me like a book, and seeing the look in my eyes said something like, "... possible, but not on today's computers." That was a Friday afternoon, it was running by Monday morning and by the end of the day verified as being accurate by an office full of skeptics.
The TREE command found in later DOS releases displayed directories in a markedly similar fashion. By 1991, XTree had sold over 3 million copies and was released in over a half-dozen languages.
Even in its earliest version XTree contained features like listing all files of a branch, including subdirectories, listing of all files on a disk, or viewing a file's contents in text or hexadecimal format (regardless of its file extension), a feature never added to the built-in Windows file manager.
XTree was supplemented by the enhanced XTreePro in 1988, which added features for working with multiple disk drives, speed improvements, and brought the keyboard commands more in line with other common DOS programs. A version of XTreePro with Novell NetWare connectivity debuted in late 1988. XTreeProGold/XTreeGold succeeded Xtree Pro in 1989, adding pull-down menus to enhance the interface, additional file viewers, and the choice of a Norton Commander-style split pane between locations on different disks. The first GUI-enabled XTree product was XTreeMac, also launched in 1989, which brought the XTree interface metaphors to the Macintosh System as a Finder replacement. While the Macintosh System software already had competent file management, XTreeMac made it easier to move and copy files and added undeletion and enhanced file finding tools.
Also in 1989, the company ran a four-month "Software Amnesty for Everyone", allowing users of unauthorized copies of XTree to register them for a small fee. Five thousand licenses were sold for $20 each.
XTree suffered a terminal decline after the widespread adoption of Microsoft Windows. The built-in Windows file manager had a vaguely similar appearance to XTree, and while it lacked the speed, keyboard shortcuts and power, it did benefit greatly from being included with Windows.
In 1992 XTree for Windows was released. The product dropped many of the features liked in the DOS versions, with undeletion and file editing particularly noticeable by their absence. The program also took considerably longer to load than both DOS Xtree and other Windows file managers, and operations like viewing files were slower. Despite this, features like native support for file compression and a wide range of file viewers made it the most feature complete Windows file manager of that year. It was not a success for the company. In 1993, the XTree Company was sold to Central Point Software, which was in turn acquired by Symantec in 1994, and in 1995 production of XTree products was halted.
Clones
The popularity of the program has led many enthusiasts to develop clone versions that work with modern operating systems. Known clones include Xfile, ZTreeWin, Unixtree and Ytree.
The authors and users commonly view these clones as a tribute to the original XTree program, rather than a competitor, especially since XTree is no longer commercially available.
See also
Comparison of file managers
References
External links
What happened to XTreeGold?
The history of XTree
XTree fan page
ZTreeWin File Manager, and ZTreeBold for OS/2
Unixtree File Manager
Ytree; a UNIX Filemanager also in many Linux Distributions
XTree box contents
File managers
DOS software
|
[
-0.25500160455703735,
0.11568446457386017,
-0.4105302095413208,
0.13732755184173584,
0.10517492145299911,
-0.4329838454723358,
0.21339692175388336,
0.05104100704193115,
-0.228978231549263,
-0.3202531337738037,
-0.16390655934810638,
0.5581565499305725,
-1.027586579322815,
0.21747277677059174,
-0.04986725375056267,
-0.3791041672229767,
0.30750957131385803,
0.6339773535728455,
-0.37453097105026245,
-0.739075779914856,
-0.1250540316104889,
-0.5218742489814758,
-0.4904416501522064,
-0.5983161330223083,
0.16783857345581055,
0.32357293367385864,
-0.18843592703342438,
-0.05308937653899193,
-0.07216645777225494,
0.5870954394340515,
0.09857547283172607,
0.018942752853035927,
0.16056174039840698,
-0.21056672930717468,
-0.9806787371635437,
-0.06887050718069077,
0.15064823627471924,
0.28870823979377747,
0.3806069493293762,
-0.5785887241363525,
0.06002280116081238,
-0.3043855130672455,
0.2939142882823944,
0.7177642583847046,
0.12393643707036972,
0.22922179102897644,
-1.9712172746658325,
-0.240408793091774,
-0.3044143617153168,
0.16499298810958862,
-0.6940694451332092,
0.5818275809288025,
0.014191502705216408,
0.2408701777458191,
0.07205624878406525,
-0.13815052807331085,
-0.19156180322170258,
0.17922396957874298,
0.3271506428718567,
0.07780210673809052,
0.1725960671901703,
-0.23890796303749084,
-0.013231010176241398,
0.4693377614021301,
0.13941754400730133,
0.26172253489494324,
-0.20886343717575073,
0.6652994155883789,
-0.6762967109680176,
-0.26811301708221436,
0.30921491980552673,
-0.48910853266716003,
-0.03534261882305145,
-0.0202421136200428,
0.2819399833679199,
0.43946778774261475,
-0.388387531042099,
-0.1904759258031845,
0.4349502623081207,
0.4798651933670044,
-0.033413443714380264,
0.7063735723495483,
0.695122480392456,
-0.020002294331789017,
0.36344820261001587,
-0.19023163616657257,
-0.09586389362812042,
0.684291422367096,
-0.5490785837173462,
0.38527587056159973,
0.32203397154808044,
0.09498859941959381,
0.532316267490387,
0.13150998950004578,
-0.06867828965187073,
-0.16557517647743225,
-0.5199466943740845,
0.12982246279716492,
0.42278119921684265,
0.3536612391471863,
-0.4804832339286804,
0.4307953119277954,
-0.41091689467430115,
-0.33255064487457275,
-0.6407318115234375,
0.19573193788528442,
-0.595240592956543,
-0.14712949097156525,
-0.09848137944936752,
-0.6140233278274536,
-0.12887726724147797,
0.1552860587835312,
-0.18182764947414398,
0.25835204124450684,
-0.29554736614227295,
-0.05345676466822624,
0.11376465857028961,
-0.147189199924469,
0.47275587916374207,
-0.48416081070899963,
-0.01822018437087536,
1.3243952989578247,
0.25989994406700134,
0.6544986367225647,
-0.16350418329238892,
0.2431095838546753,
0.7071819305419922,
0.8727935552597046,
0.4469200074672699,
-0.0010222470154985785,
-0.24800148606300354,
0.9730237126350403,
0.7395362257957458,
0.3200068473815918,
-0.0005614337860606611,
-0.4763489365577698,
0.28534039855003357,
0.17872942984104156,
-0.183755561709404,
-0.23147185146808624,
-0.34772801399230957,
-0.2829169034957886,
-0.8840488195419312,
0.0735442042350769,
0.5761894583702087,
0.10312328487634659,
-0.0049049947410821915,
-0.4827900230884552,
-0.36792075634002686,
0.1573064923286438,
0.052825916558504105,
0.6674454212188721,
-0.5166520476341248,
-0.06776060909032822,
-0.15388107299804688,
0.8650050163269043,
0.36299970746040344,
-0.6698709726333618,
0.0021765290293842554,
0.17154012620449066,
0.39737698435783386,
0.5349243879318237,
-0.5471512079238892,
-0.31393128633499146,
0.15798847377300262,
-0.2385922521352768,
-0.129292294383049,
0.02768186666071415,
0.21908514201641083,
-0.12041058391332626,
-0.28149011731147766,
0.16345156729221344,
-0.2469782531261444,
0.14004099369049072,
-0.008000591769814491,
0.40720605850219727,
0.6743542551994324,
-0.07294610887765884,
0.6836413145065308,
-0.11049029231071472,
-0.4420277774333954,
-0.19978004693984985,
0.061892665922641754,
-0.027241183444857597,
0.2323000729084015,
0.38917845487594604,
0.29745203256607056,
0.029859796166419983,
0.08237894624471664,
-0.36928847432136536,
-0.928833544254303,
-0.6249088048934937,
-0.13970693945884705,
-0.5162554979324341,
1.2766191959381104,
-0.07760586589574814,
-0.7467365860939026,
0.28943726420402527,
0.4177529811859131,
0.38062649965286255,
0.3180040717124939,
-0.1195942759513855,
-0.04031512141227722,
-0.43868035078048706,
-0.06501609086990356,
0.6245984435081482,
-0.33729785680770874,
-0.3475242853164673,
-0.7583942413330078,
0.5245785117149353,
-0.20527036488056183,
-0.05277036502957344,
0.23238971829414368,
0.08411840349435806,
0.2704397439956665,
0.602595865726471,
-0.47924065589904785,
0.005897196941077709,
-0.10683444887399673,
-0.33282041549682617,
0.5469443202018738,
-0.2918405830860138,
-0.2718364894390106,
0.38606736063957214,
-0.7725219130516052,
0.8145843744277954,
0.5167164206504822,
0.10813812911510468,
0.8315001726150513,
-0.37356865406036377,
0.12198925018310547,
0.06816497445106506,
-0.39402681589126587,
-0.5705258846282959,
0.4862652122974396,
-0.014641528017818928,
0.23478956520557404,
-0.0305342897772789,
0.3018471300601959,
0.1965407133102417,
0.7112455368041992,
0.45801660418510437,
-0.1991272270679474,
-0.3038218915462494,
-0.04493146017193794,
-0.3449571430683136,
0.027127960696816444,
0.021856140345335007,
-0.3810293674468994,
-0.14707626402378082,
0.35154393315315247,
0.37064114212989807,
0.026326468214392662,
-0.32349681854248047,
-0.14852012693881989,
0.27230411767959595,
-0.23874317109584808,
-0.11602079123258591,
-0.9022617340087891,
0.9628971219062805,
0.06596843898296356,
0.05873820558190346,
-0.3699997365474701,
0.30092912912368774,
0.6251551508903503,
-0.8747490048408508,
-0.1134454682469368,
-0.16557633876800537,
0.9652968049049377,
0.37898921966552734,
-0.17166323959827423,
-0.5296111702919006,
-0.27337563037872314,
-1.1903380155563354,
-0.7201990485191345,
-0.7190483212471008,
-0.16516190767288208,
0.5404382348060608,
-0.5102965235710144,
-0.6560527086257935,
-0.11063957959413528,
0.7242913842201233,
0.6314868330955505,
0.0776049941778183,
-0.19014640152454376,
-0.05562492087483406,
0.10214942693710327,
-0.650370180606842,
-0.5555012226104736,
-0.5287435054779053,
-0.11291424185037613,
0.41412490606307983,
-0.14785560965538025,
0.35658279061317444,
0.44420015811920166,
0.26155203580856323,
0.10726702958345413,
0.3675258457660675,
0.09123767912387848,
-0.30480608344078064,
-0.45716923475265503,
-0.14945469796657562,
-0.4753669202327728,
-0.6585078835487366,
0.176695317029953,
-0.02710709162056446,
-0.14416010677814484,
-0.27351340651512146,
-5.490145683288574,
0.2748400568962097,
-0.17542307078838348,
-0.2934053838253021,
-0.3393497169017792,
-0.15266987681388855,
0.22359050810337067,
-0.4667169451713562,
0.18051035702228546,
0.045622508972883224,
-0.21055136620998383,
0.2652209997177124,
0.019127458333969116,
0.10511557012796402,
0.06659579277038574,
0.3481501042842865,
0.8018128871917725,
0.28244200348854065,
0.36767810583114624,
-0.2839178740978241,
-0.143768310546875,
-0.20588377118110657,
0.2189236730337143,
0.2385684847831726,
-0.1091194748878479,
0.46236374974250793,
-0.2969183027744293,
0.27966931462287903,
0.03724781051278114,
-0.32918253540992737,
0.42527395486831665,
-0.22236676514148712,
0.0582457035779953,
-0.3373652994632721,
-0.8247305154800415,
-0.001995486905798316,
0.5838109850883484,
0.29892054200172424,
0.014939891174435616,
-0.5216493606567383,
0.2888266444206238,
0.07957663387060165,
0.08486231416463852,
-0.8449980616569519,
0.15750724077224731,
-0.18701651692390442,
-0.1191776916384697,
-0.13991320133209229,
0.3886987864971161,
0.48119139671325684,
-0.8013016581535339,
-0.27383527159690857,
0.28121644258499146,
0.20974920690059662,
-0.14408111572265625,
-0.7086442112922668,
0.23860639333724976,
0.19060133397579193,
-0.4883500039577484,
0.5020861029624939,
0.6705664992332458,
-0.6538768410682678,
0.615128219127655,
-1.1415358781814575,
-0.3952420651912689,
-0.030659561976790428,
-0.10560514777898788,
0.048098161816596985,
0.1376742273569107,
0.5283582210540771,
-0.15337936580181122,
0.534816563129425,
0.1959739327430725,
-1.0648683309555054,
-0.13176776468753815,
-0.39752453565597534,
-0.48730984330177307,
-0.3506464660167694,
-0.12449593096971512,
0.0009430852369405329,
-0.0936572328209877,
-0.6194789409637451,
-0.6898480653762817,
-0.025694943964481354,
-0.39011862874031067,
-0.41166508197784424,
-0.37773770093917847,
0.14901034533977509,
-0.06529637426137924,
0.20963144302368164,
0.4240260422229767,
-0.31840699911117554,
0.11812105774879456,
0.7667680978775024,
0.728055477142334,
0.462136447429657,
0.5406885147094727,
-0.00600279588252306,
0.675190806388855,
0.10609445720911026,
0.07022059708833694,
-0.29017961025238037,
0.12370795011520386,
-0.3860197961330414,
0.14725081622600555,
-0.29078277945518494,
-0.32256072759628296,
-0.15824373066425323,
0.6517943739891052,
0.38049405813217163,
-0.16123640537261963,
0.30587881803512573,
-0.4549921154975891,
-0.6080710291862488,
0.3134288191795349,
0.22440417110919952,
-0.03142071142792702,
0.012838379479944706,
0.43047651648521423,
-0.6102809906005859,
-0.43159765005111694,
0.5092172026634216,
-0.42618778347969055,
0.04368461295962334,
-0.46696850657463074,
-0.6439285278320312,
0.6553491950035095,
-0.20822148025035858,
0.43501392006874084,
-0.39984703063964844,
0.1894780695438385,
0.28905871510505676,
0.30965933203697205,
-0.18115706741809845,
0.1876325011253357,
-0.4802425503730774,
0.052384596318006516,
0.12968124449253082,
0.41143205761909485,
-0.2888939082622528,
0.05454718694090843,
-0.054174646735191345,
-0.040971044450998306,
0.5003201365470886,
0.6420307159423828,
0.6979137659072876,
0.015447434969246387,
-0.41628792881965637,
0.047296565026044846,
0.1018541157245636,
-0.3907880485057831,
-0.45835405588150024,
0.5465115308761597,
0.45998868346214294,
-0.669469952583313,
-0.0025872953701764345,
-0.16466772556304932,
0.1627633273601532,
-0.13330207765102386,
-0.5493512153625488,
0.15721209347248077,
-0.21573162078857422,
-0.8394436836242676,
-0.24848181009292603,
0.38622206449508667,
-0.04471166804432869,
-0.07093564420938492,
-0.18176084756851196,
-0.6960291862487793,
0.29304400086402893,
-0.4993135333061218,
-0.12415068596601486,
0.07300188392400742,
0.0976170226931572,
0.507888913154602,
-0.14796210825443268,
0.10259951651096344,
0.20403139293193817,
0.3868408799171448,
0.2136334478855133,
0.6014096140861511,
0.23608434200286865,
0.07129207998514175,
0.43253982067108154,
0.6607660055160522,
-0.8307578563690186,
-0.860286295413971,
0.3446749746799469,
-0.4260807931423187,
-0.17183518409729004,
-0.4430839419364929,
0.21391019225120544,
0.3888988196849823,
0.4099200963973999,
-0.1756967157125473,
-0.6144130825996399,
-0.10157366842031479,
0.18003365397453308,
0.04050886258482933,
-1.1576594114303589,
-0.40951007604599,
0.6396774649620056,
-0.2466297447681427,
0.47013670206069946,
-0.06258737295866013,
-0.38505011796951294,
0.043848391622304916,
-0.2805638909339905,
-0.06517340987920761,
-0.05777813121676445,
0.21636325120925903,
-0.22177094221115112,
-0.3010568916797638,
-0.2826225757598877,
0.4495016634464264,
0.2725730538368225,
0.21820640563964844,
0.38412946462631226,
-0.007952963002026081,
-0.5077782273292542,
-0.04785861074924469,
0.21187010407447815,
-0.06645616143941879,
0.33231741189956665,
-0.6053019762039185,
0.39740949869155884,
0.6988649368286133,
-0.6077236533164978,
0.38817933201789856,
0.1250726282596588,
0.5719282031059265,
-0.2774498164653778,
-0.12963543832302094,
0.4039199650287628,
-0.09495092928409576,
-0.7655264735221863,
0.1840030401945114,
0.4195314943790436,
0.20395943522453308,
-0.5440304279327393,
-0.031352169811725616,
0.8296942710876465,
-0.5759963393211365,
-0.10866079479455948,
-0.22113285958766937,
-0.05894089490175247,
-0.3061646521091461,
-0.27277517318725586,
-0.5418835878372192,
0.1423233300447464,
0.016253486275672913,
-0.3809991180896759,
0.04890304058790207,
-0.25075289607048035,
0.8552664518356323,
-0.0718158408999443,
-0.5158684253692627,
-0.5197152495384216,
-0.3814527988433838,
0.12728698551654816,
0.24223418533802032,
0.1258087456226349,
-0.3470345437526703,
0.5292931199073792,
0.5481913089752197,
0.6239117383956909,
-0.08725716173648834,
-0.09974788874387741,
0.3632044792175293,
-0.6674020886421204,
-0.2372845709323883,
0.05153631791472435,
-0.06625323742628098,
1.1037325859069824,
0.24693737924098969,
-0.11513723433017731,
0.28712889552116394,
-0.5204031467437744,
0.3243967294692993,
0.2272758185863495,
0.1300576776266098,
-0.537051260471344,
0.4103906452655792,
-0.33142125606536865,
-0.32230061292648315,
-0.6957040429115295,
0.22434461116790771,
-0.22308097779750824,
0.2361660748720169,
0.09657023847103119,
-0.7158693075180054,
0.9509013295173645,
0.6788762807846069,
-0.3602506220340729,
0.11686898022890091,
0.22075742483139038,
-0.21967105567455292,
-0.4670245349407196,
-0.4482310712337494,
-0.02417096123099327,
-0.42848485708236694,
0.47708815336227417,
0.7198400497436523,
-0.3656172454357147,
0.4325973689556122,
0.25073662400245667,
0.2011067271232605,
0.09589610248804092,
-0.342115581035614,
0.027930978685617447,
0.32176727056503296,
0.06482583284378052,
0.17066694796085358,
0.5730780959129333,
-0.83677077293396,
-0.009781794622540474,
0.49664056301116943,
-0.1282651275396347,
0.31035861372947693,
-0.368691623210907,
0.22701819241046906,
0.18027392029762268,
0.5414569973945618,
0.172374427318573,
-0.4611304700374603,
0.48760735988616943,
-0.2639884650707245,
-0.4047952890396118,
0.020887918770313263,
0.21603608131408691,
0.5614929795265198,
0.036811843514442444,
-0.42632025480270386,
0.4036426842212677,
-0.2051471471786499,
-0.8347518444061279,
-0.4043901264667511,
0.06219615042209625,
-0.36914095282554626,
0.36409232020378113,
0.7621768712997437,
0.5528783202171326,
0.15491268038749695,
-0.2912229001522064,
-0.7067800164222717,
0.2711772620677948,
-0.16280047595500946,
0.21362988650798798,
0.5247414112091064,
0.6187134981155396,
0.04301817715167999,
-0.17167524993419647,
-0.07374406605958939,
-0.009212194010615349,
0.05711263045668602,
-0.29044032096862793,
0.25359174609184265,
0.3481815457344055,
0.14719608426094055,
-0.8588786721229553,
-0.3450869023799896,
0.21242432296276093,
0.07798554748296738,
0.040905632078647614,
-0.3334350883960724,
0.1503162831068039,
0.3547866642475128,
0.10975968092679977,
0.13062511384487152,
-0.044800352305173874,
-0.26570793986320496,
0.11272947490215302,
0.29224687814712524,
0.36803704500198364,
-0.08517644554376602,
-0.008119190111756325,
0.326185941696167,
0.2707953453063965,
-0.21047602593898773,
-0.3802231252193451,
-0.12801972031593323,
-0.24320106208324432,
-0.03896177187561989,
-0.27787232398986816,
0.2943353056907654,
0.20507152378559113,
-0.15517574548721313,
0.28840526938438416,
0.3600460886955261,
-0.21067078411579132,
0.15306496620178223,
-0.45355358719825745,
0.5632720589637756,
0.12191638350486755,
0.5400619506835938,
0.5294257402420044,
-0.7754451036453247,
0.8504256010055542,
0.4558607041835785,
-0.276927649974823,
-0.6187055706977844,
0.04616675525903702,
-0.04296364635229111,
0.23583878576755524,
-0.46643006801605225,
0.6397190093994141,
-0.7327841520309448,
-0.6521745324134827,
-0.5086848735809326,
0.7703914046287537,
0.4417100250720978,
0.13405822217464447,
0.04246317595243454,
-0.23123398423194885,
-0.1846647709608078,
0.3349400758743286,
0.5146908760070801,
-0.12248115986585617,
-0.3320891559123993,
0.5274983048439026,
-0.48069214820861816,
0.15052561461925507,
0.58899986743927,
-0.15878961980342865,
0.22150331735610962,
0.21050404012203217,
0.19065649807453156,
0.07002193480730057,
-0.3430534899234772,
0.43178844451904297,
0.3743620812892914,
0.1466674953699112,
-0.03286118432879448,
0.38743916153907776,
-0.17588670551776886,
0.0506419911980629,
0.15318064391613007,
0.5900217294692993,
0.5799834132194519,
-0.16798445582389832,
-0.93336021900177,
0.030451536178588867,
0.2707499563694,
0.11255481839179993,
-2.3727025985717773,
-0.23004889488220215,
0.05980744957923889,
-0.8920542597770691,
-0.8211647868156433,
0.13956955075263977,
0.28440144658088684,
0.09410498291254044,
0.05672011896967888,
-0.7291868925094604,
0.11483743786811829,
0.5242571234703064,
0.6345208287239075,
-0.46974480152130127,
-0.23844577372074127,
0.3493390679359436
] |
211066
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20of%20Langley%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20York
|
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
|
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, KG (5 June 13411 August 1402) was the fourth surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Like many medieval English princes, Edmund gained his nickname from his birthplace: Kings Langley Palace in Hertfordshire. He was the founder of the House of York, but it was through the marriage of his younger son, Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, to Anne de Mortimer, great-granddaughter of Edmund's elder brother Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, that the House of York made its claim to the English throne in the Wars of the Roses. The other party in the Wars of the Roses, the incumbent House of Lancaster, was formed from descendants of Edmund's elder brother John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, Edward III's third son.
Early years
On the death of his godfather, the Earl of Surrey, Edmund was granted the earl's lands north of the Trent, primarily in Yorkshire. In 1359, he joined his father King Edward III on an unsuccessful military expedition to France and was made a knight of the Garter in 1361. In 1362, at the age of twenty-one, he was created Earl of Cambridge by his father.
Military career
Edmund took part in several military expeditions to France in the 1370s. In 1369, he brought a retinue of 400 men-at-arms and 400 archers to serve with John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, on campaigns in Brittany and Angoulême. The following year, he first joined Pembroke again on an expedition to relieve the fortress of Belle Perche and then accompanied his eldest brother Edward, the Black Prince, on a campaign that resulted in the siege and sack of Limoges. In 1375, he sailed with the Earl of March to relieve Brest, but after some initial success, a truce was declared.
In the 1370s, English envoys entered into an alliance with Ferdinand I of Portugal, where Portugal promised to attack Castile with the Lancastrian army. As a consequence of the Caroline War in France, John of Gaunt was forced to postpone the invasion of Castile. In 1381, Edmund finally led an abortive expedition to press John's claim to Castile, joining with King Ferdinand in attacking Castile as part of the Fernandine Wars. After months of indecisiveness, a peace was again declared between Castile and Portugal, and Edmund had to lead his malcontented troops home.
Edmund was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports on 12 June 1376 and held office until 1381. On 6 August 1385, he was elevated to Duke of York. Edmund acted as Keeper of the Realm in 1394/95 when his nephew, King Richard II of England, campaigned in Ireland and presided over Parliament in 1395. He was also keeper of the realm in 1396 during the king's brief visit to France to collect his child-bride Isabella of Valois. The duke was left as Custodian of the Realm in the summer of 1399 when Richard II departed for another extended campaign in Ireland. In late June of that year, the exiled Henry Bolingbroke landed at Bridlington in Yorkshire. He raised an army to resist Bolingbroke, then decided instead to join him, for which he was well rewarded. He thereafter remained loyal to the new Lancastrian regime as Bolingbroke overthrew Richard II to become King Henry IV.
Later life
Richard II's 1399 will refers to his successor without naming him, while appointing Edmund as one of the overseers. Some believe Richard intended to make Edmund his heir despite the stronger claims of Henry of Bolingbroke and Edmund Mortimer. This was not due to any preference Richard had for Edmund, but rather a desire the king had to set Edmund's son, Edward, on the throne. Towards the end of his life, in 1399, he was appointed Warden of the West March for a short period. Otherwise, from 1399 onward he retired from public life.
Edmund of Langley died in his birthplace and was interred at King's Langley Priory; however, his tomb was relocated to the nearby All Saints' Church, Kings Langley in 1575 after the priory had been dissolved. When the tomb was moved again during church restoration work in 1877, three bodies, one male and two female, were found inside. His dukedom passed to his eldest son, Edward. He was the last of his siblings to die, and lived the longest out of all of them.
Marriage
Langley's first wife, Isabella, was a daughter of King Peter of Castile and María de Padilla. She was also the sister of the Infanta Constance of Castile, the second wife of Langley's brother John of Gaunt. Langley and Isabella were both descendants of Henry II of England.
They had two sons and a daughter:
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (c. 137325 October 1415), killed in action at the Battle of Agincourt.
Constance of York (c. 137428 November 1416), great-grandmother of Queen Anne Neville.
Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (c. 20 July 13855 August 1415), executed for treason by Henry V. Ancestor of Kings Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III of the House of York, and all succeeding monarchs of England beginning with King Henry VIII, whose mother Elizabeth of York was his great-granddaughter.
After Isabella's death in 1392, Langley married his second cousin once removed Joan Holland, whose great-grandfather Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, was the half-brother of Langley's grandfather Edward II; she and Langley were thus both descended from King Edward I. The young Joan was the granddaughter of his late sister-in-law Joan of Kent. The marriage produced no children.
Shakespeare's Duke of York
Edmund, the 1st Duke of York, is a major character in Shakespeare's Richard II. In the play, Edmund resigns his position as an adviser to his nephew Richard II, but is reluctant to betray the king. He eventually agrees to side with Henry Bolingbroke to help him regain the lands Richard confiscated after the death of Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt. After Bolingbroke deposes Richard and is crowned Henry IV, Edmund discovers a plot by his son Aumerle to assassinate the new king. Edmund exposes the plot, but his wife Isabella convinces Henry to pardon her son.
Ancestry
Notes
Bibliography
James Reston, Jr. "Dogs of God," New York: Doubleday, p. 18.
Douglas Biggs, "A Wrong Whom Conscience and Kindred Bid Me to Right: A Reassessment of Edmund of Langley, Duke of York and the Usurpation of Henry IV" Albion, 26 (1994), pp. 231–246.
Douglas Biggs, "To Aid the Custodian and Council: Edmund of Langley and the Defense of the Realm, June–July 1399," Journal of Medieval Military History, I (2002), pp. 125–144.
Douglas Biggs, "’A Voyage or Rather and Expedition to Portugal:’ Edmund of Langley in Iberia 1381/82," Journal of Medieval Military History 7 (2009), pp. 57–74.
Douglas Biggs, Three Armies in Britain: The Irish Campaign of Richard II and the Usurpation of Henry IV, 1399, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006.
External links
For the tombs of Edmund of Langley and Isabella of Castile, see 'Friaries: King's Langley priory', A History of the County of Hertford: Volume 4 (1971), pp. 446–451. Date accessed: 5 October 2012
1341 births
1402 deaths
14th-century English people
14th-century English Navy personnel
15th-century English people
Edmund, 1st Duke of York
Dukes of York
Knights of the Garter
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Lords Warden of the Marches
Male Shakespearean characters
People from Kings Langley
Burials in Hertfordshire
Earls of Cambridge
Peers created by Edward III
Peers created by Richard II
Sons of kings
Children of Edward III of England
|
[
-0.8393416404724121,
-0.4903671145439148,
0.5005724430084229,
0.44285690784454346,
-0.42500045895576477,
0.8323773741722107,
0.3542356789112091,
-0.04118577763438225,
-0.7254566550254822,
-0.1695709228515625,
-0.04636898636817932,
0.14555104076862335,
-0.34677746891975403,
-0.2540716230869293,
-0.384186327457428,
0.049203842878341675,
0.14355966448783875,
0.02716922014951706,
-0.48993009328842163,
-0.9553062319755554,
0.2918597459793091,
-0.13852792978286743,
0.11055255681276321,
0.42020395398139954,
0.08637992292642593,
0.3553447127342224,
0.6181033253669739,
-0.3836689889431,
-0.5375059843063354,
-0.3059805631637573,
-0.11416127532720566,
0.48466193675994873,
0.39001956582069397,
-0.3933347165584564,
-0.0565040186047554,
-0.35036563873291016,
-0.5845816135406494,
-0.31495827436447144,
-0.1777646839618683,
0.2809537649154663,
0.1371372789144516,
0.1469699889421463,
-0.16131533682346344,
0.3603487014770508,
-0.20226965844631195,
-0.6192796230316162,
-0.9320428967475891,
0.04920816421508789,
0.030348297208547592,
-0.3810690641403198,
0.7723435759544373,
0.2056160718202591,
-0.3345096707344055,
0.5518686175346375,
0.5123516917228699,
-0.0660260021686554,
-1.0302191972732544,
-0.24355259537696838,
0.43937093019485474,
0.48069167137145996,
0.6430474519729614,
0.10233358293771744,
0.3090881407260895,
0.5008178949356079,
-0.13196811079978943,
-0.369467556476593,
0.4606020152568817,
0.566173255443573,
-0.6497172117233276,
-0.4445127844810486,
0.06403050571680069,
0.42945951223373413,
0.12271567434072495,
0.725659191608429,
0.03221261501312256,
-0.2534602880477905,
0.3838525414466858,
-0.034072186797857285,
0.5940898656845093,
-0.20541684329509735,
0.5044378042221069,
-0.4876551926136017,
0.6460258364677429,
0.6090471148490906,
0.07162148505449295,
0.874114990234375,
-0.02012181468307972,
0.47229304909706116,
-0.12192891538143158,
-0.30968305468559265,
-0.242746964097023,
0.01746051385998726,
-0.04465803876519203,
0.10721056908369064,
-0.422408789396286,
0.34754183888435364,
-0.20859181880950928,
-0.5244702696800232,
-0.19754500687122345,
-0.2574034631252289,
-0.09315908700227737,
0.7310048937797546,
0.13724389672279358,
0.07662501931190491,
-1.2195676565170288,
0.04990517720580101,
-0.18002407252788544,
0.1564641296863556,
-0.2317533791065216,
0.20491762459278107,
-0.10622969269752502,
0.3258780837059021,
-0.03538651391863823,
-0.3885676860809326,
0.1462026983499527,
0.30830278992652893,
-0.004286346957087517,
-0.9151424765586853,
-0.7262051701545715,
-0.20806893706321716,
0.08165624737739563,
0.6515782475471497,
-0.1753951609134674,
0.7400208115577698,
0.11326837539672852,
0.00719729857519269,
0.8520992398262024,
0.22025825083255768,
0.2790887653827667,
0.00900628138333559,
0.0960143432021141,
0.8043840527534485,
-0.6683822274208069,
-0.3886888921260834,
0.4638172686100006,
-0.023926636204123497,
0.04631785303354263,
0.8021767735481262,
0.2125946283340454,
0.25312143564224243,
-0.9215574860572815,
-0.3650614321231842,
-0.09793474525213242,
0.1384243667125702,
0.32357773184776306,
-0.01925721950829029,
-0.20136059820652008,
-0.024309678003191948,
-0.20673516392707825,
0.8464784026145935,
-0.0379558764398098,
0.603866696357727,
0.17729337513446808,
-0.8035855293273926,
-0.3519538640975952,
0.6358623504638672,
0.8331739902496338,
0.14724746346473694,
0.33633801341056824,
0.37384918332099915,
-0.23106753826141357,
0.11024948209524155,
-0.4872290790081024,
-0.3351665437221527,
0.24029669165611267,
0.19146622717380524,
0.44224321842193604,
-0.40639978647232056,
-0.4248199164867401,
-0.17664560675621033,
-0.9153879284858704,
0.16487760841846466,
-0.2208535522222519,
-0.22119371592998505,
-0.06595855206251144,
0.34445345401763916,
0.6961723566055298,
-0.009517496451735497,
0.21666404604911804,
-0.5323381423950195,
-0.7460134029388428,
-0.13297446072101593,
0.32246455550193787,
-0.7612487077713013,
0.16741985082626343,
0.2355797290802002,
0.23194514214992523,
-0.5521336197853088,
0.08035732060670853,
0.2033453732728958,
0.2952111065387726,
-0.30975639820098877,
-0.3027406334877014,
-0.17392294108867645,
0.49827638268470764,
-0.12586790323257446,
-0.4644072949886322,
-0.1136060506105423,
0.20108096301555634,
1.1025232076644897,
-0.039073001593351364,
-0.18234384059906006,
0.4255008101463318,
0.4462166726589203,
0.23865506052970886,
-0.21252639591693878,
-0.35095924139022827,
0.08952867984771729,
0.9380910992622375,
0.6348074078559875,
0.6404697895050049,
-0.14271308481693268,
-0.17210116982460022,
0.44319403171539307,
-0.4899179935455322,
-0.5563996434211731,
0.47409018874168396,
0.06227169930934906,
0.40018603205680847,
-0.8296250700950623,
0.38922369480133057,
0.21745795011520386,
-0.22710862755775452,
0.4155436158180237,
-0.051475707441568375,
1.3136652708053589,
-0.6197035908699036,
0.0694006010890007,
-0.6705344319343567,
-1.0956038236618042,
-0.35454878211021423,
0.24527989327907562,
-0.0510767437517643,
-0.08935020118951797,
0.267959862947464,
-0.2938643991947174,
-0.09460270404815674,
-0.18079639971256256,
0.41496652364730835,
-0.014838521368801594,
-0.13752515614032745,
0.29572126269340515,
-0.2744005620479584,
0.6758816838264465,
-0.29265132546424866,
0.5238494277000427,
0.014374337159097195,
0.06298442929983139,
-0.03714143484830856,
-0.19561615586280823,
0.4151599109172821,
0.07019459456205368,
-0.33017945289611816,
0.043264929205179214,
0.13016600906848907,
-0.36778804659843445,
-0.2907431423664093,
0.26353320479393005,
-0.013971812091767788,
0.8435098528862,
0.11224158853292465,
0.52061527967453,
0.0677231028676033,
0.7062969207763672,
0.34978535771369934,
-0.45851707458496094,
-0.07338500767946243,
-0.37761038541793823,
0.29921454191207886,
-0.452854186296463,
0.762611985206604,
-0.4238261282444,
-0.563833475112915,
-0.4228541851043701,
0.23149636387825012,
-0.3892858028411865,
-0.18116839230060577,
0.8105760812759399,
-0.23984424769878387,
-1.079129934310913,
0.03341696411371231,
0.6600514650344849,
-0.49909260869026184,
0.4154914915561676,
0.007186816073954105,
0.44080084562301636,
-0.04318232834339142,
-0.5798994898796082,
-0.1713504195213318,
-0.31940436363220215,
0.17980459332466125,
0.206026092171669,
0.0469367541372776,
0.03583730012178421,
-0.19391444325447083,
0.7724975347518921,
-0.4519074559211731,
-0.07347508519887924,
-0.36662912368774414,
-0.15457266569137573,
-0.30994129180908203,
0.058467887341976166,
-0.06313697248697281,
0.11412771046161652,
0.4889463186264038,
-0.11061925441026688,
0.12023238837718964,
-0.0747409462928772,
-5.3250041007995605,
0.057721544057130814,
-0.14280742406845093,
0.4437949061393738,
1.0307036638259888,
0.09951834380626678,
0.26679378747940063,
-0.5962579846382141,
0.23424403369426727,
0.15224123001098633,
0.6628773808479309,
-0.2747211754322052,
0.24681590497493744,
0.14299006760120392,
0.9814591407775879,
-0.03611375764012337,
1.0853394269943237,
-0.18649184703826904,
0.6063640713691711,
0.08788120001554489,
-0.1859026849269867,
-0.040392905473709106,
-0.22759822010993958,
0.400018572807312,
0.382307231426239,
0.02934783138334751,
-0.06816849857568741,
-0.414904922246933,
-1.0986460447311401,
-0.5779123306274414,
-0.1098836362361908,
0.1795283406972885,
0.4612151086330414,
0.15720683336257935,
-0.5840374827384949,
-0.17863762378692627,
0.39008137583732605,
0.9749991297721863,
-0.3107956647872925,
-0.32062026858329773,
0.03548842668533325,
-0.5956406593322754,
-0.46837693452835083,
0.4320964217185974,
-0.18015380203723907,
-0.27570855617523193,
-1.1268396377563477,
0.18940548598766327,
-0.2490588277578354,
0.299472838640213,
-0.10129165649414062,
0.5879942774772644,
0.4271232783794403,
0.14014503359794617,
-0.13814692199230194,
0.13987453281879425,
-0.10341935604810715,
0.2971789538860321,
-0.4585871994495392,
0.5563123226165771,
0.6409253478050232,
-0.5909600853919983,
0.38359788060188293,
0.5996840596199036,
-0.040249697864055634,
-0.2071247696876526,
0.2196388691663742,
-0.06977929174900055,
0.6561452746391296,
0.31428244709968567,
-0.3894064128398895,
0.28567492961883545,
0.753936231136322,
-0.9543575048446655,
0.18113884329795837,
-0.3257729411125183,
-0.2470453381538391,
0.33419734239578247,
0.06818182021379471,
-0.09680972993373871,
0.01306665688753128,
-0.4886193871498108,
-0.24833893775939941,
0.40645474195480347,
0.04537535831332207,
0.23251675069332123,
-0.47354748845100403,
-0.13879463076591492,
0.2725198566913605,
0.03385646268725395,
0.33693939447402954,
-0.43464142084121704,
-0.30609869956970215,
0.5364062190055847,
0.05278223380446434,
-0.5894888639450073,
-0.21629725396633148,
0.14195799827575684,
0.3096701204776764,
0.3096286952495575,
-0.6227344870567322,
0.15224139392375946,
-0.49137935042381287,
-0.969733715057373,
-0.16806575655937195,
-0.02776043675839901,
-0.365977942943573,
-0.0252353735268116,
-0.09990008920431137,
-0.1283588707447052,
0.5616975426673889,
0.07313080132007599,
-0.26649290323257446,
-0.7230238318443298,
-0.3111554682254791,
-0.5989219546318054,
-0.0822426900267601,
-0.20693454146385193,
0.869636058807373,
-0.12715698778629303,
-0.39531219005584717,
0.37790626287460327,
-0.6281507015228271,
-0.23709455132484436,
-0.3673127591609955,
0.46571168303489685,
0.3731447160243988,
0.05144879221916199,
-0.7464768290519714,
-0.10072366148233414,
0.2816166579723358,
0.10648762434720993,
-0.2772848904132843,
0.3219643533229828,
-0.2656121551990509,
-0.8119774460792542,
0.20809224247932434,
-0.33000096678733826,
0.23033292591571808,
0.1205311119556427,
-0.0544777475297451,
0.17111819982528687,
0.4076489806175232,
0.03329632058739662,
0.2812519073486328,
0.24094659090042114,
0.48415178060531616,
0.24391618371009827,
-0.6230860948562622,
0.5462031960487366,
0.45011672377586365,
-0.1734853833913803,
0.9016116857528687,
0.21030156314373016,
-0.5055489540100098,
-0.18256977200508118,
-0.3860551416873932,
0.038481879979372025,
-0.188140869140625,
-0.1677694469690323,
-0.17735062539577484,
0.3514202833175659,
-0.6879575848579407,
-0.26196399331092834,
0.5213443636894226,
0.026364633813500404,
-0.7514841556549072,
-0.6849637627601624,
-0.7506006956100464,
0.5910487771034241,
0.10319650173187256,
-0.4312940239906311,
-0.38397523760795593,
-0.24143588542938232,
0.3390670418739319,
-0.3163251578807831,
0.2547822892665863,
0.2952871322631836,
-0.06657388806343079,
-0.0009303835686296225,
0.3632064759731293,
0.13463817536830902,
-0.25141140818595886,
-0.06571534276008606,
1.1051640510559082,
-0.6901088953018188,
-0.5742459297180176,
-0.6913913488388062,
-0.22073283791542053,
-0.325164258480072,
-0.37677305936813354,
-0.21559911966323853,
0.41568195819854736,
0.34778955578804016,
0.0535314567387104,
0.07415638864040375,
0.43996837735176086,
0.47823062539100647,
-0.08725284785032272,
-0.002323368564248085,
-0.6075121164321899,
0.6314114928245544,
0.04603113606572151,
0.09083373844623566,
0.24806350469589233,
-0.9663791656494141,
-0.567748486995697,
-0.023334218189120293,
-0.04503050073981285,
0.2817641496658325,
-0.10708019137382507,
-0.7987149953842163,
-0.016733083873987198,
0.17979076504707336,
-0.16137850284576416,
0.7228890657424927,
-0.21752260625362396,
-0.3550933599472046,
0.11639463901519775,
-0.8408733606338501,
-0.13826483488082886,
-0.04181629791855812,
-0.34545835852622986,
-0.059055961668491364,
-0.20161627233028412,
0.0591578409075737,
0.6785519123077393,
-0.055019594728946686,
0.6434869766235352,
-0.3760078251361847,
-0.2915678322315216,
-0.060399074107408524,
-0.46689748764038086,
0.805553138256073,
-0.2977827787399292,
-0.2738443613052368,
0.6338722705841064,
0.07189037650823593,
0.2221442312002182,
0.2793414890766144,
0.5865063071250916,
1.7428466081619263,
0.19141288101673126,
-0.5962359309196472,
0.48183682560920715,
0.0666043683886528,
-0.3651065528392792,
-0.5092206001281738,
0.112679123878479,
0.4143975079059601,
-0.11448323726654053,
-0.7340690493583679,
-0.40651649236679077,
-0.1976800262928009,
0.6338276267051697,
-0.7454678416252136,
-0.16316169500350952,
0.1396099030971527,
0.3445431888103485,
0.03234102576971054,
-0.3757401704788208,
0.2197178453207016,
-0.30459901690483093,
0.1708334982395172,
0.13966624438762665,
0.07722937315702438,
-0.29527539014816284,
0.07516589015722275,
-0.1979426145553589,
-0.3241087794303894,
-0.8335790634155273,
-0.6636749505996704,
-0.5670773983001709,
0.26465192437171936,
0.07146873325109482,
0.020014721900224686,
0.36477720737457275,
-0.6980692148208618,
1.2569376230239868,
-0.17574642598628998,
-0.9154324531555176,
-0.28984397649765015,
0.25952455401420593,
-0.39070290327072144,
-0.3504883646965027,
-0.18814539909362793,
-0.06674174964427948,
0.0272018164396286,
-0.2787961959838867,
0.6422260403633118,
-0.17981082201004028,
0.1377076357603073,
0.0757949948310852,
-0.5056988596916199,
0.15409822762012482,
0.2196694314479828,
-0.1266971379518509,
-0.06705639511346817,
-0.10591771453619003,
-0.573319673538208,
-0.404514342546463,
0.7179134488105774,
0.36573538184165955,
-0.021709609776735306,
-0.003631274914368987,
0.24069826304912567,
-0.26697877049446106,
-0.936016321182251,
-0.855156421661377,
0.5046999454498291,
0.4392373859882355,
-0.4234027564525604,
-0.11217863857746124,
0.12789446115493774,
-0.44424042105674744,
-0.7080257534980774,
0.5306891202926636,
-0.641106128692627,
-0.24742047488689423,
-0.32848691940307617,
0.11061251908540726,
0.006876031868159771,
0.07669710367918015,
-0.15407034754753113,
0.32380226254463196,
0.4705653190612793,
-0.32077163457870483,
-0.33413970470428467,
-0.5407294631004333,
0.337900847196579,
0.21480341255664825,
-0.07316279411315918,
-1.2078863382339478,
1.1886035203933716,
0.3203981816768646,
-0.17777052521705627,
0.4764842092990875,
-0.8686989545822144,
0.14622044563293457,
0.1935962438583374,
0.6181122660636902,
0.9716172218322754,
-0.29205214977264404,
0.022559205070137978,
-0.48393672704696655,
0.43591248989105225,
0.073811374604702,
0.1414196640253067,
0.07564975321292877,
0.16390126943588257,
0.5252390503883362,
-0.028940817341208458,
-0.046705182641744614,
-1.0630043745040894,
0.17982640862464905,
0.8360944390296936,
0.9617319107055664,
-0.07564757019281387,
-0.29146966338157654,
-0.15148061513900757,
0.15490449965000153,
-0.49859997630119324,
0.7607017159461975,
-0.07474405318498611,
-0.2352353036403656,
-0.5889091491699219,
0.5815147161483765,
0.4066478908061981,
0.19511239230632782,
-0.04977772384881973,
0.40001991391181946,
-0.04812963306903839,
-0.28389331698417664,
-0.5638312101364136,
0.004675525240600109,
0.6588099598884583,
0.07280807942152023,
-0.30610570311546326,
0.0628180131316185,
-0.5936052799224854,
-0.45981088280677795,
-0.3954923450946808,
-0.09411558508872986,
-0.6111558675765991,
-0.11143145710229874,
0.29318517446517944,
-0.1123172789812088,
0.4657385051250458,
-0.7247573733329773,
-0.33422785997390747,
-0.017796803265810013,
-0.6673189401626587,
0.16704769432544708,
0.4004895091056824,
-0.9960687160491943,
-0.2619328796863556,
-0.0038486048579216003,
0.45525431632995605,
0.4750799238681793,
-0.2141786366701126,
-0.274459570646286,
0.45847687125205994,
-0.4732678234577179,
0.2966025173664093,
-0.07070264220237732,
0.44625601172447205,
-0.4393220543861389,
-0.3053312599658966,
-0.7885434031486511,
0.5641727447509766,
0.13728569447994232,
-0.3353917896747589,
-0.2638383209705353,
0.16593638062477112,
0.19516035914421082,
-0.10730266571044922,
0.5369593501091003,
-0.5479367971420288,
-0.5282224416732788,
-0.00038381191552616656,
0.04567306861281395,
0.19469891488552094,
0.2029482126235962,
-0.03262826055288315,
0.0730169415473938,
-0.0064006466418504715,
0.9010189771652222,
-0.0436815544962883,
-1.2438019514083862,
0.29722434282302856,
-0.31265249848365784,
0.08787354826927185,
-1.0217690467834473,
-0.08477852493524551,
0.44085800647735596,
0.45826128125190735,
0.6891074180603027,
0.8794001340866089,
-0.30139830708503723,
-0.19162298738956451,
0.014509892091155052,
-0.008056476712226868,
0.8117845058441162,
-0.2397572547197342,
0.43143633008003235,
-0.7483404278755188,
0.14394569396972656,
-0.3213500380516052,
-0.01963474042713642,
0.7357807755470276,
0.6623143553733826,
0.5622112154960632,
0.3669080436229706,
-0.653488278388977,
0.38425755500793457,
-0.10300630331039429,
-0.21269135177135468,
-0.11430952697992325,
0.24153712391853333,
0.4034940004348755
] |
211067
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%2C%202nd%20Duke%20of%20York
|
Edward, 2nd Duke of York
|
Edward, 2nd Duke of York, ( – 25 October 1415) was an English nobleman, military commander and magnate. He was the eldest son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and a grandson of King Edward III of England. He held significant appointments during the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V, and is also known for his translation of the hunting treatise The Master of Game. He was killed in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, whilst commanding the right wing of the English army.
Family
Edward of Norwich was born c. 1373, likely at Langley, now Kings Langley in Hertfordshire. He was the eldest son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (a younger son of King Edward III of England), and his first wife, Isabella of Castile (a daughter of King Peter of Castile). He had a sister Constance and a younger brother Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge.
According to G. E. Cokayne, a French chronicle offers the only support for the modern assertion that Edward was styled 'of Norwich', and both Cokayne and Horrox suggest that the phrase 'de Norwik' found therein is a corruption or misreading of 'Deverwik', the usual French rendering for the phrase 'of York' at the time.
Reign of Richard II
Edward was knighted at the coronation of his cousin, King Richard II, on 16 July 1377, and in May 1387 was admitted to the Order of the Garter. He was close to the King throughout his life, and benefited even in his youth from numerous royal grants and appointments. On 25 February 1390, the King created him Earl of Rutland, and on 22 March 1391 made him admiral of the northern fleet; he was made sole admiral the following November. In 1392, he became a member of King Richard's council, and was with the King during a campaign in Ireland in 1394–5. Prior to that, although no patent has been found, he was created Earl of Cork. He used the styles of Rutland and Cork throughout the remainder of his life.
In the late 1390s, Edward was sent on embassies to France and to the Count Palatine and was appointed to numerous offices, including Constable of Dover Castle, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Keeper of the Channel Islands, Constable of the Tower, Warden of the New Forest, Keeper of Carisbrooke Castle and Lord of the Isle of Wight.
On 11 July 1397, Richard II arrested his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester. Rutland was granted Gloucester's office of Constable of England on 12 July and was one of an eight-member commission that on 5 August determined to accuse Gloucester, the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Arundel of high treason. Rutland was later accused of having sent his servants to assist in Gloucester's subsequent murder at Calais, an allegation he denied. However, on 28 September 1397, he received a large grant of Gloucester, Warwick and Arundel's forfeited lands. On 29 September, he was created Duke of Aumale, a title that had earlier been granted to Gloucester on 3 September 1385.
On 16 September 1398 Aumale presided as constable over the aborted judicial combat between Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV and Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, which ended with Bolingbroke and Norfolk being exiled by King Richard.
Additional royal grants followed during the final years of King Richard's reign. On 10 February 1398 Aumale was appointed Warden of the West March. On 11 August 1398 he was granted custody of the lands of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, during the latter's son's minority, and on 20 March 1399 lands which had lately belonged to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and which were part of the inheritance of his son, Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV.
In May 1399, Edward accompanied King Richard to Ireland, and in the King's absence, Henry Bolingbroke (the future King Henry IV) landed towards the end of June near Ravenspur, Yorkshire, with a small band of exiles. During the following three weeks, Bolingbroke's forces were augmented by loyal Lancastrian supporters and were soon joined by the most powerful of the northern magnates, the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland. King Richard's fatal decision to divide his army while still in Ireland has been attributed to advice from Edward. The King sent some of his troops ahead to North Wales under the command of the Earl of Salisbury, and about 19 July arrived at Milford Haven in South Wales with the rest of his forces. News of the strength of Bolingbroke's army then caused the King to desert the troops with him and travel to North Wales in an attempt to join Salisbury. However Salisbury's troops, having heard rumours of the King's death, had dispersed, and the army left behind by the King did so as well. Although he could have made his escape by sea, the King ensnared himself in negotiations with Bolingbroke. Meanwhile, Edward's father Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, who had been left in charge of the kingdom during King Richard's absence, and had raised an army on hearing of Bolingbroke's landing in Yorkshire, capitulated to Bolingbroke at Berkeley on 27 July. Edward speedily deserted to Bolingbroke as well and was reportedly wearing Bolingbroke's livery when he was among those sent by Bolingbroke to the King at Flint Castle.
Reign of Henry IV
In response to public animosity towards King Richard's closest associates, Henry IV deprived Edward of his office of Constable of the Tower on 31 August 1399, shortly after his accession. On 20 October 1399, he was imprisoned at Windsor Castle, and on 3 November deprived of the dukedom of Aumale, but not his other titles. Edward's period of disfavour was not long-lasting, however. The King confirmed him in his offices in connection with the Channel Islands and the Isle of Wight, and by 4 December 1399 had made him a member of his council.
Edward is alleged by a French chronicler to have betrayed to the King a conspiracy at the end of 1399 by a group of Richard II's former favourites who planned to murder Henry IV and his sons at a jousting tournament at Windsor Castle on 6 January 1400. But according to James Tait, contemporary English sources that describe the conspiracy make no mention of Edward, and his role in it is open to question.
In October 1400, the King made Edward Keeper of North Wales, and on 5 July 1401, his lieutenant in Aquitaine. On 1 August 1402, Edward's father died, and he succeeded to the Duchy of York, at which time his earldom of Rutland became extinct by the terms of its charter, although he continued to sign himself Earl of Rutland. By May 1403, he was back in England. He was employed by the King in a campaign in Wales in the fall of that year, and on 12 November, he was appointed Lieutenant for South Wales for three years. Both this and his appointment in Aquitaine proved very costly, and by June 1404, he had sold or pledged his plate and was contemplating mortgaging his lands to pay his troops in Wales.
In February 1405, the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, Glyndŵr's son-in-law Sir Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, entered into a tripartite indenture that proposed a threefold division of the kingdom. This agreement was apparently connected to a plot to free Mortimer's nephew Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, from King Henry's custody and carry him into Wales. On 13 February 1405, the young Edmund Mortimer and his brother Roger were abducted from Windsor Castle, but quickly recaptured near Cheltenham. Edward's sister Constance was held responsible and accused her brother of involvement in the failed abduction. He at first denied the charge, but later admitted to knowledge of the conspiracy. He was arrested and imprisoned for 17 weeks at Pevensey Castle, after which he petitioned for release, and by October was gradually being returned to favour. His lands were restored to him on 8 December 1405, and in November 1406, he was again made Constable of the Tower and continued to serve in a military capacity in Wales.
In the conflict over foreign policy between Henry IV and his heir, the Prince of Wales (the future King Henry V), that developed in the final years of Henry IV's reign, Edward apparently sided with the King. In 1412, he was again in France, this time in the company of the King's second son Thomas, to assist the Armagnac party against the Burgundians.
Reign of Henry V
Henry IV died on 20 March 1413. Edward may have returned to England for a brief time after the King's death, but by June 1413 he was preparing to campaign in Aquitaine. In August he was in Paris, negotiating for a marriage between the new King, Henry V, and Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI of France, but was back in England in October and active in diplomatic negotiations in the final months prior to Henry V's invasion of France in 1415.
A few days before the invasion of France, King Henry uncovered the Southampton Plot and the participation in it of Edward's younger brother, Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge, for which the younger brother was beheaded on 5 August 1415. Edward himself was not implicated in the conspiracy, and he departed with the army for France. He was present at the Siege of Harfleur, where he made his will on 17 August 1415, then he commanded the van on the army's march through northern France. He commanded the right wing at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, during which he became the highest-ranking English casualty. According to some, he rushed forward to save King Henry V who had been assisting his younger brother, Humphrey of Gloucester, and had been assailed and wounded by the Duke of Alençon. York's intervention saved the King's life but cost the duke his own. His death has been variously attributed to a head wound and to being 'smouldered to death' by 'much heat and pressing'. York was buried in the Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay, where he had earlier established a college for a master and twelve chaplains. The monument now in the church was erected during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
As Edward did not have any sons, his four-year-old nephew Richard, son of his brother Richard, inherited the titles of Duke of York and Earl of Rutland. As head of the House of York Richard would go on to challenge the Lancastrian claims to the English crown and thus start the Wars of the Roses.
Marriages
He married twice, but left no children:
Firstly in 1381 to Beatrice of Portugal, the daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. At the age of eight, Edward had been taken to Lisbon by his father and betrothed to Beatrice on 29 August 1381 as part of an alliance of England and Portugal against Castile, but after a rapprochement between Portugal and Castile, the marriage was annulled by papal dispensation, and Beatrice married King John I of Castile instead. Later, King Richard II suggested several possible brides for Edward, including Joan, sister of the king's wife, Isabella of Valois.
Secondly at some time before 7 October 1398 Edward married Philippa de Mohun, third daughter of Sir John V de Mohun, KG, feudal baron of Dunster in Somerset, by his wife Joan Burghersh, daughter of Bartholomew de Burghersh, 3rd Baron Burghersh, whose mother was Maud de Mortimer. Philippa brought little to her husband as her mother Joan Burghersh had sold Dunster Castle and the Mohun estates in 1376. Moreover, Philippa had produced no issue by her two previous husbands, Walter Fitzwalter, 3rd Baron Fitzwalter, and Sir John Golafre. The marriage was without issue. Philippa died on 17 July 1431 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Master of Game
York was Henry IV's Master of the Hart Hounds. Between 1406 and 1413 he translated and dedicated to the Prince of Wales the Livre de Chasse of Gaston III, Count of Foix, one of the most famous of the hunting treatises of the Middle Ages, to which he added five chapters of his own, the English version being known as The Master of Game.
Titles and arms
Titles
Duke of York (1 August 1402 – 25 October 1415)
Earl of Cambridge (1 August 1402 – c. 1414)
Duke of Aumale (29 September 1397 – 3 November 1399)
Earl of Rutland (25 February 1390 – 1 August 1402)
Earl of Cork (c. 1395)
Arms
As a grandson of the sovereign in the male line Edward of Norwich bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label 3-point, per pale Castile and Leon. In 1402 he inherited his father's arms, which were those of the kingdom differentiated by a label argent of three points, each bearing three torteaux gules.
Shakespeare and Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York
As the Duke of Aumerle, Edward of Langley is a major character in William Shakespeare's Richard II. His death at Agincourt (as Duke of York) is portrayed in Shakespeare's Henry V. There is no mention in either play, however, that the Duke of Aumerle portrayed in Richard II and the Duke of York portrayed in Henry V are, in fact, that same historical individual.
Footnotes
References
External links
Account of the Epiphany Rising
1373 births
1415 deaths
14th-century English nobility
15th-century English nobility
Edward, 2nd Duke of York
Dukes of York
Dukes of Albemarle
01
Earls of Cambridge
Earls of Cork
Knights of the Garter
English military personnel killed in action
Burials at the Church of Saint Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay
Male Shakespearean characters
English admirals
Lord High Admirals of England
14th-century English Navy personnel
Peers created by Richard II
People from Hertfordshire
|
[
-0.9743584394454956,
-0.6566598415374756,
0.4423007369041443,
-0.02719287946820259,
-0.17617997527122498,
0.7346753478050232,
0.12641778588294983,
-0.0053259460255503654,
-0.7439263463020325,
-0.3522597849369049,
-0.05995536223053932,
0.07746083289384842,
-0.32294583320617676,
-0.24775806069374084,
0.07393388450145721,
0.21568673849105835,
-0.14579781889915466,
-0.12667670845985413,
-0.5520017743110657,
-0.8861240148544312,
0.00822896882891655,
-0.07759290933609009,
0.1926540583372116,
0.3061417043209076,
-0.10480120033025742,
0.15615305304527283,
0.624562680721283,
-0.3776962459087372,
-0.3510684669017792,
-0.45136362314224243,
-0.01643168367445469,
0.3172434866428375,
-0.04321940243244171,
-0.30556657910346985,
-0.33840426802635193,
-0.01366256270557642,
-0.8489644527435303,
-0.5671734809875488,
-0.5160402059555054,
0.30418479442596436,
-0.004122227430343628,
0.214002788066864,
-0.14239263534545898,
0.5591055154800415,
-0.01203558687120676,
-0.42969027161598206,
-0.978656530380249,
0.20034360885620117,
-0.21625827252864838,
-0.43285679817199707,
0.5458188652992249,
0.3475871682167053,
-0.2860133945941925,
0.30471712350845337,
0.3155522644519806,
0.09012971818447113,
-0.7901524901390076,
0.10695458203554153,
0.3256567418575287,
-0.02186206914484501,
0.4620211124420166,
0.12512803077697754,
0.43482300639152527,
0.18431195616722107,
0.06931266188621521,
-0.3771074414253235,
0.45500946044921875,
0.5273808836936951,
-0.6929636597633362,
-0.21892285346984863,
0.006718475837260485,
0.21171113848686218,
0.03317803144454956,
0.8592432737350464,
-0.03333519399166107,
-0.17127372324466705,
0.6732022166252136,
0.19665741920471191,
0.49244794249534607,
-0.13965511322021484,
0.5188677310943604,
-0.3869355618953705,
0.8435719609260559,
0.3221219480037689,
0.06367228180170059,
0.6943843960762024,
0.009518630802631378,
0.6086738109588623,
-0.2797321677207947,
-0.38078778982162476,
-0.16707657277584076,
0.15069818496704102,
-0.010871291160583496,
-0.18562869727611542,
-0.1366921067237854,
0.2036229521036148,
-0.021709512919187546,
-0.544986367225647,
-0.17922616004943848,
-0.44117552042007446,
0.15457412600517273,
0.3698255121707916,
-0.16114553809165955,
0.15765437483787537,
-1.1862329244613647,
-0.15221570432186127,
-0.3292140066623688,
-0.22237810492515564,
0.1516110897064209,
0.3847092092037201,
-0.49828672409057617,
0.3124904930591583,
-0.14513176679611206,
-0.0787455290555954,
0.05751943960785866,
0.3016127347946167,
-0.19573305547237396,
-0.7753580808639526,
-0.9624683856964111,
-0.45855382084846497,
0.08232646435499191,
0.6433714628219604,
-0.5069786906242371,
0.8127551674842834,
0.0010967497946694493,
-0.06827490031719208,
0.5592674612998962,
0.35257747769355774,
0.24502457678318024,
0.010907748714089394,
0.012258736416697502,
0.713083028793335,
-0.8017007112503052,
-0.3169035315513611,
0.40796178579330444,
-0.2936132848262787,
-0.15597890317440033,
0.4876736104488373,
0.39243921637535095,
0.1744360774755478,
-0.6755139827728271,
-0.15373723208904266,
-0.2442188262939453,
0.07914978265762329,
0.26836255192756653,
-0.03772313892841339,
-0.12305381149053574,
-0.20455248653888702,
0.0825280174612999,
0.6755721569061279,
-0.1468554437160492,
0.5327193737030029,
-0.1629026234149933,
-0.6372181177139282,
0.10547024011611938,
0.7102838158607483,
0.4499005973339081,
-0.018874719738960266,
0.6339607834815979,
0.4881667196750641,
-0.12702251970767975,
-0.0736343190073967,
-0.6693809628486633,
-0.27477267384529114,
0.2175179272890091,
0.2545772194862366,
0.165127232670784,
-0.3933572471141815,
-0.3473837971687317,
-0.09870114177465439,
-0.7285364270210266,
0.23395876586437225,
0.02246199920773506,
-0.27776971459388733,
0.179231196641922,
0.6543467044830322,
0.402107298374176,
-0.04979283735156059,
0.3884378671646118,
-0.4690098464488983,
-0.7099792957305908,
-0.09562106430530548,
0.5615867972373962,
-0.6870837807655334,
0.17243409156799316,
0.29736828804016113,
0.46484673023223877,
-0.700249969959259,
0.34564754366874695,
-0.08186320960521698,
0.4901696741580963,
-0.3475787341594696,
-0.5700978636741638,
-0.5307920575141907,
0.5957474708557129,
0.21260763704776764,
-0.3678240478038788,
-0.23709850013256073,
-0.1500180959701538,
1.0430799722671509,
0.1729508638381958,
-0.29781949520111084,
0.2912348508834839,
0.1864626705646515,
0.3332521915435791,
-0.3973632752895355,
0.004246973432600498,
-0.3409985303878784,
0.8155317902565002,
0.626130223274231,
0.40290170907974243,
-0.260999470949173,
0.021288396790623665,
0.37839287519454956,
-0.5063823461532593,
-0.6382660865783691,
0.460798442363739,
-0.10550448298454285,
0.32739192247390747,
-0.8088119029998779,
0.5448654890060425,
0.3039306402206421,
-0.1846199631690979,
0.569699227809906,
-0.2842490077018738,
1.0203766822814941,
-0.7664869427680969,
0.18741410970687866,
-0.678477942943573,
-0.9933348298072815,
-0.33977437019348145,
0.44994229078292847,
-0.1810041069984436,
0.10807104408740997,
0.4015016555786133,
-0.20640993118286133,
0.05436727777123451,
-0.06361882388591766,
0.08750931173563004,
-0.0847010686993599,
-0.11797160655260086,
0.28600022196769714,
-0.47064754366874695,
0.6895351409912109,
-0.2871582806110382,
0.4769812226295471,
-0.0644800066947937,
0.046034082770347595,
0.06486284732818604,
-0.3807203471660614,
0.23703370988368988,
-0.033950794488191605,
0.0792260617017746,
0.14389054477214813,
0.32430967688560486,
-0.4306274354457855,
0.03388938680291176,
0.08618465065956116,
-0.056407809257507324,
0.8904552459716797,
-0.2523438036441803,
0.34653782844543457,
-0.3270064890384674,
0.7792518734931946,
0.17143003642559052,
-0.3061618506908417,
0.144828662276268,
-0.2548782229423523,
0.18950650095939636,
-0.2782135307788849,
0.6289086937904358,
-0.43200159072875977,
-0.48409968614578247,
-0.5758360624313354,
0.43282008171081543,
-0.26575347781181335,
0.14691294729709625,
0.7870498895645142,
-0.39613261818885803,
-1.0094326734542847,
0.03462066873908043,
0.8145002126693726,
-0.4451063573360443,
0.12369813770055771,
0.026274893432855606,
0.07845020294189453,
-0.15499436855316162,
-0.5911394357681274,
-0.2546609342098236,
-0.36024925112724304,
0.07806538790464401,
-0.012434701435267925,
-0.20801962912082672,
0.20833203196525574,
-0.4157235026359558,
0.7151726484298706,
-0.4400385916233063,
-0.1028105765581131,
-0.1978389471769333,
-0.1936553716659546,
-0.5598626136779785,
-0.1906159371137619,
-0.13020837306976318,
0.23315085470676422,
0.6052358150482178,
-0.287287175655365,
0.051979150623083115,
-0.21265053749084473,
-5.561287879943848,
-0.03442775085568428,
-0.06646271795034409,
0.07336915284395218,
0.574545681476593,
0.05824745446443558,
0.3611259162425995,
-0.39514270424842834,
0.2992422580718994,
0.16497203707695007,
0.42772889137268066,
-0.32241344451904297,
0.1109011322259903,
0.263071745634079,
0.8092885613441467,
0.38716283440589905,
0.9119866490364075,
-0.09284770488739014,
0.3981529176235199,
-0.042437564581632614,
-0.11232009530067444,
0.2650010287761688,
-0.21703845262527466,
0.19169019162654877,
0.31799647212028503,
0.2985895276069641,
-0.2628708779811859,
-0.43693578243255615,
-0.8882860541343689,
-0.7057409286499023,
-0.10734324157238007,
0.24970078468322754,
0.515159547328949,
-0.008207871578633785,
-0.3183143734931946,
-0.28578194975852966,
0.3447941243648529,
0.9468942284584045,
-0.2999238967895508,
-0.09108342975378036,
0.2042570263147354,
-0.19811224937438965,
-0.45844340324401855,
0.44491368532180786,
0.44901159405708313,
-0.5248974561691284,
-1.0597784519195557,
0.02718580886721611,
-0.320115327835083,
0.31092265248298645,
0.10559885948896408,
0.8147193789482117,
0.32952308654785156,
0.07137459516525269,
-0.17076779901981354,
0.46544474363327026,
0.030437730252742767,
0.2519049644470215,
-0.17277304828166962,
0.32565295696258545,
0.5442084074020386,
-0.41599228978157043,
0.07885134965181351,
0.7718670964241028,
0.13249243795871735,
0.04952726885676384,
0.06807160377502441,
-0.23221789300441742,
0.7313476204872131,
0.2059110552072525,
-0.36857202649116516,
0.1335139125585556,
0.7856934070587158,
-0.9654666781425476,
0.13091252744197845,
-0.2586703896522522,
-0.1786492019891739,
0.38832196593284607,
0.19679215550422668,
-0.21132484078407288,
-0.01894274540245533,
-0.3380308151245117,
-0.012908268719911575,
0.6356241703033447,
-0.019024675711989403,
0.0510091707110405,
-0.24943996965885162,
0.12808959186077118,
0.04681606590747833,
0.040052346885204315,
0.25458890199661255,
-0.3025885224342346,
-0.35483843088150024,
0.42807167768478394,
0.21532858908176422,
-0.35822200775146484,
-0.20438146591186523,
0.30155473947525024,
0.5055367350578308,
0.19364231824874878,
-0.1497884839773178,
0.3169988691806793,
-0.4868883192539215,
-0.730076014995575,
0.26612839102745056,
-0.10344924032688141,
-0.0747302770614624,
0.004865542985498905,
-0.009721949696540833,
-0.14310261607170105,
0.34691065549850464,
-0.1653878539800644,
-0.30783316493034363,
-0.5642534494400024,
-0.5068351626396179,
-0.3009592294692993,
-0.09309381991624832,
-0.1028667688369751,
0.8535326719284058,
0.11295070499181747,
-0.406292587518692,
0.6868467926979065,
-0.20846909284591675,
-0.28107646107673645,
-0.6622000336647034,
0.3035491406917572,
0.3201318681240082,
-0.03916067257523537,
-0.6992266774177551,
-0.1189289465546608,
0.4516652822494507,
-0.019938470795750618,
-0.3222932517528534,
0.18650223314762115,
-0.26423490047454834,
-0.5895527601242065,
0.006280150264501572,
-0.3398573100566864,
0.2786921262741089,
-0.15646767616271973,
-0.07518509030342102,
0.08877529203891754,
0.21737125515937805,
-0.22597303986549377,
0.027279747650027275,
-0.1877015233039856,
0.33465221524238586,
0.2256859391927719,
-0.25287994742393494,
0.5517391562461853,
0.0766562968492508,
0.007752985693514347,
0.6297569870948792,
-0.08214706182479858,
-0.3499065041542053,
-0.1371796876192093,
-0.17746399343013763,
0.005868305917829275,
-0.041217152029275894,
-0.11225885897874832,
-0.009796682745218277,
-0.09736713767051697,
-0.6125006079673767,
0.028627915307879448,
0.5954671502113342,
0.12595857679843903,
-0.9290222525596619,
-0.6008095145225525,
-0.5978491902351379,
0.8792181611061096,
0.20394130051136017,
-0.5292737483978271,
-0.29260510206222534,
-0.42840880155563354,
0.2590334713459015,
-0.17126786708831787,
0.2338923066854477,
-0.015574052929878235,
0.002914894837886095,
0.07923181354999542,
0.3604739308357239,
0.07676009088754654,
-0.5352843403816223,
-0.143442302942276,
1.1230127811431885,
-0.4654242694377899,
-0.4801093339920044,
-0.5667836666107178,
0.005301781930029392,
-0.2382950633764267,
-0.3759804964065552,
-0.2553218603134155,
0.2574169933795929,
0.44750574231147766,
0.04163997247815132,
0.2826787531375885,
0.43542224168777466,
0.10858945548534393,
-0.11989793926477432,
-0.37664172053337097,
-0.5741332769393921,
0.531402587890625,
-0.20428839325904846,
-0.2148859202861786,
0.005475353915244341,
-0.7675173282623291,
-0.2300635278224945,
-0.23198947310447693,
-0.12825337052345276,
0.379296213388443,
-0.25749120116233826,
-0.6746840476989746,
-0.013676932081580162,
-0.007861744612455368,
-0.0036831616889685392,
0.6307157874107361,
-0.43899187445640564,
-0.120003841817379,
0.014744442887604237,
-0.6901779174804688,
-0.42510849237442017,
-0.31560125946998596,
-0.4294593632221222,
0.06669209897518158,
-0.28497856855392456,
0.19887477159500122,
0.7813993692398071,
0.16933807730674744,
0.4918721616268158,
-0.5451290607452393,
-0.09794618934392929,
-0.01889663375914097,
-0.38726451992988586,
0.826767086982727,
0.29192134737968445,
0.046345289796590805,
0.7238937616348267,
-0.07122279703617096,
0.2579989731311798,
0.3126484155654907,
0.7655022144317627,
1.5167419910430908,
-0.14431443810462952,
-0.408610463142395,
0.423326700925827,
0.052410341799259186,
-0.0020767650566995144,
-0.38029906153678894,
0.022585297003388405,
-0.05662131309509277,
0.30304643511772156,
-0.697385847568512,
-0.6817035675048828,
0.1581505686044693,
0.8283533453941345,
-0.8743364810943604,
0.10511060059070587,
0.38130757212638855,
0.18989498913288116,
-0.20399390161037445,
-0.2389812022447586,
0.3363747000694275,
-0.013714735396206379,
0.1297731250524521,
0.13015592098236084,
0.01372667495161295,
-0.4372388422489166,
-0.11909312754869461,
-0.06739646196365356,
-0.3966898024082184,
-0.7705249190330505,
-0.306180477142334,
-0.38001295924186707,
0.2976391911506653,
-0.0011109869228675961,
-0.01790405996143818,
0.15634629130363464,
-0.6100702285766602,
1.3270844221115112,
-0.15868330001831055,
-0.9731303453445435,
-0.10834292322397232,
0.24830332398414612,
-0.2326948195695877,
-0.25652000308036804,
-0.4048597514629364,
0.34185823798179626,
0.2568439543247223,
-0.038581445813179016,
0.29454588890075684,
-0.11397591978311539,
-0.1744442880153656,
0.2277543991804123,
-0.44480329751968384,
-0.014457355253398418,
0.21472980082035065,
-0.19765131175518036,
-0.2839089035987854,
0.08523695915937424,
-0.48089534044265747,
-0.5217545032501221,
0.8145477771759033,
0.2755207121372223,
0.03871399536728859,
0.2867772877216339,
0.31484323740005493,
-0.20383672416210175,
-0.9692967534065247,
-0.7041170001029968,
0.256341814994812,
0.4675975739955902,
-0.6126012206077576,
-0.30982816219329834,
0.3821992576122284,
-0.11452847719192505,
-0.48317238688468933,
0.5005524158477783,
-0.4029356837272644,
-0.12272948026657104,
-0.34330108761787415,
0.2070218175649643,
-0.058296363800764084,
-0.06750883907079697,
-0.09286834299564362,
0.6879060864448547,
0.40121468901634216,
-0.5275576114654541,
-0.1066528782248497,
-0.5499905347824097,
0.5111593008041382,
0.10580148547887802,
0.12020120024681091,
-1.0270875692367554,
0.964129626750946,
0.07306130230426788,
-0.26589757204055786,
0.5041012167930603,
-0.29399511218070984,
0.22658559679985046,
0.39443355798721313,
0.43048346042633057,
0.8181924819946289,
-0.3068411648273468,
-0.05037574842572212,
-0.5085309743881226,
0.6481544375419617,
-0.14069059491157532,
-0.14839087426662445,
0.09865916520357132,
0.19908492267131805,
0.7007740139961243,
0.24920247495174408,
-0.13183271884918213,
-0.886566698551178,
0.15152864158153534,
0.8428179025650024,
0.7945368885993958,
-0.19268353283405304,
-0.26517295837402344,
0.010178274475038052,
0.3169368505477905,
-0.1799340844154358,
0.9205737113952637,
-0.10959921032190323,
-0.21950362622737885,
-0.20188581943511963,
0.1934259533882141,
0.4571562111377716,
0.19362322986125946,
0.10719097405672073,
0.22706261277198792,
-0.07602697610855103,
-0.3898472189903259,
-0.719510018825531,
-0.1849667876958847,
0.9692404866218567,
0.30712902545928955,
0.11383477598428726,
0.14344744384288788,
-0.23751264810562134,
-0.6876029968261719,
-0.15055523812770844,
0.16577352583408356,
-0.6103517413139343,
0.23210829496383667,
-0.21090330183506012,
-0.1026391088962555,
0.5935958027839661,
-0.7414708137512207,
-0.45479974150657654,
0.1087561547756195,
-0.5558808445930481,
-0.2028682827949524,
0.1580992043018341,
-0.9181984663009644,
-0.16698011755943298,
-0.09478821605443954,
0.8227607011795044,
0.435456246137619,
-0.20400458574295044,
-0.10749033838510513,
0.1703391671180725,
-0.4564369022846222,
0.2884964644908905,
0.09465806931257248,
0.6604507565498352,
-0.3909743130207062,
-0.4053875505924225,
-0.8602444529533386,
0.45652255415916443,
0.09720602631568909,
-0.42145007848739624,
-0.5683602690696716,
0.24629005789756775,
0.28285813331604004,
0.3076779544353485,
0.42447134852409363,
-0.4464600682258606,
-0.3800240457057953,
-0.33688968420028687,
0.19327564537525177,
0.20130100846290588,
0.4758823812007904,
-0.06363294273614883,
0.21996784210205078,
0.22676654160022736,
0.9193446636199951,
-0.06776613742113113,
-0.786692202091217,
0.4619155824184418,
-0.3442964255809784,
0.07022639364004135,
-0.8482385873794556,
-0.15874888002872467,
0.5915985703468323,
0.34334927797317505,
0.6248406767845154,
0.8419457674026489,
-0.3554471433162689,
-0.06365135312080383,
-0.141890749335289,
0.023341096937656403,
0.7915139198303223,
-0.16005252301692963,
0.29910019040107727,
-0.6521841287612915,
0.07227647304534912,
-0.04685038700699806,
-0.14943772554397583,
0.9096105694770813,
0.3396579623222351,
0.09548881649971008,
0.4902721047401428,
-0.6172588467597961,
0.3760162591934204,
-0.1103559210896492,
-0.3957035541534424,
-0.3903614282608032,
0.2951507568359375,
0.14516401290893555
] |
211068
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20of%20Conisburgh%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Cambridge
|
Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
|
Richard of Conisbrough, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (20 July 1385 – 5 August 1415) was the second son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York. He was beheaded for his part in the Southampton Plot, a conspiracy against King Henry V. He was the father of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and the grandfather of King Edward IV and King Richard III.
Early life
Richard of York was born about 20 July 1385 at Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire, the second son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and his first wife, Isabella of Castille. On his father's side, he was the grandson of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, and on his mother's side, the grandson of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and León, and his favourite mistress, María de Padilla (died 1361). His godfather was King Richard II. There is no record of his birth or baptism and others put his birth in about 1375. Richard II was at York on 20 July 1385, and in 1375 the future king was only eight years old; it was unlikely he would have been a godfather at that age, and with his father still alive.
Richard was twelve years younger than his brother, Edward. Strangely, Richard received no lands from his father and was mentioned neither in his father's will nor his brother's will. This circumstance has been taken by G.L. Harriss as an indication that Richard's father and brother did not recognize him as a full blood relative, and that he may have been the child of an illicit liaison between his mother and the king's half-brother John Holland.
Although Edmund of Langley made no provision for Richard in his will of 25 November 1400, his mother Isabella named King Richard II as her heir before her death on 23 December 1392 and requested him to grant her younger son an annuity of 500 marks. The king complied. On 3 February 1393, he provided his godson with an annuity of £100 from the revenues in Yorkshire that Isabella had formerly received, and on 16 March 1393, he provided him with a further annuity of 350 marks (£233 6s 8d) from the Exchequer. According to T. B. Pugh, further largess from the king might have been expected when Richard came of age, however Richard II was deposed in 1399. According to G. L. Harriss, Richard of York 'received no favours from the new King, Henry IV'. After Henry IV's accession, Richard's annuities, his sole source of income, were either paid irregularly, or not paid at all.
From April 1403 to October 1404, Richard commanded a small force defending Herefordshire against the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, but otherwise performed no notable military service. However, it was during this period, according to T. B. Pugh, that Richard established the relationships with the Mortimer and Cherleton families that brought about his marriage to Anne de Mortimer. Richard's only other significant appointment during this period came in August 1406 when, together with the Bishop of Bath, Lord FitzHugh, and Lord Scrope, he was chosen to escort King Henry's daughter Philippa to Denmark for her marriage to King Eric. Richard was knighted in July of that year, perhaps in anticipation of this embassy. Pugh notes that during this three-month embassy to Denmark, Richard would have become well acquainted with Lord Scrope, who married Richard's stepmother Joan Holland in September 1411, and with whom Richard later became involved in the Southampton Plot of 1415 that cost them both their lives.
Southampton Plot
In the Parliament of 1414, Richard was created Earl of Cambridge, a title formerly held by his elder brother, Edward, 2nd Duke of York, who had earlier ceased to be Earl of Cambridge either by resignation or deprivation of the title.
Richard's creation as Earl of Cambridge in 1414, however, brought with it no accompanying grant of lands, and according to Harriss, Cambridge was 'the poorest of the earls' who were to set out on Henry V's invasion of France. As a result, he lacked the resources to equip himself properly for the expedition. Perhaps partly for this reason, Cambridge conspired with Lord Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey to depose King Henry and place his late wife Anne's brother Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, on the throne. On 31 July, Mortimer revealed the plot to the king. Later, he served on the commission that condemned Cambridge to death. Although Cambridge pleaded with the king for clemency, he was beheaded on 5 August 1415 and buried in the chapel of God's House at Southampton (now St. Julien's Church, Southampton). The fleet set sail for France a few days later, on 11 August 1415.
The Southampton Plot is dramatised in Shakespeare's Henry V, and in the anonymous play, The History of Sir John Oldcastle.
Legacy
Although Cambridge's title was forfeited, he was not attainted, and his four-year-old son Richard was his heir. Within three months, Cambridge's elder brother, Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, was slain at Agincourt, and Cambridge's four-year-old son eventually inherited his uncle's titles and estates as well as his father's.
In the parliament of 1461, King Edward IV had the sentence that had been passed on his grandfather, Richard, Earl of Cambridge, annulled as 'irregular and unlawful'.
Marriages and issue
Early in 1408 Richard married Anne de Mortimer, the eldest of the four children of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, and Eleanor Holland. Anne was a niece of Richard's stepmother Joan Holland.
The marriage took place secretly, without parental consent, and was validated on 23 May 1408 by papal dispensation. It brought Richard no financial benefit, since Anne's only income was an annuity of £50 granted for her maintenance by Henry IV in 1406.
By his first wife, Cambridge had two sons and a daughter:
Isabel of York (1409 – 2 October 1484), who in 1412, at three years of age, was betrothed to Sir Thomas Grey, son and heir of Sir Thomas Grey of Heaton in Norham, Northumberland, and his wife, Alice Neville, the daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, by whom she had one son. Before 25 April 1426, Isabel married secondly Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, by whom she had seven sons and one daughter. This marriage was later validated by papal dispensation.
Henry of York.
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (22 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), who married Cecily Neville, the youngest daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, by whom he had twelve children: Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter; Henry; King Edward IV; Edmund, Earl of Rutland; Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk; Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy; William; John; George, Duke of Clarence; Thomas; King Richard III; and Ursula.
Anne de Mortimer died on 22 September 1411 soon after the birth of her son Richard. She was buried at Kings Langley, Hertfordshire, once the site of Kings Langley Palace, perhaps in the conventual church which houses the tombs of her husband's father Edmund and his first wife Isabella of Castile.
After the death of Anne de Mortimer, Cambridge married Maud Clifford, the divorced wife of John Neville, 6th Baron Latimer, and daughter of Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford, by Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros, of Helmsley.
After Cambridge's death in 1415, his second wife, Maud Clifford, is said to have lived in 'great state' at Conisbrough Castle and elsewhere. She died on 26 August 1446 and was buried at Roche Abbey, Yorkshire. She left a will dated 15 August 1446 in which no mention is made of her stepchildren.
Arms
Richard bore his father's arms (those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, each bearing three torteaux gules), differenced by a bordure Leon.
Notes
References
First version at Wikisource: .
Further reading
External links
For the Cambridge conspiracy in The History of Sir John Oldcastle, see
Burke's Peerage Retrieved 9 December 2011.
1385 births
1415 deaths
Earls of Cambridge
Peers created by Henry V
English rebels
Executed people from South Yorkshire
Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
People executed under the Lancastrians
People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation
People from Conisbrough
Younger sons of dukes
|
[
-1.0041884183883667,
0.05767514556646347,
0.3345569670200348,
0.08896473795175552,
-0.34680283069610596,
0.9516376256942749,
0.2539997696876526,
0.392388254404068,
-0.4811062216758728,
-0.4795166254043579,
-0.22148014605045319,
0.18101783096790314,
-0.23166732490062714,
-0.08552306145429611,
-0.008682302199304104,
-0.19361960887908936,
0.33056384325027466,
-0.5919623374938965,
-0.08562067896127701,
-0.8577464818954468,
0.1416662633419037,
-0.05166427418589592,
0.01918705366551876,
0.47157153487205505,
0.03662925213575363,
0.21264445781707764,
0.48490577936172485,
-0.30812543630599976,
-0.11660946905612946,
-0.5136944651603699,
0.2948003113269806,
0.23342379927635193,
0.4250105321407318,
-0.284864604473114,
-0.21662373840808868,
-0.22856181859970093,
-0.18430563807487488,
-0.21758678555488586,
0.10871724039316177,
0.469247967004776,
0.03280337527394295,
0.33251968026161194,
0.050817348062992096,
0.4272492527961731,
-0.23890244960784912,
-0.45320338010787964,
-0.9659429788589478,
0.48290544748306274,
-0.13125436007976532,
-0.4403802752494812,
0.5543604493141174,
0.36813855171203613,
0.48322561383247375,
0.2736067771911621,
0.3536783754825592,
0.2913723587989807,
-0.9109578728675842,
-0.39476320147514343,
0.2518235146999359,
0.20089614391326904,
0.4032443165779114,
0.520735502243042,
0.2767215669155121,
0.3628274202346802,
-0.4218021035194397,
-0.3682691752910614,
0.2731097936630249,
0.3908870220184326,
-0.6257326602935791,
-0.5272727608680725,
0.034993868321180344,
0.4790799021720886,
-0.00925537385046482,
0.7343769073486328,
-0.10715524852275848,
-0.2095165252685547,
0.12042801827192307,
0.13146156072616577,
0.5955647826194763,
-0.3385297954082489,
0.6139020323753357,
-0.5484442710876465,
0.4223994314670563,
0.5622772574424744,
0.37177324295043945,
0.48249131441116333,
-0.5412655472755432,
0.31127554178237915,
-0.2651090621948242,
-0.11553529649972916,
-0.37248799204826355,
0.16521190106868744,
-0.17731937766075134,
0.18348243832588196,
-0.3768257200717926,
0.5473207235336304,
0.028430895879864693,
-0.4826640486717224,
0.09028742462396622,
-0.6180489659309387,
-0.00530859362334013,
0.06716782599687576,
0.3796994090080261,
0.1801517754793167,
-1.0531612634658813,
0.015897342935204506,
-0.4366558790206909,
-0.307508647441864,
-0.3845898509025574,
0.33666297793388367,
-0.2941645383834839,
0.3945889472961426,
-0.33761563897132874,
-0.19907958805561066,
0.19936102628707886,
0.22662459313869476,
-0.5204566717147827,
-1.0049691200256348,
-0.7054587006568909,
-0.2751459777355194,
-0.31524187326431274,
0.7306250333786011,
-0.21710696816444397,
0.8777164816856384,
-0.18192987143993378,
0.04448871687054634,
0.4234263300895691,
0.321515828371048,
-0.033895477652549744,
0.03029707446694374,
0.17682844400405884,
1.052756428718567,
-0.8240952491760254,
-0.377453476190567,
0.3333623707294464,
-0.1925295740365982,
0.26867642998695374,
0.2490019053220749,
-0.09670457243919373,
0.5079568028450012,
-0.6756247878074646,
-0.7915046811103821,
-0.02987607568502426,
0.4285587668418884,
0.17589707672595978,
0.14134728908538818,
0.10821683704853058,
-0.18925391137599945,
-0.34649521112442017,
0.5389578938484192,
0.3544151782989502,
0.4947376251220703,
0.01624242775142193,
-0.7874273657798767,
0.0958821028470993,
0.4488290846347809,
0.6584047675132751,
0.06714800745248795,
0.23608973622322083,
0.46992605924606323,
-0.21147803962230682,
-0.046490687876939774,
-0.6345431208610535,
-0.3650457561016083,
0.21871249377727509,
-0.17892003059387207,
0.7105603814125061,
-0.5852166414260864,
-0.6107821464538574,
0.022811036556959152,
-0.8519642949104309,
0.05365608260035515,
-0.04251181706786156,
-0.24498368799686432,
-0.023740386590361595,
0.5202522873878479,
0.46483463048934937,
-0.2005872130393982,
0.4000050127506256,
-0.6048225164413452,
-0.6433373093605042,
-0.03274063766002655,
0.2916725277900696,
-0.20298562943935394,
0.27369534969329834,
0.2600434720516205,
-0.1845128834247589,
-0.7149998545646667,
-0.2068236768245697,
-0.1687837392091751,
0.22168654203414917,
-0.5779898762702942,
-0.24329130351543427,
-0.4418705403804779,
0.9221909046173096,
-0.013274073600769043,
-0.18225045502185822,
0.21717217564582825,
-0.1448318362236023,
1.0888280868530273,
-0.00815276987850666,
0.09029056131839752,
0.34601569175720215,
0.17732009291648865,
-0.0812142938375473,
-0.36743858456611633,
-0.1317622810602188,
0.19892510771751404,
0.8709397912025452,
0.8897934556007385,
0.33725234866142273,
-0.16058936715126038,
-0.3726586699485779,
0.5074207186698914,
-0.37601855397224426,
-0.3451400697231293,
0.37448054552078247,
-0.1271052062511444,
0.3628312051296234,
-0.8217648863792419,
0.38498571515083313,
0.01969338208436966,
0.5256409049034119,
0.8009908199310303,
-0.04966026172041893,
1.2384710311889648,
-0.28838464617729187,
0.31359148025512695,
-0.9758856296539307,
-1.0546494722366333,
-0.39099621772766113,
0.4189244508743286,
0.1824537217617035,
-0.5492308735847473,
0.4868866503238678,
-0.044197648763656616,
0.09387706220149994,
-0.5531144738197327,
0.06010989099740982,
0.19544556736946106,
-0.20976470410823822,
-0.019348742440342903,
-0.3802529275417328,
0.5026528239250183,
-0.12683981657028198,
0.26580196619033813,
-0.1689578741788864,
-0.12205548584461212,
0.18395589292049408,
-0.38683006167411804,
-0.002921882551163435,
0.18828217685222626,
-0.24847187101840973,
0.021980242803692818,
-0.25027695298194885,
-0.20362402498722076,
0.07855726033449173,
0.17060931026935577,
-0.03864559158682823,
0.6474581360816956,
-0.1642909198999405,
0.29372936487197876,
0.05520324409008026,
0.5387417078018188,
0.17872749269008636,
-0.35159534215927124,
0.15901267528533936,
-0.6400138735771179,
0.3528905212879181,
-0.39415156841278076,
0.08973972499370575,
-0.32969337701797485,
-0.617529571056366,
-0.1966833770275116,
0.019253641366958618,
-0.1925545334815979,
-0.6595979928970337,
0.7225619554519653,
-0.3249952495098114,
-0.7583813071250916,
-0.0029064975678920746,
0.14140339195728302,
-0.8305619359016418,
0.4258989691734314,
-0.02747095376253128,
0.21675170958042145,
-0.12550826370716095,
-0.7743526101112366,
-0.17998835444450378,
-0.24465589225292206,
0.1245172992348671,
0.314425528049469,
-0.3144882619380951,
-0.13504083454608917,
0.21894578635692596,
0.8584882020950317,
-0.7518149018287659,
-0.4326648712158203,
-0.29496175050735474,
-0.029440034180879593,
-0.26176971197128296,
0.5110747814178467,
0.197479709982872,
0.28026890754699707,
0.5715651512145996,
-0.37805718183517456,
0.03847353160381317,
0.061850402504205704,
-5.458622932434082,
0.24953632056713104,
-0.21207499504089355,
0.17847764492034912,
0.5969297885894775,
-0.23031367361545563,
0.22759529948234558,
-0.5985955595970154,
0.2239554524421692,
0.19038300216197968,
0.892388641834259,
-0.008937167935073376,
-0.25022152066230774,
0.2390107810497284,
0.6800903081893921,
0.08067779988050461,
0.8899800777435303,
-0.3224281370639801,
0.3962163031101227,
0.2576790452003479,
-0.2849462628364563,
0.11197653412818909,
-0.047858864068984985,
0.47472086548805237,
0.42724135518074036,
0.12924528121948242,
0.04406652972102165,
-0.5978525876998901,
-0.8045385479927063,
-0.5856146216392517,
0.008322587236762047,
0.45419278740882874,
0.5099890828132629,
0.15715432167053223,
-0.7398058176040649,
-0.12781210243701935,
0.40140300989151,
0.5206601619720459,
-0.5486170649528503,
0.0888737291097641,
0.09937845915555954,
-0.09694570302963257,
-0.5487195253372192,
0.29197558760643005,
0.5348597168922424,
-0.5393593311309814,
-0.7319399118423462,
0.3501664400100708,
-0.27408039569854736,
0.4297192394733429,
-0.08450493216514587,
0.441189706325531,
0.08027490228414536,
0.05272556096315384,
-0.3657225966453552,
0.24730569124221802,
0.054050929844379425,
-0.3820645213127136,
-0.7414549589157104,
0.29394277930259705,
0.3555215895175934,
-0.605392336845398,
0.2897040545940399,
0.39476484060287476,
0.15481169521808624,
-0.13061648607254028,
0.17301267385482788,
-0.11803199350833893,
0.528388261795044,
0.48423638939857483,
0.06780250370502472,
0.5690311193466187,
0.6964126229286194,
-0.9262620806694031,
-0.21169479191303253,
-0.08746597915887833,
-0.015196816064417362,
0.35236504673957825,
0.10590481013059616,
-0.017258882522583008,
0.15348267555236816,
-0.10280480980873108,
-0.2559489607810974,
0.8412048816680908,
0.223624587059021,
-0.0050955889746546745,
-0.5066589713096619,
0.03617468476295471,
-0.21431249380111694,
0.24382548034191132,
0.432006299495697,
-0.5467177033424377,
-0.12881140410900116,
0.5358712673187256,
0.3622714579105377,
-0.2530410885810852,
-0.15814831852912903,
0.3084138333797455,
-0.08804651349782944,
0.010475017130374908,
-0.2716946005821228,
0.13945621252059937,
-0.24274498224258423,
-0.7012221813201904,
0.08097615838050842,
-0.1698567420244217,
-0.07969799637794495,
0.4103628695011139,
-0.2791401743888855,
0.04902833700180054,
0.3930205702781677,
-0.2880130410194397,
-0.17080630362033844,
-0.27689898014068604,
-0.24521909654140472,
-0.6787728667259216,
0.18340708315372467,
-0.23165389895439148,
0.6611576080322266,
0.06811779737472534,
-0.6111947298049927,
0.6192834377288818,
-0.58537757396698,
-0.4809628129005432,
-0.974539041519165,
0.11167681217193604,
0.3378448188304901,
-0.09728313237428665,
-0.7125467658042908,
0.22798892855644226,
0.1143498495221138,
0.31524017453193665,
-0.06209927797317505,
0.12619997560977936,
-0.26105427742004395,
-0.5419146418571472,
-0.09148725122213364,
-0.3967044949531555,
0.28932011127471924,
-0.06535491347312927,
0.19143901765346527,
0.32979220151901245,
0.3284633159637451,
-0.18537114560604095,
0.34085580706596375,
0.41214218735694885,
0.2976188659667969,
0.5027192234992981,
-0.43694186210632324,
0.5678150653839111,
0.1796644628047943,
-0.3833666443824768,
0.8374228477478027,
-0.03202812373638153,
-0.14980758726596832,
0.4416358470916748,
-0.34660786390304565,
0.059501372277736664,
-0.27873024344444275,
0.0697777271270752,
0.023177146911621094,
0.4343222379684448,
-0.19434994459152222,
-0.4294471740722656,
0.6812365651130676,
0.38430336117744446,
-0.8527894020080566,
-0.40505102276802063,
-1.1415598392486572,
0.6396214365959167,
0.3213701844215393,
-0.7656217217445374,
-0.1698734611272812,
-0.3115900754928589,
0.42029640078544617,
-0.36504366993904114,
0.2928009629249573,
0.45970696210861206,
-0.0065314811654388905,
0.09859257936477661,
0.13119487464427948,
-0.21678204834461212,
-0.10595506429672241,
-0.022075077518820763,
1.130476713180542,
-0.280347615480423,
-0.6425678730010986,
-0.6945481300354004,
0.22121870517730713,
0.038489121943712234,
-0.4467507600784302,
-0.3260166645050049,
0.6570048332214355,
0.485000878572464,
0.2573924958705902,
-0.01864130049943924,
0.5074593424797058,
0.2659769058227539,
0.018776297569274902,
-0.6934319734573364,
-0.7097075581550598,
0.7787038087844849,
-0.12110728770494461,
0.1528523862361908,
0.47604045271873474,
-0.6805632710456848,
-0.1060900092124939,
-0.2409316599369049,
0.041363272815942764,
0.2352631688117981,
-0.3441922962665558,
-0.8552709817886353,
0.22336147725582123,
0.1137143149971962,
-0.2708171308040619,
0.7297184467315674,
-0.06431761384010315,
0.13164393603801727,
0.05921810865402222,
-0.6176461577415466,
-0.3884788751602173,
-0.1765313744544983,
-0.6328343152999878,
-0.23207609355449677,
-0.4047183096408844,
0.21630221605300903,
0.41483253240585327,
-0.14612042903900146,
1.052964210510254,
0.015293397009372711,
-0.21828942000865936,
0.06646691262722015,
-0.32805219292640686,
0.6167387366294861,
0.11791486293077469,
-0.33447057008743286,
0.6441247463226318,
0.25239402055740356,
0.2881229519844055,
0.14487367868423462,
0.7358797192573547,
1.5315055847167969,
0.48121681809425354,
-0.04857352748513222,
0.1828126311302185,
0.32283729314804077,
-0.4095554053783417,
-0.03959507495164871,
-0.003496103221550584,
0.1528080403804779,
0.23665745556354523,
-0.5830065011978149,
-0.2537387013435364,
-0.5302583575248718,
0.35870325565338135,
-0.17279453575611115,
0.08679108321666718,
0.19055268168449402,
0.04895584285259247,
-0.027451271191239357,
-0.5502303242683411,
-0.06107860803604126,
-0.3338561952114105,
-0.12032637000083923,
-0.19275696575641632,
0.19825245440006256,
-0.20775143802165985,
-0.024169055745005608,
-0.06199945509433746,
-0.44774049520492554,
-0.3357056975364685,
-0.8551989793777466,
-0.35924088954925537,
0.1870935559272766,
0.16211138665676117,
-0.06951984763145447,
0.2297818511724472,
-0.4667125344276428,
1.2633932828903198,
-0.2793090045452118,
-0.7226839661598206,
-0.18415358662605286,
0.16392993927001953,
-0.5802446603775024,
-0.1289147436618805,
-0.1945229470729828,
0.03833365812897682,
0.20559071004390717,
0.4520597755908966,
0.233467698097229,
-0.24782511591911316,
-0.16635781526565552,
-0.08996710926294327,
-0.4573516249656677,
0.17143487930297852,
0.2838093340396881,
-0.14996953308582306,
0.12249342352151871,
-0.10986579954624176,
-0.3996998071670532,
-0.5104882717132568,
0.715261697769165,
0.4890490174293518,
0.1246548742055893,
0.4947699010372162,
0.4161597788333893,
-0.5425290465354919,
-0.6880346536636353,
-0.36750558018684387,
0.5231483578681946,
0.24444450438022614,
-0.49228835105895996,
-0.03389351814985275,
0.09221798926591873,
-0.6086030006408691,
-0.533351480960846,
0.4231475293636322,
-0.5588115453720093,
-0.3024742901325226,
-0.42528846859931946,
0.06271596997976303,
0.2975308895111084,
0.13937930762767792,
-0.18300838768482208,
0.6699008345603943,
0.41218411922454834,
-0.49263110756874084,
-0.08236143738031387,
-0.46834298968315125,
0.2275276929140091,
-0.0008279657340608537,
-0.13152112066745758,
-1.0124645233154297,
1.021314263343811,
0.10476801544427872,
0.024857398122549057,
0.18865248560905457,
-1.060808539390564,
0.22872385382652283,
0.1547551453113556,
0.7066826820373535,
1.2653028964996338,
-0.5332953929901123,
-0.3085480332374573,
-0.7845982313156128,
0.34701770544052124,
0.012571120634675026,
0.43880152702331543,
-0.3652019202709198,
0.25463277101516724,
0.39078202843666077,
-0.036264076828956604,
-0.03663448244333267,
-0.9727360010147095,
0.1814926415681839,
0.801030695438385,
0.2891727685928345,
-0.13316963613033295,
-0.5483405590057373,
-0.350314736366272,
-0.20925141870975494,
-0.2568448483943939,
0.7028884887695312,
-0.11109210550785065,
-0.12423986941576004,
0.07886097580194473,
0.5122184157371521,
0.4537510275840759,
0.37446075677871704,
-0.01830645650625229,
-0.36515140533447266,
-0.055874232202768326,
-0.005832680966705084,
-0.30569934844970703,
0.031733833253383636,
-0.047637175768613815,
0.026481445878744125,
-0.11426103115081787,
0.2586606740951538,
-0.6199581623077393,
-0.6611164212226868,
-0.8885709047317505,
-0.10270217061042786,
-0.5978349447250366,
0.0012124296044930816,
0.3206082284450531,
-0.14495687186717987,
0.5046806335449219,
-0.7907376289367676,
-0.360269695520401,
0.34494996070861816,
-0.2716686427593231,
0.02017173543572426,
0.5795170068740845,
-1.0167289972305298,
-0.2687682807445526,
-0.2967342734336853,
0.8984802961349487,
0.531376838684082,
0.18529236316680908,
-0.3740711510181427,
-0.5270972847938538,
-0.4215843379497528,
0.31822413206100464,
-0.16958768665790558,
0.2500588297843933,
-0.5062239170074463,
-0.24019630253314972,
-0.9886133074760437,
0.14634357392787933,
-0.23077957332134247,
-0.1698525846004486,
-0.38445714116096497,
0.2474849373102188,
0.08369740098714828,
0.37216851115226746,
0.4615216553211212,
-0.1515083909034729,
-0.2583109140396118,
0.25272804498672485,
-0.2143000066280365,
0.26158371567726135,
0.5362067222595215,
0.30247029662132263,
0.45951327681541443,
-0.11931241303682327,
0.7744463682174683,
-0.11358387023210526,
-0.7381428480148315,
0.3406091034412384,
-0.18655824661254883,
0.06973331421613693,
-0.5835407376289368,
0.031385526061058044,
0.3270873725414276,
0.21505770087242126,
0.8026385307312012,
1.0108270645141602,
-0.2163913995027542,
-0.20867067575454712,
-0.029394958168268204,
-0.2197595089673996,
0.6804783940315247,
0.26694658398628235,
0.6061093211174011,
-0.7021167874336243,
0.21760420501232147,
-0.577233612537384,
0.07854577898979187,
0.6006371378898621,
0.5843718647956848,
0.4657540023326874,
0.24285578727722168,
-0.5216318964958191,
0.10571199655532837,
-0.17899025976657867,
-0.5137664675712585,
-0.5111480355262756,
0.3862493336200714,
0.174554243683815
] |
211070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Quincy%20%28CA-39%29
|
USS Quincy (CA-39)
|
USS Quincy (CA-39) was a United States Navy , sunk at the Battle of Savo Island in 1942.
Construction
Quincy, the second ship to carry the name, was laid down by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, on 15 November 1933, launched on 19 June 1935, sponsored by Mrs. Catherine Adams-Morgan, wife of Henry S. Morgan, and commissioned at Boston, on 9 June 1936, Captain William Faulkner Amsden in command.
The New Orleans-class cruisers were the last US cruisers built to the specifications and standards of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Such ships, with a limit of 10,000 tons standard displacement and 8-inch caliber main guns, may be referred to as "treaty cruisers." Originally classified a light cruiser when she was authorized, because of her thin armor, she was reclassified a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch guns. The term "heavy cruiser" was not defined until the London Naval Treaty in 1930. This ship and were a slightly improved version of the New Orleans-class design.
Inter-war period
Soon after being assigned to Cruiser Division 8 (CruDiv8), Atlantic Fleet, Quincy was ordered to Mediterranean waters on 20 July 1936, to protect American interests in Spain during the height of the Spanish Civil War. Quincy passed through the Straits of Gibraltar on 26 July and arrived at Málaga, Spain on 27 July to assume her duties. While in Spanish waters, she operated with an international rescue fleet that included , , and . Quincy evacuated 490 refugees to Marseille and Villefranche, France, before being relieved by on 27 September.
Quincy returned to the Boston Navy Yard on 5 October for refit preparatory to final acceptance trials which were held from 15–18 March 1937. She got underway for the Pacific on 12 April to join CruDiv 7, transited the Panama Canal from 23–27 April and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 10 May.
Quincy sortied with Cruiser Divisions, Pacific Fleet on 20 May on a tactical exercise which was the first of many such maneuvers that she participated in during 1937–1938. From 15 March to 28 April, she engaged in important battle practice off Hawaii with the Pacific Fleet in Fleet Problem XIX. After an overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard, Quincy resumed tactical operations with her division off San Clemente, California, until her redeployment to the Atlantic on 4 January 1939.
Quincy transited the Panama Canal on 13 January bound for Guantanamo Bay where she engaged in gunnery practice and amphibious exercises. She also took part in Fleet Problem XX with the Atlantic Fleet from 13–26 February. Quincy later made a South American goodwill tour from 10 April to 12 June, and upon returning to Norfolk, embarked reservists for three training cruises from 9 July to 24 August. She spent the remainder of 1939 on patrol in the North Atlantic due to the outbreak of World War II.
After overhaul at Norfolk until 4 May 1940, Quincy again visited Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, returning to Norfolk on 22 September. She completed three more reserve training cruises from 1 October to 20 December.
Quincy was occupied in Atlantic Fleet maneuvers and landing force exercises off Culebra Island, Puerto Rico from 3 February to 1 April 1941. With the growth of hostilities in Europe, she was ordered to Task Force 2 (TF 2) and operated with in the mid-Atlantic, preserving US neutrality from 26 April to 6 June. Later, she operated with and TF 28 until sailing for home on 14 July.
World War II
On 28 July, Quincy sailed with TF 16 for Iceland on neutrality duty which included a patrol in the Denmark Straits from 21–24 September. She returned to Newfoundland with a convoy on 31 October. Quincy then proceeded to Cape Town, South Africa, via Trinidad, where she met a convoy which she escorted back to Trinidad on 29 December.
Quincy returned on 25 January 1942 to Icelandic waters on convoy duty with TF 15 and made a patrol in the Denmark Straits from 8–11 March. She departed on 14 March for the United States and an overhaul at the New York Navy Yard that lasted until the end of May.
Quincy sailed for San Diego on 5 June via the Panama Canal and arrived on 19 June. She was then assigned to TF 18 as the flagship of Rear Admiral Norman R. Scott, Commander, Cruisers.
Quincy got underway for the South Pacific in July with other vessels assembling for the invasion of Guadalcanal.
Prior to the Marine assault on Guadalcanal on 7 August, Quincy destroyed several Japanese installations and an oil depot during her bombardment of Lunga Point. She later provided close fire support for the Marines during the landing.
Loss at the Battle of Savo Island
While on patrol in the channel between Florida Island and Savo Island, in the early hours of 9 August, Quincy was attacked by a large Japanese naval force during the Battle of Savo Island.
Quincy, along with sister ships and , had seen aircraft flares dropped over other ships in the task force, and had just sounded general quarters and was coming alert when the searchlights from the Japanese column came on. Quincys captain, Samuel N. Moore, gave the order to commence firing, but the gun crews were not ready. Within a few minutes, Quincy was caught in a crossfire between Aoba, Furutaka, and Tenryū, and was hit heavily and set afire. Quincys captain ordered his cruiser to charge towards the eastern Japanese column, but as she turned to do so Quincy was hit by two torpedoes from Tenryū, causing severe damage. Quincy managed to fire a few main gun salvos, one of which hit Chōkai's chart room 6 meters (20 ft) from Admiral Mikawa and killed or wounded 36 men, although Mikawa was not injured. At 02:10, incoming shells killed or wounded almost all of Quincys bridge crew, including the captain. At 02:16, the cruiser was hit by a torpedo from Aoba, and the ship's remaining guns were silenced. Quincys assistant gunnery officer, sent to the bridge to ask for instructions, reported on what he found:
"When I reached the bridge level, I found it a shambles of dead bodies with only three or four people still standing. In the Pilot House itself the only person standing was the signalman at the wheel who was vainly endeavoring to check the ship's swing to starboard to bring her to port. On questioning him I found out that the Captain, who at that time was laying near the wheel, had instructed him to beach the ship and he was trying to head for Savo Island, distant some four miles (6 km) on the port quarter. I stepped to the port side of the Pilot House, and looked out to find the island and noted that the ship was heeling rapidly to port, sinking by the bow. At that instant the Captain straightened up and fell back, apparently dead, without having uttered any sound other than a moan."
Quincy sustained many direct hits which left 370 men dead and 167 wounded. She sank, bow first, at 02:38, being the first ship sunk in the area which was later known as Ironbottom Sound.
Rediscovery
Quincys wreck was discovered and explored by Robert Ballard and his crew in July and August 1992. Quincy sits upright in roughly of water. Her bow is missing forward of her number 1 turret, both forward turrets are trained to starboard, with turret 1 featuring a jammed gun, and one of turret 2's guns burst. Of the superstructure, the bridge is heavily damaged but intact, both funnels are missing, and the float plane hangar completely collapsed. Quincys stern is bent upwards aft of the number 3 turret, and heavily damaged by implosions.
Awards
Quincy earned one battle star during World War II.
See also
List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
References
External links
Navy photographs of Quincy (CA-39)
Ensign John M Villepigue lost with the USS Quincy
1935 ships
New Orleans-class cruisers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound
United States Navy Massachusetts-related ships
World War II cruisers of the United States
Maritime incidents in August 1942
1992 archaeological discoveries
|
[
-0.41573962569236755,
0.3235231935977936,
-0.7540693283081055,
0.5563755035400391,
0.15565375983715057,
0.4748373329639435,
0.4811822175979614,
-0.6015756130218506,
-0.7892381548881531,
0.16099871695041656,
0.12947021424770355,
0.4831560254096985,
-0.4504874050617218,
0.6598957777023315,
0.33353573083877563,
0.16764861345291138,
0.4532238245010376,
0.8448104858398438,
-0.5120325684547424,
-0.6438187956809998,
-0.3672320246696472,
-0.6194123029708862,
0.07878395169973373,
-0.03690372407436371,
-0.026839813217520714,
0.4125335216522217,
0.2177528291940689,
0.42742741107940674,
0.4949437379837036,
-0.062035344541072845,
0.07499625533819199,
0.5893673896789551,
0.5730654001235962,
-0.3041756749153137,
-0.21628080308437347,
-0.09131314605474472,
-0.03330598399043083,
-0.19014158844947815,
0.22703464329242706,
0.11336255073547363,
-0.3745761215686798,
0.19675257802009583,
0.34488916397094727,
0.2741076946258545,
0.0781087875366211,
0.36370429396629333,
-1.4722410440444946,
-0.1592196226119995,
0.3023703992366791,
-0.1507299691438675,
-0.1990443766117096,
-0.005178915802389383,
0.6077953577041626,
0.1505410522222519,
0.25623732805252075,
1.0662742853164673,
-1.0690934658050537,
-0.2781941890716553,
-0.2615872919559479,
-0.5924870371818542,
0.08881676942110062,
0.3320053815841675,
1.015537142753601,
0.2473156750202179,
0.054975900799036026,
0.24710899591445923,
-0.33171406388282776,
0.5019833445549011,
-0.07264557480812073,
-0.2554505169391632,
0.46954062581062317,
-0.4404618442058563,
0.16970854997634888,
0.3241550028324127,
-0.2592896521091461,
-0.10687233507633209,
-0.020367786288261414,
-0.415675550699234,
0.17063696682453156,
0.4913477599620819,
0.10955821722745895,
-0.024000465869903564,
0.9470458030700684,
0.12288067489862442,
0.1322782337665558,
0.2681576609611511,
-0.6112236976623535,
-0.08661667257547379,
-0.7097693085670471,
0.8783740997314453,
-0.41545534133911133,
-0.22884586453437805,
-0.05086440593004227,
0.549126148223877,
0.31700414419174194,
0.2712862491607666,
-0.09364434331655502,
0.24078863859176636,
0.1670917272567749,
0.13849608600139618,
-0.03152770176529884,
0.5339897871017456,
1.024898648262024,
0.4934658408164978,
-0.4057266414165497,
0.24745579063892365,
0.15128841996192932,
-0.3908453583717346,
-0.43529370427131653,
-0.050793133676052094,
-0.04636140167713165,
0.03163788840174675,
-0.45485442876815796,
0.18446458876132965,
-0.6788988709449768,
-0.1916394680738449,
0.3145517408847809,
-0.7350831031799316,
0.16071566939353943,
-0.19187884032726288,
0.26469823718070984,
1.0411561727523804,
-0.882377028465271,
-0.050618842244148254,
-0.020699989050626755,
0.7458146214485168,
0.5399646162986755,
0.31503137946128845,
-0.6942582130432129,
0.3807116746902466,
0.5551211833953857,
1.1997352838516235,
-0.42523902654647827,
0.14813151955604553,
-0.3584654629230499,
-0.4067749083042145,
0.033129800111055374,
0.5243857502937317,
-0.011627614498138428,
0.2908113896846771,
-0.9536652565002441,
-0.252903014421463,
-0.4023813307285309,
-0.10302943736314774,
0.6506374478340149,
-0.055638622492551804,
0.1669323444366455,
-0.006709731183946133,
-0.007328257896006107,
-0.2118077576160431,
0.2496575266122818,
-0.31434231996536255,
0.11110250651836395,
-0.17134204506874084,
-0.5726958513259888,
-0.12017276138067245,
0.1605312079191208,
-0.34163784980773926,
0.3217329680919647,
0.7960315942764282,
-0.5708277225494385,
0.08555853366851807,
-0.005716418847441673,
0.09994778782129288,
-0.27100828289985657,
0.5647211670875549,
0.9639120101928711,
-0.28547564148902893,
0.2837660610675812,
-0.21875303983688354,
-0.39724984765052795,
-0.38487574458122253,
0.26774078607559204,
-0.39141929149627686,
-0.5573908686637878,
-0.014936640858650208,
0.8621999621391296,
0.20838752388954163,
0.2604188024997711,
-0.6811096668243408,
-0.2981528043746948,
-0.2178497612476349,
0.16507671773433685,
-0.04456210136413574,
0.28539079427719116,
0.0604378841817379,
-0.05393911525607109,
-0.09820888191461563,
0.05855993553996086,
0.30758970975875854,
-0.10197357833385468,
0.02014298550784588,
0.32631275057792664,
-0.04561726003885269,
1.5112708806991577,
-0.07337857782840729,
-0.35945677757263184,
-0.1619468778371811,
0.23343361914157867,
0.4148962199687958,
0.12458721548318863,
-0.29089248180389404,
0.3100530803203583,
0.05370745062828064,
-0.8659946918487549,
0.2957044243812561,
0.09930990636348724,
0.8960757851600647,
0.02896866947412491,
1.3004838228225708,
-0.19636237621307373,
-0.4927656948566437,
-0.01883319579064846,
0.719061017036438,
-0.10314236581325531,
-0.2587162256240845,
-0.038311440497636795,
-0.7758925557136536,
0.05465611815452576,
-0.3188043236732483,
0.460758775472641,
0.07602114230394363,
-0.4954129457473755,
-0.11632407456636429,
0.0767253041267395,
0.5573155283927917,
-0.05395377427339554,
0.5624412894248962,
-0.3450115919113159,
-0.21065539121627808,
0.5770508646965027,
0.7833602428436279,
-0.4027068316936493,
-0.5249444246292114,
-0.13238278031349182,
0.5973332524299622,
-0.015616106800734997,
-0.6413646936416626,
0.5892817974090576,
-0.05548446998000145,
-0.19614282250404358,
0.8321169018745422,
-0.28948304057121277,
0.024760672822594643,
0.2718607187271118,
-0.46881523728370667,
0.065647192299366,
0.026488028466701508,
0.03346753865480423,
-0.4273962378501892,
0.1250929832458496,
0.16487771272659302,
0.24151772260665894,
-0.5519602298736572,
-0.16458383202552795,
-0.17986994981765747,
-0.5877211689949036,
-0.12139810621738434,
0.39085549116134644,
-0.25797322392463684,
0.12033365666866302,
0.29950714111328125,
0.40752390027046204,
0.22408998012542725,
0.5716260671615601,
-0.20273548364639282,
-0.5156663060188293,
0.10715169459581375,
0.053744103759527206,
-0.14335648715496063,
0.2846524119377136,
-0.15912790596485138,
0.6129724383354187,
-0.773428201675415,
0.6716264486312866,
0.8315638303756714,
-1.0822163820266724,
0.7206985950469971,
-0.4237729012966156,
-0.9038196206092834,
0.637087881565094,
0.7706064581871033,
-0.7612004280090332,
-0.585478663444519,
-0.38135772943496704,
-0.12354690581560135,
0.02680307812988758,
-0.7161357402801514,
-0.7441537976264954,
-0.19023022055625916,
-0.28553447127342224,
-0.375972181558609,
-0.5614073276519775,
0.3985285758972168,
0.07059255987405777,
0.3827228248119354,
-0.5327877998352051,
-0.5078099966049194,
-0.05967388674616814,
-0.36636537313461304,
-0.5655959844589233,
0.48622065782546997,
-0.4533408582210541,
-0.1353072077035904,
-0.06923341006040573,
-0.3353235721588135,
-0.4744930863380432,
0.48708900809288025,
-5.253054618835449,
0.13787278532981873,
-0.16308730840682983,
0.09325964748859406,
-0.05667854845523834,
0.10546786338090897,
-0.0881107896566391,
-0.4482661485671997,
0.09486112743616104,
-0.6440905928611755,
0.704406201839447,
0.20130814611911774,
-0.14731507003307343,
0.2070254683494568,
0.657379150390625,
0.19899241626262665,
0.8042200803756714,
-0.48653361201286316,
0.602685272693634,
-0.7096313238143921,
0.15840724110603333,
0.032194834202528,
0.2388906031847,
-0.0009228078415617347,
0.3116307258605957,
0.4301126301288605,
-0.5287770628929138,
0.08851016312837601,
-0.666824996471405,
0.23987829685211182,
-0.049052391201257706,
-0.13982711732387543,
-0.12710458040237427,
0.09215521812438965,
-0.08754168450832367,
-0.0639273151755333,
0.6136137843132019,
-0.009781800210475922,
-0.2899567484855652,
-0.1893821656703949,
-0.21972592175006866,
0.0015464562457054853,
-0.6086423397064209,
0.17291544377803802,
0.5002986788749695,
-0.49542224407196045,
-0.40120044350624084,
-0.10522401332855225,
0.26091986894607544,
0.6761714220046997,
0.3912193775177002,
0.11975191533565521,
0.401258260011673,
0.7095462083816528,
0.6519362926483154,
-0.443393737077713,
-0.15163654088974,
-0.28556936979293823,
-0.794529378414154,
-0.22035524249076843,
0.36006149649620056,
-0.11216682195663452,
-0.24476556479930878,
-0.939755380153656,
0.06775276362895966,
0.09782126545906067,
-0.3605613708496094,
-0.38637775182724,
0.4696488380432129,
-0.33032000064849854,
-0.3018648028373718,
1.2924546003341675,
-0.06010395288467407,
-0.8509917259216309,
0.25059688091278076,
-0.034992530941963196,
-0.38635721802711487,
0.07912995666265488,
-0.5125855207443237,
-0.046369221061468124,
0.28555482625961304,
-0.2144230455160141,
-0.0003374886582605541,
0.8529930114746094,
0.3473244309425354,
-0.39228200912475586,
-0.39277058839797974,
0.19210097193717957,
-0.5334846377372742,
0.4075387418270111,
0.28053128719329834,
-0.635225772857666,
0.5231041312217712,
0.3706490695476532,
0.25769105553627014,
-0.08902174979448318,
-0.2700202465057373,
0.5387062430381775,
0.6640794277191162,
-0.25880420207977295,
0.21045391261577606,
-0.6167123913764954,
-0.00048683618661016226,
-0.16914889216423035,
-0.17634165287017822,
-0.6999000906944275,
-0.13679386675357819,
-0.05072911083698273,
0.1634877473115921,
0.08257327228784561,
-0.2555456757545471,
-0.695096492767334,
-0.25101616978645325,
-0.1009640172123909,
0.5583420991897583,
-0.11650741845369339,
0.3781750500202179,
0.45417115092277527,
0.6985361576080322,
0.3763980269432068,
-0.09449499845504761,
0.6521052122116089,
0.06424169987440109,
-0.5562968850135803,
-0.5470477342605591,
-0.7470543384552002,
0.4550698399543762,
-0.18707022070884705,
-0.7236676216125488,
0.4588829576969147,
-0.3007453978061676,
0.5946030616760254,
-0.12178150564432144,
0.059729889035224915,
0.1480182409286499,
-0.3528503179550171,
-0.3099803030490875,
0.04374070465564728,
0.30012303590774536,
-0.21755480766296387,
-0.6098383069038391,
-0.2141963243484497,
-0.477010041475296,
0.05820970982313156,
0.4888872802257538,
0.3064386546611786,
0.35906094312667847,
-0.29015758633613586,
-0.17517243325710297,
0.427326500415802,
-1.0150303840637207,
-0.8498424291610718,
0.09731679409742355,
-0.32127097249031067,
0.17649772763252258,
0.14636006951332092,
0.5547298192977905,
0.1992231160402298,
-0.573179304599762,
0.023194747045636177,
-0.006663422100245953,
0.12867963314056396,
-0.7890914082527161,
-0.3873637318611145,
0.100950688123703,
-0.25042593479156494,
-0.15349654853343964,
-0.38854923844337463,
-0.5843385457992554,
0.7771679759025574,
0.17230845987796783,
-0.3327784240245819,
-0.623235821723938,
-0.21299798786640167,
0.4587809443473816,
0.1093524619936943,
-0.5928614735603333,
-0.6320219039916992,
0.002566235838457942,
-0.2758152186870575,
-0.21255825459957123,
-0.6135021448135376,
-0.10562204569578171,
-0.159107506275177,
0.02958603762090206,
-0.24101850390434265,
-0.8665614724159241,
-0.036802973598241806,
-0.2343079149723053,
-0.033019740134477615,
0.2762300372123718,
-0.6366198658943176,
0.36122483015060425,
0.5447850227355957,
-0.5157759189605713,
0.19388939440250397,
0.5017333626747131,
0.7657501101493835,
0.667082667350769,
-0.49875694513320923,
-0.229403555393219,
0.6203381419181824,
-0.8330932259559631,
0.3024466335773468,
-0.1140001118183136,
-1.0286962985992432,
0.2628156244754791,
0.3256877660751343,
0.06597074121236801,
0.5934639573097229,
-0.28616613149642944,
-1.385331630706787,
-0.13369663059711456,
0.4016552269458771,
-0.13445813953876495,
0.11699087172746658,
-0.005482376087456942,
0.783656895160675,
-0.14462165534496307,
-0.6174335479736328,
-0.5612051486968994,
-0.2554464340209961,
-0.3749071955680847,
-0.823801577091217,
-0.9327402710914612,
0.8767079710960388,
-0.09170463681221008,
-0.10336058586835861,
0.17894801497459412,
-0.30019479990005493,
-0.6023882031440735,
0.03572280332446098,
-0.034174758940935135,
0.04247948154807091,
0.6082289814949036,
-0.8730548620223999,
0.44494444131851196,
0.2901744842529297,
0.2149481624364853,
0.08413823693990707,
0.6639814972877502,
0.8748334646224976,
0.5531007647514343,
-0.02719919942319393,
-0.0956374928355217,
0.30855727195739746,
0.29367393255233765,
-0.5251607894897461,
-0.3320659399032593,
-0.034217480570077896,
0.30282944440841675,
-0.7220467925071716,
-0.9114248752593994,
-0.559453010559082,
1.2155282497406006,
-0.47164270281791687,
-0.4523478150367737,
-0.08250930160284042,
-0.061504803597927094,
0.2599719762802124,
-0.27542075514793396,
0.4898742437362671,
-1.0273675918579102,
0.17162008583545685,
0.5074914693832397,
0.6330344080924988,
0.4038407802581787,
-0.3212658166885376,
0.203653022646904,
-0.11481994390487671,
0.01856454275548458,
0.40111786127090454,
0.4845489263534546,
0.05516890063881874,
-0.3422594964504242,
0.31461456418037415,
-0.08327750116586685,
-0.30574432015419006,
0.6074844002723694,
0.11222316324710846,
-0.2011970579624176,
0.26068243384361267,
-0.3044165074825287,
-0.31454938650131226,
-0.3338615894317627,
-0.681959867477417,
-0.5406822562217712,
-0.42789706587791443,
0.23448936641216278,
0.46289435029029846,
0.4610978960990906,
0.19509956240653992,
-0.5728341937065125,
-0.21546700596809387,
0.11310910433530807,
0.6575059294700623,
-0.6092668771743774,
0.3499022126197815,
-0.0017172942170873284,
0.5331154465675354,
-0.606820285320282,
0.849753737449646,
-0.13718339800834656,
-0.33643555641174316,
-0.194576695561409,
-0.31800684332847595,
-0.06609822064638138,
0.04941935837268829,
-0.4979671537876129,
0.16641221940517426,
-0.0982605367898941,
-0.6629828214645386,
-0.0007799661834724247,
0.3434254229068756,
-0.48690637946128845,
0.18277975916862488,
0.7075731754302979,
-0.4717957675457001,
-0.7714188098907471,
-0.02710043080151081,
-0.057167667895555496,
-0.0809890478849411,
0.5135975480079651,
0.28803956508636475,
0.49922245740890503,
0.6152124404907227,
-0.7565013766288757,
0.1434093415737152,
0.16175232827663422,
0.7344754934310913,
0.022016610950231552,
-1.286511778831482,
-0.22218318283557892,
0.6383547782897949,
-0.02129550091922283,
0.35109636187553406,
0.002616686513647437,
-0.5336275696754456,
-0.5646231770515442,
0.3416079580783844,
-0.012115995399653912,
0.07746352255344391,
-0.35231655836105347,
-0.7120327949523926,
0.06014218181371689,
-0.06867947429418564,
-0.5719311237335205,
0.1361096203327179,
0.3087211549282074,
0.05175671726465225,
0.3443421423435211,
0.7150629162788391,
0.3957272171974182,
0.29495969414711,
-0.1902342587709427,
0.21949812769889832,
0.36939364671707153,
-0.15323412418365479,
-0.03584936261177063,
-0.12608250975608826,
-0.10345815122127533,
-0.1470007747411728,
0.6469202637672424,
-0.29935017228126526,
-0.2598968744277954,
-0.1855027675628662,
-0.0013290210627019405,
0.1037244126200676,
0.15500999987125397,
0.38012686371803284,
0.13798418641090393,
0.028548702597618103,
0.050020940601825714,
0.33241477608680725,
0.2969389259815216,
0.11176277697086334,
0.5419291257858276,
-0.20158037543296814,
-0.08604227751493454,
0.1320214569568634,
-0.324616014957428,
0.63578861951828,
-0.6947122812271118,
-0.9508407711982727,
-0.07349715381860733,
0.005136505234986544,
-0.4648780822753906,
0.19506888091564178,
0.23547104001045227,
-0.18738135695457458,
0.4352423846721649,
-0.3623296320438385,
-0.2278791069984436,
-0.009480332024395466,
0.34927165508270264,
0.3313851058483124,
0.14277814328670502,
0.10063154995441437,
0.5166031122207642,
0.6951572895050049,
0.06565431505441666,
-0.09259862452745438,
0.3391394317150116,
0.3031722903251648,
-0.002241457812488079,
-0.09995053708553314,
-0.5076208114624023,
0.6582624912261963,
-0.08947106450796127,
-0.25103387236595154,
-0.44682416319847107,
0.4276246130466461,
-0.670723557472229,
0.02693973109126091,
-0.27506721019744873,
-0.2864380478858948,
1.169128656387329,
-0.8926979303359985,
-0.7078990340232849,
-0.4128596782684326,
0.49791425466537476,
-0.5531090497970581,
-0.342337965965271,
0.2928665280342102,
0.09630531817674637,
-0.44529810547828674,
0.20531056821346283,
-0.9392468333244324,
0.3420041799545288,
0.2181210219860077,
0.6384163498878479,
0.009632706642150879,
0.15454457700252533,
0.3112294375896454,
-0.5779489278793335,
-0.3357142210006714,
-0.034258969128131866,
0.7451549172401428,
0.9319838285446167,
0.17279160022735596,
0.5219346284866333,
-0.6037220358848572,
0.2449943721294403,
-0.3537638187408447,
0.07202508300542831,
-0.12777787446975708,
-0.46961480379104614,
-0.8092422485351562,
0.5506234765052795,
0.45585110783576965,
0.018482467159628868,
-0.5173347592353821,
0.6214486956596375,
-0.4591698944568634,
0.7176371812820435,
-0.36013224720954895,
0.4621701240539551,
-0.23608875274658203,
0.4048638939857483,
0.2654884457588196
] |
211073
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema%20Yisrael
|
Shema Yisrael
|
Shema Yisrael (Shema Israel or Sh'ma Yisrael; ; "Hear, O Israel") is a Jewish prayer (known as the Shema) that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. Its first verse encapsulates the monotheistic essence of Judaism: "Hear, O Israel: the is our God, the is one" (), found in .
The first part can be translated as either "The our God" or "The is our God", and the second part as either "the is one" or as "the one " (in the sense of "the alone"), since Hebrew does not normally use a copula in the present tense, so translators must decide by inference whether one is appropriate in English. The word used for "the " is the tetragrammaton YHWH.
Observant Jews consider the Shema to be the most important part of the prayer service in Judaism, and its twice-daily recitation as a mitzvah (religious commandment). Also, it is traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words, and for parents to teach their children to say it before they go to sleep at night.
The term Shema is used by extension to refer to the whole part of the daily prayers that commences with Shema Yisrael and comprises Deuteronomy , , and Numbers . These sections of the Torah are read in the weekly Torah portions Va'etchanan, Eikev, and Shlach, respectively.
History
Originally, the Shema consisted of only one verse: (see Talmud Sukkah 42a and Berachot 13b). The recitation of the Shema in the liturgy, however, consists of three portions: , , and Numbers . The three portions are mentioned in the Mishnah (Berachot 2:2). The three portions relate to central issues of Jewish belief. In the Mishnah (Berakhot 2:5) the reciting of the shema was linked with re-affirming a personal relationship with God's rule. Literally, reciting the shema was stated as "receiving the kingdom of heaven." ["Heaven" is a metaphor for God. The best texts of the Mishnah, Kaufmann and Parma, do not have the addition "yoke" that is found in later printed Mishnahs: "receive the {yoke of the} kingdom of Heaven." The original statement appears to have been "to receive the kingdom of Heaven".]
Additionally, the Talmud points out that subtle references to the Ten Commandments can be found in the three portions. As the Ten Commandments were removed from daily prayer in the Mishnaic period (70–200 CE), the Shema is seen as an opportunity to commemorate the Ten Commandments.
There are two larger-print letters in the first sentence ('ayin ע and daleth ד) which, when combined, spell "עד". In Hebrew this means "witness". The idea thus conveyed is that through the recitation or proclamation of the Shema one is a living witness testifying to the truth of its message. Modern Kabbalistic schools, namely that of the Ari, teach that when one recites the last letter of the word ecḥad (אחד), meaning "one", he is to intend that he is ready to "die into God".
Content
Shema Yisrael
The first, pivotal, words of the Shema are:
Rabbinic Judaism teaches that the Tetragrammaton (י-ה-ו-ה), YHWH, is the ineffable and actual name of God, and as such is not read aloud in the Shema but is traditionally replaced with אדני, Adonai (""). For that reason, the Shema is recited aloud as Sh'ma Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Eḥad ("Hear, O Israel: the is our God, the is One.")
The literal word meanings are roughly as follows:
Sh'ma: literally means listen, heed, or hear and do (according to the Targum, accept)
Yisrael: Israel, in the sense of the people or congregation of Israel
Adonai: often translated as "", it is read in place of the YHWH written in the Hebrew text; Samaritans say Shema, which is Aramaic for "the [Divine] Name" and is the exact equivalent of the Hebrew ha-Shem, which Rabbinic Jews substitute for Adonai in a non-liturgical context such as everyday speech.
Eloheinu: the plural 1st person possessive of Elohim, meaning "our God".
Echad: the unified and cardinal number One
This first verse of the Shema relates to the kingship of God. The first verse, "Hear, O Israel: the our God is One ", has always been regarded as the confession of belief in the One God. Due to the ambiguity of the possible ways to translate the Hebrew passage, there are several possible renderings:
"Hear, O Israel! Adonai is our God! Adonai is One!", and
"Hear, O Israel! Adonai is our God – Adonai alone."
Many commentaries have been written about the subtle differences between the translations. There is an emphasis on the oneness of God and on the sole worship of God by Israel. There are other translations, though most retain one or the other emphases.
Baruch Shem
The second line is a rabbinic addition and is recited silently during congregational worship (except on Yom Kippur, when it is recited aloud). In Reform and Conservative Judaism, it is recited aloud, but in a quieter voice than the rest of the prayer. It was originally a liturgical response in use in the Temple when the name of God was pronounced and took the form of Baruch shem k’vod l’olam, "Blessed be his glorious name forever" (Psalm 72:19). However, in time the words malchuto ("His kingdom") and va’ed ("for ever and ever") were added. Malchuto was introduced by the rabbis during Roman rule as a counter to the claim of divine honors by Roman emperors. Va’ed was introduced at the time of the Second Temple to contrast the view of the minim (heretics) that there is no life after death.
V'ahavta
The following verses are commonly referred to as the V'ahavta according to the first word of the verse immediately following the Shema, or in Classical Hebrew V'ahav'ta meaning "and you shall love...". They contain the command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and might (). The Talmud emphasizes that you will, at some point, whether you choose to or not, and therefore uses "shall" – future tense – love God.
Then verse 7 goes on to remind the community to remember all the commandments and to "teach them diligently to your children and speak of them when you sit down and when you walk, when you lie down and when you rise", to recite the words of God when retiring or rising; to bind those words "on thy arm and thy head" (classically Jewish oral tradition interprets as tefillin), and to "inscribe them on the door-posts of your house and on your gates" (referring to mezuzah).
V'haya im shamoa
The passage following the Shema and V'ahavta relates to the issue of reward and punishment. It contains the promise of reward for serving God with all one's heart, soul, and might (Deut 11:13) and for the fulfillment of the laws. It also contains punishment for transgression. It also contains a repetition of the contents of the first portion - but this time spoken to the second person plural, (Whereas the first portion is directed to the individual Jew, this time it is directed to the whole community, all the Jews).
Vayomer
The third portion relates to the issue of redemption. Specifically, it contains the law concerning the tzitzit (Numbers 15:37-41) as a reminder that all laws of God are obeyed, as a warning against following evil inclinations and in remembrance of the exodus from Egypt. For the prophets and rabbis, the exodus from Egypt is paradigmatic of Jewish faith that God redeems from all forms of foreign domination. It can be found in the portion "Shlach Lecha" in the book of Numbers.
Summary
In summary, the content flows from the assertion of the oneness of God's kingship. Thus, in the first portion, there is a command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and might, and to remember and teach these very important words to the children throughout the day. Obeying these commands, says the second portion, will lead to rewards, and disobeying them will lead to punishment. To ensure fulfillment of these key commands, God also commands in the third portion a practical reminder, wearing the tzitzit, "that ye may remember and do all my commandments, and be holy unto your God."
The full content verse by verse, in Hebrew, English transliteration, and English translation, can be found on the jewfaq.org website.
The second line quoted, "Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever", was originally a congregational response to the declaration of the Oneness of God; it is therefore often printed in small font and recited in an undertone, as recognition that it is not, itself, a part of the cited biblical verses. The third section of the Shema ends with Numbers 15:41, but traditional Jews end the recitation of the Shema by reciting the first word of the following blessing, Emet, or "Truth" without interruption.
Jewish women and the Shema
In Orthodox Judaism, women are not required to daily recite the Shema (as a command from the Torah), as with other time-bound requirements which might impinge on their traditional familial obligations, although they are obligated to pray at least once daily without a specific liturgy requirement, and many fulfill that obligation through prayers like the Shema.
Conservative Judaism generally regards Jewish women as being obligated to recite the Shema at the same times as men.
Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not regard gender-related traditional Jewish ritual requirements as necessary in modern circumstances, including obligations for men, but not women, to pray specific prayers at specific times. Instead, both genders may fulfill all requirements.
Accompanying blessings
The blessings preceding and following the Shema are traditionally credited to the members of the Great Assembly. They were first instituted in the liturgy of the Temple in Jerusalem.
According to the Talmud, the reading of the Shema morning and evening fulfills the commandment "You shall meditate therein day and night". As soon as a child begins to speak, his father is directed to teach him the verse "Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob", and teach him to read the Shema. The reciting of the first verse of the Shema is called "the acceptance of the yoke of the kingship of God" (kabalat ol malchut shamayim). Judah ha-Nasi, who spent all day involved with his studies and teaching, said just the first verse of the Shema in the morning "as he passed his hands over his eyes", which appears to be the origin of the custom to cover the eyes with the right hand while reciting the first verse.
The first verse of the Shema is recited aloud, simultaneously by the hazzan and the congregation, which responds with the rabbinically instituted Baruch Shem ("Blessed be the Name") in silence before continuing the rest of Shema. Only on Yom Kippur is this response said aloud. The remainder of the Shema is read in silence. Sephardim recite the whole of the Shema aloud, except the Baruch Shem. Reform Jews also recite the whole of the first paragraph of the Shema aloud.
Blessings
During Shacharit, two blessings are recited before the Shema and one after the Shema. There is a question in Jewish law as to whether these blessings are on the Shema, or surrounding the Shema. The conclusion that has been drawn is that they are surrounding the Shema, because the structure is similar to that of blessings of the Torah, and there is doubt as to whether such blessings would actually enhance the Shema. The two blessings that are recited before the Shema are Yotzer ohr and Ahava Rabbah/Ahavat Olam. The blessing after is known as Emet Vayatziv.
During Maariv, there are two blessings before the Shema and two after. The two before are HaMaariv Aravim and Ahavat Olam. The two after are Emet V'Emunah and Hashkiveinu. Ashkenazim add Baruch Hashem L'Olam outside of Israel on weekdays.
Overall, the three blessings in the morning and four in the evening which accompany the Shema sum to seven, in accordance with the verse in Psalms: "I praise You seven times each day for Your just rules."
Bedtime Shema
Before going to sleep, the first paragraph of the Shema is recited. This is not only a commandment directly given in the Bible (in Deuteronomy 6:6–7), but is also alluded to from verses such as "Commune with your own heart upon your bed" (Psalms 4:4).
Some also have the custom to read all three paragraphs, along with a whole list of sections from Psalms, Tachanun, and other prayers. Altogether this is known as the K'riat Shema she-al ha-mitah. According to Arizal, reading this prayer with great concentration is also effective in cleansing one from sin. This is discussed in the Tanya.
Other instances
The exhortation by the Kohen in calling Israel to arms against an enemy (which does not apply when the Temple in Jerusalem is not standing) also includes Shema Yisrael.
According to the Talmud, Rabbi Akiva patiently endured while his flesh was being torn with iron combs, and died reciting the Shema. He pronounced the last word of the sentence, Eḥad ("one") with his last breath. Since then, it has been traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words. In 2006 Roi Klein, a major in the Israel Defense Forces, said the Shema before jumping on a live grenade and dying to save his fellow soldiers.
Other religious literature
Reformulations of the Shema appear in later Jewish Scripture, Second Temple literature, and New Testament texts. In these texts, sometimes new features are added to the Shema (e.g. 2 Kings 19:19; Zech. 14:9), in others, it is abbreviated to “God is One” (Philo, Spec. 1.30), “one God” (Josephus, C. Ap. 2.193), or “God alone” (2 Maccabees 7:37). The following is a selection of significant occurrences.
In later Jewish scripture:
: "And now, O Lord our God, please deliver us from his hand, so that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that You are the Lord God alone."
: "And the Lord shall become King over all the earth; on that day shall the Lord be one, and His name one."
: "Have we not all one father? Has not one God created us? Why should we betray, each one his brother, to profane the covenant of our forefathers?"
In Second Temple literature:
Letter of Aristeas 132: "But first of all he taught that God is one, and that his power is made manifest in all things, and that every place is filled with his sovereignty, and that nothing done by men on earth secretly escapes his notice, but that all that anyone does and all that is to be is manifest to him."
2 Maccabees 7:37-38: "I, like my brothers, give up body and life for the laws of our fathers, appealing to God to show mercy soon to our nation and by afflictions and plagues to make you confess that he alone is God, and through me and my brothers to bring to an end the wrath of the Almighty which has justly fallen on our whole nation."
Philo, On Special Laws 1.30: "This lesson he continually repeats, sometimes saying that God is one and the Framer and Maker of all things, sometimes that He is Lord of created beings, because stability and fixity and lordship are by nature vested in Him alone."
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 4.199: "And let there be neither an altar nor a temple in any other city; for God is but one, and the nation of the Hebrews is but one."
Josephus, Against Apion 2.193: "There ought also to be but one temple for one God; for likeness is the constant foundation of agreement. This temple ought to be common to all men, because he is the common God of all men."
In the New Testament:
Mark 12:28-29 (NASB): One of the scribes came and heard them arguing, and recognizing that He had answered them well, asked Him, "What commandment is the foremost of all?" Jesus answered, "The foremost is, 'Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord.'"
Romans 3:29-30 (NASB): "Or is God the God of Jews only? Is He not the God of Gentiles also? Yes, of Gentiles also, since indeed God who will justify the circumcised by faith and the uncircumcised through faith is one."
James 2:19 (NASB): "You believe that God is one. You do well; the demons also believe, and shudder."
Music and film
Arnold Schoenberg used it as part of the story to his narrative orchestral work A Survivor from Warsaw (1947).
In Parade, a musical based on true events, the main character Leo Frank, wrongly accused of the murder of a child worker at the pencil factory he manages, recites the Shema Yisrael as a vigilante gang kidnap and hang him in the final scenes of the work.
Pop versions have been published by Mordechai ben David and Sarit Hadad.
In Pi, Max Cohen and Lenny Meyer can be seen reciting the first three verses of the Shema.
In The Shoes of the Fisherman, Anthony Quinn, as the fictional Pope Kiril, explores the back streets of Rome disguised as a simple priest, and recites the Shema at the bedside of a dying Roman Jew.
Reggae singer Matisyahu recites the Shema in his songs "Got No water" and "Tel Aviv'n".
Yaakov Shwekey, in his "Shema Yisrael", used the story of Rabbi Eliezer Silver's saving Jewish children hidden in Christian monasteries following the Holocaust by reciting the first line of the Shema.
Singer Justin Bieber says the Shema before each public performance with his manager Scooter Braun, who is Jewish.
Italian parody band Nanowar of Steel paraphrased it as "Shema Yggdrasil" in their 2019 single Valhallelujah.
Television
In episode 9 of season 3 of the television series The Man in the High Castle, the character Frank Frink recites the Shema just before he is executed.
In the Northern Exposure episode "Kaddish for Uncle Manny", Joel Fleischman doubts the sincerity of a burly itinerant lumberjack who arrives in response to Maurice Minnifield's offer of free food and lodging to participate in a minyan; he asks the man to recite the Shema, which he does.
In episode 4 of season 2 of the television series Shtisel (2015), Rebetzen Erblich asks her friend Bube Malka to recite the Shema with her as she is preparing to die.
Divine unity of the Shema in Hasidic philosophy
The second section of the Tanya brings the mystical panentheism of the founder of Hasidic Judaism, the Baal Shem Tov, into philosophical explanation. It outlines the Hasidic interpretation of God's Unity in the first two lines of the Shema, based upon their interpretation in Kabbalah. The emphasis on Divine Omnipresence and immanence lies behind Hasidic joy and devekut, and its stress on transforming the material into spiritual worship. In this internalisation of Kabbalistic ideas, the Hasidic follower seeks to reveal the Unity and hidden holiness in all activities of life.
Medieval, rationalist Jewish philosophers (exponents of Hakirah–rational "investigation" from first principles in support of Judaism), such as Maimonides, describe Biblical monotheism to mean that there is only one God, and his essence is a unique, simple, infinite Unity. Jewish mysticism provides a philosophic paradox, by dividing God's Unity into God's essence and emanation.
In Kabbalah and especially Hasidism, God's Unity means that there is nothing independent of his essence. The new doctrine in Lurianic Kabbalah of God's tzimtzum ("withdrawal") received different interpretations after Isaac Luria, from the literal to the metaphorical. To Hasidism and Schneur Zalman, it is unthinkable for the "withdrawal" of God that "makes possible" Creation, to be taken literally. The paradox of Tzimtzum only relates to the Ohr Ein Sof ("Infinite Light"), not the Ein Sof (Divine essence) itself. God's infinity is revealed in both complementary infinitude (infinite light) and finitude (finite light). The "withdrawal" was only a concealment of the Infinite Light into the essence of God, to allow the latent potentially finite light to emerge after the God limiting tzimtzum. God himself remains unaffected ("For I, the Lord, I have not changed" Malachi 3:6). His essence was One, alone, before Creation, and still One, alone, after Creation, without any change. As the tzimtzum only limits God to a concealment, therefore God's Unity remains Omnipresent. In the Baal Shem Tov's interpretation, Divine providence affects every detail of Creation. The "movement of a leaf in the wind" is part of the unfolding Divine presence, and is a necessary part of the complete Tikkun (Rectification in Kabbalah). This awareness of the loving Divine purpose and significance of each individual and his free will, awakens mystical love and awe of God.
Schneur Zalman explains that God's divided Unity has two levels, an unlimited level and a limited one, that are both paradoxically true. The main text of medieval Kabbalah, the Zohar, describes the first verse of the Shema ("Hear O Israel, the Lord is God, the Lord is One") as the "Upper level Unity", and the second line ("Blessed be the Name of the Glory of His Kingdom forever") as the limited "Lower level Unity". Schneur Zalman gives the Chabad explanation of this. In his Kabbalah philosophy, all Creation is dependent on the limited, immanent, potentially finite, "Light that Fills all Worlds", that each Creation receives continually. All is bittul–nullified to the light, even though in our realm this complete dependence is hidden. From this perspective, of God knowing the Creation on its own terms, Creation exists, but the true essence of anything is only the Divine spark that continuously recreates it from nothing. God is One, as nothing has any independent existence without this continual flow of Divine Will to Create. This is the pantheistic Lower Level Unity.
In relation to God's essence, Creation affects no change or withdrawal. All Creation takes place "within" God. "There is nothing but God". The ability to create can only come from the infinite Divine essence, represented by the Tetragrammaton name of God. However, "It is not the essence of the Divine, to create Worlds and sustain them", as this ability is only external to the Infinite essence "outside" God. Creation only derives from God's revelatory antropomorphic "speech" (as in Genesis 1), and even this is unlike the external speech of Man, as it too remains "within" God. From this upper perspective of God knowing himself on his own terms, the created existence of Creation does not exist, as it is as nothing in relation to Zalman's philosophically constructed concept of God's essence. This monistic acosmism is the "Upper Level Unity", as from this perspective, only God exists.
In Islam
The words used in the Shema prayer are similar to the words of verse 1 of Sura 112 (Al-Tawhid or Monotheism) in the Quran. The word in Arabic is similar to the word in Hebrew.
- Qul Hu Allāh ʾAḥad ("Say, He is Allah the One")
In Christianity
The Shema is one of the Old Testament sentences quoted in the New Testament. The Gospel of mentions that Jesus of Nazareth considered the opening exhortation of the Shema to be the first of his two greatest commandments and linked with a second (based on Leviticus 19:18b): "The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." In the Shema is also linked with Leviticus 19:18. The verses Deuteronomy 6:5 and Leviticus 19:18b both begin with ve'ahavta, "and you shall love". In Luke's Gospel, it appears that this connection between the two verses was already part of cultural discussion or practice.
Theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch noted that "the heart is mentioned first (in Deuteronomy 6:5), as the seat of the emotions generally and of love in particular; then follows the soul (nephesh) as the centre of personality in man, to depict the love as pervading the entire self-consciousness; and to this is added, "with all the strength", i.e. of body and soul.
The Shema has also been incorporated into Christian liturgy, and is discussed in terms of the Trinity. In the Latin Catholic Liturgy of the Hours, the Shema is read during the Night Prayer or Compline every Saturday, thereby concluding the day's prayers. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer in use in Canada since 1962 has included the Shema in its Summary of the Law. Since 2012, when the Anglican Use version of the BCP, the Book of Divine Worship, was adapted for use in Canada, it has been recited by Roman Catholics as well.
The Anglican (and Orthodox Celtic) Church officially utilizes the Shema in the Daily Services. Namely with the decalogue.
See also
Al-Ikhlas
Mool Mantar
Profession (religious)
Tawhid
References
External links
"Shema" at the Jewish Encyclopedia
Recitation of the Shema Yisrael
Explanation of the Shema by Rabeinu Bachya
Anthology of Translations of Shema
Book of Deuteronomy
God in Judaism
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings
Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
Jewish belief and doctrine
Jewish prayer and ritual texts
Jewish theology
Maariv
Monotheism
Shacharit
Siddur of Orthodox Judaism
|
[
0.4086611568927765,
0.4959683120250702,
-0.30610600113868713,
-0.8415841460227966,
-0.3826558589935303,
0.3042542338371277,
0.2741456627845764,
-0.13937701284885406,
-0.07320963591337204,
-0.5191378593444824,
-0.490757018327713,
0.3412376940250397,
0.5103797316551208,
0.3242768943309784,
-0.5012200474739075,
0.39570245146751404,
0.9813198447227478,
0.6572155356407166,
-0.3116490840911865,
-0.3442132771015167,
-0.08590772747993469,
-0.32851871848106384,
0.2545948326587677,
0.46131566166877747,
0.388436496257782,
0.009431522339582443,
0.3121475875377655,
-0.14532652497291565,
0.039424996823072433,
-0.07660603523254395,
0.05896266549825668,
0.10888408124446869,
0.46490103006362915,
0.20875892043113708,
0.5208446383476257,
0.5456424951553345,
0.31784167885780334,
-0.10749039053916931,
-0.040084339678287506,
-0.3808702230453491,
-0.18182547390460968,
-0.5428212881088257,
0.7697778940200806,
-0.19200605154037476,
0.02881520800292492,
-0.1459254026412964,
-1.2160154581069946,
0.3871130645275116,
-0.7771738171577454,
0.12451590597629547,
-0.5419996976852417,
0.4099388122558594,
0.20566120743751526,
0.6244121789932251,
-0.11083721369504929,
0.24924951791763306,
-0.8494749069213867,
0.1901923269033432,
0.5423838496208191,
-0.12428734451532364,
0.17604343593120575,
-0.23410020768642426,
0.5428069829940796,
-0.3522527813911438,
0.837260901927948,
-0.027543557807803154,
-0.2827308773994446,
-0.2233414649963379,
-0.114952452480793,
0.1386413723230362,
-0.47662603855133057,
-0.48909467458724976,
-0.7011122703552246,
-0.3870575428009033,
-0.5176182389259338,
0.04187184199690819,
0.32296082377433777,
-0.22289814054965973,
-0.17198385298252106,
0.24150367081165314,
-0.9009551405906677,
0.03645442798733711,
0.36271488666534424,
0.3833461105823517,
0.15977269411087036,
0.06684325635433197,
-0.13933442533016205,
0.07690846920013428,
-0.10879909247159958,
0.24740757048130035,
0.11157255619764328,
-0.2059829980134964,
0.21111992001533508,
-0.15539869666099548,
-0.5480906963348389,
0.20427833497524261,
0.8242350816726685,
0.2783942222595215,
-0.20686152577400208,
-0.2569285035133362,
0.4791548550128937,
0.3971374034881592,
0.8154571652412415,
-0.25343701243400574,
-0.2706930935382843,
0.2670767605304718,
0.22151711583137512,
-0.8672895431518555,
0.6061052083969116,
0.1512409746646881,
0.06731388717889786,
0.07589583843946457,
0.0386916808784008,
0.25071772933006287,
0.12119229882955551,
0.004682466853410006,
0.16781874001026154,
-0.5054839253425598,
-0.8483670949935913,
-0.17244328558444977,
0.2528221905231476,
0.1203511506319046,
0.5829641819000244,
0.04648452252149582,
-0.1243104338645935,
-0.11723796278238297,
0.3437470495700836,
1.1328579187393188,
-0.3372347354888916,
0.07425379008054733,
0.10639055073261261,
-0.03367768973112106,
0.5342541933059692,
-0.12012556195259094,
-0.5520118474960327,
-0.21183335781097412,
0.210093155503273,
-0.2990708649158478,
0.7786343693733215,
0.47022539377212524,
-0.9780322909355164,
-0.45511114597320557,
-0.0936649963259697,
-0.6347143650054932,
-0.0677274614572525,
-0.5828039646148682,
-0.32067641615867615,
-0.3583616614341736,
-0.7222393155097961,
0.07694552093744278,
0.3802471160888672,
0.24979905784130096,
-0.05601603537797928,
-0.3100999593734741,
-0.11408893764019012,
-0.1854773759841919,
-0.0636424720287323,
-0.06249653920531273,
-0.141227126121521,
0.4718087911605835,
-0.43827033042907715,
-0.07065732032060623,
0.23790116608142853,
-0.17099034786224365,
-0.15718214213848114,
0.2332158386707306,
0.5686719417572021,
0.07616313546895981,
0.2865079641342163,
0.03875374794006348,
-0.17194512486457825,
-0.2868495285511017,
0.25515422224998474,
-0.4222971796989441,
-0.7219921350479126,
-0.13025103509426117,
0.9556547999382019,
0.07321972399950027,
0.07204464823007584,
-0.1217028871178627,
-0.7185620665550232,
0.32752060890197754,
-0.0782550573348999,
-0.32283052802085876,
0.20469124615192413,
0.08956658840179443,
-0.5093033909797668,
0.06177912652492523,
-0.21914257109165192,
-0.16826072335243225,
-0.5177679061889648,
-0.0858529731631279,
0.2701653242111206,
0.13276858627796173,
0.6062138676643372,
-0.2759323716163635,
0.13039664924144745,
1.0776265859603882,
-0.07869381457567215,
-0.1806679219007492,
0.23959268629550934,
0.561599850654602,
0.24622268974781036,
-0.016764774918556213,
-0.5917626023292542,
0.397684246301651,
-0.3517313301563263,
0.2760064899921417,
0.020319625735282898,
-0.08590418845415115,
0.05653620883822441,
-0.6975553035736084,
0.3649132251739502,
-0.027850067242980003,
-0.11289335042238235,
-0.04290660843253136,
0.012595832347869873,
0.21737438440322876,
-0.2887973189353943,
0.024441519752144814,
0.5540289878845215,
-0.2688995599746704,
-0.48517167568206787,
-0.13108880817890167,
-0.028967367485165596,
-0.4527241587638855,
-0.23701155185699463,
0.360645592212677,
-0.34836772084236145,
-0.22365206480026245,
0.17493084073066711,
-0.3741651773452759,
0.6843921542167664,
-0.2855064868927002,
-0.04417560622096062,
0.1635187268257141,
0.16299788653850555,
-0.17256523668766022,
0.7280116081237793,
-0.45634925365448,
0.154592365026474,
-0.12741364538669586,
-0.24131284654140472,
-0.24917319416999817,
0.8715178966522217,
0.13905325531959534,
-0.3308973014354706,
-0.0044601778499782085,
-0.3523324728012085,
0.4116552472114563,
-0.07243936508893967,
0.3579748570919037,
0.6443251967430115,
-0.23844614624977112,
0.13236553966999054,
-0.2998822033405304,
0.030361289158463478,
0.041153114289045334,
1.085684061050415,
0.09117487818002701,
0.13876736164093018,
0.4323185086250305,
0.47385260462760925,
-0.3207534849643707,
-0.04266836494207382,
-0.5293458104133606,
-0.08647259324789047,
-0.06395599991083145,
0.2135307788848877,
0.21314091980457306,
0.7865909934043884,
0.18624603748321533,
-0.0904143825173378,
0.22199125587940216,
0.11544264107942581,
-0.496695339679718,
0.8424049615859985,
-0.13397036492824554,
-0.23944123089313507,
-0.04265282303094864,
0.057810600847005844,
0.30996274948120117,
0.11366114765405655,
0.3143318295478821,
-0.07975649833679199,
-0.2614700496196747,
0.40098944306373596,
-0.7319431304931641,
-0.04720862954854965,
-0.16495174169540405,
0.14080296456813812,
0.7254679203033447,
0.6790966391563416,
-0.5726750493049622,
0.9754982590675354,
0.569550633430481,
-0.01968366652727127,
0.22521422803401947,
-0.01308388914912939,
-0.23244206607341766,
-0.039791300892829895,
-0.04595678672194481,
-0.14457055926322937,
0.3920140266418457,
-0.24295398592948914,
-0.2295389622449875,
-0.6717222332954407,
0.09312595427036285,
-5.6656174659729,
-0.2721152603626251,
-0.5224331021308899,
-0.47596263885498047,
-0.1385275274515152,
0.1456366777420044,
0.5292178392410278,
-0.4318540096282959,
0.27950605750083923,
-0.14006578922271729,
-0.04262042045593262,
-0.24517591297626495,
0.4634409248828888,
0.4495304524898529,
0.20522195100784302,
0.19853197038173676,
-0.214787557721138,
-0.8347824215888977,
0.3303099274635315,
-0.18428419530391693,
0.9076657295227051,
-0.3553153872489929,
-0.3683384656906128,
0.7787238359451294,
0.08243115991353989,
-0.6120315790176392,
0.07879382371902466,
-0.1665455549955368,
-0.650493323802948,
-0.1382175087928772,
0.09633120894432068,
-0.6416488289833069,
-0.18501101434230804,
-0.18659259378910065,
0.21519312262535095,
-0.32584765553474426,
0.5250858664512634,
-0.34629443287849426,
0.7346192598342896,
-0.5183600783348083,
-0.12114372104406357,
0.03713095188140869,
0.19185523688793182,
-0.05804566666483879,
0.22025011479854584,
0.21905790269374847,
-0.2514632046222687,
-0.5921448469161987,
-0.35784921050071716,
0.4934762120246887,
0.014288600534200668,
-0.2970042824745178,
-0.2555061876773834,
-0.7101516723632812,
-0.1533442586660385,
0.5264766216278076,
0.062313005328178406,
-0.42483219504356384,
0.18760593235492706,
-0.30063676834106445,
0.20805864036083221,
-0.4404768645763397,
0.21125578880310059,
-0.20126403868198395,
0.2300724983215332,
-0.24196381866931915,
-0.5895111560821533,
-0.3530973792076111,
0.364586740732193,
0.875016987323761,
0.12327706068754196,
0.14826129376888275,
-0.21129009127616882,
-0.9712250232696533,
-0.03208156302571297,
-0.5041149258613586,
0.1438157558441162,
0.19655495882034302,
-0.2761579751968384,
0.09686389565467834,
0.2182726114988327,
-0.5845286250114441,
0.008746258914470673,
0.10087278485298157,
0.18390142917633057,
0.15159794688224792,
0.13686718046665192,
0.24907848238945007,
-0.294315367937088,
-0.041288621723651886,
0.6623107194900513,
-0.13707086443901062,
0.004315280355513096,
0.7147799134254456,
0.17034143209457397,
0.7207937836647034,
-0.10769569873809814,
0.2024824172258377,
0.8735933899879456,
-0.2479884773492813,
-0.012875257059931755,
0.006124400533735752,
0.4154292047023773,
-0.2579316794872284,
0.203265979886055,
0.5749981999397278,
-1.060484528541565,
0.24274124205112457,
0.845624566078186,
-0.246551975607872,
-0.7145674824714661,
0.02005804143846035,
-0.04185114800930023,
-0.7354928851127625,
0.009618663229048252,
-0.470913290977478,
-0.1139005571603775,
0.7086179256439209,
0.2469724714756012,
0.9003522396087646,
0.18338626623153687,
0.1917034536600113,
-0.13110169768333435,
-0.49699166417121887,
-0.2806532382965088,
-0.3725125789642334,
0.12512549757957458,
0.5914067625999451,
-0.32684892416000366,
0.10905813425779343,
0.8958368897438049,
0.046632274985313416,
0.00904267281293869,
0.3055274188518524,
0.16839617490768433,
-0.242695152759552,
-0.367802232503891,
-0.8339322805404663,
-0.36439937353134155,
0.3614785075187683,
-0.5592970848083496,
-0.07081286609172821,
0.024233095347881317,
0.3173878788948059,
0.4645439088344574,
0.6186757683753967,
-0.7797909379005432,
-0.7028218507766724,
-0.7871986627578735,
0.4055624306201935,
0.42798495292663574,
0.21923498809337616,
0.4942081868648529,
-0.03661732003092766,
-0.19216151535511017,
0.08345259726047516,
0.40218284726142883,
0.22235320508480072,
-0.35616347193717957,
-0.2474515736103058,
-0.5482177138328552,
-0.7336427569389343,
-1.163701057434082,
-0.01935286819934845,
-0.318399041891098,
-0.12449187785387039,
-0.7033340334892273,
-0.06763181835412979,
0.31354284286499023,
0.5169434547424316,
-0.01041480340063572,
-0.35436248779296875,
0.09919309616088867,
0.5217562317848206,
0.5180025696754456,
0.6414163708686829,
0.06190041825175285,
0.44571152329444885,
0.011791646480560303,
-0.29088258743286133,
-0.2792540192604065,
-0.27768054604530334,
-0.3324814438819885,
0.4866349995136261,
0.2698034942150116,
0.10675469785928726,
0.2464652955532074,
-0.015707969665527344,
-0.5042410492897034,
0.27790001034736633,
0.44540074467658997,
-0.4739462733268738,
0.07131783664226532,
0.08322803676128387,
-0.35408350825309753,
-0.24671773612499237,
0.4616108536720276,
0.08440569043159485,
-0.431470662355423,
-0.3536474406719208,
0.3201710283756256,
0.08923154324293137,
-0.7978722453117371,
-0.0883316919207573,
-0.1336362063884735,
-0.7228025794029236,
0.136373832821846,
0.1802545040845871,
-0.5928452014923096,
0.19453591108322144,
0.2646150290966034,
-0.16165900230407715,
-0.00313253840431571,
0.5721373558044434,
-0.3670308291912079,
-0.4265715479850769,
-0.025948703289031982,
-0.29276493191719055,
0.327303022146225,
-0.5663994550704956,
0.4250073730945587,
-0.32341665029525757,
0.10702064633369446,
0.4946565628051758,
-0.16764837503433228,
0.416095107793808,
-0.19639168679714203,
-0.7980093359947205,
0.004342840518802404,
0.0163964182138443,
-0.21886728703975677,
0.2156597226858139,
0.1609255075454712,
-0.09189311414957047,
-0.7575640082359314,
-0.42658162117004395,
-0.6595821380615234,
-0.22962908446788788,
-0.11226256191730499,
0.9267787933349609,
0.0954977422952652,
0.1409101039171219,
-0.0837021991610527,
-0.3717840611934662,
-0.05384230986237526,
0.6468130350112915,
0.08033789694309235,
-0.6209465861320496,
-0.391275018453598,
0.5256646275520325,
0.530480146408081,
0.12251196056604385,
-0.15546874701976776,
-0.5209724307060242,
0.4630979597568512,
-0.27951082587242126,
-0.17649419605731964,
0.07297825813293457,
-0.5010411143302917,
0.036525942385196686,
0.13891592621803284,
-0.39811965823173523,
-0.6044022440910339,
0.23036430776119232,
0.14735394716262817,
0.14945419132709503,
0.12013956904411316,
-0.4661194086074829,
0.20666517317295074,
0.01933017559349537,
0.35236117243766785,
-0.4435194134712219,
0.141468346118927,
0.0456945076584816,
0.12437452375888824,
0.663084089756012,
-0.7308555841445923,
-0.5294782519340515,
0.024535108357667923,
0.48659074306488037,
-0.21489183604717255,
-0.6708714962005615,
-0.3134552538394928,
0.6495591402053833,
0.4507043659687042,
-0.7428603768348694,
-0.3552413880825043,
0.4596615135669708,
0.06466904282569885,
0.035510700196027756,
-0.5017955303192139,
-0.11068501323461533,
0.16768719255924225,
0.3157255947589874,
-0.4238721430301666,
0.10321373492479324,
0.8105388879776001,
-0.007234875578433275,
-0.16963990032672882,
-0.6989119648933411,
-0.19471381604671478,
-0.24357156455516815,
0.2688727080821991,
-0.03418539837002754,
-0.20785903930664062,
0.15214882791042328,
0.07485571503639221,
-0.2104785442352295,
-0.39173173904418945,
-0.14452891051769257,
0.1989498734474182,
-0.2123648077249527,
0.5984752774238586,
0.9355023503303528,
-0.5507376790046692,
0.2693381905555725,
0.40440717339515686,
0.11476462334394455,
0.23008094727993011,
0.43058350682258606,
0.05081585794687271,
-0.8241292834281921,
0.8030378818511963,
0.5231848955154419,
-0.4225202202796936,
0.006885035894811153,
0.7659637928009033,
-0.10287469625473022,
0.03735927492380142,
0.09409230202436447,
0.9147040843963623,
0.6030417680740356,
-0.5616785883903503,
-0.1742514967918396,
-0.15596525371074677,
-0.08128628879785538,
-0.39279866218566895,
-0.637919008731842,
-0.3908066153526306,
0.8031489849090576,
0.9049692749977112,
0.43622636795043945,
0.2592359185218811,
0.2227613776922226,
0.3842160105705261,
0.2855435907840729,
0.09464740753173828,
0.054433710873126984,
0.18557076156139374,
0.06815936416387558,
-0.13657301664352417,
0.3962610363960266,
0.38658255338668823,
-0.5602868795394897,
0.6318788528442383,
0.4472348392009735,
0.7597714066505432,
-0.5642905831336975,
0.2683734893798828,
0.6474452018737793,
-0.47728845477104187,
0.1757916957139969,
0.35711103677749634,
-0.3984755575656891,
-0.20184606313705444,
-0.0283631794154644,
0.12080784887075424,
-0.9119407534599304,
-0.1980174481868744,
-0.2034011334180832,
0.0073087201453745365,
0.058438029140233994,
-1.112362027168274,
-0.4218282699584961,
0.3990814685821533,
0.4082408547401428,
0.3142150938510895,
0.24124757945537567,
0.09379307180643082,
0.9098867177963257,
0.62870854139328,
-0.3070589303970337,
-0.18386702239513397,
-0.8995980620384216,
-0.5457658171653748,
0.5008537173271179,
0.2435109168291092,
-0.39593222737312317,
-0.8454057574272156,
0.21992966532707214,
-0.20555399358272552,
-0.2289324700832367,
-0.04037977010011673,
-0.22417546808719635,
0.19188840687274933,
0.3817650377750397,
-0.46308571100234985,
0.9891433119773865,
0.043399304151535034,
0.011943642981350422,
0.06929759681224823,
0.3532695770263672,
0.5020030736923218,
-0.34193578362464905,
-0.35931041836738586,
0.3904327154159546,
0.249078169465065,
-0.33038079738616943,
-0.7496526837348938,
0.18569423258304596,
0.3095451891422272,
0.2151593565940857,
-0.13238294422626495,
-0.16800077259540558,
-0.18830107152462006,
-0.09924669563770294,
0.8750710487365723,
-0.553999125957489,
0.14122794568538666,
-0.823959231376648,
-0.07363809645175934,
0.0071257841773331165,
-0.10749201476573944,
0.3559472858905792,
0.10912088304758072,
0.029048802331089973,
0.5151017904281616,
-0.3958558142185211,
-0.19326983392238617,
0.13603098690509796,
-0.2950027883052826,
-0.0980863943696022,
0.2154611200094223,
-0.13205735385417938,
-0.08451341837644577,
-0.14082421362400055,
0.22534678876399994,
0.18974575400352478,
0.7517178654670715,
-0.6160084009170532,
0.019613713026046753,
-0.45322129130363464,
-0.8584281802177429,
0.14351341128349304,
0.008496650494635105,
0.23603478074073792,
-0.595066487789154,
-0.6720364093780518,
-0.19937969744205475,
0.4179474115371704,
0.21949855983257294,
-0.999002993106842,
0.12157280743122101,
-0.13042521476745605,
-0.06088299676775932,
-0.6530789136886597,
0.3326036334037781,
-0.20200614631175995,
0.15619106590747833,
-0.27128806710243225
] |
211074
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri%20Holkeri
|
Harri Holkeri
|
Harri Hermanni Holkeri (; 6 January 1937 – 7 August 2011) was a Finnish statesman representing the National Coalition Party of Finland (Kokoomus / Samlingspartiet). He was the Prime Minister of Finland 1987–1991, president of the UN General Assembly 2000–2001 and headed the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo from 2003 to 2004 (leaving the position in the spring of the second year because of health issues).
Domestic offices
Harri Holkeri was member of the board of directors of the Bank of Finland from 1978 to 1997, and candidate in the president elections of 1982 and 1988. He also served as a member of Parliament from 1970 to 1978 and as the chairman of the National Coalition (Conservative) Party from 1971 to 1979. On 1 July 1991 he made the world's first GSM call, to Kaarina Suonio, vice mayor of the city of Tampere. The historic call used Nokia gear on GSM's original 900 MHz band.
Legacy
He chaired the United Nations General Assembly during the 55th session (2000–2001). He also played a constructive role in securing the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland.
Cabinets
Holkeri Cabinet
Later years and death
In his last years, Holkeri resided in Kruununhaka, Helsinki. In November 2008 Holkeri was walking outside a grocery store in Kruununhaka, when a robber tackled him while fleeing. Holkeri was badly wounded, broke his hip and needed a joint replacement surgery on his hips. The suspect turned himself in to the police, but stated that he did not intend to harm Holkeri and that the tackle was an accident. Holkeri sued the suspect for temporary and permanent damages for a total of 8,400€.
Holkeri died in 2011 in Helsinki.
Honors and awards
Domestic
Holkeri was awarded the highest Finnish honorary title of Counselor of State in 1998 by the President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari.
Foreign
Holkeri's efforts in Northern Ireland were rewarded with an honorary KBE from Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
References
1937 births
2011 deaths
People from Oripää
National Coalition Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1970–72)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1972–75)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1975–79)
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Mission in Kosovo
Central bankers
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Special Representatives of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
|
[
-0.1478319615125656,
-0.03818806633353233,
-0.2745203375816345,
0.2995293140411377,
-0.12787750363349915,
1.2765023708343506,
0.683999240398407,
-0.591239333152771,
-0.4485483467578888,
0.4481441378593445,
0.20762000977993011,
0.5986465215682983,
-0.19452938437461853,
-0.1320314109325409,
-0.4630589187145233,
-0.5332798957824707,
0.007225248496979475,
0.6811720132827759,
-1.0056729316711426,
0.40565967559814453,
-0.4007798433303833,
-0.2911391258239746,
0.5407961010932922,
0.14455732703208923,
-0.17594821751117706,
-0.09529315680265427,
0.07428522408008575,
0.43314123153686523,
0.5797473788261414,
-0.1224355548620224,
-0.11099964380264282,
1.0033236742019653,
0.5583896040916443,
-0.04222036898136139,
-0.4627223610877991,
0.5776876211166382,
0.36313238739967346,
-0.6662082076072693,
0.34445303678512573,
0.8666881918907166,
-0.3955070376396179,
0.3410096764564514,
-0.4994494318962097,
0.2570223808288574,
0.13022127747535706,
-0.8323186039924622,
-1.6306216716766357,
0.144868865609169,
-0.7296428084373474,
-0.14326435327529907,
-0.02374187484383583,
0.29094287753105164,
0.4794614017009735,
0.6711882948875427,
0.2953251004219055,
-0.35596710443496704,
-0.7835996747016907,
0.0862656757235527,
0.07048770785331726,
-0.12686766684055328,
-0.11863500624895096,
-0.3512715995311737,
0.8664706349372864,
-0.4456154406070709,
0.9096941947937012,
0.07899884879589081,
0.1525929570198059,
-0.2245071530342102,
-0.009256190620362759,
-0.27971118688583374,
-0.2106204330921173,
0.694735050201416,
0.1336265206336975,
-0.4010067284107208,
0.41864013671875,
-1.0185774564743042,
-0.5834825038909912,
-0.39759668707847595,
0.19796770811080933,
-0.507297694683075,
-0.17280425131320953,
-0.8483731150627136,
0.5018462538719177,
0.7584308981895447,
0.3942811191082001,
-0.4983234703540802,
0.13219031691551208,
-0.3315141201019287,
-0.5441946387290955,
0.03194964677095413,
-0.3780536949634552,
-0.6648682951927185,
0.39028578996658325,
-0.08335793018341064,
-0.6181418895721436,
0.6600760221481323,
-0.011717966757714748,
0.82794588804245,
-0.09253398329019547,
0.16204674541950226,
0.3164360225200653,
0.12145162373781204,
0.5019335746765137,
-0.3110058307647705,
-0.18950195610523224,
-0.2867279052734375,
-0.013650545850396156,
-0.21829856932163239,
-0.26407045125961304,
-0.8293997049331665,
-0.7879548668861389,
0.38441604375839233,
0.00858495756983757,
0.3436633348464966,
-0.3097003996372223,
0.27508673071861267,
-0.44049155712127686,
-0.3510822355747223,
-0.20957477390766144,
0.09242967516183853,
-0.5968532562255859,
0.6131837368011475,
-0.31176868081092834,
-0.09019681066274643,
-0.6453040242195129,
0.37993353605270386,
-0.698916494846344,
0.39883074164390564,
-1.0177276134490967,
0.25926071405410767,
1.1804728507995605,
0.4395909011363983,
-1.299053430557251,
0.018036117777228355,
-0.21632063388824463,
-0.05551127716898918,
0.578051745891571,
0.015362508594989777,
0.34379568696022034,
0.45109668374061584,
0.03316768258810043,
-0.2492942065000534,
-0.6675182580947876,
-0.37060707807540894,
-0.14019794762134552,
-0.36943456530570984,
-0.30518993735313416,
-0.12687581777572632,
-0.38001587986946106,
-0.41563674807548523,
0.5394331216812134,
-0.010770347900688648,
0.860706627368927,
-0.9143136739730835,
0.21492691338062286,
0.8073613047599792,
0.24051247537136078,
-0.18840648233890533,
0.16186699271202087,
0.6257354617118835,
0.8735946416854858,
0.17594802379608154,
0.0745050311088562,
0.07734204083681107,
0.34476831555366516,
0.21125337481498718,
-0.15597958862781525,
0.6817470788955688,
0.38295692205429077,
0.13562415540218353,
-0.25090891122817993,
-0.11273681372404099,
0.25140681862831116,
0.38923904299736023,
0.022153101861476898,
0.44137656688690186,
0.4866666793823242,
-0.2732122540473938,
0.16952499747276306,
-0.5865311622619629,
-0.6656606793403625,
-0.41122713685035706,
-0.12704701721668243,
0.24612340331077576,
0.15489481389522552,
0.6446112394332886,
-0.3738863468170166,
-0.19521978497505188,
0.8712822794914246,
-0.10635172575712204,
-0.3684834837913513,
-1.2251783609390259,
0.5162179470062256,
-0.008478514850139618,
0.7917190194129944,
0.43131911754608154,
-0.28294676542282104,
0.10965274274349213,
0.19314728677272797,
0.25082123279571533,
-0.5157637596130371,
-0.9927107095718384,
0.25369954109191895,
-0.6241413950920105,
0.26988300681114197,
1.3245245218276978,
0.36631056666374207,
0.134876549243927,
-0.39157241582870483,
0.4828037619590759,
-0.17068341374397278,
-0.8954269886016846,
-0.1943516582250595,
0.20727427303791046,
-0.0017305666115134954,
-0.8892660737037659,
-0.29591232538223267,
0.19797833263874054,
0.27482277154922485,
0.21595849096775055,
0.3215992748737335,
0.24971918761730194,
-0.6507996320724487,
0.5442712903022766,
0.24340589344501495,
0.6250284910202026,
0.5221326947212219,
0.3215358853340149,
0.13816797733306885,
0.08286414295434952,
0.448972225189209,
0.1834147870540619,
-0.011103035882115364,
-0.09617122262716293,
0.29410049319267273,
-0.07783042639493942,
0.5089824795722961,
0.789405345916748,
0.6827166080474854,
-0.9530640840530396,
0.2402469664812088,
0.6930569410324097,
0.03321487456560135,
0.45764821767807007,
0.44018712639808655,
0.6709801554679871,
-0.6779552698135376,
-0.0018232101574540138,
-0.07755904644727707,
0.11544543504714966,
-0.08531568944454193,
-0.06349315494298935,
0.3290562927722931,
-0.38903170824050903,
-0.22131577134132385,
0.12742306292057037,
0.6192814707756042,
-0.12169214338064194,
-0.20193630456924438,
0.2770044803619385,
-0.0488896407186985,
-0.3026939928531647,
0.014722787775099277,
0.31847527623176575,
0.17830194532871246,
-0.13405506312847137,
0.5515165328979492,
-0.9301517605781555,
0.2580625116825104,
-0.15992045402526855,
-0.3121376931667328,
-0.5817093849182129,
-0.2650415897369385,
-0.573364794254303,
-0.021812401711940765,
-0.4361082911491394,
-0.6799740791320801,
0.24989765882492065,
-0.6615151762962341,
0.065604567527771,
0.48250654339790344,
0.7506254315376282,
-0.34485214948654175,
-0.3730497658252716,
-0.8721250295639038,
0.6628478765487671,
-0.3991211950778961,
0.028778566047549248,
0.3323623538017273,
0.41572898626327515,
0.006634305696934462,
0.1690293848514557,
-0.44594863057136536,
-0.034391067922115326,
0.06348802149295807,
0.3360863924026489,
-0.2716316878795624,
-0.6052821278572083,
0.6432082056999207,
0.23058359324932098,
-0.5711431503295898,
0.6443837881088257,
-0.39827975630760193,
0.35606035590171814,
0.2747117877006531,
0.22535766661167145,
-0.006299352739006281,
-0.03777492791414261,
-4.780210018157959,
-0.10216865688562393,
0.19843843579292297,
-0.31679198145866394,
0.812050998210907,
0.47261229157447815,
0.1652224212884903,
-0.530407190322876,
0.45346909761428833,
-0.6250281929969788,
1.0925586223602295,
0.04513316601514816,
0.4216063618659973,
1.189480185508728,
0.41056597232818604,
0.4899160861968994,
0.3350420594215393,
0.13856744766235352,
0.6198678016662598,
0.03454170748591423,
-0.1307285726070404,
0.11313209682703018,
-0.39150357246398926,
0.6212507486343384,
-0.16170081496238708,
-0.07343067973852158,
-0.24440041184425354,
-0.07070698589086533,
-1.0767782926559448,
-0.3381170332431793,
-0.2737683653831482,
0.3832513689994812,
-0.3594105839729309,
0.024427365511655807,
0.1401165872812271,
-0.3712182641029358,
-0.4972400367259979,
0.6966584324836731,
-0.3042243421077728,
0.13344541192054749,
0.41336050629615784,
0.5671371817588806,
0.05129693076014519,
-0.5862030386924744,
-0.03857392817735672,
0.054754242300987244,
-0.7195088267326355,
-0.08201263099908829,
-0.8003289103507996,
0.9784750938415527,
0.09009627252817154,
-0.11985556781291962,
0.5327829122543335,
0.024092145264148712,
0.5027435421943665,
0.031979046761989594,
0.4753573536872864,
-0.11974482238292694,
-0.40025487542152405,
0.580929696559906,
-0.30480000376701355,
-0.28323984146118164,
0.04520341008901596,
-1.3408808708190918,
-0.5862323045730591,
0.21030578017234802,
-0.17528600990772247,
0.13271667063236237,
0.5389523506164551,
-0.621937096118927,
-0.47840550541877747,
0.6376470923423767,
-0.24312204122543335,
-1.813015341758728,
-0.40834423899650574,
-0.7619092464447021,
-0.1814393848180771,
-0.025112532079219818,
-1.0757254362106323,
0.02055409736931324,
-0.07194539159536362,
-0.6391862034797668,
-0.09906311333179474,
0.21748895943164825,
1.044887900352478,
0.34190866351127625,
0.005562485195696354,
-0.08547214418649673,
-0.10230115801095963,
-0.24328351020812988,
-0.5499439835548401,
-0.9252668023109436,
0.024832705035805702,
-0.1283402442932129,
0.3309900462627411,
0.10865551978349686,
-0.6670392155647278,
0.24433781206607819,
0.8109376430511475,
-0.3585260510444641,
-0.10288757085800171,
-0.10616324096918106,
-0.2293471395969391,
-0.33230060338974,
0.10778314620256424,
0.13832367956638336,
-0.07741580158472061,
-0.06899971514940262,
0.18992209434509277,
-0.03707657381892204,
0.07348848879337311,
0.08856998383998871,
-0.03263925015926361,
-1.079259991645813,
0.3146330714225769,
-0.4728860557079315,
0.049745965749025345,
0.6179473400115967,
0.38830187916755676,
0.7758508324623108,
-0.09576106816530228,
-0.23859883844852448,
0.5123180747032166,
-0.23184068500995636,
0.37990203499794006,
-0.349165141582489,
-0.19253070652484894,
-0.7278128266334534,
-0.15796434879302979,
0.1737399846315384,
0.038769494742155075,
0.732315182685852,
0.1165219098329544,
-0.21869394183158875,
0.612592339515686,
-0.5008589029312134,
-0.21466289460659027,
0.03132167086005211,
-0.18455171585083008,
-0.21052974462509155,
-0.15158434212207794,
-0.377375990152359,
-0.3237251043319702,
0.7884522080421448,
-0.28263187408447266,
0.04334563389420509,
0.047986261546611786,
0.3736896812915802,
-0.5856415629386902,
0.17788217961788177,
-0.6468728184700012,
-0.1434253752231598,
0.24529042840003967,
-0.443252295255661,
0.2513441741466522,
0.48249587416648865,
-0.02682838775217533,
-0.1089572012424469,
-0.7236933708190918,
-0.2913847267627716,
0.21247676014900208,
-0.4349987506866455,
-1.6512728929519653,
-0.384361207485199,
0.34952211380004883,
0.00688799237832427,
-1.2933095693588257,
-0.44788941740989685,
-0.7698926329612732,
0.5052489638328552,
-0.47292253375053406,
-0.7191044688224792,
-0.25460246205329895,
0.08442822843790054,
-0.36438503861427307,
-0.5580556392669678,
0.3994717597961426,
0.3590986728668213,
-0.1560712605714798,
0.2655501961708069,
0.11933109909296036,
0.862303614616394,
-0.7573705911636353,
0.11711861938238144,
0.27350300550460815,
0.04642512649297714,
-0.06185678020119667,
-0.4829128086566925,
-0.1970096379518509,
0.3809082508087158,
0.43362993001937866,
-0.5444419384002686,
0.008396212011575699,
0.22590163350105286,
0.23935021460056305,
-0.3504125475883484,
-0.5876713991165161,
-0.22679874300956726,
-0.32410144805908203,
0.4492115080356598,
0.41857147216796875,
0.1734071969985962,
-0.29076921939849854,
-0.07561969757080078,
-0.06771977990865707,
-0.5043679475784302,
0.5869102478027344,
0.5973606109619141,
0.1360623985528946,
0.784055233001709,
-1.186110496520996,
0.0022318800911307335,
-0.33023861050605774,
0.6965665817260742,
-0.25120630860328674,
0.4059261083602905,
0.8988484740257263,
-0.12204620242118835,
-0.5018704533576965,
-0.94393390417099,
-0.8747863173484802,
-0.580672562122345,
-0.05950067192316055,
-0.24492771923542023,
-0.5727258324623108,
-0.07530539482831955,
0.11896762251853943,
-0.40550482273101807,
1.036403775215149,
-0.16303882002830505,
0.5125528573989868,
-0.7923905849456787,
0.2608976662158966,
-0.014673304744064808,
-0.20138084888458252,
-0.11438824236392975,
0.3485648036003113,
0.18247397243976593,
-0.11166644841432571,
0.2440318614244461,
0.7766692638397217,
0.5063906908035278,
0.717136561870575,
0.10481706261634827,
-0.31982144713401794,
0.004773807246237993,
0.29758232831954956,
-0.2920142114162445,
-0.5265432000160217,
0.03298577293753624,
0.20874013006687164,
0.09031375497579575,
-0.4518989026546478,
-0.3849368393421173,
0.914443850517273,
-0.5082352161407471,
0.24197693169116974,
0.31473690271377563,
0.554876446723938,
-0.0379369854927063,
-0.44941118359565735,
-0.3387797772884369,
0.30595874786376953,
0.22210732102394104,
0.39987611770629883,
0.631170392036438,
-0.3102400302886963,
-0.2962838411331177,
0.05150970071554184,
-0.31172773241996765,
-0.6358270049095154,
-0.0210636667907238,
-0.07773995399475098,
-0.14443349838256836,
-0.3719159662723541,
0.10195561498403549,
0.36055988073349,
-0.2716399133205414,
0.2753381133079529,
-0.3838427662849426,
-0.09981615841388702,
0.0637720599770546,
0.022557009011507034,
0.2760036885738373,
-0.8180784583091736,
-0.9751378297805786,
-0.1770024448633194,
-0.022130724042654037,
-0.11504728347063065,
0.430560439825058,
-0.7650271654129028,
-0.015298166312277317,
0.04707741364836693,
0.4060450792312622,
0.005322460550814867,
0.4954390823841095,
0.008047998882830143,
0.7938066124916077,
-0.18834160268306732,
0.39039695262908936,
0.21520964801311493,
-0.4382428526878357,
0.3346600830554962,
0.22627848386764526,
0.20303058624267578,
-0.006702111568301916,
-0.7534433603286743,
-0.25652846693992615,
0.014111636206507683,
0.5093478560447693,
0.5522627830505371,
-0.17795923352241516,
0.2076454758644104,
0.8827747702598572,
-0.15273453295230865,
-0.589463472366333,
0.3791583180427551,
-0.9637535810470581,
-0.7467958331108093,
-0.35171741247177124,
0.7461945414543152,
0.5570865273475647,
0.44266277551651,
0.22760672867298126,
0.8013176918029785,
1.2312572002410889,
0.7643171548843384,
0.5198063254356384,
0.1427796632051468,
0.2573816180229187,
-0.41569843888282776,
-0.15955336391925812,
-0.11222995817661285,
0.31014758348464966,
-0.2799432575702667,
-0.034401435405015945,
0.0431663803756237,
-0.3898158669471741,
0.3265514373779297,
0.21315446496009827,
0.16258376836776733,
1.1863622665405273,
0.044110096991062164,
0.20788632333278656,
0.4217967092990875,
-0.09479612857103348,
-0.37842676043510437,
0.38685426115989685,
-0.1192169338464737,
-0.2301466166973114,
0.1657564491033554,
-0.29382121562957764,
0.09172510355710983,
-1.148521900177002,
-0.16256210207939148,
0.08627637475728989,
0.621990978717804,
-0.5425626039505005,
-0.3480890095233917,
-0.15760837495326996,
0.15741576254367828,
-1.0294195413589478,
0.9277104139328003,
0.3474842607975006,
0.1657162457704544,
-0.8608720302581787,
-0.1437796950340271,
-0.1570845991373062,
0.5196803212165833,
-0.014214927330613136,
-0.1384805291891098,
-0.535656213760376,
-0.4707891047000885,
0.056811995804309845,
-0.09319022297859192,
0.17505143582820892,
1.0262068510055542,
-0.2637755274772644,
-0.26894867420196533,
0.35525721311569214,
-0.6443350315093994,
0.5740405321121216,
0.4846714437007904,
0.011976705864071846,
-0.1635982245206833,
-0.17024093866348267,
0.33304399251937866,
-0.29019203782081604,
0.3110140264034271,
0.07775955647230148,
0.8116200566291809,
-0.4140629172325134,
-0.010534734465181828,
1.1196402311325073,
-0.9237388968467712,
0.26056408882141113,
-0.6441143155097961,
0.041138168424367905,
0.6334130764007568,
-0.17455072700977325,
-0.6538125872612,
0.5339605808258057,
-0.005669443868100643,
0.5257566571235657,
-0.045193612575531006,
0.04684018716216087,
-0.24655112624168396,
0.31067126989364624,
-0.10651438683271408,
0.2084745317697525,
0.11629123985767365,
0.6901764869689941,
-0.12130022794008255,
0.34178757667541504,
-0.42534300684928894,
-0.3626464903354645,
0.7714026570320129,
-0.2573389410972595,
0.13832837343215942,
0.3466225266456604,
0.1565340906381607,
-0.5007648468017578,
0.6485643982887268,
-0.26038897037506104,
-0.3037381172180176,
-0.0905546098947525,
0.0670340433716774,
0.3601718544960022,
-0.1336112767457962,
-0.048681311309337616,
-0.2758369445800781,
0.18972188234329224,
0.2670212388038635,
-0.36891552805900574,
-0.22995389997959137,
-0.09048718959093094,
0.3070065677165985,
-0.09865844249725342,
0.9832929372787476,
-0.6683077812194824,
0.17047493159770966,
-0.20956994593143463,
0.04948056489229202,
-0.645427405834198,
-0.9263138175010681,
0.6642094254493713,
-0.3337370753288269,
-0.2649780809879303,
0.028093388304114342,
-0.6293444037437439,
-0.3319641947746277,
-0.9248775243759155,
0.954948365688324,
-0.7743602991104126,
0.24488268792629242,
0.5821188688278198,
0.026801252737641335,
0.003185486188158393,
0.19679224491119385,
0.12030982971191406
] |
211075
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevi%20Sorsa
|
Kalevi Sorsa
|
Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (21 December 1930 – 16 January 2004) was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland three times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987. At the time of his death he still held the record for most days of incumbency as prime minister. He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.
Early years
Taisto Kalevi Sorsa was born on 21 December 1930 in Keuruu. Sorsa's surname literally means "anatid" in Finnish.
Sorsa attended school in Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta. At the age of 18, Sorsa's involvement with the SDP started in Lappeenranta. Prior to his political career, Sorsa worked in Paris for UNESCO from 1959 to 1965 and served as Secretary-General of the Finnish UNESCO board from 1965 to 1969. In the late 1960s, he also served as an official in the Ministry of Education.
In 1969, he was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio, a former Prime Minister of Finland, to assume the influential post of party secretary, despite not having much previous experience of national politics.
A 2008 book by historian Jukka Seppinen suggested that Sorsa was at this date already receiving support from Soviet backers in the KGB.
Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1972-1989)
Sorsa and domestic politics
Sorsa was a leading political figure during the presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto. He served as the chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and was Prime Minister of Finland in four cabinets for a total of ten years (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987). He remains Finland's longest-serving prime minister.
After his premiership he served as the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament from 1989 to 1991. During his career he also served twice as Deputy Prime Minister, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1987 to 1989. From 1987 to 1996, Sorsa served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland. He was also known for his participation as the convener in the economic policy seminar at Hotel Korpilampi in Lahnus, Espoo, in September 1977.
Sorsa is regarded as one of Finland's most influential prime ministers, making major contributions to schools and health care, and increasing social security for families with children and pensioners. His governments strengthened the welfare state in Finland, by enacting many reforms—child care laws, longer maternity leave, the annual vacation benefit act, as well as the public health act.
In domestic politics, Sorsa had a particularly difficult relationship with Paavo Väyrynen, the strong-willed head of the Center Party. Another notable conflict was his rivalry with young rising politician Paavo Lipponen.
In June 1984, Sorsa gave a speech on "infocracy" (i.e. the power of the mass media) at the Social Democratic party convention. Infocracy challenges parliamentary democracy, is unintelligent and avoids discussing social problems, he said: it takes more interest in individual politicians than political issues and is never critical of its own actions.
Sorsa and foreign affairs
Three times Kalevi Sorsa served as Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland): in 1972; in 1975–1976; and from 1987 to 1989.
Sorsa supported the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe after its creation in 1975, as well as projects to bridge the gap between the world's richest and poorest countries. In the 1970s, despite opposition from far-left parties, he championed a hard-won, free-trade agreement with the European Economic Community (EEC), which boosted ties between Finland and the countries of Western Europe.
Sorsa was also active in the international social democratic movement, and in the mid-1970s was elected vice-president of the Socialist International.
In the late 1970s and in the 1980s the Socialist International had extensive contacts and discussion with the two leading powers of the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union, on issues concerning East–West relations, arms control and Afghanistan. The Socialist International supported détente and disarmament agreements, such as SALT II, START and INF. They had several meetings and discussion in Washington, D.C., with President Jimmy Carter and Vice-President George Bush and with CPSU Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow. Sorsa led the Socialist International's delegations to these discussions.
Later years (1989-2004)
In 1993, Sorsa entered the Social Democratic Party's primary elections as a presidential candidate, but was forced to withdraw after revelations of his long-standing covert relations with the Soviet leadership.
In 1992 Kalevi Sorsa announced that he would stand in the coming 1994 presidential elections. However, documents found in the CPSU Central Committee archive in Moscow during the trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union indicated that Sorsa had long maintained "confidential contacts" with the Soviet authorities. When news of this information finally broke in the Finnish press, Sorsa issued a public apology and withdrew his candidacy. Martti Ahtisaari took his place as the candidate of the Social Democratic Party and won the election.
He was replaced as SDP candidate by Martti Ahtisaari, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1977 to 1981, who went on to become Finnish President. Ahtisaari was supported by a small but significant group of Finnish politicians who had long been hostile to Kaleva: Erkki Tuomioja, Lasse Lehtinen and Matti Ahde.
Later years
Kalevi Sorsa continued to participate in discussions of social policy until the end of his life, his last column being published posthumously.
He died of cancer on 16 January 2004 at his home in Helsinki at the age of 73. He was survived by his wife; the couple had no children.
The Kalevi Sorsa Foundation is a social democratic think tank, established in 2005 and named in his honour.
As head of government and foreign ministry
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland), 1972
Sorsa I Cabinet, 1972-1975
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland), 1975-1976
Sorsa II Cabinet, 1977-1979
Sorsa III Cabinet, 1982-1983
Sorsa IV Cabinet, 1983-1987
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland), 1987-1989
Honours
Commander Grand Cross in the Order of the White Rose of Finland
Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau, Netherlands
Grand Cross in the Order of the Falcon, Iceland
Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the North Star, Sweden
Grand Cross in the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Dannebrog, Denmark
Grand Cross in the National Order of Merit, France
Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Isabella the Catholic, Spain
Grand Cross in the Order of the Southern Cross, Brazil
See also
Politics of Finland
Socialist International
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Finland)
Martti Ahtisaari
References
External links
Kalevi Sorsa Foundation
1930 births
2004 deaths
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
People from Keuruu
Leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Finland
Prime Ministers of Finland
Deputy Prime Ministers of Finland
Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1970–72)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1972–75)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1975–79)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1979–83)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1983–87)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1987–91)
Central bankers
|
[
-0.24516569077968597,
0.1187274158000946,
-0.48126497864723206,
0.35546889901161194,
-0.17721743881702423,
0.8693321347236633,
0.3460172712802887,
-0.3726513385772705,
-0.32813385128974915,
0.09537258744239807,
0.2657037377357483,
0.6401000618934631,
-0.5927516222000122,
0.1363341212272644,
-0.41537532210350037,
-0.36739373207092285,
0.1989486962556839,
0.5035774111747742,
-0.6514909267425537,
0.21067321300506592,
-0.2526198625564575,
0.0757485032081604,
0.6374896764755249,
0.2051711529493332,
-0.12844431400299072,
-0.05160188674926758,
0.16176818311214447,
0.353130042552948,
0.4336736500263214,
0.14753280580043793,
0.1220192164182663,
0.7416818141937256,
0.28651997447013855,
-0.1280287802219391,
-0.39825865626335144,
0.06551393866539001,
0.41846340894699097,
-0.32021135091781616,
-0.0884326621890068,
0.4076840579509735,
-0.3481755256652832,
0.02025485783815384,
-0.12296395748853683,
-0.11769715696573257,
0.08414903283119202,
-0.9978641867637634,
-0.7071311473846436,
0.2637413442134857,
-0.4843357503414154,
-0.08262865245342255,
-0.4120815694332123,
0.19222070276737213,
0.3434816300868988,
0.34313511848449707,
0.4346732199192047,
-0.0206280667334795,
-0.6624257564544678,
0.013721577823162079,
-0.6886397004127502,
-0.15811370313167572,
0.03001735359430313,
-0.38043108582496643,
0.4007343053817749,
-0.22198525071144104,
0.6749102473258972,
-0.16057491302490234,
0.12052278220653534,
-0.21562916040420532,
0.3835752606391907,
-0.6773354411125183,
-0.22639575600624084,
0.7286563515663147,
0.271404504776001,
0.06528478115797043,
0.3777366280555725,
-0.4231710731983185,
-0.4051026701927185,
-0.3257163166999817,
0.36911216378211975,
-0.25036460161209106,
-0.21773380041122437,
-0.7943324446678162,
0.6378158330917358,
0.8380742073059082,
0.03042435087263584,
-0.3957298696041107,
0.33017370104789734,
0.21855990588665009,
-0.36467576026916504,
0.5223093032836914,
-0.3271547853946686,
-0.5201845765113831,
0.775073230266571,
-0.19648398458957672,
-0.8147040605545044,
0.07684703916311264,
-0.2560679018497467,
0.593347430229187,
-0.1726589798927307,
-0.2740974426269531,
0.1746530830860138,
0.3902885317802429,
0.20806027948856354,
-0.450411856174469,
-0.42981094121932983,
-0.10824798792600632,
-0.027568930760025978,
0.04848442226648331,
-0.292231023311615,
-0.256848007440567,
-0.6168513298034668,
0.3121417164802551,
0.2726728618144989,
0.383208692073822,
-0.10890490561723709,
0.2535804212093353,
-0.45390886068344116,
-0.43439534306526184,
-0.27436259388923645,
-0.21278341114521027,
-0.6063041090965271,
0.6618635058403015,
-0.10548670589923859,
-0.17445789277553558,
-0.5040516257286072,
0.5427596569061279,
-0.195990189909935,
-0.10722757130861282,
-0.5097888112068176,
0.4171682894229889,
0.9698032140731812,
0.4908960461616516,
-1.236091136932373,
0.49020645022392273,
-0.2567199468612671,
-0.28932929039001465,
0.720754861831665,
-0.1307881474494934,
-0.009153377264738083,
0.5021308660507202,
-0.2922877073287964,
-0.20128867030143738,
-0.01498440746217966,
-0.3148803114891052,
-0.2785091698169708,
-0.3540801405906677,
-0.010529836639761925,
0.02417554147541523,
-0.3537309169769287,
-0.009069290943443775,
0.37099751830101013,
-0.40659230947494507,
0.4650475084781647,
-0.8189384341239929,
0.34593531489372253,
0.6435111165046692,
0.3760870695114136,
0.0029300262685865164,
0.04688418656587601,
0.49848949909210205,
0.7648048996925354,
0.21689297258853912,
0.21369428932666779,
0.0888269916176796,
0.4376251995563507,
-0.05081113055348396,
-0.05350740626454353,
0.38883915543556213,
0.06852132081985474,
-0.07607859373092651,
-0.297637939453125,
0.30667543411254883,
0.11445537209510803,
-0.038156457245349884,
0.11976165324449539,
0.42113909125328064,
0.28301820158958435,
-0.4468177258968353,
0.08254627138376236,
-0.5676558613777161,
-0.652469277381897,
-0.5276046395301819,
0.13228821754455566,
0.6377531886100769,
0.20380166172981262,
0.42566099762916565,
0.30220842361450195,
0.07253097742795944,
0.9566017985343933,
-0.35111773014068604,
-0.15826231241226196,
-0.9146430492401123,
0.5579808950424194,
-0.3839852809906006,
0.5763015747070312,
0.12476447969675064,
-0.38811635971069336,
0.6497139930725098,
0.30269956588745117,
0.580619215965271,
-0.3381297290325165,
-0.5526776909828186,
0.3229534924030304,
-0.5831882357597351,
0.7680870294570923,
0.8634785413742065,
0.16121035814285278,
0.27098166942596436,
-0.07080443948507309,
0.9144737720489502,
0.19475197792053223,
-0.5481145977973938,
-0.5237382054328918,
0.3391340672969818,
-0.26743608713150024,
-0.7116073369979858,
-0.46683308482170105,
0.36821216344833374,
-0.02510126680135727,
0.3641762435436249,
0.6186742186546326,
0.2506239414215088,
-0.5687822103500366,
0.5033217668533325,
0.5952378511428833,
0.8635452389717102,
0.283413290977478,
-0.00469101732596755,
-0.11892317980527878,
0.5231457352638245,
0.2438456267118454,
0.016030628234148026,
-0.017946720123291016,
-0.04789559915661812,
0.4032132625579834,
0.4764668643474579,
0.015345010906457901,
0.6949666738510132,
0.42256292700767517,
-0.6042711138725281,
0.6650018095970154,
0.6665934920310974,
-0.19727566838264465,
0.31270965933799744,
0.5259819030761719,
0.5983201861381531,
-0.8046792149543762,
0.02708837203681469,
-0.5734373927116394,
0.10385601967573166,
-0.2858467698097229,
-0.20209364593029022,
0.4688287079334259,
0.08051776885986328,
-0.22419089078903198,
-0.05341412127017975,
0.34641867876052856,
-0.4810749888420105,
-0.323889821767807,
0.27027803659439087,
-0.16186004877090454,
-0.3130711317062378,
0.2678923010826111,
0.28166502714157104,
0.15683966875076294,
-0.004146217834204435,
0.1638268083333969,
-0.5562499761581421,
-0.38928285241127014,
-0.2218911498785019,
-0.11736994236707687,
-0.6634008884429932,
-0.1702985316514969,
0.3140220642089844,
0.17011138796806335,
-0.6474903225898743,
-0.8387729525566101,
0.5236173272132874,
-0.5320667028427124,
-0.3434767723083496,
0.6712742447853088,
0.6872039437294006,
-0.23719419538974762,
-0.19005024433135986,
-1.0059795379638672,
0.052266474813222885,
-0.5286093950271606,
0.03343848139047623,
0.06082944944500923,
0.37361109256744385,
-0.04802294820547104,
-0.002328254748135805,
-0.5689530372619629,
-0.48095574975013733,
-0.4030323624610901,
0.6117392778396606,
-0.34495988488197327,
-0.49515461921691895,
0.741735577583313,
0.20801256597042084,
-0.348624050617218,
-0.04323462396860123,
-0.08942427486181259,
0.12499751895666122,
0.34696266055107117,
-0.19802089035511017,
-0.08978598564863205,
-0.2382669746875763,
-5.426354885101318,
0.017155051231384277,
0.012404723092913628,
-0.663581371307373,
0.5020759701728821,
0.09116462618112564,
0.44495654106140137,
-0.4738311767578125,
0.7515489459037781,
-0.6201959848403931,
0.7191603779792786,
0.08652719110250473,
0.3090727925300598,
0.9632599949836731,
0.5127423405647278,
0.5222315192222595,
0.42425933480262756,
-0.1259244680404663,
0.28870320320129395,
0.3153987228870392,
0.21661676466464996,
0.02470635436475277,
-0.4713990390300751,
0.37289759516716003,
0.08901911228895187,
0.377503365278244,
-0.23216955363750458,
0.23301546275615692,
-0.6089906096458435,
-0.12269327789545059,
-0.1787513643503189,
0.14916734397411346,
0.1151500716805458,
-0.13463090360164642,
0.004800291266292334,
-0.5171525478363037,
-0.17031456530094147,
0.9478261470794678,
-0.151864156126976,
-0.11939381808042526,
0.2028733789920807,
0.23474788665771484,
-0.1583157330751419,
-0.3538985550403595,
0.07669977098703384,
-0.22012309730052948,
-0.761651337146759,
0.24244844913482666,
-0.7828259468078613,
0.5560775399208069,
0.35129544138908386,
0.07222847640514374,
-0.32636550068855286,
-0.029010415077209473,
0.07910647988319397,
0.32093435525894165,
0.13257622718811035,
0.09430930763483047,
-0.43422332406044006,
0.6221404671669006,
-0.37719500064849854,
0.004080016631633043,
0.07279950380325317,
-0.8466348648071289,
-0.29288777709007263,
0.07397185266017914,
-0.2634464502334595,
-0.0538795106112957,
0.5586123466491699,
-0.15017545223236084,
-0.2995750606060028,
0.11646217852830887,
-0.19747419655323029,
-1.2896288633346558,
-0.03348405659198761,
-0.6935997605323792,
-0.13576677441596985,
-0.03141540288925171,
-0.5486046671867371,
0.11571571975946426,
-0.1055632084608078,
-0.4858686923980713,
-0.4927399754524231,
0.44283920526504517,
0.9225513339042664,
0.11879630386829376,
-0.08461276441812515,
-0.13658365607261658,
0.022743994370102882,
0.03206411004066467,
0.4430006742477417,
-1.2290246486663818,
0.045090146362781525,
0.039067592471838,
0.24963726103305817,
-0.09096141159534454,
-0.7145819067955017,
0.17961589992046356,
0.7371068000793457,
-0.399975061416626,
-0.26849818229675293,
0.17921464145183563,
0.1382230669260025,
-0.43051862716674805,
0.25705423951148987,
0.05832528695464134,
-0.09155754745006561,
-0.07185959070920944,
-0.02907908335328102,
0.23232446610927582,
0.42673447728157043,
0.17680351436138153,
-0.30452364683151245,
-1.043903112411499,
0.4055735170841217,
-0.4935096502304077,
0.064657062292099,
0.5870037078857422,
0.4613557457923889,
0.2753860652446747,
-0.14545582234859467,
-0.21542046964168549,
0.17136867344379425,
-0.040143586695194244,
0.3278857469558716,
-0.41642647981643677,
-0.20693862438201904,
-0.411729097366333,
0.15914717316627502,
0.3447721004486084,
0.05000128224492073,
0.8347111940383911,
0.3837686777114868,
-0.06588674336671829,
0.7225876450538635,
-0.2198936492204666,
-0.49652767181396484,
-0.4635907709598541,
-0.1445797085762024,
-0.40617093443870544,
-0.15488247573375702,
-0.5063385963439941,
-0.019795341417193413,
0.20477589964866638,
-0.3188135027885437,
0.027966151013970375,
0.16332988440990448,
0.138972669839859,
-0.39383792877197266,
0.04135487973690033,
-0.1599077582359314,
-0.2596668303012848,
0.08866160362958908,
-0.30554914474487305,
0.21384690701961517,
0.46545833349227905,
-0.13207021355628967,
-0.08341924101114273,
-0.9165294170379639,
-0.38459527492523193,
0.3257026672363281,
-0.7068254351615906,
-1.330378770828247,
-0.4263787567615509,
0.26941221952438354,
0.044838543981313705,
-1.296098232269287,
-0.5924584865570068,
-0.7040348649024963,
0.8218371272087097,
0.19326774775981903,
-0.6221390962600708,
-0.12555581331253052,
-0.2793230414390564,
0.13546276092529297,
-0.5045450925827026,
0.3731040060520172,
0.13036474585533142,
-0.4615616798400879,
0.2632500231266022,
-0.20327793061733246,
0.8833528757095337,
-0.43185028433799744,
0.05806495249271393,
0.3175690174102783,
0.14112244546413422,
-0.5549871921539307,
-0.18007385730743408,
0.01803886704146862,
0.01734909601509571,
0.34403130412101746,
-0.15276400744915009,
0.05497624725103378,
0.62675541639328,
0.2368694394826889,
-0.6002801060676575,
-0.5760238766670227,
0.20067419111728668,
-0.00986758153885603,
0.09626371413469315,
0.16357392072677612,
0.24813248217105865,
-0.017497777938842773,
-0.7093672752380371,
-0.0709969699382782,
-0.3060581088066101,
0.5748581290245056,
0.629417359828949,
0.44333702325820923,
0.5503615140914917,
-0.9573543071746826,
-0.41911783814430237,
-0.38357168436050415,
0.9311663508415222,
-0.4009171426296234,
0.43696117401123047,
0.5966042280197144,
-0.2937149703502655,
-0.4467275142669678,
-0.8996807336807251,
-0.6223260164260864,
-0.283926397562027,
-0.23757778108119965,
-0.1796460598707199,
-0.6093493700027466,
-0.45032334327697754,
0.020516270771622658,
-0.17827118933200836,
0.8041318655014038,
0.13125842809677124,
0.41819798946380615,
-0.08002392947673798,
0.05185740068554878,
-0.1609955132007599,
-0.08864912390708923,
-0.1760287582874298,
0.6932474374771118,
0.36548760533332825,
0.05287283658981323,
0.12581679224967957,
0.4818257689476013,
0.8379032611846924,
0.9201681613922119,
0.03207923844456673,
-0.1737140566110611,
-0.13734962046146393,
0.21969185769557953,
0.23863661289215088,
0.019594421610236168,
0.28279411792755127,
0.2942794859409332,
-0.23680895566940308,
-0.53056401014328,
-0.2092343419790268,
0.7799102067947388,
-0.525214433670044,
0.30983632802963257,
0.26166948676109314,
0.3572922348976135,
0.43945637345314026,
-0.42519745230674744,
0.18037573993206024,
0.0496906116604805,
-0.10146716237068176,
0.2589079439640045,
0.5419699549674988,
-0.09347665309906006,
0.002072795294225216,
-0.06191425025463104,
-0.4217882752418518,
-0.6639934182167053,
-0.6596968173980713,
-0.01042188424617052,
0.11811664700508118,
-0.37718746066093445,
0.06824939697980881,
0.2366945892572403,
-0.021692520007491112,
0.08367669582366943,
-0.3955913484096527,
-0.6607434749603271,
0.02938026376068592,
0.1352303922176361,
0.19637542963027954,
-1.19648015499115,
-1.243165135383606,
-0.33509713411331177,
-0.07471556961536407,
-0.21762685477733612,
0.06260497868061066,
-0.5720542073249817,
-0.2704402506351471,
-0.031595293432474136,
-0.1381545066833496,
-0.5226501822471619,
0.45743873715400696,
0.22719942033290863,
1.0598704814910889,
-0.04070527106523514,
0.3196805417537689,
0.02471938356757164,
-0.24661044776439667,
0.27446627616882324,
0.3554721474647522,
-0.4651443660259247,
0.025233248248696327,
-0.45855632424354553,
-0.38319268822669983,
-0.09527567028999329,
0.41152283549308777,
0.2389492243528366,
-0.28342485427856445,
-0.04040646553039551,
0.540076732635498,
-0.8054907917976379,
-0.4066162407398224,
0.4588561952114105,
-0.7101083397865295,
-0.9709593653678894,
-0.05898585915565491,
0.7544470429420471,
0.14730826020240784,
-0.025538424029946327,
0.08297470211982727,
0.8877972364425659,
0.7694903612136841,
0.6039637327194214,
0.4949592649936676,
0.10878146439790726,
0.35867977142333984,
-0.3842489719390869,
0.06610004603862762,
-0.5099918842315674,
0.42353832721710205,
-0.4209340810775757,
0.2252168506383896,
-0.23433639109134674,
-0.6236926913261414,
0.32406774163246155,
0.31023457646369934,
0.47429582476615906,
1.0162593126296997,
-0.22342967987060547,
0.0038791655097156763,
0.6256207823753357,
-0.4063616693019867,
-0.276004433631897,
0.16013716161251068,
0.26410767436027527,
0.22806747257709503,
0.48718053102493286,
-0.473632276058197,
0.18537762761116028,
-0.727167010307312,
-0.18793976306915283,
-0.06054475158452988,
0.6587544679641724,
-0.348018616437912,
-0.05581526458263397,
0.1816420555114746,
0.008224262855947018,
-0.9569670557975769,
0.435922771692276,
0.4298476576805115,
0.3525746762752533,
-0.3559287190437317,
0.16604356467723846,
-0.1501253992319107,
0.18095548450946808,
-0.07274249941110611,
-0.17411291599273682,
-0.35233011841773987,
-0.40020573139190674,
0.2768268585205078,
0.019151315093040466,
0.27774661779403687,
0.7227586507797241,
-0.1425088346004486,
-0.2348390370607376,
-0.0030563022010028362,
-0.48290377855300903,
0.6202540993690491,
0.2646198868751526,
-0.4825054109096527,
-0.5585008859634399,
0.19227996468544006,
0.3669861853122711,
-0.1891808956861496,
0.15351258218288422,
0.08428709208965302,
0.4612998068332672,
-0.3357081413269043,
0.20598851144313812,
0.8982357382774353,
-0.2626519501209259,
0.046111200004816055,
-0.47874903678894043,
-0.10488781332969666,
0.739535391330719,
-0.022314222529530525,
-0.3571852445602417,
0.06484491378068924,
0.23958690464496613,
0.27059879899024963,
0.1424112468957901,
-0.031197691336274147,
-0.3111667335033417,
0.11130589246749878,
-0.16952574253082275,
0.32712188363075256,
-0.17081020772457123,
0.7700396776199341,
-0.4155866503715515,
0.03935260698199272,
-0.39910629391670227,
-0.17526346445083618,
0.9537490606307983,
-0.49374523758888245,
-0.04406490921974182,
0.16148653626441956,
-0.073000468313694,
-0.3884718716144562,
0.4191620349884033,
0.07268668711185455,
-0.2740710973739624,
-0.1998993307352066,
0.09512989968061447,
0.2478158324956894,
-0.12338303029537201,
0.22030512988567352,
-0.33294564485549927,
0.06772413104772568,
0.667931318283081,
-0.6214398741722107,
-0.0786905437707901,
-0.5066002607345581,
0.24208319187164307,
-0.26195308566093445,
0.45737504959106445,
-0.5248069167137146,
0.10453519970178604,
0.050901081413030624,
0.07874343544244766,
-0.11287829279899597,
0.5266870856285095,
0.3247568607330322,
-0.28980356454849243,
-0.08701997250318527,
-0.5290230512619019,
-0.5932663679122925,
0.12673194706439972,
-0.8582344055175781,
0.9733985662460327,
-0.36765196919441223,
0.6374145746231079,
-0.2077649086713791,
0.10939288139343262,
-0.478214293718338,
0.16601267457008362,
-0.13426627218723297
] |
211077
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikatana
|
Daikatana
|
John Romero's Daikatana is a 2000 first-person shooter game developed by Ion Storm. It was published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows and Kemco for Nintendo 64. Players control a swordsmaster who travels through various time periods in an effort to obtain the eponymous Daikatana, a powerful sword tied to the fate of the world.
Daikatana was directed by Ion Storm co-founder John Romero, a co-developer of the influential first-person shooters Wolfenstein 3D (1992), Doom (1993), and Quake (1996). Announced in 1997 as Romero's first game after leaving id Software, it underwent a troubled development that saw a change in its engine, release date delays, and the departure of several staff members. The protracted development, combined with promotion that focused on Romero's involvement over the game itself, resulted in negative publicity for Daikatana prior to its release.
Released in May 2000, the PC version of Daikatana received mostly mediocre reviews while the Nintendo 64 version received mostly negative reviews, with criticism focusing on outdated graphics, gameplay, repetitive sound effects, and poor artificial intelligence. It also sold only 40,351 copies, becoming one of the major commercial failures of the video game industry. Due to the negative response, a separate version for the Game Boy Color did not receive North American distribution; it was released in Europe and Japan to positive reviews.
Gameplay
Daikatana is composed of 24 levels (18 in the console versions) divided into four episodes, with a varying number of levels per episode. Each episode represents a different location and time period: 25th century Japan in 2455 AD, ancient Greece in 1200 BC, the Dark Ages in Norway in 560 AD, and near-future San Francisco in 2030 AD.
One element that Daikatana stressed was the important role of Hiro Miyamoto's two sidekicks, Mikiko Ebihara and Superfly Johnson. The death of either sidekick resulted in failing the level, and their assistance was required to complete certain puzzles. Due to poor AI implementation, the sidekicks, who were one of the game's selling points, became a focus of criticism.
Plot
In feudal Japan, two rival clans, the Ebihara and the Mishima, are at war. The Mishima go to the swordmaster Usagi Miyamoto to craft a weapon to end the conflict: the Daikatana. However, Usagi realizes the Mishimas' dark desires and gives the Daikatana to the Ebihara; Inshiro Ebihara throws the sword into a volcano at the end of the war.
In 2455 AD, swordmaster Hiro Miyamoto is visited by a man named Dr. Toshiro Ebihara, a descendant of Inshiro who is suffering from a plague and about to die. Toshiro tells Hiro that Kage Mishima, the ruler of the planet, took over the world by stealing the Daikatana and using it to alter history. He stole the cure to a viral plague in 2030 and uses the cure to control the world's population. Mikiko Ebihara, Toshiro's daughter, has been captured when trying to steal back the Daikatana, and Hiro must rescue her and fix history.
Hiro storms the Mishima's headquarters where he rescues Mikiko as well as Superfly Johnson, the Mishima's head of security who rebelled when he grew sick of the Mishima's brutal totalitarian practices. Mikiko and Superfly join Hiro in his quest and steal the Daikatana. Mishima encounters the trio as the they steal the sword, wielding a second Daikatana. Mishima sends the trio back in time to Ancient Greece. Hiro and Mikiko defeat Medusa, recharging the Daikatana as it absorbs Medusa's power. The three time jump once more, only to encounter the Mishima again and be sent through time to the Dark Ages, stranded as the Daikatana has run out of energy.
The group finds a sorcerer named Musilde who offers to recharge the Daikatana if Hiro, Superfly, and Mikiko can save his village from the black plague. To do this, the group must defeat the necromancer Nharre, reassemble the Purifier, a magical sword, and use it to restore King Gharroth's sanity so that he may use the sword to put an end to the plague. When King Gharroth recharges the Daikatana, Hiro and his allies time jump again, finally ending up in 2030, where San Francisco has fallen to gangs and martial law has been declared by the military and the Mishima.
The trio fights their way through a naval base where the Mishima is working on weapons. The ghost of Usagi enters Hiro's body and gives him full control over the Daikatana. With Usagi's knowledge and skills with the sword, Hiro slays the Mishima. One of the Daikatana disappears, as its timeline no longer exists.
Mikiko steals the remaining Daikatana and kills Superfly, revealing that the feudal Ebihara clan was just as evil as the Mishimas. She announces her intentions to use the Daikatana to restore the honor of her ancient clan and take over the world. Hiro defeats and kills Mikiko, then uses the Daikatana to fix history once and for all. The Daikatana is never found in 2455, the viral plague is cured in 2030, the Mishima never take over the world, and Hiro exiles himself to a forgotten corner of the space-time continuum, safeguarding the Daikatana to ensure that it never falls into the hands of evil.
Development
Daikatana was created by John Romero, an influential developer whose resume included founding titles in the first-person shooter genre (Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake) when he worked at id Software. The game was developed by Ion Storm, a company co-founded by Romero with Tom Hall in 1995 after the two left id Software. The aim was for the company to create games that catered to their creative tastes without excessive publisher interference, something both Romero and Hall were tired of. Daikatana was part of an initial three-game contract made between Ion Storm and expanding publisher Eidos Interactive; and the third title to be conceived at Ion Storm after Anachronox and what would become Dominion: Storm Over Gift 3. The game had a rumored budget of $30 million.
The game was built using the original Quake game engine; according to an early interview, Romero planned Daikatana to have unique weapon sets and 16 monsters per time period. The core concept was to do something different with shooter mechanics several times within the same game. Romero created the basic storyline, and named its protagonist Hiro Miyamoto in honour of Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. The title is written in Japanese kanji, translating roughly to "big sword". The name comes from an item in a Dungeons & Dragons campaign played by the original members of id Software, which Romero co-founded. During this early period, the team consisted of fifteen people. The music was composed by a team which included Will Loconto. However, during its earlier production, the team saw the Quake II engine and decided to incorporate its code. This resulted in many delays when finalising the engine. The problems with programming the new engine contributed to the game being delayed from its projected 1998 release date. Romero stated prior to release that he would have chosen the Quake II engine to develop the game from the start if given the chance. Romero later ascribed some problems triggered in using the technology as being due to the rivalry manufactured by the company's marketing between them and id Software. Due to the delays, development of the game ran parallel to Anachronox, Dominion: Storm Over Gift 3, and eventually Deus Ex.
Something that further impacted production was the departure of around twenty staff members from the team, who either left Ion Storm or transferred to the Austin studio. In 1998, lead artist Bryan Pritchard left the company and was replaced by Eric Smith. According to staff member Chrstian Divine, the growing negative press surrounding the company had a further detrimental effect on development. Some of the backlash eventually led to his own departure for Ion Storm's Austin studio to work on Deus Ex. The most notorious incident was the public resignation of nine core team members at once, something Romero understood given the low team morale but felt as a betrayal of trust. The departures led to the hiring of Stevie Case as level designer and Chris Perna to polish and add to character models. In a 1999 interview, Romero attributed the slowing of development during that period to the staff departures, but said that most of the level design and the entire score had been completed before that. Problems reached the point that Eidos publishing director John Kavanagh was sent down to sort out problems surrounding it production. In a later interview, Romero admitted there were many faults with the game at release, blaming the development culture and management clashes at Ion Storm, in addition to staff departures causing much of the work to be scrapped and begun over again. Divine attributed the problems to a combination of overly carefree atmosphere, and corporate struggles about company ownership interfering with game production. Only two staff members remained on the game for the entirety of its production.
Promotion and release
Daikatana was revealed in 1997, forming part of the opening publicity for Ion Storm. In subsequent years, the press material focused almost entirely on pushing the company name and its lead developers, something later regretted by several of its staff. This was particularly true of Romero. This consequently drew Romero away from production, leading to further difficulties. Public, journalistic and commercial confidence in the project was weakened by the repeated delays to its release date. The situation was worsened when the Dallas Observer printed a story about the internal struggles of the Austin office, which cited both undercover interviews and leaked emails. The article prompted widespread publicity surrounding the staff departures and the company's financial status. Romero responded by calling the claims of the article "both biased and inaccurate". Later, Romero felt that their marketing's attempts to push the game only made Ion Storm and its core members come off as egotistical.
One advert for the game became notorious; a 1997 poster containing the phrase "John Romero's About To Make You His Bitch". According to Mike Wilson, the advert was created by the same artist who designed the game's box art under order of their chosen advertising agency. Originally, both he and Romero thought it was funny and approved it. Romero had second thoughts soon after but was persuaded by Wilson to let it pass. Speaking ten years later, Romero said while wary of the slogan at the time, he went along with it as he had a reputation for similar crass phrases. In the same interview, he noted that reactions to the poster tarnished the game's image long before release, and continued to impact his public image and career. In a 2008 blog post concerning the recent activities of Wilson, Romero attributed the marketing tactic to him. This prompted a hostile exchange of public messages between the two at the time.
The game was demoed at the 1999 Electronic Entertainment Expo. The demo ran at a very low frame rate, which further damaged the game's public image. Staff member Jake Hughes remembered that Romero wanted changes made which crippled the demo tech and caused the issues, while Romero states that he had already departed for E3 and the upper management insisted on the changes when he was gone. On April 21, 2000, Daikatana was completed and reached gold status. A tie-in comic book was drawn by Marc Silvestri and released by Top Cow for Prima Games' Daikatana: Prima's Official Strategy Guide. The Nintendo 64 version was first released as a Blockbuster rental exclusive by Kemco. It was later released for retail on November 26, 2000.
Daikatana final patch, version 1.2, was released on September 29, 2000. Following the release of Daikatana and Anachronox, Ion Storm Austin decided to close the Dallas branch office in July 2001. In the absence of any further official support after this closure, John Romero gave the game's source code to community members, allowing them to develop additional platform ports (most notably Linux, macOS and other Unix-like systems) and bug fixes.
In 2016, an unofficial patch version 1.3 was released by fans. It provides significant fixes and updates such as the ability to play without sidekicks, widescreen support, faster load times and HD texture support.
Reception
Sales
Before Daikatanas release, reports indicated that Ion Storm forecast sales of 2.5 million units, a number that GameDaily called necessary for the game "to become profitable". According to American market research company PC Data, a week after its release, the game ranked number ten on their charts from the week of May 28 to June 3. The computer version of Daikatana sold 8,190 copies in the United States by July 21, which drew revenues of $271,982. Mark Asher of CNET Gamecenter called this performance "a disaster". According to PC Data, the game's domestic sales reached 40,351 units through September 2000.
Critical reviews
Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the PC version of the game for Next Generation, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "This isn't the worst game you'll ever play, but there's precious little fun either. Two years out of its time, Daikatana is notable mostly for its mediocrity." The Nintendo 64 version received "unfavorable" reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.
Daikatana was delayed multiple times from its conception in early 1997 to its eventual release in 2000. By this time, numerous games based on more advanced graphics technology, such as Quake III Arena and Unreal Tournament, had been released, causing Daikatana to lag technologically in the market with its dated game engine. The gameplay had many aspects that were widely disliked by players, such as an artificially limited number of saves per level and the presence of computer-controlled "sidekicks" who were more of an impediment to the player. As a result, Daikatana garnered mixed reception from reviewers and players. The earliest review of the Nintendo 64 version came from Nintendo Power, which gave it a score of 5.6 out of 10, even though the game itself was not released until five months later. Entertainment Weekly gave it a "D", calling the game a "disaster" on the scale of the box-office bomb Waterworld. Computer Gaming World named it the worst game of 2000.
Retrospective analysis
Since its release, the game has been called one of the worst video games of all time. GameTrailers ranked the game as the second-biggest gaming disappointment of the decade (the 2000s), citing the game's terrible AI for friend and foe alike, pushed-back release dates, controversial magazine ad, and gossip-worthy internal drama (among other things) as "the embodiment of game's industry hubris."
The game critic Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw, on a retrospective episode of Zero Punctuation, also citing the development delays and the magazine ad, named Daikatana "one of the most notorious disappointments in the entire history of first-person shooters", comparing the game to Duke Nukem Forever.
Game Boy Color version
The Game Boy Color version of Daikatana was released in Europe and Japan; publisher Kemco decided against the North American release due to the poor reputation of the Daikatana brand. The Japanese version was also only made available as a download for the Nintendo Power peripheral. This version's gameplay differs greatly from the N64 and PC versions: at Romero's request, the title was adapted to the platform as a top-down dungeon crawler, in the style of early Zelda games such as the NES original and The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening. In 2004, Romero released the ROM images for the Game Boy Color game on his website, for use with emulators. Frank Provo for GameSpot gave the game a seven out of ten.
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
"From 'Doom' to Gloom: The Story of a Video Game Flop", NPR Morning Edition story on Romero, part of a series of other famous debacles
Knee Deep in a Dream: The Story of Daikatana, a GameSpot series of behind-the-scenes articles on Romero and his work on Daikatana
2000 video games
Advertising and marketing controversies
Cancelled PlayStation (console) games
Cooperative video games
Cyberpunk video games
Eidos Interactive games
Fantasy video games set in the Middle Ages
First-person shooters
Id Tech games
Ion Storm games
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Kemco games
Linux games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo 64 games
Science fantasy video games
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in Japan
Video games developed in the United States
Video games based on Greek mythology
Video games set in 2030
Video games set in Greece
Video games set in Norway
Video games set in the 25th century
Video games set in feudal Japan
Video games set in San Francisco
Video games with alternative versions
Windows games
|
[
-0.6014907956123352,
-0.04435424879193306,
-0.21787415444850922,
0.04003090038895607,
-0.5452518463134766,
-0.0530172660946846,
0.23658210039138794,
-0.7607420682907104,
-0.020281225442886353,
0.0013935801107436419,
0.13439452648162842,
0.40632328391075134,
-0.3861561715602875,
-0.1591925024986267,
0.021427687257528305,
-0.13055479526519775,
0.3774864077568054,
0.16922608017921448,
-0.4768192172050476,
-0.30165019631385803,
-0.24199751019477844,
-0.42979103326797485,
0.2432488054037094,
-0.5380712151527405,
0.09349764883518219,
0.39830443263053894,
0.6968178153038025,
0.901681125164032,
0.03747914358973503,
-0.2748478353023529,
-0.0004292201774660498,
0.2726329565048218,
0.6956412196159363,
-0.6677079200744629,
-0.15384134650230408,
0.25074687600135803,
0.07846953719854355,
0.32633915543556213,
-0.1655033826828003,
-0.6105530261993408,
-0.12407062202692032,
-0.03396868333220482,
0.2840940058231354,
0.2135990709066391,
0.393294095993042,
-0.1313658356666565,
-1.7282301187515259,
-0.14182379841804504,
-0.8635187149047852,
0.10306096076965332,
-0.1829710155725479,
0.6791478395462036,
0.3154778480529785,
0.05003214254975319,
-0.06457961350679398,
0.8370625376701355,
-0.11021029949188232,
0.0709398090839386,
-0.22340835630893707,
-0.4181080460548401,
0.10065567493438721,
-0.15046744048595428,
0.9417065978050232,
0.09642404317855835,
-0.2046111524105072,
0.6620616912841797,
-0.1419103443622589,
0.7062632441520691,
-0.28413674235343933,
-0.34735211730003357,
0.28755828738212585,
-0.2860606610774994,
0.07965603470802307,
0.3191682994365692,
-0.5841875672340393,
-0.695527195930481,
0.32955849170684814,
-0.18973757326602936,
0.3774118721485138,
0.3184688985347748,
-0.18972505629062653,
-0.1699291467666626,
1.1150622367858887,
0.26441872119903564,
0.37901973724365234,
0.07795904576778412,
0.1366903930902481,
0.12554766237735748,
-0.6075260639190674,
0.5279251933097839,
-0.23486685752868652,
-0.7927870154380798,
0.5634384751319885,
0.25308066606521606,
-0.310798317193985,
-0.3913523554801941,
-0.2407734990119934,
0.5590086579322815,
0.331787645816803,
0.008321666158735752,
-0.07516837120056152,
0.18691881000995636,
-0.13702842593193054,
-0.16209375858306885,
-0.7520201206207275,
-0.19313858449459076,
0.004479092545807362,
-0.20630519092082977,
-0.14065231382846832,
0.46664828062057495,
-0.3068239092826843,
0.3037295937538147,
-0.10462222993373871,
-0.09024254232645035,
0.26679086685180664,
0.6533476114273071,
0.16704587638378143,
0.02066906914114952,
-0.4602583348751068,
0.044681522995233536,
0.3825877010822296,
0.3329513967037201,
0.12764400243759155,
0.5025107264518738,
0.12764763832092285,
0.44204625487327576,
0.5975364446640015,
0.09731781482696533,
0.10108534246683121,
0.3122272789478302,
0.42469149827957153,
0.4948709309101105,
0.21885475516319275,
-0.06124444305896759,
-0.28942179679870605,
-0.27719151973724365,
0.4476267993450165,
0.26999539136886597,
-0.33539390563964844,
-0.266681045293808,
-0.7939273715019226,
0.17855922877788544,
-0.20825928449630737,
-0.5887239575386047,
0.15793007612228394,
0.01681453548371792,
0.1175253763794899,
-0.24997968971729279,
-0.551986575126648,
-0.275557279586792,
0.26282426714897156,
0.4688161611557007,
0.11850325018167496,
-0.025743497535586357,
-0.16258986294269562,
0.7448389530181885,
0.10142002999782562,
-0.3095816373825073,
-0.028716102242469788,
0.27874261140823364,
-0.24898940324783325,
-0.0325351320207119,
-0.7002366185188293,
0.20182646811008453,
0.12155882269144058,
-0.43908992409706116,
0.5102505683898926,
0.3247338831424713,
0.739831805229187,
-0.03600403293967247,
-0.7127698063850403,
-0.1021447628736496,
-0.4927435517311096,
0.11497382074594498,
0.13744211196899414,
0.17746450006961823,
1.0089284181594849,
0.6978842616081238,
0.19166813790798187,
-0.475496381521225,
-0.7047407031059265,
-0.6358715891838074,
-0.2810380756855011,
-0.06173379346728325,
0.40534666180610657,
0.37401825189590454,
0.44223159551620483,
-0.08588309586048126,
0.0005714766448363662,
0.32146525382995605,
-0.8900786638259888,
-0.3142485022544861,
0.07024979591369629,
-0.19839614629745483,
1.2691185474395752,
0.262102335691452,
-1.251147985458374,
0.3608658015727997,
0.5408884286880493,
0.6178327202796936,
0.1268988996744156,
0.31153181195259094,
0.1672990322113037,
-0.25492531061172485,
0.0922289565205574,
-0.49441999197006226,
-0.7465794682502747,
0.6226863861083984,
0.11242342740297318,
0.45813071727752686,
-0.37888303399086,
-0.14114230871200562,
-0.08378130942583084,
0.15110841393470764,
0.030393261462450027,
0.24670439958572388,
-0.8216350674629211,
0.1459118276834488,
0.5455668568611145,
-0.3047936260700226,
0.06810939311981201,
-0.23296357691287994,
-0.9006044268608093,
0.14727309346199036,
-0.07104417681694031,
1.1280910968780518,
0.30821412801742554,
-0.25377389788627625,
0.3530377149581909,
-0.5533915758132935,
-0.20716890692710876,
0.58913654088974,
0.2611939013004303,
-0.1281496286392212,
0.25535503029823303,
0.23430848121643066,
0.6095637679100037,
-0.9142686128616333,
0.4532388746738434,
0.012564107775688171,
0.5411083102226257,
0.30806565284729004,
-0.09114684164524078,
0.11240445077419281,
0.910552442073822,
-0.09491673856973648,
0.06081218272447586,
0.31136563420295715,
-0.7222065329551697,
-0.05982073023915291,
0.12363247573375702,
0.8077410459518433,
0.5008209943771362,
0.28518736362457275,
-0.1679692417383194,
-0.1851504147052765,
-0.4587078094482422,
-0.44837817549705505,
-0.40326324105262756,
-0.2204439789056778,
-0.32357242703437805,
0.44700437784194946,
0.3478618562221527,
-0.013701739721000195,
0.4483880400657654,
-0.6402222514152527,
-0.06479959189891815,
0.1019630879163742,
0.7263153791427612,
0.49818670749664307,
-0.6437442898750305,
-0.7151304483413696,
-0.4591953456401825,
-0.4409273862838745,
-0.5861366391181946,
-1.038507342338562,
-0.11636834591627121,
0.12411663681268692,
-0.25001204013824463,
-1.0941162109375,
0.12297356873750687,
0.8208515644073486,
0.3487548828125,
-0.16173940896987915,
-0.32491999864578247,
0.12340984493494034,
0.592279314994812,
-0.8043622374534607,
-0.45898208022117615,
0.25118711590766907,
-0.07598815858364105,
0.16291257739067078,
-0.27359098196029663,
0.05529012903571129,
0.05125807970762253,
0.18831510841846466,
-0.5863208174705505,
-0.18273548781871796,
0.21831053495407104,
0.013524034060537815,
-0.5819948315620422,
-0.477418452501297,
0.09372862428426743,
0.10022246092557907,
0.36234018206596375,
-0.11948057264089584,
-0.11460509896278381,
0.2785608470439911,
-5.58310079574585,
-0.20467349886894226,
-0.12868951261043549,
-0.09401814639568329,
-0.03478836640715599,
0.7655056118965149,
0.280825138092041,
-0.3413243591785431,
-0.31268540024757385,
-0.5161269903182983,
-0.25864073634147644,
0.27601271867752075,
0.4514237344264984,
-0.09754688292741776,
0.032547324895858765,
0.13382001221179962,
0.605222761631012,
-0.2906913161277771,
-0.2189616560935974,
-0.38700541853904724,
0.059459228068590164,
-0.22841669619083405,
-0.10027539730072021,
0.5149932503700256,
0.10576611757278442,
1.0804686546325684,
-0.2701616585254669,
0.20763498544692993,
-0.33184000849723816,
-0.009891729801893234,
0.43460437655448914,
-0.28304821252822876,
-0.6731310486793518,
-0.023785429075360298,
-0.782444417476654,
0.04334848001599312,
0.7533710598945618,
0.32435017824172974,
0.5165578722953796,
-0.3026908338069916,
0.025991497561335564,
-0.27913522720336914,
-0.020578907802700996,
-0.3823222517967224,
0.4581921100616455,
-0.4359228312969208,
-0.5526716709136963,
0.037889767438173294,
-0.20824581384658813,
0.5174579620361328,
0.30862560868263245,
-0.5740010142326355,
0.03070349618792534,
0.2661471664905548,
-0.3092401325702667,
-0.3030030131340027,
0.17243719100952148,
0.09657023102045059,
0.12160226702690125,
0.31555092334747314,
0.771228015422821,
-0.736623227596283,
0.08165358006954193,
-0.7006120085716248,
0.044392652809619904,
0.17943894863128662,
0.20650577545166016,
-0.14153340458869934,
-0.0745709016919136,
0.6300431489944458,
-0.5956885814666748,
0.2926739454269409,
-0.23767952620983124,
-1.4329618215560913,
0.12722639739513397,
0.24374669790267944,
-0.2626053988933563,
0.10078637301921844,
-0.514114499092102,
0.21585960686206818,
0.14211365580558777,
-0.6088366508483887,
0.0006133333081379533,
0.16940803825855255,
-0.49908730387687683,
-0.539380669593811,
-0.06480719149112701,
0.1449960619211197,
0.1595933884382248,
0.6767060160636902,
0.6590622067451477,
-0.14950935542583466,
0.1201210618019104,
0.6581655740737915,
0.7282482385635376,
0.5613390803337097,
0.5474732518196106,
-0.1580100804567337,
0.7910146713256836,
-0.5704255104064941,
-0.40345731377601624,
-0.3579969108104706,
0.2553420066833496,
-0.267201691865921,
-0.2719824016094208,
-0.47014138102531433,
-0.3742114007472992,
0.29779738187789917,
0.5413995981216431,
-0.07318688184022903,
-0.27580809593200684,
-0.33186495304107666,
-0.18240006268024445,
-0.1944592148065567,
0.6696360111236572,
-0.03410492464900017,
0.08942229300737381,
0.046914733946323395,
0.04971327260136604,
-0.20523220300674438,
-0.5495882630348206,
0.457004189491272,
-0.3069079518318176,
-0.5729374885559082,
0.2038716971874237,
-0.2507380545139313,
0.4791237711906433,
0.52044677734375,
0.2866182029247284,
-0.04789469391107559,
0.32221826910972595,
0.2539184093475342,
0.12307186424732208,
0.1924821436405182,
-0.27869945764541626,
-0.8144863843917847,
-0.5828514099121094,
-0.4312133193016052,
0.05796647444367409,
0.3415164351463318,
-0.2756531536579132,
-0.3797217607498169,
-0.07457020878791809,
0.24969975650310516,
-0.09159867465496063,
-0.058557428419589996,
0.25141555070877075,
-0.5883873105049133,
0.11803316324949265,
0.3926820755004883,
-0.2902349829673767,
-0.7696540951728821,
1.238464593887329,
-0.503132164478302,
-0.4363279938697815,
0.23857545852661133,
-0.061026591807603836,
0.15752774477005005,
-0.1617502123117447,
-0.6050449013710022,
0.015580518171191216,
-0.8040748238563538,
-1.2588133811950684,
-0.1227293536067009,
-0.30713140964508057,
-0.036661650985479355,
-0.3578813672065735,
-0.7646348476409912,
-0.002705852035433054,
-0.29465311765670776,
0.519659698009491,
-0.12323618680238724,
-0.0027440099511295557,
0.016419893130660057,
0.35481467843055725,
0.17472858726978302,
-0.20133796334266663,
0.2729344069957733,
-0.37070295214653015,
-0.2657536268234253,
0.38000693917274475,
0.048685189336538315,
-0.07553660869598389,
-0.06779885292053223,
0.32564428448677063,
-0.5929556488990784,
-0.5623267292976379,
-0.1345454752445221,
-0.575996994972229,
0.5674784779548645,
0.008594549261033535,
0.4668721556663513,
0.7901173830032349,
0.08102032542228699,
-0.3510285019874573,
-0.5955434441566467,
0.18507711589336395,
0.5591426491737366,
-0.21292027831077576,
-0.5667511820793152,
-0.19906385242938995,
0.12735116481781006,
-0.41726383566856384,
0.145577073097229,
0.6284384727478027,
-1.0606558322906494,
0.45495349168777466,
0.13792669773101807,
-0.28443390130996704,
0.03831573203206062,
-0.328309029340744,
0.02263435162603855,
0.3513239324092865,
-0.3848336637020111,
-0.15635159611701965,
0.4112405776977539,
0.05114234983921051,
-0.21676227450370789,
-0.352733850479126,
-0.6278000473976135,
-0.22359807789325714,
0.1424238532781601,
-0.28803884983062744,
0.09438236802816391,
-0.8272151350975037,
0.0367341972887516,
1.0295348167419434,
-0.843213677406311,
-0.1583068072795868,
-0.28858521580696106,
-0.3848471939563751,
0.10929065942764282,
-0.49644502997398376,
-0.2946092188358307,
-0.26275110244750977,
0.2339683473110199,
0.09561489522457123,
0.41994476318359375,
0.4160211384296417,
0.16501164436340332,
0.18015481531620026,
1.0834846496582031,
0.5945994853973389,
0.07771892845630646,
0.6240363121032715,
0.13943056762218475,
-0.17092137038707733,
-0.2207847684621811,
-0.8780658841133118,
0.2289656549692154,
0.042706139385700226,
-0.06554821878671646,
-0.5777344107627869,
-0.16168490052223206,
1.0577433109283447,
-1.0332757234573364,
-0.17251455783843994,
-0.2855691909790039,
-0.3456936776638031,
-0.0649786964058876,
0.18626831471920013,
0.26889902353286743,
-0.5806874632835388,
0.09207207709550858,
-0.1334589570760727,
0.3111177980899811,
0.14278638362884521,
-0.4540436863899231,
0.321742981672287,
-0.41612762212753296,
-0.07292775064706802,
-0.047781527042388916,
0.5972996354103088,
0.8181707859039307,
0.26694178581237793,
-0.20850978791713715,
-0.011637107469141483,
-0.177730530500412,
0.07120274752378464,
-0.3611065149307251,
-0.2584313452243805,
0.2589983642101288,
0.30471906065940857,
-0.3288423717021942,
-0.20177122950553894,
-0.6284728646278381,
0.34111666679382324,
-0.24600917100906372,
0.004792463965713978,
-0.04248875379562378,
-0.5301979184150696,
0.4088790714740753,
0.38501933217048645,
-0.1124730035662651,
0.09912213683128357,
0.04288312792778015,
0.11002116650342941,
-0.43677324056625366,
-0.6504891514778137,
-0.233526349067688,
0.1320115327835083,
0.6414288878440857,
0.7180688381195068,
0.15626920759677887,
0.31482112407684326,
0.12229171395301819,
0.3264288008213043,
-0.0326499417424202,
-0.595807671546936,
0.7583131194114685,
0.058944251388311386,
-0.39914122223854065,
-0.24747982621192932,
0.5962399840354919,
-0.550097644329071,
0.14280743896961212,
0.3859829306602478,
0.1000964418053627,
0.12671425938606262,
-0.22851456701755524,
0.328735888004303,
0.3800622820854187,
0.8021209239959717,
0.5060142278671265,
-0.08912597596645355,
-0.32181835174560547,
-0.44868582487106323,
0.03813289850950241,
0.6842753291130066,
0.06667404621839523,
0.5965125560760498,
0.004545871634036303,
-0.11154516786336899,
0.506889820098877,
-0.10308356583118439,
-0.038756363093853,
0.03294648230075836,
-0.21480214595794678,
0.017264526337385178,
0.2319151908159256,
0.3915539085865021,
0.17055878043174744,
0.2850431799888611,
-0.11460601538419724,
-0.22329652309417725,
0.17699389159679413,
0.5026967525482178,
-0.6272689700126648,
0.08856230229139328,
0.269877165555954,
-0.18629512190818787,
0.9295752644538879,
-0.050578419119119644,
0.3377849757671356,
0.26434653997421265,
0.19955527782440186,
0.053542304784059525,
-0.28855133056640625,
0.3347685933113098,
0.17800606787204742,
-0.3221933841705322,
-0.33740946650505066,
0.1247449517250061,
0.17047706246376038,
0.05659705027937889,
0.43269556760787964,
-0.2217499166727066,
-0.21607226133346558,
0.05968569591641426,
0.4350029230117798,
0.022056465968489647,
0.15085932612419128,
0.04726124182343483,
0.6121804714202881,
0.26939648389816284,
0.19837146997451782,
0.43983545899391174,
0.5524166822433472,
0.069821797311306,
-0.0007776967831887305,
-1.03693687915802,
0.18952228128910065,
-0.5077269673347473,
-0.17877517640590668,
0.40645700693130493,
0.16353526711463928,
-0.06409377604722977,
0.40100324153900146,
0.43429315090179443,
-0.4215550422668457,
-0.10025844722986221,
-0.6607615351676941,
-0.3195298910140991,
-0.2362474650144577,
-0.113951176404953,
0.11430061608552933,
0.0705069825053215,
0.33352604508399963,
0.48425722122192383,
0.7922677993774414,
-0.21076291799545288,
-0.12274601310491562,
0.3045809268951416,
-0.20717747509479523,
-0.4423189163208008,
0.6138213872909546,
-1.0187124013900757,
0.09657491743564606,
-0.8323463201522827,
0.4025234580039978,
0.23301436007022858,
0.21701249480247498,
0.01628703810274601,
-0.09949015825986862,
-0.5258862972259521,
-0.7736085653305054,
0.524712085723877,
-0.30133071541786194,
0.3421603739261627,
-0.19258014857769012,
-0.7315500974655151,
-0.24097217619419098,
0.25023865699768066,
0.26699429750442505,
-0.18926723301410675,
-0.1557113081216812,
0.28514882922172546,
-0.42755478620529175,
-0.6378196477890015,
0.3636096119880676,
0.19197982549667358,
0.08391915261745453,
-0.3627792000770569,
-0.3571988344192505,
-0.1198725551366806,
-0.0067504593171179295,
0.7359318733215332,
0.5317956209182739,
0.5843761563301086,
-0.752138078212738,
-0.18324261903762817,
-0.01740480400621891,
-0.09200330823659897,
0.12816637754440308,
-0.45390117168426514,
-0.061161257326602936,
-0.22074154019355774,
0.021833481267094612,
-0.279929518699646,
0.2529275417327881,
0.11819116026163101,
0.031178001314401627,
0.20988252758979797,
-0.4392702579498291,
0.09194356948137283,
0.544074535369873,
0.3634761571884155,
-0.37470945715904236,
0.17258471250534058,
0.1301800161600113
] |
211080
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20Man
|
Method Man
|
Clifford Smith, Jr. (born March 2, 1971), better known by his stage name Method Man, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He is known as a member of the East Coast hip hop collective Wu-Tang Clan. He is also half of the hip hop duo Method Man & Redman. He took his stage name from the 1979 film Method Man. In 1996, Smith won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, for "I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By", featuring American R&B singer Mary J. Blige, whom he currently stars with in Power Book II: Ghost, a spin-off of its original show Power.
Smith has appeared in films such as 187 (1997), Belly (1998), How High (2001), Garden State (2004), The Wackness (2008), Venom (2005), Red Tails (2012), Keanu (2016), and The Cobbler (2014). On television, he and frequent collaborator, fellow East Coast rapper Redman, co-starred on the short-lived Fox sitcom Method & Red. He has also had recurring roles in three HBO series, as Tug Daniels in Oz, Melvin "Cheese" Wagstaff in The Wire, and Rodney in The Deuce. Method Man also appears in the TBS comedy The Last O.G..
Early life
Born on March 2, 1971, in Hempstead, Long Island, Smith divided his childhood between his father's Long Island residence and his mother's home in the Park Hill section of Clifton, Staten Island, locally known as Killa Hill. Growing up in Hempstead, Smith began playing lacrosse at a young age and continues to be a passionate supporter of the sport. He attended New Dorp High School, where he became friends with Remedy. He has two sisters, Terri and Missy.
Music career
1992–1996: Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) and Tical
As Wu-Tang Clan ascended to hip hop stardom, Method Man was always one of the most visible members of the collective. He was one of only two members to get a solo song on the group's debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) and he was the first to release a solo album under the Clan's unusual contract which allowed its members to release albums under any record label. Method Man chose to sign with rap label Def Jam Recordings, although Elektra Records A&R man Dante Ross initially wanted to sign him around the same time Ross signed fellow group member Ol' Dirty Bastard. Method Man's solo debut, Tical (1994), was critically acclaimed and well received, entering the American charts at #4 and eventually selling in excess of one million copies. That album featured the hit single "All I Need", later remixed featuring Mary J. Blige, which won a Grammy ("I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need"). During this time Method Man also became close friends with fellow New York City-based rapper The Notorious B.I.G., and was the only guest rapper featured on his debut album Ready to Die. He was also featured on Spice 1's album AmeriKKKa's Nightmare on the track "Hard 2 Kill". In 1995, he was also featured on "Got the Flava" off Showbiz and A.G.'s album Goodfellas. In 1996, Method Man appeared on Tupac Shakur's album All Eyez on Me, on the song "Got My Mind Made Up" alongside his rhyme partner Redman, the Dogg Pound (Daz and Kurupt) and Inspectah Deck, whose verse did not make the released album version (although his nickname "Rebel INS" can be heard as the song fades). He was also featured on Redman's 1996 album Muddy Waters on the track "Do What Ya feel".
1997–1998: Wu-Tang Forever and Tical 2000: Judgment Day
On June 3, 1997, the Wu-Tang Clan released their Grammy-nominated multiplatinum double CD Wu-Tang Forever, the long-awaited follow up to 36 Chambers. The album has sold over 2 million copies to date worldwide.
His second solo album was Tical 2000: Judgement Day, released in 1998, which was heavily influenced by the apocalypse theories surrounding the forthcoming end of the millennium, and which featured myriad guest appearances from his fellow Wu-Tang MCs. The album was certified double platinum. Other guest appearances include Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, D'Angelo, Chris Rock, Mobb Deep, Redman, and brief cameos from Russell Simmons, Bishop Don "Magic" Juan, Janet Jackson, and Donald Trump. The album sold better than his first fueled by the party track "Judgment Day" and the D'Angelo collaboration "Break Ups 2 Make Ups", earning Platinum and Gold certifications in the U.S. and Canada respectively. Reviews for the album were mixed and its long runtime and abundance of intermittent comedy skits were widely criticized. Producers on this album included True Master, 4th Disciple and the RZA.
1999–2001: Blackout! (with Redman) and WWF Aggression
Method Man was part of the very successful Hard Knock Life Tour with Jay-Z, Redman, Ja Rule, and DMX. During this tour, Method Man & Redman recorded Blackout!, a light-hearted, bass-heavy, profanity-laced, party record with an EPMD-evoking emphasis on funky beats and the mischievous wit and cool flows and good rhythm of the two MCs. The album reached platinum status quickly, both in the U.S. and Canada, fueled by "Da Rockwilder", "Cereal Killa", "1, 2, 1, 2", "Tear It Off" and "Y.O.U." This album also featured three previously released tracks on which the two collaborated.
Their success would lead the duo on to star in movies and TV shows, become product spokespersons and household names, but also associated them with marijuana use in the media. The most immediate results of their success was their co-starring roles in the major motion picture film How High, their endorsement deal for Right Guard, Redman's starring role in Seed of Chucky and a short-lived sitcom on Fox Television entitled Method & Red.
In 2000, Method Man performed Know Your Role which was included on the album titled, WWF Aggression. The song is focused on the popularity of professional wrestler at the time Dwayne Johnson whose wrestling name was 'The Rock' and the main line in the song is The Rock's most famous caption "Do you smell what The Rock is cookin'?".
2001–2004: The W, Iron Flag, and Tical 0: The Prequel
The Wu-Tang Clan released The W on November 21, 2000, and Iron Flag on December 18, 2001. The W received both critical and commercial success for the group, while Iron Flag did receive some but not to the effect of The W. The efforts earned two more platinum plaques for the Wu-Tang Clan.
In 2004, Meth released his third solo album Tical 0: The Prequel, which featured the hit party single "What's Happenin'" with Busta Rhymes. Hip hop critics voiced their displeasure with the album, many agreeing that Tical 0 felt like generic party rap and featured too many mainstream guests, detracting from his own performances. Regardless, this album sold reasonably well and was certified gold record by the RIAA relatively quickly, but would not see the platinum success of his previous solo releases. There was trouble before the album's release when Method apparently complained to the press about excessive interference from Def Jam over the album's beats (Meth supposedly desired more input from Wu-Tang leader RZA). On its release, many fans and critics were taken aback by its strong "mainstream" or "commercial" sound, highlighted by the guest appearances of pop-rap stars like Missy Elliott and P. Diddy, two artists that are involved with much different facets of rap music.
P. Diddy was one of the executive producers for the album, although Meth later voiced his displeasure with the final product. "On the third LP, it was suggested (by Def Jam) to bring in Harve Pierre and P. Diddy. Who am I to argue? Puff knows how to sell some records. But that wasn't the direction to go in, and I know that."
2006–2007: 4:21... The Day After
Method Man's fourth album, entitled 4:21: The Day After was released in August 2006 with a star lineup of producers featuring Havoc, Erick Sermon, Scott Storch, Allah Mathematics, Mr. Porter, and, most importantly to Meth, RZA. This time around, a more focused Method Man went back to his hip hop roots and both hip hop fans and the media took notice. He did an interview on the ItsHipHop.Tv. Despite this being one of Meth's strongest solo efforts to date, the album failed to do well commercially due to it having no single or video, which Method Man has held discontent towards his own label for. However, he toured strongly all over the world to promote the album, and appeared onstage with fellow Wu-Tang member Inspectah Deck, as well as New York up and comers Saigon, and Gat Murdah. Meth contributed various reasons for the problems between him and his label, Def Jam. While he puts most of the blame on personal agendas in the Def Jam offices, Meth did take some blame, himself, for giving in to his record label.
In early May 2007, Method Man's camp leaked the street single "New York New York" which became a popular track on the internet.
2007–2010: Blackout! 2
On March 27, 2007, Redman confirmed on BET's Rap City: Tha Bassment that a sequel to How High is currently being written.
In an April 10, 2007 Onion A.V. Club interview, Redman hinted that there would be a second collaborative album with Method Man, with work beginning in midsummer or early September.
In early 2008, a remake of the Smooth da Hustler and Trigger tha Gambler classic Broken Language was released to the internet by the duo entitled Broken Language 2008, fueling rumors of a Blackout! sequel coming soon. This rumor was further fueled by the duo while performing in Gainesville, Florida at the University of Florida. Blackout! 2 was scheduled for a December 9, 2008 release but was pushed back to the first quarter of 2009, with a new release date of May 19, 2009. Bun B confirmed that he guest starred on Blackout! 2 – in April 2009, a single was released titled "City Lights", produced by Nasty Kutt Also producers such as Erick Sermon, Rockwilder and Pete Rock announced their presence on the album.
The duo has finished their Still High tour with Termanalogy, the Alchemist, and Evidence of Dilated Peoples.
2011–present: The Meth Lab and Crystal Meth
Crystal Meth is to be Method Man's upcoming fifth and final studio album. The album has no confirmed release date. The Crystal Meth album was first announced before Method Man began working on his and Redman's second collaboration album, Blackout! 2, during which time it was tentatively titled The Crystal Method. In the liner notes of that album, it was given a scheduled release date for 2009. The album, however, was further postponed until it was later mentioned in an MTV interview it would be released in early 2010. At a concert on December 23, 2010, Method Man told the crowd to look for his album in March 2011. However, the album was postponed again.
In an April 2011 interview with The Come Up Show, following a recent performance in Canada, Method Man replied to a question regarding his "weed-loving" image: "When you get older and you've got kids and your kids are going to school and you know [their] teachers...and they see how active you are and concerned [you are] with your kids' education or well being, it's hard to sit there and be taken seriously if people are always talking about he's always high...which is totally not the case", he said. "When I first came out, I was young, we were doing our thing, we smoked a lot...and we didn't care if the world knew. Now, I have to use more discretion because of my kids. This is not for me; everything I do is for them now, so I use a bit more discretion and I don't put weed as a forefront any more."
On October 5, 2011, a new single from Method Man, entitled "World Gone Sour (The Lost Kids)", was released on iTunes. In July 2012, he confirmed that the album will come out in 2013 & will be produced by RZA, although he has also stated that RZA would not entirely produce the album, but instead be just one of a few producers which includes RZA, Erick Sermon, Rockwilder, and some new younger producers such as Diggilo. He also expressed a desire to work with Odd Future frontman Tyler, The Creator. Throughout 2013, Method Man worked on material for Crystal Meth and significantly worked on the Wu-Tang Clan's sixth studio album, A Better Tomorrow. He also toured with Redman throughout the year. On January 1, 2014, Method Man announced that a mixtape titled The Meth Lab would be released in March 2014 and that Crystal Meth would be released in August 2014 on Tommy Boy Entertainment. However, Method Man released The Meth Lab as a mixtape album through Tommy Boy on August 21, 2015. Crystal Meth was again said to drop in August 2016 but still hasn't been released as of .
Acting career
In the late 1990s, Smith began a career in acting. He has had recurring roles in critically acclaimed television shows such as HBO's Oz as Tug Daniels, HBO's The Wire as Prop Joe's nephew Cheese, The Twilight Zone, and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, in which Smith portrays Drops, a wealthy Las Vegas party promoter who clashes with the CSI team (specifically investigator Nick Stokes) in their investigations involving Drops' clubs or entourage, in the episodes "Poppin' Tags" (2006), "Big Shots" (2007), and "Drops Out" (2008).
Smith and Redman hosted a pilot on MTV called Stung. Additionally, Smith has made numerous appearances as himself on TV shows such as Mind of Mencia and Chappelle's Show.
His first prominent role came in with the film Belly (1998), along with fellow rappers Nas and DMX. Smith has since added many credits to his name, including roles in the films Garden State, One Eight Seven, and many others, with starring roles in feature films such as How High and Soul Plane. Method Man had a cameo in the horror movie Venom (2005), where he played a deputy who is killed shortly into the movie. On March 27, 2007, Redman confirmed on BET's show Rap City that the sequel to How High was being written; the script for How High 2 is being written by Dustin Lee Abraham of CSI, who also wrote the first movie. Smith also appeared in the 2008 movies The Wackness (2008) and Meet the Spartans (2008).
Method Man stars in the Law & Order SVU episode "Snitch" as the main antagonist. The episode was first broadcast December 4, 2007.
Method Man appeared in the Def Jam series of video games. In Fight for NY he voiced Blaze, one of the main characters. In Icon, he voiced Gooch, a major character in the storyline. In Underground, he voiced Meth, one of the major characters.
He made a guest appearance in the music video for "If I Ain't Got You" (2003) by Alicia Keys, where he played the role of her boyfriend. He also appeared in Beanie Sigel's music video "Feel It in the Air", where Method Man played an undercover cop leading an operation against Sigel.
Smith played the main antagonist, an arsonist wealthy executive, in an episode of the FOX TV show The Good Guys.
Method Man appears as Valentine, a hip hop business mogul, in the episode Bad Blood in season 2 of Burn Notice.
Method Man had a cameo appearance in the film Cop Land (1997), as a violent criminal who, while fleeing, throws Peter Berg's character off of a New York rooftop. Method Man has also appeared in the TV drama Wonderland, as a patient in a mental hospital.
Method Man plays a small role in the film The Sitter (2011), starring Jonah Hill. He also played crewman "Sticks" in the George Lucas movie Red Tails (2012), about the Tuskegee Airmen.
Method Man plays the leads in the films The Mortician (2011) and #Lucky Number (2015).
In 2014, he voiced Phantasm, the primary antagonist on the FX animated comedy Chozen.
In 2016, he played himself in Difficult People, Marvel's Luke Cage, and Paterson. Also that year, he portrayed "Cheddar" in the film Keanu.
In 2017, he became the host of the TBS series Drop the Mic, based on the popular recurring segment on The Late Late Show with James Corden.
Smith is a recurring character in the HBO show The Deuce.
In 2019, Smith voiced Ben Urich in the scripted podcast Marvels. He also appeared in Shaft as Freddie P, an acquaintance of John Shaft (Samuel L. Jackson).
In 2020, Smith appeared as a recurring character in the Netflix original series Teenage Bounty Hunters as Terrance Coin, Bowser's rival bounty hunter.
He also starred in the 2020 film Concrete Cowboy, an adaptation of the book Ghetto Cowboy.
Other ventures
Method Man appeared in the documentary entitled The Show (1995). There is a scene in which Method Man, on a train in Japan, gets into an argument with U-God and Ghostface Killah, over camera time, radio interviews, and clothing mishaps.
In 2006, Method Man appeared on the MTV reality game show Yo Momma, in the pilot episode.
Method Man is the first of the Wu-Tang Clan to produce a series of eponymous graphic novels for Hachette Book Group USA's imprint Grand Central Publishing (to be followed by GZA and Ghostface Killah).
In 2017, he became the co-host (with Hailey Baldwin) of a celebrity battle rap show Drop the Mic
In February 2021, Method Man began hosting Marvel/Method, a podcast series for Marvel Entertainment and Sirius XM. The podcast features interviews with celebrity guests discussing Marvel comics, music, and culture.
Personal life
His son Raekwon Smith will play football for Stony Brook University.
Method Man is a comic book fan and has a vast collection of around 30,000 comics, including Hulk #181, which features the first full appearance of Wolverine.
Legal issues
On May 17, 2007, Method Man was arrested in New York City for marijuana possession. His SUV was pulled over near the Battery Tunnel toll booths for having an expired inspection sticker. An unidentified source said, "It was like something out of Cheech & Chong. He rolls down the window and the smoke would choke a horse." The arresting officer noticed two blunts and a plastic bag containing marijuana in plain view. Upon further inspection more marijuana was found under the driver's seat. Method Man was charged with unlawful possession of marijuana, criminal possession of marijuana, DWI, and driving an uninspected motor vehicle. He reached a plea agreement to perform community service including rapping to children about the dangers of drugs.
On October 5, 2009, Method Man was arrested at his home in Staten Island for income tax violations. He was accused of failing to file income tax returns for the state of New York between 2004 and 2007, and owes nearly $33,000 in taxes. On June 28, 2010, Method Man pleaded guilty to tax evasion and was sentenced to a conditional discharge and paid a $106,000 fine.
Controversies
Wu-Tang management
In 2003, Method Man criticized Oli "Power" Grant and Mitchell "Divine" Diggs, the managers of the Wu-Tang Clan business. "Number 1 on my shit list right now is Divine from Wu-Tang management. He took something major from me that he had no intention of giving back."
Aside from the financial issues, Method Man was unhappy with the decision to bring Wu-Tang into the fashion world for a brief period of time with Wu-Wear, despite the brand being a major money-maker for the group. "When Wu-Wear started making shoes and sneakers and pants, it was shoddy material. I never rocked that shit."
Wendy Williams
In 2006, Method Man had a personal and publicized conflict with TV talk show host Wendy Williams on The Breakdown, an Internet show on Onloq.com. Williams talked on air about Method Man's wife's having cancer, which was something he wanted to keep private and her own family members had not yet known about. He said that people who lived next door to him did not know, but Williams had dug it up and made it public over the radio. Because of this leaked information, Method Man and his wife had many problems.
Williams also reported rumors that Method Man had been having an affair with his wife's doctor. Method Man first heard of this while in recording sessions in Los Angeles.
Sean Combs
During a concert in 2006, Method Man criticized Diddy's decisions on Duets: The Final Chapter, the posthumous album by The Notorious B.I.G., saying that Biggie never would have worked with some of the rappers. "They got niggas on that album Big would have never rocked with," Meth said of the album. "Musically, I ain't fuckin' with Puff Daddy". Method Man also brought up the fact that he was the only other rapper that Biggie chose to have on his debut album Ready to Die; he was featured on the track "The What".
Fox Television
In 2004, Method Man starred in a Fox sitcom called Method & Red. However, after only a short time on the air, the show was put on hiatus and never returned. Method Man later spoke to the press about Fox's influence on the show's style, saying that "there's been too much compromise on our side and not enough on their side", and criticizing the network's decision to add a laugh track. Before the show premiered, he was telling fans not to bother watching it. He told the Los Angeles Times:
Discography
Studio albums
Tical (1994)
Tical 2000: Judgement Day (1998)
Tical 0: The Prequel (2004)
4:21... The Day After (2006)
The Meth Lab (2015)
Meth Lab Season 2: The Lithium (2018)
Meth Lab Season 3: The Rehab (TBA)
Collaboration albums
Blackout! (with Redman) (1999)
How High (with Redman) (2001)
Blackout! 2 (with Redman) (2009)
Wu-Massacre (with Ghostface Killah and Raekwon) (2010)
Dirty P (with Havoc) (2021)
Filmography
References
External links
African-American male actors
African-American male rappers
African-American record producers
American hip hop record producers
American male film actors
American male television actors
Def Jam Recordings artists
Grammy Award winners for rap music
Living people
Male actors from New York City
People from Staten Island
Rappers from New York City
East Coast hip hop musicians
Songwriters from New York (state)
Tommy Boy Records artists
Wu-Tang Clan members
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
Record producers from New York (state)
1971 births
New Dorp High School alumni
African-American songwriters
|
[
0.05148984491825104,
0.2396455705165863,
-0.28056326508522034,
0.42987141013145447,
-0.006322902161628008,
0.3822758197784424,
0.3293282985687256,
-0.19714218378067017,
-0.17418356239795685,
0.20992110669612885,
0.28898024559020996,
0.5511600375175476,
-0.42386096715927124,
-0.3951042890548706,
-0.3601534068584442,
0.33792781829833984,
-0.33562955260276794,
-0.29361334443092346,
-0.46318888664245605,
-0.14831823110580444,
-0.2189323753118515,
-0.23195774853229523,
0.42703258991241455,
-0.4876743257045746,
-0.6094179153442383,
0.5118027329444885,
-0.53623366355896,
-0.3602827489376068,
-0.7474757432937622,
0.10736551880836487,
-0.09396130591630936,
-0.5617254972457886,
0.413580983877182,
-0.44762295484542847,
-0.4439656734466553,
-0.30278319120407104,
-0.10330609977245331,
0.06220434233546257,
-0.04243950545787811,
-0.2679591178894043,
-0.16413946449756622,
-0.08478288352489471,
0.09440213441848755,
0.11234685778617859,
-0.10220779478549957,
0.0777229517698288,
-1.6403939723968506,
0.1397584080696106,
-0.7719650864601135,
-0.18847762048244476,
-0.29313403367996216,
0.18505656719207764,
-0.03172903135418892,
0.7921429872512817,
-0.33314213156700134,
0.35590848326683044,
0.027236677706241608,
-0.3902243375778198,
-0.2211349457502365,
-0.14877627789974213,
-0.5227009654045105,
0.2326505184173584,
0.06920041143894196,
0.1752759963274002,
-0.07470125705003738,
0.7114230394363403,
-0.1860230565071106,
0.7871362566947937,
-0.23753522336483002,
-0.37927889823913574,
0.0236287172883749,
-0.40395092964172363,
0.1619153767824173,
0.3812660574913025,
0.2540149986743927,
-0.7279796600341797,
0.3385491371154785,
-0.2499411553144455,
0.05501546338200569,
0.07705380767583847,
-0.017519252374768257,
-0.03059253841638565,
0.2744424343109131,
0.029735181480646133,
0.07970941811800003,
0.1231551393866539,
0.2805052697658539,
0.018161598592996597,
-0.015996616333723068,
0.05125143751502037,
-0.3296976089477539,
-0.13392652571201324,
0.026741832494735718,
0.1146283820271492,
-0.3371739983558655,
-0.09442247450351715,
0.6217160224914551,
0.23849482834339142,
0.24850037693977356,
-0.1625671088695526,
0.11923056840896606,
-0.19005952775478363,
-0.10606665164232254,
-0.19082537293434143,
0.2291863113641739,
0.3371816873550415,
0.15740057826042175,
-0.23598870635032654,
-0.0518636479973793,
0.45502907037734985,
-0.4922218322753906,
0.5396587252616882,
-0.3112141191959381,
-0.1552438884973526,
-0.06157032772898674,
0.5130654573440552,
0.2683592736721039,
-0.22786755859851837,
0.22030800580978394,
-0.1223774254322052,
0.3532925248146057,
1.1422805786132812,
0.12553159892559052,
0.0828944742679596,
-0.08196551352739334,
-0.10689929127693176,
0.17738217115402222,
0.6720560193061829,
0.17253652215003967,
-0.11330228298902512,
0.37498652935028076,
0.30263930559158325,
0.1305004358291626,
-0.2560262680053711,
0.059915512800216675,
0.1056056022644043,
0.4914301633834839,
0.20341472327709198,
-0.6484770178794861,
0.1499510258436203,
-0.595602810382843,
-0.22536350786685944,
-0.4378904700279236,
0.1349831372499466,
0.24949325621128082,
-0.23940922319889069,
0.2789854109287262,
0.016196535900235176,
0.17871734499931335,
0.5195903778076172,
0.20218348503112793,
0.7176433205604553,
-0.07922377437353134,
-0.036799974739551544,
-0.2610543370246887,
0.5447335839271545,
-0.05069369822740555,
-0.6920730471611023,
0.2818574607372284,
0.09225817769765854,
-0.07863911241292953,
-0.22005553543567657,
-0.3551247715950012,
-0.3145557641983032,
0.10869968682527542,
-0.3658360540866852,
0.24097105860710144,
-0.027926167473196983,
-0.024850931018590927,
-0.11390954256057739,
-0.05971425771713257,
-0.05172066390514374,
0.09500670433044434,
-0.24668647348880768,
0.003377307206392288,
0.3747890591621399,
0.2463206797838211,
0.5989946126937866,
0.3566628396511078,
-0.34273022413253784,
-0.3307800889015198,
-0.07289604097604752,
0.03210711479187012,
-0.3398262560367584,
0.2262597233057022,
-0.6298689246177673,
0.737379789352417,
0.23794540762901306,
-0.026560215279459953,
0.2677442133426666,
-0.4388256072998047,
-0.15572082996368408,
-0.29196417331695557,
-0.4983825087547302,
1.0724883079528809,
0.2964310944080353,
-0.4565596282482147,
0.5918534994125366,
0.2978495657444,
0.2132071703672409,
-0.06678932905197144,
-0.1641950011253357,
-0.515218198299408,
-0.1345704346895218,
-0.33726122975349426,
0.4636627733707428,
0.6650769114494324,
0.2089400291442871,
0.5022655129432678,
0.09746135026216507,
0.17059074342250824,
-0.2622639834880829,
-0.26560044288635254,
0.2199389636516571,
-0.3127582371234894,
0.2627865970134735,
-0.006051159929484129,
-0.28063470125198364,
0.4936501383781433,
-0.23986174166202545,
1.1056114435195923,
-0.12625332176685333,
0.23280216753482819,
0.43238067626953125,
-0.27054136991500854,
1.4317377805709839,
0.2884947657585144,
-0.07056694477796555,
0.019854383543133736,
0.02332349866628647,
0.39047878980636597,
0.3228002190589905,
-0.30517256259918213,
-0.42786499857902527,
0.2973172962665558,
-0.14952658116817474,
0.2574158310890198,
-0.7762623429298401,
0.4993913471698761,
-0.2107333242893219,
0.35726091265678406,
-0.06387656927108765,
0.280489057302475,
0.4536042809486389,
-0.11231250315904617,
0.25256022810935974,
-0.39586684107780457,
0.5124912858009338,
-0.7776787877082825,
-0.10361339896917343,
0.27618417143821716,
0.3019736111164093,
0.4069376289844513,
0.052075691521167755,
0.1709166020154953,
0.4113234281539917,
-0.6578519344329834,
-0.42499908804893494,
0.14634555578231812,
0.06051509827375412,
0.14401720464229584,
0.3894268870353699,
-0.3168797194957733,
0.07075566053390503,
0.15348799526691437,
-0.42487776279449463,
-0.2846968173980713,
-0.3334030210971832,
0.2799718379974365,
0.09123442322015762,
0.5159470438957214,
0.1560632288455963,
-0.4064967930316925,
-0.043734241276979446,
-0.0016245240112766623,
0.09546766430139542,
-0.005576625932008028,
0.09741825610399246,
-0.6074333190917969,
-0.7520516514778137,
0.2272965908050537,
0.705028772354126,
0.012281311675906181,
-0.529371976852417,
0.13326966762542725,
0.0006342777633108199,
-0.6551899313926697,
-0.7408709526062012,
-0.02784000150859356,
-0.16904886066913605,
-0.07270846515893936,
0.6000851392745972,
-0.2221260517835617,
-0.1751186102628708,
0.605679452419281,
-0.1260407269001007,
-0.037673648446798325,
-0.6805910468101501,
-0.011624050326645374,
-0.056782666593790054,
-0.020263586193323135,
0.2225201576948166,
-0.6948041319847107,
-0.25789275765419006,
0.11373419314622879,
-1.1157444715499878,
0.08542026579380035,
-0.24286217987537384,
-5.978378772735596,
-0.03276998549699783,
-0.10376208275556564,
0.13889464735984802,
0.48947909474372864,
-0.4086635708808899,
0.48087355494499207,
-0.3665612041950226,
0.0017268832307308912,
0.27202367782592773,
-0.2837029993534088,
0.5319759249687195,
0.32709193229675293,
0.24257436394691467,
-0.11894840002059937,
0.8654990196228027,
-0.06368730962276459,
-0.33721378445625305,
0.052667390555143356,
0.1436251550912857,
-0.010631617158651352,
-0.26869261264801025,
-0.03874605894088745,
-0.19824932515621185,
0.3697982430458069,
0.27406275272369385,
-0.5787482261657715,
0.7466762065887451,
-0.07805310189723969,
0.13408079743385315,
0.03682747855782509,
-0.1762927621603012,
-0.41533252596855164,
-0.25951728224754333,
-0.27910295128822327,
-0.7729580998420715,
0.9651883840560913,
-0.08084852993488312,
0.0884135514497757,
-0.30232807993888855,
0.04064470902085304,
0.37665653228759766,
-0.5092415809631348,
-0.11474934220314026,
0.835476279258728,
0.01906074769794941,
0.04636431857943535,
-0.6175356507301331,
-0.31111133098602295,
0.029827063903212547,
0.652367115020752,
-0.6021507382392883,
1.0038702487945557,
-0.004301531706005335,
0.4997144043445587,
-0.6443464756011963,
0.6532095670700073,
-0.0044145057909190655,
0.13709130883216858,
0.2715572714805603,
0.5930284857749939,
-0.22450360655784607,
0.09254638850688934,
-0.29406479001045227,
-0.2610781788825989,
-0.19295372068881989,
0.5460349917411804,
-0.08528874069452286,
0.2659428119659424,
-0.025732235983014107,
-0.20480407774448395,
0.5810474753379822,
0.11290356516838074,
-0.73349529504776,
0.27009066939353943,
0.2857418954372406,
0.3333530128002167,
0.00538098718971014,
0.07224273681640625,
0.022061394527554512,
-0.3782520592212677,
-0.6265160441398621,
0.2909187376499176,
-0.0021245847456157207,
0.26626408100128174,
0.12511247396469116,
0.020060310140252113,
0.28917890787124634,
-0.24303899705410004,
0.11683323979377747,
0.17360419034957886,
-0.16377465426921844,
0.0885230228304863,
-0.08288410305976868,
0.6029950976371765,
0.7944498658180237,
0.336863249540329,
-0.014884484000504017,
0.21123456954956055,
0.10415686666965485,
-0.3562106192111969,
-0.35355809330940247,
-0.11653804779052734,
-0.7713662385940552,
0.3514620363712311,
-0.139874666929245,
-0.31218740344047546,
0.266698956489563,
0.2570279836654663,
0.3574349582195282,
0.16591615974903107,
0.589850664138794,
-0.8358039259910583,
0.33319416642189026,
0.44424712657928467,
0.1864180713891983,
-0.43508216738700867,
-0.41956424713134766,
0.4134359657764435,
0.06607619673013687,
-0.1562597155570984,
0.808336615562439,
-0.260054349899292,
0.21407842636108398,
-0.2550852596759796,
-0.36594727635383606,
-0.07991442829370499,
0.6563962697982788,
0.08568567782640457,
0.3240211308002472,
0.022411717101931572,
0.7523433566093445,
-0.02305973507463932,
-0.21118178963661194,
0.19992540776729584,
-0.03498897701501846,
-0.1203947514295578,
-0.040521033108234406,
-0.4709106683731079,
-0.25358396768569946,
0.021179741248488426,
-0.18183644115924835,
-0.2293151170015335,
0.47960788011550903,
0.10604459047317505,
0.3084281384944916,
-0.5743343830108643,
0.06362000852823257,
-0.3375958204269409,
0.016901737079024315,
0.21895019710063934,
-0.7206034660339355,
1.2373347282409668,
-0.12217646092176437,
0.07677216827869415,
-0.32048022747039795,
-0.6878944635391235,
-0.24121586978435516,
-0.08912203460931778,
-0.027015766128897667,
0.29971081018447876,
-0.5294063687324524,
-1.1130073070526123,
-0.08261904865503311,
0.4081163704395294,
-0.3012179136276245,
0.05150003731250763,
-0.6975196599960327,
0.036892056465148926,
0.12308581918478012,
0.30057281255722046,
-0.2767040431499481,
-0.3039639890193939,
-0.6365711688995361,
-0.11224780231714249,
0.3258848786354065,
0.08499044924974442,
-0.30777329206466675,
-0.33250942826271057,
-0.2340547740459442,
0.7103000283241272,
-0.2296414077281952,
-0.02108738198876381,
0.3953284025192261,
0.29840853810310364,
-0.8560500144958496,
-0.19023661315441132,
-0.3183986246585846,
-0.30924683809280396,
0.37117651104927063,
0.2913656532764435,
0.18860600888729095,
0.7603214979171753,
0.7202094793319702,
-0.20189183950424194,
-0.11827365309000015,
0.7416876554489136,
0.40238121151924133,
-0.2037380039691925,
-0.18729378283023834,
-0.3493175506591797,
0.12372619658708572,
-0.3464617133140564,
-0.09968098253011703,
0.711482048034668,
-0.4609823524951935,
0.3952219486236572,
-0.2984360456466675,
-0.479317307472229,
-0.16628365218639374,
-0.03014768660068512,
0.09933789074420929,
-0.2679171562194824,
-0.30648350715637207,
-0.38278961181640625,
-0.0494181253015995,
0.3232074975967407,
0.17308557033538818,
-0.3805689513683319,
-0.3920544385910034,
0.5198234915733337,
-0.31443312764167786,
-0.6484127044677734,
0.0780564546585083,
0.39357873797416687,
0.161839559674263,
0.0244354996830225,
-0.5551108121871948,
-0.026353737339377403,
-0.5064274668693542,
-0.563264787197113,
-0.49205824732780457,
-0.11104191094636917,
0.755994975566864,
-0.10009385645389557,
-0.20165447890758514,
0.0647464394569397,
0.9334743618965149,
0.02363428846001625,
-0.7306330800056458,
0.444904088973999,
0.09587796777486801,
0.008977210149168968,
0.5156639218330383,
-0.10790933668613434,
0.2951561212539673,
-0.23389674723148346,
-0.2571704089641571,
-0.2275349497795105,
0.13703833520412445,
0.15586945414543152,
0.2677411139011383,
-0.35528358817100525,
-0.37488123774528503,
0.4438493251800537,
-0.3248462975025177,
-0.007771700154989958,
-0.5757192969322205,
-0.09825620800256729,
-0.13042256236076355,
-0.42441707849502563,
0.5699061751365662,
-0.5541280508041382,
-0.23299674689769745,
-0.37874123454093933,
0.699795126914978,
0.16468951106071472,
-0.32842472195625305,
-0.12389867007732391,
-1.2310287952423096,
-0.7074141502380371,
-0.24350784718990326,
-0.14006593823432922,
0.5006954669952393,
-0.18272198736667633,
-0.4706452488899231,
-0.15387745201587677,
-0.21451842784881592,
-0.18504385650157928,
0.007280602585524321,
-0.12137939780950546,
0.1063874289393425,
-0.3131120800971985,
-0.32389479875564575,
0.21102771162986755,
-0.18086016178131104,
0.36493492126464844,
-0.3830846846103668,
-0.4290120005607605,
-0.05144519358873367,
-0.1253284364938736,
0.1355365812778473,
0.11489509046077728,
-0.32386893033981323,
-0.5740182399749756,
0.10411811619997025,
-0.10416410863399506,
-0.09671392291784286,
-0.5182237029075623,
-0.11050793528556824,
-0.2649626135826111,
0.44059494137763977,
0.8282722234725952,
-0.17484846711158752,
0.13340739905834198,
-0.1644994169473648,
-0.06409424543380737,
-0.7333459258079529,
0.044106628745794296,
0.27653974294662476,
-0.20598292350769043,
-0.00778564577922225,
0.1834673434495926,
0.7296425104141235,
-0.4276340901851654,
-0.5627248883247375,
0.6560475826263428,
-0.3434688150882721,
0.0063974447548389435,
0.2246278077363968,
-0.38957589864730835,
-0.12013042718172073,
0.7127090692520142,
-0.0432395376265049,
0.1691921055316925,
0.46660593152046204,
-0.6089979410171509,
-0.1414240449666977,
-0.26763054728507996,
-0.37641099095344543,
0.6072558164596558,
0.541351854801178,
-0.16446535289287567,
0.34143710136413574,
0.25950703024864197,
0.15563319623470306,
0.21491558849811554,
0.07176083326339722,
0.24377967417240143,
-0.009394998662173748,
-0.14238241314888,
0.7875543236732483,
0.23744477331638336,
0.43813905119895935,
0.25551560521125793,
-0.06446701288223267,
0.14868250489234924,
0.12087652087211609,
-0.2610049247741699,
0.2358364462852478,
0.5241581797599792,
0.026543112471699715,
-0.1763657033443451,
-0.5253029465675354,
-0.20380420982837677,
-0.43022504448890686,
-0.2577272355556488,
0.006592247169464827,
-0.12740786373615265,
0.011084113270044327,
0.7500192523002625,
0.14629273116588593,
0.31483882665634155,
-0.08873024582862854,
-0.26238352060317993,
0.04994242638349533,
-0.20221297442913055,
-0.7425407767295837,
-0.3774612545967102,
0.5216679573059082,
-0.3602273464202881,
-0.07193663716316223,
-0.32422739267349243,
0.01370973140001297,
-0.3211933672428131,
0.23346933722496033,
1.032179594039917,
0.3176025152206421,
0.08240704983472824,
0.25999000668525696,
0.29380112886428833,
-0.03105492703616619,
-0.5575698018074036,
-0.10052361339330673,
0.00253803632222116,
0.21760214865207672,
0.09039296954870224,
0.5862044095993042,
-0.36933621764183044,
-0.33212631940841675,
-0.3356877565383911,
-0.2697194218635559,
0.17506608366966248,
0.47480615973472595,
0.18740719556808472,
-0.18320505321025848,
-0.5454484820365906,
-0.09341195970773697,
0.24424678087234497,
0.5778896808624268,
-0.08647235482931137,
0.3508791923522949,
0.2346632182598114,
0.5552669763565063,
-0.14462648332118988,
0.12684552371501923,
-0.6518635153770447,
0.07735477387905121,
-0.6740912199020386,
0.3483486771583557,
0.11888958513736725,
0.21129097044467926,
-0.30836766958236694,
-0.13125862181186676,
0.21986757218837738,
0.6576751470565796,
0.2845812737941742,
-0.26815569400787354,
0.290940523147583,
-0.15524901449680328,
-0.11798419803380966,
-0.040284499526023865,
0.570698618888855,
0.7360110878944397,
-0.6284616589546204,
0.11177729815244675,
0.23963399231433868,
-0.5977882742881775,
-0.24942487478256226,
0.34236788749694824,
0.1799762099981308,
0.3069039583206177,
-0.3871663808822632,
-0.1704159826040268,
-0.11921712011098862,
-0.6454328298568726,
0.4448096752166748,
0.4699973165988922,
-0.10481373220682144,
-0.6296665072441101,
-0.15293383598327637,
0.40803128480911255,
-0.3975483477115631,
0.09775137156248093,
-0.8751864433288574,
0.7078123688697815,
-0.13400380313396454,
-0.1860547512769699,
-0.21063610911369324,
0.28782305121421814,
0.15587222576141357,
-0.7140509486198425,
0.14405319094657898,
-0.19519002735614777,
0.17086046934127808,
0.5036076307296753,
0.4120739996433258,
-0.41456738114356995,
0.46612748503685,
-0.10212840139865875
] |
211081
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Blaze
|
Johnny Blaze
|
Johnny Blaze may refer to:
Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze), second Marvel Comics character called Ghost Rider
Johnny Blaze, ring name of John Hennigan (born 1979), professional wrestler better known as John Morrison
Johnny Blaze, alter-ego of American rapper Method Man
See also
Johnny Blais (1971–2007), American triathlete
|
[
0.3615593910217285,
0.034060921519994736,
-0.41266143321990967,
0.04320508614182472,
-0.1133606880903244,
-0.15518870949745178,
1.2251157760620117,
0.009448169730603695,
-0.2709963619709015,
-0.00003988586104242131,
0.11348719894886017,
0.23131756484508514,
-0.5837969779968262,
0.09452689439058304,
-0.06538241356611252,
0.4160500764846802,
-0.005848585162311792,
0.26616156101226807,
-0.3601565659046173,
-0.48084285855293274,
-0.2440592646598816,
-0.3497556149959564,
0.030904080718755722,
-0.26323845982551575,
-0.028759894892573357,
0.7097364068031311,
-0.7068677544593811,
0.018825791776180267,
-0.21042819321155548,
0.530825138092041,
0.11649201810359955,
0.20598216354846954,
0.5552986860275269,
-0.22897493839263916,
-0.5066338181495667,
-0.07556339353322983,
-0.02224079892039299,
-0.3924673795700073,
-0.11144710332155228,
-0.6200698018074036,
-0.35020729899406433,
-0.1928599327802658,
0.13335253298282623,
0.10096730291843414,
-0.14237374067306519,
0.03480676934123039,
-0.8569345474243164,
0.10692296922206879,
-0.6843271851539612,
-0.1661735624074936,
0.1857263296842575,
0.31812089681625366,
-0.9692345261573792,
0.5932465195655823,
-0.12701456248760223,
-0.13712435960769653,
-0.34098684787750244,
-0.1406005322933197,
0.07572571188211441,
-0.8137008547782898,
0.20589551329612732,
-0.18004871904850006,
0.038469403982162476,
0.09815549105405807,
-0.4425424039363861,
0.0532250739634037,
0.3035978376865387,
0.7190794348716736,
-0.0017015213379636407,
-0.31210634112358093,
0.5779344439506531,
0.23301434516906738,
0.4254024922847748,
0.299972802400589,
0.3080497682094574,
-0.2603965103626251,
-0.019884932786226273,
-0.13612906634807587,
0.09950622916221619,
0.45070648193359375,
0.09142976254224777,
-0.28420984745025635,
0.6371188759803772,
0.9220038056373596,
-0.022112052887678146,
-0.1663196086883545,
-0.19007597863674164,
-0.009658345952630043,
-0.8365088105201721,
0.47185108065605164,
-0.4953279495239258,
-0.04902557283639908,
0.3179105520248413,
0.4563729166984558,
-0.3162403404712677,
0.20067711174488068,
-0.07755871117115021,
0.08528492599725723,
0.3864981532096863,
-0.5921519994735718,
-0.08115825802087784,
-0.5768660306930542,
-0.00014527884195558727,
-0.3993062674999237,
-0.7000142931938171,
0.1472896784543991,
-0.09462381154298782,
0.12997949123382568,
0.15268105268478394,
0.1728675812482834,
-0.19678251445293427,
-0.3818543553352356,
0.13317330181598663,
0.07280886918306351,
0.20914499461650848,
0.03241844102740288,
-0.19786106050014496,
-0.5923882126808167,
-0.3568686544895172,
-0.1890917718410492,
-0.22394853830337524,
0.5169981718063354,
0.1686241775751114,
0.7689419984817505,
-0.29212531447410583,
0.5322112441062927,
0.256292462348938,
0.10467301309108734,
0.06807376444339752,
0.1540614366531372,
0.10426224768161774,
0.5394702553749084,
-0.41607940196990967,
-0.05496842786669731,
-0.3615550696849823,
0.17685483396053314,
-0.06141716614365578,
0.20095273852348328,
-0.2421768605709076,
0.18100719153881073,
-0.8127709031105042,
-0.16475683450698853,
-0.19535481929779053,
0.37641462683677673,
0.2813122272491455,
-0.03761054947972298,
-0.21756631135940552,
0.40569087862968445,
0.03672907501459122,
0.21415533125400543,
-0.128884419798851,
0.2509053945541382,
0.09861841797828674,
-0.06830396503210068,
-0.06050299480557442,
0.770457923412323,
0.25349241495132446,
-0.15732112526893616,
0.765152096748352,
-0.1569758504629135,
0.01268817950040102,
0.4020096957683563,
0.10082302987575531,
0.3554683327674866,
0.6384243369102478,
-0.20120859146118164,
-0.2665822505950928,
-0.19184094667434692,
-0.7591917514801025,
-0.6194943189620972,
0.09113279730081558,
0.16080236434936523,
-0.28940287232398987,
0.11687306314706802,
0.17159584164619446,
0.47916457056999207,
0.5563666820526123,
0.551291286945343,
-0.14971375465393066,
-0.09631729871034622,
-0.6567493081092834,
0.09365636110305786,
0.22241954505443573,
-0.1426200419664383,
0.2531505227088928,
0.09310660511255264,
0.3348079025745392,
0.23388630151748657,
0.0798417255282402,
-0.12321636825799942,
-1.0816104412078857,
-0.3722130060195923,
-0.10223494470119476,
-0.5544759631156921,
0.9172300100326538,
-0.16540111601352692,
0.1389855146408081,
0.21183328330516815,
0.3509998023509979,
0.48466432094573975,
0.22879017889499664,
-0.751534104347229,
0.511424720287323,
-0.5319602489471436,
-0.14721110463142395,
0.21807171404361725,
0.9682199954986572,
0.188374325633049,
0.353667289018631,
0.06136772409081459,
0.5093368291854858,
-0.31585797667503357,
-0.537404477596283,
-0.12271798402070999,
-0.10255708545446396,
-0.02213096059858799,
-0.4823044240474701,
-0.17411792278289795,
0.4057471752166748,
-0.5290377736091614,
0.9782201051712036,
0.2246871292591095,
-0.26429346203804016,
-0.09865391999483109,
0.1147836297750473,
1.2229207754135132,
-0.24458499252796173,
-0.17622989416122437,
0.13038945198059082,
-0.7039768695831299,
0.3240646421909332,
1.0581291913986206,
-0.4124142825603485,
-0.35542774200439453,
0.3550426959991455,
-0.4661169648170471,
0.670958936214447,
-0.32138514518737793,
-0.26376885175704956,
-0.6988372802734375,
0.16737471520900726,
0.37887299060821533,
-0.11334863305091858,
0.15235601365566254,
0.30926045775413513,
0.20988348126411438,
-0.2797379791736603,
0.12202407419681549,
-0.387276291847229,
-0.31933683156967163,
0.2677459716796875,
0.4105773866176605,
0.26071685552597046,
-0.14136511087417603,
0.721057653427124,
0.48979341983795166,
-0.1905355006456375,
0.2933052182197571,
-0.1338457465171814,
0.03136357292532921,
-0.20791184902191162,
-0.11619596928358078,
-0.12164576351642609,
0.36312010884284973,
0.03024355322122574,
-0.4525388479232788,
-0.5388784408569336,
-0.5535928010940552,
0.25060877203941345,
0.1133783608675003,
0.057016000151634216,
0.2384515404701233,
-0.12417206168174744,
-0.13335996866226196,
-0.28351351618766785,
-0.020916666835546494,
-0.0298545490950346,
-0.021886838600039482,
-0.277750164270401,
-0.7455010414123535,
-0.32085055112838745,
0.4435420036315918,
0.3686020076274872,
-1.0732569694519043,
-0.3593812584877014,
-0.2559514045715332,
-0.40705934166908264,
0.11488174647092819,
-0.4919178783893585,
-0.15604332089424133,
-0.17308126389980316,
0.266014039516449,
0.057932209223508835,
0.47425124049186707,
-0.10915404558181763,
0.08090876787900925,
0.7383733987808228,
0.3547825217247009,
0.00000831099896458909,
-0.07607831060886383,
-0.5212031006813049,
-0.12905658781528473,
0.12642204761505127,
-0.08928442746400833,
0.92763751745224,
-0.40119922161102295,
-0.18904061615467072,
0.17714858055114746,
-5.905307769775391,
0.5730893015861511,
-0.508039116859436,
-0.212738499045372,
0.5643160939216614,
-0.3113883435726166,
0.27664440870285034,
0.0020107650198042393,
0.22687946259975433,
-0.14876750111579895,
0.421616792678833,
0.420774906873703,
0.14852605760097504,
-0.2587481141090393,
-0.04983309656381607,
0.1554148644208908,
0.34549885988235474,
-0.014746999368071556,
0.10499104857444763,
0.1646072268486023,
-0.007515583653002977,
0.24426119029521942,
-0.6847773194313049,
0.216928631067276,
-0.39867863059043884,
0.8350112438201904,
-0.3675979673862457,
0.42835626006126404,
-0.04792337492108345,
0.30467599630355835,
0.09299629926681519,
0.3412514626979828,
-0.4783233106136322,
-0.044533390551805496,
-0.22985213994979858,
-0.272786945104599,
0.2584974765777588,
0.03231649100780487,
-0.4144957661628723,
-0.37851476669311523,
0.08540070056915283,
-0.06991191953420639,
-0.1915317326784134,
-0.2355683594942093,
0.49479222297668457,
-0.18185335397720337,
-0.13687264919281006,
0.279998779296875,
-0.014359189197421074,
0.526333212852478,
0.08977216482162476,
-0.6518634557723999,
0.5127506852149963,
0.13085663318634033,
0.8604392409324646,
-0.35994088649749756,
-0.2286461442708969,
0.16368554532527924,
0.08827942609786987,
0.18725505471229553,
-0.09415222704410553,
-0.5965715050697327,
0.17894135415554047,
-0.47920459508895874,
0.10945257544517517,
0.21577779948711395,
0.4640849232673645,
-0.4534726142883301,
0.2927005887031555,
-0.36780446767807007,
-0.1828548163175583,
0.5113472938537598,
-0.4270099401473999,
-0.8360780477523804,
0.06828346103429794,
-0.40659773349761963,
0.11402561515569687,
0.37225064635276794,
-0.9205206036567688,
0.06889188289642334,
-0.4240597188472748,
-0.2829567790031433,
-0.34745627641677856,
-0.23399963974952698,
0.1662733554840088,
-0.08873769640922546,
-0.047440387308597565,
-0.17219743132591248,
0.23796683549880981,
-0.18053540587425232,
0.7077422142028809,
-0.46199852228164673,
0.15097880363464355,
0.38080552220344543,
0.4099229574203491,
0.3289877772331238,
-0.0572596900165081,
0.4183557629585266,
-0.325961172580719,
0.25341442227363586,
0.1663949340581894,
-0.605640709400177,
0.5959872007369995,
-0.5978241562843323,
0.34905558824539185,
-0.32137924432754517,
0.17872078716754913,
0.126760795712471,
0.25672367215156555,
-0.015095921233296394,
0.3568834364414215,
-0.3847774565219879,
-0.6297003030776978,
0.020580099895596504,
0.2921557128429413,
0.15050703287124634,
0.3295510709285736,
0.27375221252441406,
0.3985900580883026,
0.3727381229400635,
0.21758277714252472,
0.9073514938354492,
-0.6092793941497803,
-0.10803975909948349,
0.0214557982981205,
-0.3397347331047058,
-0.038512371480464935,
0.0882543995976448,
0.8470301032066345,
0.02283918671309948,
-0.1952001452445984,
0.4072159230709076,
0.3080907464027405,
0.9277864694595337,
0.07831807434558868,
-0.12326658517122269,
-0.21099838614463806,
-0.9139391183853149,
-0.0006191894644871354,
-0.3452457785606384,
0.19376212358474731,
-0.3438188135623932,
-0.40001624822616577,
0.34339776635169983,
0.5510106682777405,
0.23669886589050293,
-0.258350670337677,
-0.14964981377124786,
-0.014225502498447895,
0.660879909992218,
0.09054207056760788,
-0.4646729826927185,
0.3388660252094269,
-0.5204765796661377,
-0.5447782278060913,
-0.2739751636981964,
-0.20410548150539398,
0.04458652064204216,
0.04030299559235573,
0.016704829409718513,
-0.023144740611314774,
-0.3872986435890198,
-0.6016854643821716,
0.19730739295482635,
0.1935240924358368,
-0.059405695647001266,
0.3745878040790558,
-0.9363492131233215,
-0.4331309497356415,
0.40255841612815857,
-0.18314796686172485,
-0.5454398989677429,
-0.2630362808704376,
-0.12269653379917145,
0.35048341751098633,
0.38976356387138367,
-0.08076908439397812,
0.027808265760540962,
0.5082345008850098,
0.15340779721736908,
0.290661484003067,
0.3626698851585388,
-0.3660471737384796,
0.21488386392593384,
0.6827008724212646,
-0.03792567551136017,
-0.1789630800485611,
-0.06152275204658508,
0.08985498547554016,
0.6928836703300476,
0.8856344223022461,
0.35446107387542725,
0.031090958043932915,
0.5290005803108215,
0.14942467212677002,
-0.3517351746559143,
-0.14944715797901154,
0.3552199602127075,
0.4314638376235962,
-0.041318200528621674,
0.3926508128643036,
-0.2626267373561859,
-0.17696841061115265,
-0.00351405399851501,
-0.026696916669607162,
-0.4051262438297272,
0.36405742168426514,
-0.26762816309928894,
-0.5521811842918396,
-0.34298133850097656,
0.2863782048225403,
-0.5095757842063904,
0.49229681491851807,
0.4548523426055908,
0.28065240383148193,
-0.1290498524904251,
0.18972797691822052,
-0.1893632411956787,
-0.27314338088035583,
-0.7879384756088257,
-0.18566228449344635,
-0.1734163761138916,
-0.454875111579895,
0.2355957329273224,
0.12457294017076492,
0.08932728320360184,
0.40540948510169983,
-0.7686773538589478,
0.02384929358959198,
-0.23572799563407898,
-0.42905184626579285,
-0.15564806759357452,
-0.330391526222229,
0.007510572671890259,
0.13611306250095367,
-0.014861799776554108,
0.7680034637451172,
0.5271998643875122,
-0.08876493573188782,
-0.32512372732162476,
0.8262341618537903,
0.7863320708274841,
-0.1213553175330162,
-0.5505781173706055,
-0.07100868225097656,
-0.2978067398071289,
0.0868336632847786,
-0.48343992233276367,
-0.04632376506924629,
-0.006756660994142294,
0.5929237008094788,
-0.029346302151679993,
-0.498859167098999,
0.10961861908435822,
0.9239943623542786,
-0.4927743077278137,
-0.17861264944076538,
-0.5090435147285461,
-0.12555339932441711,
0.12985344231128693,
0.49252617359161377,
0.2573041617870331,
-0.43664297461509705,
-0.35446733236312866,
-0.47325751185417175,
0.15118633210659027,
-0.7830500602722168,
-0.394764244556427,
-0.14360664784908295,
-0.6574774384498596,
-0.13422802090644836,
0.2859126627445221,
0.1711380034685135,
0.6099580526351929,
-0.5218395590782166,
0.7691527605056763,
0.16623260080814362,
-0.32187673449516296,
-0.7170302271842957,
0.11925706267356873,
-0.4632937014102936,
-0.17133532464504242,
-0.679414689540863,
-0.10129508376121521,
-0.03756830468773842,
-0.12466011196374893,
0.5669020414352417,
-0.4503224790096283,
-0.16008301079273224,
0.20204181969165802,
-0.4070877432823181,
0.29964274168014526,
0.06737399846315384,
-0.44771289825439453,
-0.06440218538045883,
0.011180303990840912,
0.15131358802318573,
0.4178015887737274,
-0.2799447476863861,
0.5170799493789673,
-0.39978092908859253,
0.851191520690918,
0.16992045938968658,
-0.5509870052337646,
0.1621410995721817,
-0.2596323788166046,
0.1361282616853714,
-0.37300050258636475,
0.3364296555519104,
0.033921416848897934,
0.6630570292472839,
-0.2641725540161133,
0.04177176207304001,
0.3950502276420593,
-0.25690093636512756,
-0.096779003739357,
0.5261893272399902,
-0.1629224270582199,
-0.2233830690383911,
-0.14120954275131226,
0.5262760519981384,
0.07559231668710709,
0.7544741034507751,
0.03657550364732742,
0.35520127415657043,
0.7890167236328125,
-0.4599817395210266,
-0.04233993962407112,
0.42638784646987915,
0.1407589167356491,
0.5771037936210632,
-0.6717701554298401,
-0.35503458976745605,
0.3621412217617035,
-0.09300396591424942,
0.11990940570831299,
0.16696083545684814,
0.16378509998321533,
-0.2577221989631653,
0.15287591516971588,
-0.36250486969947815,
0.1945963054895401,
-0.20072561502456665,
0.15713542699813843,
-0.05697336047887802,
-0.1004113256931305,
-0.17487354576587677,
-0.547232985496521,
0.2521696984767914,
-0.46071112155914307,
-0.17548207938671112,
-0.4725401699542999,
-0.4644585847854614,
-0.41865411400794983,
0.2653076946735382,
-0.3550725281238556,
-0.34598955512046814,
-0.1349261999130249,
-0.1012929305434227,
0.11052682250738144,
0.2895265817642212,
-0.44399210810661316,
0.9780218601226807,
0.003706065472215414,
0.09952995926141739,
-0.2534340023994446,
-0.5273829698562622,
-0.46993961930274963,
-0.31689977645874023,
0.2195814698934555,
-0.604515016078949,
-0.2743516266345978,
-0.3420743942260742,
0.7100297808647156,
0.3001292049884796,
-0.06537695229053497,
0.7704749703407288,
-0.04213693365454674,
-0.31012243032455444,
-0.15621595084667206,
-0.4883388876914978,
-0.2609603703022003,
-0.39970868825912476,
-0.035582732409238815,
0.6380619406700134,
-0.2370551973581314,
0.17877113819122314,
0.3477105498313904,
-0.13996660709381104,
-0.2568415701389313,
0.3796691596508026,
-0.23852452635765076,
-0.054793115705251694,
0.3846011459827423,
0.42701661586761475,
-0.45324698090553284,
-0.09127089381217957,
0.3592017889022827,
0.7911443114280701,
0.5359209775924683,
0.1312575340270996,
0.021302465349435806,
-0.005607821978628635,
0.2127976268529892,
-0.7857790589332581,
0.2858871519565582,
-0.49869468808174133,
0.07970385998487473,
-0.6954222917556763,
0.5509949326515198,
-0.0626223087310791,
-0.2827190160751343,
-0.16791169345378876,
-0.06953353434801102,
-0.14047320187091827,
-0.17643184959888458,
0.3261343240737915,
-0.48336321115493774,
0.11538628488779068,
-0.6462950110435486,
-0.04772019386291504,
-0.1030220091342926,
0.5006633996963501,
0.6775950193405151,
-0.47046712040901184,
-0.2406124770641327,
-0.483436644077301,
0.09552080184221268,
-0.5249669551849365,
0.6846274733543396,
0.5322049856185913,
-0.07595404982566833,
-0.3863343596458435,
-0.14063043892383575,
-0.8257731795310974,
-0.5885058641433716,
0.10744252800941467,
0.5152249336242676,
0.12637750804424286,
-0.3560326099395752,
0.7664380669593811,
0.1057271882891655,
-0.18039558827877045,
-0.11515849828720093,
0.11076302826404572,
0.11206616461277008,
-0.03410930931568146,
-0.2779964804649353,
-0.578597366809845,
0.7050564289093018,
0.14917689561843872,
0.41826358437538147,
0.3995867073535919,
-0.26407384872436523,
0.34498247504234314,
0.06406617909669876,
-0.19210579991340637,
-0.0943303257226944,
0.22541046142578125,
-0.5328243374824524
] |
211083
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZA
|
MZA
|
MZA refer to:
Alias of the American entertainer Method Man
Mayor Pnp Nancy Flore Airport (IATA code)
Samples of identical twins who have been adopted by different households in an Adoption study
|
[
0.3069070875644684,
0.02830025926232338,
-0.05582020804286003,
0.0892137661576271,
0.5266140103340149,
0.3373626470565796,
0.33182546496391296,
0.0910390317440033,
-0.6630359292030334,
-0.03834644332528114,
-0.5612321496009827,
0.014687251299619675,
-0.4800701141357422,
0.05300316587090492,
-0.03242918848991394,
-0.34368354082107544,
0.09426186978816986,
0.6547715067863464,
-0.16632981598377228,
-0.23479822278022766,
0.13858582079410553,
-0.08815573155879974,
0.5070153474807739,
-0.712508499622345,
0.04979799687862396,
0.3615916073322296,
0.35664695501327515,
0.20210309326648712,
-0.12022138386964798,
0.2020075023174286,
0.2887202799320221,
0.11326948553323746,
0.6222876310348511,
-0.035218290984630585,
0.25806424021720886,
-0.04184429347515106,
-0.20838326215744019,
-0.08894313871860504,
-0.3585919141769409,
-0.32872503995895386,
-0.04835085943341255,
-0.3771474361419678,
0.08649082481861115,
-0.13696417212486267,
-0.5005115866661072,
-0.9813718795776367,
-2.1415529251098633,
0.26007509231567383,
-0.4123201370239258,
-0.5227218866348267,
-0.06938287615776062,
0.22141584753990173,
-0.012223443016409874,
0.5083633065223694,
0.30116379261016846,
0.6047973036766052,
-0.6446564197540283,
-0.5986995697021484,
0.15458084642887115,
-0.3303200900554657,
0.3417925536632538,
-0.29545798897743225,
0.3251100778579712,
-0.02532024495303631,
-0.0048224604688584805,
0.5075809359550476,
0.6234853267669678,
0.2925615608692169,
-0.3222508430480957,
-0.3870604336261749,
0.006146132480353117,
-0.2351544201374054,
-0.003615418914705515,
-0.0520532988011837,
-0.5086890459060669,
-0.08103370666503906,
0.1019396111369133,
0.2382104992866516,
0.8374029994010925,
0.1502651572227478,
-0.39927878975868225,
-0.12233467400074005,
0.1912233680486679,
0.06472817063331604,
0.014381545595824718,
0.04153946787118912,
-0.4420378804206848,
0.48844486474990845,
-0.17666146159172058,
0.41122448444366455,
0.08456654846668243,
-0.3451363146305084,
0.6015360355377197,
0.2376745492219925,
0.042304858565330505,
-0.32252368330955505,
0.22311165928840637,
-0.3355305790901184,
0.45897310972213745,
0.014259684830904007,
-0.1631046086549759,
-0.10175519436597824,
-0.2272329032421112,
0.028800513595342636,
-0.20561105012893677,
-0.165509432554245,
-0.43297773599624634,
0.23882772028446198,
-0.1674865037202835,
-0.30069300532341003,
-0.41747623682022095,
-0.046360742300748825,
0.13294243812561035,
-0.17502668499946594,
-0.3003765344619751,
-0.06214634329080582,
0.28604409098625183,
-0.06532200425863266,
-0.3038019835948944,
0.27035772800445557,
0.39071252942085266,
0.597796618938446,
0.09404923766851425,
-0.11852513998746872,
0.3539009690284729,
0.1321970671415329,
0.38328829407691956,
0.11843829602003098,
-0.2203436642885208,
0.5910933017730713,
-0.0948340892791748,
-0.28474751114845276,
0.44982871413230896,
0.31729280948638916,
0.18242578208446503,
-0.7309688329696655,
0.07410300523042679,
-0.16712908446788788,
0.26440000534057617,
0.32490667700767517,
-0.4500751197338104,
0.09464932233095169,
-1.0431509017944336,
0.771163821220398,
0.49671289324760437,
0.32491934299468994,
0.11355230212211609,
0.295783668756485,
0.06180715560913086,
-0.10287008434534073,
-0.07957349717617035,
-0.1274346113204956,
0.12707658112049103,
-0.12881533801555634,
0.013402549549937248,
0.5230013728141785,
0.28489169478416443,
-0.7954550385475159,
0.4129336476325989,
0.23840466141700745,
0.3255915641784668,
0.34281790256500244,
-0.43638917803764343,
-0.04236401617527008,
-0.06063207983970642,
-0.2770019769668579,
-0.08844511210918427,
0.11167202144861221,
0.20959538221359253,
-0.19994796812534332,
-0.03641015663743019,
0.015335610136389732,
0.4207245409488678,
-0.32612597942352295,
-0.12709380686283112,
0.5840526223182678,
0.2581694722175598,
-0.7548704743385315,
0.3678576946258545,
0.7166450619697571,
-0.4569931924343109,
0.43484923243522644,
-0.4002368450164795,
-0.0181236881762743,
0.41584208607673645,
-0.08240988105535507,
0.583987295627594,
0.4492511749267578,
0.28380459547042847,
-0.13961508870124817,
-0.8319017291069031,
-0.1283750832080841,
0.5387310981750488,
-0.41462671756744385,
0.3551347255706787,
0.3837062120437622,
-0.244080051779747,
0.6801299452781677,
0.3244320750236511,
0.5048822164535522,
0.003113748040050268,
-0.17959678173065186,
0.3859788179397583,
-0.3520030081272125,
-0.8362435102462769,
0.5233230590820312,
0.24239149689674377,
0.09094766527414322,
0.11200998723506927,
0.45861443877220154,
0.4351893663406372,
-0.4723670780658722,
0.08757032454013824,
-0.7535978555679321,
0.2501404285430908,
0.23645834624767303,
-0.08611520379781723,
0.07817398756742477,
-0.3027580976486206,
0.6658586263656616,
1.2110462188720703,
-0.5671589374542236,
-0.37393757700920105,
0.005616541486233473,
-0.0541151762008667,
0.9382184147834778,
-0.00666605681180954,
-0.20054878294467926,
-0.08514194190502167,
-0.20782236754894257,
-0.08119209110736847,
-0.14747267961502075,
0.3284212648868561,
-0.13968877494335175,
-0.0034771307837218046,
0.1079401969909668,
0.4166141450405121,
-0.20385707914829254,
0.37561893463134766,
-0.2451975792646408,
0.027349652722477913,
0.5173302888870239,
0.144442617893219,
-0.22430957853794098,
-0.1930932253599167,
-0.09986334294080734,
-0.17211297154426575,
-0.3511156439781189,
-0.3656257092952728,
0.5016162395477295,
0.14503870904445648,
0.06655989587306976,
0.11058072745800018,
-0.05381302908062935,
0.1355658620595932,
0.1992025226354599,
0.20611682534217834,
0.4028109312057495,
-0.03894469514489174,
-0.20708923041820526,
-0.3963475227355957,
0.47168076038360596,
0.32132619619369507,
0.495425283908844,
-0.1399703174829483,
-0.2170880138874054,
-0.11613847315311432,
-0.04185355827212334,
0.3561180830001831,
0.09841497242450714,
0.763758659362793,
-0.34750890731811523,
-0.1297163963317871,
-0.4990460276603699,
0.03371591866016388,
0.055884018540382385,
-0.039298154413700104,
0.7844839692115784,
-0.2969050407409668,
-0.8569663763046265,
-0.22857627272605896,
0.37425440549850464,
0.07126853615045547,
-0.3908735513687134,
-0.022632885724306107,
0.0043936739675700665,
-0.17719140648841858,
-0.4279572069644928,
-0.2868180572986603,
-0.3362039625644684,
-0.3563690483570099,
0.10450353473424911,
-0.1926525980234146,
-0.2546854615211487,
-0.015349553897976875,
-0.16253572702407837,
0.11408411711454391,
0.397286057472229,
-0.3147873282432556,
0.07936044037342072,
-0.15677225589752197,
0.5269274115562439,
-0.41639623045921326,
-0.252794474363327,
0.5151144862174988,
-0.0011656568385660648,
-0.03098904713988304,
0.02329205349087715,
-6.118277072906494,
0.37293756008148193,
-0.10542526841163635,
0.06936366856098175,
0.42577651143074036,
-0.3688051402568817,
0.6363368630409241,
-0.3897407650947571,
0.046417757868766785,
-0.2605557441711426,
0.11797653138637543,
-0.10366927087306976,
0.26346704363822937,
-0.2714083790779114,
-0.46066033840179443,
0.028954029083251953,
-0.4584670066833496,
-0.28657662868499756,
0.3066367208957672,
0.3175007402896881,
0.3122349679470062,
-0.2065221667289734,
0.04647402465343475,
0.18151168525218964,
0.13588151335716248,
0.22986070811748505,
-0.5763668417930603,
0.024693842977285385,
-0.8003984689712524,
-0.3562260568141937,
0.035205285996198654,
-0.09416379034519196,
-0.37895700335502625,
-0.06878899782896042,
-0.22463618218898773,
0.04715552553534508,
0.9498953819274902,
-0.3364344835281372,
0.49053093791007996,
-0.00827723741531372,
-0.20180824398994446,
0.26210540533065796,
-0.08814814686775208,
-0.2861902415752411,
0.24326378107070923,
0.17606766521930695,
-0.4462145268917084,
-0.2484218329191208,
-0.634695827960968,
0.0822053849697113,
0.35181817412376404,
-0.3641769587993622,
0.3257109820842743,
0.6692897081375122,
0.2809918522834778,
-0.3157237470149994,
0.04923928156495094,
0.2534397840499878,
-0.026948563754558563,
0.46117275953292847,
0.6219450235366821,
-0.14070042967796326,
0.5940831303596497,
-1.1854915618896484,
-0.24007239937782288,
-0.3070584535598755,
0.19246064126491547,
-0.3736403286457062,
0.42111867666244507,
0.23935271799564362,
0.010371924377977848,
-0.2539199888706207,
-0.06941839307546616,
-0.782658576965332,
-0.02956724725663662,
0.032613519579172134,
-0.0556478276848793,
-0.01578424870967865,
-0.2880675792694092,
0.09385978430509567,
-0.04482831060886383,
-0.522307813167572,
-0.020289331674575806,
-0.8191224932670593,
-0.0370512530207634,
-0.6537688970565796,
-0.632514238357544,
0.32671746611595154,
-0.38565897941589355,
-0.3215976059436798,
0.33893290162086487,
-0.22488288581371307,
0.11772344261407852,
0.1595752090215683,
0.16937604546546936,
0.23557177186012268,
-0.35212966799736023,
-0.20326194167137146,
0.0602271743118763,
0.25028494000434875,
-0.3527098298072815,
-0.45170480012893677,
-0.19434212148189545,
-0.48631927371025085,
0.5148754119873047,
-0.21542887389659882,
-0.41720443964004517,
-0.21029524505138397,
0.2706400156021118,
-0.35511264204978943,
-0.3891678750514984,
0.0538887083530426,
-0.37713998556137085,
-0.21883876621723175,
0.06673256307840347,
-0.38014307618141174,
-0.07098241150379181,
0.08779095858335495,
0.3582848906517029,
0.3209885358810425,
-0.34267112612724304,
0.6363810300827026,
0.08939837664365768,
0.17167909443378448,
-0.28208214044570923,
-0.3207244277000427,
-0.1566319763660431,
0.4331487715244293,
0.11821042001247406,
0.13896524906158447,
0.04916534572839737,
0.3340461850166321,
0.13842730224132538,
-0.38173988461494446,
0.3149000108242035,
-0.08477719128131866,
-0.13391990959644318,
0.12267295271158218,
-0.08605075627565384,
-0.4451739490032196,
0.22058622539043427,
-0.2397107630968094,
0.12092094868421555,
0.21216894686222076,
0.727454662322998,
0.3584054410457611,
-0.20460039377212524,
-0.5532296299934387,
-0.3289663791656494,
0.07634608447551727,
0.384883314371109,
-0.48638278245925903,
0.7950731515884399,
-0.2882453501224518,
-0.19568932056427002,
-0.16290059685707092,
0.2699187099933624,
-0.03580501675605774,
-0.421785831451416,
0.2945772409439087,
0.2137085646390915,
-0.5906426906585693,
-1.1069259643554688,
0.26607251167297363,
0.0984424576163292,
0.2187614142894745,
0.24693280458450317,
-0.4554591178894043,
0.024936430156230927,
0.7986764311790466,
0.10825276374816895,
-0.3524211645126343,
-0.4963303208351135,
-0.09244232624769211,
-0.043647557497024536,
0.047332338988780975,
0.21213549375534058,
-0.189841166138649,
0.13751532137393951,
0.3825070858001709,
-0.3064247965812683,
-0.25254735350608826,
0.09694574773311615,
0.48606929183006287,
0.13851578533649445,
-0.25032252073287964,
0.16000717878341675,
-0.3387019634246826,
-0.35778430104255676,
-0.04305145516991615,
0.006586121860891581,
0.5347658395767212,
0.2897365391254425,
0.09712126106023788,
0.07405535131692886,
-0.35731735825538635,
-0.18481598794460297,
0.6935938000679016,
-0.47384151816368103,
0.3585112690925598,
0.1057913601398468,
0.28305327892303467,
-0.22370681166648865,
-0.040981899946928024,
0.40943747758865356,
-0.5137068033218384,
0.040692348033189774,
0.3144623041152954,
-0.18127837777137756,
-0.293529212474823,
-0.171555295586586,
-0.5617706179618835,
-0.13789676129817963,
0.4223633408546448,
-0.09964320063591003,
-0.03614412248134613,
-0.05831344053149223,
0.5220546126365662,
0.012993348762392998,
-0.4324403703212738,
0.5222422480583191,
-0.4096224308013916,
-0.22792191803455353,
-0.14803899824619293,
-0.1525975465774536,
0.7459728717803955,
0.2140415608882904,
-0.31385132670402527,
0.7907488942146301,
0.11917806416749954,
-0.34748944640159607,
-0.11176387965679169,
-0.1921612173318863,
0.5297148823738098,
-0.5984514355659485,
-0.2634958028793335,
0.005437546409666538,
0.45450979471206665,
0.1101812794804573,
-0.17124879360198975,
0.09440155327320099,
0.5193935632705688,
-0.09485086798667908,
-0.3587723970413208,
-0.35108304023742676,
1.019119143486023,
-0.1369059532880783,
-0.18252652883529663,
0.07172994315624237,
0.4332704544067383,
-0.3577287793159485,
-0.05552901700139046,
-0.12089217454195023,
0.13095206022262573,
0.8677673935890198,
-0.2006961554288864,
-0.029902959242463112,
-0.43475499749183655,
0.07706097513437271,
0.2622227668762207,
-0.3068019151687622,
0.037962306290864944,
0.17906895279884338,
0.08491802215576172,
-0.283128559589386,
0.43054434657096863,
0.19331233203411102,
0.06573714315891266,
0.1956273466348648,
-0.434259295463562,
-0.37270084023475647,
-0.045984722673892975,
0.03110131435096264,
0.5203976035118103,
-0.22491583228111267,
-0.07823943346738815,
0.10939066112041473,
-0.3483140766620636,
-0.20332789421081543,
0.33196884393692017,
-0.24300673604011536,
0.07144661992788315,
0.0006868475466035306,
-0.05740363895893097,
0.6808062791824341,
-0.17447258532047272,
0.48047465085983276,
0.04372335225343704,
-0.5268533229827881,
0.04015793651342392,
-0.3333088457584381,
0.6619274020195007,
-0.3325662910938263,
0.7132949233055115,
-0.5350310206413269,
0.0023485468700528145,
0.2874322831630707,
0.3427346348762512,
0.1652376651763916,
-0.442695289850235,
-0.2415744811296463,
0.16491129994392395,
0.011494026519358158,
0.0850701630115509,
0.12013343721628189,
-0.03513394296169281,
-0.1574280858039856,
-0.8306692838668823,
0.7070920467376709,
-0.3485616147518158,
-0.3093993067741394,
-0.44875434041023254,
0.3348628878593445,
0.5420114994049072,
-0.23767082393169403,
0.17211638391017914,
-0.48528456687927246,
-0.6344935894012451,
-0.083206407725811,
-0.22903165221214294,
0.5520246028900146,
-0.00806352961808443,
0.4348990321159363,
0.05319823697209358,
0.23398490250110626,
0.42081552743911743,
0.16760551929473877,
-0.09633376449346542,
0.4969138503074646,
0.23971985280513763,
0.7262818217277527,
0.15234291553497314,
-0.444362610578537,
0.35562971234321594,
0.24706456065177917,
-0.701917290687561,
0.016534244641661644,
-0.26383182406425476,
-0.2402445524930954,
0.4217199683189392,
0.38901326060295105,
0.509672224521637,
-0.12411170452833176,
0.3664610683917999,
0.4047088027000427,
-0.5066225528717041,
0.5269840359687805,
0.5669553279876709,
0.23547229170799255,
-0.12744246423244476,
-0.23692543804645538,
0.31159940361976624,
-0.5503325462341309,
-0.4736788868904114,
0.2638934552669525,
0.1635923981666565,
-0.2121848613023758,
-0.47882023453712463,
-0.50487220287323,
-0.6532949805259705,
0.23118995130062103,
-0.1837049424648285,
0.36478346586227417,
0.10431739687919617,
-0.16103987395763397,
-0.691299557685852,
-0.14706718921661377,
-0.4124646484851837,
0.5995352864265442,
0.14099490642547607,
0.24395932257175446,
0.21418358385562897,
-0.5102828741073608,
0.1460486501455307,
-0.1153954565525055,
0.3103390038013458,
0.08487029373645782,
0.005436039995402098,
-0.21405762434005737,
-0.28824305534362793,
0.1351752132177353,
-0.11554275453090668,
-0.25376179814338684,
0.22746294736862183,
-0.09892348200082779,
0.0819537565112114,
0.07972195744514465,
0.349808931350708,
-0.440125048160553,
-0.0700121596455574,
0.33928173780441284,
-0.11467122286558151,
-0.13327376544475555,
0.3603755533695221,
0.2852941155433655,
0.3007528483867645,
-0.7155129313468933,
0.24566586315631866,
0.06938287615776062,
0.1932058334350586,
0.02062688022851944,
0.15777075290679932,
0.17623120546340942,
-0.16757212579250336,
-0.09718764573335648,
-0.04580612853169441,
-0.08534669876098633,
-0.3343789279460907,
-0.29512178897857666,
0.2400851994752884,
0.8291391134262085,
-0.157235786318779,
0.056307386606931686,
0.2590903639793396,
0.5670405030250549,
0.94747394323349,
0.31380999088287354,
-0.13749739527702332,
-0.11167612671852112,
-0.3972608745098114,
0.26760512590408325,
-0.610107958316803,
0.2655157446861267,
0.3108295798301697,
-0.29635176062583923,
-0.40728235244750977,
0.5648927092552185,
-0.1746406853199005,
-0.46583038568496704,
0.39330151677131653,
-0.08248667418956757,
0.4190191328525543,
0.24260123074054718,
-0.04078754037618637,
-0.65726637840271,
-0.26442256569862366,
0.007243561092764139,
0.8512470126152039,
0.19374915957450867,
0.14434337615966797,
0.01454148069024086,
-0.18886342644691467,
-0.17173902690410614,
-0.003924720920622349,
-0.5316217541694641,
-0.10894884914159775,
-0.2576642334461212,
-0.5181053280830383,
-0.28878262639045715,
-0.6935164928436279,
-0.08052408695220947,
-0.03785809874534607,
-0.21400798857212067,
-0.606719434261322,
0.5407172441482544,
-0.21128033101558685,
0.12591873109340668,
-0.6155334711074829,
0.379803329706192,
0.18333683907985687
] |
211086
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville%20Henry%20Cane
|
Melville Henry Cane
|
Melville Henry Cane (April 15, 1879 – March 10, 1980) was an American poet and lawyer. He studied at Columbia University, and was the author of the influential book, Making a Poem (1953).
Early life and education
As a Columbia University student in 1900, Cane worked as a reporter at the New York Evening Post and also wrote poetry. He also co-wrote the 1900 Varsity Show at Columbia, writing lyrics for libretto The Governor's Vrouw (1900), a two-act comic opera he co-wrote with Henry Sydnor Harrison, while John Erskine write the music. Cane earned his law degree in 1905 and later specialized in copyright law.
Career
Cane was a legal counsel to notable writers like Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Ayn Rand, William Saroyan, and Thomas Wolfe and also served on the board of directors for Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. Cane was also awarded the Frost Medal by the Poetry Society of America in 1971 for lifetime achievement.
Some of Cane's works are: January Garden (1926), Behind Dark Places''' (1930), And Pastures New (1956) and Snow Towards Evening'' (1974).
Bibliography
References
External links
Finding aid to Melville Cane papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
1879 births
1980 deaths
American centenarians
American lawyers
American male poets
American poets
Columbia University alumni
Men centenarians
|
[
-0.16251373291015625,
0.2275635153055191,
-0.9327447414398193,
0.08292286098003387,
0.1553090363740921,
0.765968382358551,
0.9820098876953125,
0.12142081558704376,
-0.14486104249954224,
-0.5373310446739197,
0.37178754806518555,
0.37439772486686707,
-0.45808765292167664,
0.5855075120925903,
-0.3829142153263092,
0.34322044253349304,
-0.3112875521183014,
-0.19291779398918152,
0.12513646483421326,
-0.15131065249443054,
-0.47502899169921875,
-0.19314275681972504,
0.7179341912269592,
-0.18290646374225616,
0.260724276304245,
-0.06435562670230865,
0.03370804712176323,
-0.07977963238954544,
0.021167060360312462,
0.20509998500347137,
-0.11308968812227249,
0.3390647768974304,
0.641811192035675,
-0.04660039395093918,
-0.5145930051803589,
0.05524500086903572,
-0.5264438986778259,
-0.1965717226266861,
0.3303769528865814,
0.397745281457901,
-0.3845404386520386,
-0.18825757503509521,
0.04562646150588989,
-0.5293986797332764,
0.35808998346328735,
-0.18778455257415771,
-1.9863895177841187,
0.18355564773082733,
-0.8041985630989075,
-0.5394930839538574,
-0.35124531388282776,
0.6806201934814453,
0.9475256204605103,
0.36746153235435486,
-0.2714608907699585,
0.4274459481239319,
-0.4857937693595886,
-0.4865269958972931,
0.16556930541992188,
-0.42135292291641235,
0.14048443734645844,
0.05416908487677574,
0.7142518758773804,
0.04980493709445,
0.267751008272171,
0.28564098477363586,
0.07218895852565765,
-0.01981005072593689,
0.025027664378285408,
0.032022491097450256,
-0.043845828622579575,
0.34580257534980774,
0.6871516704559326,
0.3253527581691742,
0.5016820430755615,
-0.4388844072818756,
0.4396801292896271,
-0.10272645950317383,
-0.11134662479162216,
0.017656153067946434,
0.08708159625530243,
-0.2709130048751831,
0.37157729268074036,
0.6407525539398193,
-0.27923110127449036,
-0.04636453092098236,
-0.26757124066352844,
0.08080565184354782,
-0.519933819770813,
-0.5308673977851868,
-0.6947824358940125,
-0.05051639676094055,
-0.4074707329273224,
0.2340577095746994,
-0.17706231772899628,
0.06659409403800964,
0.8341154456138611,
0.48754873871803284,
-0.30966830253601074,
0.06734748184680939,
0.027601484209299088,
-0.20237399637699127,
0.916356086730957,
0.28008994460105896,
-0.234873428940773,
0.006091598886996508,
0.1688021421432495,
-0.3406725227832794,
0.2863105833530426,
-0.1512327492237091,
-0.010851397179067135,
0.1513596624135971,
-0.08681444823741913,
-0.23663994669914246,
0.030125794932246208,
0.9309519529342651,
0.1413307934999466,
-0.6276845932006836,
-0.3872007727622986,
-0.05342153459787369,
-1.0667190551757812,
-0.301181823015213,
0.17284610867500305,
-0.1052749902009964,
-1.0230354070663452,
-0.3128420412540436,
0.17043712735176086,
0.22370941936969757,
-0.27709823846817017,
0.36986008286476135,
0.6505894064903259,
0.4173056483268738,
0.14748409390449524,
-0.6303987503051758,
-0.543026864528656,
-0.2967241704463959,
0.332498162984848,
-0.08410155773162842,
-0.28135234117507935,
0.2400212287902832,
-0.21549426019191742,
-0.2660420536994934,
-0.6895846128463745,
-0.6687440872192383,
0.6260344982147217,
-0.4278565049171448,
0.5010267496109009,
0.08022796362638474,
-0.3712221682071686,
-0.15404999256134033,
-0.008226294070482254,
0.32918447256088257,
0.3496100902557373,
-0.11588289588689804,
-0.21194937825202942,
0.23464593291282654,
0.34949949383735657,
0.22101722657680511,
0.30319714546203613,
0.5595177412033081,
0.014940443448722363,
0.15659138560295105,
-0.10765261203050613,
0.10506820678710938,
-0.2844808101654053,
0.06783589720726013,
0.20469431579113007,
-0.4482347369194031,
-0.29604998230934143,
0.17217597365379333,
0.1829868108034134,
-0.22038324177265167,
0.5814639329910278,
-0.714586079120636,
-0.14189782738685608,
0.24369384348392487,
0.8947498202323914,
0.27379700541496277,
0.323367178440094,
-0.42052167654037476,
-0.624562680721283,
0.21815204620361328,
0.1345919668674469,
0.5474557876586914,
-0.06856152415275574,
0.13696709275245667,
0.6159944534301758,
-0.15834268927574158,
0.6739011406898499,
-0.6648790836334229,
-0.5960962176322937,
-0.5605064034461975,
-0.03808069974184036,
-0.1812087744474411,
0.7897053360939026,
0.5109798312187195,
-0.21852630376815796,
0.9246981739997864,
0.026313550770282745,
0.6440832614898682,
0.1794779747724533,
-0.24826058745384216,
0.11562672257423401,
-0.6205458641052246,
-0.10490864515304565,
0.5095162987709045,
0.09792232513427734,
0.019761497154831886,
0.0749693214893341,
0.8029305338859558,
0.0671641156077385,
-0.8802849650382996,
-0.004322252236306667,
0.5636381506919861,
-0.6147730946540833,
-1.0433584451675415,
0.1135004535317421,
-0.5437600016593933,
0.7286770939826965,
-0.5534395575523376,
0.6182538270950317,
-0.0334697961807251,
0.5241016745567322,
0.6664328575134277,
-0.1895911544561386,
0.6155523061752319,
-0.10569554567337036,
-0.15114280581474304,
-0.2104664146900177,
-0.11857319623231888,
-0.31928348541259766,
0.5135998129844666,
0.26900768280029297,
-1.18265962600708,
0.5082598328590393,
0.5154090523719788,
0.3338850438594818,
-0.5107148289680481,
0.5624687075614929,
-0.29823705554008484,
0.040557004511356354,
0.24008680880069733,
0.06126784533262253,
-0.2557818591594696,
-0.03874132037162781,
0.14200671017169952,
-0.32988792657852173,
-0.7038854360580444,
-0.04971465840935707,
0.10603052377700806,
0.4442583918571472,
0.8442503809928894,
0.12625755369663239,
0.325237512588501,
-0.2006988227367401,
0.5158311724662781,
-0.13139277696609497,
-0.189446359872818,
0.4225766062736511,
-0.07744195312261581,
-0.5025947093963623,
0.2872541844844818,
0.262909859418869,
0.13376086950302124,
0.27147945761680603,
-0.09369534999132156,
0.05496348813176155,
-0.39153245091438293,
-0.46535009145736694,
-0.2066229283809662,
0.20979434251785278,
-0.18919822573661804,
0.03556123748421669,
0.38052457571029663,
0.41708922386169434,
0.43297722935676575,
0.2899988293647766,
-0.21014434099197388,
-0.8100611567497253,
-1.0444178581237793,
0.3793465495109558,
0.7467384934425354,
-0.06519348174333572,
-0.25412890315055847,
0.24757006764411926,
-0.6969214677810669,
-0.073824442923069,
-0.5104884505271912,
0.15104714035987854,
0.29285669326782227,
-0.35626402497291565,
0.833278238773346,
-0.6304148435592651,
0.16133131086826324,
-0.2226613163948059,
0.5226753354072571,
-0.06772594153881073,
-0.9814699292182922,
0.07057414948940277,
-0.13760142028331757,
-0.3650391101837158,
-0.1319740265607834,
-0.4754062294960022,
0.4585321545600891,
0.792898416519165,
0.5112656950950623,
-0.10081440955400467,
-0.05503280460834503,
-5.201913833618164,
0.13576599955558777,
-0.6369925737380981,
-0.5390195250511169,
0.13710887730121613,
0.25538256764411926,
0.3311545252799988,
-0.04180983081459999,
-0.08316226303577423,
-0.7508682012557983,
0.39500200748443604,
0.25016382336616516,
0.18749722838401794,
0.4793597459793091,
0.4828835129737854,
0.4494766592979431,
0.6691063642501831,
-0.2634669840335846,
0.07759161293506622,
0.23850174248218536,
0.1498938947916031,
-0.1103825643658638,
-0.08661885559558868,
0.3368101716041565,
0.6903080940246582,
0.19119510054588318,
-0.6315063834190369,
0.5728686451911926,
-0.46735888719558716,
0.10851801931858063,
0.2135656774044037,
0.02561994083225727,
-0.43367332220077515,
-0.40301334857940674,
-0.12864507734775543,
0.06597275286912918,
0.530210018157959,
0.3263477385044098,
0.2155127078294754,
0.4098895788192749,
-0.19958144426345825,
0.0718390941619873,
-0.9032025337219238,
0.05569209158420563,
-0.6036940813064575,
0.0319623202085495,
-0.4413560628890991,
-0.20221887528896332,
-0.044623132795095444,
0.8518621325492859,
-0.06595663726329803,
0.2788960635662079,
0.4250062108039856,
0.5298397541046143,
0.4245586693286896,
0.1442103087902069,
0.2598312795162201,
-0.8806881904602051,
-1.046339750289917,
0.09057337045669556,
0.697181761264801,
-0.6940509676933289,
0.2986801862716675,
-0.8377968668937683,
-0.47916510701179504,
-0.685957133769989,
0.07125277817249298,
0.11116500943899155,
0.037452902644872665,
-0.17719225585460663,
0.1540871411561966,
1.2915607690811157,
-0.04182187095284462,
-1.4617148637771606,
-0.126886248588562,
-0.06273189932107925,
0.15726198256015778,
-0.005828272085636854,
-0.9968116283416748,
-0.31398335099220276,
0.38254842162132263,
-0.19961613416671753,
-0.32426121830940247,
0.6967370510101318,
0.4221029281616211,
0.2843404710292816,
-0.06634654849767685,
0.49275538325309753,
-1.0774084329605103,
-0.2282273769378662,
-0.33506739139556885,
-0.04238644987344742,
-0.09779393672943115,
-0.15024691820144653,
0.9420722126960754,
0.093479223549366,
0.16482770442962646,
0.2075125277042389,
0.18960732221603394,
-0.09676507115364075,
-0.42261072993278503,
-0.2791803777217865,
0.07200485467910767,
-0.7633347511291504,
0.22295591235160828,
-0.1846444308757782,
-0.7015731930732727,
0.5192232131958008,
0.6867559552192688,
-0.013497676700353622,
-0.5127670168876648,
0.10473208874464035,
-0.10727860778570175,
-0.21330592036247253,
0.07037001103162766,
-0.5066149830818176,
0.5251078605651855,
0.42658737301826477,
0.38275620341300964,
0.236413836479187,
-0.18099761009216309,
0.8825427889823914,
-0.03986470028758049,
-0.27602165937423706,
-0.20995289087295532,
-0.5540132522583008,
0.20491136610507965,
-0.1090531051158905,
-0.8059636950492859,
-0.0614297017455101,
0.026308050379157066,
0.2845659554004669,
-0.28004270792007446,
0.16135446727275848,
-0.461963415145874,
-0.5260334610939026,
-0.5651212334632874,
-0.4564746916294098,
-0.156347393989563,
-0.23755474388599396,
-0.11661342531442642,
-0.4621923863887787,
-0.30742979049682617,
-0.38558802008628845,
0.9257912635803223,
-0.19942018389701843,
-0.31316474080085754,
-0.5664295554161072,
-0.7191386818885803,
0.5009142160415649,
-0.21688173711299896,
0.1634371131658554,
0.2875601053237915,
-0.6883490681648254,
-0.17267359793186188,
-0.23111329972743988,
-0.7706359028816223,
-0.05928604677319527,
0.11418895423412323,
0.24472545087337494,
-0.3183920979499817,
0.14163300395011902,
-1.2100962400436401,
-0.20565266907215118,
-0.36024540662765503,
-0.3793489336967468,
-0.5484549403190613,
0.37220215797424316,
-0.37442392110824585,
0.252231627702713,
0.393380731344223,
-0.7427125573158264,
0.004796808585524559,
-0.2506581246852875,
0.36445561051368713,
0.0366348959505558,
-0.1663231998682022,
-0.28262174129486084,
0.103032186627388,
0.13023287057876587,
-0.17054088413715363,
-0.13731509447097778,
-0.9828290939331055,
-0.3577440679073334,
0.6682331562042236,
-0.4563992917537689,
0.21752062439918518,
-0.6909002065658569,
-0.3490721583366394,
0.10661133378744125,
-0.14410720765590668,
-0.5906363725662231,
0.4895571172237396,
0.5966883301734924,
-0.34810757637023926,
-0.058600589632987976,
0.6433225274085999,
-0.09730447083711624,
-0.291506826877594,
-0.6396637558937073,
0.3795049488544464,
0.479189395904541,
-0.21171048283576965,
-0.0725841149687767,
-0.3324650228023529,
-1.6154522895812988,
-0.17834679782390594,
-0.5001810193061829,
-0.33378779888153076,
1.061588168144226,
-0.14715458452701569,
-0.14027290046215057,
-0.35497960448265076,
0.5832144021987915,
0.49056920409202576,
-0.08778303116559982,
0.7056354284286499,
0.7811225056648254,
-0.48579224944114685,
-0.7412214875221252,
0.006988725624978542,
-0.6020787358283997,
-0.8035207986831665,
-0.46971502900123596,
-0.2282821387052536,
0.6810868382453918,
-0.005917279981076717,
-0.35985347628593445,
1.003915548324585,
-0.07288984209299088,
-0.23199418187141418,
-0.43205514550209045,
-0.2922080457210541,
0.5307872295379639,
-0.73357093334198,
-0.30042359232902527,
-0.023071827366948128,
-0.05222512036561966,
-0.30383482575416565,
0.19901545345783234,
0.648108959197998,
1.658988356590271,
0.6103145480155945,
-0.205633744597435,
0.17463430762290955,
0.2837649881839752,
0.05490376427769661,
-0.2519981861114502,
0.0283966027200222,
0.36774003505706787,
0.21798476576805115,
-0.043878283351659775,
-0.37496963143348694,
0.06443365663290024,
0.9304720759391785,
-0.26964816451072693,
-0.46639499068260193,
0.30515289306640625,
0.3296588361263275,
0.2772853374481201,
0.4031214416027069,
-0.34656330943107605,
-0.4855705797672272,
0.2595364451408386,
-0.2921624481678009,
-0.23909930884838104,
0.6383201479911804,
0.4607701003551483,
0.7421618103981018,
-0.5927555561065674,
-0.4487350285053253,
-0.18144646286964417,
-0.8722363114356995,
0.39977821707725525,
-0.6107248067855835,
0.13540107011795044,
0.6048394441604614,
-0.013756549917161465,
-0.10896690934896469,
-0.266801118850708,
-0.7798961997032166,
-0.12293772399425507,
-0.5243967175483704,
-0.23236563801765442,
-0.3539595305919647,
-0.38660067319869995,
-0.08175405859947205,
-0.028407229110598564,
-0.1495448797941208,
-0.5638777613639832,
-0.44153138995170593,
0.4046556353569031,
0.10386132448911667,
0.14639630913734436,
-0.23138786852359772,
0.14503426849842072,
-0.2700529396533966,
0.9208296537399292,
-0.1230841651558876,
-0.44315776228904724,
-0.11940903216600418,
0.5230726003646851,
0.21690307557582855,
-0.3174281716346741,
0.45934897661209106,
-0.6951422095298767,
-0.33576497435569763,
0.1372625231742859,
-0.32680970430374146,
0.1890140324831009,
0.5221989154815674,
0.2633337080478668,
0.9300851821899414,
0.5828970074653625,
-0.42334339022636414,
0.0417136587202549,
0.27135205268859863,
0.14546439051628113,
-0.4426892101764679,
-0.26465103030204773,
-0.052829012274742126,
0.15913647413253784,
0.6723512411117554,
-0.2088594138622284,
0.28944236040115356,
0.6214655041694641,
-0.035279158502817154,
-0.24674446880817413,
-0.6419544219970703,
0.24778969585895538,
0.38527822494506836,
-0.5673343539237976,
-0.5613731741905212,
0.3838037848472595,
0.5141991972923279,
-0.3018522560596466,
0.13079391419887543,
-0.08445829153060913,
-0.38073012232780457,
0.16360796988010406,
0.236989364027977,
-0.18318422138690948,
0.2168390303850174,
0.706358015537262,
0.421639084815979,
-0.32121965289115906,
0.01904003508388996,
0.6663447022438049,
-0.15284259617328644,
-0.3058052062988281,
0.5120455026626587,
0.7394490838050842,
0.5933086276054382,
-0.4165870249271393,
0.26403021812438965,
-0.3797430694103241,
0.3691098988056183,
-0.356411337852478,
-0.686606228351593,
-0.1985580176115036,
-0.26046112179756165,
-0.3117678165435791,
1.155086636543274,
-0.5963136553764343,
-0.33177879452705383,
0.0012768951710313559,
0.5484718680381775,
-0.6617256999015808,
-0.24376729130744934,
0.3899365961551666,
0.5221386551856995,
0.11240366846323013,
-0.14144858717918396,
1.2231277227401733,
0.554989755153656,
0.5335480570793152,
0.7044621109962463,
-0.5917416214942932,
0.2630643844604492,
-0.02967582270503044,
-0.06483881175518036,
-0.2929438054561615,
0.16573700308799744,
0.08817758411169052,
0.008993730880320072,
0.06253546476364136,
0.36824730038642883,
0.16959916055202484,
0.0465799942612648,
-0.4083622694015503,
0.04393785819411278,
-0.45512938499450684,
-0.05791765823960304,
0.37970927357673645,
-0.4155452251434326,
0.6195778250694275,
-0.39868292212486267,
1.4083021879196167,
-0.31601402163505554,
0.040746696293354034,
0.27063342928886414,
-0.05459913983941078,
0.26336464285850525,
-0.15760943293571472,
-0.11918666958808899,
0.13871844112873077,
-0.4939921796321869,
0.1747308075428009,
-1.0814294815063477,
0.6057862639427185,
0.02607198990881443,
0.39297011494636536,
-0.45450982451438904,
0.0631386786699295,
-0.33444342017173767,
0.30212631821632385,
0.2930125892162323,
0.017791854217648506,
-0.16399948298931122,
-0.5610224604606628,
0.5679367184638977,
0.7441349029541016,
0.3486083745956421,
-0.21503977477550507,
-0.019680572673678398,
-0.19669991731643677,
0.13689257204532623,
0.24673178791999817,
0.07077489048242569,
0.10294635593891144,
-0.1255100667476654,
-0.4998971223831177,
0.111251100897789,
0.17830193042755127,
0.09141282737255096,
-0.029041090980172157,
0.2589634954929352,
0.967129111289978,
0.2284235954284668,
-0.9964555501937866,
0.4395712912082672,
-0.46072918176651,
0.2651563882827759,
0.07416556030511856,
-0.17874263226985931,
-0.05335106700658798,
0.4390137493610382,
-0.3030955195426941,
0.2454163134098053,
0.7235523462295532,
0.02172405645251274,
-0.30201607942581177,
-0.11542156338691711,
-0.5339301824569702,
0.5668851137161255,
0.1270856410264969,
0.012331906706094742,
-0.1436338573694229,
0.40382149815559387,
-0.3501664996147156
] |
211087
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspectah%20Deck
|
Inspectah Deck
|
Jason Richard Hunter (born July 6, 1970), better known by his stage name Inspectah Deck, is an American rapper, producer, and actor. He is a member of the groups Wu-Tang Clan and Czarface.
He has acquired critical praise for his intricate lyricism, and for his verses on many of the group's most revered songs. He has grown to become a producer in his own right, taking up tracks for fellow Wu rappers and his own projects.
Early life
Hunter was born July 6, 1970 and grew up in Staten Island. Hunter routinely mentions the Park Hill Projects in Clifton, Staten Island, where he grew up and went to school with the future Method Man, Raekwon, Ghostface Killah, and Remedy. Hunter's father died when he was six years old.
Career
Hunter developed a laid-back and quiet personality which he carried into his stage persona, as a low-key counterbalance to the antics of Method Man, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and RZA, referenced by Method Man at the end of the track "Can it Be All So Simple?" on Wu-Tang's debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers):
Despite this inconspicuous persona, Inspectah Deck maintained a relatively high profile, as he was the second most featured member on the album, and provided highly acclaimed verses for the singles "C.R.E.A.M.," "Protect Ya Neck," "Wu-Tang Clan Ain't Nuthing ta Fuck Wit," and "Da Mystery of Chessboxin'." In the years following, Hunter would appear on several Wu members' solo projects, including Method Man's Tical (1994), Raekwon's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… (1995), GZA's Liquid Swords (1995), and Ghostface Killah's Ironman (1996). On Wu-Tang's second group album, Wu-Tang Forever (1997), Deck produced the track "Visionz" and contributed a solo track, "The City", as well as writing one of the most critically acclaimed verses in hip-hop on the group's hit single "Triumph". He would also provide production for some of his Wu cohorts, including "Elements" and "Spazzola" for Method Man's Tical 2000: Judgement Day (1998), "Kiss of a Black Widow" for RZA's RZA as Bobby Digital in Stereo (1998), and the title track for GZA's Beneath the Surface (1999).
Solo career
Inspectah Deck was originally supposed to be featured on the track "Got My Mind Made Up" by 2Pac for his album All Eyez on Me along with Lady of Rage, however both artists were cut out at Shakur's request. The song went on to feature Tha Dogg Pound, Redman, and Deck's fellow Wu-Tang Clan member Method Man. Despite his verse being cut out, he can still be heard at the end of the song saying "INS the rebel" before it fades out. His debut album Uncontrolled Substance was initially set for a late 1997 release, however, this experienced several delays due to a flood in producer RZA's basement studio, which destroyed over one hundred beats, including all of the instrumentals made for the album. In September 1999, Uncontrolled Substance was released, and featured more of Deck's own production, and appearances from several lesser known affiliates. The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics, but failed to garner the reception attained by earlier Wu-Tang solo projects. Shortly after this release, Deck returned to the Wu-Tang fold for the group albums The W (2000), and Iron Flag (2001).
In 2003, Inspectah Deck released his second studio album, The Movement, which he would later state did not live up to his expectations, and in 2006, he released The Resident Patient, intended as a prequel to The Movement. In 2007, the rapper reconvened with the Wu-Tang Clan to record the group album 8 Diagrams. Along with Raekwon, and Ghostface Killah, Inspectah Deck
partook in the controversy, sparked when several group members disparaged RZA's tight artistic control of the album, championing Ghost's album The Big Doe Rehab. In regards to these disagreements, Deck stated in an interview:
Around this time he announced two new projects: an album called Czarface as a new collaboration called Czarface with Boston's 7L & Esoteric featuring the legendary DJ Premier and his up-coming solo album The Rebellion, confirming production from RZA and the Wu-Elements; it is now set to come after The Resident Patient II, and will reportedly be his final album as a solo artist.
On March 23, 2010, Inspectah Deck released his fourth solo album Manifesto, which features guest-appearances from Raekwon, Cormega, Termanology, Planet Asia, Cappadonna, Kurupt, and M.O.P.'s Billy Danze. In 2008, a mixtape entitled The Resident Patient II was leaked on to the internet; this features some original material, as well as freestyles over other artists' songs. Inspectah Deck stated in an interview that The Manifesto was meant to be the originally announced full-length sequel, Resident Patient II.
Since early 2010, Inspectah Deck has begun work on Czarface and The Rebellion, and has expressed his interest in working with several Wu-Tang members, as well as Snoop Dogg, E-40, Nas and Jadakiss on the album. He had mentioned in an interview with Conspiracy Radio that he will only retire from solo albums if the fans don't show support for The Manifesto and The Rebellion. He has also mentioned his plans to release an instrumental album of his own production, entitled The Bodyrock Volume 1, which is inspired by the instrumental albums released by Alchemist, Ayatollah, and Pete Rock. On February 11, 2013, in an interview with HipHopDX, Inspectah Deck stated that he also has an upcoming album with producer Agallah in the works, and later confirmed during that year that he had renamed his "The Rebellion" album to Rebellion 2013. He recently confirmed via Twitter that he has again changed the name of his final album to Uncontrolled Substance II, a sequel to his debut album; that will be produced primarily by RZA along with The Wu-Elements.
After working with The Wu-Tang Clan on their sixth studio album A Better Tomorrow, he reunited with 7L & Esoteric for another Czarface album titled Every Hero Needs a Villain, which was released in June 2015, and again in 2016 for the third Czarface album, A Fistful of Peril, after Marvel Entertainment reached out to them to record a track for their Black Panther web-series.
Discography
Studio albums
Uncontrolled Substance (1999)
The Movement (2003)
The Resident Patient (2006)
Manifesto (2010)
Chamber No. 9 (2019)
Mixtape
The Resident Patient 2 (2008)
DrumLorD SkillionairE (2013)
Cynthia's Son (2014)
with Czarface
Czarface (2013)
Every Hero Needs a Villain (2015)
A Fistful of Peril (2016)
First Weapon Drawn (2017)
Czarface Meets Metal Face (with MF Doom) (2018)
Czarface Meets Ghostface (with Ghostface Killah) (2019)
The Odd Czar Against Us (2019)
Super What? (with MF Doom) (2021)
References
External links
African-American male rappers
African-American record producers
Five percenters
1970 births
Living people
Wu-Tang Clan members
Rappers from New York City
People from Staten Island
American hip hop record producers
East Coast hip hop musicians
21st-century American rappers
Record producers from New York (state)
Czarface members
|
[
0.5675877332687378,
0.04871973767876625,
-0.28392380475997925,
-0.289685994386673,
0.3581089377403259,
0.435869961977005,
0.8166337013244629,
-0.09677504748106003,
-0.5544693470001221,
0.40526196360588074,
-0.016315359622240067,
0.6227206587791443,
-0.441703736782074,
-0.05384310707449913,
-0.24961251020431519,
0.27963417768478394,
0.16419367492198944,
-0.5230165123939514,
-0.2819852828979492,
-0.09104180335998535,
-0.39792600274086,
-0.0793514996767044,
0.48162785172462463,
-0.28313058614730835,
-0.5654509663581848,
0.9398345947265625,
-0.411492258310318,
0.5459850430488586,
-0.2701648473739624,
-0.2747924029827118,
0.6215810775756836,
-0.11701460927724838,
0.6346859931945801,
-1.0358995199203491,
-0.2507133185863495,
0.3403341472148895,
-0.814086377620697,
-0.1729838103055954,
-0.3180302381515503,
-0.5737991333007812,
-0.2487996369600296,
-0.37267404794692993,
-0.012656103819608688,
-0.128662571310997,
-0.5550382137298584,
-0.4100884199142456,
-1.0099308490753174,
0.7361670136451721,
-0.9293678402900696,
0.03301483020186424,
0.4044053852558136,
0.6553211808204651,
-0.6910661458969116,
0.09970896691083908,
0.34539324045181274,
-0.23804543912410736,
-0.41912347078323364,
-0.4556485414505005,
0.3334576189517975,
-0.134377583861351,
0.6323593854904175,
-0.11031602323055267,
0.3326990604400635,
-0.29508811235427856,
-0.016124265268445015,
0.20370131731033325,
0.11779626458883286,
0.027747683227062225,
-0.2703777253627777,
0.3562208414077759,
0.2442418485879898,
0.5501450300216675,
-0.013678070157766342,
-0.26578742265701294,
0.019794009625911713,
0.3781653940677643,
0.016651326790452003,
0.3023206293582916,
-0.03400891646742821,
0.8220252394676208,
0.12604080140590668,
-0.04048391431570053,
0.8624447584152222,
0.6855420470237732,
0.15504424273967743,
-0.3173806965351105,
-0.6495162844657898,
0.46067389845848083,
-1.0284467935562134,
0.22338725626468658,
-0.18758708238601685,
0.3512061834335327,
0.16191694140434265,
0.6695777773857117,
-0.03989795967936516,
-0.4972534775733948,
-0.5149811506271362,
-0.09162244945764542,
-0.034164149314165115,
0.026142273098230362,
0.3474397659301758,
0.3493274450302124,
0.2651626169681549,
-0.11473312228918076,
-0.28202393651008606,
0.017687376588582993,
0.26254361867904663,
0.2586870789527893,
-0.6673583984375,
0.18975594639778137,
-0.030934972688555717,
0.38766661286354065,
0.10500195622444153,
-0.21837759017944336,
0.5010498762130737,
0.568549394607544,
0.3606520891189575,
-0.2735437750816345,
-0.753818154335022,
-0.4562266767024994,
-0.43328753113746643,
0.07634815573692322,
0.4892641007900238,
0.6864433288574219,
-0.5957203507423401,
0.052205298095941544,
0.015744121745228767,
0.14881309866905212,
-0.4930405020713806,
0.31189975142478943,
0.21450810134410858,
0.5927708745002747,
0.02494659274816513,
0.06081376224756241,
-0.8213422298431396,
-0.2190108448266983,
-0.1847776174545288,
0.4721507430076599,
0.704033613204956,
-0.3602496087551117,
-1.0883482694625854,
-0.6811801195144653,
-0.2623288035392761,
-0.08003462105989456,
-0.25761687755584717,
0.10943131148815155,
-0.14506258070468903,
-0.11325481534004211,
-0.30900365114212036,
0.41823610663414,
-0.009227956645190716,
0.09445929527282715,
-0.2779984772205353,
-1.2470057010650635,
-0.14722652733325958,
-0.10528608411550522,
0.5330819487571716,
0.020324813202023506,
-0.20060573518276215,
-0.22937005758285522,
-0.04471442475914955,
0.1130562499165535,
-0.25995516777038574,
-0.1584346741437912,
0.5685940980911255,
-0.392041951417923,
-0.020847460255026817,
-0.2131921350955963,
0.23307853937149048,
-0.35093918442726135,
-0.3159148097038269,
-0.13290546834468842,
-0.1582356095314026,
-0.42509782314300537,
-0.12704864144325256,
0.3158341646194458,
0.4967727065086365,
0.14763379096984863,
0.2358299344778061,
0.05212651938199997,
-0.5772444009780884,
0.3372558653354645,
0.3051477074623108,
-0.301662415266037,
0.4050050377845764,
-0.012994306161999702,
0.182157501578331,
-0.4072478413581848,
-0.06135595962405205,
0.012386168353259563,
-0.6516993045806885,
-0.6128852963447571,
0.9408919215202332,
0.5076736211776733,
-0.2008718103170395,
0.33262506127357483,
-0.4258325397968292,
0.9408213496208191,
0.29245609045028687,
0.47643405199050903,
-0.3357166647911072,
0.3104296922683716,
0.0886392742395401,
-0.1583309769630432,
-0.716563880443573,
-0.058329906314611435,
0.7577921748161316,
0.17453911900520325,
-0.2706965208053589,
0.5429128408432007,
0.3334435224533081,
-1.706303358078003,
0.06699700653553009,
-0.05380602180957794,
0.16539910435676575,
-0.5268309712409973,
-0.6877879500389099,
0.1256919503211975,
0.09805996716022491,
-0.13540349900722504,
0.42980101704597473,
0.37792712450027466,
-0.21955233812332153,
0.08429983258247375,
-0.15914715826511383,
0.8039994835853577,
-0.5283344388008118,
-0.30464139580726624,
0.26499828696250916,
-0.3590902090072632,
0.3250352740287781,
0.08140122890472412,
-0.045130837708711624,
-0.7073220610618591,
-0.012735499069094658,
0.31384989619255066,
0.5793112516403198,
-0.24812324345111847,
-0.07766637206077576,
-0.5205853581428528,
0.29647722840309143,
0.08628644049167633,
-1.067022681236267,
-0.6404194235801697,
0.5267879962921143,
-0.06154906004667282,
-0.5176401734352112,
-0.3214496076107025,
-0.2871226370334625,
0.3435596823692322,
0.09761138260364532,
0.5319830775260925,
0.16505859792232513,
-0.3273254930973053,
0.22225597500801086,
0.0764065533876419,
0.014175496995449066,
0.29662615060806274,
-0.06059261038899422,
-0.29200583696365356,
-0.5380079746246338,
0.22901591658592224,
0.0686701163649559,
-0.33705389499664307,
0.2959744930267334,
-0.2390061765909195,
0.1528518944978714,
-0.3184661269187927,
0.5528114438056946,
0.20831170678138733,
0.8275836706161499,
-0.154649555683136,
-0.12217473983764648,
0.049783531576395035,
0.12434743344783783,
0.03481203690171242,
0.3684658408164978,
-0.3625781536102295,
0.11686845123767853,
-1.2171752452850342,
0.04893641918897629,
0.6894851922988892,
-0.12973877787590027,
-0.9918663501739502,
0.527671217918396,
-0.24563756585121155,
-0.2370661348104477,
-0.09071436524391174,
0.11372452974319458,
-0.4641035795211792,
-0.2874104082584381,
0.6228258609771729,
-0.40362992882728577,
0.6902771592140198,
0.307853639125824,
-0.5590484142303467,
0.21394440531730652,
-0.15022365748882294,
-0.35264450311660767,
0.07302729785442352,
-0.19884958863258362,
0.2504359483718872,
-0.25110292434692383,
0.22717800736427307,
0.31243830919265747,
-0.016461439430713654,
0.04587323218584061,
-0.1117963194847107,
-5.414988040924072,
0.15019120275974274,
0.3357403576374054,
-0.11546483635902405,
0.479805588722229,
0.24385137856006622,
0.6563993096351624,
-0.04946848377585411,
0.6910712122917175,
-0.17269203066825867,
-0.3439622223377228,
-0.20795917510986328,
0.520552396774292,
-0.05864652618765831,
0.24231597781181335,
0.28886938095092773,
0.11189321428537369,
-0.9513638615608215,
0.1731080263853073,
0.4932316541671753,
-0.3220791220664978,
-0.16255025565624237,
-0.16184185445308685,
-0.1871517300605774,
-0.5512491464614868,
0.021672939881682396,
-0.3626304566860199,
0.33251336216926575,
-0.4693416953086853,
-0.016632655635476112,
-0.5972172021865845,
-0.14260008931159973,
-0.4438529312610626,
-0.5965965986251831,
-0.574841320514679,
-0.531926691532135,
0.7287819385528564,
-0.23841866850852966,
0.09490660578012466,
-0.5077477097511292,
-0.18368777632713318,
-0.023689378052949905,
-0.4286534786224365,
-0.2547568678855896,
0.7552026510238647,
-0.13956725597381592,
-0.5059404969215393,
-0.7975489497184753,
0.23923814296722412,
0.1423427164554596,
0.3973653018474579,
-0.3344474136829376,
0.48657292127609253,
-0.03485355153679848,
0.4406091570854187,
-0.880660355091095,
0.052731286734342575,
0.34184128046035767,
-0.3364618122577667,
0.06501051783561707,
0.37098023295402527,
-0.5390905737876892,
0.10217638313770294,
0.1772145926952362,
0.6958154439926147,
-0.12732157111167908,
0.8481444716453552,
-0.17392435669898987,
0.30727556347846985,
-0.49782928824424744,
-0.14764568209648132,
0.10002610087394714,
-0.021256504580378532,
-1.4129626750946045,
0.022127963602542877,
-0.37649527192115784,
-0.020628729835152626,
0.2322128266096115,
-0.3441375195980072,
-0.9064331650733948,
-0.015005748718976974,
-0.35652121901512146,
0.4435046911239624,
0.44800642132759094,
-0.011603491380810738,
-0.6927454471588135,
-0.36450910568237305,
0.5557241439819336,
-0.30615782737731934,
0.03125689551234245,
-0.37704193592071533,
-0.051833994686603546,
0.07450751215219498,
0.4444047808647156,
-0.0312933586537838,
-0.15707485377788544,
0.4491884410381317,
0.7433921098709106,
0.46913912892341614,
0.6529723405838013,
0.30401602387428284,
-0.3402709364891052,
0.23527437448501587,
-0.4607267379760742,
0.6075904369354248,
-0.36701297760009766,
0.021990828216075897,
0.13562552630901337,
0.05411696806550026,
-0.5687741041183472,
-0.021113907918334007,
0.17377419769763947,
-0.49435722827911377,
0.16430668532848358,
0.714259922504425,
0.4015181362628937,
-0.13892249763011932,
0.3043805956840515,
-0.13283264636993408,
0.5691390633583069,
0.0348786823451519,
0.6480333209037781,
-0.06717700511217117,
0.43482649326324463,
0.07193688303232193,
-0.7365869283676147,
-0.053172796964645386,
0.585301399230957,
0.0019424939528107643,
-0.005697598680853844,
-0.23146027326583862,
0.3654527962207794,
0.09758602827787399,
-0.16058945655822754,
0.5414483547210693,
-0.5422035455703735,
-0.34752005338668823,
-0.8811157941818237,
-0.07874199748039246,
0.04349387064576149,
0.06655613332986832,
-0.3252258002758026,
0.47610896825790405,
0.5584554672241211,
0.940489649772644,
-0.4278906285762787,
0.3034757077693939,
-0.014971000142395496,
-0.42263826727867126,
0.46381527185440063,
0.1885770708322525,
-0.703342616558075,
0.6558500528335571,
-0.5250697135925293,
-0.010478136129677296,
0.2517227232456207,
-0.14798474311828613,
-0.16206644475460052,
0.329845666885376,
-0.5920857787132263,
0.7519523501396179,
-0.288174569606781,
-0.6057876348495483,
-0.11927426606416702,
-0.7195855975151062,
0.19009366631507874,
-0.30619239807128906,
-0.17342479526996613,
-0.835658848285675,
-0.1959661990404129,
-0.40697115659713745,
-0.45169082283973694,
-0.1599864512681961,
-0.0881810113787651,
0.11176414042711258,
0.45651698112487793,
-0.2610423266887665,
-0.27001625299453735,
0.22815854847431183,
0.13586385548114777,
-0.40239569544792175,
0.7157062292098999,
-0.4716118574142456,
0.16589754819869995,
0.7417087554931641,
0.43632063269615173,
-0.2366303950548172,
0.15759286284446716,
-0.22996696829795837,
0.1602228879928589,
0.09170408546924591,
-0.004719567019492388,
0.04161735996603966,
0.4129158556461334,
-0.1709226369857788,
-0.5103135108947754,
0.5714635848999023,
0.4427231550216675,
0.09156422317028046,
0.23969316482543945,
0.36351320147514343,
0.1797136664390564,
-0.3882875144481659,
0.38798123598098755,
0.5588598251342773,
-0.32966598868370056,
0.16329601407051086,
0.573584794998169,
-0.8805267810821533,
0.14221380650997162,
0.23314455151557922,
-0.07023020088672638,
-0.05502105504274368,
0.06716755032539368,
-0.47452741861343384,
-0.4988166391849518,
0.31138715147972107,
-0.14332617819309235,
0.3826684355735779,
-0.7507970333099365,
-0.2180260568857193,
-0.35212185978889465,
-0.031899284571409225,
-0.038964055478572845,
-0.9908491969108582,
0.2856634557247162,
0.4966474175453186,
0.10083577036857605,
0.057923510670661926,
0.07837986201047897,
0.03575732931494713,
0.2722601890563965,
0.6310676336288452,
0.7614295482635498,
-0.5424095988273621,
-0.20698080956935883,
-0.35799336433410645,
0.8719339966773987,
0.2858530879020691,
0.369600772857666,
0.33693093061447144,
0.6803967356681824,
0.05307493358850479,
-0.4079184830188751,
0.8089259266853333,
-0.03871770575642586,
0.6873688697814941,
-0.45881274342536926,
-0.35421517491340637,
0.09368366003036499,
0.6061208248138428,
-0.06787628680467606,
-0.4846420884132385,
0.31603777408599854,
0.7578491568565369,
-0.9710121154785156,
0.21026383340358734,
-0.6048257350921631,
-0.47040432691574097,
0.4953460991382599,
-0.05808330327272415,
0.2752779722213745,
-0.5586433410644531,
-0.012114124372601509,
0.06788353621959686,
0.19978265464305878,
-0.3798617124557495,
0.4327694773674011,
0.0942581295967102,
-1.0464192628860474,
-0.14074791967868805,
-0.3843427896499634,
0.2108643352985382,
0.40365520119667053,
-0.019134432077407837,
0.44736939668655396,
0.5330736041069031,
-0.3129298686981201,
0.22321879863739014,
0.42601537704467773,
-0.21666337549686432,
0.25733721256256104,
-0.4345429837703705,
-0.5185691118240356,
0.40554681420326233,
0.15621277689933777,
0.116769939661026,
-0.21402418613433838,
-0.013895640149712563,
0.15718887746334076,
-0.17371881008148193,
0.6220563054084778,
-0.30985432863235474,
0.42655012011528015,
0.31591105461120605,
0.20267879962921143,
0.3868948817253113,
0.6929829716682434,
0.4192202687263489,
0.3192133605480194,
-0.16806702315807343,
0.44972729682922363,
0.2241499423980713,
-0.08354568481445312,
-0.07023751735687256,
-0.2547403872013092,
0.47489508986473083,
-0.5409659147262573,
0.3475553095340729,
0.9382694363594055,
-0.02549963817000389,
-0.2402666062116623,
0.07000617682933807,
0.18822169303894043,
-0.6477024555206299,
0.27727818489074707,
1.3487308025360107,
-0.07718959450721741,
-0.27568069100379944,
-0.18672071397304535,
-0.285669207572937,
-0.5288547277450562,
0.402841717004776,
0.6934497356414795,
0.2839004099369049,
0.8093676567077637,
0.3733665645122528,
-0.23295289278030396,
-0.21388860046863556,
0.7841458916664124,
0.3654341399669647,
0.0883927196264267,
0.37142297625541687,
0.2727796137332916,
-0.24959027767181396,
-0.1902426928281784,
-0.23384791612625122,
0.6609694361686707,
0.33010008931159973,
0.4957791268825531,
-0.5156158208847046,
0.4648890793323517,
0.07840818166732788,
-0.051576193422079086,
0.16144315898418427,
0.05269651859998703,
-0.19853155314922333,
-0.14757822453975677,
0.11573749780654907,
0.14528203010559082,
-0.43361425399780273,
-0.3187309205532074,
0.49509936571121216,
-0.8054766654968262,
0.8347599506378174,
-0.5880157947540283,
0.27694860100746155,
-0.11221282929182053,
-0.551978349685669,
-0.17522236704826355,
-0.37406226992607117,
-0.25861984491348267,
0.5236312747001648,
0.41598817706108093,
-0.8974228501319885,
-0.3233383893966675,
0.02728661336004734,
-0.18267105519771576,
0.015337456949055195,
0.08580398559570312,
-0.00477989437058568,
0.23068904876708984,
-0.75269615650177,
0.6598299145698547,
0.6036049127578735,
0.15453366935253143,
0.5663223266601562,
-0.3039662837982178,
-0.3983674645423889,
0.15820001065731049,
0.10117417573928833,
-0.5269150733947754,
-0.4784185588359833,
-0.4782196581363678,
0.7532901167869568,
0.8968069553375244,
-0.7918254733085632,
0.2998022139072418,
-0.13689829409122467,
0.1782149225473404,
0.1596304029226303,
-0.31999465823173523,
-0.21758681535720825,
0.4664418697357178,
-0.7321553230285645,
0.10314922034740448,
-0.11704663187265396,
0.7305678129196167,
-0.0063851638697087765,
-0.24634236097335815,
-0.11374076455831528,
0.22679628431797028,
0.2407936155796051,
-0.7028519511222839,
-0.688838541507721,
0.402180552482605,
-0.7987251877784729,
-0.10789432376623154,
-1.0067280530929565,
0.8515204787254333,
0.19489367306232452,
0.17524579167366028,
-0.19070976972579956,
0.14390788972377777,
0.19917269051074982,
0.08790695667266846,
0.34499984979629517,
-0.291721373796463,
-0.08452050387859344,
0.013426991179585457,
-0.07169730961322784,
0.813194990158081,
-0.09337649494409561,
0.22140927612781525,
0.00226977514103055,
0.4179500937461853,
-0.5430440902709961,
-0.41600748896598816,
-0.63100665807724,
0.34905126690864563,
0.13508452475070953,
-0.35744452476501465,
-0.48518115282058716,
-0.6260485649108887,
-0.0385383777320385,
-0.5308138132095337,
0.4067990779876709,
0.8534504771232605,
0.9788293838500977,
-0.47229132056236267,
0.8886719942092896,
-0.01659397967159748,
-0.4508536756038666,
-0.4710856080055237,
-0.2566879093647003,
-0.07495254278182983,
-0.6662518382072449,
0.014810252003371716,
-0.11733917891979218,
0.28406912088394165,
-0.06017814949154854,
-0.29722973704338074,
0.24182018637657166,
-0.16752813756465912,
-0.4559726119041443,
-0.703980565071106,
0.3980003297328949,
0.11685771495103836,
0.19161339104175568,
-0.8513539433479309
] |
211095
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigga%20Please
|
Nigga Please
|
Nigga Please (stylized as N☆☆★A PLeASe) is the second solo studio album by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member Ol' Dirty Bastard. It was released on September 14, 1999 via Elektra Records. Recording sessions took place at Quad Recording Studios, at Chung King Studios and at 36 Chambers Studio in New York City, and at American Studios in Los Angeles. Production was handled by RZA, The Neptunes, Irv Gotti, Buddha Monk, Dat Nigga Reb, DL, Flavahood Productions, Mr. Fingers and True Master. It features guest appearances from 12 O'Clock, Kelis, La the Darkman, Lil' Mo, Pharrell Williams, Raison the Zukeeper, Shorty Shit Stain, and comedian Chris Rock.
In the United States, the album debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200 and number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with 93,000 copies sold in the first week. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 6, 1999. The album also peaked at number 59 in Germany and number 64 in the Netherlands.
Its lead single, "Got Your Money", peaked at #11 in the UK, #33 in the US, #82 in France, #96 in the Netherlands, and was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry. The music video for "Got Your Money" was directed by Hype Williams.
It was the last album to be released in O.D.B.'s lifetime before his death on November 13, 2004.
Album name
Before its release Ol' Dirty Bastard announced multiple title possibilities for the album, including God Made Dirt and Dirt Don't Hurt and The Black Man Is God, White Man Is the Devil. In a 1997 interview with MTV, which went unreleased until 2015, he said that the album might be called Dirty's World.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 2 contains excerpts from "Theme From T. J. Hooker" by Mark Snow
Track 3 contains interpolations from the composition "Cold Blooded" by Rick James
Track 4 contains samples from "Children's Story" by Slick Rick and "Nigga Please" from Dolemite
Track 6 contains samples from "You Turn Me On" by Labelle
Track 10 contains samples from "You've Made Me So Very Happy" by Blood, Sweat & Tears
Track 12 contains samples from "65 Bars and a Taste of Soul" by Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band
Track 13 contains samples from "Group Introduction" by The Emotions
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1999 albums
Albums produced by RZA
Elektra Records albums
Ol' Dirty Bastard albums
Albums produced by Irv Gotti
Albums produced by True Master
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums recorded at Chung King Studios
|
[
-0.0047416058368980885,
-0.3345542848110199,
0.36003023386001587,
0.22232931852340698,
-0.13206517696380615,
0.3732653260231018,
0.8189018964767456,
0.1072455421090126,
-0.19343975186347961,
-0.3634967803955078,
-0.02435564436018467,
0.875872015953064,
-0.4906771779060364,
-0.10794895142316818,
0.4751174747943878,
-0.00402643159031868,
0.9403861165046692,
-0.1619337499141693,
0.12909437716007233,
-0.5118020176887512,
0.04072457179427147,
0.25550565123558044,
0.11276119947433472,
-0.8156951665878296,
-0.35004255175590515,
0.2682085335254669,
-0.49762970209121704,
-0.2161724865436554,
-0.09894644469022751,
-0.14661255478858948,
0.27850663661956787,
0.262102872133255,
-0.12746590375900269,
-0.5627686381340027,
-0.09624073654413223,
0.1946394145488739,
-0.5935152769088745,
-0.21150162816047668,
-0.16538378596305847,
0.08220254629850388,
-0.15527743101119995,
-0.5671802163124084,
0.2824861705303192,
-0.08739419281482697,
-0.5420865416526794,
-0.39166152477264404,
-1.12555730342865,
0.2607874870300293,
-0.9137908220291138,
-0.4629311263561249,
0.3636414706707001,
0.5074030160903931,
-0.33602768182754517,
0.11115018278360367,
0.1872672736644745,
-0.0009180977940559387,
-0.11169839650392532,
-0.5980120897293091,
-0.2969475984573364,
-0.2477409541606903,
0.3551732897758484,
-0.28140658140182495,
0.217685267329216,
-0.4298938512802124,
-0.08220753818750381,
0.14887464046478271,
-0.05395407974720001,
1.0201457738876343,
-0.502450704574585,
-0.31252098083496094,
0.6062543988227844,
0.048057328909635544,
0.2713141441345215,
-0.1562827229499817,
0.28638169169425964,
-0.19595836102962494,
0.15117208659648895,
0.3421807289123535,
0.0893176794052124,
0.3089320957660675,
-0.5351117253303528,
-0.021699832752346992,
1.4454244375228882,
0.39298924803733826,
-0.002818239154294133,
-0.06827547401189804,
0.21993479132652283,
0.37496212124824524,
-0.6038603186607361,
0.16879217326641083,
-0.1947478950023651,
-0.07603064179420471,
0.4146541357040405,
-0.4163981080055237,
0.0558508038520813,
-0.24973027408123016,
0.0452418252825737,
0.4382890462875366,
0.49340754747390747,
0.5251259803771973,
0.32979506254196167,
-0.2403373271226883,
-0.07313977926969528,
-0.37977370619773865,
-0.9796968102455139,
0.09310474991798401,
0.08423206210136414,
-0.8981536030769348,
-0.22979405522346497,
0.12888672947883606,
0.017418336123228073,
0.24336744844913483,
0.06764231622219086,
-0.033866383135318756,
0.09007970243692398,
0.4670892059803009,
-0.09282487630844116,
-0.6777544617652893,
-0.6623821258544922,
-0.5541587471961975,
0.28352150321006775,
0.011494425125420094,
0.39050063490867615,
1.0450191497802734,
0.3952382504940033,
0.1282798796892166,
0.2102869153022766,
0.5334453582763672,
0.35141995549201965,
0.33166083693504333,
0.19451110064983368,
0.568000853061676,
-0.2185562402009964,
0.07776571065187454,
-0.12993508577346802,
-0.20472632348537445,
0.21028701961040497,
-0.310058057308197,
0.28275448083877563,
-0.5018970966339111,
-0.620531439781189,
0.048895131796598434,
-0.4604892134666443,
-0.050159260630607605,
0.25426220893859863,
0.48425009846687317,
-0.313885897397995,
0.019310252740979195,
-0.38172033429145813,
-0.8788344860076904,
-0.26357385516166687,
-0.3587922155857086,
0.2429102063179016,
-0.30799493193626404,
-0.3885033130645752,
0.15216213464736938,
0.05617498978972435,
0.144576296210289,
-0.00500296987593174,
0.07194826006889343,
-0.19420357048511505,
0.44708451628685,
-0.43487346172332764,
0.2117750197649002,
-0.09394282102584839,
-0.6944987773895264,
0.5169037580490112,
-0.13950535655021667,
0.018709886819124222,
-0.4271058738231659,
0.05261029303073883,
0.08549409359693527,
0.049018412828445435,
0.0965147465467453,
0.515205442905426,
-0.010149176232516766,
1.0353542566299438,
0.29514947533607483,
0.6741466522216797,
-0.301901638507843,
-0.7260164022445679,
0.502626895904541,
0.8285313844680786,
-0.20631398260593414,
0.5867255330085754,
-0.33352580666542053,
0.16454721987247467,
-0.02672809176146984,
0.22487246990203857,
-0.4878748953342438,
-0.7870380282402039,
-0.28963497281074524,
0.8888015151023865,
0.4774365723133087,
0.01158605981618166,
0.7399336099624634,
-0.0952553078532219,
1.2075707912445068,
0.4698936343193054,
0.26651716232299805,
0.40606358647346497,
-0.045443225651979446,
0.11665313690900803,
-0.43215277791023254,
-0.9851682186126709,
0.2475959062576294,
0.3277647793292999,
-0.24170032143592834,
-0.22844256460666656,
0.256438672542572,
-0.08074717968702316,
-0.6464936137199402,
0.04536191746592522,
-0.6068476438522339,
-0.7486145496368408,
-0.3071705996990204,
0.11062837392091751,
0.3808431625366211,
-0.32493144273757935,
0.054807621985673904,
0.8983040452003479,
0.3733968436717987,
0.29433658719062805,
0.5226886868476868,
0.1252710372209549,
1.2979867458343506,
0.2381523698568344,
-0.4576444625854492,
-0.12794414162635803,
-0.2404022514820099,
0.06642702221870422,
-0.0812845453619957,
0.07748531550168991,
-0.15420053899288177,
0.46630802750587463,
0.8122115731239319,
0.3656046986579895,
-0.5323063135147095,
0.12871074676513672,
-0.7652690410614014,
0.3160490095615387,
-0.3451906442642212,
-0.5231340527534485,
0.10971999168395996,
0.0009036429692059755,
-0.15803687274456024,
-0.3035047650337219,
-0.21424037218093872,
-0.15628582239151,
0.203447163105011,
-0.06384541094303131,
0.6929355263710022,
-0.0309267770498991,
0.0728449821472168,
-0.14937420189380646,
0.2998634874820709,
0.09955553710460663,
0.35889607667922974,
0.29144683480262756,
-0.28097230195999146,
-0.2608354985713959,
0.14410525560379028,
0.6167392730712891,
0.25812652707099915,
0.04983469843864441,
-0.47984379529953003,
0.004339828155934811,
0.04249795526266098,
0.5957762598991394,
0.16637416183948517,
-0.11547143757343292,
-0.07162145525217056,
-0.7353466153144836,
0.4144986867904663,
-0.341016948223114,
-0.5256340503692627,
0.327887624502182,
-0.08584769070148468,
-0.7749118208885193,
-1.2563775777816772,
0.6041914224624634,
0.5575844645500183,
0.12074916064739227,
-0.1787804663181305,
-0.03802463412284851,
-0.40811342000961304,
0.42487701773643494,
-0.7317501306533813,
-0.2891780138015747,
-0.6408334970474243,
-0.6951239109039307,
0.09859860688447952,
-0.3687818646430969,
-0.23419052362442017,
0.5407823920249939,
-0.3805363178253174,
0.6241447329521179,
-0.38432377576828003,
-0.053659457713365555,
0.21839246153831482,
0.02939539961516857,
-0.20095370709896088,
0.24238575994968414,
0.07087147980928421,
0.828317403793335,
-0.04839580878615379,
0.14818471670150757,
-0.33480963110923767,
-5.664380073547363,
0.6284557580947876,
0.07231707870960236,
0.22984591126441956,
0.315117746591568,
-0.39959099888801575,
0.9413798451423645,
-0.16190816462039948,
0.14634163677692413,
-0.46676549315452576,
-0.6946061849594116,
0.3687930703163147,
0.10456585139036179,
-0.20677095651626587,
-0.2559551000595093,
0.1355031579732895,
0.6569091081619263,
-0.47209781408309937,
0.1843436062335968,
0.3499690890312195,
-0.029019305482506752,
0.36464008688926697,
0.037588611245155334,
0.5280038118362427,
-0.17070907354354858,
0.7534658908843994,
-0.18361200392246246,
0.009962146170437336,
-0.4628453552722931,
-0.1335114985704422,
-0.20514720678329468,
-0.29688966274261475,
-0.6240791082382202,
-0.3848162889480591,
-0.6207576394081116,
0.09610176831483841,
0.8051769137382507,
-0.35070371627807617,
0.6851109862327576,
0.1736370027065277,
0.21598492562770844,
0.6350215673446655,
-0.07168114185333252,
-0.3873867392539978,
0.4427974224090576,
0.08495481312274933,
-0.9808855652809143,
-0.4999305009841919,
-0.6726313233375549,
0.7858868837356567,
0.1229306235909462,
-0.3364340364933014,
-0.2622867226600647,
0.19495049118995667,
0.42163580656051636,
-0.00016649390454404056,
-0.3294565975666046,
0.389346182346344,
-0.33343276381492615,
0.1426563858985901,
0.4700317680835724,
-0.5658718347549438,
-0.20344190299510956,
-0.2674596905708313,
0.20218925178050995,
-0.07851534336805344,
0.07581797242164612,
-0.18170921504497528,
0.21534550189971924,
0.404487669467926,
0.23659144341945648,
0.023515935987234116,
0.23653602600097656,
-0.8618085384368896,
-0.011989330872893333,
-0.3283756375312805,
-0.7880527973175049,
-0.009583603590726852,
-0.6485544443130493,
0.14431491494178772,
0.3263528048992157,
0.2645273208618164,
-0.07316911220550537,
0.09196123480796814,
-0.5863259434700012,
-0.36400362849235535,
0.04776711389422417,
0.1782694011926651,
-0.24696627259254456,
0.0398099385201931,
0.09948210418224335,
-0.40130090713500977,
-0.04217120260000229,
0.10852551460266113,
0.1403822898864746,
0.2644416391849518,
0.46795952320098877,
0.9481508135795593,
-0.251672625541687,
0.39705365896224976,
0.7753065824508667,
-0.6529198288917542,
0.0939808115363121,
-1.0368025302886963,
0.22768059372901917,
-0.29932379722595215,
-0.10553515702486038,
0.08046064525842667,
0.14017052948474884,
0.06677111983299255,
-0.29448965191841125,
-0.2033149152994156,
-0.16195841133594513,
0.024606866762042046,
0.39821338653564453,
-0.24650241434574127,
-0.3992394208908081,
0.2326367199420929,
-0.15808627009391785,
0.26089948415756226,
0.5355720520019531,
0.5765978693962097,
-0.20561692118644714,
-0.5700666308403015,
-0.4968433976173401,
-0.26893019676208496,
0.13618338108062744,
0.48749595880508423,
-0.01957465521991253,
0.32882919907569885,
0.5047566890716553,
-0.14820152521133423,
-0.09133202582597733,
-0.06836306303739548,
0.4431997537612915,
-0.7656298875808716,
-0.349823921918869,
-0.21252790093421936,
-0.5308648347854614,
0.19953209161758423,
-0.0006287714350037277,
-0.028824441134929657,
-0.16756778955459595,
0.1712401807308197,
0.5361990928649902,
0.1812061369419098,
-0.43080294132232666,
-0.47690171003341675,
-0.4483727812767029,
0.46023815870285034,
-0.18205209076404572,
-0.9358510375022888,
0.6144232153892517,
-0.6315304636955261,
0.15423768758773804,
0.8958998322486877,
-0.18701595067977905,
-0.19272999465465546,
-0.01747019961476326,
-0.12333647161722183,
0.31116557121276855,
-0.4610939621925354,
-0.7975549101829529,
0.16323530673980713,
-0.15221580862998962,
0.1757032722234726,
-0.2098717838525772,
-0.6324346661567688,
-0.7226426005363464,
-0.13387781381607056,
0.05885676294565201,
0.24174107611179352,
0.21153083443641663,
-0.31237345933914185,
-0.05126577988266945,
0.4883471727371216,
0.3843841552734375,
0.1270354986190796,
0.22657741606235504,
-0.10747307538986206,
-0.2751009166240692,
-0.09249305725097656,
0.0882568508386612,
0.08897078037261963,
0.6326636672019958,
-0.28632432222366333,
0.2509673535823822,
0.3986034095287323,
-0.10187533497810364,
0.5633171200752258,
-0.2592717409133911,
0.2912941873073578,
0.5967762470245361,
-0.39547988772392273,
-0.1265346109867096,
-1.0731993913650513,
0.5245176553726196,
0.649095892906189,
-0.23280654847621918,
0.226481631398201,
0.1212925985455513,
0.07533331215381622,
-0.29698869585990906,
0.6560812592506409,
0.5708597898483276,
-0.4254336357116699,
0.39839106798171997,
0.09145717322826385,
-0.6488648056983948,
0.06089092791080475,
-0.11055620014667511,
-0.16267545521259308,
0.059203386306762695,
-0.20262712240219116,
0.1071358323097229,
-0.22376123070716858,
0.11722917854785919,
-0.21403875946998596,
-0.27298903465270996,
-0.25227248668670654,
-0.17212381958961487,
-0.5391520857810974,
-0.4792606234550476,
0.22195659577846527,
-0.4206969439983368,
-0.28917670249938965,
-0.23788578808307648,
-0.45681503415107727,
0.16577616333961487,
0.06645332276821136,
-0.12476155161857605,
0.04453164339065552,
0.21769189834594727,
1.4086166620254517,
-0.4745303690433502,
0.16830074787139893,
-0.5488742589950562,
0.9234665036201477,
-0.060154661536216736,
0.025903621688485146,
0.39801716804504395,
0.2773359417915344,
-0.19667404890060425,
-0.7912226319313049,
-0.23504212498664856,
-0.4509434401988983,
0.12876342236995697,
0.2849077880382538,
-0.3449766933917999,
0.14156849682331085,
0.3292023837566376,
-0.13892026245594025,
-0.7364348769187927,
-0.539904773235321,
0.8269857168197632,
-0.7054287195205688,
0.011387069709599018,
-0.45758751034736633,
-0.5228080153465271,
0.6282920837402344,
-0.33749091625213623,
0.15225955843925476,
-0.31068944931030273,
0.1494167000055313,
0.14466163516044617,
0.03647419437766075,
0.20200255513191223,
-0.12143071740865707,
-0.060457032173871994,
-0.5397577881813049,
-0.3532579243183136,
0.04490853473544121,
-0.07902279496192932,
-0.06897690147161484,
-0.448822021484375,
0.4714963734149933,
0.3116800785064697,
-0.45086488127708435,
0.11677361279726028,
-0.2989457845687866,
-0.09117744863033295,
-0.02125428430736065,
-0.5334587097167969,
-0.20000240206718445,
-0.104911670088768,
-0.41342273354530334,
0.1924612820148468,
-0.18447719514369965,
0.011926352977752686,
0.19124208390712738,
-0.26603439450263977,
0.7957930564880371,
-0.10757485777139664,
0.02490164525806904,
0.041802238672971725,
0.5791178941726685,
0.06378786265850067,
0.016613569110631943,
0.0011828311253339052,
-0.08763451874256134,
-0.13325874507427216,
-0.6725649833679199,
0.04774683713912964,
0.5046085119247437,
0.01832195557653904,
0.006604827009141445,
0.18920418620109558,
-0.1167941689491272,
0.09346409142017365,
0.08038131892681122,
-0.2791494131088257,
0.1893683820962906,
0.47639814019203186,
0.21057873964309692,
-0.6932881474494934,
0.5944955945014954,
1.049136757850647,
-0.08154657483100891,
0.12420431524515152,
0.14014460146427155,
0.09429949522018433,
-0.1526082158088684,
0.6637814044952393,
0.818207323551178,
-0.0416359007358551,
-0.09370613843202591,
-0.4497954845428467,
0.19388039410114288,
1.0660094022750854,
0.26447269320487976,
0.4524964690208435,
-0.26318275928497314,
-0.015205711126327515,
0.1462021917104721,
0.4932105541229248,
0.07512348145246506,
0.12008468061685562,
0.20732882618904114,
-0.5682088732719421,
0.9331037998199463,
0.280161589384079,
0.2548263967037201,
-0.20362094044685364,
-0.18992410600185394,
-0.10174007713794708,
0.15473279356956482,
-0.154585063457489,
-0.041508037596940994,
0.2070094496011734,
0.26318588852882385,
-0.04762763902544975,
0.3935883641242981,
-0.4209231436252594,
-0.3259156346321106,
0.3482351303100586,
-0.18491242825984955,
-0.19362322986125946,
-0.4160905182361603,
-0.2648150622844696,
-0.5001137256622314,
-0.38591068983078003,
0.025717929005622864,
0.17084196209907532,
-0.09898975491523743,
-0.7199399471282959,
-0.04778369143605232,
0.11887098103761673,
0.4844997823238373,
0.0652974396944046,
0.2270512580871582,
0.03675354644656181,
-0.09486947953701019,
0.266411155462265,
0.2835380434989929,
0.28146862983703613,
0.2898752689361572,
-0.297926664352417,
0.369314581155777,
-0.3184262812137604,
0.12775689363479614,
-0.3719618022441864,
0.007054694928228855,
-0.04692720249295235,
0.18920882046222687,
0.6096229553222656,
0.2060423493385315,
-0.5981738567352295,
-0.23178592324256897,
-0.9507303833961487,
-0.016286708414554596,
-0.002187392907217145,
-0.5297000408172607,
-0.7518749833106995,
0.4742559790611267,
-0.35221970081329346,
-0.02427106536924839,
0.08232419192790985,
0.8402776718139648,
0.30711063742637634,
0.5778810977935791,
0.5611228942871094,
-0.02106117084622383,
0.3763570785522461,
0.038989897817373276,
-0.27400949597358704,
0.3800688087940216,
-0.5881010293960571,
-0.11128413677215576,
-0.8132857084274292,
0.30380696058273315,
0.06568853557109833,
0.37379559874534607,
-0.06380192935466766,
0.5239766836166382,
0.29957231879234314,
-0.10096991807222366,
1.0054563283920288,
0.305667906999588,
0.04319259896874428,
-0.8946746587753296,
0.05480734631419182,
-0.5141040682792664,
0.30644795298576355,
0.910323977470398,
0.11978175491094589,
0.21718113124370575,
0.028667114675045013,
-0.13921618461608887,
-0.3325852155685425,
0.45889776945114136,
-0.24036256968975067,
-0.6759676337242126,
-0.09619779139757156,
-0.43424883484840393,
-0.41035768389701843,
0.08339966088533401,
0.25989028811454773,
0.5841073989868164,
0.38512948155403137,
-0.4646432101726532,
0.5320809483528137,
-0.13763545453548431,
-0.3096713125705719,
-0.1785084307193756,
-0.3089490532875061,
0.11705336719751358,
0.17813317477703094,
-0.4017482399940491,
-0.9791768789291382,
-0.11652788519859314,
-0.029871633276343346,
0.14247770607471466,
0.7064161896705627,
-0.26950395107269287,
-0.42822882533073425,
0.1008564829826355,
0.3028031289577484,
-0.033761877566576004,
-0.5668053030967712,
-0.27067166566848755
] |
211096
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerheim%20Cross
|
Mannerheim Cross
|
The Mannerheim Cross of Liberty (Finnish: Mannerheim-risti, Swedish: Mannerheimkorset) is the most distinguished Finnish military honour.
Description
The honour was introduced after the Winter War and named after Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim. Associated with the Order of the Cross of Liberty, the decoration was awarded to soldiers for exceptional bravery, for the achievement of crucially important objectives by combat, or for especially successfully conducted operations. A recipient of the cross is called "Knight of the Mannerheim Cross".
De jure the honour is still active and can be awarded to any Finnish soldier, although it is highly unlikely that this would be done during peacetime or even in a minor conflict (Decree 550/1946 on the Order of the Cross of Liberty). Within the order of precedence of Finnish awards, the Mannerheim Cross 1st Class ranks 5th and the Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class ranks 9th. Like the crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, the design of the Mannerheim Cross displays the Old-Scandinavian Fylfot.
Classes
The Mannerheim Cross consists of two classes:
Mannerheim Cross of Liberty 1st Class
Mannerheim Cross of Liberty 2nd Class
The Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class was instituted as the universal award for exceptional bravery, for the achievement of crucially important objectives by combat, or for especially successfully conducted operations. The Cross could be awarded to any soldier of the Finnish Defence Forces, regardless of rank. The lack of a rank requirement, the emphasis on individual bravery, and the prize of 50,000 marks given to each recipient attracted considerable public attention to the award during the war. In 1942, the prize sum was equivalent to a lieutenant's annual salary. As the Mannerheim Cross was awarded most often in the 2nd class, this is usually meant when referring to the Mannerheim Cross.
The Mannerheim Cross 1st Class has only been awarded twice (see below), but no special requirements differing from 2nd class were laid out for it.
Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
The only recipients of the Mannerheim Cross 1st Class are its namesake, Field Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim, and General of Infantry Erik Heinrichs. Mannerheim thought it was somewhat odd for him to carry a decoration that was named after him, but decided to receive the Cross from President of the Republic Risto Ryti after all the previous awardees had requested him to accept it.
The Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class has been awarded to 191 persons, all during World War II. The first private to be awarded the cross was Vilho Rättö, for destroying four enemy tanks with an anti-tank gun taken from the enemy. Four persons have been awarded the Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class twice. Tuomas Gerdt, the last Knight of the Mannerheim Cross, died on 1 November 2020.
Starting from the presidency of Martti Ahtisaari, all surviving recipients of the Mannerheim Cross were invited annually on 6 December to Finland's Independence Day Reception. By tradition they were the first guests to enter and greet the president.
Double recipients
Recipients of both 1st and 2nd Class:
Erik Heinrichs, General of Infantry, army commander and Chief of General Staff – 2nd Class on 5 February 1942, 1st Class on 31 December 1944
Gustaf Mannerheim, Field Marshal, Commander-in-Chief – both on 7 October 1941
Recipients of two Mannerheim Crosses 2nd Class:
Martti Aho, Colonel, infantry regiment commander – first on 1 March 1942, second on 16 October 1944
Ilmari Juutilainen, Lentomestari (Sergeant Major), fighter pilot – first on 26 April 1942, second on 28 June 1944
Aaro Pajari, Major-General, infantry division commander – first on 14 September 1941, second on 16 October 1944
Hans Wind, Captain, fighter pilot – first on 31 July 1943, second on 28 June 1944
Other notable Knights
Aksel Airo, Lieutenant-General, Chief Quartermaster General chief of operations at the GHQ – 18 November 1944
Adolf Ehrnrooth, Colonel, infantry regiment commander – 4 December 1944
Ruben Lagus, Colonel, infantry brigade and division commander – 22 July 1941
Vilho Nenonen, General of Artillery, Inspector of Artillery – 8 January 1945
Lennart Oesch, Lieutenant-General, Commander of the Isthmus Forces – 26 June 1944
Erkki Raappana, Colonel, division commander – 3 August 1941
Hjalmar Siilasvuo, Lieutenant-General, army corps commander – 21 December 1944
Paavo Talvela, Major-General, army corps commander – 3 August 1941
Lauri Törni, Lieutenant, later Captain, infantry company commander – 9 July 1944
Rudolf Walden, General of Infantry, Minister of Defense – 2 December 1944
Vilho Rättö, Private, later Staff Sergeant
Olavi Alakulppi, Captain
Tuomas Gerdt, Captain, he was Knight of the Mannerheim Cross number 95 and last living of the 191 knights
References
External links
Information about the decoration (Mannerheim.fi)
List of all Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
Awards established in 1941
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Military awards and decorations of Finland
|
[
-0.1369711011648178,
0.3151904344558716,
0.22283075749874115,
0.17615386843681335,
-0.5628226399421692,
0.14409969747066498,
0.7817970514297485,
-0.05341882258653641,
-0.3789217472076416,
-0.08675342053174973,
-0.44471755623817444,
0.19215013086795807,
0.12849508225917816,
0.4734521210193634,
-0.33629360795021057,
0.1703549474477768,
0.2661972641944885,
0.8118641972541809,
-0.6114476323127747,
-0.5730215311050415,
-0.11499416828155518,
-0.11191780865192413,
0.7944555878639221,
-0.3304632306098938,
0.21779848635196686,
-0.0624886080622673,
0.34060072898864746,
0.27156105637550354,
0.013992393389344215,
0.4936167001724243,
0.16821283102035522,
0.10936310887336731,
-0.1984725296497345,
-0.5119100213050842,
-0.6858595609664917,
0.2575075328350067,
0.2317066788673401,
-0.6005237698554993,
0.04857517033815384,
-0.5089897513389587,
0.4682009518146515,
-0.1740051805973053,
-0.4805401563644409,
-0.0470605194568634,
-0.011618477292358875,
-1.0692789554595947,
-0.817408561706543,
0.6681718826293945,
-0.38124367594718933,
0.5128830671310425,
-0.301729291677475,
0.26059675216674805,
-0.43986883759498596,
0.5710675716400146,
0.4021274745464325,
0.5646287202835083,
-0.7773659825325012,
-0.029694154858589172,
-0.08685130625963211,
-0.7433842420578003,
0.47383514046669006,
0.16147424280643463,
0.685701847076416,
0.1105528250336647,
0.36456021666526794,
0.13081921637058258,
0.06425783038139343,
0.43770310282707214,
-0.2849563956260681,
-0.34472334384918213,
0.06871476024389267,
-0.032446615397930145,
0.3116931617259979,
0.04676806181669235,
0.023757219314575195,
-0.7301638722419739,
-0.2752635180950165,
-0.15639416873455048,
0.007740000728517771,
-0.26938897371292114,
0.37130099534988403,
-0.7882642149925232,
0.5106083750724792,
0.13444216549396515,
0.22829066216945648,
0.4421168565750122,
-0.5530475378036499,
-0.7022799849510193,
-0.46022918820381165,
0.37554264068603516,
0.21411427855491638,
0.17963062226772308,
0.5242677330970764,
0.7770729064941406,
0.4494353234767914,
0.02468620054423809,
0.2974148690700531,
0.3515947759151459,
-0.3581969738006592,
0.29488468170166016,
0.596369743347168,
0.07307250052690506,
0.14188697934150696,
-0.11275401711463928,
-0.8412564396858215,
-0.0029742862097918987,
0.16195730865001678,
-0.224715456366539,
0.2929895222187042,
-0.12629204988479614,
-0.6516201496124268,
-0.3868013620376587,
0.1389673352241516,
0.36294665932655334,
-0.22981920838356018,
0.08721316605806351,
0.10338052362203598,
-0.3567449748516083,
0.05738763138651848,
0.2659800350666046,
-0.15571054816246033,
0.36620771884918213,
-0.34244054555892944,
0.07215722650289536,
-0.013529735617339611,
-0.11269356310367584,
0.43302464485168457,
0.756432294845581,
-0.6552174687385559,
0.12735623121261597,
0.8054300546646118,
0.32031717896461487,
-0.011516813188791275,
0.4292078912258148,
-0.39230290055274963,
-0.19292345643043518,
0.3449096381664276,
-0.02121787890791893,
-0.47653231024742126,
0.6912897229194641,
-1.1242291927337646,
-0.4707902669906616,
-0.18757763504981995,
-0.4637734591960907,
-0.14690785109996796,
-0.6522476673126221,
-0.3822464048862457,
-0.26391881704330444,
-0.29171863198280334,
-0.10066590458154678,
0.6071068644523621,
-0.24466782808303833,
0.28283777832984924,
0.08880173414945602,
-0.03606296703219414,
0.22833889722824097,
0.1577017605304718,
0.22491933405399323,
0.5496275424957275,
0.2801473140716553,
0.19510741531848907,
0.1241685226559639,
-0.09223607182502747,
0.4250691831111908,
0.14756378531455994,
0.21267269551753998,
0.28340965509414673,
0.7899752259254456,
-0.40747830271720886,
-0.30705878138542175,
-0.18130558729171753,
0.044464413076639175,
0.3868359625339508,
0.2616783678531647,
-0.5675809979438782,
0.9584592580795288,
0.07510083168745041,
0.08398182690143585,
0.1674174815416336,
-1.0633339881896973,
-0.3836604952812195,
0.28588199615478516,
0.20781803131103516,
0.20935827493667603,
-0.021133897826075554,
0.5693799257278442,
-0.3924979269504547,
-0.17124968767166138,
-0.2511008381843567,
0.12860828638076782,
-0.6138237714767456,
-0.6286367177963257,
0.2572582960128784,
-0.2975018322467804,
1.0357584953308105,
-0.042433518916368484,
-0.8480575084686279,
0.4953016936779022,
-0.6677725315093994,
0.7693423628807068,
0.1618438959121704,
-0.728092610836029,
0.28180718421936035,
-0.38185247778892517,
-0.10856152325868607,
0.2749909460544586,
-0.14676058292388916,
0.39467957615852356,
0.24367296695709229,
-0.05372173339128494,
1.1807364225387573,
-0.546021044254303,
-0.06877279281616211,
0.4423133134841919,
0.2800251245498657,
0.057500965893268585,
-0.37966251373291016,
-0.15902547538280487,
0.16710180044174194,
-0.10007532685995102,
0.29677560925483704,
-0.037348467856645584,
-0.07096140831708908,
0.4972662329673767,
-0.15020379424095154,
0.20196953415870667,
0.01847716048359871,
0.6688151359558105,
-0.27693992853164673,
-0.2625235915184021,
-0.060934461653232574,
-0.7337226271629333,
0.9362372756004333,
0.07934138923883438,
-0.11124581843614578,
-0.2712402641773224,
-0.06992312520742416,
0.1884251981973648,
0.21615919470787048,
-0.33838728070259094,
-0.22782061994075775,
0.6108732223510742,
-0.15152421593666077,
0.38739505410194397,
0.268218457698822,
0.4068600833415985,
-0.19889527559280396,
0.2672198414802551,
0.09030526876449585,
-0.4606840908527374,
-0.2511154115200043,
0.17213687300682068,
0.10056446492671967,
-0.3624894320964813,
0.22784456610679626,
-0.3736118972301483,
0.35027360916137695,
0.22085455060005188,
-0.7001162171363831,
0.21621687710285187,
-0.3076825439929962,
0.359735906124115,
-0.15441815555095673,
0.027177181094884872,
-0.21655571460723877,
0.11081212759017944,
-0.003050760133191943,
-0.42410334944725037,
0.3240346312522888,
0.878379225730896,
-0.5823442935943604,
0.3089824616909027,
0.15071380138397217,
0.13999590277671814,
-0.47520771622657776,
-0.5649095177650452,
-0.09990765154361725,
0.12663878500461578,
-1.1734468936920166,
-0.6663318276405334,
-0.4490163326263428,
0.44899144768714905,
0.5501670241355896,
-0.24023480713367462,
-0.22863617539405823,
-0.08068065345287323,
0.037125129252672195,
-0.20670703053474426,
-0.22831518948078156,
0.42258420586586,
-0.09620290249586105,
0.2593529224395752,
-0.5143091082572937,
0.039458394050598145,
0.2791687846183777,
-0.1305629462003708,
-0.11134041845798492,
0.1825672835111618,
0.7060413360595703,
-0.37600693106651306,
-0.932572603225708,
0.19421914219856262,
-0.2743643820285797,
-0.04958682134747505,
0.31161612272262573,
0.04946011304855347,
0.013381477445363998,
0.5270654559135437,
-5.701814651489258,
-0.09988435357809067,
-0.24851034581661224,
-0.25140389800071716,
-0.12534430623054504,
0.5609527826309204,
0.4796583354473114,
-0.41509929299354553,
0.2812962830066681,
-0.6674853563308716,
0.7804524898529053,
0.28658628463745117,
0.5067853331565857,
0.5366005301475525,
0.027597462758421898,
-0.25185999274253845,
-0.24269962310791016,
-0.13650287687778473,
-0.0007631129119545221,
-0.3391786217689514,
-0.1690329611301422,
-0.21985551714897156,
0.10901971906423569,
0.8822945356369019,
0.39432331919670105,
0.5214359760284424,
-0.12718650698661804,
-0.10124552994966507,
-0.439555287361145,
-0.36615294218063354,
-0.0783725455403328,
0.0036571440286934376,
0.5297933220863342,
-0.6614782810211182,
-0.4689332842826843,
-0.1876206398010254,
0.08481103926897049,
0.8264130353927612,
-0.08374704420566559,
0.23443855345249176,
0.4299038350582123,
0.3382546007633209,
-0.08043962717056274,
-0.3368169963359833,
0.8138056993484497,
-0.35820454359054565,
-0.5860920548439026,
0.5741970539093018,
-0.31498458981513977,
0.3995724320411682,
-0.08122977614402771,
-0.15590116381645203,
0.18808282911777496,
-0.3655044734477997,
-0.5305396318435669,
0.12177923321723938,
-0.21998268365859985,
-0.3501681387424469,
-0.6534655690193176,
0.10580071061849594,
-0.030722137540578842,
0.2688174545764923,
0.11580357700586319,
-0.3579431474208832,
-0.515880823135376,
-0.2562788426876068,
-0.28331848978996277,
0.11237020790576935,
-0.06193733587861061,
0.1822267770767212,
-0.06663351505994797,
0.6746575236320496,
-0.0593290850520134,
-0.986746609210968,
0.13667970895767212,
-0.8479256629943848,
-0.24894988536834717,
-0.12550340592861176,
-0.24602016806602478,
-0.0038353733252733946,
-0.009601815603673458,
-0.49131253361701965,
-0.10166656225919724,
0.3396556079387665,
0.41824835538864136,
-0.1892416924238205,
0.07925960421562195,
0.11140002310276031,
-0.04585409536957741,
-0.14773406088352203,
0.14852523803710938,
-0.5136338472366333,
0.03213631734251976,
0.13390828669071198,
-0.4898099899291992,
0.4616255760192871,
-0.24724841117858887,
-0.2094680815935135,
0.16865555942058563,
-0.24531322717666626,
0.6225050687789917,
-0.11971389502286911,
0.624126136302948,
-0.7059952020645142,
-0.5569378137588501,
0.17454691231250763,
0.11088570207357407,
0.0849902406334877,
0.4372616708278656,
-0.31766828894615173,
-0.2654895484447479,
-0.15241402387619019,
0.2764769196510315,
-0.5341838002204895,
0.20723740756511688,
-0.5024534463882446,
-0.029293274506926537,
0.42878857254981995,
0.04310281202197075,
-0.4408327639102936,
-0.04167451709508896,
0.24462363123893738,
0.08891984820365906,
-0.40210697054862976,
0.07110318541526794,
-0.009012854658067226,
-0.2801722288131714,
-0.15002833306789398,
0.22851426899433136,
0.14064477384090424,
0.19083651900291443,
0.6018429398536682,
-0.04777488112449646,
0.3609378933906555,
0.012795901857316494,
-0.40190252661705017,
-0.29219725728034973,
-0.024832874536514282,
-0.019776972010731697,
-0.5220798254013062,
0.29714253544807434,
-0.5491485595703125,
-0.44020888209342957,
0.9094680547714233,
0.3166380524635315,
0.20128962397575378,
-0.17915397882461548,
0.336062490940094,
-0.8536989688873291,
0.8816173672676086,
-0.9059192538261414,
-0.13788020610809326,
0.7464970350265503,
-0.4455103874206543,
-0.02178817428648472,
0.3311060070991516,
-0.24985754489898682,
0.441170334815979,
-0.5397018790245056,
-0.5524170398712158,
0.03299087658524513,
-0.4019705057144165,
-1.3234425783157349,
-0.18926984071731567,
0.02355825901031494,
-0.42720827460289,
-1.134132981300354,
0.022889036685228348,
-0.3317136764526367,
0.7447704076766968,
-0.4244315028190613,
-0.196735680103302,
-0.4022206962108612,
-0.06288554519414902,
-0.24587027728557587,
-0.04135914891958237,
-0.04735117405653,
-0.07039297372102737,
0.06479473412036896,
0.1482248157262802,
0.27688899636268616,
0.5628275275230408,
0.03155316039919853,
0.4390038847923279,
0.2751976549625397,
-0.140936017036438,
-0.010114596225321293,
0.18736904859542847,
0.1394502818584442,
0.14698943495750427,
0.661819338798523,
-0.19240427017211914,
-0.3011302947998047,
-0.12399633973836899,
-0.4006730020046234,
-0.21425700187683105,
-0.7328292727470398,
0.2971113324165344,
0.17097432911396027,
-0.04033271595835686,
0.5796087980270386,
0.3752937912940979,
-0.0891776904463768,
0.06877827644348145,
-0.06479629874229431,
-0.5368638634681702,
0.6120088696479797,
0.39829152822494507,
-0.12335788458585739,
0.420037180185318,
-1.4086318016052246,
-0.8239606618881226,
0.2164093554019928,
0.6807889938354492,
-0.5673513412475586,
0.07701477408409119,
0.41648733615875244,
-0.33310848474502563,
-0.21769709885120392,
-0.2988443672657013,
-0.6077392101287842,
0.17950665950775146,
-0.3187851309776306,
0.1783195286989212,
-0.4031633138656616,
0.08390229195356369,
0.19931553304195404,
-0.6632899045944214,
0.7320733666419983,
0.07418541610240936,
0.5069258213043213,
0.004320778418332338,
-0.1024264246225357,
-0.23994040489196777,
0.05133845657110214,
0.018475864082574844,
0.12180320918560028,
-0.22081239521503448,
-0.22811244428157806,
0.564018189907074,
0.31134384870529175,
1.0003547668457031,
0.3032906651496887,
-0.2928617298603058,
-0.04212488979101181,
0.25187766551971436,
0.40902870893478394,
-0.4598998725414276,
-0.06161069869995117,
0.40399494767189026,
0.2828954756259918,
0.17027871310710907,
-0.18454667925834656,
0.08742234855890274,
1.0166265964508057,
-0.840197741985321,
0.47935134172439575,
0.542918860912323,
-0.0017165894387289882,
0.29228124022483826,
-0.11488690227270126,
0.37770548462867737,
-0.284322053194046,
0.14237642288208008,
-0.34886816143989563,
0.40382111072540283,
-0.8683024644851685,
-0.34077659249305725,
-0.2618054151535034,
0.048024870455265045,
0.42874041199684143,
0.07026902586221695,
0.40442633628845215,
0.2087382823228836,
-0.831495463848114,
0.4295916259288788,
-0.12146463245153427,
0.27144378423690796,
-0.2918156087398529,
0.16192227602005005,
-0.23853960633277893,
-0.21886296570301056,
-0.14294123649597168,
-0.45002853870391846,
-0.19813871383666992,
-1.028274416923523,
0.14661304652690887,
0.36230191588401794,
0.037313997745513916,
0.17231909930706024,
-0.4565869867801666,
-0.10182113945484161,
-0.08701466023921967,
0.5632669925689697,
0.22892926633358002,
0.023808829486370087,
-0.36704713106155396,
0.5118909478187561,
-0.23776157200336456,
0.4063386619091034,
-0.5319726467132568,
-0.12029930204153061,
0.25819048285484314,
-0.42278003692626953,
-0.004907703492790461,
0.24998325109481812,
0.324984610080719,
0.09658418595790863,
-0.21645481884479523,
0.48472902178764343,
0.384115070104599,
-0.13641215860843658,
0.0005667911609634757,
0.009317177347838879,
-0.2167711704969406,
-0.30341780185699463,
0.4625304937362671,
-0.2890075147151947,
-0.3155272305011749,
0.3760693669319153,
0.020289594307541847,
0.2708094120025635,
0.3816581070423126,
0.44584980607032776,
-0.2456611692905426,
0.5810644030570984,
0.004003615118563175,
-0.43937548995018005,
-0.040435031056404114,
0.45798802375793457,
0.009978951886296272,
0.030463172122836113,
-0.8649121522903442,
0.521687388420105,
-0.37923499941825867,
0.22859738767147064,
0.17884039878845215,
-0.526428759098053,
-0.02024211548268795,
0.7507798671722412,
0.3507523536682129,
0.2966747581958771,
-0.18807968497276306,
0.07021892070770264,
0.29398787021636963,
0.15298017859458923,
-0.551797091960907,
-0.08832802623510361,
0.7895905375480652,
-0.38103318214416504,
0.7563506364822388,
-0.48352816700935364,
0.23357443511486053,
-0.4613186717033386,
0.5094594359397888,
-0.19258224964141846,
-0.40773868560791016,
-0.45423823595046997,
-0.44153741002082825,
0.07690504938364029,
-0.12374453991651535,
-0.0004375087737571448,
0.4084911644458771,
0.1776895672082901,
-0.004028550814837217,
-0.011324751190841198,
-0.21760699152946472,
-0.15428772568702698,
0.03398101031780243,
-0.052990179508924484,
-0.002825184026733041,
-0.39130428433418274,
-0.07589026540517807,
-0.23493345081806183,
0.08214888721704483,
-0.04194079712033272,
0.9097100496292114,
0.5379890203475952,
0.6530481576919556,
0.5320672988891602,
-0.43972083926200867,
-0.034208111464977264,
-0.0894191637635231,
-0.5662943124771118,
-0.4980480372905731,
-0.38687223196029663,
-0.14062340557575226,
-0.46827664971351624,
0.6366369128227234,
-0.4988059997558594,
0.6658787131309509,
-0.013082850724458694,
-0.2449633777141571,
0.057346247136592865,
-0.17003893852233887,
-0.32371824979782104,
0.31743019819259644,
0.159148171544075,
-0.16073517501354218,
-0.3473990261554718,
-0.5911770462989807,
0.046013426035642624,
0.06430863589048386,
-0.10003611445426941,
-0.493856817483902,
0.2752269506454468,
0.3083651661872864,
0.23360653221607208,
-0.08304208517074585,
-0.05832674354314804,
0.028584040701389313,
-0.2689394950866699,
-0.32770833373069763,
0.3964276611804962,
-0.2932456433773041,
-0.7498807907104492,
0.8075289130210876,
-0.5044202208518982,
-0.08039423078298569,
-0.912009060382843,
0.3364032208919525,
-0.21162423491477966,
0.5677368640899658,
0.30385664105415344,
-0.15047980844974518,
-0.08524239808320999,
0.34200096130371094,
0.3534090518951416,
-0.1696091741323471,
0.11434745788574219,
-0.5572656393051147,
0.08017176389694214,
-0.2665046453475952,
-0.2479652613401413,
-0.2820722758769989,
0.16046711802482605,
0.5813245177268982,
0.1542479395866394,
0.12876515090465546,
-0.5922080278396606,
-0.05492415651679039,
0.1566159874200821,
0.14085757732391357,
-0.12957219779491425,
0.8982084393501282,
0.8203522562980652,
-0.1894155740737915,
0.16537423431873322,
-0.15812698006629944,
0.21380281448364258,
-0.1367293894290924,
-0.029339822009205818,
1.1937416791915894,
-0.4736262559890747,
0.5218880772590637,
0.19930392503738403,
-0.12863697111606598,
-0.06650960445404053,
0.07629455626010895,
0.166107639670372
] |
211098
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Louise%20Delany
|
Sarah Louise Delany
|
Sarah Louise "Sadie" Delany (September 19, 1889 – January 25, 1999) was an American educator and civil rights pioneer who was the subject, along with her younger sister, Elizabeth "Bessie" Delany, of the New York Times bestselling oral history biography, Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years, by journalist Amy Hill Hearth. Sadie was the first African-American permitted to teach domestic science at the high-school level in the New York public schools, and became famous, with the publication of the book, at the age of 103.
Biography
Delany was the second-eldest of ten children born to the Rev. Henry Beard Delany (1858–1928), the first black person elected Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States, and Nanny Logan Delany (1861–1956), an educator. Rev. Delany was born into slavery in St. Mary's, Georgia. Nanny Logan Delany was born in a community then known as Yak, Virginia, seven miles from Danville.
Sadie Delany was born in what was then known as Lynch Station, Virginia, at the home of her mother's sister, Eliza Logan. She was raised on the campus of St. Augustine's School (now University) in Raleigh, North Carolina, where her father was the Vice-Principal and her mother a teacher and administrator. Delany was a 1910 graduate of the school. In 1916, she moved to New York City, where she attended Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, then transferred to Columbia University where she earned a bachelor's degree in education in 1920 and a master's of education in 1925. She was a New York City schoolteacher until her retirement in 1960. She was the first black person permitted to teach domestic science on the high school level in New York City.
Delany died at the age of 109 in Mount Vernon, New York, where she resided in the final decades of her life. She is interred at Mount Hope Cemetery in Raleigh, North Carolina.
The Delany Sisters
In 1991, Delany and her sister Bessie were interviewed by journalist Amy Hearth, who wrote a feature story about them for The New York Times ("Two 'Maiden Ladies' With Century-Old Stories to Tell"). A New York book publisher read Hearth's newspaper story and asked her to write a full-length book on the sisters. Ms. Hearth and the sisters worked closely for two years to create the book, an oral history called Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years, which dealt with the trials and tribulations the sisters had faced during their century of life. The book was on The New York Times bestseller lists for 105 weeks. It spawned a Broadway play in 1995 and a television film in 1999. Both the play and film adaptations were produced by Judith R. James and Dr. Camille O. Cosby.
In 1994, the sisters and Hearth published The Delany Sisters' Book of Everyday Wisdom, a follow-up to Having Our Say. After Bessie's death in 1995 at age 104, Sadie Delany and Hearth created a third book, On My Own At 107: Reflections on Life Without Bessie.
Her siblings were:
Lemuel Thackara Delany (1887–1956)
Annie Elizabeth ("Bessie") Delany (1891–1995)
Julia Emery Delany (1893–1974)
Henry Delany, Jr. (1895–1991)
Lucius Delany (1897–1969)
William Manross Delany (1899–1955)
Hubert Thomas Delany (1901–1990)
Laura Edith Delany (1903–1993)
Samuel Ray Delany (1906–1965)
Delany was the aunt of science fiction writer Samuel R. Delany Jr., the son of her youngest brother. Living Relative Families:
Delany, Mickey, Stent, and Graham Families
Sources
Further reading
References
External links
Sarah Louise Delany at Library of Congress Authorities —with 7 catalog records
1889 births
1999 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American writers
American writers
American centenarians
American Episcopalians
American women's rights activists
Pratt Institute alumni
People from Campbell County, Virginia
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Writers from Mount Vernon, New York
St. Augustine's University (North Carolina) alumni
African-American Episcopalians
Episcopalian families
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Delany family
Activists from New York (state)
Activists from North Carolina
African-American centenarians
Women centenarians
|
[
0.27534541487693787,
0.04984934255480766,
-0.5770941972732544,
-0.45844754576683044,
0.27704736590385437,
0.36106327176094055,
0.9356356859207153,
-0.0687885656952858,
-0.258859783411026,
-0.4722650349140167,
0.19843550026416779,
0.2341548502445221,
0.08649633079767227,
0.7258453369140625,
-0.9426440596580505,
0.5220446586608887,
-0.11370033025741577,
-0.08840088546276093,
0.07527444511651993,
-0.36889639496803284,
0.12603391706943512,
-0.1572713702917099,
0.5341345071792603,
-0.007276919670403004,
0.27774596214294434,
0.4698752164840698,
0.4038349688053131,
-0.6074852347373962,
-0.12922242283821106,
0.3822847008705139,
0.43906542658805847,
-0.2763271629810333,
0.810727596282959,
0.37948739528656006,
-0.7723587155342102,
0.7178460359573364,
-0.27688345313072205,
0.3699520230293274,
0.14563411474227905,
0.13876959681510925,
-0.8603904247283936,
-0.38146689534187317,
-0.1177489310503006,
-0.5236080884933472,
-0.05714603513479233,
0.10256952792406082,
-1.7476359605789185,
0.11025097221136093,
-0.6133543252944946,
-0.49538591504096985,
-0.487271249294281,
0.23704273998737335,
1.3924020528793335,
0.6382202506065369,
-0.32203876972198486,
-0.3161681890487671,
-0.41076794266700745,
-0.7891620397567749,
0.14084795117378235,
-0.5078669190406799,
0.37025997042655945,
0.5018224120140076,
1.1522597074508667,
-0.3583376407623291,
0.3743407428264618,
0.08621580898761749,
-0.5724508762359619,
0.11003617197275162,
-0.2643413841724396,
0.3586297333240509,
-0.21714086830615997,
-0.053561676293611526,
0.29618972539901733,
0.0022107833065092564,
-0.32208991050720215,
0.09817619621753693,
0.6024574041366577,
-0.11264735460281372,
0.5268067121505737,
0.13675615191459656,
-0.3266586363315582,
-0.07786152511835098,
0.45882052183151245,
0.17391592264175415,
0.03762302175164223,
-0.03684481233358383,
-0.30207499861717224,
-0.050771184265613556,
-0.3236854076385498,
-0.43173789978027344,
-0.48532548546791077,
-0.2565091848373413,
-0.4497597813606262,
0.054751865565776825,
-0.3391083776950836,
-0.2011033594608307,
1.002130389213562,
0.307912141084671,
-0.47710785269737244,
0.3103836178779602,
0.3352627158164978,
-0.33443424105644226,
0.8636917471885681,
0.24658843874931335,
-0.1299242526292801,
0.07387062162160873,
0.11740455776453018,
-0.5168493986129761,
0.43910160660743713,
0.19974112510681152,
-0.14640794694423676,
-0.07270252704620361,
-0.07731277495622635,
-0.2987889349460602,
-0.1395220160484314,
0.41773709654808044,
0.21319983899593353,
-0.1495831310749054,
-0.07296479493379593,
-0.354204386472702,
-0.3246375322341919,
-0.0915277972817421,
0.2880765497684479,
-0.229847714304924,
-0.3208484947681427,
0.13353650271892548,
-0.2227364182472229,
0.4938606917858124,
-0.2729775905609131,
0.3535856008529663,
-0.0071538351476192474,
0.3768446445465088,
0.30991631746292114,
-0.7862831950187683,
-0.689683735370636,
-0.3133223056793213,
0.44217419624328613,
0.07249052822589874,
0.6011652946472168,
0.11538819223642349,
-0.2740457057952881,
-0.19648326933383942,
-0.4017186164855957,
-0.24217188358306885,
0.644978940486908,
-0.6494184136390686,
-0.02926759049296379,
0.7571372389793396,
-0.9520519375801086,
-0.28693729639053345,
-0.2840081751346588,
-0.38275620341300964,
0.6790393590927124,
-0.777900218963623,
-0.6918435096740723,
-0.08022541552782059,
-0.022271782159805298,
-0.049003638327121735,
-0.3403836488723755,
0.6425743699073792,
-0.2127591371536255,
0.4668128490447998,
0.3779800534248352,
0.36532095074653625,
-0.044692717492580414,
0.30031171441078186,
-0.02424495294690132,
-0.049716316163539886,
-0.4788590669631958,
-0.08170125633478165,
0.2285541594028473,
-0.16035285592079163,
-0.01572340354323387,
-0.26001638174057007,
-0.9521144032478333,
0.6051157116889954,
0.2691766321659088,
0.11784543842077255,
-0.3555185794830322,
-0.8933943510055542,
-0.6198221445083618,
0.02770649455487728,
-0.0036383781116455793,
0.48633429408073425,
0.09815126657485962,
0.19510214030742645,
0.3431662917137146,
-0.0036059545818716288,
0.20366822183132172,
-0.23256848752498627,
-0.4709869623184204,
-0.5942203998565674,
0.4565068781375885,
-0.10275626182556152,
0.7721326351165771,
0.2864208519458771,
0.1868809312582016,
0.626463770866394,
-0.15573982894420624,
0.32758042216300964,
0.442798376083374,
-0.08567214012145996,
-0.35271477699279785,
-0.12447944283485413,
-0.18511424958705902,
0.5868467092514038,
-0.17423565685749054,
0.3978460729122162,
0.4225035011768341,
0.6298418045043945,
-0.1542321890592575,
-0.8197371363639832,
0.1685488373041153,
0.9140747785568237,
-0.5198564529418945,
-0.6695565581321716,
-0.07029037177562714,
-0.31225496530532837,
0.8608365654945374,
-0.48644906282424927,
0.2514170706272125,
-0.027705630287528038,
0.1446056216955185,
0.08705728501081467,
-0.09550120681524277,
-0.46957969665527344,
-0.6654163599014282,
0.21965281665325165,
0.2048839032649994,
-0.4352521300315857,
-0.23862159252166748,
-0.006541075184941292,
0.5241715312004089,
-0.3528335690498352,
0.9280000925064087,
0.1429770141839981,
-0.11107268184423447,
-0.15988628566265106,
0.3466004729270935,
-0.6313837766647339,
-0.09161169081926346,
-0.19817069172859192,
0.10429591685533524,
-0.14323993027210236,
-0.28893521428108215,
-0.10979679226875305,
-0.37673577666282654,
-0.22095099091529846,
-0.2818085849285126,
0.11791522800922394,
0.5021400451660156,
1.0164873600006104,
0.46406275033950806,
0.4050784409046173,
0.04567546769976616,
-0.19150762259960175,
-0.05760135129094124,
0.016627049073576927,
0.8222618699073792,
0.09632152318954468,
0.23067405819892883,
-0.08230698853731155,
0.1914551556110382,
-0.023439859971404076,
0.24685509502887726,
-0.35956862568855286,
-0.04302471503615379,
-0.36888912320137024,
-0.10905732214450836,
0.07768386602401733,
0.27578863501548767,
0.18314898014068604,
0.0435139499604702,
0.3991156220436096,
-0.03449956327676773,
0.45601293444633484,
0.3699147403240204,
-0.2727375626564026,
-0.5112330317497253,
-0.6679508686065674,
0.40189915895462036,
0.6498862504959106,
0.009252144023776054,
-0.6965271830558777,
-0.09108481556177139,
-0.49982285499572754,
0.258472204208374,
-0.651520311832428,
-0.34096449613571167,
0.4708818197250366,
-0.1986624151468277,
0.8713826537132263,
-0.6114301681518555,
-0.4676196575164795,
0.7207505702972412,
0.5343276262283325,
-0.12411361187696457,
0.08401067554950714,
0.1772000640630722,
0.06997821480035782,
-0.4351497292518616,
-0.17467735707759857,
0.019160838797688484,
0.4544864594936371,
0.5624852776527405,
0.06119271740317345,
-0.16955935955047607,
0.012781095691025257,
-5.363829135894775,
0.5153123736381531,
-0.15634240210056305,
-0.6666539907455444,
0.18866771459579468,
-0.030422113835811615,
0.4076450765132904,
0.04251682013273239,
-0.025476932525634766,
0.27278047800064087,
0.2885935306549072,
0.41157233715057373,
-0.39131540060043335,
-0.0022304344456642866,
0.5444801449775696,
0.6989820599555969,
0.6499388217926025,
-0.6597840785980225,
0.13037380576133728,
0.6936966776847839,
0.42031362652778625,
-0.7748265862464905,
0.0761287659406662,
0.7282408475875854,
0.14361143112182617,
0.12958531081676483,
-0.08798258751630783,
-0.08041925728321075,
-0.16333244740962982,
-0.14363272488117218,
0.1762673407793045,
-0.4248349070549011,
-0.6086052060127258,
-0.6563208699226379,
0.3617627024650574,
0.05653692036867142,
0.29458901286125183,
-0.0518062561750412,
-0.3886393904685974,
-0.37278327345848083,
0.20775675773620605,
0.3842453062534332,
-0.747917115688324,
-0.21714729070663452,
-0.2502216100692749,
0.4693829119205475,
-0.29112643003463745,
-0.18127816915512085,
-0.44501620531082153,
0.8055284023284912,
0.00021514199033845216,
-0.09468860179185867,
0.3688627779483795,
0.03846122696995735,
0.36718735098838806,
-0.21937495470046997,
-0.08863892406225204,
-0.8072243332862854,
-0.9584894180297852,
-0.2635951638221741,
0.3540365993976593,
-0.3458235263824463,
-0.2124769240617752,
-0.5005089640617371,
-0.3415914475917816,
-0.47923409938812256,
-0.45879077911376953,
0.36330145597457886,
-0.33878958225250244,
0.1526000201702118,
0.7935614585876465,
0.9680570960044861,
0.07003272324800491,
-1.3918132781982422,
0.0032324420753866434,
0.2653846740722656,
-0.24474868178367615,
0.11209768056869507,
-0.6162971258163452,
-0.4113859236240387,
0.3422715663909912,
0.06229711323976517,
0.5403115749359131,
0.4434560239315033,
0.5194243788719177,
0.34509146213531494,
-0.33987125754356384,
0.15333965420722961,
-0.8658795952796936,
0.03288155049085617,
-0.6085056066513062,
0.46668770909309387,
-0.21980994939804077,
0.7433865666389465,
0.7331805229187012,
0.15927202999591827,
0.1782725751399994,
0.7527191638946533,
0.25307804346084595,
0.14303307235240936,
-0.0154002970084548,
0.24404361844062805,
0.6815084218978882,
-0.490904301404953,
0.2136334776878357,
0.3126514256000519,
-0.8949556946754456,
0.055116917937994,
1.1425912380218506,
-0.47408729791641235,
-0.7583317756652832,
0.26479166746139526,
-0.2518167793750763,
-0.38811954855918884,
0.1506398469209671,
-0.590388834476471,
0.25833290815353394,
0.2370971143245697,
0.3505873680114746,
-0.35878148674964905,
0.02431187592446804,
0.39899152517318726,
-0.5436948537826538,
0.37295883893966675,
-0.6587224006652832,
-0.3846423327922821,
0.20463047921657562,
0.21443259716033936,
-0.6849982142448425,
0.5239003896713257,
-0.3491416871547699,
-0.1833752542734146,
-0.28736191987991333,
0.28030234575271606,
-0.6190656423568726,
-0.3389798700809479,
-0.21733689308166504,
-0.3686056137084961,
-0.47437456250190735,
-0.20792216062545776,
-0.5309991240501404,
-0.23991622030735016,
-0.366344153881073,
0.16599416732788086,
0.8180087804794312,
0.08352154493331909,
-0.18588626384735107,
-0.5983360409736633,
-0.9366295337677002,
0.4978539049625397,
-0.12647418677806854,
-0.4904575049877167,
0.11256806552410126,
-0.12411712855100632,
-0.06408677995204926,
0.07751595973968506,
0.27579161524772644,
0.37394392490386963,
0.04815400019288063,
-0.16491173207759857,
-1.1096720695495605,
-0.19785279035568237,
-0.3210201561450958,
-0.12676359713077545,
-0.6379550695419312,
0.011416608467698097,
-0.10250841081142426,
0.5758776664733887,
-0.2996514141559601,
0.0840478390455246,
0.5439468622207642,
-0.5280320048332214,
0.1931477040052414,
0.36859792470932007,
0.4038923680782318,
0.3201161324977875,
-0.4000759422779083,
-0.13683755695819855,
0.13732650876045227,
-0.05954906716942787,
-0.3635648787021637,
-0.3881419599056244,
-0.6591758728027344,
-0.12450335919857025,
0.5898046493530273,
0.067684106528759,
0.21890641748905182,
-0.33117058873176575,
-0.34004953503608704,
-0.07067019492387772,
0.06753825396299362,
-0.798491358757019,
-0.07728837430477142,
0.37366417050361633,
-0.8518825173377991,
-0.1311340630054474,
0.5150033831596375,
-0.39923927187919617,
-0.43496638536453247,
-0.2085426300764084,
-0.26820921897888184,
0.24000106751918793,
-0.23480336368083954,
-0.10526098310947418,
0.17912855744361877,
-1.3942515850067139,
-0.16146036982536316,
-0.1212984099984169,
-0.6527928709983826,
0.9297027587890625,
-0.26533955335617065,
-0.029903581365942955,
0.04705718532204628,
0.9394265413284302,
0.20601683855056763,
-0.0020657700952142477,
0.5447623133659363,
0.26105445623397827,
0.05255704000592232,
-0.7031375169754028,
-0.0841604694724083,
-0.8716872334480286,
-0.12326645851135254,
0.0031531439162790775,
-0.23672549426555634,
0.8144676089286804,
-0.6389456391334534,
-0.514248788356781,
0.9283523559570312,
-0.42681068181991577,
-0.7797412276268005,
0.07676053792238235,
0.28242766857147217,
0.8355453610420227,
-0.9194481372833252,
-0.6145440936088562,
0.10179942846298218,
0.07155384123325348,
-0.44659242033958435,
0.8584498167037964,
0.37226158380508423,
0.6610187292098999,
-0.2054973542690277,
-0.026254240423440933,
0.4984322488307953,
-0.21808083355426788,
0.06361697614192963,
0.128623366355896,
-0.40911993384361267,
-0.08561161905527115,
-0.009214476682245731,
0.3487050235271454,
-0.4730181396007538,
-0.08159183710813522,
0.6338512897491455,
-0.6306694746017456,
-0.32179057598114014,
-0.2527063190937042,
-0.30974480509757996,
0.2060408741235733,
0.2027311772108078,
0.25381988286972046,
-0.12154842913150787,
-0.13250179588794708,
0.10095477104187012,
0.5660043954849243,
0.3575633466243744,
0.012178055942058563,
0.26028311252593994,
-0.3725084960460663,
0.3528831899166107,
-0.10410840809345245,
-0.015067500062286854,
0.05468301475048065,
-0.36495471000671387,
0.11603012681007385,
0.21406729519367218,
0.3840234577655792,
0.31905874609947205,
-0.3043852150440216,
-0.4163922965526581,
-0.40947282314300537,
-0.2746480703353882,
-0.14123231172561646,
0.41260889172554016,
-0.5593723654747009,
-0.1610703319311142,
-0.29246288537979126,
-0.4183579087257385,
-0.46514660120010376,
-0.49656301736831665,
0.4672185182571411,
0.6690706610679626,
0.18296708166599274,
-0.16984792053699493,
0.4867871403694153,
0.13501262664794922,
0.23520025610923767,
-0.34954899549484253,
0.03350446745753288,
-0.005251020193099976,
-0.1833270639181137,
0.24817030131816864,
0.011948787607252598,
-0.02864912524819374,
-0.42355605959892273,
0.27097803354263306,
-0.378705233335495,
-0.4348755180835724,
0.3392297923564911,
0.32622209191322327,
0.1354420781135559,
1.048513650894165,
0.5045657753944397,
-0.26066872477531433,
0.1345016211271286,
0.4416060149669647,
0.23710088431835175,
-0.21108916401863098,
-0.25738927721977234,
-0.5845226645469666,
0.38516855239868164,
0.6552774906158447,
0.1253935992717743,
0.15978235006332397,
0.4205721318721771,
0.6067612767219543,
-0.1265154331922531,
-0.7244921326637268,
0.36746692657470703,
0.4386347234249115,
-0.06573596596717834,
0.3919132947921753,
0.26544681191444397,
0.5893681645393372,
-0.1790224313735962,
-0.21925756335258484,
-0.39419010281562805,
-0.3456985056400299,
0.7589170336723328,
0.1065177470445633,
0.5627906322479248,
0.2662728726863861,
0.046817597001791,
0.37677884101867676,
0.21602411568164825,
0.011406750418245792,
0.6503036618232727,
0.126785010099411,
-0.4713113009929657,
0.4290923476219177,
0.48138555884361267,
0.1540781408548355,
-0.2033429890871048,
0.8175718784332275,
0.02615448646247387,
0.65181964635849,
-0.4924447536468506,
-0.427660197019577,
-0.017260758206248283,
-0.7784987688064575,
0.09145834296941757,
0.5896043181419373,
-0.6157882809638977,
-0.64436274766922,
-0.23739580810070038,
0.3098423480987549,
-0.5877277255058289,
-0.09593924880027771,
0.5605745911598206,
1.1160627603530884,
0.2105860710144043,
-0.31023305654525757,
0.05628015100955963,
0.2717663049697876,
-0.1355140060186386,
0.7989221811294556,
-0.388229101896286,
0.4294827878475189,
-0.623375654220581,
0.6012264490127563,
-0.22207288444042206,
0.26389840245246887,
-0.31405359506607056,
0.2413129359483719,
-0.1638772040605545,
0.3184756934642792,
-0.1350611001253128,
0.18808208405971527,
-0.2998337149620056,
0.28070977330207825,
-0.969426155090332,
-0.10277712345123291,
-0.4222811758518219,
-0.3625132739543915,
0.5325686931610107,
0.1564134806394577,
1.4033257961273193,
0.4168982207775116,
-0.33390533924102783,
0.09504617750644684,
0.35547056794166565,
0.2532968819141388,
-0.5602583885192871,
-0.5329781174659729,
0.8502715826034546,
-0.19848358631134033,
0.22532659769058228,
-0.8045442700386047,
0.32776573300361633,
-0.0180252306163311,
0.10742253810167313,
-0.20033474266529083,
0.2816985249519348,
-0.6305001378059387,
0.14470236003398895,
0.9259263277053833,
0.06174552068114281,
-0.3895457684993744,
-0.4963056445121765,
-0.028656113892793655,
0.23396235704421997,
-0.0730663388967514,
-0.1478196531534195,
-0.3492804765701294,
0.08920108526945114,
-0.05600585415959358,
-0.28450751304626465,
-0.01858031190931797,
0.05754774436354637,
0.2854114770889282,
-0.46224331855773926,
0.4361657500267029,
-0.43451812863349915,
-0.2677934467792511,
0.11073112487792969,
0.08124560862779617,
0.338888943195343,
0.3309627175331116,
-0.7965490221977234,
0.4112412631511688,
0.0118308886885643,
-0.008947492577135563,
-0.11219286173582077,
0.01585245132446289,
-0.00789002887904644,
0.3040020763874054,
-0.11641897261142731,
0.09391670674085617,
0.7634224891662598,
-0.44696760177612305,
-0.1741127222776413,
-0.7117212414741516,
-0.6332471370697021,
0.5322598218917847,
-0.7229039072990417,
0.2757282853126526,
-0.02792690321803093,
0.17210987210273743,
0.009284225292503834
] |
211102
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Schenker
|
Heinrich Schenker
|
Heinrich Schenker (19 June 1868 – 14 January 1935) was a Galician-born Austrian music theorist whose writings have had a profound influence on subsequent musical analysis. His approach, now termed Schenkerian analysis, was most fully explained in a three volume series entitled Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien (New Musical Theories and Phantasies), which included Harmony (1906), Counterpoint (1910; 1922) and Free Composition (1935).
Born in Wiśniowczyk, Austrian Galicia, he studied law at University of Vienna and music at what is now the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna where his teachers included Franz Krenn, Ernst Ludwig, Anton Bruckner and Johann Nepomuk Fuchs. Despite his law degree, he focused primarily on a musical career following graduation, finding minimal success as a composer, conductor and accompanist. From the 20th-century on, Schenker increasingly directed his efforts towards music theory, developing a systemic approach to analyze the underlying melodic and harmonic material of tonal music. His theories proposed the presence of fundamental structures (Ursatz) occurring in the background of compositions, which he illustrated with a variety of new specialized terms and notational methods. Schenker's views on race have come under scrutiny and criticism in the wake of international protests against racism in 2020.
Early years and education
Heinrich Schenker was born in Wiśniowczyk, Austrian Galicia in 1868 to Johann Schenker and his wife, Julia (née Mosler), both Jews. Schenker's father was a doctor who had been allowed to settle in Wiśniowczyk, a village of only 1,759 inhabitants, according to the 1869 census. There is very little information about Schenker's parents. Moriz Violin, Schenker's life-long friend recalled Schenker describing "the seriousness of the father and the hot temper of the mother".
Schenker was the fifth of six children: Markus (allegedly died 1880 in Lemberg); Rebeka (allegedly died 1889 in Gradiska); Wilhelm, a doctor; Schifre; and Moriz (Moses), born 31 August 1874. There is little documentation concerning Schenker's childhood years. Schenker himself said nothing about his secondary-school education. His musical instincts must have been discovered at an early age, for he went to Lemberg (present-day Lviv, Ukraine) and studied with Carl Mikuli and then continued his studies in Berezhany.
Schenker received a scholarship to move to Vienna, where his family followed. Documents at the University of Vienna show him on the roster at the beginning of the 1884/85 season, where he pursued a law degree. In addition to his studies at the University of Vienna, he was enrolled at the Konservatorium of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (today, the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna) from 1887 through 1890. His entrance examination results indicate that he initially studied composition with Franz Krenn and piano with Ernst Ludwig. Schenker and his father asked that he be exempted from the first year's fees. Other documents indicate that in his first year, Schenker majored in harmony under Anton Bruckner. Schenker's father died in 1887, leaving the family destitute.
Carl Flesch, also in attendance at the Konservatorium, left a description of Schenker as a student "who seemed half-starved, and who towered far above the rest of us ... It was Heinrich Schenker, who later came to enjoy high esteem for his original musical theories and his all-embracing practical and theoretical musicality."
Schenker's negative feelings toward Bruckner are revealed in a quote in his Harmony (1906, written nearly twenty years after instruction), in which he stated that "If the teacher is unable to explain his own propositions ..., the student ... may be content not to understand the proffered doctrine ... The teacher closes his classes in harmony; he closes his classes in counterpoint, finishes them off in his own way; but not even the first step toward art has been taken." A footnote adds "My teacher, a composer of high renown [Bruckner, obviously], used to say on such occasions: Segn's, mein' Herrn, dass ist die Regl, i schreib' natirli not a so. In Counterpoint, vol. I, Schenker quotes examples from Bruckner's works as examples of badly constructed lines. Schenker had better memories of Ernst Ludwig. Ludwig accepted Schenker on the basis of his initial scholarship. Upon seeing some of Schenker's musical compositions, Ludwig recommended them to the pianist Julius Epstein. Ludwig sent students to study with Schenker, who remembered him fondly and thought he would have appreciated his Harmonielehre and Kontrapunkt.
In the 1888–89 season, Schenker studied counterpoint under Bruckner and continued piano study under Ludwig, always receiving the highest grades. The following season, Schenker joined the composition class of Johann Nepomuk Fuchs. He graduated on 20 November 1889 and was charged only half the fee for the school year (the fee paid by Ludwig Bösendorfer).
Composer and performer
After graduating the University of Vienna with a law degree, Schenker devoted himself entirely to music. His first major opportunity came with Maximilian Harden, editor of Die Zukunft [The Future] who published his earliest writings. Publications in other periodicals followed. Surviving letters in Schenker's archive suggest that during his schooling Schenker had no income and survived purely by gifts from supporters. He continued this practice after graduating. Schenker dedicated his Inventions op. 5 to Irene Graedener (maiden name Mayerhofer). On her death (9 August 1923), he recalled in his diary that it was at her house that he was able to find himself and realize his future calling. At this point in his career, Schenker saw himself primarily as a composer and tried to ingratiate himself as a means of promoting his compositions. Several letters attest to his meetings with Eduard Hanslick.
By 1900, Schenker was actively trying to promote his musical compositions as evidenced by correspondence with Ignaz Brüll, Karl Goldmark, Eugen d'Albert and Ferruccio Busoni. The dedications of his published compositions are another clue to the identities of those who were sympathetic and possibly gave money to enable Schenker's works to be published, although there were probably more compositions than those conserved in the Oswald Jonas Memorial Collection at the University of California at Riverside. His Op. 1 carries a dedication to Julius Epstein, Op. 2 is dedicated to Ferruccio Busoni, Op. 4 is dedicated to Eugen d'Albert. D'Albert had promised to play some of Schenker's works, and Busoni was particularly enthusiastic about the Fantasy, Op. 2. With letters from d'Albert, Brüll, Busoni, and Detlev von Liliencron, Schenker felt confident in promoting his compositions. Correspondence indicates that Schenker was in contact with Max Kalbeck, as the latter was trying to make introductions for him. Similar patronage is evidenced by the dedication on the Syrian Dances (without opus number), dedicated to Baron Alphonse de Rothschild. At Busoni's insistence, the dances were orchestrated by Arnold Schoenberg and played on 5 June 1903, the ensemble led by Busoni.
The publication of Schenker's Vorüber Op. 7, no. 3, in a collection sponsored by the Wiener Singakademie attests to a friendship between composer and the organization's conductor, Carl Lafite.
In the final decade of the 19th century, Schenker was also active on the concert stage. He did not give solo recitals but participated as an accompanist or participant in chamber music, occasionally programming his own works. Programs exist showing that Schenker accompanied French horn virtuoso Louis Savart in Schenker's Serenade für Waldhorn on 5 November 1893 (at the Salle der Börse) and 5 March 1894 (at the Bösendorfersaal). Schenker also was the accompanist for Lieder singer Johan Messchaert on a tour organized by the Ludwig Grünfeld Bureau whose stops included Klagenfurt (8 January), Graz (11 January), Trieste (13 January), Brünn (15 January), Lemberg (17 January), Vienna (19 January), Budapest (21 January), Linz (24 January), Vienna again (26 January), Ústí nad Labem (30 January) and again Budapest (3 February). This tour enabled Schenker to play his own pieces, namely the Fantasia op. 2 and the Allegretto grazioso from Op. 4, no. 2. Existing correspondence shows that Messchaert was highly appreciative. Schenker also accompanied the bass singer Eduard Gärtner on occasion, and Gärtner programmed Schenker's song "Meeresstille" Op. 6, no. 3 and Blumengruß on a concert at the Bösendorfersaal on 19 January 1895. On a Gärtner recital 26 January 1900, Schenker and Moriz Violin gave the premiere of the Syrian Dances. On 1 December 1900, Gärtner, accompanied by Alexander von Zemlinsky, sang Schenker's Wiegenlied, Op. 3 no. 2 and on 13 March 1902 Gärtner sang Ausklang, Op. 3, no. 4, and on 26 January 1905 at the Bösendorfersaal), Gärtner sang Op. 6, nos. 1 and 2.
In 1897, Schenker went on a tour to file performance reports from various places. He was disappointed in much of the new music he heard and documented it in the reviews he wrote.
Theorist
Having failed to gain recognition as a composer, conductor, and accompanist, by 1900 he shifted his focus increasingly on problems of musical editing and music theory, though years later he still felt proud of his compositions. According to Federhofer, compositional activity for Schenker was not a means to an end in itself but a pedagogical one, a path to understanding the desires of a composer. Over time, Schenker saw how traditional understanding of music was disappearing and felt it necessary to revise music and theory lessons and remove later editorial additions from musical texts. Already in his 1895 article "Der Geist der musikalischen Technik" he spoke of the adulteration of contemporary music editions of classical composers and advocated the use of Urtext editions.
Already with his first publication, "A Contribution to the Study of Ornamentation", Schenker understood his theoretical work to be a long-range pursuit. When he tried to get his Harmony (the first part of his New Musical Theory and Fantasies) published by Breitkopf & Härtel, it was rejected, the publisher citing Hugo Riemann's work to have covered all that was necessary. Max Kalbeck reported on his unsuccessful attempt to get the work published by N. Simrock. Though impressed by certain passages, the eventual publisher, Cotta, initially rejected Schenker's manuscript but changed its mind after intervention from D'Albert. Cotta finally published Harmony anonymously with money from Alphonse de Rothschild to whom Schenker had given lessons.
The publisher Universal Edition's proximity (they were in Vienna, where Schenker was living, while Cotta was in Stuttgart) made Schenker break with Cotta. Universal Edition was to remain Schenker's main publisher. Schenker hoped his monograph on Beethoven's 9th Symphony (published in 1912) would have a revelatory effect, but believed that the book's reception would be clouded by musicians' faulty understanding, due to poor theoretical instruction. As he kept working on his New Musical Theory and Fantasies, the work kept growing.
Between 1913 and 1921, Schenker brought out an explanatory edition of four of the last five Beethoven sonatas. While examining the autograph to Beethoven's Sonata, op. 109 (at that time belonging to the Wittgenstein family), Schenker mentioned in a letter to his friend Theodor von Frimmel how his Urtext work was inspired by Ernst Rudorff and Joseph Joachim. In 1912, Schenker wrote excitedly to Emil Hertzka, the head of Universal Edition, of the "sensational new changes" he would incorporate into his new edition of Beethoven's Op. 109, having examined the autograph, a revised copy by Beethoven, the original edition and other later editions. Federhofer credits Schenker with initiating the modern Urtext movement of examining multiple authentic sources to arrive at a reading.
Even though Der Tonwille originally came out under the imprint "Tonwille-Flutterverlag" (actually published jointly by Albert J. Gutmann of Vienna and Friedrich Hofmeister of Leipzig), Universal Edition soon purchased Gutmann but still issued Der Tonwille under its original imprint. Schenker's works presented a political challenge to Universal Edition: although they were developing their reputation as a promoter of contemporary music, it could be politically embarrassing for one of their authors (Schenker) to rally against their primary clientele.
Beginning with the publication of Der Tonwille in 1921, a Latin motto appears on all of Schenker published works: Semper idem sed non eodem modo ("always the same, but not always in the same way"). William Pastille proposed that this is based on a line in Augustine of Hippo's Confessions, Book 8, chapter 3: nam tu semper idem, quia ea quae non-semper nec eodem modo sunt eodem modo semper nosti omnia ("For you [are] always the same thing, because you know in the same way all those things that are not the same nor in the same way"). Based on conversation with an unnamed Latin scholar, William Helmcke added that it could also be based on a passage from Irenaeus's Adversus Haereses (Against Heresies): sine initio et sine fine, vere et semper idem et eodem modo se habens solus est Deus ("Without beginning and without end, only God continues truly and always the same and in the same way").
Emil Hertzka, the head of Universal Edition from 1907 until his death in 1932, had a fraught relationship with Schenker. When Schenker was planning a diatribe against Paul Bekker whose monograph on Beethoven was very popular at the time, Hertzka refused to consider publishing it, noting that Bekker and he were close friends. Various passages in issues of Der Tonwille had to be removed because Hertzka felt they were too politically and socially sensitive. Schenker recalled a standoff with Hertzka, where Hertzka, took a "pacifist attitude towards international relations, cosmopolitan, democratic beliefs, working toward compromises". Over time, Schenker's attitude toward Hertzka and Universal Edition increased from disagreement to hostility, charging the firm with not doing enough to promote his work and accused them of not paying him the proper amount.
He had already admired his student Hans Weisse for leaving Vienna for Munich and also noted positively on his other students' desire to move to Germany. In 1931, Hans Weisse left for New York City, where he and subsequently fellow protégé Felix Salzer established Schenkerian analysis as a core curriculum and practice at the Mannes School of Music. Wilhelm Furtwängler called upon Karl Straube to see whether Schenker might be able to teach in Munich. But Schenker never left Vienna and was unable to obtain a position elsewhere, in part due to the nature of his uncompromising views.
Schenker's personal life was taken up with his marriage to Jeanette Kornfeld (born Schiff). He knew her from at least 1907 but could only marry after her first husband agreed to divorce. Schenker married Jeanette on 10 November 1919. He dedicated Free Composition, his last work, to her. They had no children.
Schenker could also count on the patronage of a group of supporters. Alphonse de Rothschild was mentioned above. In addition, there were Sophie Deutsch, Angi Elias, Wilhelm Furtwängler, an industrialist named Khuner, and Anthony van Hoboken. Deutsch, Elias and Hoboken were in his immediate circle of students. Deutsch, who died in a sanatarium in 1917, left an inheritance that enabled Schenker to publish the second volume of his counterpoint book (1922) and named him to a society of destitute artists. Other funding came from Robert Brünauer, one of Schenker's students and the owner of a chocolate manufacturing firm (Brünauer had introduced the artist Victor Hammer to Schenker). Not only was Hoboken instrumental in setting up the Photogrammarchivs von Meisterhandschriften in the Austrian National Library, but he was responsible for paying for the publication of volume 2 of Das Meisterwerk and Free Composition.
Furtwängler consulted with Schenker as if a student. In a letter to Alphonse de Rothschild, Schenker wrote that Furtwängler's interest was first aroused by Schenker's monograph on Beethoven's 9th Symphony, and that since then
In all the years he has never failed to visit me, spend hours with me and all sorts of to learn from me. He describes himself as one of my students, and that fills me with no little pride.
In 1908, Schenker had hoped for an appointment at the Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst (today the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna). However, the conflict between his beliefs and the need to compromise to work within an academic system ultimately thwarted the opportunity. Even as late as 1932–33, Furtwängler tried to intercede with Ludwig Karpath to obtain a position for Schenker, without success. Despite the lack of success, Schenker was gratified by Furtwängler's words.
Schenker never taught in a school but most often taught in his house at the piano. His fees were not inexpensive, but he demonstrated a fierce loyalty to his students. Though he could be unsparing in his criticism, the goal of his teaching was on the acquisition of a comprehensive musical education intertwined with the art of performance, as they were dependent on each other. Understanding the artwork was the object and purpose of his teaching, where theory and practice were an inseparable unity.
Declining health and death
In his later years Schenker complained of fatigue. He and Jeanette would spend summers usually in the Tyrolean mountains, most often in the town Galtür. In his correspondence with Victor Hammer, Schenker revealed that he was very near-sighted which hindered him from obtaining a better understanding of painting. Additionally he suffered from goiter and obesity, reasons for which he was granted a permanent exemption from military service. Already in 1914, he had been diagnosed with diabetes which necessitated frequent visits to the doctor and an enforced diet (which Schenker did not always keep).
Even towards the end of life, Schenker worked steadily. He corrected proofs for Free Composition from 16 to 23 December 1934. He commented negatively on a radio broadcast of 30 December 1934, but then heard Johann Strauss's Die Fledermaus in a live broadcast from the Vienna State Opera and declared it a "most brilliant performance". On a medical examination of 4 January 1935, he received an unfavorable report, noting symptoms including the swelling of his feet and extreme thirst. He was taken to a sanatorium for an insulin therapy.
Jeanette recorded Schenker's final moments in his diary:
From within a slight stupor I heard him say "... From..." "From what?" I say, "we'll still be with one another" – and I make a sudden gesture, because I did not understand. He continued: "from... from the St. Matthew Passion something occurred to me..." These were the last words of my beloved.
Schenker died on 14 January 1935, age 66 at 2 AM, the cause of death listed as diabetes and arteriosclerosis. He was buried on 17 January at the Wiener Zentralfriedhof, Gate 4, Group 3, Series 4, number 8. The inscription on his grave reads: "Hier ruht, der die Seele der Musik vernommen, ihre Gesetze im Sinne der Großen verkündet wie Keiner vor ihm" (Here lies he who examined and revealed the laws concerning the soul of music like none other before him).
Jeanette Schenker stayed in Vienna after the Anschluss. She was rescued twice from the Nazis before being arrested and transported on 29 June 1942. She died in Theresienstadt on 8 January 1945.
Controversy
Schenker's views on race generated controversy within music theory circles since his own lifetime and have drawn increased scrutiny in the 21st century. The American music theorist Philip Ewell argued that Schenker believed Black people were incapable of self-governance, and that he opposed racial intermarriage on grounds of "mongrelization". Ewell further considered that Schenker's views on these issues were "whitewashed" by academic music theorists of the late twentieth century. Others however, among them professor of music theory Timothy L. Jackson, answered that these interpretations are based on mistranslations, misinterpretations and omissions, and that Schenker was in fact a critic of racist theories, viewing them as pseudoscientific.
Ewell's publication has also been criticized by black linguist and instructor of music history at Columbia University John McWhorter, who published the following in Substack: "If Ewell's claim is that music is racist when involving hierarchical relationships between elements, then we must ask where that puts a great deal of music created by non-white people. Perhaps more important, the question is: just what do these hierarchical relationships in music structure have to do with human suffering?"
and by black musicologist Kofi Agawu, Professor at the City University of New York, who wrote:"if one argues that the hierarchic thinking that lies at the core of Schenkerian theory is white and racist, what is one to make of the fact that in West Africa, too, modes of hierarchic thinking are pronounced and functionally indispensable to an understanding of many an expressive structure, musical as well as non-musical? The worst consequence of claiming technical procedures for whiteness is denying the existence of shared ways of proceeding, and in effect enjoining our hypothetical West African theorist to go look for something different, a new grounding principle, better if it is anchored in nonhierarchy, something uniquely his own, something 'black.' The domain of blackness is thus defined in its non-intersection with whiteness. I fail to see how such a strategy can be empowering for black scholars.
Works
Theoretical writings
Ein Beitrag zu Ornamentik. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1904. Revised 1908.
English translation: "A Contribution to the Study of Ornamentation", translated and edited by Hedi Siegel. The Music Forum 4 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 1–139.
Harmonielehre. Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien part 1. Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1906.
English translation: Harmony edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas, translated by Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954 (edition with some cuts in text and music examples)
Kontrapunkt, vol. 1. Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien part 2. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1910.
English translation: Counterpoint: a translation of Kontrapunkt. Translated by John Rothgeb and Jürgen Thym, edited by John Rothgeb. New York: Schirmer Books, 1987.
Beethovens neunte Sinfonie: eine Darstellung des musikalischen Inhaltes unter fortlaufender Berücksichtigung auch des Vortrages unter der Literatur. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1912.
English translation: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: a Portrayal of its Musical Content, with Running Commentary on Performance and Literature as well. Translated and edited by John Rothgeb. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
Kontrapunkt, vol. 2. Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien part 2. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1922.
English translation: see volume 1.
Der Tonwille: Flugblätter zum Zeugnis unwandelbarer Gesetze der Tonkunst einer neuen Jugend dargebracht. Vienna: Tonwille-Flugblätterverlag [Universal Edition].
No. 1: 1921.
No. 2: 1922.
No. 3: 1922.
No. 4: 1923.
No. 5: 1923.
No. 6: 1923.
No. 7: January–March 1924.
No. 8/9: April–September 1924
No. 10: October 1924.
English translation: Der Tonwille: Pamphlets in Witness of the Immutable Laws of Music. Edited by William Drabkin, translated by Ian Bent et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004–2005.
Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
Jahrbuch no. 1. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1925.
Jahrbuch no. 2. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1926.
Jahrbuch no. 3. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1930.
English translation: The Masterwork in Music: a Yearbook. Edited by William Drabkin, translated by Ian Bent, et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994–1997.
Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln. Vienna: Universal Edition; Five analyses in sketchform, bilingual edition, New York: David Mannes School, 1932 (only the title page and the Foreword are bilingual, the annotations in the plates are in German).
English translation: Five graphic music analyses (Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln). With a new introduction and glossary by Felix Salzer. New York: Dover, 1969.
Der freie Satz. Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien part 3. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1935.
English translation of the 2d edition (1954): Free composition (Der freie Satz): volume III of New musical theories and fantasies. Translated and edited by Ernst Oster. New York: Longman, 1979.
Editions with or without explanatory texts
Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel. Klavierwerke. Neue kritische Ausgabe von Heinrich Schenker. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1902.
Handel, Georg Frideric. Zwolf Orgel-Concerte fur Klavier zu 4 Handen bearbeitet von Heinrich Schenker. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1904.
Bach, Johann Sebastian. Chromatische Phantasie und Fugue, Erläuterungsausgabe. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1909.
English translation: J. S. Bach's Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue: Critical Edition with Commentary. Translated and edited by Hedi Siegel. New York: Longman, 1984.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 109. Kritische Edition mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1913.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 110. kritische Ausgabe mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1914.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 111. kritische Ausgabe mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1916.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 101. kritische Ausgabe mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1921.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Sonate Op. 27, Nr. 2 (Die sogenannte Mondscheinsonate) mit 3 Skizzenblättern des Meisters. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1921.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Klaviersonaten, nach den Autographen rekonstruiert von Heinrich Schenker. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1928.
English translation: Complete Piano Sonatas. Edited by Heinrich Schenker with a new introduction by Carl Schachter. New York: Dover Publications, 1975.
Johannes Brahms, Oktaven und Quinten u. A., aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben und erläutert. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1933.
English translation: Johannes Brahms: Octaves and Fifths translated by Paul Mast. The Music Forum 5 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), pp. 1–196.
Non-theoretical articles, reviews and essays
"Johannes Brahms. Fünf Lieder für eine Singstimme mit Pianoforte, Op. 107", Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 22 (1891), pp. 514–517.
"Hermann Grädener. Quintett No. 2, Cmoll für Pianoforte, zwei Violinen, Viola und Violoncell, Op. 19", Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 23 (1892), pp. 214–216.
"Johannes Brahms. Fünf Gesänge für gemischten Chor a cappella, Op. 104", Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 23 (1892), pp. 409–412, 425, 437.
"Mascagni in Wien", Die Zukunft, Band 1 (1892), pp. 137–139.
"Eine jung-italienische Schule?", Die Zukunft, Band 1 (1892), pp. 460–462.
"Mascagnis "Rantzau, Die Zukunft, Band 2 (1893), pp.280–284.
"Anton Bruckner. Psalm 150 für Chor, Soli und Orchester". Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 24 (1893), pp. 159ff.
"Ein Gruß an Johannes Brahms. Zu seinem 60. Geburtstag, 7. Mai 1893", Die Zukunft, Band 3 (1893), p. 279.
"Notizen zu Verdis Falstaff", Die Zukunft, Band 3 (1893), pp. 474–476.
"Friedrich Smetana", Die Zukunft, Band 4 (1893), pp. 37–40.
"Der Sonzogno-Markt in Wien", Die Zukunft, Band 4 (1893), pp. 282ff.
"Anton Bruckner", Die Zukunft, Band 5 (1893), pp. 135–137.
"Die Musik von heute. (Neue Variationen über ein altes Thema.)" Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 87ff.
"Johannes Brahms. Phantasien für Pianoforte, Op. 116", Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 25 (1894), pp. 37ff.
"Ruggiero Leoncavallo", Die Zukunft, Band 6 (1894), pp. 138–140.
"Ondficek – Popper – Door", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 278–280.
"Im Wiener Konservatorium – Johann Nepomuk Fuchs", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), p. 318.
"Smetana's 'Kuß' (Zur ersten Aufführung in der Hofoper)", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 34–50.
"Hofoper – Smetana's 'Kuß, Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), p. 375.
"Theater an der Wien – Adolphe Adam, Jacques Offenbach, Vilem Blodek", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 2 (1894), p. 377.
"Hofoperntheater – Ferdinand Hummel, Mara", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 2 (1894), pp. 475–76.
"Konzertdirigenten", Die Zukunft, Band 7 (1894), pp. 88–92.
"Anton Rubinstein", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 566ff.
"Verdis Falstaff", Die Zukunft, Band 7 (1894), pp. 230–233.
"Zum Jubiläum der Hofoper", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 754–756.
"Tantiemen für Instrumentalkomponisten?", Die Zukunft, Band 7 (1894), pp. 477–479.
"Das Hören in der Musik", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 2 (1894), pp. 115–121.
"Anton Rubinstein", Die Zukunft, Band 8 (1894), pp. 326–329.
"Aus dem Leben Smetana's. (Ein Besuch bei Fr. Smetana's Witwe.)", Neues Wiener Tagblatt, Jahrgang 28 (1894), no. 245, 6 September.
"Eugen d' Albert", Die Zukunft, Band 9 (1894), p. 33–36.
"Volksmusik in Wien", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 5, Band 2, (1894), p. 516–521.
"Deutsch-Oesterreichischer Musikverkehr", Die Zukunft, Band 11 (1895), p. 182–185.
"Der Geist der musikalischen Technik", Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 26 (1895), pp. 245ff., 257–259, 273ff., 285, 297, 309, 325.
"Rubinstein-Preis", Die Zeit, Band 4 (1895), p. 157.
"Eduard Hanslick. 70. Geburtstag", Die Zeit, Band 4 (1895), p. 174.
"Zur musikalischefi Erziehung", Die Zeit, Band 4 (1895), pp. 185, 200–202.
"Le comte de Chambrun et Stanislaus Legis: Wagner, Paris 1895", Die Zeit, Band 4 (1895), pp. 206ff.
"Hofoperntheater – Jules Massenet, Das Mädchen von Navarra", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 12.
"H. Berte, Ballett Amor auf Reisen", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 14.
"Arthur Prüfer – Johann Hermann Schein, Leipzig 1895", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 30.
"Hofoperntheater – Heinrich Marschner, Der Templer und die Jüdin", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 44.
"Ludwig Hartmann, Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser, Dresden 1895", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), .
"Eine neue Haydn-Oper (Zur Matinee im Carlstheater am 3. November [1895])", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), pp. 90ff.
"B. Todt, Vademecum durch die Bach'schen Cantaten, Leipzig 1895", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 94.
"Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien -Gesellschaftsconcert, Ben Davies-Quartett Rosé", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 108.
"Hofoperntheater – François Adrien Boieldieu, Rotkäppchen", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 126.
"Philharmonisches Konzert – Hans Richter", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 126.
"Kammermusik – Das böhmische Streichquartett", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 142.
"Theater an der Wien – Johann Strauß, Waldmeister", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 157.
"Zweites philharmonisches Konzert – Antonin Dvorak, Othello-Ouverture", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 173.
"J. S. Bach, "Weihnachtsoratorium", Eugen Gura, Eugen d' Albert-Soiree des böhmischen Streichquartetts- Drittes philharmonisches Konzert", Die Zeit, Band 5 (1895), p. 186ff.
"Bülow-Weingartner", Musikalisches Wochenblatt, Jahrgang 26 (1895), pp. 610ff.
"Viertes philharmonisches Konzert – Peter Iljitsch Tschaikowsky, Symphonie Nr. 6", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 13.
"Wilhelm Kienzl, Der Evangelimann – Erstaufführung in Wien", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), pp. 44ff.
"Fünftes philharmonisches Konzert – Zweites Konzert der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 46.
"Die jungen Dirigenten", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 57ff.
"Lilian Bailey (Henschel)", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 78.
"Böhmisches Streichquartett; Karel Bendl, Rose-Quartett, Giovanni Sgambati, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Alfred Grünfeld", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 94.
"Drittes Konzert der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien – Jules Massenet, Mystere Eve – Liederabend Johannes Messchaert,Julius Röntgen", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 113.
"Damen-Streichquartett Soldat Roeger – Böhmisches Streichquartett, Alexander Borodin, Robert Hausmann, Bronislaw Huberman," Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 130.
"Vianna da Motta, Nachtrag zu Studien bei Hans von Bülow von Theodor Pfeiffer, Berlin-Leipzig 1896", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 146.
"Zweiter Liederabend Johannes Messchaert, Julius Röntgen – Sechstes und siebentes philharmonisches Konzert", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), pp. 158ff.
"Albert Kauder, Walther von der Vogelweide", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 160.
"Holländisches Terzett", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 161.
"Carl Reinecke", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 178.
"Gaetano Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 193.
"Bronislaw Huberman – Damen-Streichquartett Soldat-Roeger – Richard Mühlfeld – Felix Weingartner", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 194.
"Carl Goldmark, Das Heimchen am Herd -Erstaufführung in Wien", Die Zeit, Band 6 (1896), p. 207.
"Siegfried Wagner", Die Zukunft, Band 14 (1896), pp. 281–283.
"Das Heimchen am Herd", Die Zukunft, Band 15 (1896), pp. 132–134.
"Der Chor des Laibacher Musikvereins Glasbena Matica (Leitung Matej Hubad) – Richard Strauss, Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche – Friedrich Kiel, Christus", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), pp. 26ff.
"Zur Mozartfeier", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), p. 60.
"Giuseppe Verdi, Aida", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), p. 62.
"Oper. (Ein Vorschlag zur Inscenierung des Gluck'schen Orpheus')", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), pp. 91ff.
"Marie Lehmann", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), pp. 93ff.
"Francisco d'Andrade", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), p. 109ff.
"Ehrenzeichen für Johannes Brahms", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), p. 110.
"Anton Bruckner", Die Zeit, Band 7 (1896), pp. 184–186.
"Carl Reinecke, Die Beethoven'schen Clavier-Sonaten, Leipzig 1896", Die Zeit, Band 8 (1896), pp. 14ff.
"Ernst Possart, Über die Neueinstudierung und Neuinscenierung des Mozart'schen Don Giovanni (Don Juan) auf dem kgl. Residenztheater zu München, München 1896", Die Zeit, Band 8 (1896), p. 78.
“Daniel François Esprit Auber, Fra Diavolo-Pietro Mascagni, Zanetto", Die Zeit, Band 8 (1896), p. 157.
"Routine in der Musik", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 7, Band 2 (1896), pp. 555–558.
"Konzert Carl Reinecke", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), p. 438ff.
"Ein Epilog zur Schubertfeier", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 211–216.
"Unpersönliche Musik", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 464–468.
"Die Berliner 'Philharmoniker, Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 495–497.
"Johannes Brahms (geb. am 7. Mai 1833, est. am 3. April 1897)", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 516–520.
"Johannes Brahms. (Die Zukunft)", Die Zukunft, Band 19 (1897), pp. 261–265.
"Theater an der Wien: Engelbert Humperdinck, Königskinder", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), p. 646.
"Capellmeister-Regisseure", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 669–672.
"Musikalische Reisebetrachtungen", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 788–793.
"Mehr Kunst!", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), pp. 409–412.
"Hofoper – Friedrich Smetana, Dalibor, Erstaufführung in Wien unter Gustav Mahler", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), pp. 448ff.
"Theater an der Wien – Giacomo Puccini, La Boheme, Erstaufführung in Wien", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 473ff.
"Hofoperntheater – P. I. Tschaikowsky, Eugen Onegin, Erstaufführung in Wien", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), pp. 654ff.
"Ein Wort zur Mozartrenaissance", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), p. 685–688.
"Hofoperntheater – Richard Heuberger, Ballett Struwwelpeter", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), p. 82.
"Hofoperntheater – Georges Bizet, Djamileh, Erstaufführung in Wien unter Gustav Mahler", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), pp. 143ff.
"Hofoperntheater – Ruggiero Leoncavallo, La Boheme, Erstaufführung in Wien unter Gustav Mahler", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), p. 292.
"Componisten und Dirigenten", Neue Revue, Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), pp. 349ff.
"Beethoven-'Retouche, Wiener Abendpost (supplement to the Wiener Zeitung) (9 January 1901), pp. 6ff.
"Heinrich Schenkers Beethoven Ausgaben". Der Merker, Jahrgang 7, no. 3 (1 February 1916), pp. 81–89.
"Joh. Seb. Bach: Wohltemperiertes Klavier, Band 1, Präludium c-moll", Die Musik, Jahrgang 15, no. 9 (Jun. 1923), p. 641–651. (Subsequently, subsumed into an article in Das Meisterwer in der Musik, Band 2).
"Die Urlinie", Die Musikanten Gilde (1 July 1923), pp. 77–80. (Reprint of the article from Der Tonwille vol. 1)
"Franz Schubert". Moderne Welt (1 December 1925), pp. 20.
"Beethoven und seine Nachfahren". General-Anzeiger für Bonn und Umgegend (26 March 1927), pp. 3–4.
"Eine Rettung der klassichen Musik-Texte: Das Archiv für Photogramme in der National-Bibliothek, Wien". Der Kunstwart vol. 42 (March 1929), pp. 359–367.
"Miszellen". Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft, vol. 12, no. 7 (April 1930), p. 446.
"Gedanken über Kultur, Kunst und Musik". Der Kunstwart, vol. 44 (January 1931), pp. 222–230. (A reprint of the "Vermischtes" sections from Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vols. 1–3)
"Ein verschollener Brief von Mozart und das Geheimnis seines Schaffens". Der Kunstwart vol. 44 (July 1931), pp. 660–666.
"Eine Anzeige und eine Selbstanzeige". Der Kunstwart, vol. 46 (December 1932), pp. 194–196.
"Was wird aus der Musik?" Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (28 April 1933).
"Erinnerung an Brahms". Der Kunstwart vol. 46 (May 1933), p. 475–482.
"Vom Unterschied zwischen der italienischen und der deutschen Musik", Deutsche Zeitschrift, vol. 47 (August 1934), p. 700–703.
List of compositions
Based on Miller.
Zwei Clavierstücke, op. 1. Vienna: Ludwig Doblinger, n.d. [1892]. Reprint Vienna, Doblinger, 1982.
No. 1: Etude.
No. 2: Capriccio.
Serenade für Waldhorn. Unpublished. Played by Louis Sawart and Heinrich Schenker in Vienna, 5 November 1893 and 5 March 1894.
Fantasie, op. 2. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898.
Sechs Lieder für eine Singstimme mit Begleitung des Pianoforte, op. 3. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898, 1901.
No. 1: Versteckte Jasminen (Detlev von Liliencron)
No. 2: Wiegenlied (Detlev von Liliencron)
No. 3: Vogel im Busch (Detlev von Liliencron)
No. 4: Ausklang (Ludwig Jacobowski)
No. 5: Allein (Ludwig Jacobowski)
No. 6: Einkleidung (Wilhelm Müller)
Fünf Klavierstücke, op. 4. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898.
No. 1: Andante, C minor
No. 2: Allegretto grazioso, G major
No. 3: Andante con moto e rubato, B flat minor
No. 4: Allegretto poco agitato e rubato, E flat major
No. 5: Quasi allegretto, D major
Zweistimmige Inventionen, op. 5. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898, 1901.
No. 1: Allegro amabile, G major
No. 2: Con moto appassionato e con molto sentimento, F sharp minor
No. 3: Vivace, quasi presto, D minor
No. 4: Allegro deciso, A major
3 songs for mixed chorus a capella, op. 7
No. 3: Vorüber (Johanna Ambrosius) in: Sammlung von 51 gemischten Chören (a capella). Herausgegeben von der Wiener Singakademie, zusammengestellt und zum Teile in Bearbeitung von ihrem artistischen Leiter Carl Lafite. Vienna: Albert Jungmann and C. Lerch, [1903]
Ländler, op. 10. Berlin: N. Simrock, 1899.
Syrische Tänze für Pianoforte zu 4 Händen. Vienna: Josef Weinberger, [n.d., composed 1899]. Orchestration (lost) by Arnold Schoenberg, 1903, created by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of F. Busoni, 5 November 1903. Another orchestration by Moriz Violin is preserved in the Oswald Jonas Collection.
Issue 1
No. 1: Andante espressivo, Allegro scherzando, D minor
No. 2: Allegro con fuoco, C minor
Heft 2
No. 1: Allegretto, G minor
No. 2: Allegro molto passionate, D major
More than 500 pages of manuscript compositions are preserved in the Oswald Jonas Collection and some unpublished choral works in the National Library in Vienna.
References
Sources
External links
Nicolas Meeùs. "Écrits de Schenker" (in French). Théorie et analyse schenkériennes.
Schenker Documents Online, Ian Bent, ed.
1868 births
1935 deaths
Austrian music theorists
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Austrian classical musicians
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Schenkerian analysis
Jewish musicologists
Jewish classical musicians
Pupils of Johann Nepomuk Fuchs
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
|
[
-0.4646548926830292,
0.6357704997062683,
-0.47064316272735596,
-0.1639435887336731,
-0.5055561661720276,
0.9993741512298584,
0.4758151173591614,
-0.2612453103065491,
-0.021326465532183647,
-0.793012261390686,
-0.10272067040205002,
-0.3899616301059723,
0.010928312316536903,
0.37738898396492004,
-0.011496846564114094,
0.1194813922047615,
0.31666985154151917,
-0.534480094909668,
-0.945783793926239,
-0.4786112308502197,
-0.24933001399040222,
-0.35785767436027527,
0.363050639629364,
0.47572216391563416,
-0.014587714336812496,
-0.07725058495998383,
-0.021966349333524704,
-0.19563154876232147,
0.4734705984592438,
-0.01050017774105072,
-0.12311670929193497,
1.1567013263702393,
0.2320120632648468,
0.034939318895339966,
-0.5738544464111328,
0.5536218285560608,
-0.49031004309654236,
-0.14017826318740845,
0.2573834955692291,
0.029411623254418373,
-0.3434828817844391,
0.3101474642753601,
0.4317036271095276,
0.12829652428627014,
0.24756552278995514,
-0.28030315041542053,
-1.8809950351715088,
0.4743151068687439,
-0.779776930809021,
-0.3951049745082855,
-0.3844648003578186,
0.24813613295555115,
0.9275199174880981,
0.6825085282325745,
-0.8092045783996582,
-0.4667714238166809,
-0.836419939994812,
-0.19639664888381958,
0.2623766362667084,
-0.29727041721343994,
0.3163655400276184,
0.43552491068840027,
0.1862548440694809,
-0.3265914022922516,
0.5304576754570007,
0.1595068722963333,
-0.24385231733322144,
0.6764230728149414,
0.13508838415145874,
-0.4776449501514435,
-0.48146867752075195,
0.15678198635578156,
0.1671832948923111,
-0.5263469219207764,
0.34926337003707886,
-0.6217877268791199,
0.44763797521591187,
-0.053759414702653885,
-0.19884850084781647,
0.48163649439811707,
-0.18852363526821136,
-0.3809320032596588,
0.9407416582107544,
-0.04665868729352951,
0.5221396684646606,
-0.18988123536109924,
-0.5944778323173523,
0.3978198170661926,
-0.9956018328666687,
-0.45498818159103394,
-0.02490285038948059,
-0.8724513053894043,
0.3719962537288666,
0.12114369869232178,
0.21630793809890747,
0.7443625926971436,
0.5799508690834045,
0.5028814077377319,
-0.16018781065940857,
0.043319884687662125,
0.4807543158531189,
-0.13625356554985046,
0.17537371814250946,
0.006920738145709038,
-0.6945000886917114,
0.1517527997493744,
0.10136201232671738,
-0.10856037586927414,
-0.1353142112493515,
0.20007164776325226,
-1.0704433917999268,
-0.3684743046760559,
0.06408821046352386,
0.28328371047973633,
0.300167977809906,
0.07427217811346054,
-0.2637748718261719,
-0.5230394601821899,
-0.4248078465461731,
-0.06715943664312363,
0.19472315907478333,
0.17059193551540375,
-0.41271790862083435,
0.48822668194770813,
-0.7082738876342773,
0.10140427947044373,
0.12543468177318573,
0.6676294803619385,
-0.02902105450630188,
-0.17333608865737915,
0.37419912219047546,
0.9670528769493103,
0.3922571837902069,
-0.19918198883533478,
-0.20316891372203827,
-0.06591469049453735,
0.31055617332458496,
-0.2492132931947708,
-0.6514809131622314,
0.33310067653656006,
-0.6938502788543701,
-0.42658451199531555,
-0.40306419134140015,
-0.07098884135484695,
0.36545953154563904,
-0.34646353125572205,
-0.45432570576667786,
-0.3156023323535919,
0.3852967917919159,
-0.19262298941612244,
-0.021781276911497116,
-0.2204538732767105,
-0.5481072068214417,
-0.13194626569747925,
-0.24811489880084991,
0.6782965660095215,
0.1616939753293991,
-0.053266238421201706,
0.09687490016222,
0.02818167768418789,
0.8941943645477295,
-0.5808692574501038,
-0.47426339983940125,
-0.0060532912611961365,
0.13117113709449768,
-0.18717710673809052,
0.35499703884124756,
0.4196116328239441,
-0.526012659072876,
-0.15364335477352142,
-0.5923407673835754,
0.12619057297706604,
-0.11977604776620865,
-0.040690694004297256,
0.02029695361852646,
0.22284482419490814,
-0.03922714293003082,
0.12149666249752045,
0.25472021102905273,
-0.25645944476127625,
-0.8240854740142822,
-0.16004416346549988,
0.06876407563686371,
-0.10119805485010147,
0.12228074669837952,
0.780714750289917,
-0.22782734036445618,
-0.20522890985012054,
0.5472336411476135,
-0.5298160910606384,
-0.5973508954048157,
-0.7918069362640381,
0.6177414655685425,
-0.04040924087166786,
1.4160213470458984,
0.4596013128757477,
-0.19661079347133636,
0.3160531520843506,
-0.009295552968978882,
-0.14373116195201874,
-0.09391730278730392,
-0.3398527503013611,
-0.13222911953926086,
0.4176194369792938,
0.37866705656051636,
0.49049028754234314,
-0.3234612047672272,
-0.438262403011322,
-0.21164406836032867,
0.09863734990358353,
0.5169141292572021,
0.07385966926813126,
0.47493311762809753,
0.14365556836128235,
-0.5866913199424744,
-0.28571173548698425,
-0.513524055480957,
-0.10330679267644882,
0.017580905929207802,
-0.2806133031845093,
0.3842354416847229,
0.005710012745112181,
0.37347686290740967,
0.7624291181564331,
0.10508821159601212,
0.87950199842453,
0.00788460485637188,
0.5685027241706848,
-0.10915855318307877,
-0.3524399399757385,
-0.0027091926895081997,
0.17261777818202972,
0.16585233807563782,
0.03457973897457123,
0.5494913458824158,
0.14085246622562408,
-0.2717575430870056,
-0.19420839846134186,
0.19681566953659058,
-0.6861496567726135,
0.48271891474723816,
0.32323551177978516,
-0.3684132993221283,
0.07707774639129639,
-0.14274755120277405,
0.4102591872215271,
-0.000629622780252248,
-0.30978769063949585,
-0.43243032693862915,
0.4283488094806671,
0.254714697599411,
0.7278675436973572,
-0.03934277221560478,
-0.10799053311347961,
-0.5936097502708435,
-0.18903346359729767,
0.5316365957260132,
-0.41425463557243347,
0.5059348344802856,
0.2176390290260315,
0.9598404169082642,
0.025719964876770973,
0.30081504583358765,
-0.38223394751548767,
-0.31466448307037354,
-0.7179985046386719,
0.4141068756580353,
-0.43316057324409485,
0.408566951751709,
-0.3008958399295807,
0.15736991167068481,
-0.5043275952339172,
-0.30792465806007385,
0.8840566277503967,
-0.11860353499650955,
-0.1918657124042511,
-0.6198703050613403,
-0.014317402616143227,
-0.5329545140266418,
-0.49048495292663574,
0.028782662004232407,
0.459785521030426,
-0.42738813161849976,
-0.08059395104646683,
-0.32802364230155945,
0.44892388582229614,
-0.0436699315905571,
-0.23596562445163727,
0.6433447599411011,
-0.1600492000579834,
0.010467243380844593,
0.9484731554985046,
-0.32185304164886475,
-0.19634997844696045,
0.005056422669440508,
0.7271254658699036,
-0.46209922432899475,
-0.5654807090759277,
0.24757714569568634,
-0.451885849237442,
-0.9559937715530396,
0.37030187249183655,
0.0014851423911750317,
0.21776780486106873,
-0.20842231810092926,
0.11504443734884262,
-0.5436429381370544,
0.1563767045736313,
-5.514377117156982,
-0.016035206615924835,
-0.48586541414260864,
-0.5530230402946472,
-0.44753846526145935,
0.6902331113815308,
0.19917380809783936,
-0.4730633795261383,
0.054540425539016724,
-0.2279355525970459,
0.11109030246734619,
-0.1423187255859375,
-0.7897129058837891,
0.6650208830833435,
0.4347934126853943,
0.33421626687049866,
0.017577823251485825,
-0.34528103470802307,
-0.06428081542253494,
-0.10653675347566605,
0.01919860951602459,
-0.227925643324852,
0.11691132932901382,
0.623798668384552,
0.05409199371933937,
0.08728886395692825,
-0.39021679759025574,
0.22417345643043518,
-0.9143422842025757,
-0.4431300461292267,
-0.09437993168830872,
-0.6060125231742859,
-0.4961155951023102,
0.23811151087284088,
0.23849038779735565,
-0.08230527490377426,
0.24376976490020752,
0.7114160656929016,
-0.2723905146121979,
0.3427143096923828,
-0.44413280487060547,
0.1403311938047409,
-0.5865985155105591,
0.14834800362586975,
-0.09484946727752686,
0.14462484419345856,
-0.3420667350292206,
0.12112659960985184,
-0.7940873503684998,
0.9991148114204407,
0.16922391951084137,
-0.5729033350944519,
0.22777344286441803,
-0.04580284282565117,
-0.15254853665828705,
0.39020997285842896,
-0.0843248963356018,
-0.02831488847732544,
-0.41434118151664734,
0.5341612696647644,
0.2697533071041107,
-0.5715675354003906,
-0.0449715256690979,
-0.20272159576416016,
-0.46343567967414856,
0.1387222558259964,
-0.033956389874219894,
0.1139330342411995,
-0.07586237043142319,
-0.17700707912445068,
0.22191165387630463,
1.0134694576263428,
0.31617471575737,
-1.0166046619415283,
-0.2739047408103943,
-0.5072515606880188,
-0.2964508831501007,
-0.11151783168315887,
-0.381343275308609,
0.6592521667480469,
0.13119950890541077,
-0.510155200958252,
-0.6483623385429382,
0.32060351967811584,
0.7012656927108765,
0.8408570885658264,
-0.3558996319770813,
0.28715962171554565,
-0.30962130427360535,
-0.06611653417348862,
0.10655093193054199,
-0.2834163010120392,
0.16799859702587128,
0.37552234530448914,
-0.12484122067689896,
0.9496670961380005,
-0.16289566457271576,
0.16351190209388733,
0.4853866696357727,
0.7427020072937012,
0.16248665750026703,
-0.3804589807987213,
0.13352671265602112,
0.1329103261232376,
0.5531871318817139,
0.024478008970618248,
-0.2418271154165268,
0.19976814091205597,
1.0255895853042603,
0.37491753697395325,
-0.05522295460104942,
0.5447966456413269,
-0.4183378219604492,
-0.5842708945274353,
0.06722932308912277,
-0.9080253839492798,
-0.11631129682064056,
0.31915897130966187,
-0.010324313305318356,
-0.07111788541078568,
0.142655611038208,
-0.5304580926895142,
0.31945592164993286,
-0.20130012929439545,
-0.3206791579723358,
-0.11450423300266266,
0.018750960007309914,
0.09563814103603363,
-0.4837528169155121,
-0.08221794664859772,
-0.458792120218277,
0.7181359529495239,
0.009032336063683033,
0.4362141489982605,
0.5141053199768066,
0.03130063787102699,
-0.4004898965358734,
-0.29756537079811096,
0.08966653794050217,
-0.30471259355545044,
0.3401961624622345,
-0.07627013325691223,
-0.4054597020149231,
0.009748706594109535,
0.449105829000473,
0.017856063321232796,
-0.2697734832763672,
-0.20299743115901947,
-0.9165860414505005,
0.6096318364143372,
0.15678200125694275,
0.0007611843175254762,
0.667827844619751,
0.09910442680120468,
-0.37539413571357727,
0.21096061170101166,
-0.5720551609992981,
0.3218280076980591,
0.0386621430516243,
0.3575942814350128,
0.24971961975097656,
-0.058592893183231354,
-1.0065698623657227,
-0.19496303796768188,
0.23682017624378204,
0.04602207988500595,
-0.35630330443382263,
0.011164527386426926,
0.19952915608882904,
0.435137540102005,
-0.03810726851224899,
-0.45989733934402466,
-0.2255638986825943,
0.00993767287582159,
0.23624134063720703,
-0.2825632691383362,
0.2861124575138092,
-0.11539983004331589,
0.036258433014154434,
0.12673743069171906,
0.10876902937889099,
-0.29437753558158875,
-0.9103467464447021,
0.21698172390460968,
0.06613381952047348,
0.189255952835083,
-0.500961184501648,
0.16777153313159943,
-0.27928781509399414,
-0.1066882461309433,
-0.17967107892036438,
-0.06858900189399719,
-0.3006330728530884,
0.5846583247184753,
0.0648423358798027,
-0.14710670709609985,
0.1672767698764801,
-0.5128052234649658,
-0.5260851979255676,
-0.6915783286094666,
0.1462881863117218,
-0.296140193939209,
-0.20799443125724792,
-0.04671724513173103,
0.32095256447792053,
-0.73179030418396,
0.09179973602294922,
-0.1809798628091812,
-0.8062691688537598,
0.7392216324806213,
-0.33729109168052673,
-0.9137774705886841,
-0.02774731069803238,
0.5778328776359558,
-0.16256503760814667,
0.17776146531105042,
0.44252198934555054,
-0.3168070614337921,
-0.9517479538917542,
0.4171845614910126,
-0.5402601361274719,
0.43218305706977844,
-0.5071762204170227,
-0.24130110442638397,
-0.37962305545806885,
-0.2913998067378998,
-0.029007375240325928,
0.013807578943669796,
0.5304167866706848,
-0.3880850374698639,
-0.1349957287311554,
-0.2456802874803543,
-0.12807704508304596,
0.1821194291114807,
-0.006281378213316202,
-0.2141355276107788,
0.11623916029930115,
0.19563956558704376,
-0.49358078837394714,
0.27574312686920166,
0.7177296876907349,
0.576137900352478,
0.7285838723182678,
0.0631352961063385,
0.5208218693733215,
-0.2884082794189453,
0.4333539605140686,
-0.15205007791519165,
0.25568538904190063,
0.33504244685173035,
0.42364248633384705,
0.1969631463289261,
-0.682611882686615,
-0.7072204351425171,
1.0187764167785645,
-0.4927683174610138,
0.06674131751060486,
-0.014580793678760529,
0.4604857861995697,
-0.046422407031059265,
0.2256031483411789,
0.14569538831710815,
0.9445975422859192,
-0.21548691391944885,
-0.06110306456685066,
0.33793243765830994,
0.08032651990652084,
-0.3415839970111847,
-0.05400589853525162,
-0.31736189126968384,
0.2811742424964905,
-0.22789359092712402,
-0.16681906580924988,
0.11131296306848526,
-0.05178705230355263,
0.23372013866901398,
-0.15998829901218414,
-0.22493524849414825,
0.01723944954574108,
0.20158939063549042,
-0.7451983690261841,
-0.3319464325904846,
0.15306872129440308,
-0.6446447372436523,
-0.6137362122535706,
0.026940884068608284,
-0.5754449367523193,
-0.09100840985774994,
-0.35020357370376587,
0.1955370008945465,
-0.4457913637161255,
0.09216286987066269,
0.0858554095029831,
0.3748736083507538,
0.05918401852250099,
0.12380887567996979,
-0.10507237166166306,
0.22631269693374634,
0.014721143990755081,
-0.33768296241760254,
-0.22503040730953217,
0.49450749158859253,
0.3014753460884094,
-0.17155417799949646,
0.5892288684844971,
0.3332160413265228,
-0.176433265209198,
-0.3236698508262634,
-0.5458899140357971,
-0.21221600472927094,
0.5977590084075928,
-0.00543260108679533,
-0.20675551891326904,
0.42719101905822754,
-0.2622104287147522,
0.23394714295864105,
0.9700651168823242,
-0.2536088228225708,
0.13790200650691986,
0.08093643933534622,
0.36882805824279785,
-0.2472197711467743,
1.0145471096038818,
-0.3225092589855194,
-0.08284390717744827,
0.3805907070636749,
0.17849887907505035,
-0.17927801609039307,
-0.3352053165435791,
0.2359611541032791,
0.3779636323451996,
0.3845004439353943,
0.18036475777626038,
0.8200660347938538,
-0.29345864057540894,
0.19912543892860413,
0.32623574137687683,
-0.5044848918914795,
-0.18257582187652588,
0.20363359153270721,
0.23845671117305756,
0.7847744226455688,
-0.03456862270832062,
-0.19601617753505707,
-0.09959784895181656,
0.38771161437034607,
-0.26148998737335205,
0.03960183262825012,
-0.27262091636657715,
0.138361856341362,
0.5298913717269897,
0.5055428743362427,
0.10475929081439972,
-0.16083137691020966,
-0.4903372824192047,
0.530305802822113,
0.624440610408783,
-0.11075178533792496,
-0.2471221387386322,
0.6189373731613159,
0.36186373233795166,
-0.08458962291479111,
1.0091954469680786,
-0.3880031108856201,
-0.46898192167282104,
0.2541130483150482,
-0.036242738366127014,
-0.34884321689605713,
-0.227919340133667,
-0.2962319552898407,
0.18289874494075775,
-0.44582146406173706,
-0.2518962621688843,
0.8514572978019714,
0.6182006597518921,
-0.26515111327171326,
0.36861154437065125,
0.318966805934906,
0.3751075267791748,
0.5432320833206177,
-0.36697331070899963,
0.18910130858421326,
-0.01816418766975403,
-0.10572102665901184,
-0.05210168659687042,
-0.5905829071998596,
-0.10890054702758789,
-0.29983651638031006,
0.19149990379810333,
-0.2130621373653412,
0.14677783846855164,
-0.45412158966064453,
0.3829224109649658,
0.23814354836940765,
-0.4922197163105011,
-0.1569618582725525,
-0.6047542095184326,
0.8687903881072998,
-0.01379382237792015,
-0.2532120943069458,
-0.08717547357082367,
-0.008361454121768475,
0.01904538832604885,
-0.21559597551822662,
-0.2366235852241516,
0.22118867933750153,
-0.6034484505653381,
0.3221732974052429,
-0.13978666067123413,
0.6728057861328125,
0.27244114875793457,
0.3511838912963867,
-0.5583957433700562,
0.6980648636817932,
0.07831015437841415,
0.03702006861567497,
0.8252780437469482,
-0.26081883907318115,
-0.3472415506839752,
-0.4496631622314453,
0.1727062463760376,
-0.18187052011489868,
0.05780688300728798,
-0.47588518261909485,
0.024741658940911293,
0.6615086793899536,
0.2816171944141388,
-0.041307076811790466,
0.09319309145212173,
0.5945641994476318,
-0.4917508363723755,
0.45543673634529114,
-0.8457183241844177,
0.1571718007326126,
0.0284724161028862,
-0.05363372340798378,
0.6228880286216736,
0.04901523143053055,
0.45187944173812866,
-0.6026796698570251,
0.5061702728271484,
-0.03322505205869675,
-0.19288887083530426,
0.012287900783121586,
0.2770560383796692,
0.7058948278427124,
-0.214618980884552,
-0.28937968611717224,
-0.0652671605348587,
0.7133821249008179,
-0.20413829386234283,
-0.21874642372131348,
0.38560187816619873,
-0.9419830441474915,
0.034406475722789764,
-0.2376437932252884,
0.19928739964962006,
-0.6645428538322449,
0.41823938488960266,
-0.23220926523208618
] |
211103
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20lady
|
First lady
|
First lady is an unofficial title usually used for the wife, and occasionally used for the daughter or other female relative, of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive. The term is also used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art.
The title has also been used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state. It has also been used to refer to the wives of the leaders of administrative divisions within a country.
History
It has been noted that the earliest use of the term "first lady" is in reference to women of a high ranking or outstanding women in their field, and that the term, as used to describe the female spouse of the president of the United States, saw its first documented use in 1838 in reference to Martha Washington, who was never referred to as such during George Washington's time as president.
The first person to have been referred to as "first lady" on a regular basis during her time in the position was Harriet Lane, who was actually James Buchanan's niece, as Buchanan was a lifelong bachelor.
Variations
The male equivalent of the title in countries where the head of state's spouse has been a man, such as the Philippines or Malta, is first gentleman. While there has never been a male spouse of a U.S. president, "first gentleman" is used in the United States for the male spouse of a mayor or governor.
First spouse and first partner, both rare variations of the title, can be used in either case where the spouse of a political leader is of any gender. This term is used to promote gender equality and gender neutrality.
In the United States, collectively, the president of the United States and his spouse are known as the first couple and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as the first family.
Use in non-English speaking countries
French-speaking countries have used the term première dame for first ladies, regardless of where the first lady is from. At least one article, published in 2017, used the term premier monsieur for first gentleman. For that particular article, it was used to discuss the possibility of Louis Aliot becoming first gentleman, should his spouse, Marine Le Pen, win that year's presidential election. Emmanuel Macron defeated Le Pen in that year's election.
Portuguese-speaking countries have used the term primeira-dama or "Primeira Dama" for first ladies. The term is used regardless of where the person is from. The term primeiro-cavalheiro is used for first gentlemen.
In Spanish-speaking countries, the term primera dama is used for first ladies, regardless of the country the person is from. The term primer caballero has been used for first gentlemen.
Sinophone countries have used the term 第一夫人 (dìyī fūrén) as a term for first ladies, also without regards as to where the first lady is from.
Europe
Croatia
The terms supruga predsjednika republike (wife of the president of the republic) or suprug predsjednice republike (husband of the president of the republic) are most commonly used in Croatia, while the terms prva dama (first lady) and prvi gospodin (first gentleman) are rarely used, except by foreign sources. The current wife of the president of Croatia is Sanja Musić-Milanović.
The wife of the prime minister has occasionally, in exceptionally rare cases, also been referred to as the "first lady" of Croatia, however as the spouses of prime ministers have often maintained a low profile and have almost never been public figures, the title supruga predsjednika vlade (wife of the prime minister) has been used in cases when such a reference is needed. The current wife of the prime minister is Ana Maslać Plenković.
Czech Republic
The term první dáma is used for wife of the president of the Czech Republic.
The current first lady is Ivana Zemanová.
The term první dáma is also used for first ladies of other countries.
Poland
The term pierwsza dama is used by the wife of the current president of Poland. The title pani prezydentowa (the presidential lady) is also commonly, though informally, used.
Russia
Foreign press reports have referred to the wife of the Russian president as first lady. The term has also been used by foreign press to refer to the wife of Alexei Navalny, Yulia Navalnaya.
Russian first ladies have been less visible than their western counterparts due to historical reasons, as explained below.
Soviet Union
It has been noted that Soviet leaders generally preferred to keep their wives and families out of the spotlight, resulting in "invisible first ladies". As a result, low-profile first ladies remain common in post-Soviet countries, due to the leaders of those countries having grown up during the Soviet era.
The wife of Mikhail Gorbachev, Raisa Gorbachev, has been referred to as a Soviet first lady.
Ukraine
The wife of the country's president has been referred to as перша леді (persha ledi) by the country's government. The term "first lady" has also been used by the government in English language news releases.
While some first ladies, like Marina Poroshenko and Olena Zelenska, have played a role in social activism, other first ladies, like Lyudmila Yanukovych, have rarely taken part in public roles.
Asia
Armenia
The wife of the president of Armenia has been referred to as "Հայաստանի Առաջին տիկին" (Hayastani Arrajin tikin). The term "first lady" has also been used. The spouse of the current president, however, is only referred to as "հանրապետության նախագահի տիկին" (hanrapetut'yan nakhagahi tikin), or "wife of the president of Armenia".
Azerbaijan
The wife of the current president of Azerbaijan uses the term birinci xanım.
India
The term pratham mahila (प्रथम महिला, literally meaning "first lady") is less frequently used in India. The term might be used at times to refer to the wife of the president of India in newspapers; however, the more widespread term in general use is "wife of the president" or more informally as the president's wife/spouse/husband. the term "first lady" is not used to refer to the wife of the prime minister. Instead the term "first spouse" is used for the spouse of PM of India.
Indonesia
The term ibu negara (lady/mother of the state) is used for wife of the president of Indonesia. The term is also used to refer to first ladies of other countries.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, the term خاتون اول (read as khatoon-e-awwal) is commonly used for the wife of Mohammad, Khadija Bint Al-Khuwaylid. It has also been used for wife of the prime minister of Pakistan. It has also been used for wife of the president of Pakistan.
Philippines
The consort of the president of the Philippines bears the gender-neutral title of first spouse (Filipino: unang kabiyák), and among other duties, is host of Malacañan Palace. The title is genderless as many Philippine languages lack grammatical gender, and because there have been presidential consorts of both sexes.
When the official consort is female, she is known as "first lady" (unang ginang); the title has also been applied to an immediate female relative serving in this capacity for a widowed president. There has only been one first gentleman (unang ginoó) in history: José Miguel Arroyo, the husband of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14th president, but always given title "excellency".
South Korea
The wife of the president is called yeong-bu-in (영부인/令夫人).
Non-spousal uses
In some situations, the title is bestowed upon a non-spouse.
Australia
Following the leadership spill which installed Julia Gillard as the first female prime minister of Australia on June 24, 2010, some news media referred to her partner, Tim Mathieson, as the "first bloke". The Australian Government has referred to Mathieson as Gillard's partner, and has also recognized him as a prime ministerial spouse.
Bolivia
Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia, is single, so during his presidency his sister, Esther Morales, fulfilled the role of first lady.
Ireland
During the first half of Bertie Ahern's term as Taoiseach, he was separated from his wife Miriam (née Kelly) and the role of first lady was filled by his then domestic partner, Celia Larkin.
Republic of Korea (South Korea)
During the last five years of Park Chung-hee's time as president, his daughter, Park Geun-hye, served as first lady following her mother, Yuk Young-soo's death. She has been regarded as a de facto first lady of South Korea by some modern sources.
Peru
Keiko Fujimori took over the duties of first lady at the age of 19, after her the divorce of her father Alberto Fujimori and mother Susana Higuchi.
Philippines
The title was officially bestowed on Victoria Quirino-Delgado, the daughter of widower Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953), sixth president of the Philippines. Victoria's mother, Alicia Quirino née Syquía, had been killed by occupying Japanese troops towards the end of the Second World War. While President Corazón Aquino (1986–1992) was also widowed, the title was not given to her older children who would assist her in official duties. These included her son (and later president) Benigno Aquino III, who was a sort of de facto first gentleman; his four sisters, as under their mother's presidency, now unofficially share the duties of the first spouse. The current president, Rodrigo Duterte's marriage was annulled, and his common-law wife is not qualified to take the title as they are not married yet. Instead, he named his daughter, Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte, as first lady.
United States
Thomas Jefferson was a widower by the time he took office as president, and his daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, who served as the lady of the president's house on occasion, has been recognized by the First Ladies National Historic Site as being a first lady, even though the White House website recognizes her mother, Martha Jefferson, as first lady. While Dolley Madison also served as hostess and Jefferson's escort on occasion, she is recognized as a spousal first lady by way of her husband's presidency following Jefferson.
Andrew Jackson's wife, Rachel Jackson, died before Jackson's presidency. Jackson's niece, Emily Donelson, carried out the duties of first lady until her death, and Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Jackson, presided over the White House during the final months of Jackson's presidency. Both are recognized by the First Ladies National Historic Site as being first ladies, despite the White House website recognizing Jackson's wife as first lady.
James Buchanan was a lifelong bachelor. During his time in office, his niece, Harriet Lane, served as "hostess". She is recognized as having acted in the capacity of a contemporary first lady during her uncle's time in office, and is listed among other spousal first ladies on the White House website.
Colorado
Jared Polis, who was elected as governor in 2018, is openly gay, and was in a long-term relationship with his partner, Marlon Reis, at the time of his election. Reis was referred to as "first man" by Polis during a speech on the night of his election, and members of Polis' campaign said that Reis will take on the title of "first gentleman". The pair subsequently married in 2021.
Not all non-married partners of Colorado governors are called first lady or first gentleman, as Robin Pringle was referred to by The Denver Post as John Hickenlooper's girlfriend prior to their marriage.
Puerto Rico
After taking office as Puerto Rico's first female governor, Governor Sila Maria Calderón appointed her two daughters, Sila María González Calderón and María Elena González Calderón, to serve as first ladies.
Non-political uses
It has become commonplace in the United States for the title of "first lady" to be bestowed on women, as a term of endearment, who have proven themselves to be of exceptional talent or unique notoriety in non-political areas. The phrase is often, but not always, used when the person in question is either the wife or "female equivalent" of a well-known man (or men) in a similar field. For example, the term has been applied in the entertainment field to denote the "first lady of television" (Lucille Ball), the "first lady of song" (Ella Fitzgerald), the "first lady of country music" (Tammy Wynette, although Loretta Lynn was also known by the title), the "first lady of Star Trek" (actor/producer Majel Barrett), the "first lady of American soul" (Aretha Franklin), the "first lady of the Grand Ole Opry" (Loretta Lynn), "the first lady of American cinema" (Lilian Gish) and the "first lady of the American stage" (Helen Hayes).
The term has also been used to refer to wives of college and university presidents in some cases.
The term "first lady" is also used to denote a woman who occupies the foremost social position within a particular locality, in this sense being particularly popular in Africa, where the pre-eminent female noble in some chieftaincy hierarchies, such as those of the Yoruba people, is often referred to by the title.
In recent years, the term has also been used to refer to the wife of the pastor of a church, especially in predominantly black churches.
See also
List of spouses of heads of state
List of first gentlemen in the United States
Second lady
Queen consort
First Yaya [First Nanny] - Philippine TV series
First Lady - Philippine TV series
References
Further reading
Abrams, Jeanne E. First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role (NYU Press. 2018) online review
Bailey, Tim. "America's First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit", History Now 35 (Spring 2013) online , curriculum unit based on primary sources
Berkin, Berkin, ed., "America's First Ladies", History Now 35 (Spring 2013) online ; popular essays by scholars
Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
Horohoe, Jill, "First Ladies as Modern Celebrities: Politics and the Press in Progressive Era" (PhD dissertation, Arizona State University, 2011). DA3452884.
Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. and Mary K. Bloodsworth-Lugo. "Bare Biceps and American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady", Women's Studies Quarterly (2011) 39#1 pp 200–217, on media images of Michelle Obama
Watson, Robert P. "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship", Presidential Studies Quarterly (2003) 33#2 pp 423–441.
External links
Current First Ladies (biographies and photo profiles)
Women's social titles
|
[
-0.26511549949645996,
-0.2700072228908539,
-0.13678187131881714,
0.16533687710762024,
-0.06559310853481293,
0.1441447138786316,
0.2671665549278259,
0.3496297001838684,
-0.2538106143474579,
0.17639829218387604,
-0.7900661826133728,
0.2714693546295166,
-0.13052789866924286,
0.6693540811538696,
-0.27918070554733276,
-0.09028128534555435,
0.12498831748962402,
1.296762466430664,
-0.18852564692497253,
-0.35863301157951355,
-0.17557157576084137,
-0.08770706504583359,
-0.04439171776175499,
-0.6072080731391907,
0.3818611800670624,
-0.27226606011390686,
0.5131877660751343,
-0.6266797780990601,
0.3213352859020233,
0.16425283253192902,
-0.11296993494033813,
-0.4125722348690033,
-0.26776641607284546,
0.25373250246047974,
-0.325222373008728,
-0.2537611424922943,
0.08165133744478226,
0.03294539079070091,
-0.4605790674686432,
-0.5042267441749573,
-0.5869570374488831,
-0.4649026691913605,
0.8717692494392395,
0.26668593287467957,
-0.6445156931877136,
-0.693667471408844,
-1.957344651222229,
0.3470837473869324,
0.06967099010944366,
-0.2861808240413666,
-0.09029039740562439,
0.0753241777420044,
0.6316491961479187,
0.3463694751262665,
-0.001541178673505783,
0.4297086298465729,
-0.44597750902175903,
0.3899470269680023,
-0.5477585196495056,
-0.5762805342674255,
0.354009211063385,
0.1698482781648636,
0.7390650510787964,
0.12229729443788528,
0.9431087374687195,
0.3996100425720215,
0.193913996219635,
0.08862300217151642,
-0.5380103588104248,
0.11405178159475327,
-0.4062856435775757,
-0.3846330940723419,
0.7814912796020508,
-0.08850973099470139,
-0.7562882900238037,
0.23625287413597107,
0.47064071893692017,
-0.033025115728378296,
0.3037990927696228,
-0.053556155413389206,
-0.44944649934768677,
-0.0045824781991541386,
-0.22697053849697113,
0.07897809147834778,
-0.07366053014993668,
0.6193395256996155,
-0.18432623147964478,
0.16853797435760498,
-0.08855962008237839,
0.8757681250572205,
-0.07246503233909607,
0.47576236724853516,
0.29447799921035767,
-0.2886875569820404,
-0.2269728183746338,
-0.24612008035182953,
0.5058553218841553,
-0.06354695558547974,
-0.041206132620573044,
-0.010256794281303883,
-0.3542771339416504,
-0.45619043707847595,
0.09280285239219666,
-0.663783073425293,
-0.5840551257133484,
-0.6437621712684631,
-0.10255605727434158,
0.09885089099407196,
-0.180132195353508,
-0.05431560426950455,
0.3177015483379364,
0.3330925703048706,
0.19360463321208954,
0.4771905541419983,
-0.347512811422348,
0.4855358898639679,
-0.020055439323186874,
-0.020762447267770767,
-0.03582838550209999,
-0.5902472734451294,
0.10884963721036911,
-0.5556086897850037,
-0.030606143176555634,
-0.4018711745738983,
0.11196208745241165,
0.16538120806217194,
0.31724268198013306,
0.5895432233810425,
-0.6950790882110596,
-0.13592998683452606,
0.05684748291969299,
0.08122510462999344,
-0.07259736210107803,
0.13589546084403992,
-0.239161416888237,
-0.3159022033214569,
0.21996186673641205,
-0.033126551657915115,
0.7999247908592224,
0.6061132550239563,
-0.570114254951477,
0.1311025172472,
-0.6022156476974487,
-0.3329564332962036,
0.659960925579071,
-0.18190830945968628,
0.40275347232818604,
-0.2122635543346405,
-0.5091491937637329,
0.11007557809352875,
-0.31763705611228943,
0.08263066411018372,
0.165434792637825,
-0.3038822114467621,
-0.1886523813009262,
-0.4834706783294678,
0.6452863812446594,
-0.5492743849754333,
0.32025519013404846,
0.28809210658073425,
0.3011581301689148,
0.05449795350432396,
-0.14537304639816284,
0.35772934556007385,
0.194580540060997,
0.10710269212722778,
-0.03211969509720802,
0.6509061455726624,
-0.16181202232837677,
0.40516889095306396,
0.1313377022743225,
0.560326337814331,
-0.2411753535270691,
0.19631771743297577,
-0.5201910734176636,
1.1953215599060059,
-0.20021069049835205,
-0.1162639856338501,
0.38363561034202576,
-0.33840399980545044,
-0.7282209992408752,
0.5022173523902893,
0.2572844624519348,
-0.3911425769329071,
0.2407187521457672,
-0.19627898931503296,
-0.11474330723285675,
0.2916504144668579,
-0.13129840791225433,
-0.8099527359008789,
-0.5212499499320984,
-0.5726198554039001,
-0.22840027511119843,
-0.05457287281751633,
0.11610148102045059,
-0.09265496581792831,
0.1810940057039261,
1.1877901554107666,
-0.4945356547832489,
0.557282030582428,
0.5002032518386841,
0.00848883856087923,
-0.2099350392818451,
-0.41160574555397034,
-0.3943087160587311,
0.5044163465499878,
0.17996746301651,
0.42174196243286133,
0.26331400871276855,
0.24830228090286255,
0.11494062840938568,
0.05871950462460518,
0.6824201345443726,
-0.002397220116108656,
0.048936598002910614,
0.1806292086839676,
-0.5115240216255188,
0.03517541661858559,
0.09419576078653336,
-0.07644402980804443,
0.7056609392166138,
0.21441084146499634,
-0.20006674528121948,
0.08350228518247604,
-0.1478090137243271,
0.18547269701957703,
-0.15212956070899963,
0.0817478820681572,
-0.2499445080757141,
-0.3940398097038269,
0.42966076731681824,
-0.23942610621452332,
0.587355375289917,
-0.0747411772608757,
-0.450801819562912,
-0.11121493577957153,
0.09285175055265427,
-0.04691777378320694,
0.0828976258635521,
-0.20761890709400177,
-0.06554103642702103,
0.29914695024490356,
-0.25645679235458374,
0.8375406265258789,
0.10697340220212936,
-0.38823390007019043,
-0.11476045846939087,
0.08284242451190948,
0.000411568908020854,
-0.26557615399360657,
0.20799769461154938,
-0.035025566816329956,
0.4218599200248718,
0.12551657855510712,
0.15732760727405548,
-0.39391058683395386,
-0.4634573757648468,
0.8253337740898132,
0.16728246212005615,
0.14990265667438507,
0.11267141997814178,
0.3862899839878082,
0.012252822518348694,
0.6115672588348389,
-0.03840320184826851,
0.45630940794944763,
0.20666810870170593,
-0.3246055543422699,
0.031823042780160904,
0.7821131944656372,
0.2647152841091156,
0.4977805018424988,
-0.744515061378479,
-0.4179604649543762,
-0.2996067702770233,
-0.4169771075248718,
-0.17855119705200195,
0.5630643963813782,
-0.106535904109478,
-0.9598143100738525,
0.4092242419719696,
0.10657881945371628,
0.06457983702421188,
-0.33419880270957947,
-0.5039839148521423,
-1.1221625804901123,
0.1402127891778946,
-0.37178391218185425,
-0.22590547800064087,
0.26168292760849,
-0.364473432302475,
0.1088622510433197,
0.04515959322452545,
-0.19117461144924164,
0.2013576775789261,
0.34072408080101013,
-0.006692774128168821,
0.45375776290893555,
0.02459503710269928,
-0.1528531312942505,
-0.5909897685050964,
0.03822565823793411,
-0.005347331985831261,
-0.11501242965459824,
0.6199814081192017,
0.21344499289989471,
0.43733149766921997,
-0.2735223174095154,
-5.8348069190979,
0.1588214784860611,
0.07476918399333954,
-0.4646584689617157,
0.4806849956512451,
0.058088645339012146,
0.5945799946784973,
-0.24404551088809967,
-0.25683140754699707,
0.6177744269371033,
0.5466880798339844,
0.2909833490848541,
-0.03344143182039261,
0.013959209434688091,
0.4454851746559143,
0.45772719383239746,
0.29232099652290344,
0.16420692205429077,
-0.19647713005542755,
0.26949238777160645,
0.18392081558704376,
0.2497439980506897,
0.3072369694709778,
0.7603557109832764,
0.5544595122337341,
-0.3779265284538269,
-0.24771609902381897,
-0.7108336687088013,
-0.5677181482315063,
-0.19888433814048767,
0.5938926339149475,
0.4154658913612366,
0.27116984128952026,
0.21892207860946655,
-0.10837458074092865,
-0.09820858389139175,
0.7270267605781555,
0.10832929611206055,
0.38435864448547363,
0.07080695033073425,
-0.4542885720729828,
0.5169622898101807,
-0.15340831875801086,
0.25178956985473633,
0.0432877317070961,
-0.6115491390228271,
0.048667240887880325,
-0.33057573437690735,
-0.0002767832193057984,
0.03786797448992729,
-0.9425541758537292,
0.32114192843437195,
0.2781044542789459,
-0.2581062316894531,
-0.04440803453326225,
0.5008666515350342,
0.32625702023506165,
0.5279780626296997,
-0.4459035396575928,
-0.4092230796813965,
-0.11070291697978973,
-0.3321301341056824,
0.36569347977638245,
-0.32369881868362427,
-0.03586962819099426,
-0.6409997344017029,
-0.5942296385765076,
0.22819015383720398,
0.4416007101535797,
0.5596291422843933,
0.2061423510313034,
-0.1430429369211197,
0.20237977802753448,
-1.0678902864456177,
0.3280956745147705,
-0.9404420256614685,
-0.1059517189860344,
0.43124011158943176,
0.08618728816509247,
-0.33166101574897766,
0.4819430708885193,
0.515622079372406,
-0.14227883517742157,
0.3476938307285309,
-0.23248513042926788,
-0.7806811332702637,
0.1480746567249298,
0.08213776350021362,
0.24395115673542023,
-0.3668888807296753,
-0.052242428064346313,
-0.2522231340408325,
0.33613863587379456,
0.11339455097913742,
-0.10347761958837509,
0.48420414328575134,
-0.16866067051887512,
-0.16689099371433258,
0.183306485414505,
-0.23096320033073425,
-0.08842400461435318,
-0.43631136417388916,
-0.24509118497371674,
-0.3040553629398346,
-0.012172296643257141,
-0.4199238419532776,
-0.4377974569797516,
-0.03794073313474655,
0.8645829558372498,
-0.5685834884643555,
0.32238641381263733,
0.228277787566185,
0.11334581673145294,
-0.674530029296875,
-0.17384402453899384,
0.20359402894973755,
-0.18552418053150177,
0.4038666784763336,
0.44675591588020325,
0.1485854834318161,
-0.07491987943649292,
-0.09614919126033783,
-0.8154707551002502,
0.17687594890594482,
-0.17316856980323792,
-0.0281070563942194,
0.15799464285373688,
-0.2711522579193115,
0.0007090616272762418,
-0.10113376379013062,
0.6176398396492004,
0.10977230221033096,
-0.27751487493515015,
-0.061842527240514755,
0.36894941329956055,
-0.31137895584106445,
0.31804704666137695,
-0.06744171679019928,
-0.6992534399032593,
-0.7186537384986877,
-0.5382572412490845,
0.06760618090629578,
-0.8780477643013,
0.22217077016830444,
0.6574732065200806,
0.17776606976985931,
-0.19421154260635376,
0.12393704801797867,
-0.27145716547966003,
1.0304679870605469,
-0.3810439109802246,
-0.20181506872177124,
0.2847105860710144,
-0.7113295197486877,
-0.0372900553047657,
-0.47973567247390747,
0.1742437779903412,
0.23592010140419006,
-0.633320152759552,
-0.24124611914157867,
-0.41134175658226013,
-0.6053528189659119,
-0.7290906310081482,
-0.05162762850522995,
0.18803124129772186,
0.07237913459539413,
-0.7528389692306519,
-0.42234155535697937,
-0.5279173254966736,
1.1588382720947266,
0.22583609819412231,
-0.30958521366119385,
-0.07558359950780869,
-0.5625669360160828,
0.45351940393447876,
0.2570419907569885,
0.2381134033203125,
0.6400011777877808,
-0.11542125046253204,
-0.1336999237537384,
0.035801392048597336,
-0.39700236916542053,
-0.31338322162628174,
0.15768858790397644,
0.24229136109352112,
0.2598464787006378,
-0.268720418214798,
0.1548452526330948,
-0.40860697627067566,
0.0025113101582974195,
0.12536638975143433,
-0.2222530096769333,
0.058678749948740005,
-0.12869925796985626,
-0.9304770827293396,
0.32785215973854065,
-0.28299686312675476,
-0.07450053840875626,
-0.11703522503376007,
-0.07462745159864426,
-0.4436536431312561,
0.2884787917137146,
-0.6879557967185974,
-0.20020544528961182,
0.25356778502464294,
-0.5862436890602112,
0.3982791602611542,
-0.042747266590595245,
-0.1768406331539154,
0.5408952236175537,
-0.4622337222099304,
-0.1545688509941101,
0.4907042384147644,
0.12904644012451172,
-0.24977120757102966,
-0.06296353042125702,
-0.05667201802134514,
-0.5577270984649658,
0.06701410561800003,
-0.535601794719696,
-0.09387015551328659,
-0.11445119976997375,
-0.45418962836265564,
-0.023822834715247154,
0.3110102117061615,
-0.15791893005371094,
0.10159774124622345,
-0.1870255470275879,
0.8436413407325745,
-0.37276726961135864,
-0.10895354300737381,
0.20777776837348938,
-0.17409411072731018,
-0.3064972758293152,
-0.13328880071640015,
-0.3389684855937958,
0.4247393012046814,
0.07459214329719543,
0.4018964469432831,
-0.2539629638195038,
0.48144885897636414,
0.7145797610282898,
0.1897030621767044,
-0.6039252877235413,
-0.4415910542011261,
0.08222664892673492,
0.07291287183761597,
-0.7254979014396667,
-0.117871955037117,
0.8569547533988953,
0.38048139214515686,
-0.3727400600910187,
-0.4213462769985199,
-0.13151447474956512,
-0.22750096023082733,
-0.5566549301147461,
0.17812183499336243,
0.44717058539390564,
-0.13446205854415894,
0.5979268550872803,
0.22842803597450256,
0.022640375420451164,
-0.3993872404098511,
-0.12691234052181244,
0.2860910892486572,
0.2991977035999298,
-0.30167868733406067,
0.22888219356536865,
0.18910954892635345,
-0.14096443355083466,
0.23875154554843903,
0.40186354517936707,
0.24367910623550415,
-0.24943813681602478,
0.28586554527282715,
0.34333062171936035,
0.0698169693350792,
-0.042065344750881195,
0.19119442999362946,
0.13311176002025604,
-0.21952034533023834,
-0.40736520290374756,
-0.16608595848083496,
-0.7082289457321167,
0.2984338700771332,
-1.0198122262954712,
0.6241853833198547,
-0.3172500729560852,
-0.9749465584754944,
0.023410476744174957,
-0.03245550021529198,
0.06411350518465042,
0.017063666135072708,
0.5980935096740723,
-0.019121652469038963,
0.1594438999891281,
0.2553260028362274,
0.3917310833930969,
0.10202720761299133,
0.12544064223766327,
-0.3248080015182495,
0.40808361768722534,
0.09117501974105835,
-0.01940266042947769,
0.09482190757989883,
0.11460741609334946,
-0.31605398654937744,
-0.5147016644477844,
0.23994973301887512,
-0.3880602717399597,
-0.23262988030910492,
-0.42692968249320984,
0.5075204968452454,
0.34690403938293457,
-0.1930994689464569,
-0.4098445773124695,
0.025206364691257477,
0.11527568846940994,
-0.09223661571741104,
-0.09333532303571701,
-0.08685901015996933,
-0.37308549880981445,
0.11287174373865128,
0.23715223371982574,
0.18530316650867462,
0.29966405034065247,
-0.2589007318019867,
0.2006165236234665,
0.27775630354881287,
-0.06605066359043121,
0.742424488067627,
0.6361974477767944,
-0.11091995239257812,
0.6347858309745789,
-0.5481902956962585,
-0.7137253880500793,
0.38359570503234863,
-0.5185464024543762,
-0.0298624187707901,
0.6058582067489624,
0.37751758098602295,
0.2576036751270294,
0.1580711156129837,
-0.0411367192864418,
0.144368976354599,
0.36604025959968567,
0.27178725600242615,
0.7706659436225891,
0.027048207819461823,
-0.363368421792984,
0.5539416074752808,
-0.22703932225704193,
-0.2899650037288666,
-0.3261313736438751,
0.41947290301322937,
0.08993121981620789,
0.6635487079620361,
-0.308469295501709,
-0.14341332018375397,
-0.5174713730812073,
-0.49931642413139343,
-0.25733253359794617,
0.5913112163543701,
0.0756465494632721,
0.16774596273899078,
-0.1726096123456955,
0.20784765481948853,
0.18364962935447693,
0.20519405603408813,
-0.1131628006696701,
0.5541711449623108,
0.06415500491857529,
-0.3150452971458435,
-0.44398438930511475,
0.39891794323921204,
0.08210397511720657,
0.623820424079895,
0.033387456089258194,
0.05565887317061424,
-0.33030223846435547,
0.0602121464908123,
-0.01005326397716999,
-0.12155769765377045,
-0.6492398977279663,
-0.1753806322813034,
-0.05146653205156326,
0.03081108070909977,
0.31718823313713074,
-0.14429104328155518,
0.5134300589561462,
0.7207355499267578,
-0.32028937339782715,
0.14310204982757568,
0.09926552325487137,
-0.05606744810938835,
-0.09086116403341293,
0.19352033734321594,
0.5449963212013245,
0.17922651767730713,
0.058107905089855194,
-0.42056527733802795,
0.6213419437408447,
-0.3329453766345978,
-0.01314022857695818,
-0.16206908226013184,
0.4775655269622803,
-0.06352446973323822,
0.14588691294193268,
-0.1507788598537445,
-0.2557116150856018,
0.3674160838127136,
-0.9226155281066895,
0.274574875831604,
0.19781602919101715,
-0.02097383514046669,
0.17935436964035034,
0.7730081081390381,
-0.10895195603370667,
0.4145914614200592,
-0.6705818176269531,
0.1533055603504181,
-0.13817965984344482,
0.476543664932251,
-0.09446364641189575,
-0.2847859859466553,
0.1686776727437973,
0.09422477334737778,
0.15773171186447144,
-0.3111500144004822,
0.5301767587661743,
-0.6167231798171997,
0.41270512342453003,
-0.4992888271808624,
0.17050370573997498,
0.268205851316452,
0.0687512457370758,
-0.042750511318445206,
0.2825772166252136,
0.03241018205881119,
-0.20202216506004333,
-0.31167492270469666,
0.29401907324790955,
-0.018905648961663246,
0.05343283712863922,
-0.45834293961524963,
0.13915090262889862,
-0.39393869042396545,
-0.23412857949733734,
-0.29076606035232544,
-0.5167197585105896,
-0.27225616574287415,
-0.290202796459198,
0.6696078181266785,
-0.05290313437581062,
-0.161537304520607,
-0.31617867946624756,
0.19409598410129547,
-1.1020630598068237,
0.1035345122218132,
0.665304958820343
] |
211106
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Heinrichs
|
Erik Heinrichs
|
Axel Erik Heinrichs (21 July 1890 – 16 November 1965) was a Finnish military general. He was Finland's Chief of the General Staff during the Interim Peace and Continuation War (1940–1941 and 1942–1944) and commander-in-chief for a short time after the war (1944–1945).
Biography
Heinrichs went to the Swedish co-educational school Nya svenska samskolan. He was one of the Finnish Jaeger troops trained in the volunteer Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion between 1915 and 1918. During the Finnish Civil War he served as a battalion commander in the battles of Tampere and Viipuri. He commanded the III Corps in the Winter War, and from 19 February 1940 the Army of the Isthmus. He was made Chief of the General Staff in June 1940 and promoted to General of Infantry in 1941.
During the Continuation War he commanded the Army of Karelia until January 1942, after which he was again appointed the Chief of the General Staff. After the war he served as the Army's commander-in-chief but was forced to resign because of the Weapons Cache Case. In 1944 Heinrichs became the second person to receive the Mannerheim Cross, First Class. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
Heinrichs was one of the military experts of the delegation sent by president Paasikivi to Moscow for the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance in 1948.
References
Tapola, Päivi: Kenraalien kirjeet, Tammi, 2007. .
"Hitler's Arctic War. The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland and the U.S.S.R. 1940- 1945." (2002) Chris Mann & Christer Jorgensen.
1890 births
1965 deaths
Military personnel from Helsinki
People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish generals
German military personnel of World War I
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Finnish military personnel of World War II
Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Chiefs of Staff (Finnish Defence Forces)
Jägers of the Jäger Movement
|
[
0.014012223109602928,
0.2866605520248413,
-0.14340879023075104,
0.4522504508495331,
-0.6760694980621338,
1.079538345336914,
1.5796763896942139,
-0.7073805928230286,
-0.5599164962768555,
0.00288116536103189,
0.13698284327983856,
0.1159018874168396,
-0.179361492395401,
-0.0008910606265999377,
-0.18810522556304932,
0.2471446990966797,
-0.05613706260919571,
0.3280485272407532,
-0.6856757402420044,
-0.14038294553756714,
-0.3328275680541992,
-0.443652480840683,
0.1364183872938156,
0.3826780617237091,
0.0017786447424441576,
0.22585859894752502,
0.22641496360301971,
0.4660261571407318,
0.9086893796920776,
-0.18348509073257446,
-0.31372326612472534,
0.4323195815086365,
0.12331781536340714,
-0.2592780292034149,
-0.9542340040206909,
0.3921732008457184,
-0.5611773729324341,
-0.5118735432624817,
0.6215983033180237,
0.35103073716163635,
-0.3606240153312683,
0.7435622215270996,
-0.4108564257621765,
-0.2710527777671814,
0.1281665861606598,
-0.37861400842666626,
-1.7117406129837036,
0.03953254595398903,
-0.5097253918647766,
-0.5303621292114258,
0.06964155286550522,
-0.09236380457878113,
0.45673564076423645,
0.3885118365287781,
0.3774208426475525,
-0.49158090353012085,
-0.688245952129364,
-0.10291438549757004,
-0.4572615325450897,
-0.19721470773220062,
0.3463454842567444,
0.27070969343185425,
0.4164988696575165,
-0.44177573919296265,
0.966271162033081,
-0.1311957687139511,
-0.167732834815979,
0.4445202946662903,
0.42465439438819885,
-0.4152086675167084,
-0.032182831317186356,
0.41953980922698975,
0.6655604243278503,
-0.3984260559082031,
0.30302634835243225,
-1.0107132196426392,
-0.2044910043478012,
0.402493417263031,
0.08240335434675217,
-0.4850611686706543,
-0.48971959948539734,
-1.1355315446853638,
0.6375893950462341,
0.2568701207637787,
0.045129112899303436,
0.05674475431442261,
-0.43765169382095337,
-0.03276672214269638,
-0.6138685345649719,
-0.32421359419822693,
0.11984441429376602,
-0.5437533259391785,
0.04426831379532814,
-0.025145195424556732,
0.20449957251548767,
0.6334249973297119,
-0.1308753490447998,
0.821908175945282,
-0.027484431862831116,
0.13359913229942322,
0.2608855664730072,
0.2272111475467682,
-0.030289290472865105,
-0.2393326461315155,
0.020821167156100273,
-0.4746291935443878,
0.14934203028678894,
0.013525955379009247,
-0.08559160679578781,
-1.1563373804092407,
-0.9502508640289307,
-0.07806836813688278,
-0.1263742595911026,
-0.1300893872976303,
0.05248469114303589,
0.31999471783638,
-0.19155213236808777,
-0.3718683421611786,
-0.43930065631866455,
0.125114306807518,
-0.918404757976532,
0.7567934393882751,
-0.3648347854614258,
0.5019124150276184,
-0.8852182626724243,
0.1359894871711731,
-0.49679240584373474,
0.3697814345359802,
-0.3389541506767273,
0.23910342156887054,
0.7575575113296509,
0.8166965246200562,
-0.7470487356185913,
0.3583015203475952,
-0.4700973927974701,
-0.11035841703414917,
0.2037298083305359,
0.3598383367061615,
-0.7156070470809937,
0.32323724031448364,
-0.5379169583320618,
-0.44067642092704773,
-1.1927661895751953,
-0.07955970615148544,
-0.23601827025413513,
-0.3192969262599945,
-0.4562038481235504,
-0.19192709028720856,
0.07259542495012283,
-0.34051138162612915,
0.299342542886734,
0.317927747964859,
0.2060481309890747,
-0.39401280879974365,
-0.5571025609970093,
0.7021674513816833,
0.37958893179893494,
0.259922057390213,
0.08389423787593842,
0.05105732008814812,
0.8547604084014893,
0.34745410084724426,
-0.4638215899467468,
0.6259294748306274,
0.3808768093585968,
-0.12643584609031677,
0.1610938459634781,
0.2871357202529907,
-0.17647616565227509,
-0.19396983087062836,
-0.5634933114051819,
-0.38133692741394043,
-0.07178016752004623,
0.3402344286441803,
0.04793525114655495,
0.6600894927978516,
-0.4255398213863373,
0.03368961066007614,
0.4638870656490326,
-0.6992998719215393,
-0.812111496925354,
-0.5053074359893799,
0.21917426586151123,
-0.09249088913202286,
0.18941625952720642,
0.6348761916160583,
0.09198693931102753,
-0.03142501413822174,
0.7888196706771851,
-0.38709670305252075,
-0.39884528517723083,
-0.7452304363250732,
0.45190510153770447,
0.06494615226984024,
1.0239920616149902,
0.10426349937915802,
-0.3122732937335968,
0.20557363331317902,
-0.19113241136074066,
0.5905202627182007,
-0.1482222080230713,
-0.6281747221946716,
0.008373805321753025,
-0.09040010720491409,
0.7605318427085876,
1.5881261825561523,
0.3933604061603546,
-0.075862817466259,
0.0009120411123149097,
0.5531753897666931,
0.20588362216949463,
-0.7648875117301941,
0.07148871570825577,
0.6977049112319946,
-0.00003314486093586311,
-0.4408768117427826,
-0.9008224010467529,
-0.22225485742092133,
0.6401645541191101,
-0.5146355628967285,
0.32972201704978943,
0.23256291449069977,
-0.3523314297199249,
0.9571021199226379,
-0.30340641736984253,
0.8854129314422607,
0.16681888699531555,
0.6764319539070129,
-0.17192624509334564,
-0.7658652067184448,
0.1922098845243454,
0.16039292514324188,
-0.042233869433403015,
-0.03558287024497986,
0.6523301005363464,
0.36317697167396545,
0.26539915800094604,
0.18827755749225616,
0.07108273357152939,
-0.7787386775016785,
0.10313902050256729,
0.5304856300354004,
-0.15383583307266235,
0.15416312217712402,
0.5313863158226013,
0.41475486755371094,
-0.4783633351325989,
0.027767986059188843,
-0.27745407819747925,
-0.14520402252674103,
-0.07077592611312866,
0.08428966253995895,
0.2682550251483917,
-0.37928348779678345,
-0.01716029830276966,
-0.3879239857196808,
0.4166925251483917,
-0.11247261613607407,
-0.36070743203163147,
0.2840116620063782,
0.49013981223106384,
0.10465320199728012,
-0.12514811754226685,
-0.13493403792381287,
0.26608315110206604,
-0.20642082393169403,
-0.2570013105869293,
-0.5370813012123108,
0.7533072233200073,
-0.06924586743116379,
-0.28138765692710876,
-0.5510242581367493,
0.09081857651472092,
-1.1227835416793823,
-0.32297709584236145,
-0.7093082666397095,
-0.34538528323173523,
0.3066970407962799,
-0.44439393281936646,
-0.11263443529605865,
0.22136478126049042,
0.8921463489532471,
0.19657671451568604,
-0.27921217679977417,
-0.24064327776432037,
0.1245090514421463,
-0.09022518992424011,
-0.19184279441833496,
0.4793590307235718,
-0.10523700714111328,
0.04756470024585724,
1.1089692115783691,
-0.4947338402271271,
0.2955109477043152,
0.19738233089447021,
-0.023585807532072067,
-0.5465545654296875,
-0.8675128817558289,
0.6391746401786804,
0.21608446538448334,
-1.1245062351226807,
0.39214444160461426,
-0.1376696079969406,
0.4209056794643402,
-0.08893447369337082,
-0.0024347342550754547,
-0.1679242104291916,
-0.16777285933494568,
-4.820235729217529,
-0.24337103962898254,
0.0715387687087059,
-0.46960973739624023,
0.3887545168399811,
0.661125898361206,
0.1881798505783081,
-0.2947937846183777,
0.28133273124694824,
-0.5477994680404663,
0.771970272064209,
0.030579792335629463,
0.3273751735687256,
0.4474394619464874,
0.8385792374610901,
0.609978199005127,
0.6768932938575745,
-0.0161429550498724,
0.14006182551383972,
0.051956381648778915,
0.10485543310642242,
-0.023292694240808487,
0.18843720853328705,
0.2281317561864853,
-0.32338041067123413,
0.16811399161815643,
-0.41285577416419983,
0.013600053265690804,
-0.7052622437477112,
-0.4834805130958557,
0.1197698786854744,
0.37002119421958923,
-0.34574899077415466,
0.28850218653678894,
-0.18480823934078217,
-0.4247681498527527,
-0.06709887832403183,
1.3042157888412476,
-0.621074914932251,
-0.04725232347846031,
0.2647130489349365,
0.14580591022968292,
-0.605100154876709,
-0.19554942846298218,
0.13540144264698029,
-0.0776357427239418,
-0.6480952501296997,
0.10043458640575409,
-0.8994019031524658,
0.8546055555343628,
0.32285284996032715,
-0.536270797252655,
0.362209290266037,
-0.14175574481487274,
0.14955109357833862,
0.06349042803049088,
0.4175596535205841,
0.2214096486568451,
-0.2863708436489105,
0.774604082107544,
-0.29678866267204285,
-0.10375292599201202,
0.23259177803993225,
-0.6191373467445374,
-0.2605997920036316,
0.4040983319282532,
0.001207225490361452,
0.14248250424861908,
-0.0016365102492272854,
-0.5204160809516907,
0.004841589368879795,
1.2657192945480347,
-0.16226409375667572,
-1.0998257398605347,
-0.2453978955745697,
-0.6600322723388672,
-0.35278427600860596,
-0.4742312729358673,
-0.7174966335296631,
-0.05830860510468483,
0.12004654854536057,
-0.8573617339134216,
0.2789800465106964,
0.10126172751188278,
1.0240583419799805,
0.43918585777282715,
-0.34540194272994995,
-0.06915077567100525,
0.5004841685295105,
-0.4284174144268036,
-0.07511584460735321,
-0.5253297686576843,
0.6809452176094055,
0.23646393418312073,
-0.08851723372936249,
0.3661600351333618,
-0.16639558970928192,
-0.35651588439941406,
0.2451229840517044,
-0.23129577934741974,
0.14502495527267456,
-0.0420653335750103,
-0.01174110732972622,
-0.45320528745651245,
0.37779343128204346,
-0.037444084882736206,
0.4676308035850525,
0.30666041374206543,
0.9036561250686646,
0.4283926486968994,
0.04056846722960472,
0.6938921213150024,
0.12832899391651154,
-0.9227302670478821,
0.31617268919944763,
-0.6306948661804199,
0.1335156261920929,
0.9594782590866089,
0.4017920196056366,
0.24479307234287262,
-0.3541526198387146,
-0.060826439410448074,
0.3726995289325714,
-0.4632149338722229,
0.2899779677391052,
0.08064723014831543,
-0.20094753801822662,
-0.5277865529060364,
-0.06765997409820557,
0.16563203930854797,
-0.08521781116724014,
1.5026569366455078,
-0.10984798520803452,
0.22770442068576813,
-0.2939251959323883,
-0.9047806262969971,
-0.08001374453306198,
-0.14968080818653107,
-0.07885695993900299,
-0.432630717754364,
-0.06244036182761192,
0.05914139747619629,
-0.4525076150894165,
0.7409191727638245,
-0.34374257922172546,
-0.009709919802844524,
-0.2822103202342987,
-0.07351391762495041,
-0.22699248790740967,
0.6709739565849304,
-0.5473092198371887,
-0.25925225019454956,
0.6901545524597168,
-0.6620382070541382,
-0.28482720255851746,
0.643731415271759,
-0.16729818284511566,
0.2865694463253021,
-0.29894542694091797,
-0.3241123557090759,
-0.17292176187038422,
-0.3747708797454834,
-1.363255500793457,
-0.13931433856487274,
0.0723906010389328,
-0.14312323927879333,
-0.8062130808830261,
-0.3460153639316559,
-0.10645043104887009,
0.3888553977012634,
-0.12613895535469055,
-0.9863810539245605,
-0.49689897894859314,
0.012252000160515308,
-0.49859997630119324,
-0.09054707735776901,
0.6053144335746765,
0.305885910987854,
-0.1970389187335968,
-0.20708222687244415,
0.2194669246673584,
0.9333093762397766,
-0.5620100498199463,
0.35346460342407227,
0.2996903657913208,
0.3951680660247803,
-0.2788969874382019,
-0.194325253367424,
0.017528239637613297,
-0.006527768913656473,
-0.006865314673632383,
-0.12521545588970184,
-0.17845138907432556,
0.16672220826148987,
0.23323670029640198,
-0.19430018961429596,
-0.23949739336967468,
-0.2849462628364563,
-0.12595783174037933,
-0.2625461518764496,
0.5889164209365845,
0.16580741107463837,
-0.17501214146614075,
0.07674182951450348,
-0.023717595264315605,
-0.4923422038555145,
0.3463175892829895,
0.7114308476448059,
0.04811795800924301,
0.41780129075050354,
-0.9541031122207642,
-0.33551928400993347,
-0.46036767959594727,
0.4057733714580536,
-0.6084701418876648,
0.4658965766429901,
0.8230054974555969,
0.08577924966812134,
-0.6897763609886169,
-0.29983285069465637,
-1.1711395978927612,
0.07940299063920975,
-0.18629632890224457,
-0.14900387823581696,
-0.5587034225463867,
-0.30862095952033997,
0.23769038915634155,
-0.10995817929506302,
0.8928776979446411,
0.2798038423061371,
0.3843722641468048,
-0.18191608786582947,
0.10676395148038864,
0.24081814289093018,
0.1098741888999939,
-0.16035570204257965,
0.39164847135543823,
0.25095638632774353,
-0.3244464695453644,
-0.058793336153030396,
0.6156278848648071,
1.0528497695922852,
0.4210127890110016,
-0.049428969621658325,
0.21217195689678192,
-0.13617461919784546,
0.3051191568374634,
-0.7021542191505432,
-0.0654890388250351,
0.06777618825435638,
0.22187092900276184,
-0.11836504191160202,
-0.4653339982032776,
-0.15029123425483704,
1.0444731712341309,
-0.019467974081635475,
0.26528453826904297,
0.7635640501976013,
0.32555851340293884,
0.26705223321914673,
-0.41729357838630676,
0.38131198287010193,
0.45940321683883667,
0.02941630221903324,
-0.036946121603250504,
0.9590321183204651,
-0.823350727558136,
-0.11117208003997803,
0.1694493144750595,
-0.1100819781422615,
-0.27441301941871643,
-0.2595371603965759,
-0.044297125190496445,
0.34154456853866577,
-0.25662270188331604,
0.5295441746711731,
0.47812727093696594,
-0.2030358612537384,
-0.2218519151210785,
0.23091845214366913,
-0.39096567034721375,
-0.5144509077072144,
0.32190173864364624,
-0.487273633480072,
-0.9182189702987671,
-0.6109042167663574,
-0.37042051553726196,
0.2116701751947403,
-0.14746174216270447,
0.44241848587989807,
-0.24718259274959564,
-0.18839828670024872,
0.11341335624456406,
0.21116246283054352,
0.22873090207576752,
-0.011238985694944859,
-0.6345008611679077,
1.0063199996948242,
0.08139360696077347,
0.19419272243976593,
-0.18225567042827606,
0.2934935986995697,
0.3505387008190155,
-0.1855560690164566,
0.43602386116981506,
0.6072903275489807,
-0.2627769708633423,
-0.16185542941093445,
-0.1525821089744568,
-0.21724602580070496,
0.3744816184043884,
-0.3612132668495178,
-0.0201078150421381,
0.45378851890563965,
-0.5684118270874023,
-0.3439600467681885,
0.48086926341056824,
-0.9630455374717712,
-0.4754374921321869,
-0.32419395446777344,
0.18883468210697174,
0.6333863735198975,
0.5117062330245972,
-0.45113858580589294,
0.1756036877632141,
0.9932039976119995,
0.7386500835418701,
-0.18279500305652618,
-0.09951958060264587,
-0.20160633325576782,
-0.294831246137619,
-0.24399517476558685,
-0.48922204971313477,
0.714938223361969,
-0.037484876811504364,
0.48894989490509033,
0.3271942734718323,
-0.6596965789794922,
0.13118718564510345,
0.612781822681427,
-0.31763792037963867,
1.2781832218170166,
0.07631585747003555,
-0.07702300697565079,
0.27507686614990234,
0.18262208998203278,
-0.7029523849487305,
0.32396838068962097,
-0.0003144993679597974,
-0.36904382705688477,
0.06204797327518463,
-0.37295499444007874,
-0.00031720721744932234,
-0.8444697260856628,
-0.14390499889850616,
0.0013198322849348187,
0.7718266248703003,
-0.5836775302886963,
-0.09427651017904282,
-0.9303163290023804,
-0.3251683712005615,
-0.9052903056144714,
1.1447206735610962,
0.7084752321243286,
-0.13708274066448212,
-0.28031548857688904,
0.006687214132398367,
-0.2267766296863556,
0.5372628569602966,
0.04132578521966934,
-0.08776021003723145,
-0.5521689057350159,
-0.32974472641944885,
0.0390176884829998,
0.45219093561172485,
0.16561359167099,
0.7942398190498352,
0.3986068367958069,
-0.34433218836784363,
0.19733254611492157,
-0.34200191497802734,
0.8136184215545654,
0.404757022857666,
-0.5330487489700317,
0.30862438678741455,
-0.49809274077415466,
-0.44853082299232483,
-0.25137799978256226,
0.44378045201301575,
-0.15357720851898193,
0.7780416011810303,
-0.5974696278572083,
-0.164919912815094,
0.3016737103462219,
-0.613767683506012,
0.1706676036119461,
-0.29594576358795166,
0.5498915314674377,
0.6366713047027588,
-0.3277292251586914,
-0.812412679195404,
0.40984946489334106,
0.059180986136198044,
-0.2990335524082184,
-0.26324594020843506,
0.13605071604251862,
-0.12667463719844818,
0.594267725944519,
0.25349122285842896,
0.6058201193809509,
0.12182731926441193,
0.7178485989570618,
-0.08813401311635971,
-0.013512828387320042,
-0.2105095386505127,
-0.647906482219696,
0.5667737722396851,
-0.3232656419277191,
-0.2878383696079254,
-0.17270202934741974,
-0.08713935315608978,
-0.28281015157699585,
-0.07341320067644119,
-0.2578544616699219,
-0.16482572257518768,
0.06021704524755478,
0.1970897763967514,
0.30554330348968506,
0.31349027156829834,
0.39994508028030396,
0.0876745656132698,
-0.10285209864377975,
-0.4424271881580353,
-0.37405863404273987,
-0.05606638267636299,
-0.3633696734905243,
0.7037688493728638,
0.46217867732048035,
0.9281869530677795,
-0.618061363697052,
0.618990957736969,
-0.20568151772022247,
-0.36177605390548706,
-0.5084778070449829,
-1.9679315090179443,
0.23357215523719788,
-0.34719255566596985,
-0.1631494164466858,
0.016590837389230728,
0.03582161292433739,
-0.15328384935855865,
-0.5565611124038696,
1.1836051940917969,
-0.901069164276123,
0.2965465486049652,
0.7917026281356812,
-0.4777670204639435,
0.11541436612606049,
0.35347887873649597,
0.2166055589914322
] |
211108
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragi%20%C3%93lafsson
|
Bragi Ólafsson
|
Bragi Ólafsson (born 11 August 1962 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic musician and a writer.
Internationally he is best known for his work as a bassist in The Sugarcubes, the avant-garde pop band from Iceland that brought fame to Björk, who went on to solo success with her unique brand of diverse musical genres.
The Sugarcubes, who favoured strange, offbeat melodies, came together in 1986, but the Sugarcubes' members had played together in different combinations in various Icelandic groups before. Bragi and Einar Örn Benediktsson (trumpet / vocals) had released records on Einar's own label, Gramm. In 1986 Bragi also launched his writing career, publishing his first book, a poetry volume called Dragsúgur (Draught).
In 1992 The Sugarcubes disbanded as Björk began her solo career. Bragi, meanwhile, has continued to work on Bad Taste Ltd., the company formed by the Sugarcubes to publish poetry and sign other bands but is no longer a practising musician.
He enjoys considerable success as a novelist, playwright and poet in Iceland, having twice been nominated to the Icelandic Literature Prize.
Books translated into English
The Pets (translation Janice Balfour. Open Letter, New York. 2008)
The Ambassador (translation Lytton Smith. Open Letter, New York. 2010)
Narrator (translation Lytton Smith. Open Letter, New York. 2018)
External links
Bragi Ólafsson's official website
An article about Bragi Ólafsson on the Icelandic Literature website
Bragi Ólafsson at Open Letter Books
1962 births
Living people
Bragi Olafsson
Bragi Olafsson
Bragi Olafsson
Bragi Olafsson
The Sugarcubes members
|
[
0.017778446897864342,
0.977576732635498,
-0.2777186930179596,
-0.8076660633087158,
-0.08577871322631836,
0.4723537862300873,
0.5989962220191956,
0.3430880606174469,
-0.5289692282676697,
-0.14392676949501038,
-0.26303985714912415,
0.7441375851631165,
-0.5003254413604736,
-0.04197942465543747,
0.20297136902809143,
0.3708803355693817,
0.03498053923249245,
0.31707194447517395,
-0.401467502117157,
-0.2490020990371704,
0.28005197644233704,
0.07819751650094986,
0.40887337923049927,
0.12106967717409134,
-0.1076924130320549,
0.22222119569778442,
0.4381665289402008,
0.6401676535606384,
-0.16246354579925537,
-0.24777109920978546,
0.2945520579814911,
0.6275442838668823,
0.32998228073120117,
-0.7951712608337402,
-0.08545470982789993,
0.11292880773544312,
-0.40626972913742065,
-0.560107409954071,
0.19300149381160736,
0.21566101908683777,
-0.49463385343551636,
0.19254037737846375,
-0.24853937327861786,
0.33800268173217773,
0.18732920289039612,
-0.4967138171195984,
-1.3474221229553223,
0.4051778018474579,
-0.5260045528411865,
0.23386500775814056,
-0.34688442945480347,
0.18422198295593262,
0.2770998477935791,
0.43322762846946716,
0.4480603039264679,
0.12707415223121643,
-0.3782082200050354,
0.4900610148906708,
0.1961473673582077,
0.046665698289871216,
0.43027621507644653,
-0.038988322019577026,
0.004532187711447477,
-0.47032251954078674,
0.6055048108100891,
0.1698996126651764,
0.6225317716598511,
-0.36947184801101685,
0.30649450421333313,
-0.25800183415412903,
-0.6192415952682495,
0.800702691078186,
-0.1966104805469513,
-0.5295971035957336,
0.0110408840700984,
0.22298985719680786,
0.15053564310073853,
-0.38999423384666443,
0.028866490349173546,
-0.1894226372241974,
0.5805946588516235,
0.06641269475221634,
1.1015242338180542,
0.24649453163146973,
0.19979232549667358,
-0.4522232413291931,
-0.5352090001106262,
-0.14485204219818115,
-1.1484568119049072,
0.011320269666612148,
-0.38298341631889343,
-1.3592582941055298,
0.2380032241344452,
0.6599647402763367,
0.12646077573299408,
0.1268991082906723,
-0.4126757085323334,
0.7050298452377319,
-0.14812232553958893,
0.38470304012298584,
0.20328858494758606,
0.01911298558115959,
0.22291381657123566,
0.2929021418094635,
-0.24423940479755402,
-0.5050897002220154,
-0.4873024523258209,
-0.18950802087783813,
-0.5531837344169617,
-0.8796480894088745,
-0.5205057859420776,
0.4214158058166504,
-0.1456976979970932,
-0.11214424669742584,
0.21597017347812653,
0.32270899415016174,
-0.3475002646446228,
-0.3910309672355652,
-0.08439934998750687,
0.3863072395324707,
0.24304741621017456,
0.21012558043003082,
-0.18665467202663422,
0.04442849010229111,
-0.710006594657898,
-0.46673789620399475,
-0.22330565750598907,
0.25484514236450195,
-0.4038037657737732,
0.15164406597614288,
0.15524916350841522,
0.3978542387485504,
-0.5952339172363281,
0.09643089026212692,
0.18029195070266724,
-0.33757251501083374,
0.2858097553253174,
0.04256643354892731,
0.3028889298439026,
0.854171872138977,
-0.09285449236631393,
-0.3881610333919525,
-0.8026090860366821,
-0.5432842373847961,
0.12323807179927826,
-0.4486770033836365,
-0.12832312285900116,
-0.2886158227920532,
0.17575296759605408,
-0.12565511465072632,
0.21431443095207214,
0.24552811682224274,
-0.3390401601791382,
-0.15196168422698975,
-0.7146843671798706,
0.3317394554615021,
0.5215370655059814,
-0.1320086419582367,
0.520248532295227,
-0.05353865399956703,
0.7288509011268616,
0.35540199279785156,
-0.46715018153190613,
0.020919762551784515,
-0.12488780915737152,
-0.3620024025440216,
0.24302953481674194,
0.7814043164253235,
-0.006703746505081654,
-0.7028090357780457,
-0.17995497584342957,
0.42714688181877136,
0.21236884593963623,
0.0809841901063919,
-0.03335999324917793,
0.2887386977672577,
0.2366565763950348,
-0.2291560173034668,
-0.23016056418418884,
0.2725220322608948,
-0.45577847957611084,
-0.2783288359642029,
-0.1428994983434677,
0.28224125504493713,
0.3904556632041931,
0.0146758072078228,
-0.12888368964195251,
-0.04020756110548973,
0.8450319766998291,
0.10276571661233902,
-0.8925867676734924,
-0.7307389378547668,
0.7213554382324219,
0.3363882005214691,
0.5964065194129944,
0.49102503061294556,
-0.30307650566101074,
0.351470947265625,
0.2520633339881897,
0.8255617022514343,
-0.3146933615207672,
-0.7177537679672241,
0.09082314372062683,
-0.7860902547836304,
0.4127779006958008,
0.9879986047744751,
0.5215597152709961,
-0.6928628087043762,
-0.28576987981796265,
0.6143400073051453,
0.4590089023113251,
-0.48809152841567993,
0.5339323878288269,
0.5067405700683594,
-0.43369176983833313,
-0.4321975111961365,
0.012520181946456432,
-0.04543474689126015,
0.1661878526210785,
-0.08287449181079865,
0.5402917265892029,
0.3431237041950226,
-0.20140105485916138,
0.3249071538448334,
-0.3527660071849823,
0.7602413892745972,
0.061908069998025894,
-0.03250695392489433,
0.20137371122837067,
-0.8209301829338074,
-0.06033581867814064,
0.8342888355255127,
0.24695388972759247,
0.08485642075538635,
0.0006142522906884551,
0.12945644557476044,
0.0582035556435585,
0.7882860898971558,
0.27561071515083313,
-0.23555035889148712,
0.5772039294242859,
0.43766656517982483,
-0.7102687954902649,
0.46456441283226013,
0.41361671686172485,
0.8101059198379517,
-0.5151679515838623,
0.09245727956295013,
-0.3331613540649414,
-0.1331857591867447,
0.5833848714828491,
-0.08549806475639343,
-0.14760452508926392,
0.07141071557998657,
-0.11587164551019669,
0.15123513340950012,
0.4142402708530426,
0.003669505240395665,
0.2783159911632538,
0.11094614118337631,
-0.35235944390296936,
-0.7200265526771545,
0.605973482131958,
-0.19695766270160675,
-0.1965261846780777,
-0.509796142578125,
0.3711950480937958,
-0.5023066997528076,
0.9130310416221619,
-0.24947641789913177,
-0.4953470528125763,
0.40232759714126587,
-0.3901163637638092,
0.12648674845695496,
-0.009199093095958233,
0.16866223514080048,
-0.31439679861068726,
-0.23086239397525787,
-0.0924508199095726,
-0.6714005470275879,
0.5501063466072083,
0.545286238193512,
-0.11302665621042252,
-0.38154253363609314,
-0.8750255703926086,
-0.19727498292922974,
0.20209798216819763,
-0.19234688580036163,
0.19360177218914032,
0.09820669144392014,
-0.27611663937568665,
0.4790796637535095,
-0.031706515699625015,
0.06551816314458847,
-0.16565082967281342,
0.636477530002594,
0.13326482474803925,
-0.21735790371894836,
-0.08196311444044113,
-0.34207236766815186,
-0.20889167487621307,
0.16504931449890137,
-0.26666581630706787,
0.2913839519023895,
0.03029407002031803,
0.31771042943000793,
-0.7635241150856018,
-0.36732956767082214,
-5.568988800048828,
0.010243343189358711,
0.008677457459270954,
-0.3192732632160187,
-0.009075491689145565,
0.21525581181049347,
0.5505254864692688,
-0.6421425342559814,
0.4358799457550049,
-0.7527590394020081,
-0.46114590764045715,
0.19653160870075226,
-0.0862756296992302,
1.365439534187317,
0.4735092520713806,
0.6929976940155029,
0.2802911102771759,
0.034444358199834824,
0.12177834659814835,
0.7652218341827393,
0.1891358494758606,
-0.38625919818878174,
-0.40552377700805664,
-0.14418502151966095,
0.32939741015434265,
0.4512237310409546,
-0.8969551920890808,
-0.05182619392871857,
-0.3051014244556427,
0.25003111362457275,
0.4123522937297821,
-0.08840645104646683,
-0.06861790269613266,
-0.22630999982357025,
0.19626550376415253,
0.12297508865594864,
-0.1868254840373993,
0.5067275166511536,
0.7001943588256836,
-0.048993781208992004,
0.38825058937072754,
0.328256756067276,
-0.2650006413459778,
-0.1831539422273636,
0.06723234802484512,
-0.21749719977378845,
-1.086622714996338,
-0.08430870622396469,
-0.4986768364906311,
0.9450836777687073,
-0.10953124612569809,
-0.8139470815658569,
-0.0032319868914783,
0.32846882939338684,
-0.11818986386060715,
-0.3585567772388458,
0.040515098720788956,
0.11457724869251251,
0.09033948928117752,
0.27466270327568054,
0.1549602746963501,
-0.5864930748939514,
0.020947106182575226,
-0.8762505054473877,
-0.47271984815597534,
-0.11450818926095963,
0.12564261257648468,
-0.21506431698799133,
0.06219618767499924,
0.14150865375995636,
0.232310488820076,
0.057960089296102524,
0.1864570826292038,
-1.2699352502822876,
-0.3371255397796631,
-0.6917318105697632,
-0.26305946707725525,
-0.22413301467895508,
-0.3723870515823364,
-0.22750630974769592,
-0.2646576762199402,
-0.4798523187637329,
-0.8375887870788574,
0.5624467134475708,
0.5632545948028564,
-0.2426324337720871,
-0.33331236243247986,
-0.12610957026481628,
-0.3901467025279999,
-0.30651307106018066,
0.012624611146748066,
-0.4747944176197052,
-0.17450395226478577,
0.11297981441020966,
0.21607686579227448,
0.37128764390945435,
0.2983956038951874,
0.18754705786705017,
0.8986584544181824,
0.13190974295139313,
0.8264435529708862,
-0.5144510269165039,
-0.009737391956150532,
-0.25962141156196594,
-0.07135174423456192,
0.36200225353240967,
0.24944648146629333,
-0.08719667792320251,
0.8443192839622498,
-0.2408566176891327,
-0.30797144770622253,
0.1719806045293808,
-0.4644722044467926,
-0.20560213923454285,
0.4276186227798462,
-0.37778717279434204,
-0.24054938554763794,
0.38252371549606323,
-0.09961025416851044,
0.15664051473140717,
0.05677878484129906,
-0.057855404913425446,
0.6794875860214233,
-0.3077949285507202,
-0.2180815041065216,
-0.08649959415197372,
-0.16923457384109497,
-0.3774026036262512,
0.0743272602558136,
-0.22790011763572693,
-0.27658623456954956,
-0.07592851668596268,
-0.13665354251861572,
-0.3261447250843048,
0.1807357370853424,
-0.5997043251991272,
-0.5759737491607666,
0.26096245646476746,
0.13339293003082275,
-0.47075337171554565,
0.19212479889392853,
-0.612723708152771,
0.2715405225753784,
0.12270037084817886,
-0.028042705729603767,
0.4219675064086914,
0.21724478900432587,
-0.03821750730276108,
-0.65303635597229,
-0.05841482803225517,
-0.3546355366706848,
0.5230752229690552,
0.2208736389875412,
-0.6046101450920105,
-0.0917317345738411,
0.17352251708507538,
-0.561011016368866,
-0.05370594561100006,
-0.2741871774196625,
-0.23001401126384735,
0.4239494502544403,
-1.2403724193572998,
-0.9173997044563293,
0.03349786624312401,
0.2894476056098938,
-0.1185910627245903,
-0.3526800274848938,
-0.10765399038791656,
-0.809792160987854,
0.5659992098808289,
-0.0438549667596817,
-0.6075246334075928,
-0.06997266411781311,
-0.3532586395740509,
-0.22980204224586487,
-0.8501871824264526,
-0.060621947050094604,
0.12586799263954163,
0.2619347870349884,
0.45445138216018677,
-0.33908265829086304,
0.6011915802955627,
-0.29024043679237366,
-0.06558507680892944,
0.4440252184867859,
-0.5015906691551208,
-0.5853108167648315,
-0.5086991190910339,
-0.1905941367149353,
-0.2567353844642639,
0.11298047006130219,
0.09736964106559753,
0.7887459993362427,
0.11265189945697784,
-0.10346510261297226,
-0.7024533152580261,
-0.7367700338363647,
-0.22680148482322693,
-0.0986330509185791,
-0.3159511387348175,
0.8244163990020752,
0.4025622308254242,
-0.37828344106674194,
0.517414391040802,
0.5317615866661072,
-0.3610680401325226,
0.42896541953086853,
-0.16103170812129974,
-0.21433822810649872,
0.7240025997161865,
-1.1601053476333618,
-0.3892306387424469,
0.17610076069831848,
0.7618585228919983,
-0.5965091586112976,
0.23697856068611145,
0.36499497294425964,
0.1913323551416397,
-0.29537203907966614,
-0.512288510799408,
-0.8412162065505981,
-0.9277797937393188,
-0.08251813799142838,
0.199802964925766,
-0.6536952257156372,
-0.21883560717105865,
0.3927285373210907,
-0.16410087049007416,
0.3307953178882599,
-0.37251827120780945,
0.39973267912864685,
0.24723179638385773,
0.2706175148487091,
0.35023972392082214,
-0.5832667946815491,
0.1234131008386612,
-0.027100104838609695,
0.44148170948028564,
0.21573209762573242,
0.49590128660202026,
0.7681152820587158,
0.6636101007461548,
0.027809282764792442,
0.25845080614089966,
-0.5390802025794983,
0.6109135746955872,
0.409964382648468,
-0.24770458042621613,
-0.24768437445163727,
-0.26240336894989014,
0.0987309068441391,
-0.31181249022483826,
-0.4157870411872864,
0.0625481978058815,
1.4595556259155273,
-0.583532989025116,
0.2717803716659546,
0.102169930934906,
0.10334517806768417,
-0.02245907485485077,
0.4928860068321228,
-0.1472804993391037,
0.05361911281943321,
0.05674789845943451,
0.1850976049900055,
0.4225420653820038,
-0.23265928030014038,
-0.4370058476924896,
-0.09342477470636368,
-0.02181270904839039,
-0.6749967932701111,
-0.02334771491587162,
0.022267282009124756,
0.09372017532587051,
-0.1998995691537857,
0.35582348704338074,
0.12189768999814987,
0.19050586223602295,
0.5491176247596741,
0.461264044046402,
0.4204500913619995,
0.27937477827072144,
0.23150037229061127,
-0.4532072842121124,
-0.04628985375165939,
-0.06307462602853775,
-0.2135356366634369,
-0.36136406660079956,
0.1262119710445404,
-0.026516349986195564,
-0.4952189326286316,
-0.23745626211166382,
0.18660393357276917,
0.5822878479957581,
0.2922898232936859,
0.5585523247718811,
0.051744747906923294,
0.8712384700775146,
0.15724410116672516,
-0.3944016695022583,
-0.08303535729646683,
0.022533712908625603,
0.2962196171283722,
-0.4306763708591461,
0.23461532592773438,
0.014424935914576054,
-0.4300890564918518,
-0.24120143055915833,
0.004446015693247318,
0.1886996477842331,
-0.1475522220134735,
0.2551920413970947,
-0.08994603157043457,
1.0547062158584595,
-0.4088444411754608,
-0.22266004979610443,
0.3043329119682312,
-0.2912100553512573,
0.2084326595067978,
-0.055813033133745193,
-0.11986083537340164,
-0.25562289357185364,
0.3053068518638611,
0.5180807709693909,
0.13647131621837616,
0.8158687949180603,
0.04704081639647484,
-0.18936461210250854,
-0.006912096869200468,
0.3637010157108307,
-0.12730446457862854,
0.02964557521045208,
-0.1547543704509735,
-0.02438533678650856,
-0.3893946409225464,
-0.096424400806427,
-0.07830629497766495,
-0.29329437017440796,
-0.2576708197593689,
0.16662709414958954,
0.002222243696451187,
0.40587544441223145,
-0.5688784718513489,
0.294906884431839,
0.243560329079628,
-0.7826613187789917,
-0.1317293643951416,
0.44792380928993225,
-0.5874597430229187,
-0.03789949789643288,
0.025885887444019318,
0.06639422476291656,
0.4166543483734131,
-0.28984537720680237,
-0.0964222326874733,
-0.40414631366729736,
0.3500685393810272,
-0.48381853103637695,
-0.3476946949958801,
-0.20043356716632843,
0.10361645370721817,
-0.4447402358055115,
0.38313114643096924,
0.4438087046146393,
-0.23680202662944794,
-0.44564366340637207,
0.3525231182575226,
-0.4659799039363861,
0.25217384099960327,
0.07196036726236343,
0.39128267765045166,
0.20274119079113007,
-0.1382600963115692,
0.2538745403289795,
0.11435601115226746,
0.2196001261472702,
0.4612842798233032,
-0.15745478868484497,
-0.1814478486776352,
-0.37681517004966736,
-0.3098427951335907,
0.6298534870147705,
0.017664294689893723,
0.037033598870038986,
0.27040380239486694,
-0.27832892537117004,
0.011894820258021355,
0.30721092224121094,
0.11353341490030289,
0.0376683808863163,
0.6186038851737976,
-0.1162819117307663,
-0.23149806261062622,
0.2044777125120163,
-0.5411339998245239,
-0.11996659636497498,
-0.40686914324760437,
0.7494412660598755,
0.232397198677063,
0.19965247809886932,
0.20432418584823608,
0.2502116560935974,
0.3144831657409668,
0.6080428957939148,
-0.19257833063602448,
0.04327317699790001,
-0.7339181900024414,
0.5901817083358765,
-0.1577126532793045,
0.26045846939086914,
0.20531322062015533,
0.31013450026512146,
-0.16542977094650269,
-0.021213404834270477,
-0.009683585725724697,
-0.41414257884025574,
0.5705585479736328,
-0.2645030915737152,
0.24218977987766266,
0.281242311000824,
-0.04435685649514198,
0.6104975938796997,
-0.07354960590600967,
0.2621791660785675,
-0.031351957470178604,
-0.0005398094072006643,
-0.5855576395988464,
0.31934651732444763,
-0.4131421744823456,
0.3845977485179901,
-0.28293371200561523,
-0.08758018165826797,
-0.12412376701831818,
-0.1626438945531845,
-0.246644988656044,
-1.095486044883728,
0.3507404029369354,
0.07650263607501984,
0.3272875249385834,
-0.33411383628845215,
0.619622528553009,
0.26639309525489807,
-0.07850497215986252,
0.22357065975666046,
-1.4051164388656616,
0.24418726563453674,
-0.11983237415552139,
-0.15621210634708405,
-0.3212955892086029,
0.053265564143657684,
0.41739141941070557,
-0.44752833247184753,
0.24134036898612976,
-0.022969501093029976,
-0.3094044327735901,
0.23382452130317688,
0.24843716621398926,
0.018572941422462463,
0.6035773754119873,
-0.6709340214729309
] |
211112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jefferson%20University
|
Thomas Jefferson University
|
Thomas Jefferson University is a private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in its earliest form in 1824, the university officially combined with Philadelphia University in 2017. To signify its heritage, the university sometimes carries the nomenclature Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University) in its branding. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
History
Philadelphia University
At the 1876 Centennial Exposition, local textile manufacturers noticed that Philadelphia's textile industry was falling behind its rivals' capacity, technology, and ability. In 1880, they formed the Philadelphia Association of Manufacturers of Textile Fabrics, with Theodore C. Search as its president, to fight for higher tariffs on imported textiles and to educate local textile leaders. Search joined the board of directors of the Philadelphia Museum and School of Industrial Art (now the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the University of the Arts), thinking it the perfect partner for his plans for a school, and began fundraising in 1882.
In early 1884, Search himself taught the first classes of the Philadelphia Textile School to five students at 1336 Spring Garden Street. The school was officially opened on November 5, 1884. The school moved to 1303-1307 Buttonwood Street in 1891, then moved again in 1893.
Enrollment had been growing steadily and the school was turning away "bright young fellows" for lack of space. The School acquired the former Philadelphia Institute of the Deaf and Dumb on the corner of Broad and Spruce Streets, which allowed rapid expansion of academic offerings and capacity of students.
In 1942, the school was granted the right to award baccalaureate degrees and changed its name to the Philadelphia Textile Institute (PTI). In 1949, having decided to break its ties with the museum, PTI moved to its present site in the East Falls section of Philadelphia.
In 1961, the school changed its name again, to Philadelphia College of Textiles & Science, but was still known as Philadelphia Textile for short. The university's student population doubled between 1954 and 1964, and doubled again by 1978, with programs in the arts, sciences, and business administration being introduced. The College purchased an adjoining property in 1972, doubling the size of its campus. In 1976, it offered its first graduate degree, the Master of Business Administration. The purchase of additional properties in East Falls in 1980 and 1988 nearly doubled the campus again, adding classrooms, research laboratories, student residences, and athletic facilities. In 1992, the Paul J. Gutman Library opened.
During the 1990s, the college began to offer undergraduate majors in a wider range of fields, resulting in the college being granted university status by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1999. The Board of Trustees voted to change the college's name to Philadelphia University, on July 13, 1999. The school preferred the longer abbreviation of "PhilaU", rather than the simple two-letter abbreviation of "PU", due to the latter's oft-mocked connection with other "PU"-abbreviated schools as an onomatopoetic term for body odor.
Thomas Jefferson University
Thomas Jefferson University began as a medical school. During the early 19th century, several attempts to create a second medical school in Philadelphia had been stymied, largely by University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine alumni. In an attempt to circumvent that opposition, a group of Philadelphia physicians led by George McClellan sent an 1824 letter to the trustees of Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, asking them to establish a medical department in Philadelphia. The trustees agreed, establishing the Medical Department of Jefferson College in Philadelphia in 1825. In response to a second request, the Pennsylvania General Assembly granted an expansion of Jefferson College's charter in 1826, endorsing the creation of the new department and allowing it to grant medical degrees. An additional 10 Jefferson College trustees, including Joel Barlow Sutherland, were appointed to supervise the new facility from Philadelphia, owing to the difficulty of managing a medical department on the other side of the state. Two years later, this second board was granted authority to manage the Medical Department, while the Jefferson College trustees maintained veto power for major decisions.
The first class was graduated in 1826, receiving their degrees only after the disposition of a lawsuit seeking to close the school. The first classes were held in the Tivoli Theater on Prune Street in Philadelphia, which had the first medical clinic attached to a medical school. Owing to the teaching philosophy of Dr. McClellan, classes focused on clinical practice. In 1828, the Medical Department moved to the Ely Building, which allowed for a large lecture space and the "Pit," a 700-seat amphitheater to allow students to view surgeries. This building had an attached hospital, the second such medical school/hospital arrangement in the nation, servicing 441 inpatients and 4,659 outpatients in its first year of operation. The future founder of gynecology J. Marion Sims studied there from 1834-1835, when he graduated. The relationship with Jefferson College survived until 1838, when the Medical Department received a separate charter, allowing it to operate separately as the Jefferson Medical College. At this time, all instructors, including McClellan, were vacated from the school and the trustees hired all new individuals to teach. This has been considered the time at which the school came to be considered a "legitimate" medical school.
In 1841, Jefferson Medical College hired what would be dubbed "The Faculty of '41", an influential collection of professors including Charles Delucena Meigs and Mütter Museum founder Thomas Dent Mütter. This collection of professors would institute numerous changes to Jefferson—including providing patient beds over a shop at 10th and Sansom Streets in 1844—and the staff would remain unchanged for 15 years. The graduating class of 1849 included a son of college founder Joel Barlow Sutherland, Charles Sutherland, who went on to serve as Surgeon General of the United States Army.
In 1882, a Philadelphia Press newspaper story sparked a sensational trial after a journalist caught body snatchers stealing corpses and providing them to Jefferson Medical College for use as cadavers by medical students. Four grave robbers were arrested and sentenced to Moyamensing Prison for stealing bodies and selling them to Jefferson Medical College at the rate of $8 a body. After the arrests, it was determined that the body snatching had been going on for nine years and several hundred corpses had been sold to Jefferson Medical College.
The renowned surgeon and Jefferson Medical College anatomy professor, William S. Forbes, was arrested for his role in the grave robbery but was acquitted Forbes helped write the 1867 Pennsylvania Law named the "Anatomy Act" which called for hospitals, prisons and mental health wards to provide the bodies of those that had no family or funds for burial to medical schools for anatomical research.
Due in part to the Lebanon Cemetery grave robbery scandal, the Pennsylvania Anatomy Act of 1883 was passed which provided for legal means by which medical colleges could obtain cadavers without having to buy them from grave robbers.
A 125-bed hospital, one of the first in the nation affiliated with a medical school, opened in 1877, and a school for nurses began in 1891. The Medical College became Thomas Jefferson University on July 1, 1969. As an academic health care center, Jefferson is currently involved in education, medical research, and patient care. Jefferson Medical College is the 9th oldest American medical school that is in existence today.
In January 2007, the university sold Thomas Eakins' painting The Gross Clinic, which depicts a surgery that took place at the school, for $68 million, to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in association with the Philadelphia Museum of Art. A reproduction hangs in its place at Jefferson University.
On June 17, 2014, Sidney Kimmel Foundation donated $110 million to Jefferson Medical College, prompting the announcement that Jefferson Medical College would be renamed Sidney Kimmel Medical College. It was the largest donation received in its history.
Merger
In May 2017, the two universities announced that they would merge to become Thomas Jefferson University.
Academics
Jefferson offers 160+ undergraduate and graduate programs, including the Sidney Kimmel Medical College and former Philadelphia University's flagship colleges:
College of Architecture and the Built Environment
Kanbar College of Design, Engineering and Commerce
School of Continuing and Professional Studies
Campus
There are two campuses and a research center
East Falls
The university's East Falls wooded campus is located ten minutes northwest of Center City, Philadelphia on SEPTA's Chestnut Hill West commuter rail line. The campus consists of 52 buildings, including classrooms, laboratories, studios, the Paul J. Gutman Library, student resident facilities, an exhibition gallery, and the latest additions, the Kanbar Campus Center for students, faculty and staff; the Gallagher Athletic, Recreation and Convocation Center; the LEED Gold Center for Sustainability, Energy Efficiency and Design, and the innovative DEC Center. A subsidiary campus is located in Bucks County.
Downtown
The university's center city Philadelphia campus, medical offices, and hospital (called Jefferson Health) are headquartered at 130 South Ninth Street and surrounding city blocks.
Manayunk Research Center
In addition to its major properties, Jefferson runs the Philadelphia University Research Center, which is housed in a restored textile mill (originally opened in 1864) in the Manayunk section of Philadelphia, just south of the main campus. The research center contains both the Engineering and Design Institute and the Laboratory for Engineered Human Protection.
Athletics
The Jefferson sports teams are known as the Jefferson Rams. The merged school chose to retain PhilaU's nickname and the athletic program follows the overall institution in using the branding of "Jefferson" when describing the university as a whole.
The university is known for its men's basketball program, particularly coach Herb Magee, who became the most successful men's basketball coach in NCAA history on February 23, 2010, and was inducted into the Class of 2011 of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Now in his 46th season, Magee is celebrating 54 years at Philadelphia University as a student, player and coach, highlighted by an NCAA Division II Basketball Championship in 1970. Magee was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by President Stephen Spinelli Jr. at Philadelphia University's 125th Commencement in 2009.
The university women's basketball program is under Athletic Director and Women's Basketball Coach Tom Shirley. Shirley, who has been the University's director of athletics since 1992, has won 607 games, which places him sixth on the NCAA DII career wins list and 30th on the NCAA all-divisions career coaching wins list. On January 19, 2011, Shirley took his 600th win as the Rams defeated Chestnut Hill College 76–60.
Bob File played for the PhilaU Rams men's baseball program.
In the 2006–2007 season, Philadelphia University started a rowing program under head coach Chris O'Brien. In its inaugural season it won the Dad Vail Regatta in the Women's Novice Heavy Eight. The 2008–2009 season was also notable for the success of the men's and women's tennis teams, with both winning the CACC (Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference).
Notable alumni
Adrian Brooks ('78), former professional soccer player.
James P. Bagian, physician, engineer, and former NASA astronaut.
Pat Chambers, Penn State University men's basketball coach.
Jacob Mendes Da Costa, discoverer of Da Costa's syndrome.
Bob File, ex-Major League Baseball player, Toronto Blue Jays.
Carlos Finlay, pioneer in the research of yellow fever, determining that it was transmitted through Aedes aegypti.
William S. Forbes, professor of anatomy.
John Heysham Gibbon, inventor of the heart-lung machine; awarded the Lasker Prize.
Robert Gallo, discoverer of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus; awarded the Lasker Prize twice.
Kermit Gosnell, abortion provider and convicted murderer.
Samuel D. Gross, academic trauma surgeon; referred to as "The Emperor of American Surgery".
Malcolm C. Grow, first Surgeon General of the United States Air Force.
Chevalier Jackson, father of endoscopy (alongside Philipp Bozzini).
Maurice Kanbar ('52, H'03), inventor and philanthropist.
Herbert Kleber, psychiatrist and substance abuse researcher.
William Williams Keen, first neurosurgeon to successfully remove a brain tumor.
Curtis King, ex-Major League Baseball player, St. Louis Cardinals.
Howard Krein, physician, surgeon, venture capitalist
Robert G. Lahita, physician, internist and rheumatologist, best known for research into systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases.
Herb Magee, head coach of the Jefferson men's basketball team.
Marty Makary, surgeon, professor, and author.
Silas Weir Mitchell, father of medical neurology.
Jay McCarroll, winner of Bravo's inaugural season of Project Runway.
David L. Reich ('82), academic anesthesiologist and professor; President & Chief Operating Officer of the Mount Sinai Hospital, and President of Mount Sinai Queens.
Charles E. de M. Sajous (1878), pioneer of endocrinology
Jacob da Silva Solis-Cohen, performed the first laryngotomy for vocal cord cancer.
Greg Wilson, former coach of Rams' men's soccer, and professional player.
References
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges in Philadelphia
Educational institutions established in 1884
Architecture schools in Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1999
1884 establishments in Pennsylvania
East Falls, Philadelphia
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
|
[
-0.10235042124986649,
-0.30999279022216797,
0.024486292153596878,
0.20507240295410156,
0.322919100522995,
0.19242911040782928,
0.38674071431159973,
0.674419105052948,
-0.34852004051208496,
-0.5752926468849182,
-0.29972517490386963,
-0.16940782964229584,
0.16907081007957458,
0.44265982508659363,
-0.051274918019771576,
-0.16791540384292603,
0.11996034532785416,
0.5430418848991394,
0.1012701690196991,
-0.6742426753044128,
-0.3190591335296631,
-0.006978222634643316,
0.28600117564201355,
0.11288272589445114,
-0.06012818217277527,
-0.13292497396469116,
0.2659394443035126,
-0.590015172958374,
0.34378430247306824,
0.09063655883073807,
0.2572503685951233,
0.4207717776298523,
0.00712026609107852,
-0.45879071950912476,
0.14819087088108063,
-0.3218524754047394,
-0.4572387933731079,
-0.4009266793727875,
0.09852234274148941,
-0.25015971064567566,
-0.3854249119758606,
-0.3698042035102844,
0.1321655809879303,
0.12479307502508163,
-0.21982091665267944,
-0.582033634185791,
-1.0972065925598145,
-0.35631901025772095,
-0.878163754940033,
0.20782515406608582,
-0.1448805332183838,
0.23047468066215515,
0.1708122044801712,
0.4393296539783478,
-0.35476523637771606,
0.17752133309841156,
-0.613841712474823,
0.33667582273483276,
0.33667832612991333,
-0.23563092947006226,
0.139295756816864,
0.5681612491607666,
-0.1286209672689438,
0.36312776803970337,
0.06691507995128632,
-0.0726708173751831,
-0.11088893562555313,
0.34938907623291016,
-0.419344037771225,
0.009922393597662449,
-0.1503344476222992,
-0.2999316453933716,
-0.17469705641269684,
-0.01217908225953579,
-0.18873071670532227,
-0.4627971649169922,
0.34641924500465393,
0.06616401672363281,
-0.16153404116630554,
0.0412483848631382,
0.06854602694511414,
-0.00016467674868181348,
0.9093180298805237,
0.14545339345932007,
0.39127081632614136,
0.4982016384601593,
-1.0473254919052124,
-0.6933334469795227,
0.18945319950580597,
0.3486301302909851,
-0.6119393706321716,
0.422707736492157,
-0.06327764689922333,
0.12793514132499695,
0.22857432067394257,
0.27173280715942383,
0.047290101647377014,
-0.05103078857064247,
-0.2779501974582672,
0.1092037633061409,
-0.38977551460266113,
0.6122674345970154,
0.4954467713832855,
-0.16351249814033508,
-0.21496164798736572,
0.25494691729545593,
0.15396803617477417,
-0.2930593490600586,
0.48681768774986267,
-0.6930102109909058,
-0.7662570476531982,
0.4008389711380005,
-0.18158096075057983,
-0.12145620584487915,
-0.5085617303848267,
0.5537778735160828,
1.028078556060791,
-0.19314518570899963,
0.05726470425724983,
-0.26148563623428345,
-0.14099238812923431,
1.1666131019592285,
-0.16735294461250305,
0.19727788865566254,
0.16624394059181213,
0.6762604117393494,
0.3126273453235626,
0.1391102820634842,
-0.38301292061805725,
-0.33534741401672363,
0.7571889162063599,
0.5529894232749939,
0.13261878490447998,
-0.06491614133119583,
0.014452331699430943,
0.03402922302484512,
0.3446950912475586,
0.16972701251506805,
0.2294865995645523,
0.4309294819831848,
-0.8354400992393494,
-0.3662143051624298,
-1.3287074565887451,
-0.3226052522659302,
-0.46648064255714417,
-0.23545613884925842,
-0.32239919900894165,
0.021479841321706772,
0.50556880235672,
0.0959189161658287,
0.2421281933784485,
0.17242802679538727,
-0.5620474219322205,
0.43840256333351135,
-0.113807313144207,
-0.037528544664382935,
0.5145390629768372,
0.01495007611811161,
0.8174789547920227,
0.3676121234893799,
-0.20393288135528564,
0.045638419687747955,
0.16284342110157013,
-0.2918481230735779,
-0.3430008292198181,
0.02224615402519703,
0.5890015959739685,
-0.24286575615406036,
-0.6079308986663818,
-0.23526160418987274,
-0.5041930675506592,
-0.17371301352977753,
-0.032622598111629486,
-0.18092849850654602,
0.05688047036528587,
-0.265394002199173,
0.7494305968284607,
0.13357287645339966,
0.24595245718955994,
-0.16293922066688538,
-0.66026371717453,
0.5225269198417664,
0.5956001281738281,
-0.3248565196990967,
-0.26720911264419556,
-0.08698473870754242,
0.22029782831668854,
-0.08983683586120605,
-0.30458372831344604,
0.2081979215145111,
-0.15806707739830017,
-0.1605638563632965,
-0.4976864159107208,
0.03097100555896759,
0.8350356817245483,
0.16038669645786285,
-0.9211910963058472,
0.7607244849205017,
-0.38851815462112427,
0.25835663080215454,
-0.26038748025894165,
-0.8584025502204895,
0.15848293900489807,
-0.13062012195587158,
-0.7557712197303772,
0.45541566610336304,
0.2824872136116028,
-0.005550222937017679,
0.5787262320518494,
-0.0002795061736833304,
0.5897611379623413,
-0.7541036605834961,
0.41335809230804443,
0.1501048356294632,
0.09896104782819748,
-0.4749789535999298,
-0.5357391238212585,
-0.4382222592830658,
0.1794111728668213,
-0.2906070351600647,
1.0506653785705566,
-0.2094561904668808,
0.9064921736717224,
0.6581505537033081,
0.23753643035888672,
0.30434006452560425,
-0.16675354540348053,
0.6302329301834106,
-0.054633431136608124,
-0.25272420048713684,
0.22224879264831543,
-0.24850042164325714,
-0.4539930522441864,
-0.43749234080314636,
0.11501371115446091,
-0.20351232588291168,
-0.5104000568389893,
-0.37275078892707825,
0.3404274880886078,
-0.030914349481463432,
0.11322221904993057,
-0.20647701621055603,
-0.9736176133155823,
0.4560736119747162,
0.5174212455749512,
-0.1974235326051712,
0.042342908680438995,
0.07867549359798431,
0.4386674165725708,
-0.664269208908081,
0.08423741161823273,
0.04330829530954361,
0.11066089570522308,
-0.29415538907051086,
0.3785482347011566,
0.14826518297195435,
0.4349112808704376,
0.6845048666000366,
0.19424298405647278,
-0.0113754253834486,
-0.11481073498725891,
0.21639414131641388,
-0.09693865478038788,
0.3761080205440521,
0.06801845878362656,
-0.5428754091262817,
-0.26133444905281067,
-0.6344960927963257,
-0.23003049194812775,
-0.059707045555114746,
0.4141048192977905,
-0.2613442540168762,
0.1281455159187317,
-1.3638477325439453,
-0.5775593519210815,
0.17447322607040405,
-0.12238548696041107,
0.032843392342329025,
-1.0184797048568726,
-0.3188849985599518,
0.4569685161113739,
0.14746403694152832,
-0.19110189378261566,
-0.43821340799331665,
0.026575986295938492,
0.04179412126541138,
0.321851909160614,
-0.3050333261489868,
0.0007135372143238783,
-0.02541114017367363,
-0.3843452036380768,
-0.06780248135328293,
0.18178123235702515,
0.5675227642059326,
0.1137332022190094,
0.20127277076244354,
0.48604917526245117,
-0.19633997976779938,
0.17858225107192993,
-0.3628743588924408,
-0.9460533261299133,
0.8787489533424377,
-0.3691102862358093,
0.22699517011642456,
0.04954555630683899,
-0.7177383303642273,
-0.06877609342336655,
-0.224697545170784,
-5.617789268493652,
0.447793573141098,
-0.40992337465286255,
0.2270023375749588,
0.44127824902534485,
-0.3323183059692383,
0.33540481328964233,
-0.40618231892585754,
-0.3958013653755188,
0.0827212780714035,
0.0674104392528534,
0.09856433421373367,
-0.1972147524356842,
0.43881452083587646,
0.27562540769577026,
0.7850373983383179,
0.4071365296840668,
-0.17437152564525604,
0.047982070595026016,
0.24790190160274506,
-0.3388538360595703,
0.16275891661643982,
-0.18312054872512817,
0.4564450979232788,
0.7240042090415955,
0.41650620102882385,
-0.47883114218711853,
-0.037106022238731384,
-0.6529391407966614,
-0.3917538821697235,
0.26110371947288513,
-0.07868117094039917,
-0.1114184558391571,
-0.003960843663662672,
-0.009543189778923988,
-0.08871279656887054,
0.2385181188583374,
-0.019517280161380768,
0.07888268679380417,
-0.008058324456214905,
0.29027506709098816,
0.17199598252773285,
-0.4195161461830139,
-0.03966227173805237,
0.0887099951505661,
-0.5168625116348267,
-0.458673894405365,
0.1474561244249344,
-0.4048755168914795,
0.44900256395339966,
-0.46977052092552185,
0.02958265133202076,
0.8294000625610352,
0.23325704038143158,
-0.39532193541526794,
-0.06692731380462646,
0.5733833312988281,
0.5416539907455444,
0.08575445413589478,
0.09477498382329941,
0.169210746884346,
-0.4561186730861664,
0.03390665352344513,
-0.7179234623908997,
-0.4536709785461426,
-0.3343021273612976,
-0.05078279227018356,
-0.059668898582458496,
0.3151739835739136,
0.48375511169433594,
0.13570401072502136,
0.3908301591873169,
-0.13102324306964874,
-0.9062880873680115,
-0.23137393593788147,
-0.692850649356842,
-0.689047634601593,
-0.08193984627723694,
0.08498704433441162,
0.2690083086490631,
-0.24372847378253937,
0.2516355812549591,
0.22608010470867157,
0.8111335635185242,
0.018083320930600166,
-0.11489394307136536,
-0.1937294900417328,
0.11839652061462402,
0.1957819014787674,
-0.17551206052303314,
0.03644184023141861,
-0.03153947368264198,
0.39357852935791016,
0.03853214904665947,
-0.0754619762301445,
0.1293821632862091,
0.44111013412475586,
0.4859485328197479,
-0.3898179531097412,
-0.042296573519706726,
0.7430900931358337,
-0.22402942180633545,
-0.1942838728427887,
-0.23213115334510803,
-0.21457307040691376,
-0.14337871968746185,
-0.29452750086784363,
0.2224789410829544,
0.48486319184303284,
0.23281095921993256,
-0.07955028116703033,
-0.5532488226890564,
-0.022057970985770226,
-0.6144962310791016,
0.14908163249492645,
-0.13196545839309692,
0.03235451877117157,
0.6897213459014893,
0.1511876881122589,
0.2451009750366211,
0.4925951659679413,
0.1266026645898819,
0.29878517985343933,
-0.8227277994155884,
-0.12355781346559525,
-0.3107661008834839,
0.06561454385519028,
0.24180208146572113,
-0.2728840708732605,
-0.12143225222826004,
0.12047015130519867,
0.039247628301382065,
0.0076484158635139465,
0.7410576939582825,
-0.2889699935913086,
-0.3113999366760254,
-0.31604593992233276,
-0.252126008272171,
-0.0788416936993599,
0.5089633464813232,
0.2501254677772522,
-0.009952239692211151,
-0.19925306737422943,
0.5874755382537842,
0.5846920609474182,
0.35092300176620483,
-0.1422606110572815,
0.2949027717113495,
-0.7277278304100037,
0.10086999833583832,
-0.0753808245062828,
-1.0698262453079224,
0.478379487991333,
0.03445019945502281,
0.3801070749759674,
0.3379707336425781,
-0.11499293893575668,
0.46570515632629395,
0.07695744186639786,
0.18591764569282532,
0.338662713766098,
0.2440279871225357,
-0.7619072794914246,
0.06589722633361816,
0.5139941573143005,
-0.18183043599128723,
-0.1143571212887764,
0.061688654124736786,
-1.1024577617645264,
0.5610619187355042,
0.3294968605041504,
-0.23773151636123657,
-0.5977885723114014,
-0.4443025290966034,
0.5129733681678772,
0.3575419783592224,
0.14939646422863007,
0.6525995135307312,
0.06903258711099625,
-0.2524186372756958,
0.652118980884552,
-0.8183977603912354,
-0.27344855666160583,
0.13066630065441132,
0.3309170603752136,
-0.3026677668094635,
-0.1336803138256073,
-0.5166694521903992,
0.13837289810180664,
0.15657056868076324,
0.028526093810796738,
-0.26618242263793945,
0.0626571998000145,
0.5981312990188599,
-0.3812183141708374,
-0.23794837296009064,
-0.09908295422792435,
0.08925570547580719,
-0.11596109718084335,
-0.24177128076553345,
0.10171102732419968,
0.6397438645362854,
-0.6901787519454956,
0.7241309285163879,
-0.2075868397951126,
-0.38110437989234924,
0.3412950038909912,
0.3078441023826599,
-0.14201664924621582,
0.8441765308380127,
-0.4821055829524994,
-0.5530229210853577,
0.6268786787986755,
0.18580786883831024,
-0.5480964183807373,
0.012873318046331406,
0.34475868940353394,
-0.5302760601043701,
-0.7235331535339355,
-0.19863536953926086,
-0.27969786524772644,
0.20035474002361298,
0.005388074088841677,
-0.30720680952072144,
-0.8197901844978333,
0.6079509258270264,
0.05645303428173065,
-0.16500011086463928,
0.3836369812488556,
-0.8036189079284668,
-0.3564681112766266,
-0.13825176656246185,
0.2056501805782318,
0.6163488030433655,
0.6332584619522095,
-0.05990607663989067,
0.029314931482076645,
0.08660047501325607,
-0.31445950269699097,
0.02014664188027382,
0.23211736977100372,
0.19704030454158783,
-0.4503272473812103,
-0.5939333438873291,
-0.3393145799636841,
0.25706228613853455,
0.3868619203567505,
0.015413196757435799,
-0.8844089508056641,
0.014691319316625595,
0.4686970114707947,
-0.6214639544487,
-0.4741233289241791,
-0.10424665361642838,
0.7558934092521667,
-0.32977116107940674,
0.2149600088596344,
0.4406184256076813,
0.10286466032266617,
-0.7532090544700623,
-0.3652470111846924,
-0.3312329053878784,
-1.0327118635177612,
0.3496111333370209,
-0.18495021760463715,
-0.2208062708377838,
-0.3794606924057007,
-0.7937595248222351,
0.18813829123973846,
-0.9667888283729553,
0.2997289299964905,
-0.21428082883358002,
0.044435612857341766,
0.2985954284667969,
-0.27827996015548706,
0.4055071473121643,
-0.17174860835075378,
-0.41073113679885864,
0.2103816717863083,
-0.013994928449392319,
0.026591606438159943,
0.3155077397823334,
-0.0015875273384153843,
-0.20951595902442932,
0.6072278022766113,
0.001792286871932447,
-0.2703233063220978,
0.22666577994823456,
0.02471095882356167,
0.1398790180683136,
-0.35048723220825195,
-0.42750784754753113,
-0.1252911388874054,
-0.46397116780281067,
-0.41038477420806885,
-0.030452745035290718,
0.7338934540748596,
0.07105609029531479,
0.5247018337249756,
0.03214998543262482,
-0.7691236138343811,
0.7111907005310059,
0.614541232585907,
-0.08342183381319046,
0.5485973358154297,
0.05340941250324249,
0.05724678188562393,
0.3731003403663635,
-0.0677589401602745,
-0.7633137106895447,
0.12143199145793915,
0.04840073734521866,
0.33466637134552,
0.5039039850234985,
-0.46942201256752014,
-0.02676946483552456,
0.0835365355014801,
-0.5074657797813416,
0.46759968996047974,
0.3761970102787018,
-0.502072811126709,
0.12528680264949799,
0.45415517687797546,
0.20164498686790466,
-0.23767612874507904,
0.563177227973938,
0.25659576058387756,
-0.5367112159729004,
0.5667862296104431,
-0.10935044288635254,
0.23332366347312927,
-0.14560703933238983,
-0.3527502119541168,
0.8196746110916138,
0.16438157856464386,
-0.32918450236320496,
-0.15502628684043884,
-0.9494907259941101,
-0.9202028512954712,
0.5954062938690186,
0.683143138885498,
0.9493134021759033,
0.4780215919017792,
0.6750311851501465,
-0.5040158629417419,
0.2809305191040039,
-0.10874716937541962,
0.5009549856185913,
-0.11459725350141525,
-0.29158666729927063,
0.022713307291269302,
0.3342236876487732,
0.10477327555418015,
-0.44996994733810425,
0.1281810700893402,
-0.053010549396276474,
0.04471995308995247,
0.2781444489955902,
0.1612803190946579,
-0.7875509262084961,
0.1655186116695404,
0.5450339913368225,
0.4151094853878021,
-0.36747872829437256,
0.09095057845115662,
0.06360296159982681,
0.2642797827720642,
0.07706069201231003,
-0.6504243016242981,
0.5111236572265625,
0.15723682940006256,
-0.002142316196113825,
0.37441515922546387,
-0.39252185821533203,
0.4755975604057312,
0.549294114112854,
-0.07765813171863556,
0.4198119342327118,
0.20913077890872955,
-0.1453566700220108,
-0.28123363852500916,
0.06730326265096664,
-0.10200269520282745,
0.3209635019302368,
0.09186729788780212,
0.1451067179441452,
-0.600074291229248,
0.20637576282024384,
-0.25849324464797974,
-0.15079961717128754,
-0.10359225422143936,
-0.3078835606575012,
0.2763303518295288,
-0.12161487340927124,
-0.28369447588920593,
0.0034126616083085537,
-0.257142037153244,
0.14746171236038208,
-0.0021058153361082077,
0.12565317749977112,
0.23652182519435883,
-0.05515999346971512,
-0.16157077252864838,
0.07879358530044556,
-0.8434756398200989,
0.4027024209499359,
-0.08870001882314682,
0.2528034448623657,
-0.40308132767677307,
0.4721335172653198,
-0.055439844727516174,
0.22172781825065613,
0.04932696372270584,
0.3328080177307129,
-0.07884043455123901,
0.721786618232727,
1.0912092924118042,
0.09632193297147751,
-0.6959110498428345,
-0.2937656044960022,
-0.2182122766971588,
-0.08415955305099487,
0.0017089146422222257,
0.44975247979164124,
0.36949408054351807,
-0.1700652688741684,
0.2198847383260727,
0.36583077907562256,
0.1441132128238678,
0.406311959028244,
0.10191284865140915,
-0.2878875136375427,
-0.6445434093475342,
0.1969473958015442,
-0.4292481541633606,
-0.0805853009223938,
0.3125680983066559,
0.7759585380554199,
0.37154582142829895,
-0.17020288109779358,
-0.08505341410636902,
-0.2557533085346222,
0.1497294306755066,
0.1647137999534607,
-2.0497372150421143,
-0.15576332807540894,
0.06938402354717255,
-0.3995707333087921,
-0.18943065404891968,
0.6050004959106445,
0.06465491652488708,
-0.17846666276454926,
0.43558815121650696,
0.2766447365283966,
-0.46358248591423035,
0.34159326553344727,
-0.053172241896390915,
-0.2890462279319763,
0.5556333065032959,
0.31618523597717285
] |
211114
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giessen%20%28district%29
|
Giessen (district)
|
Giessen (Landkreis Gießen in German) () is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hessen, Germany. Neighboring districts are Marburg-Biedenkopf, Vogelsbergkreis, Wetteraukreis, and Lahn-Dill.
History
In 1821 the duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt created districts (called Landratsbezirke) in the reorganisation of its internal administration. In the area of today's district the districts of Giessen and Grünberg were created. 1822 another district called Hungen was created. In 1832 these entities were replaced with bigger structures, now called Kreis. There were still two districts, Giessen und Grünberg. 1837 several municipalities moved from Grünberg to Giessen, and Grünberg in exchange acquired some municipalities from Hungen, which became a district again in 1841.
After the revolutionary uprisings of 1848, the districts were dissolved and replaced with a Regierungsbezirk Giessen, but just four years later, the districts were recreated. After the war of 1866, the north-western part of the district became part of Prussia. In 1874, the district grew in size again.
In 1938, the city of Giessen was excluded from the district, and with the dissolution of the district Schotten, several municipalities joined the district.
After two minor changes in 1967 and 1971, in 1977, the district was merged with the districts Wetzlar and Dillkreis to form the new Lahn-Dill-Kreis. In 1979, it was split again, and the district Giessen was recreated. The city Giessen—temporarily merged with Wetzlar to the city Lahn—was included into the district.
Geography
The main river of the district is the Lahn, which crosses the district from north to south.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows a wooden triangle in the top, depicting the traditional house style. In the bottom there is the symbol of the Saint Antonius order, which founded a monastery in Grünberg in 1242, and also supported the foundation of the university on Giessen in 1607.
Towns and municipalities
References
External links
Official website (German)
|
[
-0.128562793135643,
0.6721521615982056,
0.6508823037147522,
-0.4068988263607025,
-0.29413020610809326,
0.3821616470813751,
0.444539338350296,
0.32355690002441406,
0.026448890566825867,
-0.9427919983863831,
-0.360821396112442,
0.17468325793743134,
0.1505592316389084,
0.18558083474636078,
-0.22563697397708893,
0.5533164143562317,
0.5879930853843689,
0.28881117701530457,
-0.4482998847961426,
-0.9015620350837708,
-0.1685558706521988,
-0.09796090424060822,
0.41225576400756836,
0.3032773733139038,
-0.5131134986877441,
-0.46226876974105835,
0.5659553408622742,
0.2611772119998932,
0.7264052033424377,
0.0013261272106319666,
-0.013645857572555542,
0.5696125030517578,
-0.2743426561355591,
-0.0721263512969017,
0.5484610795974731,
0.4672432243824005,
-0.06918329745531082,
-0.6180802583694458,
0.5212379693984985,
-0.23890596628189087,
-0.09042160212993622,
0.4233711361885071,
-0.2484155148267746,
-0.3017151653766632,
0.33196863532066345,
-0.8100675344467163,
-1.574928641319275,
-0.14527828991413116,
-1.150523066520691,
-0.11764504015445709,
-0.6770450472831726,
0.1421051323413849,
0.2464962750673294,
0.4702792167663574,
-0.09996108710765839,
0.16088972985744476,
-1.4354650974273682,
0.0584569089114666,
0.9100425839424133,
0.9928867220878601,
0.2233210951089859,
0.09831442683935165,
-0.4840549826622009,
0.47025004029273987,
-0.20290356874465942,
0.15379886329174042,
0.1406579166650772,
0.7051917314529419,
0.11224886029958725,
-1.1215801239013672,
-1.0302283763885498,
-0.47334903478622437,
0.03888294845819473,
0.10193640738725662,
0.0707673728466034,
0.36230945587158203,
-0.537200927734375,
-0.12059493362903595,
0.16491299867630005,
-0.08772625774145126,
-0.41821691393852234,
-0.0020125280134379864,
0.8181300759315491,
-0.17137739062309265,
0.4292646646499634,
0.3699203133583069,
-0.4305165410041809,
-0.3494393229484558,
-0.21045929193496704,
0.656119704246521,
-0.3547613024711609,
-0.036623112857341766,
-0.050189729779958725,
0.06045086309313774,
0.5021661520004272,
-0.41245368123054504,
0.07740877568721771,
-0.14140760898590088,
0.8982489705085754,
0.851534366607666,
-0.17042604088783264,
0.19160760939121246,
0.42101895809173584,
0.5474725961685181,
-0.4111306965351105,
-0.03525056317448616,
0.018170161172747612,
-1.331908106803894,
-0.3289967477321625,
-0.6415111422538757,
-0.5536208152770996,
0.5576702356338501,
-0.026999814435839653,
-0.12704448401927948,
-0.060913413763046265,
0.026514867320656776,
0.1445208191871643,
-0.40602657198905945,
-0.07447917014360428,
0.17316149175167084,
0.24306827783584595,
0.8523278832435608,
-0.09744653850793839,
0.13886404037475586,
0.14944474399089813,
-0.0037065669894218445,
-0.12578339874744415,
0.6665952205657959,
-0.6729528903961182,
-0.0973593071103096,
0.409108966588974,
0.3676796853542328,
-0.29767683148384094,
0.00551605224609375,
0.41005808115005493,
-0.3811160624027252,
0.8230893015861511,
0.35746291279792786,
0.3481820821762085,
0.018614351749420166,
-0.5984660983085632,
-0.05473610386252403,
-1.3528627157211304,
0.007334756664931774,
0.28468993306159973,
-0.2912447452545166,
-0.28746694326400757,
-0.6748051047325134,
-0.07821144163608551,
-0.11238942295312881,
0.23666507005691528,
0.03373970091342926,
-0.5536106824874878,
0.49416038393974304,
-1.0717015266418457,
0.6027495265007019,
0.2522529363632202,
0.020040741190314293,
0.7922683358192444,
0.5042088031768799,
0.6160000562667847,
-0.746762216091156,
0.33087602257728577,
-0.08074259757995605,
0.29938459396362305,
-0.13883130252361298,
0.06106202304363251,
-0.06804881244897842,
-0.5203019380569458,
0.16411201655864716,
-0.9237949252128601,
-0.21149034798145294,
-0.3147468566894531,
-0.27562034130096436,
0.2825470566749573,
-0.16361406445503235,
0.10216235369443893,
0.506557285785675,
0.2084735482931137,
-0.40020617842674255,
-0.8862090110778809,
-0.2301533967256546,
0.28929510712623596,
0.531368613243103,
0.0037822071462869644,
-0.1402541548013687,
-0.47453737258911133,
-0.26147016882896423,
0.20425231754779816,
0.41024452447891235,
0.1532921940088272,
-0.7803456783294678,
0.8451549410820007,
0.19277499616146088,
1.0102438926696777,
0.2534671425819397,
-0.0566820465028286,
-0.42189356684684753,
-0.6298055648803711,
0.31889083981513977,
-0.1836751252412796,
-1.0651562213897705,
0.09188175201416016,
0.1574370563030243,
-0.01598592847585678,
1.006916880607605,
-0.671187162399292,
-0.5638468265533447,
-0.7839514017105103,
0.31316104531288147,
0.24856042861938477,
-0.021139593794941902,
0.3715001046657562,
-0.03158097714185715,
0.552949845790863,
-0.3678051829338074,
-0.18058666586875916,
-0.07627379149198532,
-0.34380221366882324,
-0.4357527792453766,
0.2698203921318054,
0.4733477830886841,
0.0698666125535965,
0.30923590064048767,
-0.2778034210205078,
0.39332807064056396,
0.38968318700790405,
0.6512578129768372,
-0.2752804756164551,
-0.8230142593383789,
0.5728400945663452,
0.43508923053741455,
0.3606134057044983,
0.0022543054074048996,
0.3247728943824768,
-0.3637647330760956,
-0.28522390127182007,
-0.03400071710348129,
0.5323857069015503,
-0.7240564227104187,
0.27309533953666687,
-0.002183306962251663,
-0.5203378200531006,
-0.29760900139808655,
0.3407924771308899,
0.6603847742080688,
-0.5089178681373596,
0.18141485750675201,
-0.8849102854728699,
-0.45753514766693115,
0.5822004079818726,
0.15735271573066711,
0.2300141304731369,
-0.7826676964759827,
-0.2603875994682312,
-0.24250805377960205,
0.18367987871170044,
0.5424277186393738,
0.1339530050754547,
0.5402624607086182,
-0.17413197457790375,
-0.04122288152575493,
0.3338724970817566,
-0.002154311165213585,
-0.8377958536148071,
0.13066309690475464,
-0.14503070712089539,
-0.41668981313705444,
-0.5620418787002563,
0.09315473586320877,
0.4409584701061249,
-0.41603466868400574,
-0.43886882066726685,
-1.0271496772766113,
-0.05975361540913582,
-0.30266255140304565,
-0.44513046741485596,
0.6498900651931763,
-0.9806936979293823,
0.4551812410354614,
0.4343559145927429,
0.8997707366943359,
-0.21774378418922424,
-0.10535721480846405,
-0.3419034481048584,
0.05502108857035637,
0.5994003415107727,
-0.04569128528237343,
-0.7729740738868713,
0.3718671202659607,
0.15479199588298798,
0.19968296587467194,
-0.18419615924358368,
0.14392057061195374,
0.4052099287509918,
0.19750766456127167,
-0.2974036931991577,
-0.09370344877243042,
0.42047443985939026,
-0.1914653480052948,
-0.4974427819252014,
0.23899897933006287,
0.051413703709840775,
0.09061484038829803,
-0.7665153741836548,
-0.8249374032020569,
-0.43901029229164124,
-0.001935355830937624,
-4.68552827835083,
-0.8472040295600891,
-0.46165549755096436,
0.1680043637752533,
-0.25448232889175415,
-0.27749237418174744,
-0.14390502870082855,
-0.42287594079971313,
-0.16547410190105438,
0.19901062548160553,
0.5371289253234863,
-0.5404301285743713,
-0.2722523808479309,
0.5967006683349609,
0.4857347011566162,
0.43821844458580017,
0.3038212060928345,
0.3786209523677826,
0.1739313155412674,
0.0325113870203495,
-0.20071522891521454,
0.1845501959323883,
0.2878921926021576,
0.7031040787696838,
0.6121957302093506,
0.20186400413513184,
0.25716426968574524,
-0.1670452505350113,
-1.1055009365081787,
-0.49153298139572144,
0.7616989016532898,
-0.4266539514064789,
-0.06196170672774315,
0.3571430444717407,
0.024169256910681725,
-0.06109927222132683,
0.6948238015174866,
0.7305453419685364,
0.32753223180770874,
-0.48587390780448914,
0.257665753364563,
1.4304537773132324,
-0.42015913128852844,
0.004798954352736473,
0.599280834197998,
-0.3714715242385864,
-0.5779122114181519,
0.11726309359073639,
-0.4925197660923004,
1.3808958530426025,
-0.1985718011856079,
-0.4864070415496826,
0.2964576482772827,
0.15352925658226013,
-0.24700091779232025,
0.23059239983558655,
0.3124142587184906,
0.29037806391716003,
0.003859304590150714,
0.7704129219055176,
0.31005510687828064,
-0.19296467304229736,
-0.22127734124660492,
-0.6550283432006836,
-0.4006885290145874,
-0.3668951392173767,
-0.3985876739025116,
0.38683798909187317,
0.27662575244903564,
-0.05015702545642853,
-0.29151681065559387,
0.28223663568496704,
0.10021016001701355,
-0.7367251515388489,
-0.2307225465774536,
-0.994987964630127,
-0.8738625049591064,
-0.5592577457427979,
0.20616409182548523,
0.26902058720588684,
0.30310967564582825,
-0.2169741541147232,
0.4651505649089813,
0.6813237071037292,
0.607636034488678,
0.006309822201728821,
-0.6651470065116882,
-0.16436684131622314,
0.6851961016654968,
-0.04088175296783447,
-0.21911709010601044,
-0.4642185866832733,
0.11420310288667679,
0.5187589526176453,
-0.9804112315177917,
0.9822768568992615,
-0.1027405858039856,
-0.72273850440979,
0.19214577972888947,
-0.7966189980506897,
1.385443091392517,
-0.6603768467903137,
0.11010013520717621,
0.49709779024124146,
-0.18333452939987183,
-0.19496528804302216,
0.8828594088554382,
0.2299852818250656,
0.5299028754234314,
0.2724102735519409,
0.12148081511259079,
-0.25954583287239075,
-0.126280277967453,
-1.2827200889587402,
0.5096539258956909,
-1.2728325128555298,
-1.507142424583435,
1.2336374521255493,
-0.26259928941726685,
0.4038909673690796,
0.3735237121582031,
-0.03454991430044174,
0.1365261673927307,
-0.8356571793556213,
-0.3088797330856323,
0.4658518433570862,
0.3143410086631775,
-0.03295690938830376,
-0.345303475856781,
0.5784080624580383,
-0.09039551764726639,
-0.36117056012153625,
-0.4042451083660126,
-0.7370469570159912,
0.29584014415740967,
-0.32673361897468567,
0.3259580433368683,
0.2795877158641815,
-0.13532574474811554,
0.10157395154237747,
1.0766304731369019,
0.5226167440414429,
-0.38103339076042175,
0.27532586455345154,
0.0031182095408439636,
0.20954783260822296,
0.2504631578922272,
-0.08254829794168472,
-1.0449069738388062,
0.07377024739980698,
-0.2743162512779236,
-0.5510896444320679,
-0.010294975712895393,
0.23745287954807281,
-0.21735134720802307,
0.18326535820960999,
0.07628153264522552,
0.4568176567554474,
0.4042665362358093,
-0.15968553721904755,
0.37744593620300293,
-0.2837499678134918,
-0.7757905721664429,
0.6237462162971497,
0.8060495853424072,
0.38727155327796936,
-0.2796698808670044,
-0.2118944674730301,
-0.7320223450660706,
0.6722018718719482,
-0.028934840112924576,
-0.35109442472457886,
-0.7466179132461548,
0.3408060669898987,
-0.3000732660293579,
-0.2113182693719864,
0.09042489528656006,
0.38240769505500793,
0.5561056733131409,
-0.3072018325328827,
-0.12466844916343689,
0.002977732801809907,
-0.30075323581695557,
0.6750640869140625,
0.1575886756181717,
-0.28450721502304077,
-0.2282589226961136,
0.6384588479995728,
-0.8930274248123169,
-0.40219226479530334,
0.9216181635856628,
-0.8024637699127197,
0.4772849678993225,
0.08678364753723145,
0.0035527280997484922,
-1.2468072175979614,
-0.018185414373874664,
-0.331132709980011,
-0.2035553753376007,
-0.11848792433738708,
0.28278040885925293,
0.6281217336654663,
-0.3505760133266449,
1.0558128356933594,
0.2757154405117035,
-0.5986290574073792,
0.3748067617416382,
0.6906824111938477,
-0.07586239278316498,
0.20552369952201843,
-0.8480437994003296,
-0.5292361378669739,
0.2833375334739685,
0.7536449432373047,
-0.6094480752944946,
0.16789411008358002,
0.05695129185914993,
-0.9334211349487305,
-0.2653171122074127,
-0.040819454938173294,
-0.7727444171905518,
-0.47744178771972656,
-0.4749637544155121,
-0.011068479157984257,
-0.7012977004051208,
0.3484542965888977,
0.06952594965696335,
-0.7940081357955933,
0.661461353302002,
-0.35366180539131165,
0.2718158960342407,
0.42557910084724426,
0.7611610293388367,
0.03358496353030205,
-0.3775009214878082,
-0.32813215255737305,
0.45181986689567566,
0.5771406888961792,
0.14509303867816925,
0.7163069844245911,
0.3011559545993805,
0.3864029347896576,
0.6592843532562256,
-0.7112925052642822,
0.17564056813716888,
-0.059368252754211426,
0.7462198734283447,
-0.43074139952659607,
-0.8081472516059875,
0.4019480347633362,
-0.05741428956389427,
-0.1954825520515442,
-0.34798240661621094,
-0.19845448434352875,
0.7441446185112,
-0.5631385445594788,
-0.15810249745845795,
0.45226719975471497,
0.7999141812324524,
-0.19507509469985962,
-0.2743487060070038,
-0.09615019708871841,
0.18232977390289307,
0.07627838850021362,
0.07260467112064362,
-0.2690880298614502,
-0.4019876718521118,
0.49433740973472595,
0.00164328352548182,
0.0595196969807148,
-0.5282140970230103,
-0.4692802131175995,
-0.7062947750091553,
-0.005768097471445799,
-0.2653209865093231,
-0.14948095381259918,
-0.4331313967704773,
-0.0650477185845375,
0.43714144825935364,
-0.42812347412109375,
-0.07832346111536026,
0.1094081848859787,
-0.2588755488395691,
-0.4984709620475769,
0.17688828706741333,
-0.5987531542778015,
-0.7072790861129761,
0.23865579068660736,
-1.0360569953918457,
0.6517876386642456,
-0.022746719419956207,
-0.5500538349151611,
-0.7922258973121643,
0.21789342164993286,
0.15025177597999573,
0.4244369864463806,
0.1366245597600937,
0.2142825573682785,
-0.0926172286272049,
0.36244305968284607,
-0.4861544370651245,
0.3089119791984558,
0.19679434597492218,
0.07821971923112869,
0.4650858938694,
0.12022487819194794,
-0.7337685227394104,
-0.43790900707244873,
0.07474476099014282,
-0.18432730436325073,
0.29067784547805786,
-0.6531810164451599,
0.028520531952381134,
1.4045239686965942,
0.19574546813964844,
0.7488340139389038,
0.8487449288368225,
-0.18627281486988068,
0.09004233032464981,
0.7205698490142822,
0.0014773003058508039,
-0.34296509623527527,
0.7833998799324036,
0.4384323060512543,
0.005182051099836826,
0.9508880972862244,
0.3851388394832611,
-0.1953539401292801,
0.15870410203933716,
-0.30324599146842957,
-0.17061853408813477,
-0.10160345584154129,
-0.8278020620346069,
0.5473777055740356,
-0.3045038878917694,
-0.22579728066921234,
-0.03674573451280594,
-0.14779478311538696,
-0.33404305577278137,
0.06013915687799454,
0.2377505749464035,
0.897899329662323,
0.009269781410694122,
0.19787447154521942,
0.15360216796398163,
0.41307148337364197,
-0.12827357649803162,
-0.1626889854669571,
0.7139480710029602,
-0.5420039892196655,
0.6532410979270935,
-0.04496665671467781,
0.2986832559108734,
-0.6112492084503174,
-0.2747642993927002,
0.645414412021637,
0.04208802059292793,
-0.19032509624958038,
-0.5750849843025208,
0.008576196618378162,
0.12599854171276093,
-0.8064175844192505,
-0.2790534794330597,
-0.08472824841737747,
-0.5969351530075073,
-0.6097769141197205,
-0.20636895298957825,
-0.1628655642271042,
-0.4940967559814453,
0.2585603892803192,
-0.14808915555477142,
0.14501191675662994,
0.42591696977615356,
-0.5787078142166138,
0.6342989206314087,
-0.028706064447760582,
0.0979112982749939,
0.008212966844439507,
-0.051427897065877914,
0.7734383344650269,
-0.012126225046813488,
-0.15083616971969604,
-0.20188315212726593,
-0.10869243741035461,
-0.22424067556858063,
-0.1514306515455246,
0.7497818470001221,
-0.10853256285190582,
0.7257142663002014,
0.08473506569862366,
-0.1292862594127655,
-0.07314570993185043,
0.12223915755748749,
-0.13021421432495117,
-0.3768337368965149,
-0.09250658750534058,
-0.4430354833602905,
0.8406557440757751,
0.17101767659187317,
0.2748102843761444,
0.38166579604148865,
0.42415887117385864,
-0.4232807159423828,
0.17909862101078033,
0.1406411975622177,
0.47985947132110596,
-0.46805450320243835,
0.34795570373535156,
-0.5062564611434937,
0.3610837757587433,
0.963993489742279,
-0.1564035415649414,
0.16572976112365723,
0.5411521196365356,
0.38351354002952576,
-0.021643243730068207,
0.9109099507331848,
-0.0043218075297772884,
-0.24424327909946442,
-0.04907069355249405,
0.5506294965744019,
0.24811317026615143,
0.2845344543457031,
0.3389335572719574,
0.28615957498550415,
-0.14529503881931305,
0.056093987077474594,
-0.006325142923742533,
-0.16932150721549988,
0.5421954989433289,
0.028476590290665627,
-0.01742985099554062,
-0.48195910453796387,
0.16981031000614166,
-0.6185199022293091,
0.6034342050552368,
0.1471233069896698,
0.3773665726184845,
0.3126015067100525,
-0.11012861877679825,
-0.34333473443984985,
-0.5907924175262451,
0.703234851360321,
0.5634331703186035,
-2.048093795776367,
0.2470351606607437,
-0.4806322157382965,
-0.6563075184822083,
-0.2039545625448227,
0.1773282289505005,
-0.1909276843070984,
-0.7877939343452454,
0.3239782750606537,
-0.18400515615940094,
-0.1668526530265808,
0.5632801055908203,
-0.04570775479078293,
-0.8651475310325623,
0.5229304432868958,
-0.10583913326263428
] |
211117
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InMe
|
InMe
|
InMe are an English rock band from Brentwood, Essex, formed in 1996.
InMe have released six studio albums, two EPs, one "bootleg" album, one best-of compilation, one live album, one live EP and an acoustic album. A DVD of the band's Overgrown Eden show at the Highbury Garage on 18 November 2010 was released via PledgeMusic as a part of the band's campaign for their fifth album The Pride. The band has had eight singles appear on the UK Top 100 Singles Chart. The band are open about the fact that they all have day jobs, and ask fans to support them financially.
History
Formation
The group originally formed as Drowned in 1996 when many of the band were just 14 years old. The members of the band at that time were Dave McPherson as guitarist / vocalist, Joe Morgan as bassist / backing vocalist and Simon Taylor as drummer. They played several local venues, getting their first interviews and airplay on Brentwood-based radio station, Phoenix FM. They recorded many unreleased tracks such as "acid drop" and "apricot" The band scored their break when a scout from MFN caught the end of one of their sets, whilst attending a gig to see another band. They signed with MFN in 2001, and changed their name to InMe to avoid confusion with Drowned, an American Christian rock band of the same name.
Overgrown Eden (2001–2003)
Overgrown Eden was released through Music for Nations in January 2003, after numerous delays. It reached No. 15 in the UK Albums Chart, and No. 1 in the UK Rock Albums Chart.
Four singles were released from Overgrown Eden. These were "Underdose", "Firefly", "Crushed Like Fruit" and "Neptune", the first three of these being issued before the album. "Underdose" was released in July 2002 and entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 66. This was followed by "Firefly" in September which peaked at No. 43. "Crushed Like Fruit" appeared in January 2003, charting at No. 25. "Neptune" was the last single released from the album in April 2003, charting at No. 46, and was accompanied with a video featuring fans at a live gig.
Music for Nations went out of business during 2004, when they were absorbed into a parent company. During this time the rights for Overgrown Eden were lost, and because of this, the album was eventually re-released in June 2006 when those rights were re-obtained. InMe played Overgrown Eden in its entirety in two separate dates in November 2010 as a part of a greatest hits tour to support their "best-of" album Phoenix: The Best Of InMe. The London show was recorded and was initially intended to be released through Sony BMG as a part of a re-release of Overgrown Eden. The DVD was eventually released through Graphite Records in 2012 along with the band's 5th Album The Pride.
White Butterfly (2004-2005)
Their second album, White Butterfly, was released on 20 June 2005. It was released in two forms in the UK, a standard edition with thirteen tracks, and a limited edition with two bonus tracks "Every Whisper Aches" and "Angels with Snipers". The first single from White Butterfly was "Faster The Chase" in 2004, when the band were still with MFN. Before the release of the album, there was a leak where several tracks, due to be released for the first time on the album were downloaded. The first in-store single to be released on the new label was "7 Weeks" which reached No. 36 in the UK chart, whilst the second single, "So You Know", peaked at No. 33. The release of White Butterfly was sandwiched between a tour of the UK. White Butterfly was produced by Josh Abraham and Colin Richardson.
The band released a double A-side download single "White Butterfly" / "Safe In a Room" on 19 December 2005, with a five track live EP.
White Butterfly was played in its entirety at two of InMe's shows on their greatest hits tour in November 2010.
Caught: White Butterfly (2005)
A live album, titled Caught: White Butterfly was recorded at the London Astoria in December 2005, and released in August 2006. The live DVD, White Butterfly Caught Live, which was released in October 2006. In 2006, Joe Morgan left the band following the end of the tour cycle for White Butterfly and went to study at university, being replaced by Dave's younger brother Greg McPherson.
Daydream Anonymous (2006–2007)
In September 2007, InMe released their third album Daydream Anonymous. It charted in the UK at No. 71, making it the lowest charting InMe album to date. Daydream Anonymous featured thirteen tracks. "I Won't Let Go" was released as the only single. Daydream Anonymous was played in its entirety on two nights of InMe's greatest hits tour in December. It marked a shift in style towards a more technical, progressive and complex sound and exhibited a massive improvement in all members' technical abilities as instrumentalists.
Herald Moth (2008–2010)
Herald Moth was recorded at Chapel Studios and the band finished recording the album in February 2009. It was released on 14 September through Graphite Records, and peaked at No. 68 in the UK chart. The album's first single, "Single of the Weak", was released on 17 August.
Herald Moth was InMe's first album as a four piece band, following the addition of Ben Konstantinovic in 2008. The band toured extensively through Europe from early 2009 to 2010, and saw Konstantinovic leaving in October 2009, to be replaced by Gazz Marlow in February the following year.
A double A-side single "All Terrain Vehicle" / "Nova Armada" was released in June 2010, with an accompanying video for "Nova Armada". Marlow's first recording with the band was with him playing second guitar on an acoustic version of "Nova Armada". With Marlow operating exclusively as a guitarist for the time being, backing vocal duties remained solely with Greg McPherson. InMe went on a 20 date run of the UK (known as the "All Terrain Armada Tour") to promote the album, with support from Fei Comodo and Envy Of The State.
InMe played Herald Moth in its entirety at both the Firebug in Leicester and The Relentless Garage in London in December 2010. InMe also headlined the Strongbow Stage at the Sonisphere festival at Knebworth in July 2010, and appeared at the Summer Breeze Festival in Germany in August.
Phoenix: The Best of InMe (2010)
Their best of compilation album, Phoenix: The Best of InMe, included 15 tracks: three tracks from each of the band's four studio albums and three new recordings. The new tracks were recorded in June 2010, with Fei Comodo guitarist Mike Curtis producing. They were entitled "Saccharine Arcadia", "Thanks for Believing Me" and "Bury Me Deep Beneath Your Skin". The album was released on 27 September 2010.
The accompanying tour saw the band take up a four night residency at The Relentless Garage in London in November and December 2010, playing each of their four studio albums already released at that time in their entirety in consecutive weeks.
Overgrown Eden DVD release and The Pride (2010–2012)
Following the airing of Overgrown Eden at the Highbury Garage in November on the Phoenix tour, the show (which was filmed) is to be released on DVD through Sony BMG. In a recent interview with Live4guitar, InMe confirmed that this DVD should be released as part of the PledgeMusic Campaign, which launches in November 2011. The band made an appearance on the Bohemia Stage on Sunday 10 July at Sonisphere Knebworth.
As was frequently confirmed by Dave McPherson on social networking site Facebook as well as on the microblogging site Twitter, InMe planned to spend the early part of 2011 working on their fifth album, which was planned for release in February 2012. The album is to be supported by a PledgeMusic campaign launching on 25 November 2011. The album exhibits a completely different sound to its predecessor Herald Moth and has been described was "euphoric, uplifting and very positive" both by Dave McPherson and lead guitarist Gazz Marlow in the buildup to the album's release. In November 2011 'A Great Man' was released as a free download single via Pledge Music.
The album was released on 19 February 2012, InMe released their fifth studio album The Pride. Their PledgeMusic campaign got 314% - a percentage of which went towards the charity The Alzheimer's Society. In the UK Albums Chart it reached No. 60, and also reached No. 8 on the UK indie chart.
InMe uploaded 'Pantheon', the first single from 'The Pride' in March 2012. It was uploaded onto YouTube following an exclusive release via the Big Cheese magazine website. A video for Moonlit Seabed, the second official single from the album, was shot in September–October 2012 and released via YouTube on 27 November. On 16 December 2012, InMe also released Medusa through their BandCamp page without any prior notice, which is an additional album that was home recorded as part of a PledgeMusic incentive.
The Destinations EP and Triple Album (2013)
In 2014 InMe released a 4 track EP titled The Destinations EP, first via PledgeMusic and later for general release. This was followed by a UK tour to promote the EP in May 2014, supported by The Red Paintings. The band has announced via social media that they are to release a new triple album beginning in 2015. The project is titled Trilogy and will consist of three albums. The first, a soft rock album, the second a melodic rock album, and the third a heavy metal album. The first, titled Trilogy: Dawn, was released on 4 May 2015, with the PledgeMusic campaign launching on 3 April. On 9 March, the band released the first song from the triple album to their fans, titled Trauma: Door Slam Crescendo.
Departure of Simon Taylor (2017)
On 13 October 2017, drummer Simon Taylor announced he was leaving InMe to focus on other ventures. On 10 November 2017, InMe announced that Tom Dalton would be joining as their new drummer.
InMe performed two shows with Scottish rockers Gun at the end of 2017, which were Dalton's first shows with the band.
Discontinuation of Trilogy, Jumpstart Hope and addition of John O'Keeffe (2018–present)
On 2 November 2018, InMe announced via social media that they would be releasing their 7th Studio album called Jumpstart Hope in 2019. In the same post InMe confirmed they would not be continuing with Trilogy.
On 22 July 2019, the band announced that they had added their long-time merch guy John O'Keeffe to the band as an additional rhythm guitarist.
Finishing 2018 with a UK tour alongside A and Wheatus, InMe started 2019 with a string of sold out UK headline dates and will be embarking on another headline UK tour in September 2019, ahead of their Jumpstart Hope album release.
On January 3rd 2020 InMe released "Shame" on Spotify from their upcoming album Jumpstart Hope.
Jumpstart Hope was released on January 17th 2020 and reached #10 in the UK Rock Albums official chart.
InMe announced via Facebook that Greg McPherson was leaving the band on July 6th 2021.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
Live
Bootlegs
EPs
Singles
Notes
Timeline
References
External links
Musical groups established in 1996
Music in Essex
British alternative metal musical groups
Articles which contain graphical timelines
V2 Records artists
Music for Nations artists
Musical groups from Essex
|
[
-0.17066702246665955,
-0.4252861738204956,
0.04381171986460686,
0.07452970743179321,
-0.08307350426912308,
0.32063010334968567,
0.027585942298173904,
-0.01741604134440422,
0.1760304570198059,
-0.3277187645435333,
-0.22893716394901276,
0.2926633656024933,
-0.33093520998954773,
-0.04621908441185951,
0.05401600897312164,
-0.04095117375254631,
-0.22162695229053497,
0.44943761825561523,
-0.11694477498531342,
-0.03565578535199165,
0.0481632798910141,
0.09435640275478363,
0.3918660879135132,
-0.10342446714639664,
0.5286965370178223,
0.3621617555618286,
-0.11180116981267929,
-0.25572487711906433,
0.2774003744125366,
-0.14211317896842957,
-0.12941715121269226,
0.3246852159500122,
0.26953619718551636,
-0.7002695798873901,
0.021980667486786842,
0.37869566679000854,
-0.7403520345687866,
0.18428702652454376,
-0.4867093861103058,
-0.28518009185791016,
0.19268815219402313,
-0.6040049195289612,
0.20437796413898468,
0.14863039553165436,
-0.5457186698913574,
-0.3765422999858856,
-2.199700355529785,
0.16774345934391022,
-0.836698591709137,
0.010081790387630463,
-0.3593776822090149,
-0.20184853672981262,
0.19408246874809265,
0.013729744590818882,
0.32426249980926514,
0.1421290934085846,
-0.00906927976757288,
-0.36444249749183655,
-0.08040734380483627,
-0.2169428914785385,
0.46861642599105835,
0.153400257229805,
-0.11302599310874939,
-0.5455338358879089,
-0.23228706419467926,
0.20906952023506165,
0.5644543766975403,
0.025198539718985558,
-0.30358830094337463,
-0.43707889318466187,
0.3994297683238983,
0.32334354519844055,
-0.4529096484184265,
-0.3177952766418457,
0.1337512731552124,
-0.3506064713001251,
0.20357732474803925,
0.47149473428726196,
0.26594921946525574,
0.7984366416931152,
0.09045406430959702,
0.3427543640136719,
0.9507507681846619,
0.05818954110145569,
0.17399749159812927,
-0.46668219566345215,
-0.39980873465538025,
0.9186450839042664,
-0.675545871257782,
0.20346036553382874,
0.31079617142677307,
-0.8568716645240784,
0.48598045110702515,
0.3210606873035431,
0.47785910964012146,
0.003564615501090884,
-0.4535900950431824,
0.441549688577652,
0.3580560088157654,
-0.26336470246315,
0.11351339519023895,
-0.3686913847923279,
-0.7609205842018127,
-0.39597707986831665,
-0.3845489025115967,
-0.16073603928089142,
-0.18282128870487213,
-0.6927689909934998,
-0.33997485041618347,
-0.32908764481544495,
-0.15954504907131195,
0.32713988423347473,
-0.11632861942052841,
0.1740926206111908,
0.1953245848417282,
-0.022796684876084328,
0.36421146988868713,
0.1150670126080513,
-0.17395059764385223,
0.32940372824668884,
0.2771892249584198,
0.3447721302509308,
0.11410965025424957,
0.38874712586402893,
-0.3212679624557495,
0.703007698059082,
0.2382599115371704,
0.31027355790138245,
-0.8883784413337708,
0.01757741905748844,
-0.35430458188056946,
0.6966888904571533,
-0.11320886760950089,
-0.05224193260073662,
0.5531878471374512,
-0.5343700051307678,
0.2942718267440796,
0.037616245448589325,
0.3758789002895355,
0.33728906512260437,
-0.1578841209411621,
-0.008353207260370255,
-0.551156759262085,
-0.04612843692302704,
-0.0017423854442313313,
-0.48540642857551575,
-0.6424263119697571,
0.1682969331741333,
-0.26171520352363586,
-0.10512052476406097,
0.2631974220275879,
-0.5964277386665344,
-0.5577771663665771,
0.011632868088781834,
-0.28831011056900024,
-0.06514038145542145,
0.26529839634895325,
-0.09505695849657059,
-0.08488722890615463,
0.1975354105234146,
-0.0021370090544223785,
-0.11297273635864258,
-0.10399168729782104,
0.3158344030380249,
0.22759650647640228,
-0.3862094581127167,
-0.14315782487392426,
-0.2083563208580017,
0.5688490271568298,
0.1880776584148407,
-0.13456247746944427,
-0.4890964925289154,
0.771156907081604,
0.3778887093067169,
0.17389701306819916,
-0.5359266996383667,
0.9095377922058105,
0.5235280990600586,
0.10400276631116867,
0.1679912805557251,
-0.6528087854385376,
-0.21367433667182922,
0.21460925042629242,
-0.151177778840065,
0.2860942780971527,
0.22064587473869324,
0.1803089678287506,
0.2896115779876709,
-0.09807407110929489,
-0.3415091335773468,
-0.045532047748565674,
-0.6316233277320862,
0.8180539608001709,
-0.8696351647377014,
0.666365921497345,
0.2202310711145401,
0.05599391832947731,
0.41072627902030945,
0.07140719145536423,
0.5701276063919067,
0.3697710931301117,
-0.07916738092899323,
0.9690999984741211,
-0.3956124186515808,
0.1965518295764923,
0.290266215801239,
0.16500644385814667,
-0.279353529214859,
-0.30014076828956604,
0.09326809644699097,
-0.20155397057533264,
-0.5101697444915771,
0.9433680176734924,
0.05344327911734581,
-0.4661259055137634,
-0.5666952729225159,
-0.2896091341972351,
-0.01605798676609993,
0.17311395704746246,
-0.37736776471138,
0.813395619392395,
0.4023919403553009,
0.21003924310207367,
-0.09425335377454758,
-0.03701338544487953,
1.1118732690811157,
-0.12332411855459213,
-0.5170099139213562,
0.6870741844177246,
-0.17589135468006134,
-0.03801829367876053,
0.005607628729194403,
0.2348213791847229,
-0.09672806411981583,
0.2954694926738739,
0.28656646609306335,
0.3301306366920471,
-0.3937315344810486,
0.3498533070087433,
0.14648878574371338,
0.25669434666633606,
0.2881401479244232,
-0.5442535877227783,
0.39021366834640503,
0.5179706811904907,
0.42597609758377075,
0.24619857966899872,
-0.2099873572587967,
-0.18140371143817902,
0.5538250207901001,
-0.19488291442394257,
0.06873338669538498,
0.09109853208065033,
-0.25791090726852417,
0.023473365232348442,
-0.060294002294540405,
0.11554607003927231,
0.0715099424123764,
0.42155012488365173,
0.5278084874153137,
-0.56182461977005,
-0.36779797077178955,
0.9403406977653503,
0.5246875882148743,
-0.30901625752449036,
-0.2832174003124237,
-0.1626853197813034,
-0.3567078411579132,
0.8204720616340637,
0.2212330549955368,
0.9158948063850403,
0.6634751558303833,
-0.2081507444381714,
0.5148916840553284,
-0.6952950954437256,
0.13423141837120056,
-0.18885159492492676,
0.3987816274166107,
0.08844652771949768,
-1.698678731918335,
0.3569095730781555,
0.7994999885559082,
-0.16968199610710144,
-0.5774867534637451,
0.20339904725551605,
0.6561077833175659,
0.0047142161056399345,
-0.3978223502635956,
-0.3510552644729614,
-0.317116379737854,
-0.11585591733455658,
0.06557668745517731,
-0.3804861605167389,
0.16870152950286865,
0.223605215549469,
-0.1403246372938156,
0.004440648015588522,
0.24078300595283508,
0.0185163002461195,
0.21738600730895996,
0.006179222837090492,
0.5480539202690125,
-0.49734121561050415,
-0.050274647772312164,
0.21906478703022003,
-0.5786250829696655,
0.2181369811296463,
-0.07520297169685364,
-5.718769073486328,
-0.0606413334608078,
0.7225409150123596,
0.47868600487709045,
0.5464698076248169,
-0.36939316987991333,
0.28555890917778015,
-0.2003042995929718,
-0.03401051089167595,
0.06324109435081482,
-0.28712964057922363,
0.19560657441616058,
0.10597869753837585,
-0.030792953446507454,
-0.10772397369146347,
0.12407195568084717,
0.37518712878227234,
-0.0077459742315113544,
0.2757551968097687,
0.3354981541633606,
0.14119523763656616,
-0.08901431411504745,
0.22289688885211945,
0.838607132434845,
0.05889393016695976,
0.08345958590507507,
-0.7663507461547852,
0.2541758418083191,
-0.4274148643016815,
-0.049623481929302216,
0.008210650645196438,
0.2545747756958008,
-0.2472352534532547,
-0.712721049785614,
0.11132455617189407,
0.1678244173526764,
0.9662877321243286,
0.03474106267094612,
0.43091803789138794,
-0.9310429692268372,
-0.17729708552360535,
0.3769686222076416,
-0.07406468689441681,
-0.5941913723945618,
0.0896325409412384,
-0.056601382791996,
-0.27132123708724976,
-0.4434228539466858,
-0.2776959240436554,
0.895501971244812,
-0.09933113306760788,
-0.3982296586036682,
0.3142082989215851,
0.1846720278263092,
0.15741638839244843,
-0.312844842672348,
-0.3814922869205475,
0.3372509479522705,
0.3188553750514984,
0.5933380722999573,
0.2525120675563812,
-0.2583834230899811,
-0.013217659667134285,
-0.5888750553131104,
-0.5026519298553467,
-0.16181060671806335,
-0.0617428757250309,
0.3874885141849518,
0.7574515342712402,
0.11514343321323395,
0.18858958780765533,
-0.14380185306072235,
-0.25588250160217285,
-1.2958943843841553,
-0.49141982197761536,
0.47055861353874207,
0.27972427010536194,
-0.37379249930381775,
-0.31038299202919006,
-0.020756592974066734,
-0.4427439570426941,
-0.09686034172773361,
-0.1807667315006256,
0.5874444246292114,
-0.5391761660575867,
-0.5303060412406921,
-0.27343279123306274,
-0.08761908859014511,
-0.6354812383651733,
-0.2188200056552887,
0.19297218322753906,
0.015578808262944221,
0.26070907711982727,
-0.05863700807094574,
0.7689135074615479,
0.13327182829380035,
0.4296741783618927,
0.46795302629470825,
0.19812507927417755,
-0.20130465924739838,
0.46860453486442566,
0.11266361176967621,
0.11515435576438904,
-0.3112980127334595,
-0.21667547523975372,
-0.7654160857200623,
-0.4817896783351898,
-0.06681835651397705,
0.6297793388366699,
-0.8371148109436035,
0.4989721179008484,
0.19512946903705597,
-0.7990080118179321,
-0.2870730459690094,
-0.589723527431488,
0.033723220229148865,
-0.39390772581100464,
-0.36537617444992065,
0.4149758815765381,
0.07342271506786346,
-0.17852474749088287,
0.6983602643013,
-0.3722779452800751,
-0.10106594115495682,
-0.6742258667945862,
0.2302643358707428,
-0.11045964807271957,
0.4373004734516144,
-0.26999664306640625,
-0.06020602956414223,
-0.1444804072380066,
0.1227259561419487,
-0.40351060032844543,
-0.04249495640397072,
-0.03643755987286568,
-0.5941174626350403,
-0.3216478228569031,
0.4821613132953644,
0.008195774629712105,
0.2739711403846741,
0.4664938151836395,
-0.37224122881889343,
0.11486154049634933,
0.05995975807309151,
0.7110226154327393,
0.2079387605190277,
0.14721137285232544,
-0.6246095895767212,
-0.4440549314022064,
0.6112034916877747,
0.5919042229652405,
-0.7249277234077454,
0.9725692868232727,
-0.9033915996551514,
0.3417777419090271,
0.6053352952003479,
-0.26696377992630005,
-0.6345490217208862,
-0.0012346707517281175,
-0.5907575488090515,
0.2569645941257477,
0.1825782209634781,
-0.4806353449821472,
-0.3357175290584564,
0.2224813848733902,
0.11277706176042557,
-0.2987569570541382,
-0.295636922121048,
-0.12697675824165344,
-0.4271165430545807,
0.18247799575328827,
-0.3298116624355316,
-0.12722967565059662,
-0.42148274183273315,
-0.022289251908659935,
0.055397383868694305,
-0.2655339539051056,
-0.05678419768810272,
-0.2750263810157776,
-0.22567099332809448,
-0.06393098086118698,
0.13983920216560364,
-0.2299499660730362,
0.020850174129009247,
0.11973413825035095,
-0.8147838711738586,
-0.29905927181243896,
-0.6843884587287903,
-0.30588650703430176,
-0.14441370964050293,
-0.3200644552707672,
0.40816164016723633,
0.28280869126319885,
-0.2728167176246643,
-0.20006081461906433,
-0.2723309397697449,
-0.16556721925735474,
0.8258167505264282,
-0.2198450118303299,
-0.05619071424007416,
0.49815797805786133,
0.044750314205884933,
-0.19677734375,
0.15108731389045715,
0.08704972267150879,
-0.7922332882881165,
-0.2663251757621765,
-0.47035783529281616,
-0.6012237071990967,
0.07585150003433228,
-0.22372563183307648,
-0.43268465995788574,
0.16808666288852692,
0.016257593408226967,
-0.2374965101480484,
-0.3094092309474945,
0.0171743743121624,
-0.13607491552829742,
-0.4684222340583801,
-0.3563195466995239,
-0.5877956748008728,
0.5905791521072388,
-0.05122265964746475,
0.10753859579563141,
-0.5707510709762573,
0.6038777232170105,
0.7657874822616577,
0.18231116235256195,
0.3149237036705017,
-0.5992239117622375,
-0.33912932872772217,
0.4818509817123413,
0.3518996238708496,
0.003920526243746281,
-0.016285566613078117,
0.11336028575897217,
0.3657919466495514,
0.3664340078830719,
0.014432108029723167,
0.45371997356414795,
0.3928152322769165,
-0.1300244927406311,
-0.17677605152130127,
-0.6161478757858276,
-0.24350573122501373,
1.000090479850769,
0.3973427712917328,
-0.1378791183233261,
-0.6987080574035645,
0.5785093307495117,
-0.027343174442648888,
0.10234159976243973,
-0.3430570662021637,
0.21390195190906525,
0.773144543170929,
-0.6706770658493042,
0.33140596747398376,
-0.4134448170661926,
-0.17610682547092438,
-0.19492018222808838,
0.6493349075317383,
-0.23525233566761017,
-0.2022111415863037,
0.42215681076049805,
0.037869006395339966,
0.1615564376115799,
-0.08368294686079025,
-0.48230987787246704,
0.0918622687458992,
-0.3806360065937042,
0.025520844385027885,
0.1487697958946228,
0.15165776014328003,
0.3543071746826172,
0.24815897643566132,
-0.04463862255215645,
-0.24469652771949768,
-0.5759724378585815,
-0.020739108324050903,
-0.0917072594165802,
-0.3530791997909546,
0.4488118290901184,
-0.08633241057395935,
-0.11334989964962006,
0.1741468608379364,
-0.5281887650489807,
-0.004342494532465935,
-0.7970025539398193,
-0.28516796231269836,
-0.18071533739566803,
0.2512854039669037,
-0.14258477091789246,
-0.7256770133972168,
0.29794374108314514,
0.4898093044757843,
0.2969985008239746,
-0.4020470678806305,
-0.15059921145439148,
-0.30465736985206604,
-0.17191575467586517,
-0.19701695442199707,
0.40297049283981323,
0.26993289589881897,
-0.4476586580276489,
-0.037862472236156464,
0.145444855093956,
0.0359664186835289,
-0.24967963993549347,
0.1637500524520874,
-0.18623434007167816,
0.033056847751140594,
-0.26966989040374756,
-0.1301380693912506,
0.6628393530845642,
-0.4024071991443634,
0.269622266292572,
0.6038947701454163,
-0.9503992199897766,
0.30671030282974243,
0.2588701844215393,
0.3990827798843384,
-0.12024535238742828,
0.14768169820308685,
0.7044076323509216,
0.22515328228473663,
0.0968203991651535,
0.14312680065631866,
-0.17932212352752686,
0.49608972668647766,
0.5465468168258667,
0.5143334269523621,
0.06589365005493164,
-0.537562370300293,
0.9419497847557068,
-0.30662909150123596,
-0.9881817102432251,
-0.19217343628406525,
-0.06919904053211212,
-0.19110575318336487,
0.657461941242218,
0.07508048415184021,
0.3970058560371399,
-0.21389703452587128,
-0.22526511549949646,
0.1376238614320755,
0.1787806898355484,
0.27100393176078796,
0.07802603393793106,
-0.038340676575899124,
-0.06334660202264786,
0.18626084923744202,
-0.008304702118039131,
-0.25465065240859985,
-0.48081517219543457,
-0.3937702476978302,
0.03758031874895096,
0.35572341084480286,
-0.39492517709732056,
0.02484215423464775,
0.27836504578590393,
0.23878861963748932,
0.01808987371623516,
0.3693053424358368,
0.1571212261915207,
-0.5706378817558289,
-0.15015757083892822,
-0.07556897401809692,
-0.4865536689758301,
-0.13811179995536804,
0.36587420105934143,
0.9380913376808167,
0.40782517194747925,
0.14444085955619812,
-0.09973805397748947,
-0.47794243693351746,
0.49945974349975586,
0.4759429395198822,
0.5607087016105652,
-0.514395534992218,
-0.2457094043493271,
-0.2936556935310364,
0.23860202729701996,
-0.23111745715141296,
-0.4812127947807312,
0.49055320024490356,
-0.46446892619132996,
0.1336577981710434,
0.9381911158561707,
-0.6757622361183167,
0.4989634156227112,
0.30741313099861145,
-0.8166170120239258,
-0.3832445442676544,
-0.19801786541938782,
-0.389079749584198,
-0.2512505054473877,
0.5153086185455322,
0.7858060002326965,
-0.20546986162662506,
0.374855637550354,
0.5144224762916565,
0.1485196352005005,
0.24542777240276337,
-0.114933080971241,
-0.29052698612213135,
0.8578168153762817,
-0.8189913034439087,
0.11166587471961975,
-0.661963701248169,
0.3453558087348938,
1.3525571823120117,
0.2966974675655365,
0.13551433384418488,
0.19030147790908813,
-0.06452160328626633,
-0.27378103137016296,
0.3635871410369873,
-0.29319801926612854,
-0.24907594919204712,
0.36964893341064453,
-0.07575271278619766,
0.3998304605484009,
-0.118137426674366,
0.03950449824333191,
-0.35197874903678894,
0.09399022161960602,
0.2766387164592743,
0.16129472851753235,
-0.17328733205795288,
0.7055708169937134,
-0.0582737997174263,
-0.025078242644667625,
-0.5961778163909912,
0.396940141916275,
-0.3605380058288574,
-0.13736781477928162,
-0.45449626445770264,
0.030093012377619743,
0.245313361287117,
0.2971040606498718,
0.5364511609077454,
-0.26256877183914185,
-0.3234911561012268,
-0.06612183153629303,
-0.3315090835094452,
0.3998396098613739,
0.07088244706392288,
-0.558677077293396,
-0.7421847581863403,
-0.20115017890930176,
0.5961374044418335,
-0.5150055289268494,
-0.40651005506515503,
-0.072421133518219,
-0.23237478733062744,
-0.0053353686816990376,
0.367782324552536,
-0.25425612926483154,
-0.009201408363878727,
0.04364459961652756
] |
211119
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Ruwet
|
Nicolas Ruwet
|
Nicolas Ruwet (December 31, 1932 – November 15, 2001) was a linguist, literary critic and musical analyst. He was involved with the development of generative grammar.
Biography
Ruwet was born in Saive in Belgium and studied philology in Liège. Later he studied with Claude Lévi-Strauss and later still with Noam Chomsky and Roman Jakobson, both influences, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He studied music privately.
Ruwet is best known for his work as a linguist and critic, but he was also a significant figure in musical analysis. He attempted to make his analyses completely objective by not making any a priori assumptions about how the music worked, instead breaking the piece down into small parts and seeing how those parts related to each other, thus discovering the syntax of the piece without reference to any external sources or norms. His work in this field constitutes a kind of musical semiology and his analytical methods were later named paradigmatic analysis.
Some of his musical analyses were published along with other works in Langage, musique, poésie [Speech, music, poetry] (1972).
Ruwet died in Paris.
Bibliography
(1967). Introduction à la Grammaire Générative. Plon.
(1973). An Introduction to Generative Grammar. .
(1991). Syntax and Human Experience.
See also
Jean-Jacques Nattiez
References
External links
"Nicolas Ruwet (1932-2001)", UChicago.edu.
1932 births
2001 deaths
Belgian musicologists
20th-century musicologists
|
[
-0.4479741156101227,
0.6362575888633728,
-0.468606561422348,
-0.4602198898792267,
-0.4675603210926056,
0.809849739074707,
0.6400687098503113,
0.05096731707453728,
-0.10806672275066376,
-0.3356374204158783,
-0.2235298454761505,
0.1687949001789093,
0.3683493435382843,
0.1239289939403534,
0.2168489694595337,
0.15190128982067108,
0.10252590477466583,
-0.5050994753837585,
-0.3526167571544647,
-0.5198338627815247,
-0.015016715042293072,
-0.004919766914099455,
0.29280024766921997,
0.4040871262550354,
-0.382942795753479,
0.2385363131761551,
-0.307746559381485,
-0.12328330427408218,
0.3127034902572632,
0.10153547674417496,
-0.3447326123714447,
1.1760823726654053,
0.2816031277179718,
-0.31677648425102234,
-0.2207736074924469,
0.6952519416809082,
-0.13742460310459137,
-0.2672536075115204,
0.4471336901187897,
0.08801449090242386,
0.2506101727485657,
0.2593075931072235,
0.018372567370533943,
0.09034936130046844,
-0.06068579852581024,
-0.7336768507957458,
-2.0580952167510986,
0.19693373143672943,
-0.6546846032142639,
-0.4479111135005951,
0.13712571561336517,
0.3701268136501312,
1.2734177112579346,
0.4139917492866516,
-0.6070907115936279,
-0.35457202792167664,
-0.8083557486534119,
-0.023422691971063614,
0.5801292061805725,
0.22519664466381073,
0.2715691030025482,
0.15653932094573975,
-0.016411468386650085,
-0.10766485333442688,
0.42162153124809265,
0.23928658664226532,
0.059914179146289825,
0.1712426245212555,
-0.22522932291030884,
-0.34485217928886414,
-0.55165034532547,
0.13873760402202606,
0.6754179000854492,
-0.7619747519493103,
0.07611548900604248,
-0.42674940824508667,
0.5281330943107605,
0.12325070798397064,
-0.10482913255691528,
0.3510827422142029,
-0.0902249813079834,
-0.04267512634396553,
0.7739503979682922,
-0.0022066840901970863,
0.43182316422462463,
-0.6175828576087952,
-0.4411115348339081,
0.2815229594707489,
-1.0680038928985596,
-0.39557814598083496,
-0.29592886567115784,
-0.8597041964530945,
0.24817365407943726,
0.4187951982021332,
-0.23529542982578278,
0.4934030771255493,
0.41827598214149475,
0.6093164682388306,
0.22610855102539062,
0.2990615665912628,
0.040081936866045,
0.1504090279340744,
0.3768922686576843,
-0.07119651138782501,
-0.6383482217788696,
-0.3403110206127167,
-0.21889114379882812,
-0.4249752163887024,
-0.11490881443023682,
-0.4628364145755768,
-0.6376621723175049,
-0.047503549605607986,
-0.008190037682652473,
0.26610496640205383,
0.3512834906578064,
0.5517413020133972,
-0.07044415175914764,
-0.534061074256897,
-0.5561199188232422,
0.4521627426147461,
-0.23878872394561768,
0.30161744356155396,
-0.13138596713542938,
-0.021265868097543716,
-0.8618590235710144,
-0.0336633026599884,
0.4746752381324768,
0.6536359190940857,
-0.4597514867782593,
-0.006890542339533567,
0.41833487153053284,
1.2340699434280396,
0.05868355557322502,
-0.05309745669364929,
-0.2650197446346283,
-0.496239572763443,
0.7822470664978027,
0.011384018696844578,
-0.7040107250213623,
0.18314823508262634,
-0.5094135999679565,
-0.35444796085357666,
-1.0622340440750122,
-0.3280498683452606,
0.4123553931713104,
-0.09915145486593246,
-0.26923009753227234,
-0.17566032707691193,
0.3666207790374756,
-0.24697038531303406,
0.25785377621650696,
-0.05442269146442413,
-0.02191844955086708,
-0.41369321942329407,
-0.5082207322120667,
0.8228819966316223,
0.08951201289892197,
0.11641513556241989,
0.38320422172546387,
0.09923043102025986,
0.5619511604309082,
-0.2966448962688446,
-0.26133161783218384,
-0.06691978126764297,
0.10482820868492126,
-0.41749921441078186,
-0.26679524779319763,
0.35455378890037537,
-0.10099484026432037,
0.33570966124534607,
-0.3782202899456024,
0.1948726773262024,
-0.041567809879779816,
-0.32273030281066895,
-0.14515577256679535,
0.11114202439785004,
0.17163042724132538,
0.3126412332057953,
0.196346253156662,
-0.0010572130559012294,
-0.6998893618583679,
-0.020510489121079445,
0.13400301337242126,
0.1816122978925705,
0.5551545023918152,
0.6898611187934875,
0.1360570341348648,
-0.05012037977576256,
0.617484450340271,
-0.04404136911034584,
-0.4894956648349762,
-0.5590799450874329,
0.38465365767478943,
-0.22327576577663422,
1.2234039306640625,
0.6928568482398987,
-0.38402581214904785,
0.4577581286430359,
0.2568759322166443,
0.4119926989078522,
-0.4867473244667053,
-0.2808193862438202,
0.30625104904174805,
0.2343299388885498,
0.630927324295044,
1.2445980310440063,
0.2356375902891159,
-0.5539734959602356,
0.12399852275848389,
0.33020684123039246,
0.5003579258918762,
0.02911527454853058,
0.5894192457199097,
0.2760360836982727,
-0.3296222388744354,
-0.6911671757698059,
-0.15674246847629547,
-0.2514723539352417,
-0.09717632830142975,
-0.5217885375022888,
0.4064290523529053,
0.017575277015566826,
0.22403235733509064,
0.5234416127204895,
-0.1714933067560196,
0.7920562028884888,
0.0023443487007170916,
0.32377317547798157,
0.26809775829315186,
-0.15671595931053162,
-0.1299876570701599,
0.4207321107387543,
0.17152905464172363,
-0.2659219205379486,
0.02138805203139782,
0.07625842094421387,
-0.14535394310951233,
-0.687440812587738,
0.07490331679582596,
-0.20862317085266113,
0.17096836864948273,
0.2891940176486969,
-0.21700400114059448,
0.23402166366577148,
-0.280866801738739,
0.1755199283361435,
0.04384306073188782,
-0.426718533039093,
-0.23290593922138214,
0.3714825510978699,
0.5462624430656433,
0.7636281251907349,
-0.23204100131988525,
-0.1289602816104889,
-0.6961908340454102,
0.3731583058834076,
0.5805261731147766,
-0.05671698600053787,
0.49516165256500244,
0.2065931111574173,
0.6682102084159851,
-0.27481934428215027,
0.3901730179786682,
-0.34205272793769836,
-0.5216038227081299,
-0.7924647927284241,
0.336343377828598,
-0.33627527952194214,
0.30838486552238464,
-0.2425815910100937,
-0.06751619279384613,
-0.6211034655570984,
-0.3172176778316498,
-0.07520510256290436,
-0.3426046669483185,
0.1020272821187973,
-1.2032588720321655,
0.07069825381040573,
-0.5773605704307556,
-0.273256778717041,
0.6078477501869202,
0.38300684094429016,
-0.47962450981140137,
0.1413499265909195,
-0.4091549515724182,
0.47428712248802185,
-0.16270071268081665,
-0.014472736045718193,
0.7401947379112244,
-0.4479980170726776,
-0.39911478757858276,
0.8231145143508911,
-0.08289022743701935,
-0.2592068314552307,
-0.2987784147262573,
0.6976984739303589,
-0.3493998348712921,
-0.9333301782608032,
0.03738770633935928,
-0.055824074894189835,
-0.46991971135139465,
0.45247510075569153,
-0.2725954055786133,
0.29669424891471863,
-0.024744033813476562,
0.25779393315315247,
-0.6788039207458496,
0.26781877875328064,
-5.569002628326416,
-0.1228855699300766,
-0.27920886874198914,
-0.41875702142715454,
-0.2416505217552185,
0.4353967308998108,
0.56128990650177,
-0.321181982755661,
-0.26283958554267883,
-0.2714289426803589,
-0.016897235065698624,
-0.1916324943304062,
-0.6193794012069702,
1.1962099075317383,
0.7167041301727295,
0.174395352602005,
0.6049213409423828,
-0.1301613450050354,
-0.12432179600000381,
-0.10191155970096588,
0.04065141826868057,
0.024562140926718712,
0.24463467299938202,
0.06905478984117508,
0.0398140512406826,
0.2055165022611618,
-0.13101711869239807,
0.38178953528404236,
-1.4329566955566406,
-0.6332628130912781,
-0.06108818203210831,
-0.5126428604125977,
-0.35918518900871277,
0.12370061874389648,
0.14936122298240662,
0.07189878821372986,
0.27367568016052246,
0.5672879219055176,
0.05285915732383728,
0.3015559911727905,
-0.3379693925380707,
0.24929280579090118,
-0.449103981256485,
0.19627289474010468,
-0.3908543288707733,
0.2387787401676178,
-0.48210006952285767,
0.029904158785939217,
-0.38085225224494934,
0.8098623156547546,
-0.18513955175876617,
-0.35869917273521423,
0.4785010814666748,
0.19151267409324646,
0.19027645885944366,
-0.3617383539676666,
0.5467183589935303,
0.09846437722444534,
-0.34490111470222473,
0.3011309802532196,
0.44690942764282227,
-0.7990385293960571,
0.06038271263241768,
-0.8230372071266174,
-0.535249650478363,
-0.3267642557621002,
-0.04122326523065567,
-0.058502838015556335,
0.24607263505458832,
-0.09948600083589554,
0.26567894220352173,
0.366154283285141,
0.0029131551273167133,
-0.8855029940605164,
-0.463806688785553,
-0.3876856565475464,
-0.1712726354598999,
-0.5399076342582703,
-0.5138487815856934,
0.5327560305595398,
-0.030703362077474594,
-0.23511721193790436,
-0.753090500831604,
0.5384645462036133,
0.47347769141197205,
0.5107666254043579,
-0.08313944935798645,
0.6612994074821472,
-0.5260252952575684,
-0.25841382145881653,
-0.0007162186084315181,
-0.5164393186569214,
-0.22243976593017578,
0.612765371799469,
0.09957705438137054,
0.21148617565631866,
-0.11423309892416,
0.20904715359210968,
0.7779861092567444,
0.17532910406589508,
-0.30782756209373474,
-0.9329677820205688,
0.1191907674074173,
-0.07177747040987015,
0.3870508670806885,
-0.03914949297904968,
-0.5435024499893188,
-0.1722126454114914,
0.6178726553916931,
0.5262876749038696,
-0.17298585176467896,
0.4270903170108795,
-0.1325395107269287,
-0.5174527764320374,
0.21840323507785797,
-0.4835486114025116,
-0.06438510119915009,
0.21691933274269104,
-0.01581517979502678,
0.34724920988082886,
0.24145330488681793,
-0.2987961173057556,
0.30391237139701843,
0.03554379194974899,
-0.027205031365156174,
0.1776800900697708,
-0.2239185869693756,
-0.5066551566123962,
-0.9852312207221985,
-0.09726561605930328,
-0.2716222405433655,
0.8485478162765503,
0.0921490341424942,
0.3454420864582062,
0.7846219539642334,
-0.06974060088396072,
-0.5566747784614563,
-0.14857839047908783,
0.4067106544971466,
-0.21819017827510834,
0.4174831211566925,
-0.3110864758491516,
-0.013711164705455303,
-0.01760322041809559,
0.10010223090648651,
0.10971997678279877,
0.2649800181388855,
-0.6609473824501038,
-0.7916073799133301,
0.7383784651756287,
0.47351861000061035,
-0.08681564033031464,
0.33885979652404785,
0.03743722289800644,
-0.11595014482736588,
0.0662073865532875,
-0.20814113318920135,
-0.07894378900527954,
-0.0033054861705750227,
0.16136811673641205,
0.23941196501255035,
0.19039851427078247,
-0.8267838954925537,
0.2353568971157074,
0.23535968363285065,
-0.2908982038497925,
-0.20654496550559998,
0.0553072988986969,
-0.43630313873291016,
0.4131513237953186,
0.014624391682446003,
-0.5898948907852173,
-0.17358940839767456,
-0.020478595048189163,
0.2823713421821594,
-0.2389574944972992,
0.26831769943237305,
-0.11788556724786758,
0.3615826666355133,
-0.015288259834051132,
0.15070508420467377,
0.33633461594581604,
-0.8925683498382568,
0.458196222782135,
0.16954301297664642,
-0.04440191760659218,
-0.3160244822502136,
-0.1343216449022293,
-0.45834726095199585,
-0.1809869110584259,
0.1871778964996338,
-0.0981365293264389,
-0.006624743342399597,
0.5711609125137329,
-0.2666298449039459,
-0.5492550134658813,
0.08412763476371765,
-0.22883571684360504,
-0.37155771255493164,
-0.525470495223999,
0.6418588161468506,
0.0821869820356369,
0.13773895800113678,
0.249256432056427,
0.42037615180015564,
-1.3288694620132446,
-0.07286404818296432,
0.12855103611946106,
-0.38874542713165283,
0.49770015478134155,
-0.7618878483772278,
-0.8637994527816772,
0.2683655321598053,
0.4604823589324951,
-0.4453193247318268,
-0.09165310114622116,
0.6387075781822205,
-0.19205790758132935,
-0.8435270190238953,
0.13977235555648804,
-0.35159510374069214,
0.09729652106761932,
-0.5687021017074585,
-0.10835514217615128,
-0.7437551617622375,
0.08858092129230499,
-0.05502166971564293,
-0.2982460558414459,
0.4005330801010132,
-0.3368825912475586,
-0.11906886100769043,
-0.3384673595428467,
-0.04343691095709801,
-0.03841124847531319,
-0.3799966275691986,
-0.1871803104877472,
-0.2564128637313843,
0.22921037673950195,
-0.48739099502563477,
0.30444830656051636,
0.47913098335266113,
0.19976378977298737,
0.7477951049804688,
-0.15675462782382965,
-0.02046954073011875,
0.04360329359769821,
0.6870539784431458,
-0.08124489337205887,
0.010858285240828991,
0.31847241520881653,
0.3205784559249878,
0.017298895865678787,
-0.7883540391921997,
-0.6028969287872314,
1.2664958238601685,
0.017595482990145683,
0.05783403292298317,
-0.204605370759964,
0.4888576865196228,
0.2529955506324768,
0.2511335611343384,
-0.2197703719139099,
0.23166558146476746,
-0.01876152865588665,
-0.12244299799203873,
0.13498465716838837,
0.17876970767974854,
0.08533982187509537,
0.21350133419036865,
-0.01712924800813198,
0.0353577546775341,
-0.12159634381532669,
-0.61746746301651,
0.21973386406898499,
-0.04946533590555191,
-0.10291275382041931,
0.2620347738265991,
-0.20927634835243225,
0.08440131694078445,
-0.20500050485134125,
-0.28699079155921936,
-0.015559546649456024,
0.014435932971537113,
-0.5009943842887878,
-0.11288946866989136,
-0.017890654504299164,
-0.4992672801017761,
-0.035267509520053864,
-0.15644463896751404,
0.15968526899814606,
-0.6849226951599121,
0.09263584017753601,
-0.22976653277873993,
0.6240543127059937,
-0.05841682851314545,
-0.018061894923448563,
-0.08873473852872849,
0.41180533170700073,
-0.2464853674173355,
-0.28660714626312256,
-0.38816389441490173,
0.4174450635910034,
0.3304804563522339,
-0.11202780157327652,
0.8316970467567444,
0.24953794479370117,
-0.020947078242897987,
-0.11026079952716827,
0.0851781815290451,
0.02733444608747959,
0.43870145082473755,
0.2513653337955475,
-0.14836883544921875,
0.4992842376232147,
-0.3335663378238678,
0.2557969093322754,
0.6551222801208496,
-0.33488819003105164,
0.16375672817230225,
0.031189627945423126,
0.470615416765213,
-0.6379067301750183,
0.8797839283943176,
-0.43877968192100525,
-0.300045907497406,
0.6626321077346802,
0.4627251625061035,
-0.462288498878479,
0.016492100432515144,
0.12323887646198273,
0.34976571798324585,
0.0933159813284874,
-0.03573475405573845,
0.18355950713157654,
-0.33489343523979187,
-0.26760759949684143,
-0.16422207653522491,
-0.5689228177070618,
0.11378233134746552,
0.3584907352924347,
-0.03030483052134514,
0.9035986661911011,
-0.3681265413761139,
-0.21358747780323029,
0.23858916759490967,
-0.19935452938079834,
-0.15109145641326904,
0.29651254415512085,
-0.2256697118282318,
-0.1708952635526657,
0.3891755938529968,
0.48265039920806885,
0.12270071357488632,
-0.014676404185593128,
0.07571489363908768,
-0.014204183593392372,
0.6229501962661743,
-0.38915231823921204,
-0.024370471015572548,
-0.14713796973228455,
0.2740270495414734,
-0.3539217412471771,
0.6431336998939514,
0.2430010885000229,
-0.09637973457574844,
-0.12431105226278305,
0.019489560276269913,
-0.4014008641242981,
0.3863012492656708,
-0.09106722474098206,
0.3231782913208008,
0.006477542221546173,
-0.4108058214187622,
0.8028858304023743,
0.396444708108902,
-0.20474836230278015,
0.5389405488967896,
-0.20212098956108093,
0.026119111105799675,
0.17504486441612244,
-0.3338221609592438,
-0.04271097481250763,
-0.1064329594373703,
0.06000310182571411,
0.19500474631786346,
-0.31320589780807495,
0.004670559428632259,
-0.029071960598230362,
0.6050868630409241,
-0.05169263482093811,
0.6975731253623962,
-0.6255777478218079,
0.09897095710039139,
0.22986367344856262,
-0.8273208737373352,
-0.30950915813446045,
-0.6910349726676941,
0.7315558791160583,
0.27462443709373474,
-0.2478470653295517,
0.28609174489974976,
0.4196818470954895,
0.05550204589962959,
-0.01820359192788601,
-0.5286325812339783,
0.09739429503679276,
-0.7099583745002747,
-0.022061849012970924,
-0.6483908295631409,
0.6094151735305786,
0.1781412959098816,
0.1391756683588028,
-0.5016594529151917,
0.8705358505249023,
0.2185070812702179,
0.07411881536245346,
0.26156705617904663,
-0.2479567676782608,
-0.34205132722854614,
0.3799665570259094,
0.3417778015136719,
0.0468154139816761,
0.2434215098619461,
-0.18445254862308502,
-0.09373654425144196,
0.13044176995754242,
0.26212969422340393,
0.03671250119805336,
-0.03531796857714653,
0.14466767013072968,
-0.19859284162521362,
0.3581080436706543,
-0.29450833797454834,
0.10763046145439148,
0.06933290511369705,
-0.07108362019062042,
0.6678518652915955,
0.12300287932157516,
0.6564235687255859,
-0.6342723965644836,
0.13130426406860352,
-0.16975821554660797,
0.0440603569149971,
-0.005015211179852486,
-1.6086491346359253,
0.2734582722187042,
-0.02012873813509941,
-0.662739098072052,
-0.023414595052599907,
0.48464319109916687,
-0.14831456542015076,
-0.0477154515683651,
0.20697402954101562,
-0.5270833969116211,
-0.27875810861587524,
-0.1096448004245758,
-0.015342961996793747,
-0.38911888003349304,
0.5342759490013123,
0.06643996387720108
] |
211123
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Nimmo
|
Derek Nimmo
|
Derek Robert Nimmo (19 September 193024 February 1999) was an English character actor, producer and author. He is best remembered for his comedic upper class "silly ass" and clerical roles including Revd Mervyn Noote in the BBC1 sitcom All Gas and Gaiters (1966-71).
Career
Nimmo was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, the son of an insurance salesman, and grew up in Mossley Hill in an environment he described as "old merchants' houses, comfy English suburbia". He was educated at Booker Avenue Infants and Junior School as well as Quarry Bank High School for Boys, then a grammar school under headmaster R. F. Bailey, who brought with him, from his previous position as assistant headmaster at leading independent school Shrewsbury School, "the finest traditions of public schools". He then followed his father into the insurance business, and after National Service in Cyprus, became a salesman for a paint company. He began his stage career at the Hippodrome Theatre in Bolton, Lancashire. It was during this time that he made a cameo appearance in the Beatles' film, A Hard Day's Night (in which he appeared as "Leslie Jackson", a magician with doves).
He appeared in a number of British films and television series, as aristocrats, including starring roles in the television comedy series The World of Wooster (as "Bingo Little"), and in the comedy film One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (as "Lord Southmere"), as well as appearing in the James Bond spoof film Casino Royale.
Derek Nimmo made his name as the Reverend Mervyn Noote in the British sitcom All Gas and Gaiters (1966). At the time it was considered rather controversial because the main characters were senior churchmen (the Bishop, his chaplain Noote and the Archdeacon) who got into various scrapes as a result of their general incompetence. By the time the series finished, Nimmo was identified with the stereotype of a traditional British clergyman and he went on to play a bungling monk in another BBC clerical sitcom, Oh, Brother!, and a Roman Catholic priest in its sequel series, Oh, Father!. Another sitcom in which he appeared in a starring role as a clergyman, many years later, was Hell's Bells (by now promoted to a dean). He also appeared as the Reverend Jonathan Green in a television production of Cluedo. He became so well known for his clerical parody that, in the 1975 The Goodies' episode "Wacky Wales", a "team of Derek Nimmos" played in a spoof "Ecclesiastical Rugby Sevens" competition.
In 1966, he appeared in the second series of The Bed-Sit Girl. Derek Nimmo appeared on stage in many West End plays and starred in the musical Charlie Girl, which contained a scene specially written to allow him to perform his party trick of wiggling his toes. He also became a regular panelist on the popular BBC radio show Just a Minute, and had a chat show on BBC Television, If It's Saturday, It Must Be Nimmo, from 24 October to 19 December 1970, though it was felt that he seemed less at ease as a chat show host. Having been away from television for some time, he made an appearance in the Australian television series Neighbours in 1990, playing Lord Ledgerwood alongside Madge and Harold Bishop.
As a theatrical impresario, he took his own touring production (Intercontinental Entertainment) to 30 countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Oman and the UAE (Abu Dhabi and Dubai) and so provided himself with material for many stories on Just a Minute.
In the 1970s, Derek Nimmo sang the jingle "P…p…pick up a Penguin" in a series of television advertisements for McVitie's Penguin biscuits,
echoing a stammer he had used for his character in All Gas and Gaiters. In 1996, Nimmo voiced Mr Smiley in one episode of Dennis the Menace.
Personal life
He married Patricia Brown in 1955; they had three children: Timothy (b. 1956); Piers (b. 1967); and Amanda (b. 1959), who was the first wife of Nicholas Howard, son of politician George Howard, Baron Howard of Henderskelfe.
Nimmo's hobbies included gardening, photography (particularly nature photography), birdwatching and collecting walnut furniture, porcelain and paintings. He was also a wine expert and wrote several books on the subject as well as a number of books on the theatre. Another interest was after dinner speaking, for which he was always in demand.
He received many awards, including the 1990 Benedictine After Dinner Speaker of the Year. He was made a Freeman of the City of London, and the University of Leicester recognised his contribution to entertainment with an honorary Master of Arts degree in 1996. Nimmo was an Anglican.
Death
On 2 December 1998, Nimmo attended a National Treasures celebrity lunch in the boardroom of the Daily Express newspaper along with Sir Peter O'Sullevan, Joan Collins, Dame Beryl Bainbridge, Dickie Davies and Sue MacGregor amongst others. He had recently returned from a Middle East tour of Run For Your Wife and was in sparkling form during the lunch. After lunch he asked to be driven to the Garrick Club for further refreshment, and then returned to his Kensington (Lexham Gardens) home. He and his wife later went out to dinner. On their return, Nimmo was checking an external alarm when he lost his footing and fell down a stone staircase into the basement. He suffered head injuries and was taken to the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital where he remained in a coma until the end of December. While still recovering in hospital, Nimmo contracted pneumonia and died on 24 February 1999.
He is buried in the churchyard at Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire.
Selected filmography
Film
The Millionairess (1960) - Assistant Butler (uncredited)
It's Trad, Dad! (1962) - Head Waiter
Go to Blazes (1962) - Fish Fancier
The Amorous Prawn (1962) - Pvt. Willie Maltravers
The Small World of Sammy Lee (1963) - Rembrandt
Heavens Above! (1963) - Director-General's Assistant
Tamahine (1963) - Tim Clove
Hot Enough for June (1964) - Fred
The Bargee (1964) - Dr. Scott
Murder Ahoy! (1964) - Sub-Lt. Eric Humbert
A Hard Day's Night (1964) - Leslie Jackson - Magician (uncredited)
The System (1964) - James (uncredited)
Joey Boy (1965) - Lt. Hope
Coast of Skeletons (1965) - Tom Hamilton
The Liquidator (1965) - Fly
The Yellow Hat (1966) - Douglas
Mister Ten Per Cent (1967) - Tony
Casino Royale (1967) - Hadley
A Talent for Loving (1969) - Moodie
One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975) - Lord Southmere Sunstruck (1972)
Television
Angel Pavement (1957, 1 episode)
The Buccaneers (1957, 1 episode)
Kenilworth (1957, 2 episodes)
The Adventures of Peter Simple (1957, 1 episode)
Ghost Squad (1962, 1 episode)
Citizen James (1962, 1 episode)
Mr. Justice Duncannon (1963, 1 episode)
Z Cars (1963, 1 episode)
Hancock (1963, 1 episode)
Armchair Theatre (1963, 1 episode)
More Faces of Jim (1963, 1 episode)
Comedy Playhouse (1963-1974, 5 episodes)
Hugh and I (1963-1964, 2 episodes)
Baxter On... (1964, 1 episode)
Sykes and A... (1964, 1 episode)
Boyd Q.C. (1964, 1 episode)
The Graham Stark Show (1964, 1 episode)
The Scales of Justice (1965, 1 episode)
Steptoe and Son (1965, 1 episode)
Undermind (1965, 1 episode)
A World of Comedy (1965, 1 episode)
The Bed-Sit Girl (1965-1966, 7 episodes)
The World of Wooster (1965-1967, 5 episodes)
All Gas and Gaiters (1966-1971, 33 episodes)
Blandings Castle (1967, 3 episodes)
Sorry I'm Single (1967, 9 episodes)
Oh Brother! (1968-1970, 19 episodes)
Oh, Father! (1973, 7 episodes)
My Honourable Mrs (1975, 7 episodes)
Life Begins at Forty (1978-1980, 14 episodes)
Third Time Lucky (1982, 7 episodes)
Hell's Bells (1986, 6 episodes)
Neighbours (1990, 2 episodes)
Cluedo (1990, 1 episode)
The Good Guys (1993, 1 episode)
Dennis the Menace (1996, 1 episode)
References
External links
1930 births
1999 deaths
Male actors from Liverpool
People educated at Quarry Bank High School
Comedians from Liverpool
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
20th-century English male actors
Actor-managers
Accidental deaths from falls
People from North Northamptonshire
20th-century British comedians
20th-century theatre managers
|
[
-0.11850398033857346,
0.32467082142829895,
-0.46352627873420715,
-0.617226243019104,
0.016126062721014023,
0.6655479669570923,
0.5447641015052795,
-0.1534002125263214,
-0.08113917708396912,
0.5309257507324219,
-0.2784682512283325,
0.5332744717597961,
0.22366930544376373,
0.43443313241004944,
0.22811265289783478,
0.45988529920578003,
-0.4849148392677307,
-0.07635528594255447,
-0.4114222228527069,
-0.38245999813079834,
-0.1336337774991989,
-0.06674910336732864,
-0.021818602457642555,
0.3574744760990143,
-0.538011372089386,
1.074653148651123,
0.12986977398395538,
0.11189436912536621,
-0.11197400093078613,
-0.2728017270565033,
0.05118384212255478,
0.034653063863515854,
0.2578188478946686,
-0.031973931938409805,
-0.3670632541179657,
-0.19717171788215637,
-0.292672336101532,
-0.3872232139110565,
-0.3697797358036041,
0.035439230501651764,
-0.2015955001115799,
0.06672664731740952,
0.24531176686286926,
-0.32509544491767883,
-0.6449063420295715,
-0.42934778332710266,
-1.9344995021820068,
0.46345287561416626,
-0.5748459100723267,
-0.5170661211013794,
-0.19970065355300903,
0.5784488916397095,
0.6019468903541565,
-0.3919922411441803,
0.5268805623054504,
-0.07956250011920929,
0.025527706369757652,
-0.3925926983356476,
0.2919647991657257,
-0.10576742142438889,
0.21412421762943268,
-0.48795491456985474,
0.2889207899570465,
-0.34244436025619507,
0.1939370334148407,
0.13669273257255554,
0.11007166653871536,
0.40776875615119934,
-0.18441326916217804,
-0.12706510722637177,
0.1619737446308136,
0.6171892285346985,
0.6398037075996399,
-0.15529765188694,
0.09619183093309402,
-0.3966253101825714,
0.4068681597709656,
0.004762847442179918,
-0.20086751878261566,
-0.14831575751304626,
0.3103596866130829,
-0.3928298056125641,
0.18279172480106354,
0.6241322159767151,
0.358267217874527,
-0.08583370596170425,
-0.2709020972251892,
0.5010968446731567,
-0.3801795542240143,
0.3316965699195862,
-0.5093826055526733,
-0.42621201276779175,
-0.3663789927959442,
0.10306873917579651,
0.12340687215328217,
0.0737280547618866,
-0.5472480058670044,
0.32207801938056946,
0.3986615240573883,
-0.14512899518013,
0.008033652789890766,
-0.09227442741394043,
0.20356260240077972,
-0.8756638169288635,
-0.5508710145950317,
0.16227497160434723,
0.2023833692073822,
-0.3967587947845459,
-0.23978981375694275,
0.15825358033180237,
-0.7311912775039673,
-0.054103706032037735,
-0.06131230294704437,
0.4528256058692932,
0.35116010904312134,
0.5211532115936279,
-0.0738610252737999,
-0.5314316749572754,
-1.1024004220962524,
0.5488065481185913,
0.13300706446170807,
0.3765966594219208,
-0.5656829476356506,
0.6488990187644958,
-0.47207877039909363,
-0.008552800863981247,
-0.17764052748680115,
-0.14633505046367645,
-0.52239990234375,
0.2450302392244339,
0.3562280535697937,
0.9818522930145264,
-0.5059404373168945,
-0.031350500881671906,
-0.4337516129016876,
0.049581315368413925,
0.34361398220062256,
0.11148013174533844,
-0.29641687870025635,
-0.29549309611320496,
-0.20158250629901886,
0.0957564115524292,
-0.6666366457939148,
0.12302913516759872,
0.4824557304382324,
-0.011295578442513943,
-0.10036966949701309,
0.18778562545776367,
-0.09547743946313858,
-0.2907138168811798,
-0.31514808535575867,
-0.005973882973194122,
0.44322359561920166,
-1.077042818069458,
-0.2099311649799347,
0.8119913339614868,
0.7978380918502808,
0.1937870979309082,
-0.2544155716896057,
-0.4142126739025116,
0.6025351881980896,
-0.5187950134277344,
-0.14528343081474304,
-0.04680822417140007,
0.6633030772209167,
-0.10602108389139175,
0.06823202967643738,
-1.110369086265564,
-0.19300486147403717,
0.1622844785451889,
-0.15620288252830505,
0.06287332624197006,
0.39764437079429626,
0.06449361890554428,
-0.3457910418510437,
-0.17273138463497162,
0.2080562710762024,
0.3518933057785034,
-0.09055083990097046,
-0.17358450591564178,
-0.4843108057975769,
-0.6616184711456299,
-0.04454446956515312,
0.05133283883333206,
0.566786527633667,
0.23397983610630035,
0.3763940930366516,
-0.29018667340278625,
0.38412949442863464,
0.23022615909576416,
-0.47830337285995483,
-0.2930206060409546,
0.1557198017835617,
-0.2852257192134857,
0.6414324045181274,
-0.06971300393342972,
-0.501071572303772,
-0.0020375496242195368,
0.48778632283210754,
0.6738460063934326,
-0.30631762742996216,
-0.1728430539369583,
0.6260091662406921,
-0.014888781122863293,
0.2717674672603607,
0.3000180721282959,
0.4719851315021515,
0.34824350476264954,
0.6853120923042297,
0.39752209186553955,
-0.1810438334941864,
-0.5814746022224426,
0.2789947986602783,
0.21621349453926086,
0.08508624881505966,
-0.4906005561351776,
-0.41197556257247925,
-0.23920398950576782,
0.1060006245970726,
-0.6996480226516724,
0.0570419505238533,
0.7420255541801453,
0.1765233427286148,
0.20587074756622314,
-0.16217264533042908,
0.691253125667572,
0.05109434574842453,
-0.49895763397216797,
0.4137895703315735,
-0.5547077655792236,
-0.21416723728179932,
0.43083569407463074,
0.051647789776325226,
-0.6041380763053894,
-0.11897686123847961,
0.1093745082616806,
0.40214696526527405,
-0.29573866724967957,
-0.3924621045589447,
-0.43817490339279175,
0.44932782649993896,
0.13381828367710114,
-0.9969633221626282,
0.20027771592140198,
0.3267830014228821,
0.08327782899141312,
0.27689871191978455,
0.22216975688934326,
-0.281521201133728,
0.3210299015045166,
0.1830882728099823,
0.14060358703136444,
0.28374630212783813,
-0.024545814841985703,
0.38198164105415344,
0.1534847915172577,
-0.08486180007457733,
-0.5044721364974976,
0.5167763233184814,
0.49353644251823425,
-0.050179604440927505,
0.07657016068696976,
0.06652514636516571,
-0.14920315146446228,
-0.5691214203834534,
-0.1992422640323639,
-0.1615825593471527,
-0.6739673018455505,
0.13803677260875702,
0.16082043945789337,
-0.018240395933389664,
-0.5136019587516785,
0.2118704468011856,
0.0327981561422348,
0.40547290444374084,
0.2493106573820114,
0.0660477727651596,
0.0059031033888459206,
-0.18238601088523865,
-0.24854788184165955,
0.4905906319618225,
0.4633324444293976,
-0.2773721516132355,
0.1164402961730957,
-0.07812187820672989,
0.2717423737049103,
-0.6671642661094666,
0.01574966497719288,
-0.27374693751335144,
-0.39588895440101624,
-0.2974068820476532,
0.8162614107131958,
-0.2543966770172119,
0.5889957547187805,
-0.6192973852157593,
-0.04218766838312149,
-0.5491188764572144,
-0.6648954153060913,
0.16380153596401215,
0.06800665706396103,
-0.041345689445734024,
1.083871603012085,
-0.03712613880634308,
0.0952831581234932,
0.3030218183994293,
0.599304735660553,
-0.8763784170150757,
-0.27910757064819336,
-5.625274658203125,
-0.31066933274269104,
0.4243459403514862,
-0.13497595489025116,
0.8336355686187744,
0.2885012626647949,
0.42458009719848633,
-0.18455956876277924,
-0.02776450477540493,
-0.1753397136926651,
0.3166358470916748,
0.07537601888179779,
-0.062105610966682434,
0.6407700181007385,
1.0013569593429565,
0.34140336513519287,
0.3705109655857086,
-0.11394988745450974,
0.6293536424636841,
0.7367889285087585,
-0.11166571825742722,
-0.12614966928958893,
-0.40000730752944946,
0.035862840712070465,
-0.3473080098628998,
0.3150829076766968,
-0.7728934288024902,
0.2079346477985382,
-0.9614273905754089,
-0.12314853072166443,
-0.08171016722917557,
-0.19888438284397125,
-0.6024311184883118,
0.06499819457530975,
-0.5184816122055054,
0.04260873794555664,
0.6415932178497314,
-0.029820898547768593,
0.35592740774154663,
-0.38424596190452576,
-0.35386762022972107,
-0.16392049193382263,
-1.0104891061782837,
0.2478639781475067,
0.5637209415435791,
-0.09608542919158936,
-0.5311798453330994,
0.030768662691116333,
0.13355126976966858,
0.23596613109111786,
0.5203356146812439,
0.46022486686706543,
-0.010976707562804222,
-0.3383435010910034,
0.09058545529842377,
0.07130040973424911,
0.28965818881988525,
0.3714306950569153,
-0.7699244618415833,
0.2990953326225281,
-0.09863102436065674,
-0.16041383147239685,
-0.15303067862987518,
0.019664980471134186,
-0.23100756108760834,
0.25602197647094727,
0.12276125699281693,
0.0845601037144661,
0.08354886621236801,
-0.9400801658630371,
-0.2746522128582001,
0.21844665706157684,
0.24956688284873962,
-0.8898893594741821,
-0.029936393722891808,
-0.35280612111091614,
0.5656697154045105,
0.23367801308631897,
-0.7176921963691711,
-0.12519724667072296,
-0.32895585894584656,
-0.38875940442085266,
-0.09434305876493454,
0.5548015236854553,
-0.03571655973792076,
0.046542003750801086,
-0.36847376823425293,
0.4070035517215729,
0.37934938073158264,
-0.6005672216415405,
-0.1533377468585968,
-0.1761936992406845,
-0.45277872681617737,
0.5892946720123291,
0.376188725233078,
0.10522705316543579,
0.06312407553195953,
0.143306165933609,
0.3566438555717468,
-0.19800084829330444,
-0.6194177269935608,
-0.48835423588752747,
0.16385731101036072,
-0.7381582260131836,
-0.07056651264429092,
-0.22699934244155884,
0.14904282987117767,
0.09979567676782608,
0.4897041320800781,
-0.13549759984016418,
0.23703160881996155,
0.4749179482460022,
-0.7030488848686218,
0.1913466900587082,
-0.029045596718788147,
-0.22185654938220978,
0.2979310154914856,
0.39014342427253723,
0.006567184813320637,
0.8735523819923401,
-0.04103321209549904,
0.39102399349212646,
-0.25149717926979065,
-0.2588109076023102,
-0.1994563788175583,
0.024060294032096863,
0.032032646238803864,
-0.2510666251182556,
-0.027312414720654488,
-0.14956292510032654,
-0.546637237071991,
0.8714298605918884,
0.2412610799074173,
0.23346072435379028,
0.2262587994337082,
-0.4730687141418457,
-0.592018187046051,
0.2847440540790558,
0.23363357782363892,
0.27695971727371216,
0.3494124412536621,
-0.034198272973299026,
0.2421623021364212,
0.5646184682846069,
0.17486616969108582,
-0.42617401480674744,
0.20014947652816772,
0.04283769801259041,
0.42392629384994507,
0.46980366110801697,
0.7361180186271667,
0.2167065590620041,
0.36163946986198425,
-0.8460473418235779,
-0.8717513680458069,
-0.03907134383916855,
-0.5457848906517029,
0.05409159138798714,
0.30847829580307007,
-0.4073011875152588,
0.026880770921707153,
0.02422267571091652,
-0.6062143445014954,
0.44994795322418213,
0.23965544998645782,
-0.03290802985429764,
-0.4871343672275543,
-0.5251446962356567,
-0.3222367465496063,
0.5134220123291016,
-0.5093693733215332,
-0.42491936683654785,
-0.31916651129722595,
-0.053000111132860184,
0.2342120110988617,
0.4256576895713806,
-0.35557088255882263,
-0.6444676518440247,
-0.0835355669260025,
0.06320054829120636,
0.3038855195045471,
0.2811427116394043,
-0.796905517578125,
0.2935394048690796,
0.030556324869394302,
-0.24011588096618652,
-0.6398887038230896,
-0.27590805292129517,
-0.09360669553279877,
-0.46644097566604614,
-0.031735748052597046,
-0.4666774272918701,
0.5958656072616577,
0.5281334519386292,
-0.6949355602264404,
-0.08209226280450821,
0.30120977759361267,
-0.43381407856941223,
0.25575336813926697,
0.04002194106578827,
-0.13326793909072876,
0.284575492143631,
-0.7715824246406555,
-0.28882232308387756,
0.5779153108596802,
-0.7885693311691284,
-0.5428335666656494,
0.14142383635044098,
-0.12428858876228333,
0.6918899416923523,
-0.4594650864601135,
-0.48291248083114624,
-0.3454265892505646,
0.03683929890394211,
-0.42201513051986694,
0.05067627876996994,
0.4328109622001648,
-0.05909465253353119,
0.14248214662075043,
-0.3144235908985138,
-0.468794584274292,
-0.5092055201530457,
-0.2422414869070053,
-0.03951949253678322,
-0.8140348792076111,
-0.5089196562767029,
0.31812354922294617,
-0.4729589819908142,
0.5642990469932556,
-0.041125573217868805,
0.06157763674855232,
-0.13867297768592834,
0.22502464056015015,
0.18399177491664886,
-0.2659376859664917,
-0.004575267434120178,
-0.27591755986213684,
0.2580649256706238,
-0.05069473385810852,
0.17259660363197327,
0.8626031279563904,
1.0756155252456665,
0.42871683835983276,
-0.07531045377254486,
0.358891099691391,
0.4467262625694275,
0.256727010011673,
-0.8256078362464905,
0.0008858002838678658,
0.4326091706752777,
0.525718629360199,
0.046022944152355194,
-0.4075661897659302,
0.28068065643310547,
0.5520512461662292,
-0.7047172784805298,
0.2952125072479248,
-0.24084694683551788,
0.08387087285518646,
-0.2444850504398346,
0.3395002782344818,
0.2287079095840454,
0.3786240518093109,
-0.08483102917671204,
-0.17962373793125153,
0.11680886894464493,
0.09792131185531616,
0.09909859299659729,
0.8541922569274902,
-0.6135275363922119,
-0.3002500534057617,
0.01084347628057003,
0.007791523355990648,
0.8063964247703552,
-0.1766156405210495,
0.05174161121249199,
0.1070534810423851,
-0.7374778985977173,
0.3775395154953003,
-0.35489383339881897,
-0.09096529334783554,
0.6415510773658752,
0.524418830871582,
-0.9565427899360657,
-0.5132901668548584,
-0.28525257110595703,
0.31960561871528625,
-0.2747458219528198,
0.004936911165714264,
0.19479075074195862,
-0.1344919502735138,
-0.05230990797281265,
-0.6760157942771912,
0.12388081103563309,
-0.2456873059272766,
-0.48397359251976013,
-0.6690250039100647,
0.8590593338012695,
-0.42126524448394775,
-0.14151857793331146,
-0.2146337926387787,
0.8122847080230713,
0.2024908810853958,
-0.2317260205745697,
0.14690592885017395,
-0.2838113009929657,
-0.018944870680570602,
-0.6022807359695435,
-0.2684386372566223,
0.13911482691764832,
0.07127804309129715,
-0.44518518447875977,
0.05010215938091278,
0.6964690089225769,
-0.2121836096048355,
-0.2733498811721802,
0.6787629127502441,
-0.08431294560432434,
-0.0377441830933094,
-0.06938543915748596,
-0.2006433606147766,
0.23227518796920776,
0.2924661636352539,
-1.0650994777679443,
0.26175326108932495,
0.5195578932762146,
0.6568413972854614,
-0.17667725682258606,
-0.0799827054142952,
0.46062028408050537,
0.23622019588947296,
-0.7675982713699341,
-0.023257464170455933,
0.3369131088256836,
-0.14299552142620087,
-0.3665606677532196,
0.8583561778068542,
0.3537185788154602,
0.45961496233940125,
0.062234096229076385,
-0.7649105191230774,
0.5533427596092224,
-0.015574867837131023,
0.014353794045746326,
0.026740046218037605,
0.1948268860578537,
0.006987314671278,
-0.10643821209669113,
-0.5309317111968994,
-0.0789327472448349,
0.4621146023273468,
0.2069237381219864,
0.07636011391878128,
-0.4219195544719696,
0.32390323281288147,
-0.004001227207481861,
0.6673740148544312,
-0.6323956251144409,
-0.4898391366004944,
0.10320980101823807,
0.00463266484439373,
-0.45322155952453613,
0.9464549422264099,
0.4641760587692261,
-0.017820285633206367,
0.05120565742254257,
0.1278519630432129,
-0.9845683574676514,
0.47875937819480896,
0.9484991431236267,
0.5397427678108215,
0.3145327866077423,
-0.037667326629161835,
0.50604647397995,
0.5671399235725403,
0.02338809333741665,
0.6375195980072021,
-0.2845357656478882,
-0.20911677181720734,
0.20338763296604156,
-0.3673945367336273,
0.24210180342197418,
-0.09794974327087402,
-0.18275898694992065,
0.4598758816719055,
-0.521242618560791,
-0.3380887806415558,
0.05181637033820152,
0.19359655678272247,
-0.21203573048114777,
0.5363913178443909,
-0.8354551792144775,
-0.7150235772132874,
0.4159076511859894,
-1.0272862911224365,
-0.12281031161546707,
-0.39496126770973206,
0.5257114171981812,
0.5448242425918579,
-0.09582877159118652,
0.29997172951698303,
0.882728636264801,
-0.06165294349193573,
0.19791735708713531,
-0.10842537879943848,
0.05953463539481163,
0.16644294559955597,
-0.09188856929540634,
-1.1732778549194336,
0.20186594128608704,
0.45597586035728455,
0.0077156913466751575,
-0.11623166501522064,
0.04020804911851883,
-0.5503383874893188,
0.09171553701162338,
0.2773744463920593,
0.10990044474601746,
0.216054767370224,
-0.2381739318370819,
-0.11737902462482452,
0.2843746542930603,
0.25689831376075745,
-0.17156603932380676,
-0.045541636645793915,
0.5864812731742859,
0.13856399059295654,
-0.20044280588626862,
-0.2934834063053131,
0.3275811970233917,
-0.5681531429290771,
0.4589793384075165,
-0.35743194818496704,
-0.11982019990682602,
-0.1756148636341095,
-0.18886089324951172,
0.8163483142852783,
0.741292417049408,
0.546139121055603,
-0.46340838074684143,
0.5239547491073608,
0.29032981395721436,
0.12265097349882126,
0.043540846556425095,
-0.40159761905670166,
-0.3554680049419403,
0.3505142033100128,
-0.5797359943389893,
0.5012864470481873,
0.20850509405136108,
-0.11763947457075119,
-0.2852577269077301,
0.17953652143478394,
-0.4809558391571045,
-0.23989269137382507,
0.29831644892692566,
-0.020594516769051552,
0.07523171603679657,
0.37183907628059387,
-0.19279538094997406
] |
211125
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Gas%20and%20Gaiters
|
All Gas and Gaiters
|
All Gas and Gaiters is a British television ecclesiastical sitcom which aired on BBC1 from 1966 to 1971. It was written by Pauline Devaney and Edwin Apps, a husband-and-wife team who used the pseudonym of John Wraith when writing the pilot. All Gas and Gaiters was also broadcast on BBC Radio from 1971 to 1972.
Cast
William Mervyn – Right Revd Dr. Cuthbert Hever, DD, Bishop of St Ogg's
Robertson Hare – Ven Henry Blunt, the archdeacon
Derek Nimmo – Revd Mervyn Noote, the Bishop's chaplain
John Barron – Very Revd Lionel Pugh-Critchley, Dean of St Ogg's (pilot, series 1 and 4)
Ernest Clark – Very Revd Lionel Pugh-Critchley, Dean of St Ogg's (1968 special, series 2 and 3)
Joan Sanderson – Mrs Grace Pugh-Critchley, the Dean's wife (1970–71)
Ruth Kettlewell – Mrs Grace Pugh-Critchley, the Dean's wife (1967–69)
Plot
All Gas and Gaiters, predominantly farcical in nature, was set in the close of the fictional St Oggs Cathedral and concerned intrigues and rivalries among the clergy in the Church of England. The bishop was easygoing; his friend the archdeacon was elderly, tippling, and still appreciative of attractive women; and the bishop's chaplain was naïve and accident-prone. Their wish to live a quiet bachelor life was continually threatened by the overbearing dean, who tried to bring by-the-book rule to the cathedral.
The title is a pun, deriving from a comic expression ("all is gas and gaiters", meaning "all is well") uttered by an eccentric old gentleman clad in small-clothes and grey worsted stockings in Charles Dickens' 1839 novel Nicholas Nickleby, and later used by such writers as P. G. Wodehouse, Agatha Christie, and Powell and Pressburger (spoken in the film The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp). The phrase "all gas and gaiters" has had different meanings. Sometimes it has been used to mean "a satisfactory state of affairs" and sometimes it has had the meaning of "nonsense". The relevance of this phrase to Anglican clergy is that gaiters (worn over shoes) were part of the traditional dress of bishops and archdeacons.
The series initially aroused some controversy because of its portrayal of senior clergy as bungling incompetents, although some clergy enjoyed it. In the opening credits, St Albans Cathedral was shown as the fictional St Oggs (but with the Crooked Spire of Church of St Mary and All Saints, Chesterfield added to the central tower). The background to the opening credits was the headmaster's garden of St. Albans School. The name "St. Oggs" may have been taken from a fictional village in George Eliot's novel The Mill on the Floss.
It proved to be the first of a series of comedies starring Derek Nimmo in similar bumbling clerical roles—(Oh, Brother!, Oh, Father! and Hell's Bells)—but is regarded as the best, partly because of a strong supporting cast (particularly the experienced farceur Robertson Hare as the archdeacon) and partly because it included some elements of gentle satire.
All 11 surviving episodes were released on DVD by DD Home Entertainment in 2004, originally accompanied by a detailed behind-the-scenes booklet, written by Andy Priestner in consultation with the show's writers, Edwin Apps and Pauline Devaney, but later released without. Cinema Club have since bought the DVD rights.
Eight scripts of the lost episodes were published in 2015: All Gas and Gaiters, the Lost Episodes: Tome 1 (): "Only Three Can Play", "The Dean Goes Primitive", "The Bishop Goes To Town", "The Bishop Learns the Facts", "The Bishop is Hospitable", "The Bishop Takes a Holiday", "The Affair at Cookham Lock" and "The Bishop Gives a Shove".
Episodes
The pilot and first two series were videotaped in black-and-white. The third series was videotaped in colour, but was originally broadcast in monochrome. The fourth and fifth series were made and shown in colour. Only 11 episodes still exist in the archive, the others were wiped as was the standard policy of the BBC in this era. Two of the colour episodes from series 5 are preserved as black and white 16mm film recordings only (three earlier episodes were always black and white). Only six colour episodes are preserved in their original colour videotape format.
Christmas Night with the Stars
Christmas Night with the Stars was a programme screened annually on Christmas night, when the top stars of the BBC appeared in short versions of their programmes, typically five to ten minutes long. All Gas and Gaiters appeared once alongside its sitcom spin-off Oh, Brother! in 1968. This telerecording no longer exists in the BBC's film and videotape archives.
Christmas Special: 1968
Radio
A radio version of All Gas and Gaiters was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 5 January 1971 to 4 December 1972 for 33 episodes. The radio show used the same cast as the television series with the exception of Derek Nimmo, who left after the first series and was succeeded by Jonathan Cecil. Although seven radio episodes were thought to have been wiped, these were later found and all are available through radio enthusiasts. Some episodes were rebroadcast on BBC 7 in October and November 2006, and again a year later and in early 2009. They continued to be broadcast on the station, now renamed BBC Radio 4 Extra, in August 2011 and again in early 2017 and 2022.
Radio episodes
Series One: 1971
"The Bishop Rides Again" (5 January 1971)
"The Bishop Writes a Sermon" (12 January 1971)
"The Bishop Meets a Bird" (19 January 1971)
"The Bishop Turns to Crime" (26 January 1971)
"The Bishop Sees a Ghost" (2 February 1971)
"Only Three Can Play" (9 February 1971)
"The Dean Goes Primitive" (16 February 1971)
"The Bishop Gets a Letter" (23 February 1971)
"The Bishop Gives a Party" (2 March 1971)
"The Bishop Goes to Town" (9 March 1971)
"Give a Dog a Bad Name" (16 March 1971)
"The Bishop Gives a Shove" (23 March 1971)
"The Bishop Pays a Visit" (30 March 1971)
Series Two: 1972
"The Bishop Learns the Facts" (24 July 1972)
"The Bishop Takes a Holiday" (31 July 1972)
"The Bishop Buys a Car" (7 August 1972)
"The Bishop Gets the Sack" (14 August 1972)
"The Bishop Has a Flutter" (21 August 1972)
"The Affair at Cookham Lock" (28 August 1972)
"The Bishop Loves His Neighbour" (4 September 1972)
"The Bishop Beats the System" (11 September 1972)
"The Bishop Entertains" (18 September 1972)
"The Bishop Gains a Reputation" (25 September 1972)
"The Bishop Buys a Mug" (2 October 1972)
"The Bishop Loses his Chaplain" (9 October 1972)
"When In Rome" (16 October 1972)
"The Bishop Is Hospitable" (23 October 1972)
"The Bishop Gives a Present" (30 October 1972)
"The Bishop Takes Up Business" (6 November 1972)
"The Bishop Keeps his Diary" (13 November 1972)
"The Bishop Warms Up" (20 November 1972)
"The Bishop Shows his Loyalty" (27 November 1972)
"The Bishop Has a Rest" (4 December 1972)
Influence and legacy
In April 2016 the radio drama based on the story behind the making of the series, All Mouth and Trousers by Mark Burgess, was aired by BBC Radio 4. The production featured John Sessions as Frank Muir, Nicholas Boulton as Stuart Allen, Gareth Williams as William Mervyn, Trevor Littledale as Robertson Hare, Zeb Soanes as Derek Nimmo and David Collings as John Barron.
References
External links
All Gas and Gaiters at lostshows.com
All Gas and Gaiters at British TV Comedy
All Gas and Gaiters at Nostalgia Central
1966 British television series debuts
1971 British television series endings
1960s British sitcoms
1970s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
BBC Radio comedy programmes
Comedy Playhouse
Lost BBC episodes
Black-and-white British television shows
English-language television shows
Religious comedy television series
1971 radio programme debuts
1972 radio programme endings
|
[
-0.0474468432366848,
0.4579368233680725,
0.26441776752471924,
-0.18999244272708893,
-0.5131951570510864,
0.013047363609075546,
0.7677879929542542,
-0.04130414500832558,
-0.02455209195613861,
0.41493281722068787,
-0.4861152470111847,
0.8812599778175354,
-0.2951585352420807,
-0.011688074097037315,
0.4671578109264374,
-0.13379603624343872,
0.4354289770126343,
0.27707692980766296,
-0.2397719919681549,
-0.9584200382232666,
0.15900394320487976,
-0.22525553405284882,
0.04468041658401489,
-0.28803688287734985,
0.26664283871650696,
0.10022857040166855,
-0.10460023581981659,
0.029030820354819298,
0.18854695558547974,
0.31551843881607056,
0.39121484756469727,
1.0979987382888794,
-0.11019456386566162,
-0.273466557264328,
-0.10670994222164154,
0.13358831405639648,
0.5472415685653687,
-0.3723343312740326,
-0.27942436933517456,
-0.23432493209838867,
0.06023925542831421,
-0.32643407583236694,
0.3125894069671631,
-0.4019123315811157,
-0.2623504400253296,
-0.1603250354528427,
-1.3449865579605103,
-0.6860359907150269,
-0.8343921303749084,
-0.14791567623615265,
-0.07390403002500534,
0.08662022650241852,
0.21780435740947723,
0.35394662618637085,
-0.1597590446472168,
0.8520075678825378,
-0.4243256747722626,
0.1224919930100441,
0.10657236725091934,
-0.015056570060551167,
-0.0898396447300911,
-0.06107582524418831,
0.2136276811361313,
0.3255463242530823,
-0.09988140314817429,
-0.5652254223823547,
-0.25205790996551514,
0.6490898728370667,
0.33448123931884766,
-0.32371434569358826,
-0.12111373245716095,
-0.41624417901039124,
-0.041211776435375214,
0.08360929042100906,
0.31966179609298706,
-0.35108423233032227,
0.17052271962165833,
-0.64247727394104,
0.13214483857154846,
-0.16553780436515808,
-0.08833146095275879,
0.027204900979995728,
0.35780811309814453,
0.487577885389328,
0.26969242095947266,
0.12371498346328735,
0.36077210307121277,
0.3268587589263916,
-0.17855507135391235,
0.818827211856842,
-0.27530980110168457,
-0.35933631658554077,
-0.038556285202503204,
-0.42832431197166443,
-0.17626023292541504,
-0.007560425903648138,
0.42295563220977783,
-0.13935688138008118,
0.43502289056777954,
-0.48821672797203064,
-0.10868500918149948,
0.723760724067688,
-0.04671579599380493,
-0.4776366949081421,
-0.4037904739379883,
0.15072393417358398,
0.10696177929639816,
-1.060402750968933,
0.5946586728096008,
0.6701807379722595,
-0.6012603640556335,
-0.12018844485282898,
0.163113534450531,
0.33884790539741516,
-0.2879353165626526,
0.03730836510658264,
0.2801952660083771,
0.18081052601337433,
-0.46246621012687683,
0.24627700448036194,
0.028407800942659378,
0.38371607661247253,
0.22171011567115784,
0.26701948046684265,
-0.33943477272987366,
0.23243111371994019,
0.4822157621383667,
0.6052080392837524,
-0.33004385232925415,
0.22593826055526733,
0.10372591763734818,
0.5418403148651123,
-0.12478465586900711,
-0.02202620729804039,
-0.3086637258529663,
0.146233931183815,
0.49530789256095886,
0.18386702239513397,
0.10317055135965347,
0.5009943246841431,
-0.30565887689590454,
0.4169202446937561,
-0.23137938976287842,
-0.12882477045059204,
-0.1593504399061203,
-0.534514844417572,
-0.1813201755285263,
-0.20228658616542816,
-0.3916640877723694,
0.22713451087474823,
0.1602688878774643,
0.15909859538078308,
0.5234294533729553,
-0.3327302932739258,
-0.4260145127773285,
0.4136309027671814,
0.15826942026615143,
0.35228127241134644,
-0.49526819586753845,
-0.3513813018798828,
-0.04086433723568916,
0.0004902697401121259,
0.402144193649292,
0.1780339628458023,
0.07723258435726166,
-0.1397717148065567,
-0.1632012277841568,
0.1120682954788208,
-0.1276141107082367,
-0.01501658745110035,
-0.12263956665992737,
0.18401168286800385,
0.3145112097263336,
-0.0725136399269104,
-0.18187817931175232,
0.0847005620598793,
1.102062702178955,
0.8012410402297974,
0.2982533574104309,
-0.05271877348423004,
-0.44777166843414307,
-0.12044800817966461,
0.5566965937614441,
-0.43723064661026,
1.0111514329910278,
0.13706925511360168,
-0.207663893699646,
-0.08827686309814453,
0.13087652623653412,
0.3864336609840393,
-0.5789272785186768,
-0.29828232526779175,
0.814724862575531,
-0.2794269919395447,
0.7694410085678101,
-0.277889609336853,
-0.4240149259567261,
-0.13635540008544922,
0.2763098180294037,
0.17735107243061066,
0.15079225599765778,
0.37516939640045166,
0.1497461497783661,
0.3086387515068054,
-0.24810421466827393,
0.30507948994636536,
-0.15018083155155182,
0.14153027534484863,
0.024777472019195557,
0.5752158164978027,
-0.3355267643928528,
-0.4096984565258026,
0.22487536072731018,
0.24883390963077545,
-0.1649341583251953,
0.09440906345844269,
-0.6540114879608154,
0.2539898753166199,
0.3159557282924652,
-0.5400928854942322,
0.022834308445453644,
0.10143271088600159,
-0.49336808919906616,
0.08243879675865173,
-0.311086505651474,
0.21676841378211975,
0.5693721771240234,
-0.004021174740046263,
0.605853796005249,
-0.6062431335449219,
0.12182538956403732,
0.6941810846328735,
0.1771712303161621,
-0.3140247166156769,
-0.15388938784599304,
0.553288459777832,
0.07534084469079971,
-0.27530762553215027,
0.18598705530166626,
-0.5037535429000854,
0.313110888004303,
-0.0223165862262249,
-0.25810834765434265,
0.4894014894962311,
-0.04317071661353111,
0.5371003150939941,
0.35289695858955383,
0.486576110124588,
0.04318994656205177,
-0.1667821854352951,
-0.20537912845611572,
-0.014571799896657467,
0.07221053540706635,
-0.03909512236714363,
0.5049902200698853,
-0.03114233911037445,
0.11952045559883118,
-0.2976418733596802,
0.18167348206043243,
0.14849837124347687,
0.14367170631885529,
-0.001158340834081173,
0.6863594055175781,
-0.23740480840206146,
0.4036294221878052,
-1.1972547769546509,
-0.5546616911888123,
-0.5969557166099548,
-0.14890316128730774,
-0.43783655762672424,
0.05451503023505211,
0.18037191033363342,
-0.18971563875675201,
0.1687195599079132,
-0.20613817870616913,
-0.41388311982154846,
0.08926180005073547,
0.22397714853286743,
-0.045288655906915665,
-0.13712692260742188,
-0.12015854567289352,
0.4629174470901489,
-0.18889237940311432,
0.6155845522880554,
-0.5340957641601562,
0.1550176739692688,
0.14880594611167908,
-0.24751394987106323,
-0.06561467051506042,
-0.23656676709651947,
0.06669434905052185,
0.06912638992071152,
-0.2863602340221405,
-0.3974294662475586,
-0.2665192484855652,
0.01131010614335537,
-0.42872557044029236,
0.04865606501698494,
-0.13143408298492432,
-0.05054749175906181,
-0.015577777288854122,
0.8655855059623718,
-0.6597424745559692,
0.03682928904891014,
0.1717502772808075,
-0.6237397789955139,
-0.860567569732666,
-0.21015512943267822,
-5.921097278594971,
-0.1894381046295166,
-0.02272769622504711,
-0.21273095905780792,
0.6240865588188171,
0.06893788278102875,
0.5852401256561279,
-0.5358020663261414,
-0.126218780875206,
0.30148330330848694,
0.132616326212883,
-0.24953919649124146,
-0.23923034965991974,
0.6284249424934387,
1.0823190212249756,
-0.048051465302705765,
0.10812146216630936,
-0.40281951427459717,
0.6405807137489319,
-0.018418418243527412,
0.04983191937208176,
-0.25270548462867737,
0.04848504811525345,
0.009953019209206104,
-0.1335362046957016,
0.3937450349330902,
-0.24887000024318695,
0.5147075653076172,
-0.5591368079185486,
0.48164936900138855,
0.16906143724918365,
0.09061991423368454,
-0.6036099195480347,
0.45636269450187683,
-0.13577716052532196,
0.311072438955307,
0.5547743439674377,
-0.4931446313858032,
0.44801536202430725,
-0.3740992248058319,
-0.05649469420313835,
0.1025732010602951,
-0.5099204182624817,
0.17979413270950317,
0.026386694982647896,
0.052555669099092484,
-0.369143545627594,
-0.07281867414712906,
-0.07482419908046722,
0.431388795375824,
-0.014404172077775002,
0.2905411720275879,
-0.5531677603721619,
-0.5985433459281921,
-0.14558228850364685,
-0.12065999209880829,
-0.08796697109937668,
0.19627434015274048,
-0.06427869200706482,
-0.15896520018577576,
0.11257998645305634,
-0.06641905009746552,
0.14215917885303497,
-0.59635990858078,
0.07356675714254379,
0.2158234715461731,
-0.3741755485534668,
0.0021998207084834576,
0.633874773979187,
-0.14277343451976776,
-0.3805736303329468,
0.12822265923023224,
0.18950268626213074,
-0.9646382927894592,
-0.2712326645851135,
0.059737611562013626,
0.5775272250175476,
-0.05040761083364487,
0.3317437767982483,
0.2020094096660614,
0.28243714570999146,
-0.38793325424194336,
-0.03765012323856354,
0.018020179122686386,
0.11781688034534454,
-0.699295163154602,
-0.12108529359102249,
-0.08011200278997421,
-0.2806794047355652,
-0.6978389024734497,
1.1904860734939575,
-0.41360166668891907,
0.008207018487155437,
1.0996198654174805,
0.21549390256404877,
1.2799547910690308,
-0.4141150116920471,
0.27594298124313354,
0.06430982053279877,
-0.35071101784706116,
-0.8014578223228455,
-0.0823245421051979,
0.5024047493934631,
0.13157537579536438,
-0.5600705742835999,
-0.21614044904708862,
-0.008159940131008625,
0.35976728796958923,
0.3449929654598236,
-0.5220305919647217,
0.2921062707901001,
0.423423707485199,
-0.2894393503665924,
0.06362089514732361,
0.10425879806280136,
-0.34020188450813293,
-0.4686322808265686,
0.29650959372520447,
0.3303363621234894,
0.5279620289802551,
0.38902702927589417,
0.14171800017356873,
-0.43058285117149353,
-0.39293617010116577,
-1.1563365459442139,
0.1298883706331253,
-0.03773915022611618,
-0.056324124336242676,
0.14587154984474182,
0.5628313422203064,
-0.24313434958457947,
0.0872783362865448,
0.46378812193870544,
0.023062245920300484,
-0.07381283491849899,
-0.6430060267448425,
-0.5775706171989441,
0.24777399003505707,
-0.22459262609481812,
0.1799219250679016,
0.3350868225097656,
-0.36809083819389343,
-0.12692566215991974,
0.5737683773040771,
0.11201383173465729,
0.16095693409442902,
0.2092224657535553,
-0.46861356496810913,
0.0956149622797966,
0.38756898045539856,
0.31586289405822754,
0.04878714308142662,
0.6960675716400146,
-0.9386110305786133,
-0.44265472888946533,
0.13190558552742004,
-0.32884377241134644,
0.27982738614082336,
-0.3294948935508728,
-0.48156267404556274,
-0.00912256259471178,
-0.20352642238140106,
-1.4302899837493896,
-0.11871490627527237,
0.2946666181087494,
0.06570856273174286,
-0.07153921574354172,
-0.6593950986862183,
-0.4714580774307251,
0.4260897934436798,
-0.2743869125843048,
-0.14460690319538116,
0.05566847696900368,
0.36147642135620117,
0.4424314796924591,
0.23677951097488403,
0.034665413200855255,
-0.4309605360031128,
-0.400063157081604,
-0.041080038994550705,
0.309376060962677,
-0.014169508591294289,
-1.002478003501892,
-0.14148366451263428,
0.6953045725822449,
-0.41972336173057556,
-0.5561224222183228,
-0.22164487838745117,
0.20500166714191437,
0.26787254214286804,
-0.11212185770273209,
0.34654170274734497,
0.8491252660751343,
0.35274815559387207,
-0.8042598366737366,
-0.7060145139694214,
-0.2543283700942993,
0.7398698925971985,
-0.02847181260585785,
-0.5479109287261963,
0.13728733360767365,
-0.013155471533536911,
-0.4732266664505005,
-0.32120224833488464,
0.3699975311756134,
-0.876923680305481,
0.3604260981082916,
-0.1472732275724411,
-0.27171170711517334,
0.6777234077453613,
0.17674386501312256,
-0.7767903804779053,
-0.2335893213748932,
0.36877214908599854,
-0.5050230622291565,
-0.4657505452632904,
-0.38329723477363586,
-0.2006702572107315,
0.14633654057979584,
-0.48825499415397644,
-0.5345009565353394,
-0.15184885263442993,
-0.8573035597801208,
0.5336809158325195,
-0.755814254283905,
-0.3879488706588745,
0.9045531153678894,
-0.7731184959411621,
-0.13725441694259644,
0.15741674602031708,
-0.11733517050743103,
0.7369776964187622,
-0.3536732792854309,
0.2602139711380005,
-0.007907828316092491,
0.00020397761545609683,
-0.2964424192905426,
-0.12843242287635803,
0.01681712456047535,
0.16739507019519806,
0.4075874388217926,
0.5026864409446716,
0.3401786684989929,
-0.5812050104141235,
0.1567036658525467,
0.17913411557674408,
0.15584850311279297,
-0.4556509256362915,
-0.10369954258203506,
-0.09443973749876022,
0.08607421070337296,
0.2133825421333313,
-0.3795202970504761,
-0.14973895251750946,
0.29297640919685364,
-0.4452078640460968,
-0.3674202859401703,
0.46706780791282654,
-0.08480791002511978,
0.32251596450805664,
0.27794018387794495,
0.1872425228357315,
-0.4758038818836212,
-0.09621214121580124,
0.05437975004315376,
0.5161772966384888,
-0.2412528395652771,
-0.5399183034896851,
-0.0008681723847985268,
-0.03580566868185997,
0.2878168225288391,
-0.3295982778072357,
0.12950028479099274,
0.5775298476219177,
0.3222096860408783,
-0.1005513072013855,
-0.21779398620128632,
-0.5434748530387878,
0.2328537404537201,
0.35605669021606445,
-0.47783640027046204,
0.10189085453748703,
0.1341220885515213,
-0.01892085187137127,
-0.1956985741853714,
-0.8449307084083557,
0.14900115132331848,
-0.11946424096822739,
0.004207251593470573,
0.2462862879037857,
0.25810396671295166,
0.2031303346157074,
-0.4333980679512024,
-0.052020296454429626,
0.12580181658267975,
-0.24385309219360352,
0.10891012102365494,
0.09667659550905228,
-0.33210673928260803,
-0.20584183931350708,
-0.09143954515457153,
0.04139840230345726,
0.4391290247440338,
-0.500855028629303,
0.4639286696910858,
0.23649847507476807,
-0.16759340465068817,
-0.22250902652740479,
-0.47949013113975525,
-0.0632251724600792,
0.3191942572593689,
-0.06205614656209946,
0.010280103422701359,
0.983881413936615,
-0.7771006226539612,
-0.24033766984939575,
0.6329060792922974,
-0.1538974642753601,
0.0029828259721398354,
0.4254317581653595,
0.42953792214393616,
0.1687927395105362,
0.07646159082651138,
-0.4870944023132324,
-0.8725283741950989,
0.6445226073265076,
0.13735775649547577,
0.17988692224025726,
0.5538166165351868,
-0.4717143177986145,
0.31275317072868347,
0.17743131518363953,
-0.22012151777744293,
0.5519968271255493,
-0.4696134328842163,
-0.3997253477573395,
-0.07413502782583237,
-0.4690430462360382,
0.3581010699272156,
0.12890571355819702,
0.11806617677211761,
0.1292518526315689,
0.10926549136638641,
-0.4391132891178131,
-0.057798001915216446,
0.37343209981918335,
0.044724155217409134,
-0.35188573598861694,
0.419462651014328,
0.06508079916238785,
0.12283003330230713,
0.2718510031700134,
0.21437521278858185,
-0.22841136157512665,
0.46268394589424133,
-0.12994317710399628,
0.13504934310913086,
-0.2837422788143158,
-0.09320700913667679,
-0.1136946827173233,
0.06659470498561859,
-0.0876387357711792,
0.09166370332241058,
0.32381585240364075,
0.3899229168891907,
0.1657586246728897,
0.7041329741477966,
-0.6222668290138245,
0.04362047463655472,
0.40681192278862,
-0.24593620002269745,
-0.2750561237335205,
-0.14331206679344177,
0.28353193402290344,
-0.1807749718427658,
0.03622020408511162,
0.44870150089263916,
0.3950321078300476,
0.6977924704551697,
0.24683500826358795,
-0.21706216037273407,
0.03544212877750397,
-0.6128756403923035,
-0.7402700781822205,
0.14812354743480682,
0.20358768105506897,
-0.2855743169784546,
-0.11173508316278458,
-0.09928254038095474,
0.043551769107580185,
-0.1466265171766281,
-0.3830910325050354,
-0.34035858511924744,
-0.5999004244804382,
-0.7223854064941406,
-0.27951687574386597,
0.35701096057891846,
0.6706863641738892,
0.1460956335067749,
-0.09105420857667923,
0.0156997162848711,
0.0554378516972065,
0.016784824430942535,
0.046162184327840805,
-0.068989597260952,
-0.24804553389549255,
-0.17382338643074036,
0.3491811454296112,
-0.3753736615180969,
0.2111974060535431,
0.5009108781814575,
-0.09038261324167252,
-0.16919027268886566,
0.05272805318236351,
-0.15573422610759735,
-0.28311169147491455,
0.586597740650177,
0.13171973824501038,
0.18952029943466187,
0.2773269712924957,
-0.16831938922405243,
0.11760645359754562,
-0.20058992505073547,
-0.07554242759943008,
-0.28958767652511597,
0.15317198634147644,
0.5532593727111816,
0.07525582611560822,
-0.17827922105789185,
0.955413281917572,
-0.1979355812072754,
0.09900542348623276,
-0.9345575571060181,
-0.24458195269107819,
-0.29513341188430786,
-0.193971186876297,
0.3305176794528961,
0.5696281790733337,
0.5978347659111023,
0.04073582962155342,
0.5398831367492676,
-0.28010374307632446,
0.0193097535520792,
-0.0014984587905928493,
-0.0541105717420578,
-0.5022975206375122,
0.4681103527545929,
-0.0555855855345726,
-0.41828691959381104,
0.22659757733345032,
-0.08415563404560089,
-0.6473167538642883,
-0.4045528173446655,
-0.42011740803718567,
0.017161846160888672,
-0.5407540202140808,
0.360843688249588,
0.0951235368847847,
0.4723365902900696,
0.10161667317152023
] |
211128
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred%20Burchett
|
Wilfred Burchett
|
Wilfred Graham Burchett (16 September 1911 – 27 September 1983) was an Australian journalist known for being the first western journalist to report from Hiroshima after the dropping of the atomic bomb, and for his reporting from "the other side" during the wars in Korea and Vietnam.
Burchett began his journalism at the start of the Second World War, during which he reported from China, Burma and Japan and covered the war in the Pacific. After the war he reported on the trials in Hungary, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and on Cambodia under Pol Pot. During the Korean war he investigated and supported claims by the North Korean government that the US had used germ warfare. He was the first western journalist to interview Yuri Gagarin after Gagarin's historic first flight into outer space (Vostok 1). He played a role in prompting the first significant Western relief to Cambodia after its liberation by Vietnam in 1979.
He was a politically engaged anti-imperialist who always placed himself amongst the people and events about whom he was reporting. His reporting antagonised both the US and Australian governments. and he was effectively exiled from Australia for almost 20 years before the incoming Whitlam government granted him a new passport.
Early life
Burchett was born in Clifton Hill, Melbourne in 1911 to George Harold and Mary Jane Eveline Burchett (née Davey). His father was a builder, a farmer, and a Methodist lay preacher with radical convictions who "imbued [Burchett] with a progressive approach to British India, the Soviet Union and republican China". He spent his youth in the south Gippsland town of Poowong and then Ballarat, where Wilfred attended the Agricultural High School. Poverty forced him to drop out of school at fifteen and work at various odd jobs, including as a vacuum cleaner salesman and an agricultural labourer. In his free time he studied foreign languages, mainly French and Russian.
In 1937 Burchett left Australia for London by ship. There he found work in a Jewish travel agency Palestine & Orient Lloyd Ltd which resettled Jews from Nazi Germany in British Palestine and the United States. It was in this job that he met Erna Lewy, née Hammer, a Jewish refugee from Germany, and they married in 1938 in Hampstead. He visited Germany in 1938 before returning to Australia with his wife in 1939. After his return to Australia he wrote letters to newspapers warning against the danger of German and Japanese militarism. After the declaration of war by England, he became sought after as "one of the last Australians to leave Germany before the war".
Career as a journalist, 1940–1978
Second World War
Burchett began his career in journalism in 1940 when he obtained accreditation with the Australian Associated Press to report on the revolt against the Vichy French in the South Pacific colony of New Caledonia. He recounted his experiences in his book Pacific Treasure Island: New Caledonia. Historian Beverly Smith said that Pacific Treasure Island describes Burchett's view of "the way in which Australian culture and mores, as they emerged from the pioneers' experience, could develop in harmony with those of the liberated peoples in neighbouring Asia".
Burchett next travelled to the then Chinese capital, Chongqing, becoming a correspondent for the London Daily Express and also writing for the Sydney Daily Telegraph. He was wounded while reporting on Britain's campaign in Burma. He also covered the American advance in the Pacific under General Douglas MacArthur.
Hiroshima
Burchett was in Okinawa when he heard on the radio that "the world’s first A-bomb had been dropped on a place called Hiroshima". He was the first Western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped, arriving alone by train from Tokyo on 2 September, the day of the formal surrender of Japan, after a thirty-hour train trip in breach of MacArthur's orders. He was unarmed, and carrying rations for seven meals, a black umbrella and a Baby Hermes typewriter. His Morse code dispatch was printed on the front page of the Daily Express newspaper in London on 5 September 1945. Entitled "The Atomic Plague", and with the subtitle "I Write This as a Warning to the World", it began:
On this "scoop of the century", which had a worldwide impact, Burchett's byline was incorrectly given as "by Peter Burchett".
MacArthur had imposed restrictions on journalists' access to bombed cities, and had censored reports of the destruction caused by the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Civilian casualties were downplayed and the deadly lingering effects of radiation were dismissed. The New York Times published a front-page story with the headline 'No radioactivity in Hiroshima ruin'. Military censors suppressed a 25,000 word story about the bombing of Nagasaki submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News.
Burchett's report was the first in the Western media to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout and was, therefore, a major embarrassment for the US military. In response, US officials accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda. Burchett lost his press accreditation and he was ordered to leave Japan, although this order was later withdrawn. In addition, his camera, containing photos of Hiroshima, was confiscated while he was documenting persistent illness at a Tokyo hospital. The film was sent to Washington and classified secret before being released in 1968. US military encouraged the journalist William L. Laurence of The New York Times to write articles dismissing the reports of radiation sickness as part of Japanese efforts to undermine American morale. Laurence, who was also being paid by the US War Department, wrote the articles the US military wanted even though he was aware of the effects of radiation after observing the first atomic bomb test on 16 July 1945, and its effect on local residents and livestock.
Burchett wrote about his experiences in his book, Shadows of Hiroshima.
Eastern Europe
After three years in Greece and Berlin working for the Daily Express, Burchett began reporting on Eastern Europe for The Times. He covered some of the post-war show trials in Hungary, including that of Cardinal Mindszenty in 1949, and of the communist László Rajk, who was convicted and executed the same year. Burchett described Rajk as a "Titoist spy" and a "tool of American and British intelligence". Burchett praised the post-war Stalinist purges in Bulgaria: the "Bulgarian conspirators were the left arm of the Hungarian reactionary right arm".
In his autobiography, Burchett later admitted that he began to have doubts about the trials when one of the Bulgarians repudiated his signed confession. Hungarian Tibor Méray accused Burchett of dishonesty regarding the trials and the subsequent Hungarian Revolution of 1956 which he opposed.
Korean War, 1950–1953
Burchett returned to Australia in 1950 and campaigned against Robert Menzies’ bill to ban the Communist Party. In 1951, Burchett travelled to the People's Republic of China as a foreign correspondent for the French communist newspaper L'Humanité. After six months in China he wrote China's Feet Unbound, which supported the new Chinese government of Mao Zedong. In July 1951, he and British journalist Alan Winnington made their way to North Korea to cover the Panmunjom Peace Talks. While in Korea he reported from the Northern side for the French communist newspaper and the American radical publication National Guardian.
Burchett investigated and confirmed claims by the North Korean government that the US had used Germ warfare in the Korean War. During his investigation, he observed "clusters of flies and fleas on the snow-covered hillsides", which the North Korean military said were infected with bubonic plague. In his 1953 book about the Korean war, This Monstrous War, he wrote:
The US military's Far Eastern Command (FEC) wanted to silence Burchett by "exfiltrating" him from North Korea but its request to the Australian government for permission, which included a $100,000 inducement, was turned down. Instead, the FEC established a smear campaign against Burchett with the backing of the Australian government. Australian journalist Denis Warner suggested Burchett had concocted the claim that the USA was engaging in germ warfare and pointed out the similarity of the allegations to a science fiction story by Jack London, a favourite author of Burchett's. However, Burchett's former colleague and veteran anti-communist, Tibor Méray, confirmed Burchett's insect observation in his critical memoir On Burchett. Burchett's finding was later supported by a 2010 report by al-Jazeera.
Burchett visited several POW camps in North Korea, comparing one to a "luxury resort", a "holiday resort in Switzerland", which angered POWs who had been held under conditions that violated the Geneva Conventions. Historian Gavan McCormack wrote that Burchett regretted this analogy, but said that the factual basis of the description was confirmed by POW Walker Mahurin. Similarly, Tibor Méray reports a "Peace Fighter Camp" which had no fences.
Burchett achieved a major scoop by interviewing the most senior United Nations POW, US General William F. Dean and organising for photographs of Dean to be taken. The US had claimed that Dean had been killed by the North Koreans and had intended using his death as leverage in negotiations with the North Koreans. It was consequently angry that Burchett reported he was alive. In his autobiography Dean entitled a chapter "My Friend Wilfred Burchett" and wrote "I like Burchett and am grateful to him". He expressed thanks for Burchett's "special kindness" in improving his conditions, communicating with his family, and giving him an "accurate" briefing on the state of the war.
In his study of war correspondents, The First Casualty, Phillip Knightley wrote that "in Korea, the truth was that Burchett and Winnington were a better source of news than the UN information officers, and if the allied reporters did not see them they risked being beaten on stories".
Moscow
In 1956, Burchett arrived in Moscow as a correspondent for the National Guardian newspaper, while also writing for the Daily Express, and, from 1960, for the Financial Times. According to Robert Manne, Burchett received a monthly allowance from the Soviet authorities. For the next six years he reported on Soviet advances in science and the rebuilding of the post-war Soviet economy. In one dispatch Burchett wrote:
In 1961, Burchett was the first western journalist to interview Yuri Gagarin after his historic space flight. Describing Gagarin, Burchett wrote that "the first impression was of his good-natured personality; big smile -- a grin, really -- light step and an air of sunny friendliness ... His hands are incredibly hard; his eyes an almost luminous blue".
China
In his 1946 book, Democracy with a Tommy Gun, Burchett wrote about his view of the coming crisis in Western imperialism in Asia. In particular he said that "the British Raj in India and the Kuomintang dictatorship (in China) represent decaying systems of government" and "immediately the war ended, subject people in the East began to rise" to take their "freedom and independence".
Burchett eventually sided with China in the Sino-Soviet split. In 1963, he wrote to his father George that the Chinese were "one hundred per cent right", but asked George to keep his views confidential.
In 1973, Burchett published China: The Quality of Life, with co-author Rewi Alley. In Robert Manne's view this was "a book of unconditional praise for Maoist China following the Great Leap Forward and the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution".
In a 1983 interview, Burchett said he grew disillusioned with China over its position in Angola in which it was supporting the "same side as the CIA".
Vietnam
In 1962, Burchett began writing on the war in Vietnam, from the North Vietnamese side. Beginning in November 1963, Burchett spent six months in southern Vietnam with National Liberation Front guerrillas, staying in their fortified hamlets and travelling underground in their network of narrow tunnels. When US President Kennedy increased funding for the war in Vietnam, Burchett wrote: "No peasants anywhere in the world had so many dollars per capita lavished on their extermination". He described Ho Chi Minh as "the greatest man I’ve ever met, with all the modesty and simplicity that goes with human greatness". He once described Saigon as "a seething cauldron in which hissed and bubbled a witches' brew of rival French and American imperialisms spiced with feudal warlordism and fascist despotism".
During his time in Vietnam he had access to the North Vietnamese leadership and the South's National Liberation Front. He tried to help the British and US governments in obtaining the release of captured American airmen. In 1967, he had a significant interview with the North Vietnamese foreign minister, Nguyen Duy Trinh in which Nguyen provided the first indication that the North Vietnamese government was interested in peace talks. He played a role in trying to organise informal talks during the 1968 peace talks in Paris.
Bertrand Russell wrote that "If any one man is responsible for alerting Western opinion to the struggle of the people of Vietnam, it is Wilfred Burchett".
Burchett published numerous books about Vietnam and the war.
Cambodia
In 1975 and 1976, Burchett sent a number of dispatches from Cambodia praising the new government of Pol Pot. In a 14 October 1976 article for The Guardian (UK), he wrote that "Cambodia has become a worker-peasant-soldier state", and, because its new constitution "guarantees that everyone has the right to work and a fair standard of living", it was, Burchett believed, "one of the most democratic and revolutionary constitutions in existence anywhere". At the time, he believed his friend, former prince Norodom Sihanouk, was part of the leadership group.
As relations between Cambodia and Vietnam deteriorated, and after Burchett visited refugee camps in 1978, he condemned the Khmer Rouge and they subsequently placed him on a death list.
Burchett visited Phnom Penh in May 1979 and wrote in The Guardian about the desperate situation there. The Phnom Penh government drew up a list of required emergency relief which Burchett took to London, where he read it out at an all-party meeting in the House of Commons. He said that the governments in both Vietnam and Cambodia had assured him that relief would be welcome and that "a great many human beings are starving and need your help". The UK government did nothing in response to Burchett's request since the newly elected government of Margaret Thatcher had joined the US boycott of Vietnam and suspended all food aid to both Vietnam and Cambodia. However, Jim Howard, a technical officer for Oxfam was at the meeting and was moved to arrange for the first significant Western relief to Cambodia.
Writing style
Greg Lockhart analysed Burchett's writing in an article in The Australian newspaper. Lockhart thought the "involved narrator" present in Burchett's writing was similar to that of Henry Lawson. He said Burchett's style fitted with the "politically engaged, social realist reportage -- the I narratives -- that swept progressive journalism in Europe and Asia in the '20s and '30s: George Orwell's Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), for instance". Lockhart said that Burchett's method of writing quickly and outside the structures of Western journalism was both a strength and a weakness of his work. Sinologist Michael Godley said that the camera verite method, which was in vogue in Beijing in 1951 when Burchett was there, may have influenced his style.
Australian Government actions
Exile from Australia 1955–1972
In 1955, Burchett's British passport went missing, believed stolen, and the Australian Government refused to issue a replacement and asked the British to do the same. He again requested an Australian passport in 1960 and 1965 but was denied both times. A further request in July 1968 was rejected by prime minister John Gorton. For many years Burchett held a Vietnamese laissez-passer which grew so large due to the additional pages that needed to be added each time he travelled, that Burchett said he needed an attache case to carry it. While Burchett was attending a conference in Cuba, Fidel Castro learned about his passport problem, and issued him with a Cuban passport. Matters came to a head in 1969 when Burchett was refused entry into Australia to attend his father's funeral. The following year his brother Clive died, and Burchett flew to Brisbane in a privately chartered light plane as the Gorton government had threatened commercial airlines with steep penalties for flying Burchett into the country. He was allowed entry, triggering a media sensation. In 1972, an Australian passport was finally issued to Burchett by the incoming Whitlam Government which said there was no evidence to justify its continued denial. Writing in The Australian, Greg Lockhart described the previous governments' actions as "a remarkable breach of the human rights of an Australian citizen" in which it "simply exiled him for 17 years".
Government attempts to prosecute Burchett
Conservative Australian governments between 1949 and 1970 tried to construct a case to prosecute Burchett but were unable to do so.
After Burchett reported from North Korea about the use of germ warfare by the Americans, the Australian government looked at charging him with treason. It sent ASIO agents to Japan and Korea to collect evidence but in early 1954, conceded it could not prosecute him.
The last attempt was in 1970, when attorney-general Tom Hughes admitted to prime minister John Gorton, that the government had no evidence against him. Hughes said that a prosecution for treason under the Crimes Act "cannot be mounted unless the war is a proclaimed war and there is a proclaimed enemy", and the Australian government had not declared war in Korea and Vietnam.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Around 1967, ABC journalist Tony Ferguson filmed an interview with Burchett in Phnom Penh. According to filmmaker David Bradbury, Ferguson said that the general manager of the ABC, Talbot Duckmanton, ordered its destruction. Bradbury's own 1981 documentary film on Burchett, Public Enemy Number One was never shown in full on Australian television because the ABC refused to buy it.
ASIO
The Australian national security department, which became ASIO in 1949, opened a file on the whole Burchett family in the 1940s. Australian security was concerned by Burchett's father's interest in helping Jewish refugees in Melbourne, and his views on the Soviet Union and republican China. A document on Burchett's own file dated February 1944 noted: Other documents on Burchett's file show ASIO was concerned by his scathing criticism of American imperialism.
Yuri Krotkov and Jack Kane
Burchett first met Yuri Krotkov in Berlin after the second world war and they met again when Burchett moved to Moscow in 1957. Krotkov defected to Britain in the early 1960s. He had been a low-ranking KGB agent who the British passed on to the Americans. In November 1969, Krotkov testified before the US Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security that Burchett had been his agent when he worked as a KGB controller. Others he named as agents and contacts included, implausibly, Jean-Paul Sartre and John Kenneth Galbraith. He claimed that Burchett had proposed a "special relationship" with the Soviets at their first meeting in Berlin in 1947. Krotkov also reported that Burchett had worked as an agent for both Vietnam and China and was a secret member of the Communist Party of Australia.
In September 1971, Democratic Labour Party leader Vince Gair accused Burchett, in the Senate, of being a KGB operative and tabled Krotkov's testimony. In November 1971, the DLP published details of Gair's speech in its pamphlet, Focus. In February 1973 Burchett filed a one-million-dollar libel suit against DLP senator Jack Kane, who was Focus 's publisher. In preparing his case, Kane received support from The Herald and Weekly Times, Philip Jones and Robert Menzies. Australia's military chiefs-of-staff appeared as witnesses for Kane. ASIO provided the names of Australian POWs whom Burchett had met in Korea and Kane put thirty of these on the stand. The former prisoners testified that Burchett had used threatening and insulting language against them and in some cases had been involved in their interrogations. North Vietnamese defectors, Bui Cong Tuong and To Ming Trung, also testified at the trial, claiming that Burchett was so highly regarded in Hanoi he was known as "Comrade Soldier", a title he shared only with Lenin and Ho Chi Minh.
The jury found Burchett had been defamed, but considered the Focus article a fair report of the 1971 Senate speech by Gair and therefore protected by parliamentary privilege. Costs were awarded against Burchett. Burchett appealed and lost. In their 1976 judgement, the appeal court judges found that Kane's article was not a fair report of the Senate speech. The jury's verdict, however, they concluded, arose out of the failure of Burchett's lawyer to argue his client's case and was not an error of the court. It was also impractical to recall the international witnesses for a retrial.
Historian Gavan McCormack has argued in Burchett's defence that his only dealings with Australian POWs were "trivial incidents" in which he "helped" them. With regard to other POWs, McCormack has argued that their allegations were at variance with earlier statements which either explicitly cleared Burchett or blamed someone else.
For his part, Tibor Méray alleged that Burchett was an undercover party member but not a KGB agent.
Bukovsky archive
During his return visits to Moscow in the early 1990s, veteran dissident Vladimir Bukovsky was given access by the Russian government to classified documents from the archives of the CPSU Central Committee. Bukovsky secretly photocopied thousands of pages and in 1999 these were posted online. Among the documents were a memorandum dated 17 July 1957 and a decision dated 25 October 1957 concerning Burchett.
The July memorandum was written by the chairman of the KGB and addressed to the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party. It mentioned that Burchett had agreed to work in Moscow on "condition" that he receive "a monetary subsidy, and also the opportunity of unpublicised collaboration in the Soviet press". The memorandum also contained a description of Burchett's background and a request for him to be paid "a one-time subsidy in the sum of 20,000 roubles and the establishment for him of a monthly subsidy in the sum of 4000 roubles". On 25 October, the Central Committee accepted the KGB's request but reduced the monthly payment to 3000 roubles.
In 2013 Robert Manne used these documents to update "Agent of Influence: Reassessing Wilfred Burchett", his 2008 article in which he examined Burchett's relationship with a number of communist governments in Europe and Asia. Manne concluded in 2013 that "Every detail in the KGB memorandum is consistent with the Washington testimony of Yuri Krotkov". Manne wrote that Krotkov "was not a liar and a perjurer, but a truth-teller". Conversely, Tom Heenan, from the National Centre for Australian Studies, was not convinced by the evidence Manne quoted and wrote that, if the KGB had given money to Burchett, it had been shortchanged, since Burchett had moved away from Soviet Communism and towards the Chinese by the 1960s.
Death and legacy
Burchett moved to Bulgaria in 1982 and died of cancer in Sofia the following year, aged 72.
A documentary film entitled Public Enemy Number One by David Bradbury was released in 1981. The film showed how Burchett was criticised in Australia for his coverage of "the other side" in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and posed the questions: "Can a democracy tolerate opinions it considers subversive to its national interest? How far can freedom of the press be extended in wartime?"
In 1997, journalist Denis Warner wrote: "he will be remembered by many as one of the more remarkable agents of influence of the times, but by his Australian and other admirers as a folk hero".
Nick Shimmin, co-editor of the book Rebel Journalism: The Writings of Wilfred Burchett said "When he saw injustice and hardship, he criticised those he believed responsible for it".
In 2011 Vietnam celebrated Burchett's 100th birthday with an exhibition in the Ho Chi Minh Museum in Hanoi.
Personal life
Burchett met and married his first wife Erna Lewy, a German Jewish refugee, in London and they married in 1938. They had one son together. They divorced in 1948, and Burchett married Vesselina (Vessa) Ossikovska, a Bulgarian communist, in December 1949 in Sofia. They had a daughter and two sons. His children were denied Australian citizenship at the request of Robert Menzies in 1955. His son George was born in Hanoi, and grew up in Moscow and France. He lived in Hanoi and edited some of his father's writings and produced a documentary.
Burchett was the uncle of chef and cookbook writer Stephanie Alexander.
Bibliography
Autobiography
Passport: an autobiography (1969)
At the Barricades: The Memoirs of a Rebel Journalist (1980)
Memoirs of a Rebel Journalist : the Autobiography of Wilfred Burchett (2005) edited by Nick Shimmin and George Burchett, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, New South Wales.
Drama
The Changing Tide: a play based on the Hungarian spy trials (1951), World Unity Publications, Melbourne.
Works
Pacific Treasure Island: New Caledonia (1944), David McKay Co., Philadelphia.
Bombs Over Burma (1944), F.W. Cheshire Pty. Ltd., Melbourne (1925-1967)
Democracy with a Tommygun (1946), Wadley & Ginn, London.
Warmongers Unmasked: Cold War in Germany (1950), World Unity Publications, Melbourne.
People's Democracies (1951), World Unity Publications, Melbourne (Wilfred G. Burchett, People's Democracies (1951)).
China's Feet Unbound (1952), World Unity Publications, Melbourne.
This Monstrous War (1953) J. Waters, Melbourne
(with Alan Winnington), Koje Unscreened, (1953), British-China Friendship Association.
Mekong Upstream - A visit to Laos and Cambodia, (1959), Seven Seas Book, Berlin, DDR, #306/60/59, 289p. + 2 maps
(with Rewi Alley), China: The Quality of Life (1974). Pelican 1976, pbk edn.
The China-Cambodia-Vietnam Triangle (1981), Zed Press, , 256p.
Shadows of Hiroshima (1983), Verso Publishers, London.
Rebel Journalism: The Writings of Wilfred Burchett (2007) edited by Nick Shimmin and George Burchett, Cambridge Books Online.
Works on Vietnam
North of the 17th Parallel (1957), Red River Publishing House - Hanoi.
The Furtive War-The United States in Vietnam and Laos (1963), International Publishers - New York.
My Visit to the Liberated Zones of South Vietnam (1964), Foreign Languages Publishing House - Hanoi.
Vietnam: The inside story of a Guerrilla War (1965), International Publishers.
Eyewitness in Vietnam (1965), published by The Daily Worker - London (UK).
Vietnam North: A first-hand report (1966), Lawrence & Wishart Publishers - London (UK).
Vietnam will win! Why the people of South Vietnam have already defeated US imperialism (1968), Monthly Review Press - New York.
Second Indochina War : Cambodia and Laos Today (1970), Lorimer Publishing - London (UK).
(with Prince Norodom Sihanouk), My War with the CIA: The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk (1974) Pelican - London (UK).
Grasshoppers and Elephants: Why Vietnam Fell (1977), Urizen Books Inc. - New York.
Catapult to Freedom: The Survival of the Vietnamese People (1978), Quartet publishers - London (UK).
See also
First Into Nagasaki
References
Further reading
Heenan, Tom (2006), From Traveller to Traitor. The Life of Wilfred Burchett, Melbourne University Press - Melbourne, Victoria.
Heenan, Kiernan, Lockhart, Macintyre & McCormack (2008), Wilfred Burchett and Australia's Long Cold War
Kane, Jack (1989), Exploding the Myths. The Political Memoirs of Jack Kane, Angus and Robertson - North Ryde, New South Wales.
Kiernan, Ben, editor (1986), Burchett: Reporting the Other Side of the World, 1939-1983, Quartet Books - London, England.
McCormack, Gavan (1986), "Korea: Wilfred Burchett's Thirty Year's War", in Ben Kiernan, edited, Burchett (1986).
Meray, Tibor (2008), On Burchett, Callistemon Publications - Kallista, Victoria.
External links
[http://johnpilger.com/videos/the-outsiders-wilfred-burchett John Pilger interviewed Burchett as part of his 1983 series The Outsiders]
Radio National's "Media Report" discussing Memoirs of a Rebel Journalist (2007).
Stuart Macintyre and Ben Kiernan, "Wilfred Burchett's Memoirs of a Rebel Journalist'' (2007) - Lessons from Hiroshima to Vietnam and Iraq"
Wilfred Burchett's Memoirs of a Rebel Journalist (2007) - Lessons from Hiroshima to Vietnam and Iraq
Vesselina Ossikovska-Burchett, 1919–2007, Occupation Magazine website
Wilfred G. Burchett, People's Democracies (1951)
1911 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Australian journalists
Australian communists
Australian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Australian expatriates in Vietnam
Australian political journalists
Australian reporters and correspondents
Australian war correspondents
Ballarat High School alumni
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Journalists from Melbourne
War correspondents of the Korean War
|
[
0.39078614115715027,
0.3265771269798279,
-0.9362245202064514,
-0.3314915597438812,
-0.31168267130851746,
0.08874277770519257,
0.7304414510726929,
-0.08348779380321503,
-0.17757369577884674,
-0.07206032425165176,
-0.564082145690918,
0.17755679786205292,
0.08768636733293533,
0.44450968503952026,
0.12324652820825577,
0.20134183764457703,
-0.28083303570747375,
-0.3864351809024811,
-0.4260924160480499,
-0.40831446647644043,
-0.026214726269245148,
-0.8160912394523621,
0.28918907046318054,
0.42594626545906067,
0.22330161929130554,
-0.1324528604745865,
0.43510231375694275,
-0.05910686030983925,
-0.03151509910821915,
0.11945308744907379,
-0.14705651998519897,
0.3153921961784363,
0.31725043058395386,
-0.04986695945262909,
-0.6435048580169678,
0.4283759593963623,
-0.049524981528520584,
0.4314000904560089,
-0.4018171727657318,
0.07370684295892715,
-0.04462149366736412,
0.06836450099945068,
0.1830856204032898,
0.1279163956642151,
0.35126689076423645,
-0.5151371955871582,
-1.5900323390960693,
0.0879032164812088,
-0.26441219449043274,
-0.1876814216375351,
0.15113797783851624,
1.0200600624084473,
0.5993567705154419,
-0.38050463795661926,
-0.30799543857574463,
0.9537416696548462,
-0.2809077203273773,
-0.3363710641860962,
0.08628387004137039,
-0.4612751305103302,
0.12680068612098694,
-0.09422039985656738,
0.5228023529052734,
0.4127342402935028,
0.5500760078430176,
0.09487156569957733,
-0.1650957614183426,
0.059558141976594925,
0.5307835340499878,
-0.2869311273097992,
-0.2525058686733246,
-0.14444930851459503,
0.11940627545118332,
0.32201310992240906,
0.3117840886116028,
-0.4014910161495209,
0.04915035888552666,
-0.38568854331970215,
-0.16302146017551422,
0.3338810205459595,
-0.13996899127960205,
-0.04860938712954521,
-0.24641548097133636,
0.1330002248287201,
0.39969319105148315,
-0.42432719469070435,
-0.033149417489767075,
0.42958322167396545,
-0.3588848412036896,
0.1622871309518814,
0.08866830170154572,
-0.24331459403038025,
0.07786385715007782,
0.05201073735952377,
-0.14942482113838196,
-0.3689240515232086,
0.2659752666950226,
0.8295630812644958,
-0.4108074903488159,
-0.588833212852478,
-0.07748463749885559,
0.10348781943321228,
0.49560603499412537,
0.3505752384662628,
-0.48810189962387085,
-0.21520090103149414,
0.26701146364212036,
-0.2141829878091812,
0.31390178203582764,
0.12495394796133041,
-0.13192342221736908,
-0.29238659143447876,
-0.09461873769760132,
-0.0714467242360115,
-0.29895514249801636,
-0.06868641078472137,
0.20634135603904724,
-0.9276416301727295,
-0.2852516174316406,
-0.10613148659467697,
-0.44879746437072754,
0.7430663108825684,
-0.3997924029827118,
0.2884179949760437,
-0.6009711623191833,
-0.3899649679660797,
0.34088701009750366,
-0.42592453956604004,
-0.7645317912101746,
0.7432847619056702,
0.12345082312822342,
1.213137149810791,
-0.05740907043218613,
-0.09276474267244339,
-0.2405245453119278,
-0.011277507059276104,
-0.06783843040466309,
0.1802625060081482,
-0.7111048698425293,
0.15412349998950958,
-0.3872129023075104,
-0.012565093114972115,
-0.520548403263092,
0.1753973364830017,
0.2211310714483261,
-0.04414733499288559,
-0.4089144468307495,
-0.36229369044303894,
-0.09445369988679886,
-0.570253849029541,
0.2789347767829895,
-0.2059970200061798,
0.12019404023885727,
-0.341392457485199,
-0.2792840898036957,
0.42419305443763733,
0.44864508509635925,
0.23025669157505035,
0.18238937854766846,
0.05940048396587372,
0.5161283016204834,
0.06628847867250443,
0.39572808146476746,
-0.13586211204528809,
0.08238959312438965,
-0.0029776047449558973,
0.09451708942651749,
-0.3031180202960968,
0.1608998328447342,
-0.45337972044944763,
-0.15281252562999725,
0.008930264040827751,
0.38696974515914917,
-0.10136078298091888,
-0.5345428586006165,
0.09608094394207001,
0.6965251564979553,
0.4247133135795593,
-0.28515443205833435,
-0.2808164060115814,
-0.4343681335449219,
-0.3533153235912323,
-0.4639054834842682,
-0.22526231408119202,
0.24110674858093262,
0.21751251816749573,
0.2812320291996002,
-0.24115091562271118,
-0.2925853133201599,
0.3481867015361786,
-0.4543989300727844,
-1.4726366996765137,
-0.07016545534133911,
-0.5333390235900879,
0.5952925086021423,
-0.16389454901218414,
0.0768689438700676,
0.8010162711143494,
0.4963334798812866,
0.28156834840774536,
0.06641390919685364,
0.23702625930309296,
-0.06500943005084991,
0.006296071689575911,
-0.16806623339653015,
0.48921698331832886,
0.8530586957931519,
0.333693265914917,
0.09497930854558945,
0.9790207743644714,
-0.0639343112707138,
-0.16416329145431519,
-0.29271653294563293,
0.7027027606964111,
-0.40654680132865906,
-0.03830075263977051,
-0.23591424524784088,
-0.35930299758911133,
0.3850783109664917,
-0.48502224683761597,
0.18730345368385315,
0.4170522689819336,
-0.16652138531208038,
0.06364600360393524,
0.497691810131073,
0.0669119656085968,
-0.025714967399835587,
-0.06965518742799759,
0.07332417368888855,
-1.1259404420852661,
0.17216438055038452,
0.281319260597229,
0.33341389894485474,
-0.5529206991195679,
0.1892910897731781,
0.021792104467749596,
0.1956450194120407,
-0.3338625729084015,
0.1690528243780136,
-0.08225270360708237,
0.29233473539352417,
-0.14854690432548523,
0.5080993175506592,
0.11048154532909393,
-0.18380074203014374,
0.30450525879859924,
0.30818048119544983,
-0.10354682058095932,
0.03213653340935707,
0.5757637023925781,
0.4555652141571045,
0.7861042618751526,
0.49303174018859863,
0.08658558875322342,
0.13615649938583374,
-0.09264223277568817,
-0.11217569559812546,
-0.3243710696697235,
0.8116852045059204,
0.2548900842666626,
0.40360915660858154,
-0.3234524726867676,
0.09445656836032867,
-0.10604032874107361,
0.01950564607977867,
-0.37571632862091064,
-0.5637345910072327,
-0.5428677797317505,
-0.05842985212802887,
0.07163877040147781,
0.15916630625724792,
-0.07809880375862122,
0.1643597036600113,
0.29128310084342957,
0.10990705341100693,
-0.27432140707969666,
-0.1770300418138504,
0.42416197061538696,
-0.1812048852443695,
-0.33482736349105835,
0.3536970019340515,
0.6469424366950989,
0.06016693636775017,
-0.3564666211605072,
0.1244543120265007,
-0.07894371449947357,
-0.18299338221549988,
-0.28300291299819946,
-0.01273731142282486,
-0.08829464018344879,
-0.25379475951194763,
0.6944645643234253,
-0.0976485088467598,
0.21739743649959564,
-0.13467402756214142,
0.3632587790489197,
-0.30772310495376587,
-0.4656293988227844,
0.3277316391468048,
-0.3578680157661438,
-0.630012035369873,
0.31922557950019836,
-0.17220552265644073,
0.20622768998146057,
0.7002185583114624,
-0.047015924006700516,
0.015493102371692657,
-0.18393662571907043,
-5.894281387329102,
0.25593289732933044,
0.06114437058568001,
-0.6963841319084167,
0.22561606764793396,
0.22157922387123108,
0.2471557855606079,
-0.4732040762901306,
0.16054359078407288,
-0.233795166015625,
0.17587460577487946,
-0.14598357677459717,
0.19003447890281677,
0.19920700788497925,
0.5934591293334961,
0.01950075291097164,
0.04865046963095665,
-0.13251414895057678,
0.4457520544528961,
0.4103184938430786,
0.3046834170818329,
-0.31939688324928284,
0.14564825594425201,
0.6191298961639404,
-0.11277848482131958,
0.4694362282752991,
-0.2410317212343216,
0.6799136996269226,
0.08701580762863159,
-0.012722925283014774,
0.3604130744934082,
-0.4896632730960846,
0.07936117798089981,
0.2406713366508484,
-0.26624923944473267,
-0.14037646353244781,
0.11901522427797318,
0.3275899887084961,
0.04907343164086342,
0.3866005837917328,
-0.23198145627975464,
-0.04400312900543213,
-0.7351425290107727,
-0.2834278345108032,
0.45363184809684753,
-0.38590094447135925,
-0.22371120750904083,
-0.03002559393644333,
0.08457199484109879,
0.0636085644364357,
0.44137367606163025,
-0.11755577474832535,
0.07378089427947998,
0.08923009037971497,
-0.31555840373039246,
-0.27182820439338684,
0.04381391033530235,
-0.23926301300525665,
-0.9488534927368164,
-0.2760508358478546,
0.0044998242519795895,
-0.10186099261045456,
-0.32126110792160034,
0.004351998213678598,
-0.3854285180568695,
-0.21699406206607819,
0.006860508117824793,
0.0977535992860794,
-0.07034998387098312,
-0.4990686774253845,
-0.46396520733833313,
0.5758161544799805,
0.4736957252025604,
-1.1735118627548218,
-0.3094242513179779,
-0.35930541157722473,
-0.35821792483329773,
0.3154398202896118,
-0.2102726548910141,
-0.12841224670410156,
-0.262544721364975,
-0.3648524880409241,
0.23770645260810852,
0.09639596194028854,
0.5373432040214539,
-0.29315125942230225,
-0.07638578861951828,
0.5368618965148926,
0.1627306193113327,
-0.27392488718032837,
0.2112533301115036,
-0.6058721542358398,
0.03891618549823761,
0.24464155733585358,
-0.16768395900726318,
0.7084320783615112,
-0.32648852467536926,
0.5234259366989136,
1.1791728734970093,
0.27651357650756836,
-1.0215603113174438,
-0.2706318497657776,
-0.26660066843032837,
-0.7077889442443848,
-0.01331071462482214,
-0.05353362113237381,
-0.009153693914413452,
0.069733165204525,
0.45574209094047546,
0.04779987782239914,
0.2659570574760437,
0.9231938719749451,
-0.6822873950004578,
0.19207027554512024,
0.019113296642899513,
-0.31042784452438354,
0.3505832552909851,
-0.20372089743614197,
0.7099729776382446,
0.19638945162296295,
-0.09210390597581863,
-0.03147824481129646,
-0.4817086458206177,
0.3642122447490692,
-0.03448181599378586,
-0.34647536277770996,
-0.5530937314033508,
0.11066626012325287,
-0.5962833762168884,
0.3499208390712738,
0.022653544321656227,
0.30636677145957947,
0.40881338715553284,
0.49747565388679504,
0.008705784566700459,
-0.41131284832954407,
-0.8158246278762817,
-0.12126988917589188,
0.11297215521335602,
0.41572824120521545,
-0.06457066535949707,
-0.06423676013946533,
-0.055014029145240784,
0.32245346903800964,
-0.28148895502090454,
0.04254457727074623,
-0.39748165011405945,
0.06196320429444313,
-0.3579816222190857,
0.2666347920894623,
-0.29906418919563293,
0.31189003586769104,
0.33118173480033875,
-0.007903867401182652,
-0.29930102825164795,
0.4306144118309021,
-0.07961095124483109,
0.29484450817108154,
-0.48181822896003723,
-0.5300255417823792,
-0.21541285514831543,
0.31050071120262146,
-0.7437517046928406,
-0.363709419965744,
0.21904945373535156,
-0.176478773355484,
0.3284927010536194,
-0.2985570728778839,
0.3343120515346527,
0.35635361075401306,
-0.14903250336647034,
-0.5778980851173401,
-0.21952052414417267,
0.4654485881328583,
0.41755247116088867,
0.2700689136981964,
0.03564837574958801,
-0.6094984412193298,
0.23492152988910675,
-0.024761812761425972,
-0.1588558405637741,
0.1794360876083374,
-0.6783427596092224,
0.2423035353422165,
0.16537731885910034,
0.0210425928235054,
-0.7944926023483276,
-0.6921499371528625,
-0.503713846206665,
-0.07201971858739853,
0.04461044818162918,
-0.20525722205638885,
0.16247357428073883,
1.1303365230560303,
-0.17207995057106018,
-0.026840968057513237,
-0.04624367132782936,
-0.3074457049369812,
0.005933013744652271,
-0.02463437430560589,
-0.24959531426429749,
-0.1875007152557373,
-0.3457033932209015,
-0.28588464856147766,
0.03889835625886917,
-0.6709014773368835,
-0.0630672425031662,
0.27943918108940125,
-0.19970284402370453,
0.1824953407049179,
-0.5938258171081543,
-0.3877341151237488,
-0.23960332572460175,
0.6007537245750427,
0.12405779957771301,
-0.11134102940559387,
0.21385236084461212,
-0.0010121874511241913,
-0.012574978172779083,
-0.32667332887649536,
-0.18412886559963226,
0.28654271364212036,
-0.5979381203651428,
-0.08681504428386688,
-0.7157114148139954,
0.8064276576042175,
0.1000879630446434,
-0.5131298899650574,
0.4692203104496002,
-0.035482268780469894,
-0.4146396517753601,
-0.05614407733082771,
0.44919338822364807,
1.1213034391403198,
0.17695853114128113,
0.3725835680961609,
0.41054561734199524,
-0.04727322980761528,
0.04225079342722893,
0.3007354736328125,
0.8243771195411682,
0.90055251121521,
0.6462116837501526,
0.15718787908554077,
-0.19396916031837463,
0.3726511001586914,
0.3917993903160095,
-0.6045618653297424,
-0.29288268089294434,
-0.044603925198316574,
-0.05801491066813469,
-0.21657916903495789,
-0.7705315947532654,
0.10051756352186203,
0.30685052275657654,
-0.725402295589447,
-0.45366108417510986,
0.2406005561351776,
0.11838831007480621,
-0.35410594940185547,
0.3186316192150116,
-0.17900145053863525,
0.007257177960127592,
0.6046653985977173,
0.587683916091919,
0.33649367094039917,
0.20554931461811066,
-0.15437716245651245,
-0.43615397810935974,
-0.07974965125322342,
-0.4465347230434418,
-0.06575959920883179,
-0.19620291888713837,
0.5438340306282043,
-0.01339577604085207,
-0.04446272924542427,
-0.21958915889263153,
-0.08196208626031876,
-0.20099057257175446,
-0.6333135962486267,
-0.1825503408908844,
-0.19412142038345337,
0.029917867854237556,
-0.7071411609649658,
-0.4811384975910187,
-0.5966899394989014,
-0.21988926827907562,
-0.11850928515195847,
-0.4633595645427704,
0.05005038529634476,
-0.09070628136396408,
-0.10204099863767624,
-0.5630916953086853,
-0.12833283841609955,
0.03818054497241974,
0.2837207615375519,
-0.5132958292961121,
0.3070162832736969,
-0.5988596081733704,
-0.36454662680625916,
-0.2636263966560364,
0.5083300471305847,
-0.13877713680267334,
-0.3545950949192047,
0.3129713833332062,
-0.22131232917308807,
0.04139908775687218,
0.11606428027153015,
-0.1603820025920868,
0.6942378878593445,
0.5740588307380676,
-0.04981198534369469,
0.14226311445236206,
0.3444690704345703,
-0.6913024187088013,
-0.40646013617515564,
0.48736852407455444,
-0.5994446873664856,
-0.13889828324317932,
-0.280276358127594,
-0.4230693578720093,
0.11133473366498947,
0.5673059821128845,
-0.24961398541927338,
-0.2561018168926239,
0.6160014271736145,
0.13299478590488434,
0.1827019304037094,
-0.32087501883506775,
0.15210965275764465,
-0.0027365407440811396,
0.36232370138168335,
-0.5661751627922058,
-0.04161250963807106,
-0.3385826349258423,
-0.2629642188549042,
0.23182283341884613,
-0.30923813581466675,
0.4410889744758606,
0.3641904592514038,
-0.2757250964641571,
0.4176498055458069,
0.041935715824365616,
0.172947958111763,
-0.06881352514028549,
-0.005963793955743313,
0.030907751992344856,
0.25006115436553955,
0.24315692484378815,
0.2010045200586319,
0.18743015825748444,
0.5115474462509155,
0.0732758566737175,
-0.2656280994415283,
0.28371432423591614,
-0.5640049576759338,
0.1484745442867279,
-0.24325263500213623,
-0.7071731090545654,
-0.035049207508563995,
-0.16811330616474152,
0.34724941849708557,
0.55585777759552,
0.1105562150478363,
0.3632185459136963,
-0.11212239414453506,
0.30342021584510803,
-0.8835044503211975,
0.08438350260257721,
0.5779758095741272,
0.5998603105545044,
-0.29013195633888245,
-0.6255611181259155,
0.21221047639846802,
0.2792357802391052,
0.0019246501615270972,
0.6776648163795471,
-0.016042612493038177,
0.5351978540420532,
0.3757268786430359,
-0.007433457300066948,
-0.20433200895786285,
-0.3379073143005371,
-0.26322051882743835,
0.2463921457529068,
-0.10866162180900574,
0.17783406376838684,
0.2317933291196823,
-0.03892605006694794,
-0.5548316836357117,
0.12880045175552368,
-0.7141870856285095,
-1.0428638458251953,
0.23093561828136444,
-0.331469863653183,
-0.30973392724990845,
0.1282968968153,
0.7812079191207886,
0.3830018639564514,
0.0964932069182396,
-0.0168385561555624,
0.25651225447654724,
-0.2207753211259842,
0.021197348833084106,
-0.4525589346885681,
0.46915310621261597,
0.162009134888649,
-0.2277877777814865,
-1.0560414791107178,
0.41185837984085083,
0.26755744218826294,
0.4874480664730072,
-0.27247336506843567,
-0.10251307487487793,
-0.5516677498817444,
-0.2727906405925751,
0.48789048194885254,
-0.2272011935710907,
0.47068125009536743,
-0.14150497317314148,
-0.14935505390167236,
-0.31068849563598633,
-0.02707495167851448,
0.03699047118425369,
-0.3901403248310089,
0.4357374310493469,
0.3326425850391388,
0.19796623289585114,
0.06345712393522263,
0.42529261112213135,
0.11149002611637115,
-0.00827513076364994,
-0.4286828935146332,
-0.332977831363678,
-0.15344011783599854,
0.015250395983457565,
0.24661755561828613,
0.9271551370620728,
0.48536962270736694,
-0.32162317633628845,
1.1052354574203491,
0.003521232632920146,
0.22280490398406982,
-0.24125967919826508,
0.20870016515254974,
0.2601911723613739,
-0.34501317143440247,
-0.38299793004989624,
0.05701945722103119,
0.8348250389099121,
0.31557080149650574,
0.29636937379837036,
0.22820810973644257,
-0.7894295454025269,
0.6735119223594666,
-0.30546554923057556,
-0.06162165850400925,
0.5800395011901855,
0.7923351526260376,
-0.28335681557655334
] |
211130
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20de%2075%20M%28montagne%29%20modele%201928
|
Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928
|
The Canon de 75 Montagne modèle 1928 (75 mm M mle.28) was a French mountain gun, used by France, Poland and Nazi Germany during World War II.
History
It is a derivative of the Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider, upgraded based on feedback from the Rif War. According to Peter Chamberlain, the design of the mle 1928 "owed little to that of the mle 1919" while the French Army manuals insisted on it being "slightly modified" (). The mle 1928 featured a simpler shield.
The mle 1928 fired the same ammunitions than the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 and the mle. 1919. It could be carried on seven mules or towed by three mules.
The guns were also sold to Poland. After 1940, these weapons were used by the Germans as 7.5 cm GebK 283(f). The French used this weapon to equip the artillery batteries of the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division during 1944 and 1945. Some were later sent to alpine units but the gun was considered obsolete by that date.
See also
List of mountain artillery
Notes
World War II mountain artillery
World War II weapons of France
Artillery of France
75 mm artillery
Military equipment introduced in the 1920s
|
[
-0.5369449853897095,
0.2800191342830658,
-0.5160357356071472,
0.033094607293605804,
0.16091251373291016,
0.4960462749004364,
1.3161622285842896,
-0.4617827534675598,
-0.8899178504943848,
-0.45454758405685425,
0.023649143055081367,
0.73238605260849,
-0.04259851202368736,
0.43851709365844727,
-0.06216515973210335,
0.1558401882648468,
0.4575338363647461,
0.017747854813933372,
-0.3486683964729309,
-0.25094467401504517,
0.15747644007205963,
-0.1803213655948639,
0.5298559069633484,
0.33021682500839233,
-0.6226093769073486,
-0.14498816430568695,
1.0121140480041504,
0.5761933922767639,
0.6403931975364685,
0.24287110567092896,
-0.4126769006252289,
0.731675386428833,
0.03858567029237747,
-0.3991991877555847,
-0.2347225397825241,
-0.408020943403244,
0.6210057139396667,
-0.08050214499235153,
0.12572701275348663,
-0.6627341508865356,
-0.5670545697212219,
0.32775968313217163,
0.2179040163755417,
-0.4695736765861511,
-0.023099305108189583,
-0.4336954653263092,
-2.0809431076049805,
-0.5178146958351135,
-0.11786822229623795,
0.06812157481908798,
0.033892977982759476,
0.3376728296279907,
0.36628517508506775,
0.6921086311340332,
0.01604463718831539,
1.2997655868530273,
-1.0603991746902466,
-0.7683013677597046,
0.03689304366707802,
0.26081883907318115,
0.4415024518966675,
-0.4868029057979584,
0.3611186742782593,
-0.6460670232772827,
-0.6957635879516602,
0.312600314617157,
-0.4906759262084961,
0.6317123174667358,
-0.0748785063624382,
-0.04190497100353241,
0.005134725943207741,
-0.15252424776554108,
0.8564398288726807,
-0.10878060758113861,
0.08914007246494293,
-0.24944892525672913,
-0.5084623694419861,
-0.5064231157302856,
-0.142703115940094,
-0.637943685054779,
-0.39800113439559937,
-0.4375181794166565,
0.6944875121116638,
-0.46016910672187805,
-0.26527559757232666,
0.9252010583877563,
-0.015352316200733185,
-0.7042879462242126,
-0.37157610058784485,
1.318040370941162,
-0.8459060192108154,
-0.9242182970046997,
0.7123818397521973,
1.1474926471710205,
-0.008978111669421196,
0.46893244981765747,
-0.11370594054460526,
0.07742402702569962,
-0.12522011995315552,
0.1725246012210846,
0.672796905040741,
0.8750516772270203,
0.21777071058750153,
0.4463840425014496,
-0.7541235089302063,
0.5225734710693359,
-0.4912349581718445,
-1.100897192955017,
-0.10759273171424866,
0.02010134607553482,
-0.11617036908864975,
0.07783766090869904,
-0.4992632269859314,
-0.275788277387619,
-0.2952165901660919,
-0.1764908879995346,
0.7142850756645203,
-0.6581981778144836,
0.17650677263736725,
1.0969364643096924,
0.5700427889823914,
0.5315030813217163,
0.0628051608800888,
0.5686444044113159,
-0.4187372326850891,
1.0374835729599,
0.555602490901947,
0.14360906183719635,
0.3073664903640747,
-0.05081652104854584,
0.6046741008758545,
0.42284199595451355,
-0.049238406121730804,
0.012375140562653542,
-0.44449561834335327,
-0.5441762804985046,
0.6598067283630371,
0.16681554913520813,
-0.9756038188934326,
0.1729561686515808,
-0.41564154624938965,
-0.060168903321027756,
-0.6724112033843994,
0.08532628417015076,
0.5300605297088623,
-0.05445161089301109,
-0.1756024807691574,
-0.39678412675857544,
0.2560093104839325,
-0.5553717017173767,
0.1662365049123764,
-0.9036514759063721,
0.2351822704076767,
0.018667668104171753,
-0.22321632504463196,
0.8399860858917236,
-0.7812260985374451,
-0.32401248812675476,
0.2049010843038559,
0.6061238050460815,
0.021104170009493828,
0.3633980453014374,
-0.8098945617675781,
0.34793081879615784,
0.21960796415805817,
-0.1684115082025528,
0.3606252670288086,
-0.237168550491333,
0.6143077611923218,
0.05167244374752045,
-0.7480939626693726,
0.10748797655105591,
0.21893908083438873,
-0.7597134709358215,
0.024974336847662926,
0.45642489194869995,
0.7723214626312256,
0.5122703313827515,
0.6357368230819702,
-0.4828791618347168,
-0.6648918986320496,
-0.3371482789516449,
0.7995785474777222,
-0.0309064369648695,
0.807217538356781,
1.1067622900009155,
0.7922038435935974,
0.007603410165756941,
-0.43515729904174805,
-0.27318963408470154,
-0.6901594400405884,
-0.5548753142356873,
0.038562942296266556,
-0.36233532428741455,
1.7634981870651245,
-0.6218959093093872,
-0.4144441485404968,
0.23820295929908752,
0.5216156840324402,
0.8618349432945251,
0.5825474262237549,
0.04628065600991249,
0.611343264579773,
-0.041275281459093094,
-0.8570517301559448,
0.2758291959762573,
-0.26916176080703735,
-0.1953633725643158,
0.45439431071281433,
1.367181658744812,
0.9450163841247559,
-0.15686814486980438,
-0.06526491791009903,
-0.10109014809131622,
-0.32007670402526855,
0.4309946596622467,
-0.7830031514167786,
-0.0008301289635710418,
-0.2583370804786682,
-0.0008790105348452926,
0.19922462105751038,
-0.22469250857830048,
-0.6451649069786072,
0.7102431058883667,
0.10302912443876266,
0.24917234480381012,
0.31159117817878723,
0.13426871597766876,
-0.6064280867576599,
-0.6258498430252075,
0.5809813737869263,
0.03912758827209473,
-0.2701333463191986,
0.1982838362455368,
-0.05697249248623848,
0.388557106256485,
-0.6282655000686646,
-0.5890262126922607,
-0.17377161979675293,
-0.28349703550338745,
0.34058165550231934,
0.7623732089996338,
-0.30915015935897827,
0.31125685572624207,
-0.24889881908893585,
0.4965541660785675,
-0.1118297427892685,
0.6547644734382629,
-0.10882029682397842,
-0.8556257486343384,
0.047367729246616364,
0.651409387588501,
0.17152619361877441,
-0.19474610686302185,
-0.4184293746948242,
-0.022727221250534058,
0.10305480659008026,
-0.38377615809440613,
0.4705154299736023,
0.09889170527458191,
0.37386554479599,
-0.002644344698637724,
1.135906457901001,
0.4923050105571747,
0.20516331493854523,
-0.7478458881378174,
-0.1723327785730362,
-0.09782255440950394,
-0.46062612533569336,
0.06687220185995102,
-0.12485341727733612,
0.31522372364997864,
-0.22368654608726501,
-0.0966024175286293,
0.5748996734619141,
0.13654343783855438,
-0.6123732328414917,
0.8160783648490906,
-1.0455472469329834,
0.0021595507860183716,
-0.3317975103855133,
1.0030102729797363,
0.4142123758792877,
-0.020586799830198288,
-0.4619078040122986,
0.7932442426681519,
-0.0428943932056427,
-0.12659695744514465,
-0.051909834146499634,
-0.6774942278862,
-0.09877940267324448,
-0.09364606440067291,
-0.7674139738082886,
-0.3814501166343689,
-0.5010699033737183,
0.10487893223762512,
-0.5353512763977051,
-0.23419389128684998,
0.46684402227401733,
-0.13609731197357178,
-0.9749408960342407,
0.6287589073181152,
0.34534263610839844,
-0.40587636828422546,
0.2216077297925949,
-0.3761930763721466,
-0.01246604323387146,
0.5723122954368591,
-3.7530953884124756,
0.10651548951864243,
-0.023887518793344498,
-0.20871202647686005,
0.051597606390714645,
0.03989609703421593,
0.3959270417690277,
-0.11736366152763367,
-0.6280826926231384,
-0.42101937532424927,
0.4014579653739929,
-0.805940568447113,
0.09668885916471481,
0.6614317297935486,
0.2820259928703308,
0.1452491581439972,
0.5516302585601807,
-0.7453884482383728,
0.8350603580474854,
0.2555851638317108,
0.1191105991601944,
-0.13997939229011536,
-0.3321261405944824,
-0.2506524622440338,
0.889611542224884,
-0.6669793128967285,
0.008777201175689697,
0.3425309360027313,
-0.5419593453407288,
0.24042768776416779,
0.2299017459154129,
-0.08889281749725342,
-0.27079522609710693,
-0.1452103853225708,
-0.31386473774909973,
-0.15864378213882446,
1.2055752277374268,
0.07743712514638901,
0.44728612899780273,
-0.6162090301513672,
-0.2244824767112732,
0.1546679437160492,
0.008600223809480667,
0.20009605586528778,
0.1978713572025299,
-0.005272532347589731,
-0.050992202013731,
-0.04469624161720276,
-0.006025682203471661,
0.4292355179786682,
0.8904018998146057,
-0.8456047177314758,
0.153509259223938,
0.31253209710121155,
0.15681760013103485,
-0.8804391622543335,
0.3530837893486023,
-0.642737627029419,
-0.22278109192848206,
-0.11291578412055969,
0.4820801913738251,
-0.3034698963165283,
-0.08181273937225342,
-0.4184439480304718,
-0.08703825622797012,
-0.8144710659980774,
-0.8991869688034058,
0.15803708136081696,
-0.046882834285497665,
0.5662341713905334,
-0.5962503552436829,
0.7794114351272583,
-0.5949596166610718,
-0.8154302835464478,
0.5854945182800293,
0.16924339532852173,
0.18541595339775085,
0.01069758553057909,
-0.29033854603767395,
0.5658490061759949,
0.38560202717781067,
-0.6062490344047546,
-0.2520659863948822,
0.820705235004425,
0.710256040096283,
-0.3525400161743164,
0.31860318779945374,
-0.04165640100836754,
-0.22547294199466705,
-0.6558707356452942,
0.33060020208358765,
-0.2653917670249939,
0.6857017278671265,
0.1450377255678177,
-0.4270884096622467,
-0.31775203347206116,
0.2849520146846771,
-0.34611454606056213,
-0.2989983558654785,
-0.1374768614768982,
-0.12378067523241043,
0.3454028367996216,
0.05624011158943176,
-0.36184895038604736,
-1.835202693939209,
-0.4555840790271759,
-0.6027088165283203,
0.38534975051879883,
0.37511393427848816,
0.5707123875617981,
-0.6086297035217285,
-0.2980949282646179,
-0.9790692925453186,
0.019975850358605385,
0.5572477579116821,
-0.5975013971328735,
0.0617341548204422,
0.14189882576465607,
0.19040533900260925,
0.37303951382637024,
0.08991540968418121,
0.6710770130157471,
-0.30113327503204346,
-1.2153770923614502,
-0.035419147461652756,
-0.059533700346946716,
0.09751105308532715,
0.12241557985544205,
-0.8433369398117065,
-0.371614009141922,
-0.3135610520839691,
0.46035322546958923,
-0.10522187501192093,
0.35226869583129883,
0.22748146951198578,
-0.5977898836135864,
-0.2515285611152649,
0.6955584287643433,
0.4627687931060791,
-0.226003035902977,
-0.32844462990760803,
0.11356759816408157,
-0.8346134424209595,
0.5329070687294006,
0.7381484508514404,
0.3601972460746765,
1.322697401046753,
-0.6115899682044983,
-0.5952544212341309,
0.8303497433662415,
-1.0079944133758545,
-0.8320277333259583,
0.49906787276268005,
-0.4618849754333496,
-0.2143941968679428,
0.3921419680118561,
0.06616169959306717,
0.2432330846786499,
-0.3492530286312103,
-1.1912140846252441,
0.20666877925395966,
0.20988141000270844,
-0.49581024050712585,
0.251593679189682,
0.1554080992937088,
-0.23725061118602753,
0.32379230856895447,
-0.8342038989067078,
0.4175664782524109,
1.146278977394104,
-0.02706923335790634,
-0.30413538217544556,
-0.9830712080001831,
-0.22432978451251984,
0.1499866247177124,
0.5251385569572449,
0.13601242005825043,
-0.3110017776489258,
-0.5217503309249878,
-0.17968876659870148,
-0.017418688163161278,
0.22411230206489563,
-0.1863929033279419,
0.2643889784812927,
0.22659125924110413,
-0.3715255856513977,
-0.6827651858329773,
0.4139980375766754,
-0.7685996294021606,
-0.4137555956840515,
0.18983298540115356,
0.3586694598197937,
0.2551475167274475,
0.41081297397613525,
-0.6754992008209229,
-1.1527374982833862,
-0.3654599189758301,
0.3670978546142578,
-0.03794346749782562,
-0.36256951093673706,
0.2714371979236603,
0.551825761795044,
-0.2429589033126831,
1.1566983461380005,
-0.13757945597171783,
-0.580216109752655,
0.4153614640235901,
0.06849682331085205,
-0.8018602132797241,
0.6854164600372314,
0.11339259147644043,
-1.1957025527954102,
0.7312061190605164,
0.7856655120849609,
-0.5992591381072998,
0.11567854881286621,
0.3051408529281616,
0.7667247653007507,
-1.0977424383163452,
-0.2596985101699829,
-0.5016533732414246,
-0.9862066507339478,
-0.6529396772384644,
-0.3459802269935608,
-1.651524543762207,
-0.2390989512205124,
0.45877590775489807,
0.172272190451622,
0.886935830116272,
-0.5265681147575378,
-0.4207117259502411,
0.32924339175224304,
0.27476149797439575,
-0.6172165274620056,
0.10102143883705139,
0.647533118724823,
-0.5480437874794006,
-0.1970251500606537,
-0.2500777840614319,
0.3947890102863312,
-0.14006733894348145,
0.9697832465171814,
0.2085542380809784,
-0.5871824026107788,
-1.2720351219177246,
0.37038928270339966,
0.42398056387901306,
-0.7106917500495911,
-0.3900455832481384,
0.6168847680091858,
0.02522890828549862,
-1.0234408378601074,
-0.5183319449424744,
-0.7735701203346252,
0.7691769003868103,
-0.1915697455406189,
-1.4138365983963013,
0.5560879707336426,
0.23466263711452484,
0.9288774728775024,
-0.09064070880413055,
0.9482085108757019,
-0.42048972845077515,
-0.6766886711120605,
0.6798733472824097,
0.7851738333702087,
0.5598680973052979,
-0.4509156048297882,
0.4059371054172516,
0.06901020556688309,
-0.2653297781944275,
-0.14398621022701263,
-0.931961715221405,
-0.1825389564037323,
0.42920878529548645,
-0.4725870192050934,
-0.41468122601509094,
-0.9084157943725586,
0.39007502794265747,
-0.43703600764274597,
-0.5914917588233948,
-0.06585343927145004,
1.1549878120422363,
0.6615510582923889,
-0.03688233718276024,
-0.5292466878890991,
-0.6101619005203247,
0.038392502814531326,
-0.7073832154273987,
0.6427263617515564,
-0.00937859620898962,
-0.09016812592744827,
-0.4383474886417389,
0.4139069616794586,
0.606914758682251,
1.0243247747421265,
-0.5993021726608276,
0.4613371193408966,
-0.13366644084453583,
0.7190628051757812,
-0.14657710492610931,
1.078664779663086,
0.5984201431274414,
-0.3062908351421356,
0.2612133324146271,
0.6116065382957458,
0.40125253796577454,
-0.6779810786247253,
0.23031668365001678,
0.2578336298465729,
0.17847464978694916,
0.237538680434227,
-0.03270450234413147,
1.0682826042175293,
-0.4597027599811554,
-0.09637071192264557,
0.09450770914554596,
-0.04090499132871628,
-0.574067234992981,
-0.15736161172389984,
0.25721293687820435,
0.7004655599594116,
0.5021490454673767,
0.3345698118209839,
-0.5832628607749939,
0.6046590209007263,
-0.8065243363380432,
-0.5902204513549805,
0.8967640399932861,
0.6106032133102417,
0.4465468227863312,
0.2833433449268341,
-0.5505954623222351,
1.408959150314331,
-0.6332101225852966,
0.7661831378936768,
0.42308101058006287,
-0.43525782227516174,
0.6034725904464722,
0.5219123959541321,
0.6308535933494568,
0.4531168043613434,
-0.24984177947044373,
-0.933411717414856,
-0.5412046909332275,
0.3587343394756317,
-0.3674866855144501,
0.11204120516777039,
0.9727787971496582,
-0.3196345269680023,
0.039650045335292816,
0.5216887593269348,
0.5346964001655579,
-0.1860560029745102,
-0.43006667494773865,
-0.09725218266248703,
-0.03959165886044502,
-0.09450200945138931,
-0.2581854462623596,
0.2906489372253418,
-0.1412077695131302,
-0.3472287952899933,
0.8558557629585266,
-0.4694189429283142,
-1.1187764406204224,
-0.16988810896873474,
-0.3893675208091736,
-0.20172101259231567,
-0.06205916404724121,
0.2892022728919983,
0.052355289459228516,
-0.30654358863830566,
0.432161808013916,
0.10109397023916245,
0.9341368675231934,
-0.377926230430603,
-0.1366400569677353,
-0.010564413852989674,
0.084801085293293,
0.08236806094646454,
-0.13606561720371246,
0.34278297424316406,
-1.2401678562164307,
-0.30956268310546875,
0.16992565989494324,
-0.41273561120033264,
0.15250824391841888,
0.5573388934135437,
0.2863977551460266,
-1.041467308998108,
0.3405258357524872,
-0.47017425298690796,
0.09761807322502136,
-0.2510184645652771,
-0.9098348617553711,
0.31303006410598755,
0.1926916092634201,
0.14015381038188934,
-0.18613694608211517,
0.039779700338840485,
-0.23677854239940643,
0.6042466163635254,
-0.07598661631345749,
0.4255567491054535,
0.5024051666259766,
0.021223226562142372,
-0.2866840660572052,
0.46007195115089417,
0.32314997911453247,
0.21701861917972565,
-0.11003117263317108,
-0.25914353132247925,
0.06889879703521729,
0.5763211846351624,
-0.6453930139541626,
0.20597977936267853,
0.9967769980430603,
-0.994270920753479,
-0.9168441891670227,
-0.8102877140045166,
-0.16725188493728638,
-1.1334282159805298,
0.339390367269516,
-0.2085382640361786,
-0.27105623483657837,
-0.8759518265724182,
0.1983395218849182,
-0.9007323384284973,
0.4964473843574524,
0.731601357460022,
-0.03522837534546852,
0.7420129776000977,
-0.7278172969818115,
-0.5346665978431702,
-0.7715529799461365,
-0.48023268580436707,
1.0095731019973755,
1.3004275560379028,
0.3712750971317291,
0.10078725963830948,
0.08722800761461258,
-0.7534562945365906,
0.6045575737953186,
0.4761200249195099,
-0.4869682192802429,
-0.23495975136756897,
-0.052510228008031845,
-0.2969900369644165,
0.0648038238286972,
-0.1305646151304245,
0.4684418737888336,
-0.12572239339351654,
0.6715959310531616,
-0.9968486428260803,
0.10250651836395264,
0.11893070489168167,
0.5988872051239014,
-1.3178627490997314,
-0.21433046460151672,
-0.6537336707115173
] |
211131
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrantids
|
Quadrantids
|
The Quadrantids (QUA) are a meteor shower that peaks in early January and whose radiant lies in the constellation Boötes. The zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) of this shower can be as high as that of two other reliably rich meteor showers, the Perseids in August and the Geminids in December, yet Quadrantid meteors are not seen as often as those of the two other showers because the time frame of the peak is exceedingly narrow, sometimes lasting only hours. Moreover, the meteors are quite faint, with mean apparent magnitudes between 3.0 and 6.0).
Observations and associations
The meteor rates exceed one-half of their highest value for only about eight hours (compared to two days for the August Perseids), which means that the stream of particles that produces this shower is narrow, and apparently deriving within the last 500 years from some orbiting body. The parent body of the Quadrantids was tentatively identified in 2003 by Peter Jenniskens as the minor planet , which in turn may be related to the comet C/1490 Y1 that was observed by Chinese, Japanese and Korean astronomers some 500 years ago.
The radiant point of this shower is at the northern edge of the constellation Boötes, not far from the Big Dipper. It lies between the end of the handle of the Big Dipper and the quadrilateral of stars marking the head of the constellation Draco. This meteor shower is best seen in the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen partly to 50 degrees south latitude.
The name comes from Quadrans Muralis, a former constellation created in 1795 by the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande that included portions of Boötes and Draco. In early January 1825, Antonio Brucalassi in Italy reported that “the atmosphere was traversed by a multitude of the luminous bodies known by the name of falling stars.” They appeared to radiate from Quadrans Muralis. In 1839, Adolphe Quetelet of Brussels Observatory in Belgium and Edward C. Herrick in Connecticut independently made the suggestion that the Quadrantids are an annual shower.
In 1922, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) devised a list of 88 modern constellations. The list was agreed upon by the IAU at its inaugural general assembly held in Rome in May 1922. It did not include a constellation Quadrans Muralis. The IAU officially adopted this list in 1930, but this meteor shower still retains the name Quadrantids, for the original and now-obsolete constellation.
See also
(196256) 2003 EH1
1490 Ch'ing-yang event
List of meteor showers
Meteor showers
References
External links
Quadrantids Create Year's First Meteor Shower (NASA 01.02.12)
International Meteor Organization 2010 Meteor Shower Calendar
NASA Quadrantid Airborne Campaign
Meteorblog.com
Meteor showers
Boötes
January events
1830s in science
December events
|
[
0.1321004033088684,
-0.08798684179782867,
0.42824089527130127,
0.19279523193836212,
-0.848562479019165,
0.16730722784996033,
0.2901027202606201,
0.6450979709625244,
-0.16427093744277954,
-0.39654338359832764,
-0.21419593691825867,
-0.20844312012195587,
-0.18430715799331665,
0.2950149178504944,
-0.25414082407951355,
0.4330337345600128,
0.172439306974411,
0.2828935384750366,
-0.15169145166873932,
-0.4733297824859619,
0.4771328568458557,
-0.17328420281410217,
0.04230585694313049,
-0.3055243492126465,
0.18006360530853271,
0.3134700059890747,
-0.36709699034690857,
0.06457234919071198,
0.08460571616888046,
0.04407263547182083,
-0.2574983835220337,
0.9529000520706177,
0.04989238455891609,
-0.3573918640613556,
0.36339327692985535,
0.3522561192512512,
-0.051248930394649506,
-0.004770177882164717,
-0.031679797917604446,
-0.8224200010299683,
0.1309250444173813,
-0.43514445424079895,
0.27838051319122314,
-0.1838316023349762,
-0.6365095973014832,
0.14803361892700195,
-1.4641650915145874,
0.2829281985759735,
-0.6111654043197632,
-0.635595440864563,
0.015036183409392834,
0.12445695698261261,
-0.21098271012306213,
0.47082453966140747,
-0.19621188938617706,
0.3128732144832611,
-0.48436328768730164,
-0.2194642275571823,
0.3394792973995209,
-0.25955480337142944,
0.37483078241348267,
0.009385687299072742,
-0.7483938336372375,
0.3312215805053711,
0.24259498715400696,
0.5653566122055054,
0.39053457975387573,
0.8792933225631714,
-0.1887599527835846,
-0.45038315653800964,
-0.16430112719535828,
0.5884854793548584,
-0.3599957525730133,
0.15552867949008942,
-0.5235756635665894,
-0.3380638360977173,
-0.5006580948829651,
0.11609863489866257,
0.2566581070423126,
0.17822925746440887,
0.11819427460432053,
0.34644806385040283,
0.39887475967407227,
-0.19748307764530182,
-0.37453266978263855,
0.25556084513664246,
-0.23145268857479095,
0.0844583511352539,
-0.41863375902175903,
0.2793256640434265,
-0.1440625935792923,
-0.4302336871623993,
0.9324911236763,
0.2800637185573578,
-0.4813465178012848,
-0.11404725164175034,
-0.1436394304037094,
0.04770833998918533,
0.27361249923706055,
-0.2544575035572052,
-0.1834612935781479,
-0.1122126579284668,
0.11264082789421082,
0.20092718303203583,
-0.002432458568364382,
0.16579124331474304,
-0.2879745662212372,
-0.8596486449241638,
0.27813565731048584,
-0.0177760012447834,
-0.615631103515625,
-0.07162065804004669,
0.23635883629322052,
0.3762357234954834,
-0.38940367102622986,
-0.24461933970451355,
0.3442370593547821,
0.04583659768104553,
-0.5999825596809387,
-0.493696004152298,
0.4235137403011322,
0.8573228120803833,
0.2608637809753418,
-0.05964777246117592,
-0.17636188864707947,
0.5275983810424805,
0.6569779515266418,
-0.032262831926345825,
-0.02211795747280121,
-0.04475131258368492,
-0.0065893204882740974,
0.3840208053588867,
-0.6678333282470703,
0.38351964950561523,
0.18861661851406097,
-0.1850959211587906,
-0.4975884258747101,
0.0914827436208725,
0.3185940980911255,
0.8580607175827026,
-0.3981193006038666,
-0.07084828615188599,
-0.9550491571426392,
-0.06537432223558426,
0.269161581993103,
0.1190347895026207,
-0.42514151334762573,
-0.35804444551467896,
0.24985763430595398,
0.18861977756023407,
-0.13182313740253448,
-0.08885850012302399,
0.23068703711032867,
0.4830206334590912,
-0.050404757261276245,
-1.0181427001953125,
-0.14785750210285187,
0.33522942662239075,
0.009128299541771412,
0.12941478192806244,
0.019870614632964134,
0.16911627352237701,
-0.22951622307300568,
0.3146243095397949,
-0.2763153910636902,
0.4640452563762665,
0.9711607694625854,
-0.14630337059497833,
0.17439685761928558,
-0.007265335414558649,
-0.41671696305274963,
0.1553550362586975,
0.29720497131347656,
-0.008836743421852589,
-0.11983953416347504,
-0.3569851517677307,
0.28056442737579346,
0.19960549473762512,
0.6984469294548035,
0.3669945299625397,
-0.33090680837631226,
-0.33797845244407654,
-0.1759091168642044,
-0.12168693542480469,
0.14450842142105103,
-0.12455952167510986,
0.09741049259901047,
0.2769987881183624,
0.0962926521897316,
0.24471049010753632,
-0.7259187698364258,
0.14956405758857727,
-0.00543014332652092,
0.10381700843572617,
0.24256673455238342,
-0.19625794887542725,
-0.23973047733306885,
0.5597885251045227,
0.11496062576770782,
0.5055839419364929,
-0.6576808094978333,
-0.381926953792572,
0.6867135763168335,
-0.10382113605737686,
-0.28845149278640747,
0.1641971319913864,
0.14882123470306396,
0.22335289418697357,
-0.1625346541404724,
0.05725906789302826,
-0.4553469717502594,
-0.616911768913269,
0.024352023378014565,
0.30759891867637634,
-0.05561941862106323,
0.2682670056819916,
-0.6485527753829956,
0.3964819014072418,
-0.04443413391709328,
-0.06355258077383041,
0.38911664485931396,
0.016444161534309387,
-0.11129235476255417,
-0.2762647569179535,
-0.19341686367988586,
0.3363507390022278,
0.5577002763748169,
-0.12238410115242004,
0.2915671765804291,
-0.7793060541152954,
0.39522111415863037,
-0.24992001056671143,
0.1886415183544159,
-0.23227691650390625,
-0.22405491769313812,
-0.14589938521385193,
-0.07230911403894424,
-0.7897340059280396,
0.28581875562667847,
-0.9878488779067993,
0.16800495982170105,
0.345960408449173,
-0.3967877924442291,
0.35006996989250183,
0.29518839716911316,
0.05768066272139549,
0.33248358964920044,
0.5458927750587463,
-0.05254851281642914,
0.33048203587532043,
-0.12692536413669586,
0.41044554114341736,
-0.12696613371372223,
-0.34637215733528137,
0.2069351077079773,
0.24090160429477692,
0.21782152354717255,
0.15660303831100464,
0.6066753268241882,
-0.12919168174266815,
-0.8030215501785278,
-0.20045283436775208,
0.5770241022109985,
-0.09280574321746826,
0.29251328110694885,
-0.21991923451423645,
-0.15674473345279694,
-0.22296707332134247,
-0.029386373236775398,
-0.44865137338638306,
0.415210098028183,
0.07249867916107178,
-0.16767819225788116,
-0.29902780055999756,
-0.34633082151412964,
-0.8298353552818298,
0.21236589550971985,
-0.07749225944280624,
-0.5539749264717102,
-0.75990229845047,
0.1056714579463005,
0.1576959639787674,
0.13479992747306824,
-0.31564661860466003,
0.003876778297126293,
-0.29990696907043457,
0.3203839361667633,
-0.5604124665260315,
-0.6729064583778381,
-0.6220760345458984,
-0.18430489301681519,
0.050814755260944366,
-0.8801735639572144,
0.9160781502723694,
-0.26546552777290344,
-0.2726675570011139,
-0.11408461630344391,
0.2651090919971466,
0.5545028448104858,
-0.3148092031478882,
-0.06563806533813477,
0.414456844329834,
-0.2798352539539337,
-0.17629486322402954,
0.7063406705856323,
-0.5497702360153198,
-0.41933560371398926,
0.5780951976776123,
-5.8254570960998535,
-0.18755991756916046,
0.37425899505615234,
-0.23281383514404297,
0.4904273450374603,
0.961381196975708,
0.75617915391922,
0.07270196825265884,
-0.008960191160440445,
-0.04172158241271973,
0.18748889863491058,
-0.6293482184410095,
-0.6409995555877686,
0.5339770317077637,
0.3790740668773651,
0.08904170989990234,
-0.1777636855840683,
-0.3271982967853546,
0.09744323045015335,
0.6014589071273804,
0.5604649186134338,
0.4724682569503784,
-0.3674555718898773,
0.2066822648048401,
-0.3792535662651062,
-0.937329113483429,
-0.006628300994634628,
0.11565584689378738,
-0.2632080614566803,
0.09139993786811829,
0.43427419662475586,
-0.14150451123714447,
-0.5468119978904724,
0.3821048438549042,
-0.29335007071495056,
-0.058298759162425995,
0.5614962577819824,
-0.5209495425224304,
0.26782962679862976,
-0.002586297458037734,
-0.09768327325582504,
-0.17143990099430084,
0.24214710295200348,
-0.44234392046928406,
0.4376356303691864,
0.1696384698152542,
0.2335861474275589,
-0.02899077907204628,
-0.13178563117980957,
0.2169603854417801,
0.3150829076766968,
0.1272268444299698,
-0.32636046409606934,
0.19322681427001953,
-0.44439342617988586,
0.43016543984413147,
-0.208048477768898,
0.1783420741558075,
-0.3779314458370209,
0.33090734481811523,
0.13676774501800537,
-0.13405741751194,
0.05994598567485809,
-0.32192739844322205,
0.24276995658874512,
-0.20967721939086914,
-0.8983153104782104,
-0.06001686677336693,
0.3238343298435211,
0.22286538779735565,
-0.23274601995944977,
-0.36593589186668396,
-0.7018903493881226,
-0.9893447756767273,
0.5191056132316589,
-0.5654534101486206,
0.20660479366779327,
0.3343750834465027,
-0.1321941316127777,
0.2957049608230591,
-0.39448678493499756,
-0.7359721064567566,
0.11221352219581604,
-0.47291311621665955,
0.19296503067016602,
-0.1799459457397461,
-0.010592927224934101,
0.1077384203672409,
0.44764670729637146,
-0.1706065684556961,
0.46616432070732117,
-0.5358906984329224,
0.4918632209300995,
0.09546448290348053,
0.12039808183908463,
0.39914369583129883,
-0.41591987013816833,
-0.23679180443286896,
0.6715209484100342,
0.5731511116027832,
0.21434365212917328,
-0.5478047728538513,
0.47770920395851135,
-0.4006336033344269,
-0.5927543640136719,
-0.765239417552948,
0.22252587974071503,
0.09661664813756943,
0.4387531876564026,
-0.05774975195527077,
0.4181118309497833,
0.4166654050350189,
-0.5129490494728088,
-0.27599334716796875,
0.35408449172973633,
-0.02124541997909546,
0.08614462614059448,
0.8793792128562927,
0.7522919178009033,
-0.30024978518486023,
-0.1578749269247055,
0.15184614062309265,
-0.9265420436859131,
0.0020206591580063105,
-0.6731314659118652,
-0.2027081698179245,
-0.6994609236717224,
-0.14999550580978394,
0.3431512415409088,
0.5784968733787537,
0.40259936451911926,
-0.24442622065544128,
0.046267613768577576,
-0.02535014972090721,
0.23644864559173584,
0.00673648901283741,
0.02224384807050228,
-0.3712061643600464,
-0.007740245666354895,
-0.48810064792633057,
0.1343536078929901,
0.4995937645435333,
-0.32539114356040955,
0.08789648115634918,
0.1473948061466217,
0.3329392075538635,
-0.14327217638492584,
-0.6230932474136353,
-0.20187504589557648,
0.06607136130332947,
0.9303491711616516,
-0.06316515058279037,
-0.19316965341567993,
-0.4868367612361908,
-0.17263980209827423,
0.7971455454826355,
1.0373034477233887,
0.16120602190494537,
0.33864691853523254,
-0.13349351286888123,
0.04719783738255501,
-0.3604879379272461,
-1.2605046033859253,
-0.4149061441421509,
-0.13943980634212494,
0.10179544985294342,
-0.2612718641757965,
-0.5264269113540649,
0.21280312538146973,
0.07454133778810501,
0.028314612805843353,
-0.20652899146080017,
0.2738914489746094,
-0.12130559235811234,
-0.06395984441041946,
0.5281490087509155,
-0.12223970890045166,
-0.2583715319633484,
-0.4503437578678131,
-0.16848637163639069,
-0.46990981698036194,
0.17230939865112305,
-0.20381154119968414,
0.3681758940219879,
-0.21169380843639374,
-0.01034676842391491,
-0.6103687882423401,
-0.2484876960515976,
-0.2338743656873703,
0.01812061294913292,
0.6447255611419678,
0.2152690440416336,
-0.18490102887153625,
0.14717891812324524,
0.22870388627052307,
-0.22604337334632874,
-0.06987957656383514,
1.0854438543319702,
-0.16865472495555878,
0.15625350177288055,
-0.3032468855381012,
-0.03656065836548805,
-0.007860738784074783,
0.37759852409362793,
0.021735884249210358,
-0.2396978884935379,
0.2432483285665512,
-0.050768304616212845,
-0.5707830786705017,
0.04315889999270439,
-0.34197160601615906,
-0.5100778937339783,
-0.23429106175899506,
0.5996020436286926,
-0.33533257246017456,
0.10860136896371841,
-0.5940631031990051,
-0.30303463339805603,
0.39998528361320496,
0.2796440124511719,
-0.6040849685668945,
0.5563802719116211,
0.004203873220831156,
-0.4672674536705017,
0.22063371539115906,
0.36966457962989807,
0.07566601037979126,
-0.5935978293418884,
0.29379308223724365,
0.051523271948099136,
0.4175718426704407,
0.3809188902378082,
-0.41251540184020996,
0.11459161341190338,
-0.37858375906944275,
-0.1677379310131073,
-0.25509944558143616,
-0.4684944748878479,
0.011047703213989735,
0.25939977169036865,
0.2333381175994873,
-0.1454065591096878,
0.1617690771818161,
-0.40311646461486816,
-0.301759272813797,
-0.06803282350301743,
0.3015061914920807,
-0.02876690961420536,
-0.2377638965845108,
-0.01253707055002451,
-0.09270225465297699,
0.20812539756298065,
-0.3482462465763092,
-0.039293233305215836,
0.9049349427223206,
-0.5260942578315735,
-0.2713679373264313,
-0.5328496694564819,
-0.03223593160510063,
0.0812876969575882,
0.45713645219802856,
-0.44486358761787415,
0.08184608817100525,
0.4724644720554352,
-0.5454553365707397,
0.5074448585510254,
-0.5938127040863037,
0.27947700023651123,
0.3837052881717682,
0.1667289286851883,
0.3474624752998352,
-0.20276714861392975,
0.49057406187057495,
0.47822585701942444,
-0.12010035663843155,
0.19774046540260315,
0.42703723907470703,
-0.36588096618652344,
0.02218184806406498,
0.5708720088005066,
-0.20536291599273682,
0.1673104614019394,
-0.21051356196403503,
0.08057083934545517,
0.5091226696968079,
-0.6897991895675659,
-0.4884714186191559,
0.2967224419116974,
-0.22731269896030426,
0.1962893158197403,
0.06128674000501633,
0.029403777793049812,
-0.42684534192085266,
-0.20200754702091217,
-0.21205827593803406,
0.7809146046638489,
0.12472070008516312,
0.14493432641029358,
-0.19457703828811646,
0.06408947706222534,
-1.0122203826904297,
0.2518506348133087,
0.48352372646331787,
-0.4603618085384369,
-0.628480076789856,
-0.2748655378818512,
0.6039900779724121,
-0.2391379326581955,
-0.2836940586566925,
0.000990017200820148,
-0.055066436529159546,
0.20966994762420654,
0.2989100217819214,
0.3029010593891144,
-0.544009268283844,
0.6581424474716187,
0.4583168625831604,
0.15422551333904266,
0.2490532100200653,
0.36893269419670105,
0.7262873649597168,
0.5645246505737305,
0.28533124923706055,
-0.12779216468334198,
-0.6154521107673645,
0.15190432965755463,
-0.2647625803947449,
0.6252877712249756,
-0.15434688329696655,
0.25669971108436584,
0.5539356470108032,
-0.9641855955123901,
0.013081502169370651,
0.4549541771411896,
-0.3635149598121643,
-0.062437787652015686,
0.17321965098381042,
-0.2959487736225128,
-0.13430379331111908,
0.11176031827926636,
0.7000564932823181,
0.5462185144424438,
0.9953860640525818,
0.11879625916481018,
-0.10612047463655472,
0.19979318976402283,
-0.22376641631126404,
0.07738909125328064,
0.15462255477905273,
-0.7309204936027527,
0.08010641485452652,
-0.1663135290145874,
0.08949907124042511,
-0.38095971941947937,
0.6255531311035156,
-0.06916125863790512,
0.858555257320404,
0.2011699676513672,
-0.2991573214530945,
-0.4425370693206787,
0.027454057708382607,
0.12684288620948792,
0.5219703912734985,
0.19868384301662445,
-0.5222896337509155,
-0.21868711709976196,
0.13576069474220276,
-0.11988727748394012,
-0.26835325360298157,
-0.12098576128482819,
0.09034763276576996,
0.09342452883720398,
-0.6999093890190125,
0.0736774206161499,
0.35751771926879883,
0.1179104745388031,
0.03074825368821621,
0.4508430063724518,
-0.007065889425575733,
-0.17161598801612854,
-0.14165586233139038,
-0.0015658272895962,
-0.4244157075881958,
-0.59767746925354,
-0.2780665457248688,
0.3700866103172302,
0.11622090637683868,
-0.06575412303209305,
0.32493481040000916,
0.21317608654499054,
0.19663196802139282,
0.2573598325252533,
0.0953756719827652,
-0.25985443592071533,
-0.33463168144226074,
0.004456274211406708,
0.3657597601413727,
0.4949190616607666,
-0.03406323865056038,
0.4625494182109833,
0.4872756004333496,
-0.6068117022514343,
-0.21149177849292755,
-0.6635621786117554,
-0.4734594523906708,
0.2804141342639923,
0.4190548062324524,
0.6204540729522705,
-0.3884751498699188,
0.4726921319961548,
0.65593421459198,
-0.19145086407661438,
0.05186464264988899,
0.6904322504997253,
0.27914682030677795,
-0.7805461287498474,
0.8631330728530884,
-0.20211638510227203,
0.07449260354042053,
-0.4312058091163635,
-0.14367538690567017,
0.17864283919334412,
0.502743661403656,
0.17037971317768097,
0.312770813703537,
0.06452678143978119,
0.5564703345298767,
-0.10628939419984818,
-0.43288516998291016,
0.5198237299919128,
-0.1274908483028412,
-0.30496400594711304,
-0.6732287406921387,
0.23790580034255981,
-0.47779378294944763,
-0.7351734638214111,
-0.31434720754623413,
0.3106129765510559,
0.5258567333221436,
0.07096490263938904,
0.5287638306617737,
0.056563761085271835,
-0.49940025806427,
-0.37786582112312317,
0.30936408042907715,
0.31095486879348755,
-0.3261454403400421,
-0.15011827647686005,
-0.1566881388425827,
0.7415979504585266,
-0.12735290825366974,
0.29901599884033203,
-0.004120014142245054,
-0.0502869114279747,
-0.27023234963417053,
-0.46957463026046753,
0.3605148494243622,
-0.7163219451904297,
0.18506403267383575,
0.07053033262491226
] |
211136
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon%20Thani%20province
|
Udon Thani province
|
Udon Thani province (, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) which lies in upper northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. It is bordered by the provinces of Nong Khai to the north, Sakon Nakhon to the east, Kalasin province to the southeast, Khon Kaen to the south, and Loei and Nong Bua Lamphu to the west. It occupies an area of . The total forest area is or 10.2 percent of provincial area. The provincial capital is Udon Thani, the major city in the province.
Toponymy
Udon Thani is said to mean 'northern city'. Udon is derived from utara in Sanskrit, meaning 'northern direction', as Udon Thani is northeast of Bangkok. Thani means 'city'.
History
Udon Thani first came to historical notice in the Rattanakosin era, when Anuwong of Vientiane staged a rebellion against Thai rule and marched his army to Nakhon Ratchasima in 1826. He captured the city by a ruse, but the garrison he left to hold it unexpectedly met with fierce resistance from the disarmed local forces led by Lady Mo, the wife of Nakhon Ratchasima's governor. Anuwong advanced as far as Saraburi, but was forced to retreat. The Thai army pursued him, and the rival forces met in battle at Nong Bua Lamphu, a small city near today's Udon Thani. After two days of fierce fighting, Anuwong's army was defeated and fled back to Laos.
Once known as Ban Mak-kaeng, Udon Thani was originally settled as a military base established by Prince Prachaksinlapakhom to suppress an uprising in the northeastern city of Lao Puan. Ban Mak-kaeng grew slowly from a small rural town to become what is now the city of Udon Thani. He founded Udon Thani town in 1893, established the civil administration and served important official duties for the region.
In Siamese revolution of 1932, Udon Thani became Udon Thani province until now.
The province is best known for the prehistoric archaeological site at Ban Chiang and its Bronze Age relics, in a hamlet about east of Udon Thani. Udon Thani is one of the more bustling markets for agricultural goods in the relatively dry northeast of Thailand.
Udon Thani received its biggest economic boost in the 1960s when the United States built the Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base as a joint-force military base during the Vietnam War. The Mel Gibson film Air America depicts Udon and includes scenes of Udon's air base. Udon Thani was also the largest base in the region for the CIA's anti-communism campaign in Thailand and Laos. The United States turned the base over to the Royal Thai Air Force in 1976, but its presence left three residual effects on Udon. First, a large number of locals had been paid comparatively well and had learned basic conversational English. This made them more marketable to the outside world, and a significant number went to work in Middle East oilfields. Second, the base created long-standing ties with the United States, including a US consulate in Udon (closed in 1995), and a US Veterans of Foreign Wars post. But most importantly, the base and the consulate made the city into a regional hub for the northeast, and this continues today.
In recent years Udon received international attention because of the discovery of large potash deposits. Some anticipate the region would become a major exporter of the mineral. However, granting the necessary approvals has been substantially delayed due to public opposition to mining. Many villagers living near the proposed mine site fear that the mining company's environmental impact assessment (EIA) did not adequately address the problems of salinization of the groundwater and soil, as well as probability of land subsidence. Either of these would seriously threaten the economic stability of local communities that depend on rice farming for income. An existing potash mine, Udon North mine has attracted local opposition.
Black site
The province has been named as the locale of a US CIA "black site" used to interrogate suspected terrorists by the United States. Suspected locations include Ramasun Station, dominated by a large wullenweber array, also known as the 7th Radio Research Field Station, in Tambon Non Sung of Mueang Udon Thani District; the 13th Artillery Battalion encampment (Camp Yutthasilpprasit) 13 km distant from Ramasun; Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base; and a Voice of America (VOA) broadcasting station in Ban Dung District.
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
The province is divided into twenty districts (amphoe). Another five are now in Nong Bua Lamphu province. The districts are further subdivided into 155 sub-districts (tambon) and 1682 villages (muban):
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Udon Thani Provincial Administrative Organization – PAO () and 71 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. The capital Udon Thani has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Further Ban Dung, Nam Kham-Nong Sung and Nong Samrong have town (thesaban mueang) status and 67 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 109 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations – SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Population and demographics
Udon Thani's geographic position in the north of northeastern Thailand and its proximity to the Laotian capital, Vientiane, has contributed to the province's rapid development as a transport and industrial hub. This has created jobs and attracted migrants from other states as well as from overseas, particularly from Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and China. In recent decades, the influx of illegal immigrants, particularly from Vietnam, has further swelled Udon Thani's population.
Udon Thani had a population of 1,548,107 as of 2010. The province's ethnic composition consists of Lao, Chinese, and other ethnic groups. The most populated cities in Udon Thani as of 2010 are:
Transportation
Udon Thani is linked to the rest of Thailand by comprehensive air, road and rail connections. Most of the major highways that run through the northeastern Thailand, including Mittraphap Road, serve Udon Thani as well.
Air
Udon Thani International Airport, the province's primary airport, is in the district of Mueang Udon Thani near the border with Nong Khai province. Between them, several airlines operate over 160 flights per week (as of August 2017) to Bangkok.
Rail
Udon Thani railway station is the main railway station in Udon Thani.
Education
Udon Thani has several tertiary education institutions, and is also home to an international school. Most of these academic centers are concentrated in major towns and cities in Udon Thani:
Public universities
Private universities and university colleges
International schools
Healthcare
Notable hospitals in Udon Thani are listed below:
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Media
Television
Television in Udon Thani consists of thirteen free-to-air stations, one satellite television network, and two Internet television services. Seven of the thirteen free-to-air stations are broadcast from Laos (with four foreign relay stations). All of Thai stations are broadcast from Bangkok, except for NBT which has two hours of local programming.
Free-to-air
MCOT
Modernine TV
TV3
National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT)
NBT
Royal Thai Army
TV5
TV7
Public
Thai PBS
Lao National Television
LNTV 1
LNTV 3
MV Lao
Vietnam Television
VTV3/VTV4
China Central Television
CCTV 4
CCTV News
Satellite television
TrueVisions
Internet television
UDTV
Nation Channel (Alternative News Network)
Radio
Radio stations in Udon Thani are available on FM frequencies.
Commercial radio stations available in Udon Thani include Radio One (88.5), New Music (89.0), Cool FM (89.3), SR Radio (89.9), UFM (90.25), Kiss FM (90.75), NN Radio (91.75), Big FM (92.5), Udon FM (97.0), Nice FM (97.25), Live Hits (98.0), WOW FM (98.25), Sayamchai FM (98.5), OK Love (100.0), P Radio (104.4), Mittaphap FM (104.75), Isama Radio (105.25), Wansabai Radio (106.5), and Hit FM (107.0). Commercial radio stations are operated by a few media companies.
Local community radio stations include Rajabhat University Radio (107.7) operated by Udon Thani Rajabhat University (only available in Udon Thani and Phen), EFM (101.25), and Education Radio (96.0) which targets university students.
The seven government radio networks available are Modern Radio (91.5), NBT (93.75), Parliament FM (87.5), Post FM (99.0), Border Patrol FM (100.25), Police FM (105.75). The regions of Udon Thani that border other provinces can also receive two other MCOT radio stations; Khon Kaen FM (Udon Thani-Khon Kaen border) and Nong Khai FM (Udon Thani-Nong Khai border).
Radio stations from Laos available are LNR 1 (103.7), LNR 2 (97.3), and Vientiane City Radio (105.5).
Sister cities
Lusaka, Zambia
Image gallery
References
External links
Official website
Provinces of Thailand
Isan
|
[
-0.1099250391125679,
-0.05239173397421837,
0.5672298669815063,
-0.02490909956395626,
-0.45583581924438477,
-0.32961854338645935,
0.10811027884483337,
0.14729833602905273,
-0.3105635643005371,
0.05293077230453491,
-0.16716080904006958,
-0.0987669825553894,
-0.20273277163505554,
0.1632412225008011,
-0.2923136055469513,
0.913216769695282,
0.9166865944862366,
-0.043082304298877716,
0.09487996250391006,
-0.6853976845741272,
-0.18194639682769775,
-0.624972403049469,
0.5786159634590149,
-0.20137493312358856,
0.6082286238670349,
0.05037019029259682,
0.336378276348114,
0.6456261277198792,
0.38511061668395996,
-0.16774024069309235,
-0.5213112831115723,
0.4895281195640564,
-0.15844666957855225,
-0.19650296866893768,
0.029072659090161324,
0.18299372494220734,
0.25470656156539917,
-0.31431713700294495,
-0.3854541778564453,
-0.33876001834869385,
-0.1469554454088211,
-0.18544654548168182,
-0.14211584627628326,
0.4629324972629547,
0.23601803183555603,
-1.4625107049942017,
-0.8923139572143555,
0.8282690048217773,
-0.6452478766441345,
0.3854599595069885,
-1.080823302268982,
0.28871655464172363,
-0.4448668658733368,
-0.44736120104789734,
0.3706165850162506,
0.07941053062677383,
-1.0694725513458252,
0.30147412419319153,
-0.4247500002384186,
0.1927279233932495,
-0.24874623119831085,
0.552723228931427,
-0.47613659501075745,
0.2008400708436966,
-0.1344844251871109,
0.5110576748847961,
0.16981446743011475,
0.23255683481693268,
-0.42219284176826477,
-0.6542423963546753,
0.03030325472354889,
0.45984891057014465,
0.002978957025334239,
0.21833345293998718,
0.2340468168258667,
-0.16225574910640717,
-0.3787079453468323,
-0.41919684410095215,
0.01158639695495367,
-0.1018868237733841,
0.19443930685520172,
-0.017771245911717415,
0.35975414514541626,
-0.3946402072906494,
0.7698610424995422,
-0.017908679321408272,
-0.6081303358078003,
0.14477814733982086,
-0.1746327131986618,
-0.04995328560471535,
-0.06338787078857422,
-0.16935133934020996,
0.15271948277950287,
-0.1399497389793396,
-0.3249876797199249,
-1.2292977571487427,
-0.560474157333374,
0.657052755355835,
0.23324760794639587,
0.4676021337509155,
0.07088266313076019,
0.20152761042118073,
0.8645056486129761,
-0.05055380240082741,
-0.9202401638031006,
-0.105349101126194,
-0.5368232727050781,
-0.4113089442253113,
-0.1667955070734024,
-0.11058760434389114,
-0.6716881394386292,
0.21278256177902222,
0.14348916709423065,
0.08616215735673904,
0.2852467894554138,
0.4634261429309845,
0.48905107378959656,
-0.2157474160194397,
0.44457393884658813,
-0.8295738697052002,
0.1074068546295166,
0.4251917600631714,
-0.37671032547950745,
0.8131152391433716,
0.6743239164352417,
-0.1059141755104065,
0.16264046728610992,
-0.3724857270717621,
-0.44931402802467346,
0.5805341005325317,
0.06495445966720581,
0.7825267910957336,
-0.04449188709259033,
0.3949020206928253,
0.07940579950809479,
-0.3225095272064209,
0.07020331174135208,
0.5442817211151123,
0.7206164598464966,
-0.4546719491481781,
-1.1474889516830444,
0.5823432207107544,
-0.7471970915794373,
0.010138248093426228,
-0.10601555556058884,
-0.525973379611969,
-0.044492993503808975,
-0.7497037649154663,
-0.48237374424934387,
-0.26302942633628845,
0.11198996007442474,
0.0664508268237114,
-0.10711416602134705,
0.6047658920288086,
-0.17836084961891174,
0.1698215901851654,
0.6724605560302734,
-0.13259293138980865,
0.3967649042606354,
0.0011595911346375942,
0.08316385746002197,
-0.08576447516679764,
-0.11926770955324173,
-0.23256921768188477,
0.4668988585472107,
-0.3168352544307709,
-0.25010398030281067,
0.5420910716056824,
-0.21704614162445068,
-0.13150916993618011,
-0.6858076453208923,
0.04996030405163765,
0.09496098011732101,
-0.4273596704006195,
0.5508894920349121,
-0.15730826556682587,
-0.1700347512960434,
0.420712411403656,
-0.007753952406346798,
-0.04721309244632721,
-0.7342581152915955,
0.37270769476890564,
0.2722860276699066,
0.18984664976596832,
0.05823289602994919,
0.16429200768470764,
0.5924307107925415,
0.4929462969303131,
-0.15650999546051025,
0.6835530996322632,
-0.12719810009002686,
-0.2008829116821289,
0.3133738040924072,
0.2944013178348541,
0.22964099049568176,
1.1745796203613281,
0.3697097599506378,
0.8166944980621338,
-0.14319542050361633,
0.897792398929596,
-0.38833215832710266,
0.07919330894947052,
0.5080130100250244,
-0.34482789039611816,
-0.2938697934150696,
0.4327450096607208,
0.04232776537537575,
0.2133014053106308,
0.6883419752120972,
0.7619469165802002,
0.4540795385837555,
-0.435834139585495,
-0.1891053169965744,
-0.08524522930383682,
-0.2786879539489746,
-0.4223494827747345,
-0.1463286280632019,
0.12504777312278748,
0.1969972848892212,
-0.10986428707838058,
0.1434033066034317,
0.21145202219486237,
-0.34595999121665955,
0.6699512004852295,
-0.5836718082427979,
0.6756846904754639,
-0.018766067922115326,
0.2812412977218628,
-0.048612337559461594,
-0.6677704453468323,
0.38672056794166565,
-0.418442040681839,
0.443718820810318,
0.1279287189245224,
-0.09375835210084915,
-0.17417709529399872,
-0.11621953547000885,
-0.2940012812614441,
0.42201539874076843,
-0.9679518342018127,
0.015304261818528175,
-0.039002444595098495,
-0.4524357318878174,
0.20441333949565887,
0.546396791934967,
0.6172127723693848,
-0.42062804102897644,
0.25415101647377014,
-0.2720873951911926,
0.18439549207687378,
-0.05810421332716942,
0.059261441230773926,
0.14872820675373077,
-0.6225858330726624,
0.013082410208880901,
-0.15903355181217194,
-0.18510745465755463,
0.10551230609416962,
0.36246296763420105,
-0.5297192931175232,
-1.059140682220459,
0.3754911422729492,
0.5811440348625183,
0.3806002140045166,
-0.5161353945732117,
-0.16869665682315826,
0.09248322248458862,
-0.64383465051651,
0.2790563404560089,
0.008012729696929455,
0.17522932589054108,
-0.33387619256973267,
-0.47794175148010254,
0.02809780463576317,
-0.7235511541366577,
-0.4796598553657532,
0.028616029769182205,
0.4573974311351776,
-1.0487316846847534,
-0.4475397765636444,
0.5086013078689575,
1.2723450660705566,
0.6973541975021362,
-0.7208942174911499,
-0.40690404176712036,
-0.03584345057606697,
-0.16075508296489716,
-0.3004826009273529,
-0.5670421719551086,
0.12699952721595764,
-0.29314324259757996,
-0.33072540163993835,
-0.368999183177948,
0.1989804208278656,
-0.6596830487251282,
-0.6651617288589478,
-0.03823231905698776,
0.26239338517189026,
0.9031873941421509,
-0.5663439035415649,
-0.47020113468170166,
0.11699071526527405,
-0.45344221591949463,
0.5800532102584839,
-0.17936106026172638,
-0.5423229932785034,
0.05288257822394371,
0.11980453878641129,
-5.335594177246094,
-0.6521597504615784,
0.10840902477502823,
-0.353729784488678,
0.4618455469608307,
-0.2224486917257309,
0.28820666670799255,
-0.6180644631385803,
0.03908352926373482,
0.16734258830547333,
-0.044050183147192,
-0.17582900822162628,
0.4726598262786865,
0.26584747433662415,
0.41344505548477173,
0.7625067830085754,
0.2109377384185791,
0.455106258392334,
0.5247414708137512,
0.2536265254020691,
-0.0740497037768364,
-0.2010064572095871,
-0.08601216971874237,
0.3039523959159851,
0.28845006227493286,
0.5348291397094727,
0.37673625349998474,
-0.6140071153640747,
-1.0584114789962769,
-0.6448983550071716,
-0.3338856101036072,
0.22492508590221405,
0.26383429765701294,
0.22102688252925873,
-0.23565426468849182,
-0.6611051559448242,
0.9005686640739441,
0.483380526304245,
-0.048754747956991196,
-0.18480682373046875,
0.06985253095626831,
-0.15070675313472748,
0.08956222236156464,
0.020528828725218773,
0.24931663274765015,
-0.7480108737945557,
-0.6069028973579407,
-0.3791747987270355,
-0.609512448310852,
0.4524482786655426,
0.7277004718780518,
-0.02783973142504692,
0.5998592972755432,
0.1225270926952362,
-0.5296342372894287,
0.2398086041212082,
0.17012886703014374,
0.26809850335121155,
-0.1798771321773529,
0.5600917339324951,
0.5780977010726929,
0.0043883733451366425,
-0.7429707646369934,
-0.1546763926744461,
0.050855375826358795,
0.09555982798337936,
0.4466645419597626,
0.14428997039794922,
0.441101610660553,
0.5285680890083313,
-0.7906299233436584,
0.2552414536476135,
-0.4440736174583435,
-0.6374524831771851,
0.06437668204307556,
-0.2331504225730896,
-0.3315155506134033,
-0.12450004369020462,
0.11635517328977585,
0.04448702186346054,
-0.4416728913784027,
0.4559278190135956,
0.5210056900978088,
0.8923014402389526,
-0.22739432752132416,
-0.7030153870582581,
0.23163746297359467,
0.584891140460968,
0.4914345145225525,
-0.04579376056790352,
0.05337780714035034,
-0.2965662181377411,
0.5550655722618103,
0.28465673327445984,
-0.23392601311206818,
0.1966315656900406,
0.5208327770233154,
0.10810089856386185,
0.09402778744697571,
-0.8808823227882385,
0.6364291310310364,
-0.1985197365283966,
0.10485488921403885,
-0.1629844456911087,
-0.29457715153694153,
-0.4719110429286957,
0.27742800116539,
0.3746279776096344,
-0.09243843704462051,
-0.22301048040390015,
-0.012165812775492668,
-0.004213009960949421,
0.16264508664608002,
0.4915620684623718,
0.41872093081474304,
-0.8712247014045715,
-0.7863795161247253,
0.1573246419429779,
0.2393128126859665,
0.6693715453147888,
0.1327318400144577,
0.7906922698020935,
-0.31441083550453186,
0.23730680346488953,
-0.277226060628891,
-0.302724152803421,
-0.17633746564388275,
0.5005811452865601,
-0.276404470205307,
0.1755182445049286,
0.32495906949043274,
-0.48461857438087463,
0.5869758129119873,
-0.6169254779815674,
-0.16824716329574585,
-0.42703714966773987,
-0.02887171320617199,
-0.1677657514810562,
-0.3972741365432739,
0.13658972084522247,
0.19894680380821228,
0.3038923740386963,
-0.24112658202648163,
0.4949919283390045,
0.04918462410569191,
0.2446252852678299,
0.13504645228385925,
-0.02468208223581314,
-0.7938341498374939,
0.22253428399562836,
-0.4048497676849365,
-0.5721718668937683,
0.3952896296977997,
-0.42554962635040283,
-0.21268992125988007,
-0.06251722574234009,
-0.4542895257472992,
0.17598764598369598,
1.2717517614364624,
-0.17203661799430847,
-0.3989661931991577,
-0.6737067103385925,
-0.47128304839134216,
0.3187636137008667,
0.28902214765548706,
-0.20744271576404572,
0.3108932673931122,
-0.46251195669174194,
-0.5047830939292908,
0.9551011323928833,
0.15181483328342438,
0.008577845990657806,
-0.47562912106513977,
-0.29769253730773926,
0.17290447652339935,
-0.40504878759384155,
0.18830572068691254,
0.12852288782596588,
-0.2070215493440628,
-0.1342976987361908,
-0.07314128428697586,
-0.5806349515914917,
-0.02435198798775673,
0.6234407424926758,
0.6747620701789856,
-0.0026198355481028557,
-0.6910399198532104,
-0.7101061344146729,
-0.530666708946228,
0.01986471377313137,
0.5876870155334473,
0.1049385815858841,
-0.2659754753112793,
-0.00992633868008852,
0.0055600181221961975,
-0.6848541498184204,
-0.28506624698638916,
0.9498499035835266,
-0.2817625403404236,
-0.10572558641433716,
0.13785800337791443,
0.6813547611236572,
-0.19021332263946533,
0.5217854380607605,
0.2801027297973633,
-0.40003347396850586,
0.3029942810535431,
0.3044174015522003,
0.023116139695048332,
-0.4755176305770874,
-0.3548526465892792,
-0.1300058513879776,
0.034776344895362854,
0.23211264610290527,
-0.3340247571468353,
0.19485628604888916,
0.3260049819946289,
-0.6983781456947327,
0.15475088357925415,
-0.4895581603050232,
-0.4173789620399475,
-0.4327648878097534,
-0.3569759726524353,
0.07660970091819763,
-0.6733574867248535,
0.47635388374328613,
0.44358429312705994,
-1.1091976165771484,
0.340105265378952,
-0.3102535903453827,
-0.12434537708759308,
0.17532561719417572,
0.6874600648880005,
0.2164323627948761,
-0.2844766080379486,
-0.07594974339008331,
0.4046947658061981,
0.21675865352153778,
0.14786432683467865,
0.7127197980880737,
0.17538094520568848,
1.1040815114974976,
-0.1859298050403595,
-0.42513978481292725,
-0.38783666491508484,
-0.018908480182290077,
0.330109566450119,
-0.6344085931777954,
-0.9271131157875061,
0.31607916951179504,
0.5758985877037048,
-0.26775747537612915,
-0.6354042887687683,
-0.4219443202018738,
1.2482507228851318,
-0.9290587306022644,
0.1378762274980545,
0.6898360848426819,
0.46313589811325073,
-0.10958503931760788,
-0.5174856781959534,
0.24851128458976746,
0.18207980692386627,
-0.24628734588623047,
0.49052733182907104,
-0.05014347657561302,
-0.8276986479759216,
-0.36445164680480957,
0.5761166214942932,
-0.40675118565559387,
-0.526630699634552,
-0.5785681009292603,
0.3666767477989197,
-0.06478553265333176,
0.034876417368650436,
-0.027451669797301292,
-0.4768182933330536,
-0.4594707190990448,
-0.18432295322418213,
-0.09809551388025284,
-0.44565349817276,
0.24857427179813385,
0.1497846394777298,
-0.36023077368736267,
0.23782537877559662,
-0.3164113163948059,
-0.27485913038253784,
0.3964017629623413,
-0.8703452944755554,
0.027142375707626343,
0.017687322571873665,
-0.29948607087135315,
-0.24264481663703918,
-0.05772308632731438,
-0.19927778840065002,
0.468790739774704,
0.17340393364429474,
0.48973575234413147,
-0.28064048290252686,
0.37658610939979553,
-0.6267361640930176,
0.04786928743124008,
0.38167428970336914,
-0.1588030904531479,
-0.03528707101941109,
-0.2845437228679657,
0.37322938442230225,
-0.3883657157421112,
0.1382877081632614,
0.4009956121444702,
0.3947189450263977,
0.2825896143913269,
0.33302727341651917,
0.04943758621811867,
-0.3070674538612366,
0.4044284522533417,
0.5605321526527405,
-0.6653869152069092,
0.12288414686918259,
0.7362399697303772,
0.2956320643424988,
-0.38907599449157715,
-0.08426149189472198,
0.6992300152778625,
0.008698123507201672,
0.5686222910881042,
0.06386884301900864,
-0.626113772392273,
0.26190659403800964,
-0.14501744508743286,
0.08893337100744247,
0.013428771868348122,
-1.0077934265136719,
0.5568277835845947,
-0.5228258967399597,
-0.1624622493982315,
0.35264432430267334,
-0.8177000880241394,
-0.18453356623649597,
0.29444339871406555,
0.6065701246261597,
0.9589828252792358,
0.08865776658058167,
0.013034211471676826,
0.27295422554016113,
0.12715402245521545,
0.6155998110771179,
-0.16770392656326294,
0.38246646523475647,
-0.050031617283821106,
0.05969879403710365,
0.3912614583969116,
-0.2786637842655182,
0.054779425263404846,
0.38752683997154236,
0.5852243900299072,
-0.7293854355812073,
-0.3533899486064911,
0.15151499211788177,
0.20759081840515137,
-0.39380115270614624,
-0.04176141321659088,
-0.6683621406555176,
-0.041119132190942764,
-0.11052332818508148,
-0.4512360095977783,
0.24258674681186676,
-0.39375898241996765,
-0.5905893445014954,
0.8895077109336853,
0.11054780334234238,
0.07305505126714706,
0.010850761085748672,
-0.5217786431312561,
-0.37194857001304626,
0.40788784623146057,
-0.27033212780952454,
0.3191317617893219,
-0.4034363031387329,
0.4000316858291626,
0.029255811125040054,
0.000054049320169724524,
0.48034217953681946,
-0.48227089643478394,
0.3535088300704956,
0.2781904339790344,
0.2800150513648987,
0.21548309922218323,
0.1589035838842392,
0.0018193329451605678,
0.14067451655864716,
-0.0800955668091774,
-0.8077037334442139,
0.11682195216417313,
0.06339114159345627,
-0.4634217619895935,
-0.4449458420276642,
0.6603966951370239,
0.5550953149795532,
-0.1607956737279892,
0.5124849677085876,
-0.13539791107177734,
0.0898064374923706,
0.12405017018318176,
0.3294335603713989,
0.7812371253967285,
0.019137250259518623,
0.5372327566146851,
-0.7808346152305603,
0.3461358845233917,
0.3613029718399048,
0.5903438925743103,
0.4618731439113617,
0.3045862317085266,
-0.6859228014945984,
-0.06138553097844124,
0.8288984298706055,
-0.8548054695129395,
0.3461185693740845,
-0.571437656879425,
-0.613552451133728,
-0.11568417400121689,
0.13967350125312805,
1.079135537147522,
-0.13290902972221375,
-0.483611136674881,
0.08982852846384048,
0.4574314057826996,
-0.7415825724601746,
0.6883524656295776,
0.09624312818050385,
-0.2874107360839844,
-0.6475372314453125,
-0.1799199879169464,
-0.509379506111145,
0.36856696009635925,
0.5513839721679688,
0.7725359201431274,
0.010839791968464851,
0.20458725094795227,
-0.1226312667131424,
-0.4316413700580597,
0.3103218376636505,
-0.013416382484138012,
-0.1966002732515335,
-0.14560994505882263,
-0.24338629841804504,
-0.21306094527244568,
-0.8707051873207092,
0.574701189994812,
-0.10067012161016464,
-0.28134459257125854,
0.4249468445777893,
-0.2401151955127716,
-0.9642453193664551,
0.23252904415130615,
0.14009085297584534,
-0.11040566116571426,
0.2852095663547516,
0.22933296859264374
] |
211143
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Christian%20denominations
|
List of Christian denominations
|
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, such as church, convention, communion, assembly, house, union, network, or sometimes fellowship. Divisions between one denomination and another are primarily defined by authority and doctrine. Issues regarding the nature of Jesus, Trinitarianism, salvation, the authority of apostolic succession, eschatology, conciliarity, papal supremacy and papal primacy among others may separate one denomination from another. Groups of denominations, often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—can be known as "branches of Christianity" or "denominational families" (e.g. Eastern or Western Christianity and their sub-branches). These "denominational families" are often imprecisely also called denominations.
Christian denominations since the 20th century have often involved themselves in ecumenism. Ecumenism refers to efforts among Christian bodies to develop better understandings and closer relationships. It also refers to efforts toward visible unity in the Christian Church, though the terms of visible unity vary for each denomination of Christianity; the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church each teach visible unity may only be achieved by converting to their denominational beliefs and structure, citing claims of being the one true church. The largest ecumenical organization in Christianity is the World Council of Churches.
The following is not a complete list, but aims to provide a comprehensible overview of the diversity among denominations of Christianity, ecumenical organizations, and Christian ideologies not necessarily represented by specific denominations. Only those Christian denominations, ideologies and organizations with Wikipedia articles will be listed in order to ensure that all entries on this list are notable and verifiable. The denominations and ecumenical organizations listed are generally ordered from ancient to contemporary Christianity.
Terminology and qualification
Some bodies included on this list do not consider themselves denominations. For example, the Catholic Church considers itself the one true church and the Holy See as pre-denominational. The Eastern Orthodox Church also considers itself the original Christian Church and pre-denominational. To express further the complexity involved, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches were historically one and the same, as evidenced by the fact that they are the only two modern churches in existence to accept all of the first seven ecumenical councils, until differences arose, such as papal authority and dominance, the rise of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the continuance of emperors in the Eastern Roman Empire, and the final and permanent split that occurred during the Crusades with the siege of Constantinople. This also illustrates that denominations can arise not only from religious or theological issues, but political and generational divisions as well.
Other churches that are viewed by non-adherents as denominational are highly decentralized and do not have any formal denominational structure, authority, or record-keeping beyond the local congregation; several groups within the Restoration movement and congregational churches fall into this category.
Some Christian bodies are large (e.g. Catholics, Orthodox, Pentecostals and non/inter-denominationals, Anglicans or Baptists), while others are just a few small churches, and in most cases the relative size is not evident in this list except for the denominational group or movement as a whole (e.g. Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox Churches, or Lutheranism). The largest denomination is the Catholic Church with more than 1.3 billion members. The smallest of these groups may have only a few dozen adherents or an unspecified number of participants in independent churches as described below. As such, specific numbers and a certain size may not define a group as a denomination. However, as a general rule, the larger a group becomes, the more acceptance and legitimacy it gains.
Modern movements such as Christian fundamentalism, Pietism, Evangelicalism, the Holiness movement and Pentecostalism sometimes cross denominational lines, or in some cases create new denominations out of two or more continuing groups (as is the case for many united and uniting churches, for example; e.g. the United Church of Christ). Such subtleties and complexities are not clearly depicted here.
Between denominations, theologians, and comparative religionists there are considerable disagreements about which groups can be properly called Christian or a Christian denomination as disagreements arise primarily from doctrinal differences between each other. As an example, this list contains groups also known as "rites" which many, such as the Roman Catholic Church, would say are not denominations as they are in full papal communion, and thus part of the Catholic Church. For the purpose of simplicity, this list is intended to reflect the self-understanding of each denomination. Explanations of different opinions concerning their status as Christian denominations can be found at their respective articles.
There is no official recognition in most parts of the world for religious bodies, and there is no official clearinghouse which could determine the status or respectability of religious bodies. Often there is considerable disagreement between various groups about whether others should be labeled with pejorative terms such as "cult", or about whether this or that group enjoys some measure of respectability. Such considerations often vary from place to place, or culture to culture, where one denomination may enjoy majority status in one region, but be widely regarded as a "dangerous cult" in another part of the world. Inclusion on this list does not indicate any judgment about the size, importance, or character of a group or its members.
Early Christian
Early Christianity is often divided into three different branches that differ in theology and traditions, which all appeared in the 1st century AD/CE. They include Jewish Christianity, Pauline Christianity and Gnostic Christianity. All modern Christian denominations are said to have descended from the Jewish and Pauline Christianities, with Gnostic Christianity dying, or being hunted out of existence after the early Christian era and being largely forgotten until discoveries made in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries. There are also other theories on the origin of Christianity.
The following Christian groups appeared between the beginning of the Christian religion and the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
Adamites
Arianism
Ebionites
Elcesaites
Marcionism
Nazarenes
Unlike the previously mentioned groups, the following are all considered to be related to Christian Gnosticism.
Late ancient and Medieval Christian
The following are groups of Christians appearing between the First Council of Nicaea, the East-West Schism and proto-Protestantism.
Agonoclita
Apostolic Brethren
Arnoldists
Beguines and Beghards
Bogomilism
Patarines
Bosnian Church
Brethren of the Free Spirit
Catharism
Donatism
Dulcinians
Friends of God
Henricans
Lollardy
Neo-Adamites
Paulicianism
Petrobrusians
Skhariya the Jew's sect
Strigolniki
Tondrakians
Church of the East
The Church of the East split from the Roman-recognized state church of Rome during the Sasanian Period. It is also called the Nestorian Church or the Church of Persia. Declaring itself separate from the state church in 424–427, liturgically, it adhered to the East Syriac Rite. Theologically, it adopted the dyophysite doctrine of Nestorianism, which emphasizes the separateness of the divine and human natures of Jesus, and addresses Mary as Christotokos instead of Theotokos; the Church of the East also largely practiced aniconism. The Church of the East by the 15th century was largely confined to the Eastern Aramaic-speaking Assyrian communities of northern Mesopotamia, in and around the rough triangle formed by Mosul and Lakes Van and Urmia—the same general region where the Church of the East had first emerged between the 1st and 3rd centuries.
Its patriarchal lines divided in a tumultuous period from the 16th-19th century, finally consolidated into the Eastern Catholic Chaldean Church (in full communion with the Pope of Rome), and the Assyrian Church of the East. Other minor, modern related splinter groups include the Ancient Church of the East (split 1968 due of rejecting some changes made by Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai) and the Chaldean Syrian Church. In 1995 the Chaldean Syrian Church reunified with the Assyrian Church of the East as an archbishopric. The Chaldean Syrian Church is headquartered in Thrissur, India. Together, the Assyrian, Ancient, Chaldean Syrian and Chaldean Catholic Church comprised over 1.6 million in 2018.
Assyrian Christianity
Assyrian Christianity comprises those Eastern churches who kept the traditional Nestorian christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East after the original church reunited with the Catholic Church in Rome, forming the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1552. Assyrian Christianity forms part of the Syriac Christian tradition. The Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East together had over 0.6 million members .
Assyrian Church of the East
Chaldean Syrian Church
Ancient Church of the East
Oriental Orthodox Churches
The Oriental Orthodox Churches are the Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite christology and theology, with a combined global membership of 62 million . These churches reject the Council of Chalcedon in 451 and those after it. They departed from the state church of the Roman Empire after the Chalcedonian Council. Other denominations, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church and bodies in Old and True Orthodoxy, often label the Oriental Orthodox Churches as "Monophysite"; as the Oriental Orthodox do not adhere to the teachings of Eutyches, they themselves reject this label, preferring the term "Miaphysite". Historically, the Oriental Orthodox Churches considered themselves collectively to be the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church that Jesus founded. Some Christian denominations have recently considered the body of Oriental Orthodoxy to be a part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church, a view which is gaining increasing acceptance in the wake of ecumenical dialogues between groups such as Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman and Eastern Catholicism, and Protestant Christianity. Most member churches of the Oriental Orthodox Churches are part of the World Council of Churches.
Armenian Apostolic Church
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
Holy See of Cilicia
Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Coptic Orthodox Church
French Coptic Orthodox Church
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church
Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
Eastern Orthodox
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, claims continuity (based upon apostolic succession) with the early Church as part of the state church of Rome. Though it considers itself pre-denominational, being the original Church of Christ before 1054, some scholars suggest the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches began after the East–West Schism. The Eastern Orthodox Church had about 230 million members , making it the second largest single denomination behind the Catholic Church. Some of them have a disputed administrative status (i.e. their autonomy or autocephaly is not recognized universally). Eastern Orthodox churches by and large remain in communion with one another, although this has broken at times throughout its history. Two examples of impaired communion between the Orthodox churches include the Moscow–Constantinople schisms of 1996 and 2018.
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Canada
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Great Britain
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia
Vicariate for Palestine and Jordan in the USA
Finnish Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church of Crete
Monastic Community of Mount Athos
Korean Orthodox Church
Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada
Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong
Exarchate of the Philippines
Orthodox Metropolitanate of Singapore
American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America
Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia
Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Mexico
Antiochian Orthodox Mission in the Philippines
Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Chile
Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
Greek Orthodox Church of Sinai
Russian Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Russian Orthodox Church in Finland
Japanese Orthodox Church
Chinese Orthodox Church
Estonian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
Latvian Orthodox Church
Moldovan Orthodox Church
Belarusian Orthodox Church
Philippine Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)
Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia
Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe
Patriarchal Parishes in the USA
Patriarchal Parishes in Canada
Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church
Serbian Orthodox Church
Archdiocese of Belgrade and Karlovci
Serbian Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric
Serbian Metropolitanate of Skopje
Serbian Metropolitanate of Dabar
Serbian Metropolitanate of Montenegro
Serbian Metropolitanate of Zagreb
Serbian Metropolitanate of Australia
Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Metropolis of Bessarabia
Romanian Metropolia of the Americas
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Diocese of North America and Australia
Cypriot Orthodox Church
Orthodox Church of Greece
Albanian Orthodox Church
Polish Orthodox Church
Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church
Orthodox Church in America
Archdiocese of Canada
Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America
Albanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America
Exarchate of Mexico
Orthodox Church of Ukraine
Catholic
The Catholic Church, or Roman Catholic Church, is composed of 24 autonomous sui iuris particular churches: the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. It considers itself the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church that Christ founded, and which Saint Peter initiated along with the missionary work of Saint Paul and others. As such, the Catholic Church does not consider itself a denomination, but rather considers itself pre-denominational, the original Church of Christ. Continuity is claimed based upon apostolic succession with the early Church. The Catholic population exceeds 1.3 billion .
Latin Church (Western Church)
The Latin (or Western) Church is the largest and most widely known of the 24 sui iuris churches that together make up the Catholic Church (not to be confused with the Roman Rite, which is one of the Latin liturgical rites, not a particular church). It is headed by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope, traditionally called the Patriarch of the West—with headquarters in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, Italy. , the Latin Church comprised 1.255 billion members.
Eastern Catholic Churches
All of the following are particular churches of the Catholic Church. They are all in communion with the Pope as Bishop of Rome and acknowledge his claim of universal jurisdiction and authority. They have some minor distinct theological emphases and expressions (for instance, in the case of those that are of Greek/Byzantine tradition, concerning some non-doctrinal aspects of the Latin view of Purgatory and clerical celibacy). The Eastern Catholic Churches and the Latin Church (which are united in the worldwide Catholic Church) share the same doctrine and sacraments, and thus the same faith. The total membership of the churches accounted for approximately 18 million members .
Alexandrian Rite
Coptic Catholic Church
Eritrean Catholic Church
Ethiopian Catholic Church
Armenian Rite
Armenian Catholic Church
Byzantine Rite
Albanian Greek Catholic Church
Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
Hungarian Greek Catholic Church
Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
Macedonian Greek Catholic Church
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Romanian Greek Catholic Church
Russian Greek Catholic Church
Ruthenian Greek/Byzantine Catholic Church
Slovak Greek Catholic Church
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
East Syriac Rite
Chaldean Catholic Church
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
West Syriac Rite
Maronite Church
Syriac Catholic Church
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
Protestant
Protestantism is a movement within Christianity which owes its name to the 1529 Protestation at Speyer, but originated in 1517 when Martin Luther began his dispute with the Roman Catholic Church. This period of time, known as the Reformation, began a series of events resulting over the next 500 years in several newly denominated churches (listed below). Some denominations were started by intentionally dividing themselves from the Roman Catholic Church, such as in the case of the English Reformation while others, such as with Luther's followers, were excommunicated after attempting reform. New denominations and organizations formed through further divisions within Protestant churches since the Reformation began. A denomination labeled "Protestant" subscribes to the fundamental Protestant principles—though not always—that is scripture alone, justification by faith alone, and the universal priesthood of believers.
The majority of contemporary Protestants are members of Adventism, Anglicanism, the Baptist churches, Calvinism (Reformed Protestantism), Lutheranism, Methodism and Pentecostalism. Nondenominational, Evangelical, charismatic, neo-charismatic, independent, Convergence, and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.
This list gives only an overview, and certainly does not mention all of the Protestant denominations. The exact number of Protestant denominations, including the members of the denominations, is difficult to calculate and depends on definition. A group that fits the generally accepted definition of "Protestant" might not officially use the term. Therefore, it should be taken with caution. The most accepted figure among various authors and scholars includes around 900 million to a little over 1 billion Protestant Christians.
Proto-Protestant
Proto-Protestantism refers to movements similar to the Protestant Reformation, but before 1517, when Martin Luther (1483–1546) is reputed to have nailed the Ninety-Five-Theses to the church door. Major early Reformers were Peter Waldo (c. 1140–c. 1205), John Wycliffe (1320s–1384), and Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415). It is not completely correct to call these groups Protestant due to the fact that some of them had nothing to do with the 1529 protestation at Speyer which coined the term Protestant. In particular, the Utraquists were eventually accommodated as a separate Catholic rite by the papacy after a military attempt to end their movement failed. On the other hand, the surviving Waldensians ended up joining Reformed Protestantism, so it is not completely inaccurate to refer to their movement as Protestant.
Hussites
Czechoslovak Hussite Church
Moravian Church
Unity of the Brethren
Waldensians
Waldensian Evangelical Church
Lutheran
Lutherans are a major branch of Protestantism, identifying with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer, and theologian. Lutheranism initially began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church before the excommunication of its members. Today with most Protestants, Lutherans are divided among mainline and evangelical theological lines. The whole of Lutheranism had about 70-90 million members in 2018. The largest non-United Lutheran denomination was the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, a Eastern Protestant Christian group.
Augustana Catholic Church (defunct 2020)
Apostolic Lutheran Church of America
Association of Free Lutheran Congregations
Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America
Church of the Lutheran Confession
Concordia Lutheran Conference
Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference
Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Church of Albania
Evangelical Lutheran Church "Concord"
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)
Evangelical Lutheran Synod
Lutheran Church of Central Africa Malawi Conference
Lutheran Church of Central Africa Zambia Conference
Lutheran Confessional Church
Ukrainian Lutheran Church
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran
Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of North America
Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
General Lutheran Church
International Lutheran Council
American Association of Lutheran Churches
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil
Evangelical Lutheran Church of England
Evangelical Lutheran Church - Synod of France and Belgium
Gutnius Lutheran Church
Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church
Japan Lutheran Church
Lanka Lutheran Church
Lutheran Church—Canada
Lutheran Church—Hong Kong Synod
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
Lutheran Church of Australia
Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church
Laestadian Lutheran Church
Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Lutheran Church - International
Lutheran Church of China
Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ
Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church
Lutheran Ministerium and Synod - USA
Lutheran World Federation
Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church
Arcot Lutheran Church
Batak Christian Protestant Church
Church of Denmark
Church of the Faroe Islands
Church of Iceland
Church of Norway
Church of Sweden
Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia
Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Italy
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Madhya Pradesh
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania
Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Himalayan States
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway
Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam
Indian Evangelical Lutheran Church
Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church
Lutheran Church of Australia
Malagasy Lutheran Church
Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church
Simalungun Protestant Christian Church
South Andhra Lutheran Church
Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church
North American Lutheran Church
Old Apostolic Lutheran Church
Pietism
Pietism was an influential movement in Lutheranism that combined its emphasis on Biblical doctrine with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life. Pietists who separated from established Lutheran churches to form their own denominations are known as Radical Pietists. Although a movement in Lutheranism, influence on Anglicanism, in particular John Wesley, led to the spawning of the Methodist movement.
Amana Society
Bible Fellowship Church
Temple Society (Templers)
United Christian Church
Reformed
Calvinism, also known as the Reformed tradition or Reformed Protestantism is a movement which broke from the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Calvinism follows the theological traditions set down by John Calvin, John Knox and other Reformation-era theologians. Calvinists differ from Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things. There are from 60 to 80 million Christians identifying as Reformed or Calvinist according to statistics gathered in 2018.
Continental Reformed churches
Afrikaans Protestant Church
Canadian and American Reformed Churches
Christian Reformed Church in North America
Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone
Christian Reformed Church in South Africa
Christian Reformed Church of Nigeria
Christian Reformed Churches
Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
Christian Reformed Churches of Australia
Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches
Dutch Reformed Church
Dutch Reformed Church in Botswana
Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa - NG Church
Evangelical and Reformed Church in Honduras
Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany
Evangelical Reformed Church of Christ
Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches
Free Reformed Churches of Australia
Free Reformed Churches of North America
Free Reformed Churches of South Africa
Heritage Reformed Congregations
Huguenot (Historical)
Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church
National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France
Netherlands Reformed Churches
Netherlands Reformed Congregations
Nigeria Reformed Church
Orthodox Christian Reformed Church
Polish Reformed Church
Protestant Church in the Netherlands
Protestant Reformed Christian Church in Croatia
Protestant Reformed Church of Luxembourg
Protestant Reformed Churches in America
Reformed Christian Church in Croatia
Reformed Christian Church in Serbia
Reformed Church in America
Reformed Church in Austria
Reformed Church in Hungary
Reformed Church in Latvia
Reformed Church in Romania
Reformed Church in Transcarpathia
Reformed Church in the United States
Reformed Church of Christ in Nigeria
Reformed Church of East Africa
Reformed Church of France
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)
Reformed Churches of New Zealand
Reformed Evangelical Church in Myanmar
Reformed Synod of Denmark
Restored Reformed Church
United Church of Christ
United Reformed Church
United Reformed Church in Congo
United Reformed Churches in North America
Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa
Presbyterianism
Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church of Mexico
Bible Presbyterian Church
Church of Central Africa Presbyterian
Church of Scotland
Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa
Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches
Conservative Presbyterian Church in Brazil
Costa Rican Evangelical Presbyterian Church
Covenant Presbyterian Church
Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America
Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians
Evangelical Presbyterian Church (Australia)
Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales
Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana
Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Malawi
Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ukraine
Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)
Free Church of Scotland
Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)
Free Presbyterian Church (Australia)
Free Presbyterian Church of North America
Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland
Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster
Fundamentalist Presbyterian Church in Brazil
Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand
Greek Evangelical Church
National Presbyterian Church in Chile
National Presbyterian Church in Mexico
National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala
Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Presbyterian Church in America
Presbyterian Church in Canada
Presbyterian Church in Chile
Presbyterian Church in Honduras
Presbyterian Church in Ireland
Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)
Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)
Presbyterian Church in Korea (TongHap)
Presbyterian Church in Liberia
Presbyterian Church in Malaysia
Presbyterian Church in Singapore
Presbyterian Church in Sudan
Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
Presbyterian Church in Uganda
Presbyterian Church of Africa
Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
Presbyterian Church of Australia
Presbyterian Church of Belize
Presbyterian Church of Brazil
Presbyterian Church of East Africa
Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia
Presbyterian Church of Ghana
Presbyterian Church of India
Presbyterian Church of Mozambique
Presbyterian Church of Nigeria
Presbyterian Church of Pakistan
Presbyterian Church of the Philippines
Presbyterian Church of Wales
Presbyterian Church (USA)
Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)
Presbyterian Reformed Church (North America)
Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly
Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery
Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States
Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia
Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland
Reformed Presbyterian Church of Malawi
Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America
Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland
Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil
Southern Presbyterian Church (Australia)
Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church
United Free Church of Scotland
United Presbyterian Church of North America
United Presbyterian Church of Pakistan
Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa
Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States
Westminster Presbyterian Church of Australia
Congregationalism
Church of Niue
Church of Tuvalu
Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa
Congregational Christian Church in Samoa
Congregational Christian Churches in Canada
Congregational Federation
Congregational Federation of Australia
Congregational Union of Ireland
Congregational Union of New Zealand
Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
Cook Islands Christian Church
English Independents
Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola
Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches
Fellowship of Congregational Churches (Australia)
Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches
Huguenots
Kiribati Protestant Church
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches
Nauru Congregational Church
Reformed Congregational Churches
Union of Evangelical Congregational Churches in Brazil
Union of Evangelical Congregational Churches in Bulgaria
United Church in the Solomon Islands
United Church of Christ
United Church of Christ-Congregational in the Marshall Islands
United Congregational Church of Southern Africa
Anglican
Anglicanism or Episcopalianism has referred to itself as the via media between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. The majority of Anglicans consider themselves part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church within the Anglican Communion. Anglicans or Episcopalians also self-identify as both Catholic and Reformed. Although the use of the term "Protestant" to refer to Anglicans was once common, it is controversial today, with some rejecting the label and others accepting it. In Protestantism, Anglicans numbered over 85 million in 2018.
Anglican Communion
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia
Anglican Church in Central America
Anglican Church in Japan
Anglican Church of Australia
Anglican Church of Bermuda
Anglican Church of Canada
Anglican Church of Kenya
Anglican Church of Korea
Anglican Church of Melanesia
Anglican Church of Mexico
Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea
Anglican Church of South America
Anglican Church of Southern Africa
Anglican Church of Tanzania
Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil
Church in the Province of the West Indies
Church in Wales
Church of Ceylon
Church of England
Church of Ireland
Church of Nigeria
Church of the Province of Central Africa
Church of the Province of Myanmar
Church of the Province of South East Asia
Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean
Church of the Province of West Africa
Church of Uganda
Episcopal Church (United States)
Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East
Episcopal Church in the Philippines
Episcopal Church of Cuba
Hong Kong Anglican Church
Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church
Parish of the Falkland Islands
Province of the Anglican Church of Burundi
Province of the Anglican Church of Rwanda
Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo
Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan
Province of the Episcopal Church of Sudan
Scottish Episcopal Church
Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church
United and uniting churches who hold membership in the Anglican Communion
Church of Bangladesh
Church of North India
Church of Pakistan
Church of South India
Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Protestant Eastern Christian denomination in full communion with the Anglican Communion)
Other Anglican churches and Continuing Anglican movement
There are numerous churches following the Anglican tradition that are not in full communion with the Anglican Communion. Some churches split due to changes in the Book of Common Prayer and the ordination of women, forming Anglo-Catholic or Evangelical Anglican communities. A select few of these churches are recognized by certain individual provinces of the Anglican Communion.
African Orthodox Church
Anglican Catholic Church
Anglican Church in America
Anglican Church in Brazil
Anglican Church in North America
Anglican Church of India
Anglican Episcopal Church (USA)
Anglican Mission in the Americas
Anglican Orthodox Church
Anglican Province of America
Anglican Province of Christ the King
Christian Episcopal Church
Church of England (Continuing)
Church of England in South Africa
Communion of Evangelical Episcopal Churches
Diocese of the Great Lakes
Diocese of the Holy Cross
Episcopal Missionary Church
Free Church of England
Free Protestant Episcopal Church
Independent Anglican Church Canada Synod
Orthodox Anglican Church
Reformed Episcopal Church
Southern Episcopal Church
United Episcopal Church of North America
Anabaptist
The Anabaptists trace their origins to the Radical Reformation. Alternative to other early Protestants, Anabaptists were seen as an early offshoot of Protestantism, although the view has been challenged by some Anabaptists. There were approximately 2.1 million Anabaptists as of 2015.
Abecedarians
Amish
Amish Mennonite
Beachy Amish
Kauffman Amish Mennonite
Nebraska Amish
New Order Amish
Old Order Amish
Swartzentruber Amish
Apostolic Christian Church
Charity Christian Fellowship
Church of the United Brethren in Christ
Hutterites
Dariusleut
Lehrerleut
Schmiedeleut
Bruderhof
Mennonites
Alliance of Mennonite Evangelical Congregations
Biblical Mennonite Alliance
Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
Chortitzer Mennonite Conference
Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Holdeman Mennonites)
Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India
Conservative Mennonite Conference
Evangelical Mennonite Church
Evangelical Mennonite Conference
Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference
Evangelical Missionary Church
Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches
Japan Mennonite Brethren Conference
Kleine Gemeinde
Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference
Mennonite Brethren Churches
Mennonite Church Canada
Mennonite Church in the Netherlands
Mennonite Church USA
Mennonite World Conference
Missionary Church
Noah Hoover Mennonite
Ohio Wisler Mennonite
Old Order Mennonites
Reformed Mennonite
Swiss Mennonite Conference
US Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
River Brethren
Brethren in Christ Church
Old Order River Brethren
United Zion Church
Wengerites
Schwenkfelders
Schwarzenau Brethren Movement
The Brethren Church (Ashland Brethren)
Church of the Brethren
Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International
Dunkard Brethren
Ephrata Cloister
Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches
Old Brethren
Old Brethren German Baptist
Old German Baptist Brethren
Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference
Old Order German Baptist Brethren
Baptist
Baptists emerged as the English Puritans were influenced by the Anabaptists, and along with Methodism, grew in size and influence after they sailed to the New World (the remaining Puritans who traveled to the New World were Congregationalists). Some Baptists fit strongly with the Reformed tradition theologically but not denominationally. Some Baptists also adopt presbyterian and episcopal forms of governance. In 2018, there were about 75-105 million Baptists.
All-Ukrainian Union of Churches of Evangelical Christian Baptists
Alliance of Baptists
American Baptist Association
American Baptist Churches USA
Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
Association of Reformed Baptist Churches of America
Association of Regular Baptist Churches
Baptist Bible Fellowship International
Baptist Conference of the Philippines
Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec
Baptist Convention of Western Cuba
Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy
Baptist General Conference of Canada
Baptist General Convention of Texas
Baptist General Conference (Sweden)
Baptist Missionary Association of America
Baptist Union of Australia
Baptist Union of Great Britain
Baptist Union of New Zealand
Baptist Union of Scotland
Baptist Union of Western Canada
Canadian Baptist Ministries
Canadian Convention of Southern Baptists
Central Baptist Association
Central Canada Baptist Conference
Christian Unity Baptist Association
Conservative Baptist Association
Conservative Baptist Association of America
Continental Baptist Churches
Convención Nacional Bautista de Mexico
Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches
Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars
Cooperative Baptist Fellowship
Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India
Council of Baptist Churches in Northern India
European Baptist Federation
Evangelical Baptist Mission of South Haiti
Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada
Free Will Baptist Church
Fundamental Baptist Fellowship of America
General Association of Baptists
General Association of General Baptists
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
General Baptists
General Conference of the Evangelical Baptist Church, Inc.
General Six-Principle Baptists
Independent Baptist
Independent Baptist Church of America
Independent Baptist Fellowship International
Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America
Interstate & Foreign Landmark Missionary Baptist Association
International Baptist Convention
Landmark Baptist Church
Liberty Baptist Fellowship
Manipur Baptist Convention
Myanmar Baptist Convention
Nagaland Baptist Church Council
National Association of Free Will Baptists
National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
National Baptist Evangelical Life and Soul Saving Assembly of the U.S.A.
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.
New England Evangelical Baptist Fellowship
New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist
Faithful Word Baptist Church
Nigerian Baptist Convention
North American Baptist Conference
North Bank Baptist Christian Association
Norwegian Baptist Union
Old Baptist Union
Old Regular Baptist
Old Time Missionary Baptist
Primitive Baptist
Primitive Baptist Universalism
Progressive Baptist
Progressive National Baptist Convention
Reformed Baptist
Regular Baptist
Regular Baptist Churches, General Association of
Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists
Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches
Separate Baptist
Separate Baptists in Christ
Social Brethren
Southeast Conservative Baptist
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptists of Texas
Sovereign Grace Baptists
Strict Baptists or Particular Baptists
Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists
Union d'Églises baptistes françaises au Canada
Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists in Serbia and Montenegro
United American Free Will Baptist Church
United American Free Will Baptist Conference
United Baptist
United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces
United Free Will Baptist
World Baptist Fellowship
Bapticostals
Bapticostal movement
Nazareth Baptist Church
Holiness Baptists
Christian Baptist Church of God
Holiness Baptist Association
Sabbath-keeping Baptists
Seventh Day Baptists
Spiritual Baptists
Spiritual Baptist
Methodist
The Methodist movement emerged out the influence of Pietism within Anglicanism. Unlike Baptists (also emerging from the Church of England), Methodists have retained liturgical worship and other historic Anglican practices including vestments and (in some Methodist denominations such as the United Methodist Church) the episcopacy. Methodists were some of the first Christians to accept women's ordination since the Montanists. Some 60-80 million Christians are Methodists and members of the World Methodist Council.
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
British Methodist Episcopal Church
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
Congregational Methodist Church
Evangelical Church of the Dominican Republic
Evangelical Methodist Church
First Congregational Methodist Church
Free Methodist Church
Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma
Methodist Church of Great Britain
Methodist Church of Malaysia
Methodist Church in India
Methodist Church of New Zealand
Methodist Church of Southern Africa
Primitive Methodist Church
Southern Methodist Church
United Methodist Church
Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia
Holiness movement
The Holiness movement emerged from 19th-century Methodism. , churches of the movement had an estimated 12 million adherents.
Free Methodist Church
Christ's Sanctified Holy Church
Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
Church of God (Holiness)
Church of God (Restoration)
Church of the Nazarene
The Salvation Army
Wesleyan Methodist Church
Campbellite and Millerist
Adventism was a result from the Restoration movement, which sought to restore Christianity along the lines of what was known about the apostolic early Church which Restorationists saw as the search for a more pure and ancient form of the religion. This idea is also called Christian Primitivism. Following the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement, William Miller preached the end of the world and the second coming of Christ in 1843/44. Some followers after the failed prediction became the Adventists or Campbellites, while other splinter groups eventually became Apocalyptic Restorationists. Many of the splinter groups did not subscribe to trinitarian theologies. Well known Restorationist groups related in some way to Millerism include the Jehovah's Witnesses, World Mission Society Church of God, the Restored Church of God, and the Kingdom of Jesus Christ. There are a little over 7 million Restorationist Christians.
Stone-Campbell Restoration movement
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
Churches of Christ
Churches of Christ (non-institutional)
Churches of Christ in Australia
Evangelical Christian Church in Canada (Christian Disciples)
Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ
International Christian Church
International Churches of Christ
Millerism and comparable groups
Millerites
Adventist movement (Sunday observing)
Advent Christian Church
Church of the Blessed Hope
Church of God General Conference
Adventist movement (Seventh Day Sabbath/Saturday observing)
Original denominations
Church of God (Seventh-Day)
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Splinter denominations
Adventist Church of Promise
Charismatic Adventism
Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church
Sabbath Rest Advent Church
Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
International Missionary Society of Seventh-Day Adventist Church Reform Movement
True and Free Seventh-day Adventists
Shepherd's Rod
Branch Davidians
United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church
United Seventh-Day Brethren
Quaker
Quakers, or Friends, are members of various movements united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within, or "that of God in every person".
Conservative Friends
Friends United Meeting
Evangelical Friends Church International
Friends General Conference
New Foundation Fellowship
Shakers
Shakers
Plymouth Brethren
Plymouth Brethren is a conservative, low church, non-conformist, evangelical Christian movement whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism.
Exclusive Brethren
Indian Brethren
Kerala Brethren Assembly
Open Brethren
Church Assembly Hall or Local Churches
Gospel Hall Brethren or Gospel Hall Assemblies
Needed Truth Brethren or The Churches of God
Irvingist
The Catholic Apostolic churches were born out of the 1830s revival started in London by the teachings of Edward Irving, and out of the resultant Catholic Apostolic Church movement.
Catholic Apostolic Church
New Apostolic Church
United Apostolic Church
Old Apostolic Church
Restored Apostolic Mission Church
Pentecostal and Charismatic
Pentecostalism and Charismatic Christianity began in the 1900s. The two movements emphasize direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit. They represent some of the largest growing movements in Protestant Christianity. As a result of the two movements, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal was established. According to the Pew Research Center, Pentecostals and Charismatics numbered some 280 million people in 2011.
Alamo Christian Foundation
Apostolic Church (denomination)
Apostolic Faith Church
Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God
Apostolic Pastoral Congress
Assemblies of God
Associated Brotherhood of Christians
C3 Church Global
Celestial Church of Christ
Charisma Christian Church
Christ Gospel Churches International
Christian Assemblies International
Christian Church of North America
Christian Congregation in the United States
Christian Open Door Church
Church of God by Faith
Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee)
Church of God (Chattanooga)
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
The Church of God for All Nations
Church of God (Full Gospel) in India
Church of God, House of Prayer
Church of God (Huntsville, Alabama)
Church of God in Christ
Church of God (Jerusalem Acres)
Church of God Mountain Assembly
Church of God of Prophecy
Church of God of the Original Mountain Assembly
Church of God of the Union Assembly
Church of God with Signs Following
Congregational Holiness Church
CRC Churches International
Deeper Life Bible Church
Destiny Church
Elim Pentecostal Church
Evangelical Pentecostal Church of Besançon
The Foursquare Church
Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas
God is Love Pentecostal Church
Hillsong Church
Independent Assemblies of God, International
Indian Pentecostal Church of God
International Assemblies of God Fellowship
International Fellowship of Christian Assemblies
International Pentecostal Holiness Church
International Pentecostal Church of Christ
Mount Sinai Holy Church of America
New Life Churches
Open Bible Standard Churches
Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada
Pentecostal Assemblies of God of America
Pentecostal Church of God
Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church
The Pentecostal Mission
Potter's House Christian Fellowship
Redeemed Christian Church of God
Revival Centres International
The Revival Fellowship
Soldiers of the Cross Church
United Gospel Tabernacles
United Holy Church of America
United House of Prayer For All People
The Wesleyan Church
Other Charismatic movements
Calvary Chapel
Charismatic Episcopal Church
City Harvest Church
Every Nation
International Christian Fellowship
Jesus Army
Ministries Without Borders
Sovereign Grace Church
Neo-charismatic movement
Association of Vineyard Churches
Bible Christian Mission
Born Again Movement
Christ Embassy
Church on the Rock- International
Destiny Church Groningen
New Life Fellowship Association
Newfrontiers
El Lugar de Su Presencia
Uniting and united
These united or uniting churches are the result of a merger between distinct denominational churches (e.g., Lutherans and Calvinists). As ecumenism progresses, unions between various Protestants are becoming more and more common, resulting in a growing number of united and uniting churches. Major examples of uniting churches are the United Protestant Church of France (2013) and the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2004). Churches are listed here when their disparate heritage marks them as inappropriately listed in the particular categories above.
China Christian Council
Christian and Missionary Alliance
Evangelical Association of Reformed and Congregational Christian Churches
Church of Bangladesh (Anglican)
Church of North India (Anglican)
Church of Pakistan (Anglican)
Church of South India (Anglican)
Evangelical Church in Germany
Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren
Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy
Protestant Church in the Netherlands
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches
United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands
United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
United Church of Canada
United Church of Christ
United Church of Christ in Japan
United Church of Christ in the Philippines
Uniting Church in Australia
United Protestant Church of France
Free Evangelical Churches
Free Evangelical Churches
Evangelical
The term Evangelical appears with the reformation and reblossoms in the 18th century and in the 19th century. Evangelical Protestantism modernly understood is an inter-denominational Protestant movement which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement.
African Evangelicalism
Evangelical Church of West Africa
P'ent'ay
P'ent'ay, simply known as Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelicalism are a group of indigenous Protestant Eastern Baptist, Lutheran, Pentecostal, and Mennonite denominations in full communion with each other and believe that Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelicalism are the reformation of the current Orthodox Tewahedo churches as well as the restoration of it to original Ethiopian Christianity. They uphold that in order for a person to be saved one has to accept Jesus as their Lord and Savior for the forgiveness of sins; and to receive Christ one must be "born again" (). Its members make up a significant portion of the 2 million Eastern Protestant tradition.
Kale Heywet (Word of Life) Church
Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (Place of Jesus)
Mulu Wongel (Full Gospel Believers) Church
Meserete Kristos (Christ Foundation) Church
Assembly of God
Asian-initiated churches
Asian-initiated churches are those arising from Chinese and Japanese regions that were formed during repression in authoritarian eras as responses from government crackdowns of their old Christian denominations which were deemed illegal or unrecognized in their countries' state atheism or religion.
Chinese Independent Churches
Evangelical Free Church of China
Local Church movement
Japanese Independent Churches
Non-church movement
Zion Christian Church (Japan)
Malaysian Evangelicalism
Borneo Evangelical Church (SIb Malaysia)
North American Evangelicalism
Evangelical Free Church of Canada
South American Evangelicalism
Evangelical Lutheran Church of São Paulo
Evangelical Church of the River Plate
Evangelical Presbyterian and Reformed Church in Peru
Internet churches
LifeChurch.tv
Eastern Protestant
These churches resulted from a post–1800s reformation of Eastern Christianity, in line with Protestant beliefs and practices.
Evangelical Orthodox Church
Mar Thoma Syrian Church
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
Other Protestant churches and movements
These are denominations, movements, and organizations deriving from mainstream Protestantism but are not classifiable under historic or current Protestant movements nor as parachurch organizations.
Associated Gospel Churches of Canada (AGC)
Believers' Church in India
Believers Eastern Church
Brunstad Christian Church
The Christian Community
Church of Christ, Instrumental (Kelleyites)
Cooneyites (not to be confused with Christian Conventions, above)
Evangelical Covenant Church of America (Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant)
Evangelical Free Church of America
Family International
Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches
Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches
Gloriavale Christian Community
Grace Movement Churches
Great Commission Association
Indian Shakers
Inspirationalists (Amana Church Society)
Jesus Movement
Local Churches
Methernitha
Metropolitan Community Churches
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers
Universal Life
Universal Alliance
The Way International
The African Church
Apostles of Johane Maranke
Christ Apostolic Church
Church of the Lord (Aladura)
Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim
Kimbanguist Church
Zion Christian Church
Independent sacramental
Independent sacramental churches refer to a loose collection of individuals and Christian denominations who are not part of the historic sacramental Christian denominations (such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox churches) and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently while utilizing "Old Catholic", "Catholic", or "Autocephalous Orthodox" labels. Many such groups originated from schisms of these larger denominations, and they claim to have preserved the historical episcopate or apostolic succession, though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of Rome, Constantinople, the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht, and the Church of England.
Independent Catholic
Independent Catholic churches arguably began in 1724. The Independent Catholic churches self-identify as either Western or Eastern Catholic although they are not affiliated with or recognized by the Catholic Church.
American Catholic Church in the United States
American National Catholic Church
Antiochian Catholic Church in America
Augustana Catholic Church
Archdiocese of the Old Catholic Church of America
Argentine Catholic Apostolic Church
Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)
Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church
Catholic Christian Church
Catholic Life Church
Catholic Mariavite Church
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
Christ Catholic Church
Community of the Lady of All Nations
Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen
Ecumenical Catholic Church
Ecumenical Catholic Communion
Evangelical Catholic Church (Independent Catholic)
Fraternité Notre-Dame
Free Catholic Church, in Germany
Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation
Istituto Mater Boni Consilii
Liberal Catholic Church
Mariavite Church (not to be confused with the Catholic Mariavite Church)
Most Holy Family Monastery
Old Catholic Church
Old Catholic Church of America
Old Catholic Apostolic Church
Old Catholic Mariavite Church
Old Roman Catholic Church in North America
Old Roman Catholic Church in America
Old Roman Catholic Church in Great Britain
Palmarian Catholic Church
Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan Church)
Polish National Catholic Church
Rabelados
Reformed Catholic Church, in Venezuela
St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (St. Louis, Missouri)
Society of St. Pius V
Traditionalist Mexican-American Catholic Church
True Catholic Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church
Venezuelan Catholic Apostolic Church
Independent Eastern Orthodox
These churches consider themselves Eastern Orthodox but are not in communion with the main bodies of Eastern Orthodoxy. Some of these denominations consider themselves as part of True Orthodoxy or the Old Believers.
Abkhazian Orthodox Church
American Orthodox Catholic Church
Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate
Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
Lusitanian Catholic Orthodox Church
Macedonian Orthodox Church
Montenegrin Orthodox Church (1993)
Orthodox Church in Italy
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical
True Orthodoxy
True Orthodoxy, or Genuine Orthodoxy, is a movement of Eastern Orthodox churches that separated from the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church over issues of ecumenism and calendar reform since the 1920s.
Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Old Calendar Romanian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church
Serbian True Orthodox Church
Old Believers
Russian Old Believers refused to accept the liturgical and ritual changes made by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Several Old Believer denominations have reunified with the Russian Orthodox Church and subsequent wider Eastern Orthodox communion.
Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church (Belokrinitskaya)
Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church (Belokrinitskaya)
Russian Old-Orthodox Church (Novozybkovskaya)
Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church (Pomortsy)
Independent Oriental Orthodox
Those are churches which claim to be Oriental Orthodox, but are not in communion with the main Oriental Orthodox churches.
British Orthodox Church
Malabar Independent Syrian Church
Syncretic Orthodoxy
Syncretic Orthodox churches blend with other denominations outside of Eastern Orthodoxy and are not in communion with the main body of Eastern nor Oriental Orthodoxies. These bodies may also be considered part of Eastern Protestant Christianity or the Convergence Movement.
Church of God and Saints of Christ (Orthodox Christianity)
Evangelical Orthodox Church
Communion of Western Orthodox Churches
Celtic Orthodox Church
French Orthodox Church
Orthodox Church of the Gauls
Antiochian Catholic Church in America
Orthodox-Catholic Church of America
Miscellaneous
The following are independent and non-mainstream movements, denominations and organizations formed during various times in the history of Christianity by splitting from mainline Catholicism, Eastern or Oriental Orthodoxy, or Protestantism not classified in the previous lists.
Independent Russian
Doukhobors
Imiaslavie (Onomatodoxy)
Inochentism
Southcottist
Christian Israelite Church
House of David (commune)
Panacea Society
Christian Identitist
Christian Identity
Assembly of Christian Soldiers
Church of Israel, Schell City, Missouri
Church of Jesus Christ–Christian (Aryan Nations)
The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord
Kingdom Identity Ministries, Harrison, Arkansas
LaPorte Church of Christ, Fort Collins, Colorado
Independent/Isolated
House of Aaron
Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC/Unification Church/Unification Movement)
The Process Church of The Final Judgment
Trinitarian Universalism
Brotherhood Church
United House of Prayer for All People
Lord’s Resistance Army
Mita Congregation (USA / Puerto Rico)
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Twelve Tribes communities
Westboro Baptist Church
Nontrinitarian
These groups or organizations diverge from historic trinitarian theology (usually based on the Council of Nicaea) with different interpretations of Nontrinitarianism.
Oneness Pentecostalism
Apostolic Assemblies of Christ
Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus
Apostolic Gospel Church of Jesus Christ
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ
Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
Pentecostal Churches of Christ
True Jesus Church
United Pentecostal Church International
Unitarian and Universalism
American Unitarian Association (consolidated with the Universalist Church of America to form the Unitarian Universalist Association and Unitarian Universalism)
Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship
American Unitarian Conference
Christian Universalist Association
International Council of Unitarians and Universalists
General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches
Unitarian Christian Association
Unitarian Church of Transylvania
Unitarisk Kirkesamfund
Polish Brethren
Socinianism
Unitarian Christian Conference USA
Unitarian Christian Emerging Church
Universalist Church of America (consolidated with the American Unitarian Association to form the Unitarian Universalist Association and Unitarian Universalism)
Nontrinitarian Restorationism
American Israelism and Latter Day Saint movement
Most Latter Day Saint denominations are derived from the Church of Christ established by Joseph Smith in 1830. The largest worldwide denomination of this movement, and the one publicly recognized as Mormonism, is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Some sects, known as the "Prairie Saints", broke away because they did not recognize Brigham Young as the head of the church, and did not follow him West in the mid-1800s. Other sects broke away over the abandonment of practicing plural marriage after the 1890 Manifesto. Other denominations are defined by either a belief in Joseph Smith as a prophet or acceptance of the Book of Mormon as scripture. The Latter Day Saints comprise a little over 16 million members collectively.
Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
"Prairie Saint" Latter Day Saints
Church of Christ (Temple Lot) (Hedrickites)
Church of Christ with the Elijah Message
Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
Community of Christ
Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Independent RLDS / Restoration Branches
Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Restored Church of Jesus Christ (Eugene O. Walton)
"Rocky Mountain" Latter Day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Fundamentalist Rocky Mountain Latter Day Saints
Apostolic United Brethren
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS)
Latter Day Church of Christ (Kingston Clan)
The True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days
Other Latter Day Saint denominations
Fellowships of the Remnant
Restoration Church of Jesus Christ (extinct)
British Israelism
Armstrongism (World Wide Church Of God)
British-Israel-World Federation
World Wide Church of God splinter groups
Church of God International (United States)
Intercontinental Church of God
Living Church of God
Philadelphia Church of God
Restored Church of God
United Church of God
United Seventh-Day Brethren
Bible Students and splinter groups
Christian Millennial Fellowship
Dawn Bible Students Association
Friends of Man
Jehovah's Witnesses
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Pastoral Bible Institute
Other Nontrinitarian restorationists
Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ)
Kingdom of Jesus Christ
Jesus Miracle Crusade
La Luz del Mundo
Members Church of God International
Swedenborgianism
General Church of the New Jerusalem
Lord's New Church Which Is Nova Hierosolyma
Swedenborgian Church of North America
Christian Science
Church of Christ, Scientist
Eschatology (religious movement)
Esoteric Christianity (Gnosticism)
Anthroposophical Society
Archeosophical Society
Behmenism
Ecclesia Gnostica
Lectorium Rosicrucianum
Martinism
The Rosicrucian Fellowship
Societas Rosicruciana
Spiritualist Church
Theosophy
Universal White Brotherhood
Other Nontrinitarians
Christadelphians
Church of the Blessed Hope
Church of God (Seventh-Day)
The Church of Almighty God
Family Federation for World Peace and Unification
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church
Keraites
Some Quakers
Spiritual Christians from Russia
Tolstoyan movement
Two by Twos ("Christian Conventions")
United Church of God
Universal Alliance
World Mission Society Church of God
Judeo-Christian
Messianic Judaism
Chosen People Ministries
Hebrew Christian movement
International Messianic Jewish Alliance
Jews for Jesus
Messianic Jewish Alliance of America
Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations
Black Hebrew Israelites
African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
Beth Shalom
Church of God and Saints of Christ
Church of God and Saints of Christ (Orthodox Christianity)
Commandment Keepers
Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
Nation of Yahweh
Other groups
Assemblies of Yahweh
Hebrew Roots
Makuya
Sacred Name Movement
Yahweh's Assembly in Yahshua
Subbotniks
Yehowists
Parachurch
Parachurch organizations are Christian faith-based organizations that work outside and across denominations to engage in social welfare and evangelism. These organizations are not churches but work with churches or represent a coalition of churches.
Action of Churches Together in Scotland
Bose Monastic Community
Byzantine Discalced Carmelites
Campus Crusade for Christ
Canadian Council of Churches
Christian Churches Together in the USA
Churches Together in Britain and Ireland
Churches Together in England
Churches Uniting in Christ
Conference of European Churches
Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue
Edinburgh Churches Together
Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius
Intervarsity Christian Fellowship
Iona Community
National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.
New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist
New Monasticism related Communities
Pentecostal Charismatic Peace Fellowship
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
Reasons to Believe
Scripture Union
Society of Ordained Scientists
Stand to Reason
Taizé Community
The Gospel Coalition
World Alliance of Reformed Churches
World Council of Churches
World Evangelical Alliance
World Student Christian Federation
Young Life
Youth for Christ
Youth With A Mission
Ideologies
A Christian movement is a theological, political, or philosophical interpretation of Christianity that is not necessarily represented by a specific church, sect, or denomination.
24-7 Prayer Movement
Arianism
Semi-Arianism
Arminianism
British Israelism
British New Church Movement
Calvinism
Campbellism
Charismatic movement
Christian anarchism
Christian atheism
Christian communism
Christian democracy
Distributism
Social Credit
Christian existentialism
Christian Family Movement
Christian feminism
Christian Identity (White Supremacist)
Christian left
Christian nationalism
Christian naturism
Christian pacifism
Christian right
Christian socialism
Christian Torah-submission
Christian vegetarianism
Christian Zionism
Confessing Movement
Continual Prayer Movement
Convergence Movement
Countercult Movement
Creationism
Old Earth Creationism
Young Earth Creationism
Evolutionary creationism
Emerging Church Movement
Evangelicalism
German Christians (movement) (Nazi)
Gnosticism
Green Christianity
House church (or Simple church)
Jesus Movement
Judaizers
LGBT and Denominations
Liberation theology
Palestinian liberation theology
Lutheranism
Marcionism
Millerism
Neo-orthodoxy
Neo-Charismatic
Paleo-orthodoxy
Pelagianism
Semi-Pelagianism
Positive Christianity (Nazi)
Postmodern Christianity
Progressive Christianity (Liberal Christianity)
Prosperity Theology
Queer theology
Quiverfull
Reformed Christianity
Restorationism
Romanism
Shepherding Movement
Wesleyanism
Syncretic
New Thought
The relation of New Thought to Christianity is not defined as exclusive; some of its adherents see themselves as solely practicing Christianity, while adherents of Religious Science say "yes and no" to the question of whether they consider themselves to be Christian in belief and practice, leaving it up to the individual to define oneself spiritually.
Church of Divine Science
Church of the Truth
Home of Truth
The Infinite Way
Psychiana
Religious Science
Seicho-no-Ie
Unity Church
Universal Foundation for Better Living
Other syncretists
The relation of these movements to other Christian ideas can be remote. They are listed here because they include some elements of Christian practice or beliefs, within religious contexts which may be only loosely characterized as Christian.
Candomblé
Cao Đài
Chrislam
Cult of Santa Muerte
Vodou
Native American Church
Pilgrims of Arès
Rastafari movement
Santería
Santo Daime
Umbanda
Voodoo
See also
Denominationalism
East–West Schism
Eastern Christianity
List of Christian denominations by number of members
List of current Christian leaders
List of the largest Protestant denominations
List of religions and spiritual traditions
List of religious organizations
Timeline of Christianity
Western Christianity
References
|
[
0.6240005493164062,
0.7262606024742126,
-0.4296152889728546,
-0.18809790909290314,
-0.26923003792762756,
0.22036705911159515,
0.8005036115646362,
0.8077414035797119,
-0.5423831939697266,
-0.0543423630297184,
-0.0385272242128849,
0.023390868678689003,
-0.07224176079034805,
0.47920483350753784,
0.03728665038943291,
0.4464869499206543,
0.04905679076910019,
0.8100583553314209,
-0.4423789978027344,
0.11744537949562073,
-0.5523613095283508,
0.08872862905263901,
0.24450765550136566,
-0.312637060880661,
0.1855677366256714,
0.18656590580940247,
0.3562777638435364,
-0.3808338940143585,
-0.16146010160446167,
-0.15366151928901672,
0.36730435490608215,
0.9625602960586548,
0.4836950898170471,
0.15231896936893463,
0.14520759880542755,
-0.26822859048843384,
0.722393274307251,
-0.3941490948200226,
0.20951023697853088,
-0.8441081047058105,
-0.06634137779474258,
-0.9237052798271179,
0.50313800573349,
0.5581315755844116,
-0.16565436124801636,
-0.10703036934137344,
-1.2272589206695557,
-0.07455241680145264,
-0.9358752965927124,
0.23423226177692413,
-0.003204073291271925,
-0.7793223857879639,
0.24852551519870758,
0.2584827244281769,
-0.020288262516260147,
0.40327125787734985,
-0.40782564878463745,
-0.07095879316329956,
0.10227862745523453,
-0.048598386347293854,
0.35322147607803345,
0.07614617049694061,
0.7268130779266357,
-0.29545366764068604,
0.5333402752876282,
-0.17711418867111206,
-0.2422652542591095,
0.3595660328865051,
-0.7996107339859009,
-0.6827614903450012,
-0.19079670310020447,
-0.2926507890224457,
-0.23181156814098358,
0.1923932284116745,
-0.17905813455581665,
-0.1227191761136055,
-0.0983334481716156,
0.13012093305587769,
0.17359603941440582,
-0.5600913763046265,
-0.5480685234069824,
0.7114598155021667,
0.11279096454381943,
0.09077391773462296,
0.11637425422668457,
0.030580636113882065,
-0.24904803931713104,
-0.41418859362602234,
-0.027791276574134827,
0.6868794560432434,
0.39964985847473145,
0.13798896968364716,
0.4616404175758362,
0.40489840507507324,
-0.28204432129859924,
-0.4542273283004761,
0.2067841738462448,
-0.29265543818473816,
-0.27127307653427124,
0.22481375932693481,
-0.020076148211956024,
0.09710193425416946,
-0.05993545055389404,
-0.3889245390892029,
-0.5961642265319824,
0.2230561375617981,
0.06789088249206543,
0.29905766248703003,
-0.019743962213397026,
-0.31392988562583923,
-0.697462797164917,
0.3284226953983307,
-0.16515769064426422,
0.5936829447746277,
-0.4121258854866028,
-0.06874695420265198,
0.11918143182992935,
-0.5331516265869141,
-0.6511204838752747,
-0.41791367530822754,
-0.4725353419780731,
0.42953068017959595,
-0.04339640587568283,
-0.3858933746814728,
0.3129827082157135,
0.48307865858078003,
0.7070789933204651,
0.4877244830131531,
-0.6255464553833008,
0.05921303480863571,
0.003000397700816393,
0.47736936807632446,
-0.13770990073680878,
-0.18618620932102203,
0.11214878410100937,
-0.3585774898529053,
0.08034981787204742,
-0.0655457079410553,
0.49880632758140564,
0.5352259874343872,
-0.5967224836349487,
-0.34879398345947266,
-0.32485276460647583,
0.03447331115603447,
0.06824304908514023,
-0.47707223892211914,
-0.22929592430591583,
-0.3120557367801666,
-0.6355916261672974,
0.07253963500261307,
0.0059637040831148624,
-0.10319412499666214,
-0.09372889995574951,
0.10635281354188919,
0.002039615297690034,
0.11596930027008057,
0.7769346237182617,
-0.29859697818756104,
0.13085047900676727,
0.18093839287757874,
-0.24192509055137634,
-0.03560619428753853,
-0.05244395136833191,
-0.463445782661438,
-0.015035265125334263,
0.4123196601867676,
-0.06707088649272919,
0.542351245880127,
-0.09635265171527863,
0.16630519926548004,
-0.5611239671707153,
-0.21258346736431122,
-0.11063505709171295,
0.11209307610988617,
-0.13299225270748138,
0.0062599023804068565,
0.6835498213768005,
0.17508818209171295,
0.3558669090270996,
0.3102083206176758,
-0.5603159070014954,
0.25448164343833923,
0.07453111559152603,
-0.12397363781929016,
-0.01493409276008606,
-0.09565704315900803,
-0.11445885896682739,
0.2684830129146576,
-0.24147193133831024,
0.1441183239221573,
0.1009768545627594,
-0.27743425965309143,
0.05791567265987396,
-0.4034641683101654,
1.2598727941513062,
-0.6611672639846802,
-0.6339659094810486,
0.1953716278076172,
-0.27565622329711914,
-0.10241391509771347,
-0.2558302581310272,
-0.10836704820394516,
-0.11745896935462952,
0.17590980231761932,
-0.5579845309257507,
0.7115939855575562,
0.3847234845161438,
0.2964966297149658,
0.2920311689376831,
-0.15091273188591003,
0.38218584656715393,
-0.15993498265743256,
0.12749993801116943,
0.003591981716454029,
0.27790454030036926,
0.09373055398464203,
-0.6904348731040955,
0.5786712169647217,
0.059258852154016495,
-0.3354710340499878,
0.4887325167655945,
-0.4454219937324524,
0.17062298953533173,
0.10128679126501083,
-0.2305590808391571,
-0.030933480709791183,
-0.08663717657327652,
0.01956143230199814,
0.3601410388946533,
-0.14864638447761536,
0.9665473699569702,
-0.16594088077545166,
0.19836145639419556,
-0.4600450098514557,
-0.4604063034057617,
-0.08172581344842911,
-0.07518496364355087,
0.02699463441967964,
0.19330890476703644,
-0.3188013434410095,
0.012468540109694004,
-0.12631262838840485,
-0.6804506182670593,
-0.22371630370616913,
-0.03745967894792557,
-0.19081127643585205,
-0.736229419708252,
-0.020149100571870804,
-0.35352128744125366,
0.19008800387382507,
0.004038655664771795,
-0.04884457215666771,
0.5065286755561829,
0.019153758883476257,
0.3311970829963684,
0.0703190416097641,
0.26496651768684387,
0.08008123934268951,
-0.08566241711378098,
0.17312514781951904,
-0.2717444598674774,
-0.07586454600095749,
0.16338206827640533,
-0.08086248487234116,
-0.4034872055053711,
-0.40763434767723083,
0.045366186648607254,
-0.1536940634250641,
0.2155447155237198,
0.6764637231826782,
0.2398432046175003,
0.3290044963359833,
-0.5269965529441833,
-0.18165706098079681,
-0.03120928630232811,
-0.22695958614349365,
0.41407397389411926,
0.2169121503829956,
-0.022244231775403023,
-0.2806242108345032,
-0.7032742500305176,
-0.13129588961601257,
0.2694378197193146,
-0.630096435546875,
-0.2640719413757324,
-0.3359801471233368,
0.6475284099578857,
-0.6718732118606567,
0.02573569118976593,
-0.1021372526884079,
-0.26116999983787537,
0.6631120443344116,
0.22950221598148346,
-0.35789522528648376,
0.39684736728668213,
0.12395566701889038,
0.23524364829063416,
-0.03365863859653473,
-0.5432327389717102,
-0.24275340139865875,
-0.8982802033424377,
0.33833804726600647,
0.33772730827331543,
-0.09639120101928711,
0.3275693655014038,
0.1739693433046341,
-0.20186148583889008,
0.04435577616095543,
-5.928999900817871,
0.09842327982187271,
-0.5266002416610718,
-0.7063077688217163,
-0.25429797172546387,
0.2950635850429535,
0.8410407304763794,
-0.369112491607666,
0.2209027111530304,
-0.14835616946220398,
-0.09087758511304855,
0.36510252952575684,
0.06701278686523438,
0.6052647233009338,
0.7362814545631409,
0.3281542658805847,
0.6756798028945923,
0.3860951066017151,
-0.2206980586051941,
0.1610030233860016,
0.14592622220516205,
-0.06935381889343262,
0.24934589862823486,
0.5008183717727661,
-0.12313985824584961,
0.24404697120189667,
-0.1369214802980423,
0.24723155796527863,
0.1493866890668869,
0.11740314215421677,
0.20474685728549957,
0.18283699452877045,
-0.05611920729279518,
-0.8078832626342773,
-0.21395215392112732,
0.31778663396835327,
0.30338501930236816,
0.19041316211223602,
0.05699855089187622,
-0.42973315715789795,
-0.11111133545637131,
0.11502226442098618,
-0.1572016030550003,
-0.33919110894203186,
0.30748268961906433,
-0.08851811289787292,
-0.41265255212783813,
0.26326242089271545,
-0.7978644967079163,
0.5640926361083984,
-0.668674111366272,
0.13420620560646057,
0.501696765422821,
0.06109139323234558,
0.46459686756134033,
-0.2948172390460968,
0.6343422532081604,
0.07228236645460129,
-0.15903416275978088,
0.2254870980978012,
0.4656386077404022,
-0.13342903554439545,
0.060178544372320175,
-0.2597370445728302,
-0.22624117136001587,
-0.2794801890850067,
-1.3036161661148071,
-0.14031539857387543,
0.6888508796691895,
-0.16075512766838074,
-0.8818269371986389,
-0.3443223834037781,
-0.09320754557847977,
-0.7340472936630249,
-0.030493145808577538,
-0.31908896565437317,
0.14638085663318634,
0.19163118302822113,
0.13807298243045807,
0.599978506565094,
-0.41833895444869995,
0.17396922409534454,
-0.28067171573638916,
0.08188114315271378,
0.25444042682647705,
0.07989731431007385,
-0.39787545800209045,
0.03745153173804283,
-0.5896228551864624,
-0.46742531657218933,
0.3027200996875763,
-0.2481260597705841,
0.3693889081478119,
0.19404232501983643,
0.5318402647972107,
0.4084750711917877,
0.36502155661582947,
0.1350521445274353,
0.5900549292564392,
-0.5256162285804749,
0.6192854642868042,
-0.04358350485563278,
-0.027996646240353584,
-0.20085875689983368,
-0.2130817025899887,
-0.3832223117351532,
-0.22885644435882568,
0.36576470732688904,
0.31869426369667053,
-0.16070055961608887,
0.38663914799690247,
-0.03839542344212532,
-0.3581556975841522,
-0.6167997717857361,
0.03235986828804016,
0.3694031238555908,
-0.33878642320632935,
0.33264070749282837,
0.37452495098114014,
0.47831207513809204,
0.2511625289916992,
-0.1104271188378334,
-0.15011142194271088,
-0.17829595506191254,
-0.7154431939125061,
-0.27054494619369507,
-0.35663679242134094,
-0.22708922624588013,
-0.24661606550216675,
0.1841413825750351,
0.8339022994041443,
0.5536187291145325,
0.2238415777683258,
-0.07689957320690155,
0.2016054391860962,
0.19278012216091156,
0.06627985090017319,
-0.15034258365631104,
-0.37964269518852234,
-0.7054561376571655,
0.0774984136223793,
-0.0757359117269516,
-0.2826152741909027,
0.8094469904899597,
0.3979913890361786,
0.08460969477891922,
-0.1537042260169983,
0.3793083727359772,
0.2020283043384552,
0.8964171409606934,
0.25106486678123474,
-0.16595172882080078,
0.5431907176971436,
0.049269985407590866,
-0.3959614634513855,
0.28732722997665405,
0.5817543268203735,
0.16974221169948578,
-0.5195650458335876,
-0.7367108464241028,
-0.3105604350566864,
-0.26667556166648865,
-0.747344970703125,
-0.04736630246043205,
0.39980754256248474,
-0.4102450907230377,
-0.8682928681373596,
0.24634410440921783,
0.17868675291538239,
0.5480199456214905,
0.08038687705993652,
-0.052173081785440445,
-0.4749034643173218,
-0.07126490771770477,
0.3631843626499176,
0.032974112778902054,
0.32633697986602783,
0.14743313193321228,
-0.6499028205871582,
-0.13480991125106812,
0.15930689871311188,
-0.3809165358543396,
-0.2270839810371399,
0.056994691491127014,
0.4781930148601532,
0.28189629316329956,
-0.01637973263859749,
-0.08212670683860779,
-0.18728068470954895,
0.11648262292146683,
0.42598310112953186,
0.04751277714967728,
0.13273318111896515,
-0.1988319605588913,
-0.11461079120635986,
-0.5038520097732544,
-0.08277656883001328,
0.3892309069633484,
0.42587530612945557,
-0.29982826113700867,
0.1566862314939499,
0.14078065752983093,
-0.18037116527557373,
-0.12472601979970932,
0.41928398609161377,
-0.355089396238327,
0.6281065344810486,
-0.3762911558151245,
-0.5723061561584473,
0.4474746882915497,
-0.2518348693847656,
-0.2265721559524536,
-0.1577853411436081,
-0.02216240018606186,
-0.18549364805221558,
0.08355158567428589,
-0.11569902300834656,
-0.41207993030548096,
-0.36372503638267517,
-0.2758014500141144,
0.8061650991439819,
0.48422351479530334,
0.07819874584674835,
-0.009234145283699036,
0.27891403436660767,
0.17043718695640564,
0.37612131237983704,
-0.3015996217727661,
-0.31197381019592285,
0.26133209466934204,
-0.15693339705467224,
-0.21896590292453766,
-0.2061808556318283,
-0.44007229804992676,
-0.3696412444114685,
-0.026430536061525345,
-0.19924047589302063,
-0.2479727566242218,
-0.042863864451646805,
0.03975981846451759,
-0.3882027566432953,
0.6429260969161987,
0.26106467843055725,
-0.843605637550354,
-0.09854655712842941,
0.308178573846817,
0.44660183787345886,
-0.2998313009738922,
-0.35087892413139343,
0.38100460171699524,
-0.015379674732685089,
-0.2614896893501282,
-0.35673245787620544,
-0.6197630167007446,
0.5011961460113525,
0.7746857404708862,
-0.7923600673675537,
0.0470886193215847,
0.16012339293956757,
0.19956448674201965,
0.13914145529270172,
-0.4655381441116333,
-0.17608308792114258,
0.17959833145141602,
0.3009561002254486,
-0.2519151270389557,
0.012747520580887794,
0.02609664388000965,
0.43285971879959106,
-0.21957184374332428,
-0.06203344091773033,
-0.08130661398172379,
0.4382455050945282,
0.4059372544288635,
0.28113389015197754,
-0.037254296243190765,
-0.07010574638843536,
-0.34101182222366333,
-0.28005582094192505,
0.16553330421447754,
-0.6139963269233704,
-0.30910390615463257,
0.2816709280014038,
0.16730962693691254,
0.5803349614143372,
-0.6804230809211731,
0.23046979308128357,
-0.12202206254005432,
-0.17744219303131104,
-0.3731467127799988,
-0.30469685792922974,
-0.23242615163326263,
0.016185525804758072,
0.33646589517593384,
-0.0954483151435852,
0.147645965218544,
0.5786312222480774,
0.09533834457397461,
0.05282238870859146,
-0.06627757102251053,
0.10524480789899826,
0.5653169751167297,
0.4262496829032898,
-1.0109888315200806,
0.634494423866272,
-0.2526426911354065,
0.09212877601385117,
-0.3376259207725525,
-0.10343386977910995,
-0.2999681532382965,
0.1937396079301834,
0.40240976214408875,
0.11912568658590317,
0.5393893122673035,
-0.306061327457428,
0.041376665234565735,
0.3921138346195221,
-0.7398563623428345,
0.4907820224761963,
0.37930938601493835,
0.49458789825439453,
0.014534500427544117,
0.23782843351364136,
-0.10095833986997604,
-0.1825135201215744,
-0.059772465378046036,
-0.05404215306043625,
-0.024997398257255554,
0.06316028535366058,
0.07456266134977341,
0.5272728204727173,
0.07299735397100449,
-0.34676283597946167,
0.17436259984970093,
-1.0183480978012085,
-0.4511291980743408,
-0.06311321258544922,
0.03779078647494316,
-0.8798141479492188,
1.093150019645691,
0.2086939513683319,
0.38822653889656067,
-0.05253518745303154,
0.14057199656963348,
-0.42423301935195923,
0.25954365730285645,
-0.45755815505981445,
0.0916718989610672,
0.024752693250775337,
0.3530479669570923,
0.44137251377105713,
-0.20984217524528503,
0.43267324566841125,
0.314799427986145,
0.3711034953594208,
-0.5521659255027771,
0.45512548089027405,
-0.1944107562303543,
-0.08553574234247208,
-0.6372391581535339,
-0.553250253200531,
0.46408045291900635,
0.2110687792301178,
0.3702022433280945,
0.5431028008460999,
0.05153530463576317,
0.032860614359378815,
-0.5697664022445679,
-0.45094016194343567,
0.2801910638809204,
0.18308891355991364,
0.46130168437957764,
-0.16874046623706818,
0.29631170630455017,
-0.19285644590854645,
-0.025096453726291656,
0.5236012935638428,
0.43307986855506897,
0.036614224314689636,
-0.5158169269561768,
-0.3265582025051117,
-0.45169395208358765,
-0.28166428208351135,
-0.9743191003799438,
0.36910292506217957,
0.47233137488365173,
0.11634749919176102,
0.6221634149551392,
-0.48017001152038574,
0.33280426263809204,
0.49057188630104065,
-0.34999319911003113,
0.668149471282959,
-0.3307221829891205,
-0.9635687470436096,
0.11454503238201141,
-0.26289474964141846,
0.6327828764915466,
0.28096964955329895,
-0.40343883633613586,
-0.6227056384086609,
0.2071508765220642,
0.24865800142288208,
-0.22386100888252258,
-0.48994874954223633,
-0.1594417244195938,
-0.21840335428714752,
0.01740001142024994,
-0.42856565117836,
0.6721169352531433,
-0.0007413258426822722,
-0.493588387966156,
0.0862589105963707,
-0.14075100421905518,
-0.30372634530067444,
0.2121361792087555,
0.6190750598907471,
-0.18158940970897675,
0.1781798154115677,
-0.06968392431735992,
0.493373304605484,
-0.3890582025051117,
0.04517006874084473,
0.6167310476303101,
-0.24212872982025146,
-0.15293629467487335,
0.1990489512681961,
0.5735371112823486,
-0.5401713848114014,
0.6404573321342468,
-0.4867058992385864,
-0.055602703243494034,
-0.13557776808738708,
0.1856878250837326,
-0.39410045742988586,
-0.03649866208434105,
0.5167885422706604,
0.14215251803398132,
0.40577664971351624,
-0.5083447098731995,
-0.1427718847990036,
-0.4266708791255951,
-0.16441766917705536,
-0.05582001060247421,
-0.5961971879005432,
0.3272267282009125,
0.2994897961616516,
0.10113263130187988,
-0.8096539974212646,
0.09174354374408722,
0.14677421748638153,
-0.5740192532539368,
0.25704506039619446,
-0.033301278948783875,
0.07722800225019455,
-0.37205663323402405,
0.6753143072128296,
0.08313342928886414,
0.31532400846481323,
0.6073489189147949
] |
211154
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon%20Sawan%20province
|
Nakhon Sawan province
|
Nakhon Sawan (, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Kamphaeng Phet, Phichit, Phetchabun, Lopburi, Sing Buri, Chai Nat, Uthai Thani, and Tak.
Toponymy
The word nakhon originates from the Sanskrit word nagara meaning 'city', and the word sawan from Sanskrit svarga meaning 'heaven'. Hence the name of the province literally means 'city of heaven' or 'heavenly city'.
History
Nakhon Sawan province was a city since Dvaravati era. While part of the Sukhothai Kingdom, it was called Mueang Phra Bang, the southern frontier city of Sukhothai. Later within the Ayutthaya kingdom it was an important trade center because of its location at the two major rivers from the north. It also was the common meeting point of Burmese troops before moving to attack Ayutthaya. In the reign of King Taksin the Great, Phra Bang became a Siamese military base to prevent further Burmese attacks.
When King Mongkut signed the Bowring Treaty with Britain the glorious time of Nakhon Sawan began, as it became the main rice and teak trading centre. However the opening of the northern railway in 1922, the economic crisis before 1932 revolution, and finally the opening of Dejativongse bridge and Phahonyothin highway in 1950 each decreased the importance of water transportation and thus made Nakhon Sawan less important.
When in 1895 King Chulalongkorn established the monthon as part of the Thesaphiban administrative reform, Nakhon Sawan became capital city of Monthon Nakhon Sawan.
The 4th Infantry Regiment of the 3rd Area Army is based in Nakhon Sawan. It is responsible for defending the northwestern border with Burma, from Mae Hong Son in the north to Kanchanaburi in the south.
Geography
The Ping and Nan rivers merge near the city of Nakhon Sawan to form the Chao Phraya River. Mae Wong National Park, on the border with Khamphaeng Phet province, was created in 1987 to preserve the woodlands of Mae Wong-Mae Poen. The forested area covers or 9.7 percent of provincial area.
Bueng Boraphet is the largest freshwater wetland in Thailand, in total covering 212 km2. The swamp is directly east of the town Nakhon Sawan and extends into the districts of Tha Tako and Chum Saeng. During the winter months many waterfowl migrate there. Parts of the swamp, covering 106 km2, are protected as a non-hunting area.
Symbols
The provincial seal shows a Wiman, a mythological heavenly castle. This relates to the name of the province which translates to 'Heavenly City'.
The provincial tree as well as the flower is Lagerstroemia loudonii (Loudon's crape myrtle). Iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is the provincial fish.
Administrative divisions
The province is divided in 15 districts (amphoe). These are further divided into 130 subdistricts (tambon) and 1,328 villages (muban).
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Nakhon Sawan Provincial Administration Organisation () and 21 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Nakhon Sawan has city (thesaban nakhon) status and Takhli and Chum Saeng have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 18 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 121 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Transport
Roads
Nakhon Sawan lies on Route 1 (Phahonyothin Road), which runs from Bangkok through Ayutthaya and Saraburi before passing through Nakhon Sawan, then continues through Kamphaeng Phet, Lampang, and Chiang Rai until it reaches the border with Burma at Mae Sai. Route 117 leads north to Phitsanulok, and Route 225 leads east to Chaiyaphum.
Rail
Nakhon Sawan has a station, Nakhon Sawan Railway Station, on the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand. The station is on the east side of the river, opposite the main city on the west side.
Air
Nakhon Sawan is served by Nakhon Sawan Airport.
Health
Sawanpracharak Hospital is the main hospital of the province.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Festivals
Pak Nam Pho Chinese New Year Festival: Nakhon Sawan is considered a province with a large population of Thai Chinese descent. The Chinese New Year festival here is therefore a great celebration and held continuously for over 100 years along with attracts tourists from all over, both domestically and internationally.
Tak Bat Theworohana Festival: The tradition of offering food to monks during the Buddhist Lent Festival (around late October to early November before Loi Krathong) at Wat Khao Kob, a temple on the highest mountaintop of Nakhon Sawan city.
Attractions
Bueng Boraphet
Mae Wong National Park
References
External links
Province page from the Tourist Authority of Thailand
The Official Website of Nakhon Sawan from the Governor Office
Nakhon Sawan provincial map, coat of arms and postal stamp
Information and Pictures about Nakhon Sawan
Provinces of Thailand
|
[
-0.22285734117031097,
0.2783750593662262,
0.3336338400840759,
-0.22293008863925934,
-0.6997755765914917,
-0.4707331657409668,
0.844839870929718,
0.6200026869773865,
-0.7134724259376526,
-0.026402005925774574,
-0.17170529067516327,
-0.49152955412864685,
-0.6832329630851746,
0.29423266649246216,
-0.13293510675430298,
0.7841963171958923,
0.8994279503822327,
0.2274475246667862,
0.3294374644756317,
-0.5584714412689209,
-0.17902126908302307,
-0.4831269681453705,
0.5969210267066956,
-0.25938332080841064,
0.6154475212097168,
0.01014017779380083,
0.2916520833969116,
0.6134074926376343,
0.6816096305847168,
-0.019414491951465607,
-0.5886958837509155,
0.3484649658203125,
-0.40359899401664734,
-0.027346782386302948,
0.21661782264709473,
0.13918398320674896,
0.07297735661268234,
-0.0009708484285511076,
-0.32772424817085266,
0.056169405579566956,
-0.04245563596487045,
-0.20409423112869263,
-0.16179490089416504,
0.041005801409482956,
0.25639504194259644,
-1.5648387670516968,
-0.5524582862854004,
0.42553168535232544,
-0.505286455154419,
0.539581835269928,
-0.9353729486465454,
0.518743634223938,
-0.31689637899398804,
-0.16503997147083282,
0.32741180062294006,
0.4866335690021515,
-0.8126940727233887,
0.471716046333313,
-0.5203330516815186,
0.027498556300997734,
-0.12455637753009796,
0.1938365250825882,
-0.7622883915901184,
0.5608988404273987,
-0.17455632984638214,
0.2617417275905609,
0.16650007665157318,
0.35428735613822937,
-0.071274533867836,
-0.5042741894721985,
0.32105860114097595,
0.6509107947349548,
-0.06865495443344116,
0.3523673117160797,
0.009399067610502243,
-0.04841539263725281,
-0.26747384667396545,
-0.7873482704162598,
-0.2124156951904297,
-0.33569657802581787,
0.2936314046382904,
0.30300405621528625,
0.753994345664978,
0.46334290504455566,
0.5950096845626831,
0.2243349701166153,
-0.7608027458190918,
0.20392559468746185,
0.15156714618206024,
0.4540259540081024,
0.0030316635966300964,
0.2731565833091736,
0.41193753480911255,
-0.22858668863773346,
-0.25422683358192444,
-0.697466254234314,
-0.509738564491272,
0.5963414311408997,
0.3574576675891876,
0.4194125831127167,
0.19217687845230103,
-0.10919167101383209,
0.7468975186347961,
0.05155310779809952,
-1.1312447786331177,
-0.4856068193912506,
-0.650841474533081,
-0.058112625032663345,
-0.0276523157954216,
-0.27464810013771057,
-0.4563473165035248,
0.1480146199464798,
-0.025815127417445183,
0.25117599964141846,
0.4243743419647217,
0.3565898537635803,
0.5505990982055664,
-0.2891320586204529,
0.5448912382125854,
-0.48106932640075684,
0.2552456259727478,
0.28979045152664185,
-0.35622575879096985,
0.7868373394012451,
0.4635046124458313,
0.054497793316841125,
0.5062350034713745,
-0.29602572321891785,
-0.23778559267520905,
0.7146697044372559,
0.06882182508707047,
0.9399800896644592,
-0.03623039647936821,
0.10959073156118393,
-0.09495429694652557,
-0.2714003026485443,
0.4164460301399231,
0.8022404313087463,
0.231027290225029,
-0.19237110018730164,
-1.2464350461959839,
0.44931837916374207,
-0.9858081340789795,
0.08368179202079773,
0.22762168943881989,
-0.47407445311546326,
-0.6119925379753113,
-0.5493628978729248,
-0.4079805314540863,
-0.09033925086259842,
0.49950721859931946,
-0.05173414945602417,
-0.1045340821146965,
0.5963152647018433,
-0.6010303497314453,
0.28095608949661255,
0.5768570899963379,
-0.12496840953826904,
0.14325504004955292,
-0.029147276654839516,
0.10904297977685928,
-0.1023898795247078,
-0.3860503137111664,
0.009531291201710701,
0.36652466654777527,
-0.04972127452492714,
-0.1792226880788803,
0.17204402387142181,
-0.27602386474609375,
0.11435370147228241,
-0.2946694493293762,
-0.33528855443000793,
0.053443677723407745,
-0.46134477853775024,
0.12038598209619522,
-0.4615532457828522,
-0.08617237955331802,
0.7572057247161865,
-0.11280697584152222,
-0.24594534933567047,
-0.8563089370727539,
0.3152462840080261,
-0.07416753470897675,
0.1547262966632843,
0.22911900281906128,
0.287844717502594,
0.6922163367271423,
0.377230703830719,
-0.41392043232917786,
0.16763757169246674,
-0.08588163554668427,
-0.5061641931533813,
0.29153332114219666,
0.27096807956695557,
0.6639567613601685,
1.0326669216156006,
0.4377592206001282,
0.44913947582244873,
-0.15928538143634796,
1.0207257270812988,
0.13592486083507538,
0.20037607848644257,
0.5343580842018127,
-0.25951087474823,
-0.533875048160553,
0.7352521419525146,
-0.09025754034519196,
0.5591946840286255,
0.38360369205474854,
0.9314672946929932,
0.41115468740463257,
-0.8886610865592957,
-0.32216522097587585,
-0.11696910113096237,
-0.008272269740700722,
-0.30491903424263,
-0.16789282858371735,
-0.21030671894550323,
0.18516592681407928,
-0.16969549655914307,
0.14811892807483673,
0.1258130967617035,
-0.45066961646080017,
0.6489052176475525,
-0.2947617173194885,
0.82929527759552,
-0.002879662672057748,
0.3256552219390869,
-0.36363154649734497,
-0.8124451637268066,
0.6321313977241516,
-0.2822985351085663,
0.3978630006313324,
0.07715284824371338,
-0.13770614564418793,
-0.49439743161201477,
0.11402704566717148,
-0.5228603482246399,
0.3343217074871063,
-1.0344702005386353,
-0.004003968555480242,
-0.27232879400253296,
-0.3193323016166687,
0.10161910206079483,
0.5176868438720703,
0.3101308345794678,
-0.42993295192718506,
0.06718842685222626,
0.0352262444794178,
0.010668386705219746,
-0.013962142169475555,
0.08529412001371384,
0.30108803510665894,
-0.4675293266773224,
-0.21560034155845642,
0.1118544414639473,
-0.4775281846523285,
-0.04537530243396759,
0.3563705086708069,
-0.5858538150787354,
-0.6125196814537048,
0.06362851709127426,
0.8583656549453735,
-0.06414494663476944,
-0.6148362755775452,
-0.026247167959809303,
0.3399572968482971,
-0.5257846713066101,
0.4457088112831116,
0.0878743976354599,
0.09775198996067047,
-0.7234482765197754,
-0.35165515542030334,
-0.290839821100235,
-0.2561407685279846,
-0.5415010452270508,
0.2756366729736328,
0.33420097827911377,
-1.0170581340789795,
-0.7932865023612976,
0.662494421005249,
1.0703582763671875,
0.376219242811203,
-0.7255432605743408,
0.12121012061834335,
-0.17280185222625732,
-0.0012586403172463179,
-0.25655633211135864,
-0.454032838344574,
0.5358103513717651,
-0.3996693789958954,
-0.23717094957828522,
-0.5077401995658875,
-0.11552372574806213,
-0.3901166021823883,
-0.5451918840408325,
-0.46969419717788696,
0.2015914022922516,
0.917325496673584,
-0.244937926530838,
-0.7341768145561218,
0.14785917103290558,
-0.33821630477905273,
0.4382137656211853,
-0.18885096907615662,
-0.5203215479850769,
-0.044997598975896835,
-0.18440473079681396,
-4.976259231567383,
-0.5550860166549683,
-0.09245454519987106,
-0.7152578830718994,
0.24071140587329865,
-0.11643403768539429,
0.5198525786399841,
-0.737909197807312,
-0.007256400305777788,
0.2350168228149414,
-0.17337879538536072,
-0.2709507346153259,
0.143238827586174,
0.8186001777648926,
0.27666470408439636,
0.8361021876335144,
0.30518028140068054,
0.04461837559938431,
0.7760791778564453,
-0.0016717099351808429,
-0.050240568816661835,
-0.18433980643749237,
-0.39997994899749756,
0.4220326244831085,
0.0878288596868515,
1.0664945840835571,
0.11885605752468109,
-0.4806569218635559,
-1.0208443403244019,
-0.31857985258102417,
-0.5861087441444397,
0.034173622727394104,
-0.09556593000888824,
0.10212598741054535,
-0.4203392565250397,
-0.7964563965797424,
0.5448851585388184,
0.645077645778656,
0.028442788869142532,
-0.3105340003967285,
0.07180563360452652,
-0.12685531377792358,
-0.3455025255680084,
0.2235407680273056,
0.2998923361301422,
-0.5849453806877136,
-0.927514374256134,
-0.8134537935256958,
-0.3742973208427429,
0.30929186940193176,
0.6132064461708069,
0.2369907796382904,
1.0821503400802612,
-0.054113537073135376,
-0.47791504859924316,
0.1610385626554489,
0.022600768133997917,
0.043264240026474,
-0.11880400776863098,
0.4634542167186737,
0.6278629302978516,
0.1344025731086731,
-0.4340483844280243,
-0.5242030024528503,
0.2423325777053833,
-0.2775082290172577,
0.3098684847354889,
-0.10362812876701355,
0.23589545488357544,
0.38151711225509644,
-0.7693092823028564,
0.01357932761311531,
-0.6153735518455505,
-0.7098766565322876,
0.12024779617786407,
0.0346781350672245,
-0.5456957817077637,
0.3521009087562561,
0.3383921980857849,
0.04182871803641319,
-0.7556185722351074,
0.38743358850479126,
0.7400908470153809,
1.2603117227554321,
-0.16003504395484924,
-0.8533504605293274,
0.21391591429710388,
0.49619996547698975,
0.47933268547058105,
0.20307737588882446,
0.44245588779449463,
-0.6405395865440369,
0.49841395020484924,
0.3542795479297638,
0.01630343124270439,
0.160805806517601,
0.4289654791355133,
-0.22498328983783722,
0.07297222316265106,
-0.8479858636856079,
0.3587236702442169,
-0.3113226294517517,
0.08011256903409958,
-0.1925002634525299,
-0.5976158976554871,
-0.6868961453437805,
-0.06688691675662994,
0.3547162115573883,
-0.3065403699874878,
-0.03813028708100319,
-0.2508760690689087,
-0.3801599144935608,
0.287238746881485,
0.6333999037742615,
0.49704208970069885,
-0.7439637780189514,
-0.5034218430519104,
0.5008662343025208,
-0.021757997572422028,
0.5910019278526306,
-0.18344299495220184,
1.0649687051773071,
0.11554689705371857,
0.3030060827732086,
-0.2710675895214081,
-0.6753321290016174,
-0.3860032856464386,
0.5482362508773804,
-0.3194561004638672,
-0.09409621357917786,
0.45869627594947815,
-0.14937736093997955,
0.4856949746608734,
-0.5584357380867004,
-0.01486755907535553,
-0.7770537734031677,
-0.11897411197423935,
-0.39853599667549133,
-0.05163898319005966,
0.1013515293598175,
0.5995054841041565,
0.39574432373046875,
-0.19835440814495087,
0.6387884616851807,
0.3176649510860443,
-0.05094383656978607,
0.3406147062778473,
-0.03060590662062168,
-0.8447173833847046,
0.5645561814308167,
-0.856158435344696,
-1.048346996307373,
0.8663516044616699,
-0.4939528703689575,
0.051922257989645004,
-0.032906223088502884,
-0.42209601402282715,
0.35572218894958496,
0.8899267315864563,
0.20298674702644348,
-0.2718019187450409,
-0.16293592751026154,
-1.0805437564849854,
0.503639817237854,
-0.09603892266750336,
-0.6441751718521118,
0.46633121371269226,
-0.1437978297472,
-0.2183542549610138,
1.1718165874481201,
0.09703521430492401,
-0.3964889645576477,
-0.20581944286823273,
-0.09045637398958206,
0.1488078534603119,
-0.7050442099571228,
0.07815051823854446,
0.12206267565488815,
-0.43350088596343994,
0.1679246872663498,
-0.469181090593338,
-0.4462699890136719,
-0.25544455647468567,
0.49901482462882996,
0.6052525639533997,
0.2607855200767517,
-0.6072748899459839,
-0.7323631048202515,
-0.3926112651824951,
-0.07905421406030655,
0.6343287229537964,
-0.19179421663284302,
-0.3467240035533905,
0.11404673755168915,
0.05262402817606926,
-0.7707893252372742,
-0.04639025032520294,
0.7053312063217163,
-0.068934366106987,
-0.13341189920902252,
0.18071125447750092,
0.5689797401428223,
-0.07643777877092361,
0.6427128314971924,
0.14649192988872528,
-0.6430667042732239,
0.2695338726043701,
0.4068986475467682,
-0.13970783352851868,
-0.3097549378871918,
-0.6126736998558044,
0.022221524268388748,
0.3070332407951355,
0.013631600886583328,
-0.5473000407218933,
0.15837639570236206,
0.34718042612075806,
-0.26140379905700684,
0.05568884313106537,
-0.6419479846954346,
-0.6286698579788208,
-0.3259652256965637,
-0.6735624670982361,
-0.13482369482517242,
-0.7111983895301819,
0.36719557642936707,
0.5844206213951111,
-0.6516953110694885,
0.4484702944755554,
-0.8907679915428162,
-0.3081938326358795,
0.16723600029945374,
1.0643788576126099,
0.379748672246933,
-0.09620054811239243,
-0.0035251809749752283,
0.09567311406135559,
0.2215646207332611,
0.5349261164665222,
0.922752857208252,
0.004688344895839691,
0.9510841369628906,
0.14886243641376495,
-0.44937312602996826,
-0.16844378411769867,
-0.10052820295095444,
0.14921827614307404,
-0.5961586236953735,
-0.6354020237922668,
0.4485577940940857,
0.6233265995979309,
-0.2045939564704895,
-0.5714532136917114,
-0.4819815754890442,
1.2378968000411987,
-0.30121850967407227,
0.04744967445731163,
1.1035329103469849,
0.5107119083404541,
-0.17403286695480347,
-0.648647665977478,
0.029390426352620125,
-0.253644734621048,
-0.33289864659309387,
0.4656895697116852,
0.05072833597660065,
-0.7215164303779602,
-0.21812310814857483,
0.5772267580032349,
-0.24425284564495087,
-0.6171963214874268,
-0.6100968718528748,
0.054837800562381744,
-0.07755284756422043,
-0.10371643304824829,
-0.1728348284959793,
-0.5971052646636963,
-0.4414033591747284,
-0.3467104434967041,
-0.017080171033740044,
-0.6564955711364746,
-0.1399046778678894,
0.34861230850219727,
-0.38836878538131714,
0.7061368823051453,
-0.6690038442611694,
0.34252750873565674,
0.2809050381183624,
-0.47205764055252075,
0.24115563929080963,
-0.5757482051849365,
-0.3272160291671753,
-0.29186779260635376,
-0.17127585411071777,
-0.3258325755596161,
0.49439430236816406,
0.2099112868309021,
0.5620521903038025,
-0.2514655292034149,
0.3702762722969055,
-0.8417425155639648,
0.2983005940914154,
0.1730472296476364,
-0.10587938129901886,
-0.2727374732494354,
-0.08554718643426895,
0.2940649092197418,
-0.5186123847961426,
0.1061350628733635,
0.714299201965332,
0.00798069965094328,
0.5228694677352905,
0.044286321848630905,
0.5022034049034119,
-0.3501773476600647,
0.6089878082275391,
0.13509856164455414,
-0.8506021499633789,
0.033720098435878754,
0.531576931476593,
0.08151041716337204,
-0.5539926290512085,
-0.24800878763198853,
0.7048701643943787,
-0.3532921373844147,
0.6002097725868225,
-0.0203540176153183,
-0.41401341557502747,
0.30768948793411255,
0.007927515543997288,
-0.13335096836090088,
-0.1370062381029129,
-0.7189050912857056,
0.5313306450843811,
-0.36261415481567383,
-0.23051851987838745,
0.44827044010162354,
-0.9435580968856812,
-0.018906597048044205,
0.43598589301109314,
0.5466662645339966,
0.6961939930915833,
-0.03422034904360771,
-0.08785493671894073,
0.2762138247489929,
0.1944677084684372,
0.48329052329063416,
-0.2942197620868683,
0.5764477252960205,
0.061875276267528534,
0.2570313811302185,
0.35487279295921326,
-0.513298511505127,
0.0011911558685824275,
0.47227129340171814,
1.1501377820968628,
-0.6623470783233643,
-0.0967065766453743,
0.2516784369945526,
0.1018286868929863,
-0.21093609929084778,
-0.2413070648908615,
-0.8415900468826294,
0.3980639576911926,
-0.11585051566362381,
-0.14389291405677795,
0.31556782126426697,
-0.3172920346260071,
-0.1490587741136551,
0.3201034963130951,
-0.0330904945731163,
0.18749873340129852,
-0.03025790862739086,
-0.8828856945037842,
-0.39528021216392517,
0.3823745548725128,
-0.3666556477546692,
0.17586030066013336,
-0.2161354422569275,
-0.040375541895627975,
0.7611825466156006,
0.256558358669281,
0.11109165847301483,
-0.7453606128692627,
0.23645071685314178,
0.8944438695907593,
0.46216750144958496,
0.3581622540950775,
-0.08214790374040604,
0.12006250023841858,
0.14788725972175598,
0.29739677906036377,
-0.6064028739929199,
0.05484195053577423,
0.03622392565011978,
-0.24749992787837982,
-0.4828135669231415,
0.9285608530044556,
0.7557550072669983,
-0.11434686928987503,
0.4805551767349243,
-0.11172489076852798,
-0.20593546330928802,
0.8083170652389526,
0.09062192589044571,
0.7523195147514343,
-0.42260006070137024,
0.14209507405757904,
-0.8388395309448242,
0.22079329192638397,
0.32728978991508484,
0.5070133805274963,
0.49947574734687805,
0.28062719106674194,
-0.3214428424835205,
0.058990947902202606,
0.5945125222206116,
-1.1550347805023193,
0.0953918844461441,
-0.3274930715560913,
-0.39886748790740967,
-0.6503024101257324,
0.12699192762374878,
1.0531028509140015,
-0.0030603071209043264,
-0.5940887928009033,
0.2589285671710968,
0.23344969749450684,
-0.24453353881835938,
0.48152485489845276,
-0.012872983701527119,
-0.08441676199436188,
-0.5375673770904541,
-0.6688508987426758,
-0.3499114513397217,
0.5709235072135925,
0.3764132857322693,
1.2230324745178223,
0.10378026962280273,
0.08038432151079178,
-0.4123005270957947,
-0.7256180047988892,
0.27183493971824646,
0.4156701862812042,
-0.5143252015113831,
-0.2843265235424042,
-0.4280584156513214,
-0.8373966813087463,
-0.8182662129402161,
0.7216806411743164,
0.017914781346917152,
-0.18205901980400085,
0.2683142125606537,
-0.10126852989196777,
-0.4985831379890442,
0.31103047728538513,
0.2687997817993164,
-0.27995815873146057,
0.40275484323501587,
0.0496910996735096
] |
211159
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Sap (disambiguation)
|
Sap is the fluid transported in xylem cells (tracheids or vessel elements) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant.
Sap may also refer to:
Sap, a trench that was advanced towards an enemy's works during sapping
Sap, a baton weapon
Cell sap, the liquid inside the large central vacuole of a plant cell
Places
Sáp, a village in the Hajdú-Bihar county of Hungary
Le Sap, a former commune in France
Sap, Slovakia, a village in the Dunajská Streda District of Slovakia
People
Sap (producer) (born 1990), record producer and rapper
Gustave Sap (1886–1940), Belgian politician, law professor and businessman
Jolande Sap (born 1963), Dutch politician
Arts, entertainment, and media
The Sap, 1924 Broadway farce by William A. Grew
The Sap (1926 film), American silent comedy film based on play by William A. Grew
The Sap (1929 film), American sound remake of 1926 film
Sap (EP), a 1992 EP by Alice in Chains
Aunt Sap, a comic character - see Uncle Cyp and Aunt Sap Brasfield
See also
SAP (disambiguation)
Sapp (disambiguation)
Sapper (disambiguation)
SAPS (disambiguation)
|
[
-0.15938277542591095,
0.39760804176330566,
-0.10910341888666153,
0.4626992344856262,
0.052418820559978485,
0.043465111404657364,
-0.04536498337984085,
0.38989752531051636,
-0.11691083759069443,
0.05600094050168991,
-0.2896902859210968,
0.05501251295208931,
-0.3036704361438751,
0.5066673159599304,
0.43969765305519104,
0.007062880787998438,
0.292947918176651,
0.61335688829422,
0.35943374037742615,
0.09277167171239853,
-0.45117172598838806,
-0.16923704743385315,
0.0733591690659523,
-0.08207821846008301,
0.7450711727142334,
-0.277283251285553,
-0.16951733827590942,
0.2230333387851715,
-0.10025075078010559,
-0.25178053975105286,
-0.6296111345291138,
0.4789046049118042,
0.40252360701560974,
-0.5137550830841064,
0.1576748788356781,
-0.38816070556640625,
-0.6349359154701233,
-0.22382298111915588,
-0.2360948771238327,
-0.48003488779067993,
-0.5311381220817566,
-0.06152881309390068,
0.006783874239772558,
-0.17967461049556732,
-0.30839118361473083,
-0.31724512577056885,
-1.1687533855438232,
0.5509774088859558,
-0.8198139071464539,
0.5403503775596619,
-0.2197948694229126,
-0.06829895824193954,
0.333896279335022,
0.041753821074962616,
-0.26499685645103455,
0.35834771394729614,
-0.6780669093132019,
0.08392588794231415,
0.3730132579803467,
-0.3768205940723419,
-0.0884348452091217,
0.18117235600948334,
-0.30614572763442993,
0.20869627594947815,
0.61769700050354,
0.26364824175834656,
-0.3081105947494507,
0.049923013895750046,
-0.7835069894790649,
-0.36812660098075867,
-0.09445882588624954,
-0.373323917388916,
-0.2786603569984436,
0.4252690076828003,
-0.22050833702087402,
-0.3903176188468933,
-0.176495760679245,
-0.1406722366809845,
0.16293664276599884,
0.6210689544677734,
-0.546589195728302,
0.7634155750274658,
-0.12443525344133377,
-0.25291627645492554,
0.33187955617904663,
0.25160953402519226,
-0.31741079688072205,
0.5923437476158142,
-0.05848844721913338,
-0.12717075645923615,
0.13387593626976013,
0.15872135758399963,
0.5086590647697449,
-0.12739892303943634,
-0.2985762357711792,
-0.0285506509244442,
0.43352872133255005,
-0.12289956957101822,
-0.033088646829128265,
0.10734976828098297,
-0.49108535051345825,
-0.10324782878160477,
0.26908886432647705,
0.1097654327750206,
-0.008853163570165634,
0.31672149896621704,
0.14560860395431519,
0.045148611068725586,
0.19627150893211365,
0.12968696653842926,
-0.03520014509558678,
0.1053987443447113,
-0.04213698208332062,
-0.03904542699456215,
-0.3842925429344177,
0.12993696331977844,
-0.009700870141386986,
0.22882679104804993,
-0.08585574477910995,
-0.06014953926205635,
-0.4088172912597656,
0.2538414001464844,
0.1798749566078186,
-0.1789177656173706,
-0.172481507062912,
-0.2738378345966339,
-0.12446445971727371,
0.4112451672554016,
-0.5569727420806885,
0.35598281025886536,
0.2983936667442322,
0.8898637294769287,
0.23502585291862488,
0.26561275124549866,
-0.3639220595359802,
-0.15752503275871277,
0.1843954473733902,
0.4626241624355316,
0.8982889652252197,
0.07286807894706726,
-1.0227597951889038,
-0.013375455513596535,
-0.7108616232872009,
0.08625653386116028,
-0.2559632956981659,
-0.1765204817056656,
-0.49080613255500793,
-0.45473864674568176,
-0.33667322993278503,
-0.14027726650238037,
0.4186825752258301,
0.31286904215812683,
0.043327849358320236,
0.08287384361028671,
-0.13688604533672333,
0.50569087266922,
-0.2275291085243225,
0.20583078265190125,
-0.40971097350120544,
-0.30407607555389404,
-0.1819106787443161,
0.07282356172800064,
-0.005466670263558626,
-0.011400613002479076,
-0.12214362621307373,
-0.22939100861549377,
0.07595322281122208,
0.017307018861174583,
0.19030141830444336,
0.24720105528831482,
0.028605341911315918,
-0.5266204476356506,
0.27683329582214355,
-0.14048467576503754,
-0.07051028311252594,
-0.12320267409086227,
0.11046427488327026,
-0.00972694344818592,
0.27345865964889526,
0.058637745678424835,
-0.5638541579246521,
0.8265582919120789,
-0.1744639277458191,
-0.33942916989326477,
-0.2009349763393402,
0.05202792212367058,
0.35358092188835144,
-0.1052347868680954,
0.059281524270772934,
-0.33098122477531433,
-0.5663049221038818,
-0.5160948038101196,
-0.08081331104040146,
-0.18586322665214539,
1.196885108947754,
-0.28057315945625305,
-0.6651079654693604,
0.13029104471206665,
-0.05791475251317024,
-0.6046258807182312,
-0.10351447016000748,
0.41719716787338257,
0.11150914430618286,
-0.6222460865974426,
-0.7722893357276917,
0.8740038275718689,
0.30079904198646545,
-0.17728346586227417,
0.63572096824646,
0.11122869700193405,
-0.11048278957605362,
-0.5878506898880005,
0.36923080682754517,
-1.001495599746704,
0.23331347107887268,
-0.3479227125644684,
-0.6110483407974243,
-0.0608370266854763,
0.5766693353652954,
-0.09433261305093765,
0.4506482183933258,
-0.5081763863563538,
0.15731623768806458,
0.3905014395713806,
-0.4688759744167328,
0.676965594291687,
0.4178556203842163,
-0.1042652353644371,
0.5709314346313477,
-0.4414588510990143,
0.5184957981109619,
-0.2235238254070282,
0.14242435991764069,
-0.2751365005970001,
-0.6836968064308167,
0.24981719255447388,
0.2434377819299698,
-0.010133535601198673,
0.01070387102663517,
-0.12908810377120972,
0.20412389934062958,
-0.018853263929486275,
-0.53821861743927,
-0.2618624269962311,
0.3849107325077057,
-0.30389097332954407,
-0.29473230242729187,
-0.07594432681798935,
0.048489585518836975,
-0.034139521420001984,
-0.034068815410137177,
0.5825901627540588,
0.12814787030220032,
-0.1648801863193512,
0.07123296707868576,
-0.29577693343162537,
-0.19698138535022736,
0.09124160557985306,
0.49620816111564636,
-0.08199936151504517,
-0.2920946478843689,
0.14221644401550293,
-0.26511186361312866,
0.16202710568904877,
0.34548652172088623,
-0.06483426690101624,
-0.2628577947616577,
-0.11051429808139801,
0.2585738003253937,
0.6340652704238892,
0.6628901362419128,
-0.37777695059776306,
-0.6623517870903015,
-0.003825383260846138,
-0.31249141693115234,
-0.5559772849082947,
0.5512455701828003,
-0.42396605014801025,
-0.13696539402008057,
-0.5207123756408691,
0.029343213886022568,
-0.006246123928576708,
0.20516738295555115,
-0.21354979276657104,
0.10798046737909317,
0.010795189067721367,
0.008962816558778286,
0.2645532488822937,
0.3807961344718933,
-0.4617871940135956,
-0.12773771584033966,
0.1952703595161438,
-0.1839459240436554,
0.1895313411951065,
0.5032910704612732,
0.0799340009689331,
0.05584144964814186,
-0.05582524463534355,
0.4504942297935486,
-0.3629983067512512,
-0.5684612393379211,
-0.43724966049194336,
-0.238825723528862,
0.08936150372028351,
-0.010829107835888863,
0.15691260993480682,
0.19578710198402405,
-0.023033197969198227,
-6.067077159881592,
0.1330842822790146,
-0.31335970759391785,
0.0016688670730218291,
0.18936681747436523,
0.12536852061748505,
0.3349989652633667,
-0.029636947438120842,
-0.22253403067588806,
0.3079420328140259,
-0.19369594752788544,
0.4507063329219818,
0.1637677699327469,
-0.1096789538860321,
0.6528066396713257,
0.29478588700294495,
0.25670304894447327,
-0.008347313851118088,
0.08401291817426682,
0.2763906419277191,
-0.23524188995361328,
0.46263960003852844,
-0.31714627146720886,
0.4509008824825287,
-0.29387131333351135,
-0.1354401856660843,
0.006671827286481857,
0.23418007791042328,
-0.6248645782470703,
0.21678359806537628,
-0.6402732133865356,
-0.5902060866355896,
-0.3522017002105713,
-0.1562585085630417,
-0.31582358479499817,
-0.10775911062955856,
0.018275706097483635,
-0.22198575735092163,
-0.056559767574071884,
0.1334362030029297,
-0.2620164155960083,
-0.12928086519241333,
0.19840583205223083,
0.14946109056472778,
0.1062689945101738,
-0.11406005173921585,
-0.6059367060661316,
-0.6936053037643433,
-0.2300509512424469,
1.082761287689209,
-0.14000625908374786,
0.01947932317852974,
0.3339649438858032,
-0.34515541791915894,
0.338826447725296,
0.2301718294620514,
0.9984882473945618,
-0.42675015330314636,
-0.6841217875480652,
0.20204955339431763,
0.7011072635650635,
-0.01680406928062439,
-0.26599815487861633,
0.015677880495786667,
-0.0016497030155733228,
0.09004385024309158,
-0.5897963047027588,
-0.17166870832443237,
0.6172104477882385,
-0.026338135823607445,
-0.24128521978855133,
0.24758966267108917,
0.0974147692322731,
-0.5214928984642029,
-0.150472953915596,
-0.2927272617816925,
-0.4667615294456482,
0.021605804562568665,
0.2975552976131439,
0.22941848635673523,
-0.49305060505867004,
0.36880096793174744,
0.01482608076184988,
-0.113413006067276,
0.16063742339611053,
-0.17576667666435242,
-0.8201332092285156,
0.0633375495672226,
-0.21918639540672302,
0.21030916273593903,
0.9320471286773682,
-0.12285967916250229,
0.30089840292930603,
0.3108167350292206,
0.026750514283776283,
0.5214105844497681,
0.13722968101501465,
0.24173659086227417,
0.11803338676691055,
-0.3494565486907959,
0.6790167689323425,
0.25033557415008545,
-0.4129127264022827,
0.19890080392360687,
-0.41427621245384216,
-0.4341156482696533,
-0.7347328066825867,
0.664732038974762,
0.6575031876564026,
-0.11985260993242264,
0.44041720032691956,
0.7192063927650452,
0.20485611259937286,
-0.38698509335517883,
0.22864533960819244,
0.794117271900177,
-0.25619447231292725,
0.25672951340675354,
0.9191247224807739,
-0.5148140788078308,
0.3260611593723297,
0.23129311203956604,
0.035445280373096466,
-0.3934653103351593,
-0.24860548973083496,
-0.17889586091041565,
0.4384060800075531,
0.1879330277442932,
0.04922764375805855,
0.01866048388183117,
0.27356916666030884,
0.06038948893547058,
0.3494139611721039,
-0.28244102001190186,
0.09646604210138321,
-0.3195486068725586,
0.20287002623081207,
0.08809787780046463,
-0.1810096949338913,
-0.7781550884246826,
0.239064559340477,
-0.3559114634990692,
0.25875726342201233,
0.15384794771671295,
0.504220724105835,
-0.06149795278906822,
-0.5316912531852722,
-0.4769536554813385,
-0.11150647699832916,
0.30881595611572266,
0.39370304346084595,
-0.4416593611240387,
0.8439087867736816,
-0.11564183235168457,
-0.3004278540611267,
-0.4442015588283539,
0.18079286813735962,
0.1584196388721466,
0.19659392535686493,
-0.2653787136077881,
0.3619197905063629,
0.02564307488501072,
-0.9851636290550232,
-0.3734448552131653,
-0.3568134903907776,
-0.32529762387275696,
0.08377552032470703,
-0.2816260755062103,
-0.20579572021961212,
0.24369850754737854,
-0.2063336968421936,
-0.2881951928138733,
-0.46017590165138245,
-0.1261090487241745,
0.2214062660932541,
-0.16181710362434387,
0.3066105544567108,
0.44831252098083496,
0.05674314498901367,
-0.24061305820941925,
-0.2548676133155823,
-0.6870124340057373,
-0.036844730377197266,
0.166861891746521,
0.6235783696174622,
-0.06170528754591942,
-0.21731004118919373,
-0.19162388145923615,
-0.42286261916160583,
0.09920821338891983,
-0.3042259216308594,
-0.20830416679382324,
0.4706099033355713,
0.24634003639221191,
-0.2551463544368744,
0.2614292502403259,
-0.085464708507061,
0.1964108794927597,
-0.1751084178686142,
-0.14339472353458405,
0.25630271434783936,
-0.1275377720594406,
-0.31280800700187683,
0.2114356905221939,
0.2885356843471527,
-0.5957217216491699,
0.0543808676302433,
-0.014748145826160908,
-0.4101095199584961,
0.06685637682676315,
0.30700263381004333,
-0.32882577180862427,
-0.3672141134738922,
0.6096633076667786,
-0.15594777464866638,
0.007058488670736551,
0.45639392733573914,
-0.057120431214571,
-0.39369603991508484,
-0.38563820719718933,
0.4564308226108551,
0.03878355026245117,
-0.41602596640586853,
-0.021197538822889328,
-0.028102092444896698,
0.1361219882965088,
0.1424945443868637,
-0.22323264181613922,
0.3952257037162781,
0.48570674657821655,
0.011513506062328815,
-0.42918336391448975,
0.11623150110244751,
-0.18687455356121063,
0.10518839210271835,
0.17161808907985687,
0.12268219143152237,
0.15025798976421356,
-0.2319968342781067,
-0.09463199228048325,
0.5430469512939453,
0.5635553598403931,
0.08571084588766098,
0.028513886034488678,
0.17708858847618103,
0.33083823323249817,
0.13856463134288788,
-0.9901617169380188,
-0.4732102155685425,
0.3523137867450714,
1.0549415349960327,
-0.19120991230010986,
-0.3507813513278961,
-0.09129313379526138,
1.0312185287475586,
0.3617226481437683,
0.21879078447818756,
-0.17183910310268402,
0.09544338285923004,
0.39130449295043945,
0.25933191180229187,
-0.358303040266037,
-0.2266181856393814,
0.3134588599205017,
0.07080970704555511,
-0.34746554493904114,
-0.6536146402359009,
0.16133756935596466,
0.5702329277992249,
-0.9777377843856812,
0.47171780467033386,
0.44270214438438416,
0.0565817691385746,
0.6822879910469055,
0.4275696575641632,
0.36903855204582214,
-0.357788622379303,
-0.4447489380836487,
-0.06775841861963272,
-0.32494643330574036,
-0.6872591972351074,
-0.2341882288455963,
0.21256813406944275,
0.4857112467288971,
0.41446200013160706,
0.19438092410564423,
0.21222616732120514,
-0.21411871910095215,
0.019973156973719597,
0.02311052568256855,
-0.6191551089286804,
0.17958013713359833,
-0.04028628394007683,
-0.010016877204179764,
0.3198917806148529,
0.08617854118347168,
-0.06598711013793945,
0.3633121848106384,
0.10768488794565201,
-0.18527038395404816,
-0.8466557264328003,
0.4607204794883728,
0.7391156554222107,
-0.5927202701568604,
0.002292994875460863,
0.21971145272254944,
-0.15137654542922974,
-0.5088179111480713,
-0.09533471614122391,
-0.7370046973228455,
0.698358952999115,
0.4589719772338867,
-0.3816063404083252,
-0.0310122761875391,
0.17333227396011353,
-0.30663761496543884,
0.26797837018966675,
-0.14712174236774445,
0.0385221503674984,
0.5109401941299438,
0.5740185379981995,
-0.3644730746746063,
-0.23590093851089478,
-0.42164403200149536,
-0.144658625125885,
-0.025916630402207375,
-0.16998599469661713,
-0.18922153115272522,
-0.031654439866542816,
0.10673476755619049,
1.1809600591659546,
-0.029406940564513206,
-0.01286089327186346,
0.1877620816230774,
-0.09491758793592453,
-0.07107154279947281,
0.3134968876838684,
-0.46928709745407104,
-0.22449390590190887,
0.6540018320083618,
0.5933822393417358,
0.2553326487541199,
-0.04720021411776543,
0.14589066803455353,
-0.15421701967716217,
0.5542163848876953,
0.1891201287508011,
-0.3035120964050293,
-0.20542965829372406,
0.6439631581306458,
0.3081129789352417,
-0.41201063990592957,
0.17899125814437866,
-0.4194714426994324,
-0.19804179668426514,
-0.051157012581825256,
0.46864160895347595,
0.24139831960201263,
-0.21589234471321106,
0.17645882070064545,
-0.6085653305053711,
0.8266962766647339,
-0.14518369734287262,
0.3150264322757721,
0.1326323002576828,
-0.02773468941450119,
0.587885320186615,
-0.5206375122070312,
-0.12704519927501678,
-0.15828031301498413,
0.07872071862220764,
0.14934587478637695,
-0.8069008588790894,
0.2127239853143692,
0.4430546462535858,
-0.06457784026861191,
0.15808722376823425,
0.5907801389694214,
0.12114328891038895,
0.10099957883358002,
0.16721388697624207,
0.2646324634552002,
0.05487891286611557,
-0.06394224613904953,
-0.09887560456991196,
0.06933365017175674,
-0.020170938223600388,
0.1411147266626358,
-0.1949012130498886,
0.20544379949569702,
0.1694892793893814,
-0.2778366506099701,
0.5193431377410889,
-0.20421986281871796,
0.24663273990154266,
0.4611639380455017,
-0.41655194759368896,
0.5359291434288025,
0.07492812722921371,
-0.9908416867256165,
-0.20774611830711365,
0.30916064977645874,
-0.12107107788324356,
0.32283815741539,
-0.2601207494735718,
0.488563597202301,
-0.47253096103668213,
0.19822178781032562,
-0.29331037402153015,
0.4831184148788452,
0.8056227564811707,
-0.3633166253566742,
-0.2590722441673279,
0.2817813754081726,
0.23572827875614166,
0.2872602045536041,
0.05912366881966591,
-0.16844947636127472,
0.1753651201725006,
-0.3705328702926636,
-0.18101230263710022,
-0.42698273062705994,
-0.040606290102005005,
-0.06655668467283249,
0.0732698068022728,
0.27756431698799133,
0.33918818831443787,
0.3964675962924957,
-0.4381706714630127,
-0.22102044522762299,
0.10491332411766052,
0.3164701759815216,
-0.8474366068840027,
0.5711036920547485,
-0.022883117198944092,
-0.13408194482326508,
-0.011528762988746166,
0.4282377362251282,
-0.36422494053840637,
-0.09976813942193985,
-0.04754349961876869,
-0.29038554430007935,
0.02244710922241211,
-0.6431200504302979,
-0.4402143359184265,
0.03577811270952225,
-0.11563374102115631,
-0.5009514093399048,
-0.5572394132614136,
-0.14322051405906677,
0.11113937199115753,
-0.4783629775047302,
-0.23499859869480133,
-0.12390927225351334,
-0.09885051101446152,
-0.2630585730075836,
-0.057673610746860504,
0.015335208736360073,
-0.23331598937511444,
0.524717390537262
] |
211165
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%20State%20University
|
Mississippi State University
|
Mississippi State University for Agriculture and Applied Science, commonly known as Mississippi State University (MSU), is a public land-grant research university adjacent to Starkville, Mississippi. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity" and has a total research and development budget of $239.4 million, the largest in Mississippi. It is enrolls more students than any other college or university in the state.
The university was chartered as Mississippi Agricultural & Mechanical College on February 28, 1878 and admitted its first students in 1880. Organized into 12 colleges and schools, the university offers over 180 baccalaureate, graduate, and professional degree programs, and is home to Mississippi's only accredited programs in architecture and veterinary medicine. Mississippi State participates in the National Sea Grant College Program and National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. The university's main campus in Starkville is supplemented by auxiliary campuses in Meridian and Biloxi.
Mississippi State's intercollegiate sports teams, the Mississippi State Bulldogs, compete in NCAA Division I athletics as members of the Southeastern Conference's western division. Mississippi State was a founding member of the SEC in 1932. In their more-than 120-year history, the Bulldogs have won 21 individual national championships, 30 regular season conference championships, and 1 national championship title. The school is noted for a pervasive baseball fan culture, with Dudy Noble Field holding 17 of the top 25 all-time NCAA attendance records and the school's Left Field Lounge being described as an epicenter of college baseball.
History
The university began as The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi (or Mississippi A&M), one of the national land-grant colleges established after Congress passed the Morrill Act in 1862. It was created by the Mississippi Legislature on February 28, 1878, to fulfill the mission of offering training in "agriculture, horticulture and the mechanical arts ... without excluding other scientific and classical studies, including military tactics." The university received its first students in the fall of 1880 in the presidency of General Stephen D. Lee.
In 1887 Congress passed the Hatch Act, which provided for the establishment of the Agricultural Experiment Station in 1888. The Cooperative Extension Service was established in 1914 by the Smith-Lever Act. The university has since had its mission expanded and redefined by the Legislature. In 1932, the Legislature renamed the university as Mississippi State College.
In 1958 the Legislature renamed the university Mississippi State University in recognition of its academic development and addition of graduate programs. The Graduate School had been organized (1936), doctoral degree programs had begun (1951), the School of Forest Resources had been established (1954), and the College of Arts and Sciences had replaced the General Science School (1956).
The university was uneventfully desegregated in July 1965, when Richard E. Holmes, a graduate of Henderson High School in Starkville, became the first African-American student to enroll. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress the year before, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was being debated, and the United States Supreme Court had ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.
The School of Architecture admitted its first students in 1973, the College of Veterinary Medicine admitted its first class in 1977. The MSU Vet school (commonly referred to as the CVM) is the largest veterinary school under one roof in the nation. The School of Accountancy was established in 1979.
The University Honors Program was founded in 1968 to provide more rigorous course curricula for academically talented students and support guest lecture series, forums, and distinguished external scholarships. The program has been vastly expanded and has a separate college. This was made possible by funding by Bobby Shackouls, an MSU alumnus and retired CEO, who donated US$10 million to found the Judy and Bobby Shackouls Honors College in April 2006.
MSU also started a joint Ph.D. program in engineering with San Jose State University in California, allowing an increase in research for both universities, as well as enhancing the stature of both engineering colleges.
In March 2009, Mississippi State announced the conclusion of the university's seven-year capital campaign, with more than $462 million received in private gifts and pledges.
Campuses
Mississippi State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees.
Today, the university has the following colleges and schools:
As of Fall 2021, Mississippi State's enrollment was 23,086. The university has 160 buildings, and the grounds comprise about 4,200 acres (17 km²), including farms, pastures, and woodlands of the Experiment Station. The university also owns an additional 80,000 acres (320 km²) across the state.
Mississippi State University operates an off-campus, degree-granting center in Meridian that offers undergraduate and graduate programs. In cooperation with the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, the College of Engineering offers the Master of Science degree to students in Vicksburg.
Mississippi State's campus is centered on the main quadrangle, called the Drill Field (pictured) due to its heavy use by the Corps of Cadets prior to the end of World War II. The Drill Field is defined at its north and south ends by the mirror-image buildings, Lee Hall (the original University building, now the division of languages building, far left in picture below) and Swalm Hall (home to the Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, far right in picture below). Old Main was the original dormitory, west of Lee Hall; it burned in a tragic fire, and was replaced by the Colvard Student Union. The largest building fronting the Drill Field is Mitchell Memorial Library.
From the Drill Field, the campus radiates in all directions. The College of Engineering can be found mostly to the east side of the Drill Field; to the north are the Arts and Sciences, including Computer Science, and the College of Architecture, Art, and Design (CAAD). Humanities are found to the south, while Agriculture dominates the west section. To the west and northwest are also found the athletic facilities, including Scott Field and the Humphrey Coliseum, or The Hump.
Beyond the main campus (and the series of commuter parking lots ringing the main campus) are the North and South Farms. While still used for their original purpose of agricultural research, the Farms are also host to newer facilities, such as the astronomical observatory and Veterinary College (South Farm) and the High Performance Computing Collaboratory (North Farm). At the far west of campus, one finds first the fraternity and sorority houses, and beyond them the Cotton District and downtown Starkville, Mississippi. The university is also home to the Thad Cochran Research, Technology and Economic Development Park, which host many of the university's research centers, such as the Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems (CAVS) and the nationally recognized Social Science Research Center.
The Williams Building, which houses the MSU Police Department and the Faculty Senate, was designed by architect Emmett J. Hull.
Mitchell Memorial Library
The Mitchell Memorial Library is in the heart of the campus, on the eastern side of the Drill Field. The library has a collection of 2,124,341 volumes and 70,331 journals.
Mississippi State is one of the few universities to house presidential papers. In May 2012, on the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Association, Mississippi State University was selected as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's Presidential Library. President Grant's artifacts are to remain permanently at the Mitchell Memorial Library on the MSU campus. These include Grant's letters and photographs during his presidency, from 1869 to 1877. The MSU library catalogued and cross-referenced 15,000 linear feet of material. Grant's letters have been edited and published in 32 volumes by the Ulysses S. Grant Association and the Southern Illinois University Press.
The library is also home to the Congressional and Political Research Center, which is on the first floor. This center, established in November 1999, houses the collections of US Senator John C. Stennis and Congressman G. V. Montgomery, nicknamed "Sonny". Their careers spanned a total of 72 years of service as Congressional leaders. The Center also provides research materials and information on individual US Senators and Representatives, the US Congress, and politics at all levels of government. It has begun to take on a significant research and policy role on a state, regional and national level.
Among the library's premier collections is that of internationally known author John Grisham, an MSU alumnus who donated his papers to the university in 1989. Grisham's collection, now consisting of over 42 cubic feet, has also attracted national attention to the library. Materials from the Grisham papers are on display in Mitchell Memorial Library's John Grisham Room (3rd floor), which opened in May 1998. The libraries also receive his published works, including foreign-language translations.
In 2000, the Charles H. Templeton Collection, which includes over 200 nineteenth- and twentieth-century music instruments, 22,000 pieces of sheet music, and 13,000 records, was transferred to the Libraries. According to world-renowned author and musicologist David A. Jasen, the Templeton Collection contains the most complete collection of Victor Talking Machines from their debut in 1897 to 1930. This Collection, valued at over $495,000 in 1989, serves as one of the libraries' premier collections. Items from the collection are on display at the Templeton Music Museum on the 4th floor of Mitchell Memorial Library. In 2001, a digitization project was established to digitize and provide access to the entire sheet music collection. To date, the project has digitized, archived and cataloged over 6,000 pieces of music.
The library hosts the Charles Templeton Ragtime Jazz Festival, an annual event including lectures and live performance of historic and contemporary ragtime. The festival debuted in March 2007, the first of its kind in Mississippi. The multi-day event features seminars, tours of the Templeton Music Museum, and concerts by some of the world's most renowned ragtime and jazz musicians.
The Junction
Formerly the poorly-conceived convergence of five often-congested roadways and, earlier, a rail line, this student-inspired concept got its name from the term "Malfunction Junction," the informal name of the crossroads prior to the vacation and rerouting of some of the roadways. This resulted in improved traffic flow and ample new green space for leisure activities and events, including football tailgating.
Anchored by Davis Wade Stadium, Barnes & Noble Bookstore and the University Welcome Center, the Junction is the focal point of a pedestrian-friendly central campus and a significant gathering place for students, alumni and visitors. It is linked by paved walkways and green space to the university's other manicured "lawn", the historic Drill Field.
Student life
Housing
Residence halls at Mississippi State University:
Traditional style halls:
Cresswell Hall - co-residential
Critz Hall - co-residential
Hathorn Hall - female
Herbert Hall - co-residential
Hull Hall - co-residential
McKee Hall - male
Rice Hall - female - closed Fall 2019
Sessums Hall - female
New construction halls:
Deavenport Hall - co-residential
Dogwood Hall - co-residential
Griffis Hall - co-residential
Hurst Hall - co-residential
Magnolia Hall - co-residential
Moseley Hall - co-residential
Nunnelee Hall (formerly North Hall) – co-residential
Oak Hall - co-residential
Ruby Hall - co-residential
Old Main
Old Main, originally called the Main Dormitory, was the first building on the campus. The first section of Old Main was built in 1880. Additions were constructed in 1901, 1903, 1906, and 1922. It is considered to have been the largest college dormitory in the United States. The building was destroyed by fire on the night of January 22, 1959. Henry Williamson, one of the dorm's 1,100 residents, died in the fire. Bricks salvaged from the fire were used to build the Chapel of Memories. Bricks from Old Main were also dumped in the area that became the band practice field for many years behind the Industrial Educational Building.
Roy Vernon Scott, professor emeritus of history at MSU, is the author of Old Main: Memories of a Legend.
In 2014 the university began construction of a new academic building located at the corner of George Perry Street and Barr Avenue, behind the YMCA building. This building includes architectural elements that are similar in style to the Old Main Dormitory previously located on the west side of the Drill Field. It will be named the "Old Main" Academic Center.
Student organizations
MSU has over 300 student organizations. Prominent groups include the Student Association, Famous Maroon Band, MSU Road Runners, Alumni Delegates, Maroon VIP, Lambda Sigma, Orientation Leaders, 18 fraternities and 11 sororities, the Residence Hall Association, the Black Student Alliance, the Mississippi State University College Democrats and Republicans, Music Maker Productions, the Baptist Student Union, the Engineering Student Council, Arnold Air Society, the Stennis-Montgomery Association and ChallengeX. The University Recreation department oversees the intramural sports program. There are many international student organizations active on campus, including the Nepalese Student Association and ISA, which organize various programs to educate students about their culture and traditions. The national literary magazine Jabberwock Review is also based at MSU.
Student media
Mississippi State's local radio station is WMSV.
Prior to WMSV, Mississippi State had a student-run radio station, WMSB, which went off the air permanently at the end of the spring semester of 1986. WMSB was a low-power FM station with studios on the top floor of Lee Hall. WMSB was begun in the fall semester of 1971 in a freshman dorm room on the third floor of Critz Hall, utilizing an FM stereo transmitter that was designed and built as a high school science fair project by one of the station's founders. The station's original call letters were RHOM. Later, funding was solicited from the Student Association. Funding was approved, the low-power RCA FM transmitter was ordered and the call letters WMSB were issued by the FCC. The station was moved to studios on the top floor of Lee Hall that were formerly occupied by a student-run AM station.
The student newspaper is The Reflector, published twice per week on Tuesday and Friday. The publication was named the #1 college newspaper in the South in 2007 by the Southeast Journalism Conference. In recent years, The Reflector has remained in the top 10 college newspapers in the South.
Music scene
Mississippi State is home to WMSV, the campus radio station, which routinely plays older alternative mainstream rock and pop from the 1990s. Much of the music on the radio station comes from syndicated radio programs from Public Radio International, but the station's homegrown music programs on Sunday afternoons and evenings emphasize jazz and blues classics.
Mississippi State and the city of Starkville play host the annual "Bulldog Bash", considered the largest outdoor concert in the state. The event is free and held in the Starkville Cotton District.
During the spring semester the Old Main Music Festival takes place, it is also free to the public, and is held on the Mississippi State Campus.
The city of Starkville and the Mississippi State campus have been a tour stop for many artists, including a visit in 1965 by Johnny Cash. After Cash's performance he was arrested, which led him to write the song "Starkville City Jail".
Lecture series
Every semester Mississippi State has several distinguished speakers; these have included best selling authors Greg Mortenson and Mississippi State alumnus John Grisham, former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Academy Award-nominated Spike Lee, television science show hosts Jeff Lieberman and Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson. Nobel laureates including Sir Harry Kroto (1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), J. M. G. Le Clézio (2008 Nobel Prize in Literature) and Joseph Stiglitz (2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) have also appeared.
SECU: SEC Academic Initiative
Mississippi State University is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the SECU, the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship and achievement among the member universities in the Southeastern Conference. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of Southeastern Conference universities. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC faculty, students and its universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.
In 2013, Mississippi State University participated in the SEC Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia, which was organized and led by the University of Georgia and the UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute. The topic of the symposium was "Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future."
Greek life
Mississippi State's Greek system comprises 19 fraternities (IFC and NPHC) and 13 sororities (Panhellenic and NPHC). Fraternities and sororities take part in a number of philanthropic programs and provide social opportunities for students. Formal rush takes place at the start of every fall semester for Panhellenic and IFC organizations. Membership intake for NPHC organizations occurs at specified times.
In 2019, 24% of undergraduate men and 18% of undergraduate women were active in MSU's Greek system.
IFC fraternities
Alpha Gamma Rho
Beta Upsilon Chi
Delta Chi
FarmHouse
Kappa Alpha Order
Kappa Sigma
Lambda Chi Alpha
Phi Delta Theta
Phi Gamma Delta
Phi Kappa Tau
Pi Kappa Alpha
Pi Kappa Phi
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
Sigma Phi Epsilon
Sigma Chi
Sigma Nu
Other fraternities
Alpha Phi Omega
Gamma Beta Phi
Kappa Kappa Psi
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Phi Sigma Pi
Sigma Lambda Beta
Theta Tau
Panhellenic sororities
Alpha Delta Pi, 1966–1988, 2013–present
Chi Omega, 1936
Delta Delta Delta, 1972
Delta Gamma, 1969
Kappa Delta, 1971
Phi Mu, 1962
Pi Beta Phi, 2009
Zeta Tau Alpha, 1940
Other sororities
Sigma Phi Lambda
Sigma Alpha Iota
Delta Xi Phi, 1998
Sigma Alpha
National Pan–Hellenic organizations
Alpha Phi Alpha
Alpha Kappa Alpha
Kappa Alpha Psi
Delta Sigma Theta
Omega Psi Phi
Phi Beta Sigma
Zeta Phi Beta
Sigma Gamma Rho
Athletics
Mississippi State University's sixteen athletic teams are known as the Bulldogs, which was adopted in 1961. Previous nicknames included the Aggies and the Maroons. Since 1935, the official mascot for Mississippi State has been a live English Bulldog named Bully. They compete in Division I of the NCAA and the western division of the 14-member Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Bulldogs have garnered a total of 28 conference championships (14 SEC).
Mississippi State's most successful sport is baseball. The Diamond Dogs have won 17 conference championships (11 SEC) and 6 SEC tournament championships, while making 28 NCAA Tournament, and 12 College World Series appearances, including a 2nd-place finish in 2013, and a national championship in 2021. The Diamond Dogs play home games at Dudy Noble Field, Polk-DeMent Stadium, which holds the NCAA record for the largest single on-campus baseball attendance at 15,586 (April 12, 2014, vs. Mississippi). In 2021, Mississippi State University won its first, team, national championship in baseball. Mississippi State University beat Vanderbilt 2 out of 3 games to take the championship.
Mississippi State men's basketball has won 10 conference regular season championships (6 SEC), 4 conference tournament championships, and 7 divisional championships. The Bulldogs have made 10 NCAA Tournament appearances, highlighted by 3 Sweet Sixteen appearances and a trip to the Final Four in 1996. Both MSU men's and women's basketball teams play home games at Humphrey Coliseum, nicknamed "The Hump", one of the most intimidating places to play in the SEC with a seating capacity of 10,500.
Bulldog football is also a favorite among the MSU faithful. The Bulldogs play their home games at Davis Wade Stadium, the second oldest Division I-FBS football stadium in the nation, with a seating capacity of 61,337. Bulldog fans are known throughout the nation for bringing cowbells to "ring" Mississippi State on to victory. Cowbells became part of Mississippi State tradition in the 1970s, and were banned by the SEC in 1977, defined as "artificial noisemakers". For over 30 years, fans would secretly sneak their cowbells into the stadium, while security guards carefully "inspected" fans' possessions, continuing the unique tradition. In 2010, the SEC officially lifted the ban on artificial noisemakers, allowing fans to "ring responsibly" during pregame, timeouts, halftime, and Bulldog touchdowns. Mississippi State's first SEC championship came in 1941, as the Bulldogs finished with an 8-1-1 record. The Bulldogs also appeared in the 1998 SEC Championship Game after winning the SEC Western Division championship, before falling to eventual national champion Tennessee 14-24. Overall, MSU has appeared in 17 postseason bowl games, highlighted by trips to the Orange Bowl in 1937, 1941, and 2015. The official fight song and battle cry of Mississippi State is "Hail State", which is played by the Famous Maroon Band, the university's marching band.
Rankings
In 2014, Mississippi State was ranked the 36th top college in the United States by the Social Mobility Index college rankings.
In 2013, Forbes magazine's "America's Best College Buys" ranked Mississippi State University #279.
In 2009, MSU's School of Landscape Architecture was ranked the second best program in the nation by the journal DesignIntelligence in its annual "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools" rankings. The journal gave the program high marks in teaching students skills related to construction methods and materials. The University's School of Landscape Architecture program is the only such program in Mississippi.
U.S. News & World Report National Rankings
Notable alumni and faculty
See also
List of agricultural universities and colleges
List of architecture schools
List of business schools in the United States
List of engineering schools
List of forestry universities and colleges
List of land-grant universities
List of schools of landscape architecture
List of research universities in the United States
List of schools of veterinary medicine
References
External links
Mississippi State Athletics website
Land-grant universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1878
1878 establishments in Mississippi
Public universities and colleges in Mississippi
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Buildings and structures in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Education in Lauderdale County, Mississippi
Tourist attractions in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Starkville, Mississippi
Articles containing video clips
|
[
-0.2335796058177948,
-0.3041435182094574,
-0.33608561754226685,
-0.2800346314907074,
0.8757031559944153,
0.6774417161941528,
0.35479167103767395,
0.6475551128387451,
-0.30890268087387085,
-0.6258572936058044,
-0.2602367103099823,
0.23687683045864105,
0.050881270319223404,
0.9001697301864624,
0.23053009808063507,
0.2428349107503891,
0.2670624256134033,
0.2937856614589691,
0.45396488904953003,
-0.24083589017391205,
-0.4915536344051361,
0.035961274057626724,
0.44828274846076965,
0.28034746646881104,
0.0002496629022061825,
0.06289304047822952,
0.45988908410072327,
0.1138373613357544,
0.2949928939342499,
0.5096344947814941,
-0.32445240020751953,
0.1528966873884201,
0.11642919480800629,
-0.17227059602737427,
0.14180612564086914,
-0.07204029709100723,
-0.3499184846878052,
-0.009879525750875473,
0.19071154296398163,
-0.13446255028247833,
-0.44451096653938293,
-0.3935781717300415,
-0.252108633518219,
-0.015170476399362087,
-0.007091556675732136,
-0.6884121298789978,
-1.378251552581787,
0.08432773500680923,
-0.5886849164962769,
-0.0735032707452774,
-0.1742197871208191,
0.5447874665260315,
0.3455711007118225,
-0.0008998892735689878,
-0.027283350005745888,
0.5461846590042114,
-0.4181101620197296,
0.12472306191921234,
0.09997367113828659,
-0.21276184916496277,
0.014146186411380768,
0.6193296313285828,
-0.11934410035610199,
0.5591066479682922,
-0.387001097202301,
0.046420060098171234,
0.10533074289560318,
0.32301661372184753,
-0.6265320181846619,
-0.11115236580371857,
-0.09815406054258347,
0.17759810388088226,
-0.37122872471809387,
0.07578468322753906,
-0.29137852787971497,
-0.768768846988678,
0.20839206874370575,
-0.11450857669115067,
0.02066517248749733,
0.2685537338256836,
0.1464388519525528,
0.4245017170906067,
0.5339789390563965,
0.28050288558006287,
0.4872620403766632,
0.020734870806336403,
-0.9515693187713623,
-0.013900055550038815,
-0.07394837588071823,
0.5609530806541443,
-0.48373642563819885,
0.38351601362228394,
-0.021226851269602776,
0.1966884732246399,
0.27938413619995117,
-0.42366665601730347,
-0.16957609355449677,
0.6897391676902771,
-0.15867216885089874,
0.11407225579023361,
-0.4124431014060974,
-0.36307403445243835,
0.3720184564590454,
0.2985382080078125,
-0.12662866711616516,
-0.14553873240947723,
-0.0821269154548645,
-0.6180033683776855,
-0.12831875681877136,
-0.15574032068252563,
-1.258209466934204,
0.5111958384513855,
-0.2614606022834778,
-0.11776277422904968,
-0.35792189836502075,
0.16616570949554443,
0.49057283997535706,
-0.4591134190559387,
-0.1916542500257492,
-0.29700982570648193,
0.23338665068149567,
0.02304876409471035,
0.019448311999440193,
0.22348058223724365,
0.19345515966415405,
0.391446053981781,
0.594942033290863,
0.025068126618862152,
-0.6500658988952637,
-0.2891572415828705,
0.987897515296936,
0.41592153906822205,
-0.15255069732666016,
0.45826199650764465,
0.34443193674087524,
-0.2704487442970276,
0.5492119193077087,
0.02021990716457367,
0.3991624116897583,
-0.06564151495695114,
-1.0470030307769775,
-0.20104975998401642,
-1.2013105154037476,
-0.08651641756296158,
-0.46908700466156006,
-0.4101470708847046,
-0.07672310620546341,
0.3964652121067047,
-0.21559688448905945,
-0.01582004874944687,
0.5786610841751099,
0.053118057548999786,
-0.46100831031799316,
0.2519720196723938,
-0.22355890274047852,
0.1304791271686554,
0.4573218822479248,
0.28009936213493347,
0.3476814329624176,
0.6584208011627197,
0.09482075273990631,
0.6081205606460571,
-0.12632571160793304,
-0.40101873874664307,
-0.027490481734275818,
0.09272966533899307,
0.2104402482509613,
-0.33818957209587097,
-0.2740796208381653,
0.44414958357810974,
-0.0170696210116148,
-0.10999796539545059,
0.34807807207107544,
-0.5225784182548523,
-0.3365158140659332,
-0.6406474113464355,
0.6141583323478699,
0.16336701810359955,
0.3981756269931793,
-0.28448641300201416,
-0.619672954082489,
-0.12790580093860626,
0.8919346928596497,
0.030628344044089317,
-0.3996632695198059,
-0.6577142477035522,
0.31017041206359863,
0.0184461809694767,
-0.03081394173204899,
-0.15642546117305756,
-0.8482029438018799,
-0.613245964050293,
0.10677628219127655,
0.004397198092192411,
0.6701143980026245,
0.2836993634700775,
-0.8398666381835938,
1.363204836845398,
-0.709277868270874,
0.34989839792251587,
-0.10248756408691406,
-0.40670520067214966,
0.23636992275714874,
-0.9098303914070129,
-0.6694083213806152,
-0.04190361127257347,
0.23185677826404572,
-0.40933457016944885,
0.40554162859916687,
0.3815135359764099,
0.43241679668426514,
-1.0840814113616943,
0.37736976146698,
0.03384621441364288,
0.2850765585899353,
-0.13130193948745728,
-0.12296643853187561,
-0.6681717038154602,
0.04259710758924484,
-0.40898609161376953,
0.7240064144134521,
-0.4239378273487091,
0.722159743309021,
0.18511460721492767,
0.02288997918367386,
0.2889311909675598,
-0.3559458255767822,
0.303198903799057,
0.04580254107713699,
0.2713091969490051,
0.16704194247722626,
-0.4562806487083435,
-0.0871325209736824,
-0.41871610283851624,
0.2557300329208374,
-0.17276650667190552,
-0.17593294382095337,
-0.2728159427642822,
0.12567138671875,
-0.3050367832183838,
0.02496066503226757,
0.00628020940348506,
-0.9388000965118408,
0.11802956461906433,
0.04279473423957825,
-0.7813655734062195,
0.33286240696907043,
-0.0275347288697958,
-0.11332911252975464,
-0.32127514481544495,
-0.25894293189048767,
0.022681506350636482,
-0.09324906766414642,
-0.05530231446027756,
-0.4672081768512726,
0.20972666144371033,
0.3414938747882843,
0.01522489357739687,
0.40110793709754944,
-0.8079912066459656,
-0.3250577449798584,
0.17860272526741028,
-0.09119395166635513,
-0.015830671414732933,
0.36215075850486755,
-0.36111754179000854,
-0.05511647090315819,
-0.7648853659629822,
-0.016657385975122452,
0.4502738118171692,
0.13161107897758484,
0.08154980093240738,
0.20546464622020721,
-0.047538235783576965,
-0.5953665375709534,
-0.0667729601264,
0.07582742720842361,
-0.013205324299633503,
-1.1325691938400269,
-0.44942978024482727,
0.6575724482536316,
0.09913535416126251,
-0.023788755759596825,
-0.7353302836418152,
-0.14465542137622833,
-0.18203158676624298,
0.6416187882423401,
0.22620931267738342,
-0.7515977025032043,
0.4973393976688385,
-0.9049922227859497,
0.19602486491203308,
-0.229771688580513,
-0.060469795018434525,
-0.23251724243164062,
0.49896109104156494,
0.2458334118127823,
-0.24670004844665527,
0.8672865629196167,
-0.9443333148956299,
-0.3422837257385254,
0.40415647625923157,
-0.3146856427192688,
-0.32416296005249023,
0.1435890644788742,
-0.6829714775085449,
0.10088647902011871,
-0.402086466550827,
-5.44787073135376,
0.3506965637207031,
-0.7009258270263672,
0.28014683723449707,
0.5863105654716492,
-0.6637913584709167,
0.3440991938114166,
-0.16015870869159698,
-0.25959721207618713,
-0.6584711074829102,
-0.37971702218055725,
0.21320052444934845,
-0.09890447556972504,
0.6296654939651489,
-0.03971021622419357,
0.575614333152771,
0.8318130373954773,
-0.7239991426467896,
0.24553030729293823,
0.7924799919128418,
0.19127851724624634,
-0.7136616706848145,
-0.47606557607650757,
0.3455490171909332,
0.3079878091812134,
0.9316083192825317,
-1.0806177854537964,
-0.3231470584869385,
-0.34136757254600525,
-0.8792048692703247,
0.06880396604537964,
-0.0577687993645668,
0.012020950205624104,
0.02319897711277008,
0.5265364646911621,
0.06703437864780426,
-0.17860138416290283,
0.018056774511933327,
-0.16834315657615662,
-0.43032729625701904,
0.7787159085273743,
-0.04352773725986481,
-0.625516414642334,
0.20128633081912994,
0.2679498791694641,
-0.6219257116317749,
0.01926594041287899,
0.02435942180454731,
-0.07296660542488098,
0.7455788254737854,
-0.345863938331604,
0.022011205554008484,
0.3097241520881653,
0.6796219348907471,
-0.24941210448741913,
-0.24599014222621918,
-0.07302603125572205,
0.2962017357349396,
-0.02224579080939293,
0.17676103115081787,
0.09432043135166168,
-0.7390584945678711,
-0.11487700790166855,
-0.8468636870384216,
-0.814817488193512,
-0.07901059836149216,
-0.33733439445495605,
0.4500933587551117,
0.041391316801309586,
0.628443717956543,
0.21427218616008759,
0.17758260667324066,
-0.27000921964645386,
-0.7094953060150146,
-0.1282016485929489,
-0.3878242075443268,
-0.6969562768936157,
-0.7751251459121704,
-0.258330374956131,
-0.16609898209571838,
-0.1413419544696808,
-0.022488601505756378,
0.541183590888977,
0.6474722027778625,
0.04899122193455696,
-0.6357924938201904,
-0.04632769897580147,
0.15631547570228577,
-0.23327577114105225,
-0.18446756899356842,
0.045798588544130325,
-0.3058933615684509,
0.9031445384025574,
-0.12033551186323166,
0.21850694715976715,
-0.3655935227870941,
0.15423054993152618,
0.6608153581619263,
0.15807203948497772,
-0.3026786148548126,
0.43741875886917114,
-0.2916061580181122,
-0.1714734584093094,
-0.07112401723861694,
-0.004415266681462526,
-0.18037296831607819,
0.2610379159450531,
0.022119641304016113,
0.7653156518936157,
-0.14317427575588226,
-0.015136407688260078,
-0.540824830532074,
-0.022226279601454735,
-0.21484681963920593,
0.23333080112934113,
-0.09399279206991196,
-0.015131191350519657,
0.3598030209541321,
-0.07415857911109924,
0.41441610455513,
0.4035849869251251,
0.2908179461956024,
0.3649298846721649,
-0.13752694427967072,
0.3953152596950531,
-0.686311662197113,
0.41645002365112305,
0.48728835582733154,
-0.30163058638572693,
0.12021560221910477,
0.23351944983005524,
0.2447630614042282,
-0.03408173844218254,
0.11589830368757248,
-0.34622207283973694,
0.1932474970817566,
-0.0399763286113739,
-0.2320757657289505,
-0.017522703856229782,
-0.4037211239337921,
0.5955662131309509,
0.012980512343347073,
-0.01936635561287403,
0.2907322347164154,
0.4958845376968384,
0.43297114968299866,
0.025617938488721848,
0.0696771889925003,
-0.5189626812934875,
0.17047026753425598,
-0.5239866375923157,
-0.7661088109016418,
-0.20718421041965485,
-0.03708552196621895,
-0.013561708852648735,
-0.10386279225349426,
0.07882615178823471,
-0.07006144523620605,
0.0337103046476841,
0.3052133321762085,
0.1510004997253418,
-0.4272395074367523,
-0.8052567839622498,
0.5206826329231262,
-0.5845507383346558,
0.429270476102829,
-0.3999084532260895,
-0.018918728455901146,
-0.5407841205596924,
0.7180632948875427,
0.12717625498771667,
-0.5634743571281433,
-0.09499672800302505,
-0.5062012076377869,
0.48673534393310547,
-0.3399536907672882,
0.15323877334594727,
0.5943132042884827,
-0.46871212124824524,
0.015314965508878231,
0.13317056000232697,
-0.858165442943573,
-0.2465873658657074,
-0.11146420985460281,
-0.1551666408777237,
-0.26330024003982544,
-0.6428440809249878,
-0.26887398958206177,
0.3811316192150116,
0.07652703672647476,
-0.2867088317871094,
-0.41650065779685974,
0.34877774119377136,
0.3996288478374481,
-0.39148396253585815,
-0.20734235644340515,
0.15806105732917786,
0.5318953394889832,
0.02520577609539032,
0.273286908864975,
0.28022757172584534,
0.9814649224281311,
-0.42217907309532166,
1.1071105003356934,
-0.035667091608047485,
0.08832388371229172,
0.2602182924747467,
-0.06518127769231796,
0.28291893005371094,
0.1880820095539093,
-0.562137246131897,
-0.09519141167402267,
0.6450140476226807,
0.8688667416572571,
-0.9754234552383423,
-0.14829915761947632,
0.3461456000804901,
0.08464434742927551,
-0.4577482044696808,
-0.2993752360343933,
-0.2771785855293274,
0.05497671291232109,
-0.2625294327735901,
-0.024872973561286926,
-0.8512709736824036,
0.5642772912979126,
0.2548152208328247,
-0.4156511723995209,
0.3011878430843353,
-0.24480487406253815,
0.10517916828393936,
-0.258700966835022,
0.033258549869060516,
0.1588364988565445,
0.450690895318985,
-0.204084113240242,
0.163723886013031,
0.09308558702468872,
0.007654075976461172,
0.21684986352920532,
0.4382697641849518,
1.0404157638549805,
-0.15287044644355774,
-0.4691881835460663,
-0.5128062963485718,
0.4166828989982605,
0.9292089343070984,
-0.0604466088116169,
-0.6732397675514221,
0.6419553160667419,
0.44450610876083374,
-0.33633551001548767,
-0.6860437393188477,
0.11031129211187363,
0.505536675453186,
-0.009536460973322392,
-0.3549201488494873,
0.3191986680030823,
-0.15224188566207886,
-0.20435786247253418,
0.20886963605880737,
-0.19988605380058289,
-0.9388325214385986,
0.004751937929540873,
-0.026189561933279037,
-0.4396672248840332,
-0.06154610216617584,
-0.4913376271724701,
0.4951513111591339,
-0.8149175643920898,
0.37424516677856445,
-0.04471069946885109,
0.037411563098430634,
0.6577620506286621,
-0.2441692054271698,
0.3311126232147217,
-0.19034747779369354,
-0.24582314491271973,
-0.009653025306761265,
-0.03234020248055458,
-0.27535560727119446,
0.1571798175573349,
0.015874125063419342,
-0.33440232276916504,
0.7038930058479309,
-0.679659903049469,
-0.03134576976299286,
0.28772062063217163,
-0.410198837518692,
-0.6356194615364075,
0.32743287086486816,
-0.28278324007987976,
-0.3130320906639099,
-0.3064623475074768,
-1.3095729351043701,
0.21187181770801544,
0.872974157333374,
0.3036423325538635,
0.6797354817390442,
-0.18638215959072113,
-0.6080789566040039,
0.7124704122543335,
0.17727422714233398,
-0.04274071753025055,
0.4316416084766388,
-0.47400733828544617,
-0.036476217210292816,
0.027872838079929352,
0.2289879322052002,
-0.44640371203422546,
0.5827997922897339,
-0.27023595571517944,
0.7543703317642212,
0.3914981186389923,
-0.5743039846420288,
0.5316658616065979,
-0.3479064106941223,
-0.6158545017242432,
0.41244247555732727,
-0.1576918661594391,
-0.4802304208278656,
0.1876758486032486,
0.11063206940889359,
0.4505632519721985,
0.1972518116235733,
1.327298879623413,
-0.09095387160778046,
0.12669913470745087,
0.9898850321769714,
0.11985084414482117,
0.004850187338888645,
-0.4429207146167755,
-0.06843709200620651,
0.8783027529716492,
-0.13329456746578217,
-0.008703719824552536,
0.06983552873134613,
-0.8393844962120056,
-0.4615270793437958,
0.68754643201828,
0.2772502303123474,
0.26087212562561035,
0.1743408590555191,
0.28336507081985474,
-0.17905889451503754,
0.050349656492471695,
-0.1259084939956665,
0.7064654231071472,
-0.25057849287986755,
-0.453229159116745,
-0.03792688623070717,
-0.1767251193523407,
0.043214064091444016,
0.25971484184265137,
0.19604048132896423,
0.14366182684898376,
0.28424930572509766,
-0.6229440569877625,
-0.5891064405441284,
0.044029489159584045,
0.09047604352235794,
0.7313627600669861,
0.7951637506484985,
-0.16786551475524902,
-0.48824435472488403,
-0.12865032255649567,
0.2947227656841278,
-0.4654524028301239,
-0.3038587272167206,
0.35484597086906433,
0.5570257306098938,
0.6562617421150208,
0.2889145016670227,
0.08608759939670563,
0.14824244379997253,
0.5963380336761475,
0.1433134377002716,
0.5141680240631104,
0.26464584469795227,
-0.16254553198814392,
-0.35075825452804565,
-0.008487343788146973,
0.262825071811676,
0.10687260329723358,
0.12362606078386307,
0.05539315938949585,
-0.33361873030662537,
0.22503775358200073,
-0.019276799634099007,
-0.04767213389277458,
0.5162294507026672,
-0.776229202747345,
-0.23461152613162994,
-0.005366628058254719,
-0.02504834532737732,
0.5736048221588135,
-0.08684425801038742,
1.0119792222976685,
0.20052862167358398,
0.2318265289068222,
0.4288651943206787,
-0.016833757981657982,
-0.007223604246973991,
0.6807681322097778,
-0.8852741122245789,
0.19002461433410645,
0.03667666018009186,
-0.0028864718042314053,
-0.12830540537834167,
0.6443801522254944,
0.3936695158481598,
0.08133706450462341,
0.25447791814804077,
0.6099309325218201,
0.41160598397254944,
0.7340826988220215,
0.8966615796089172,
-0.352622926235199,
-0.3347049057483673,
-0.5108315348625183,
0.40921610593795776,
-0.24646249413490295,
-0.17858673632144928,
0.6041104197502136,
0.16675937175750732,
-0.5664680004119873,
-0.18566901981830597,
0.5940414667129517,
-0.44729045033454895,
0.5393145084381104,
0.32873454689979553,
-0.027009963989257812,
-0.503375768661499,
0.2973714768886566,
-0.7325785160064697,
0.19552376866340637,
-0.34496036171913147,
1.2384092807769775,
0.767501175403595,
-0.49343693256378174,
-0.3926902115345001,
-0.4596204459667206,
0.16415099799633026,
-0.21049264073371887,
0.2539379298686981,
-0.39205992221832275,
-0.07597380876541138,
-0.4913013279438019,
-0.6579386591911316,
0.3111567199230194,
-0.47358453273773193,
-0.3533672094345093,
-0.08515079319477081,
0.5083175301551819,
-0.6646372079849243,
0.05811340734362602,
0.10461987555027008,
-0.08878365159034729,
0.3715081512928009,
0.4059300422668457
] |
211166
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon%20Thani
|
Udon Thani
|
Udon Thani (, ) is one of the four major cities of Isan (Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, and Khon Kaen known as the "big four of Isan"), Thailand's north-eastern region, an area the size of England with Wales or roughly half the size of Germany. The city is the capital of Udon Thani Province and with a population of approximately 130,531 is the 7th largest urban settlement in the country.
Location
Udon is approximately 560 km from Bangkok. It is a major official and commercial center in northern Isan, Thailand, and the gateway to Laos, northern Vietnam, and southern China.
History
The city's economy was boosted by the proximity to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base during the Vietnam War and retains reminders of that time in the form of bars, coffee shops, and hotels. "Udon sort of became like Pattaya when the GIs arrived," said a local architect. "Restaurants serving Western cuisine, hotels and nightclubs sprouted up everywhere to meet their needs. It was an extremely busy city back then."
The BBC has reported that Udon Thani's Royal Air Force Base was the site of a CIA black site, known to insiders as "Detention Site Green", used to interrogate Abu Zubaydah, Saudi-born Palestinian, believed to be one of Osama Bin Laden's top lieutenants. In December 2014 the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) published an executive summary of a secret 6,000-page report on CIA techniques. The report alleges that at least eight Thai senior officials knew of the secret site. The site was closed in December 2002.
Earlier reports alleged that a Voice of America relay station in a rural area of Udon Thani Province, Ban Dung District, was the CIA black site.
Administration
Udon Thani town municipality (thesaban mueang) with an area of was established on 15 March 1936. On 27 May 1953, the area covered by the municipality was increased to . As a result of the town's continuing growth, the total area of the municipality was enlarged for the second time to . on 31 December 1993. On 25 September 1995 Udon Thani was upgraded to city municipality (thesaban nakhon), and is divided into 21 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 248 villages (mubans). (chumchon), 130,531 people in 60,659 households.
Transport
Udon Thani International Airport, close to the city centre (within the ring road), serves a number of domestic airports: Chiang Mai International Airport, U-Tapao International Airport (Pattaya), and Phuket, with approximately 24 daily flights to Bangkok (Don Mueang International and Suvarnabhumi Airport). During the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic flights were reduced to 10 - 14 daily to the Bangkok airports only.
Udon Thani railway station in the city centre receives four trains daily from Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong) including overnight sleepers.
Economy
Mining
Asia Pacific Potash Corporation (APPC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Italian-Thai Development PLC, owns the concession to the Udon North and Udon South potash mines and plans to develop them. Potash deposits in northeast Thailand are believed to contain the world's third-largest—after Canada and Russia—unexploited potash reserves. Potash is one of the main components of agricultural fertilizer.
Climate
Udon Thani has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are fairly dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at . The monsoon season runs from late-April through early-October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. The range of reliably recorded temperatures in the city is from to .
Sister cities
Bandung, Indonesia
Reno, United States
Lusaka, Zambia
References
External links
Isan
Populated places in Udon Thani province
|
[
-0.007150813937187195,
-0.01551131997257471,
0.6885031461715698,
-0.29735445976257324,
-0.5132175087928772,
0.016175946220755577,
0.22354327142238617,
0.4512988030910492,
-0.3435669541358948,
-0.2108980268239975,
-0.4620600640773773,
-0.06255149841308594,
-0.2158147543668747,
0.3636503219604492,
0.058911677449941635,
0.39808234572410583,
0.9938787221908569,
0.18386802077293396,
0.001902616349980235,
-0.41165024042129517,
-0.12228195369243622,
-0.3842158615589142,
0.5539743304252625,
-0.14155910909175873,
0.8192682266235352,
-0.2716413736343384,
0.04972245171666145,
0.1843150556087494,
0.4077237546443939,
-0.06011722981929779,
-0.22094346582889557,
0.7067757844924927,
-0.2893511652946472,
-0.11990556120872498,
-0.07649970054626465,
0.18662814795970917,
0.40309399366378784,
-0.10623439401388168,
-0.44857579469680786,
-0.4100283086299896,
-0.10895661264657974,
-0.18680164217948914,
0.26214179396629333,
0.5031331181526184,
-0.11107825487852097,
-1.5997920036315918,
-1.3025881052017212,
0.41498106718063354,
-0.9206488728523254,
0.4977569878101349,
-0.9900974631309509,
0.0129017885774374,
-0.2241102159023285,
0.07439550012350082,
0.5096030831336975,
0.16387979686260223,
-1.1486693620681763,
0.1763954758644104,
-0.14584459364414215,
-0.016910117119550705,
0.04714326560497284,
0.5028755068778992,
-0.3896254301071167,
0.2332385629415512,
-0.010531201958656311,
0.4934460520744324,
0.2848403751850128,
-0.003771146759390831,
-0.4003903269767761,
-0.46411511301994324,
-0.05830690637230873,
0.34857508540153503,
0.02068830095231533,
0.2405543327331543,
-0.0809129849076271,
0.08365771174430847,
-0.4789888858795166,
-0.4607851505279541,
-0.18893562257289886,
-0.2266484647989273,
0.10239924490451813,
-0.014597962610423565,
0.6077340841293335,
-0.3088991940021515,
0.695847749710083,
-0.061527010053396225,
-0.7626376152038574,
0.01764104515314102,
-0.2623728811740875,
0.3491321802139282,
0.012037031352519989,
0.18697144091129303,
0.20660699903964996,
0.06631159037351608,
-0.5734782218933105,
-0.9109765887260437,
-0.3891102373600006,
0.3199976086616516,
0.2891492247581482,
0.22599832713603973,
-0.017316745594143867,
0.1796824038028717,
0.8429493308067322,
-0.057038579136133194,
-0.7993261814117432,
-0.1589353382587433,
-0.9155255556106567,
-0.2191462367773056,
0.29478034377098083,
-0.4338230490684509,
-0.4241476058959961,
0.2401411235332489,
0.22693124413490295,
0.19193735718727112,
0.30586206912994385,
0.3107345700263977,
0.47079309821128845,
-0.11504101753234863,
-0.058175791054964066,
-0.7319926023483276,
0.12686856091022491,
0.5646159648895264,
-0.21368862688541412,
0.828228235244751,
0.5821335911750793,
-0.22896146774291992,
0.05191846564412117,
0.033622559159994125,
-0.7430458068847656,
0.5728565454483032,
-0.16035708785057068,
0.8033943176269531,
-0.1365634649991989,
0.22300125658512115,
-0.001008403953164816,
-0.605857253074646,
0.37657052278518677,
0.6704326868057251,
0.8187865614891052,
-0.21488186717033386,
-1.0509860515594482,
0.21076229214668274,
-0.9316145181655884,
0.01991315372288227,
0.22012145817279816,
-0.4045772850513458,
-0.12304870039224625,
-0.7546089887619019,
-0.1873166859149933,
-0.22819939255714417,
0.0270138718187809,
-0.0023512504994869232,
-0.15470728278160095,
0.36601680517196655,
-0.20626161992549896,
-0.042655378580093384,
0.9047254323959351,
-0.19342994689941406,
0.5496389865875244,
0.015928613021969795,
0.019004007801413536,
-0.18780259788036346,
0.29526257514953613,
-0.11148941516876221,
-0.06099137291312218,
-0.32327067852020264,
-0.0536532886326313,
0.4458397626876831,
-0.12159756571054459,
-0.23181776702404022,
-0.5032679438591003,
0.07478787004947662,
0.16412408649921417,
-0.19051086902618408,
0.4686684310436249,
-0.17485029995441437,
0.10234825313091278,
0.6420449018478394,
0.006219030357897282,
-0.19792982935905457,
-0.6503279209136963,
0.5028584599494934,
0.176874577999115,
0.13409145176410675,
0.23790466785430908,
0.07543271780014038,
0.7240729331970215,
0.49516400694847107,
-0.3767130374908447,
0.6279091238975525,
-0.16402514278888702,
0.03514740243554115,
0.1743498593568802,
0.6912629008293152,
0.29503944516181946,
1.1944326162338257,
0.19593748450279236,
0.5416674613952637,
0.08526258915662766,
1.0066801309585571,
-0.4964023530483246,
0.05782703682780266,
0.8551990985870361,
-0.4239497482776642,
-0.7020252346992493,
0.5460942387580872,
0.2995424270629883,
0.25246769189834595,
0.24510692059993744,
0.7475841045379639,
0.5651962757110596,
-0.5754039883613586,
-0.36552658677101135,
-0.10581892728805542,
-0.15368247032165527,
-0.4903455674648285,
-0.5388442277908325,
-0.04523543640971184,
0.051715124398469925,
-0.28925821185112,
0.6232357621192932,
0.39125001430511475,
-0.3187561631202698,
0.21984590590000153,
-0.04852193221449852,
0.46546441316604614,
0.11600161343812943,
0.10939149558544159,
-0.31314682960510254,
-0.41427943110466003,
0.24350115656852722,
-0.14552105963230133,
0.037322767078876495,
0.11665166169404984,
0.10740212351083755,
-0.32141172885894775,
-0.089726023375988,
-0.08151558041572571,
0.5561066269874573,
-0.9627615213394165,
0.1392780840396881,
-0.08592109382152557,
-0.4430939853191376,
0.4814041256904602,
0.616665244102478,
0.9476751089096069,
-0.0889524444937706,
-0.4814751148223877,
-0.18938739597797394,
0.21854785084724426,
0.060044921934604645,
0.14024005830287933,
0.07390463352203369,
-0.40108877420425415,
0.43707075715065,
-0.176405668258667,
-0.05700044333934784,
0.05093989148736,
0.22243426740169525,
-0.4045253098011017,
-1.1071592569351196,
0.20242968201637268,
0.4659308195114136,
0.39338091015815735,
-0.46942710876464844,
-0.15343458950519562,
-0.06551381200551987,
-0.6949220895767212,
0.4608316719532013,
0.08414283394813538,
0.133225217461586,
-0.6734260320663452,
-0.663927435874939,
-0.1011953130364418,
-0.44366419315338135,
-0.49376624822616577,
-0.01342855580151081,
0.39905449748039246,
-0.9076738953590393,
-0.31551650166511536,
0.7237483263015747,
1.1508756875991821,
0.4831954836845398,
-0.9345669746398926,
-0.16140730679035187,
0.05420037358999252,
-0.286992609500885,
-0.34730398654937744,
-0.5928029417991638,
-0.024826476350426674,
-0.48506391048431396,
-0.47155240178108215,
-0.019740715622901917,
0.14091207087039948,
-0.3615531921386719,
-0.5256076455116272,
0.03689831867814064,
0.3688162863254547,
0.44564148783683777,
-0.6128931045532227,
-0.15429219603538513,
0.6099984645843506,
-0.20823682844638824,
0.6019601225852966,
0.31580930948257446,
-0.4040945768356323,
0.3091762959957123,
0.027382276952266693,
-5.404125213623047,
-0.101320780813694,
0.0266789048910141,
-0.3018361032009125,
0.6935757398605347,
-0.10477373749017715,
0.3956969678401947,
-0.6009007692337036,
0.28830835223197937,
-0.16442866623401642,
0.27462077140808105,
-0.5359466671943665,
0.0189225971698761,
0.32396313548088074,
0.4658660590648651,
0.9634398221969604,
0.2775800824165344,
0.44068339467048645,
0.516901969909668,
0.17674310505390167,
0.12254323065280914,
-0.2243264615535736,
-0.02167692966759205,
0.5240302681922913,
0.04497417435050011,
0.4542834162712097,
0.3035235106945038,
-0.5687416791915894,
-1.1660223007202148,
-0.5312432646751404,
-0.40571004152297974,
0.41820645332336426,
0.20635224878787994,
-0.04459092766046524,
-0.1872253566980362,
-0.4672650694847107,
0.8704116940498352,
0.2836434841156006,
-0.17674459517002106,
-0.43925341963768005,
0.1205834150314331,
0.17161095142364502,
0.218628391623497,
-0.34639880061149597,
0.3691619038581848,
-0.5575206875801086,
-0.5690537095069885,
-0.27785685658454895,
-0.4759354293346405,
0.16247519850730896,
0.5070261359214783,
0.03458370268344879,
0.5350408554077148,
0.05999321490526199,
-0.6518753170967102,
0.10792136937379837,
0.0341530442237854,
0.7584334015846252,
0.062079861760139465,
0.5372937321662903,
0.27404075860977173,
-0.07156076282262802,
-0.45859456062316895,
0.018688632175326347,
0.3406630754470825,
-0.20085184276103973,
0.4124676287174225,
0.28353241086006165,
0.3337540030479431,
0.33687645196914673,
-0.5808924436569214,
0.15374496579170227,
-0.3985692262649536,
-0.7880187630653381,
-0.039070528000593185,
-0.33788642287254333,
-0.384847491979599,
0.1840246468782425,
0.022229952737689018,
0.2195502519607544,
-0.6213752627372742,
0.32765695452690125,
0.47057151794433594,
0.5988081097602844,
0.046117085963487625,
-0.7013458013534546,
0.315801203250885,
0.5182685256004333,
0.5377684235572815,
-0.08118506520986557,
0.002697196789085865,
-0.4738076627254486,
0.606792688369751,
0.16507311165332794,
-0.08982115238904953,
-0.025270085781812668,
0.4926103949546814,
-0.009494700469076633,
0.10710500180721283,
-0.3203941285610199,
0.48586305975914,
-0.3031415641307831,
-0.17694857716560364,
0.35318249464035034,
-0.4132203757762909,
-0.35217273235321045,
0.2528223693370819,
0.4541678726673126,
0.21834363043308258,
-0.37056195735931396,
-0.1305626928806305,
-0.18250402808189392,
0.09031971544027328,
0.2477509081363678,
0.789152204990387,
-0.7874191403388977,
-0.760574221611023,
0.2798893451690674,
0.0017711205873638391,
0.2597346603870392,
0.002219678368419409,
0.7608910799026489,
-0.2802025377750397,
0.6231521964073181,
-0.24888958036899567,
-0.514243483543396,
-0.4866349399089813,
0.3287578523159027,
-0.32119515538215637,
0.14964988827705383,
0.3541125953197479,
-0.41103696823120117,
0.5269724130630493,
-0.6313151717185974,
-0.09307356178760529,
-0.5521283149719238,
-0.1790551394224167,
-0.36139869689941406,
-0.33332598209381104,
0.31771013140678406,
0.22769516706466675,
0.5456315875053406,
0.02327718771994114,
0.587704062461853,
0.06645041704177856,
0.3532752990722656,
-0.054936110973358154,
-0.06347564607858658,
-0.6009867191314697,
0.01948399469256401,
-0.3802858293056488,
-0.5905259251594543,
0.29020053148269653,
-0.3785330057144165,
-0.11427309364080429,
-0.041882872581481934,
-0.2742506265640259,
0.5265635848045349,
0.8481717109680176,
0.0723036527633667,
-0.03411281853914261,
-0.5440220832824707,
-0.687691867351532,
-0.0030258384067565203,
0.47763314843177795,
-0.2482283115386963,
0.2990632653236389,
-0.34004276990890503,
-0.1692499965429306,
0.8221686482429504,
0.41822588443756104,
-0.04339045286178589,
-0.47673019766807556,
-0.18858806788921356,
0.14990964531898499,
-0.2570092976093292,
0.14255215227603912,
0.27063480019569397,
0.15776877105236053,
-0.06074643135070801,
-0.19341818988323212,
-0.19272111356258392,
-0.015942970290780067,
0.7966694235801697,
0.5135533809661865,
0.05912521108984947,
-0.4340628385543823,
-0.7004653215408325,
-0.1933797150850296,
-0.10877638310194016,
0.5668466687202454,
-0.24430784583091736,
-0.6559677124023438,
-0.18890301883220673,
0.05360815301537514,
-0.9524531364440918,
0.0347290001809597,
0.676201343536377,
-0.2671005427837372,
-0.27050772309303284,
0.11219722777605057,
0.6298103332519531,
-0.5102789402008057,
0.5303297638893127,
0.4017981290817261,
-0.2988959848880768,
0.48543256521224976,
0.3429296612739563,
0.1314377784729004,
-0.5265690684318542,
-0.6103241443634033,
-0.11267389357089996,
0.13398414850234985,
0.565071165561676,
-0.45117226243019104,
0.1113133430480957,
0.13244251906871796,
-0.8575820922851562,
-0.1630166918039322,
-0.7025845050811768,
-0.2649230659008026,
-0.5307595729827881,
-0.24963858723640442,
-0.2814561426639557,
-0.5162827968597412,
0.7502572536468506,
0.2904515862464905,
-0.975455641746521,
0.48223552107810974,
-0.8277487754821777,
-0.23362557590007782,
0.5387442708015442,
0.5977508425712585,
0.5029998421669006,
0.16792379319667816,
-0.17180420458316803,
-0.14273899793624878,
0.01738276518881321,
0.31933367252349854,
0.5643166899681091,
0.1063620075583458,
0.7616972327232361,
-0.3036755323410034,
-0.44164031744003296,
-0.38649195432662964,
-0.02999638207256794,
0.26731473207473755,
-0.21676091849803925,
-1.0958611965179443,
-0.01938391849398613,
0.3362896144390106,
-0.39511290192604065,
-0.2999670207500458,
-0.6982355713844299,
0.8366720676422119,
-1.1668750047683716,
0.2902454137802124,
0.5696911811828613,
0.24672861397266388,
-0.006053674500435591,
-0.5901088118553162,
0.02435358427464962,
0.2927216589450836,
0.11886579543352127,
0.4138818085193634,
-0.09256785362958908,
-0.6729030609130859,
-0.5844854116439819,
0.14835165441036224,
-0.5733976364135742,
-0.24508735537528992,
-0.595553994178772,
0.5429849624633789,
-0.46258145570755005,
0.4580560028553009,
-0.0923176109790802,
-0.11358560621738434,
-0.5426263809204102,
-0.32385367155075073,
-0.13123096525669098,
-0.09129077196121216,
-0.015144901350140572,
0.207527756690979,
-0.5923595428466797,
0.37293505668640137,
-0.5605670809745789,
-0.16612014174461365,
0.2166096419095993,
-0.959807276725769,
0.3315989375114441,
-0.44867992401123047,
-0.3498557209968567,
0.005992339923977852,
0.06161491200327873,
-0.3954613506793976,
0.23902921378612518,
0.424275279045105,
0.5802461504936218,
-0.6132785677909851,
0.15118584036827087,
-0.9193668365478516,
-0.052779290825128555,
0.022445889189839363,
-0.28961437940597534,
0.12256661057472229,
-0.15882977843284607,
0.38918206095695496,
-0.2476949244737625,
0.1456274539232254,
0.293587863445282,
0.13863220810890198,
0.32687443494796753,
0.3607005774974823,
0.42744627594947815,
-0.6420503854751587,
0.6288172602653503,
0.33991003036499023,
-0.7620185613632202,
0.24316558241844177,
0.9193178415298462,
0.13163864612579346,
-0.7489287853240967,
0.24552103877067566,
0.789186954498291,
0.19044479727745056,
0.6323387622833252,
0.3445441424846649,
-0.6693727970123291,
0.1547958254814148,
0.0704207569360733,
-0.07340534031391144,
0.08691050112247467,
-0.9716063141822815,
0.5534968376159668,
-0.7829359173774719,
-0.5589070916175842,
0.28729283809661865,
-0.5725129246711731,
-0.21014945209026337,
0.2053392380475998,
0.4684489965438843,
0.6247093081474304,
-0.03925732895731926,
0.24775837361812592,
0.26068058609962463,
0.15573368966579437,
0.47888821363449097,
-0.12456035614013672,
0.011410865001380444,
0.027585750445723534,
0.29266291856765747,
0.24967129528522491,
-0.31066757440567017,
0.07065438479185104,
0.48481443524360657,
0.4535263478755951,
-0.6487984657287598,
-0.44997134804725647,
0.2836039662361145,
-0.031101873144507408,
-0.11669900268316269,
-0.03265194222331047,
-0.518486738204956,
-0.06523139774799347,
-0.07481175661087036,
-0.38192835450172424,
-0.1710253804922104,
-0.15629589557647705,
-0.4297354817390442,
0.737592875957489,
0.24804706871509552,
0.43425777554512024,
0.057439401745796204,
-0.4964064061641693,
-0.08491383492946625,
0.6813679337501526,
-0.15078085660934448,
0.12136377394199371,
-0.15241014957427979,
0.3317197561264038,
0.07295599579811096,
-0.10519396513700485,
-0.023396359756588936,
-0.3437475562095642,
0.27684083580970764,
0.32536664605140686,
0.13571493327617645,
0.1365986466407776,
-0.3412765562534332,
-0.010639711283147335,
-0.23420734703540802,
0.021375320851802826,
-0.7079154253005981,
0.1681196093559265,
-0.323770135641098,
-0.07085900753736496,
-0.19136781990528107,
0.7357797026634216,
0.34862157702445984,
0.19382458925247192,
0.48884281516075134,
-0.03339889645576477,
-0.09115177392959595,
0.1487121731042862,
0.4754253625869751,
0.6050896048545837,
-0.1267947256565094,
0.34255197644233704,
-1.0578638315200806,
0.3173457682132721,
-0.16135738790035248,
0.2939523458480835,
0.3261360228061676,
0.29495465755462646,
-0.5643499493598938,
0.1776651293039322,
0.6077659130096436,
-0.32918286323547363,
0.19916506111621857,
-0.4218710958957672,
-0.25458240509033203,
-0.048832427710294724,
0.12864677608013153,
0.4520953297615051,
-0.20027482509613037,
-0.5820832252502441,
0.23514682054519653,
0.7509844303131104,
-0.8730208873748779,
0.5973625183105469,
0.11241614073514938,
-0.0573321096599102,
-0.34072521328926086,
-0.1691526174545288,
-0.6146425604820251,
0.478473037481308,
0.5444478392601013,
0.796210765838623,
-0.1014949157834053,
0.18010886013507843,
-0.27662163972854614,
-0.1972629874944687,
0.05886233225464821,
0.10371629148721695,
-0.7170311808586121,
-0.06990361958742142,
-0.5192462801933289,
-0.3330766260623932,
-0.7378692626953125,
0.8893330097198486,
0.3431461751461029,
-0.506443440914154,
0.34166061878204346,
-0.025673430413007736,
-0.6534266471862793,
-0.06578265130519867,
0.17184074223041534,
-0.24521028995513916,
1.0039910078048706,
0.058472372591495514
] |
211168
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20galaxy
|
Radio galaxy
|
Radio galaxies and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galactic nuclei that are very luminous at radio wavelengths, with luminosities up to 1039 W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz. The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. The host galaxies are almost exclusively large elliptical galaxies. Radio-loud active galaxies can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for observational cosmology. Recently, much work has been done on the effects of these objects on the intergalactic medium, particularly in galaxy groups and clusters.
Emission processes
The radio emission from radio-loud active galaxies is synchrotron emission, as inferred from its very smooth, broad-band nature and strong polarization. This implies that the radio-emitting plasma contains, at least, electrons with relativistic speeds (Lorentz factors of ~104) and magnetic fields. Since the plasma must be neutral, it must also contain either protons or positrons. There is no way of determining the particle content directly from observations of synchrotron radiation. Moreover, there is no way to determine the energy densities in particles and magnetic fields from observation: the same synchrotron emissivity may be a result of a few electrons and a strong field, or a weak field and many electrons, or something in between. It is possible to determine a minimum energy condition which is the minimum energy density that a region with a given emissivity can have, but for many years there was no particular reason to believe that the true energies were anywhere near the minimum energies.
A sister process to the synchrotron radiation is the inverse-Compton process, in which the relativistic electrons interact with ambient photons and Thomson scatter them to high energies. Inverse-Compton emission from radio-loud sources turns out to be particularly important in X-rays, and, because it depends only on the density of electrons, a detection of inverse-Compton scattering allows a somewhat model-dependent estimate of the energy densities in the particles and magnetic fields. This has been used to argue that many powerful sources are actually quite near the minimum-energy condition.
Synchrotron radiation is not confined to radio wavelengths: if the radio source can accelerate particles to high enough energies, features that are detected in the radio wavelengths may also be seen in the infrared, optical, ultraviolet or even X-ray. In the latter case the responsible electrons must have energies in excess of 1 TeV in typical magnetic field strengths. Again, polarization and continuum spectrum are used to distinguish the synchrotron radiation from other emission processes. Jets and hotspots are the usual sources of high-frequency synchrotron emission. It is hard to distinguish observationally between the synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation, making them a subject of ongoing research.
Processes, collectively known as particle acceleration, produce populations of relativistic and non-thermal particles that give rise to synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation. Fermi acceleration is one plausible particle acceleration process in radio-loud active galaxies.
Radio structures
Radio galaxies, and to a lesser extent, radio-loud quasars display a wide range of structures in radio maps. The most common large-scale structures are called lobes: these are double, often fairly symmetrical, roughly ellipsoidal structures placed on either side of the active nucleus. A significant minority of low-luminosity sources exhibit structures usually known as plumes which are much more elongated. Some radio galaxies show one or two long narrow features known as jets (the most famous example being the giant galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster) coming directly from the nucleus and going to the lobes. Since the 1970s, the most widely accepted model has been that the lobes or plumes are powered by beams of high-energy particles and magnetic field coming from close to the active nucleus. The jets are believed to be the visible manifestations of the beams, and often the term jet is used to refer both to the observable feature and to the underlying flow.
In 1974, radio sources were divided by Fanaroff and Riley into two classes, now known as Fanaroff and Riley Class I (FRI), and Class II (FRII). The distinction was originally made based on the morphology of the large-scale radio emission (the type was determined by the distance between the brightest points in the radio emission): FRI sources were brightest towards the centre, while FRII sources were brightest at the edges. Fanaroff and Riley observed that there was a reasonably sharp divide in luminosity between the two classes: FRIs were low-luminosity, FRIIs were high luminosity. With more detailed radio observations, the morphology turns out to reflect the method of energy transport in the radio source. FRI objects typically have bright jets in the centre, while FRIIs have faint jets but bright hotspots at the ends of the lobes. FRIIs appear to be able to transport energy efficiently to the ends of the lobes, while FRI beams are inefficient in the sense that they radiate a significant amount of their energy away as they travel.
In more detail, the FRI/FRII division depends on host-galaxy environment in the sense that the FRI/FRII transition appears at higher luminosities in more massive galaxies. FRI jets are known to be decelerating in the regions in which their radio emission is brightest, and so it seems that the FRI/FRII transition reflects whether a jet/beam can propagate through the host galaxy without being decelerated to sub-relativistic speeds by interaction with the intergalactic medium. From analysis of relativistic beaming effects, the jets of FRII sources are known to remain relativistic (with speeds of at least 0.5c) out to the ends of the lobes. The hotspots that are usually seen in FRII sources are interpreted as being the visible manifestations of shocks formed when the fast, and therefore supersonic, jet (the speed of sound cannot exceed c/√3) abruptly terminates at the end of the source, and their spectral energy distributions are consistent with this picture. Often multiple hotspots are seen, reflecting either continued outflow after the shock or movement of the jet termination point: the overall hotspot region is sometimes called the hotspot complex.
Names are given to several particular types of radio source based on their radio structure:
Classical double refers to an FRII source with clear hotspots.
Wide-angle tail normally refers to a source intermediate between standard FRI and FRII structure, with efficient jets and sometimes hotspots, but with plumes rather than lobes, found at or near the centres of clusters.
Narrow-angle tail or Head-tail source describes an FRI that appears to be bent by ram pressure as it moves through a cluster.
Fat doubles are sources with diffuse lobes but neither jets nor hotspots. Some such sources may be relics whose energy supply has been permanently or temporarily turned off.
Life cycles and dynamics
The largest radio galaxies have lobes or plumes extending to megaparsec scales (more in the case of giant radio galaxies like 3C236), implying a timescale for growth of the order of tens to hundreds of millions of years. This means that, except in the case of very small, very young sources, we cannot observe radio source dynamics directly, and so must resort to theory and inferences from large numbers of objects. Clearly, radio sources must start small and grow larger. In the case of sources with lobes, the dynamics are fairly simple: the jets feed the lobes, the pressure of the lobes increases and the lobes expand. How fast they expand depends on the density and pressure of the external medium. The highest-pressure phase of the external medium, and thus the most important phase from the point of view of the dynamics, is the X-ray emitting diffuse hot gas. For a long time, it was assumed that powerful sources would expand supersonically, pushing a shock through the external medium. However, X-ray observations show that the internal lobe pressures of powerful FRII sources are often close to the external thermal pressures and not much higher than the external pressures, as would be required for supersonic expansion. The only unambiguously supersonically expanding system known consists of the inner lobes of the low-power radio galaxy Centaurus A which are probably a result of a comparatively recent outburst of the active nucleus.
Host galaxies and environments
These radio sources are almost universally found hosted by elliptical galaxies, though there is one well-documented exception, namely NGC 4151. Some Seyfert galaxies show weak, small radio jets, but they are not radio-luminous enough to be classified as radio-loud. Such information as there is about the host galaxies of radio-loud quasars and blazars suggests that they are also hosted by elliptical galaxies.
There are several possible reasons for this very strong preference for ellipticals. One is that ellipticals generally contain the most massive black holes, and so are capable of powering the most luminous active galaxies (see Eddington luminosity). Another is that ellipticals generally inhabit richer environments, providing a large-scale intergalactic medium to confine the radio source. It may also be that the larger amounts of cold gas in spiral galaxies in some way disrupts or stifles a forming jet. To date there is no compelling single explanation for the observations.
Unified models
The different types of radio-loud active galaxies are linked by unified models. The key observation that led to the adoption of unified models for powerful radio galaxies and radio-loud quasars was that all quasars appear to be beamed towards us, showing superluminal motion in the cores and bright jets on the side of the source nearest to us (the Laing-Garrington effect:). If this is the case, there must be a population of objects not beamed towards us, and, since we know the lobes are not affected by beaming, they would appear as radio galaxies, provided that the quasar nucleus is obscured when the source is seen side-on. It is now accepted that at least some powerful radio galaxies have 'hidden' quasars, though it is not clear whether all such radio galaxies would be quasars if viewed from the right angle. In a similar way, low-power radio galaxies are a plausible parent population for BL Lac objects.
Uses of radio galaxies
Distant sources
Radio galaxies and radio-loud quasars have been widely used, particularly in the 80s and 90s, to find distant galaxies: by selecting based on radio spectrum and then observing the host galaxy it was possible to find objects at high redshift at modest cost in telescope time. The problem with this method is that hosts of active galaxies may not be typical of galaxies at their redshift. Similarly, radio galaxies have in the past been used to find distant X-ray emitting clusters, but unbiased selection methods are now preferred. The most distant radio galaxy currently known is TGSS J1530+1049, at a redshift of 5.72.
Standard rulers
Some work has been done attempting to use radio galaxies as standard rulers to determine cosmological parameters. This method is fraught with difficulty because a radio galaxy's size depends on both its age and its environment. When a model of the radio source is used, though, methods based on radio galaxies can give good agreement with other cosmological observations.
Effects on environment
Whether or not a radio source is expanding supersonically, it must do work against the external medium in expanding, and so it puts energy into heating and lifting the external plasma. The minimum energy stored in the lobes of a powerful radio source might be 1053 J. The lower limit on the work done on the external medium by such a source is several times this. A good deal of the current interest in radio sources focuses on the effect they must have at the centres of clusters at the present day. Equally interesting is their likely effect on structure formation over cosmological time: it is thought that they may provide a feedback mechanism to slow the formation of the most massive objects.
Terminology
Widely used terminology is awkward now that it is generally accepted that quasars and radio galaxies are the same objects (see above). The acronym DRAGN (for 'Double Radiosource Associated with Galactic Nucleus') has been coined,
but has not yet taken off. Extragalactic radio source is common but can lead to confusion, since many other extragalactic objects are detected in radio surveys, notably starburst galaxies. Radio-loud active galaxy is unambiguous, and so is often used in this article.
See also
Relativistic jet
X-shaped radio galaxy
M–sigma relation
Death Star Galaxy
References
External links
Atlas of DRAGNs A collection of radio images of the 3CRR catalogue of radio-loud active galaxies.
Radio and optical images of radio galaxies and quasars
The on-line 3CRR catalogue of radio sources
Active galaxy types
radio galaxies
|
[
0.007428660988807678,
0.2800491154193878,
0.3116603195667267,
-0.1671362817287445,
-0.3489287495613098,
-0.7448748350143433,
0.1890239268541336,
0.2146930992603302,
-0.045553527772426605,
-0.43498995900154114,
-0.5986801385879517,
0.3433093726634979,
-0.4295196235179901,
0.40951085090637207,
0.01475570909678936,
0.5437755584716797,
0.5411711931228638,
0.5061936378479004,
-0.5282686948776245,
-0.36140748858451843,
-0.10267816483974457,
0.09291508793830872,
0.18893744051456451,
-0.28954949975013733,
0.3904971480369568,
0.10386450588703156,
-0.2517088055610657,
0.3164514899253845,
0.3494199812412262,
-0.02478930912911892,
-0.0695284828543663,
0.7456591725349426,
-0.13390269875526428,
0.15666629374027252,
0.4248223304748535,
0.26636025309562683,
-0.01683112047612667,
0.019455350935459137,
-0.34230080246925354,
-0.38632550835609436,
0.295260488986969,
0.16096732020378113,
-0.007310996763408184,
0.46232062578201294,
-0.7416487336158752,
-0.4635973572731018,
-0.9463045001029968,
0.35787758231163025,
0.0037279443349689245,
0.38601019978523254,
0.015378260985016823,
-0.3342205882072449,
0.5844756960868835,
0.3230748772621155,
-0.07883299887180328,
-0.10580995678901672,
-0.1578114628791809,
0.041206955909729004,
0.5507201552391052,
-0.12906570732593536,
0.00831871759146452,
-0.33152154088020325,
-0.3677176237106323,
-0.20562484860420227,
-0.1917969435453415,
-0.014183703809976578,
0.04696810618042946,
-0.5923939943313599,
-0.4141097366809845,
0.04612152650952339,
0.4493611454963684,
-0.476026713848114,
0.003922074567526579,
-0.2842424809932709,
-0.2677309513092041,
-0.18098828196525574,
0.04369781166315079,
0.18695072829723358,
-0.39159008860588074,
0.11415388435125351,
-0.2883037030696869,
0.34420064091682434,
0.41891348361968994,
-0.3811430037021637,
-0.3839825391769409,
0.018957890570163727,
-0.7091066837310791,
0.645016610622406,
-0.7393845915794373,
0.5631523132324219,
0.20908260345458984,
-0.5183237791061401,
0.6009355783462524,
0.45614051818847656,
0.6089802980422974,
0.09953518956899643,
0.38912543654441833,
-0.10130050033330917,
0.009313701651990414,
0.29841992259025574,
-0.020871110260486603,
0.5070115923881531,
0.7266602516174316,
-0.29984673857688904,
-0.3835354745388031,
0.14554882049560547,
-0.13047750294208527,
-0.5117460489273071,
-0.633367121219635,
0.119300976395607,
-0.5120959877967834,
-0.28472834825515747,
-0.19457599520683289,
-0.09722977876663208,
-0.45975518226623535,
-0.3183650076389313,
0.24472497403621674,
0.05155444145202637,
0.2545908987522125,
0.02658042684197426,
0.2513396739959717,
1.3085733652114868,
0.01774582453072071,
0.04780634120106697,
0.16385073959827423,
0.25411200523376465,
0.6786367893218994,
0.16513752937316895,
-0.6097303032875061,
0.01466370653361082,
-0.23226730525493622,
0.9765211343765259,
-0.1419040411710739,
0.32207638025283813,
0.27706092596054077,
-0.16411192715168,
0.09869309514760971,
-0.1258658617734909,
0.41862785816192627,
0.26709309220314026,
-0.5712015628814697,
-0.5151221752166748,
-0.5899583697319031,
-0.1805766224861145,
0.3187504708766937,
-0.06984934955835342,
-0.4727931022644043,
-0.6788550615310669,
-0.36868157982826233,
-0.16654855012893677,
-0.9536605477333069,
0.015331716276705265,
-0.11662210524082184,
0.28315627574920654,
-0.32539814710617065,
-0.4656577706336975,
-0.15871678292751312,
0.2146369069814682,
0.27316147089004517,
0.3397684693336487,
-0.33728036284446716,
-0.34069326519966125,
-0.44692277908325195,
0.019139999523758888,
0.0535971000790596,
0.26156914234161377,
0.3828049600124359,
0.7408452033996582,
-0.6172528862953186,
0.23640257120132446,
0.08258292824029922,
-0.12395728379487991,
0.23772215843200684,
-0.385905385017395,
-0.5114418268203735,
-0.10653220862150192,
0.6498371958732605,
0.341169536113739,
-0.061732903122901917,
-0.11267213523387909,
-0.49049410223960876,
0.10055408626794815,
0.3599887490272522,
-0.0880790501832962,
0.06461707502603531,
0.043990395963191986,
0.2605799734592438,
0.5318663120269775,
0.2015911191701889,
-0.2584422826766968,
0.02652287855744362,
-0.08600634336471558,
-0.024776019155979156,
-0.3570708632469177,
0.8834349513053894,
0.05073976889252663,
-0.11773359775543213,
0.4707213342189789,
0.27258631587028503,
-0.13787247240543365,
-0.12148572504520416,
-0.10815047472715378,
0.645322859287262,
-0.13220135867595673,
-0.19312043488025665,
-0.16557423770427704,
0.1277102530002594,
-0.06248009204864502,
0.2509557008743286,
-0.16840168833732605,
0.546485960483551,
-0.0810551643371582,
0.13709388673305511,
-0.463993638753891,
0.01223409827798605,
0.08415637910366058,
-0.49103042483329773,
0.42607417702674866,
-0.4231608808040619,
-0.2935543656349182,
0.5791501402854919,
-0.479971319437027,
-0.06672508269548416,
0.7525928616523743,
-0.4878099858760834,
0.6454371809959412,
0.44875213503837585,
0.21820583939552307,
0.6972413659095764,
-0.27843600511550903,
0.5651988983154297,
-1.266482949256897,
0.13044457137584686,
-0.2859295606613159,
-0.21364273130893707,
0.3236469626426697,
-0.05213777348399162,
-0.05580348148941994,
0.040155988186597824,
-0.5963881015777588,
0.004983061458915472,
-0.01370894443243742,
-0.7888561487197876,
0.3801390528678894,
0.03628666698932648,
-0.2462373822927475,
0.015401175245642662,
0.13521192967891693,
-0.5560972094535828,
0.4748273193836212,
-0.15683120489120483,
-0.04102122038602829,
-0.27936169505119324,
-0.536835789680481,
0.4877603352069855,
-0.3309042155742645,
0.21983453631401062,
0.2203613817691803,
0.6609922051429749,
0.07667955011129379,
-0.001401290064677596,
0.1623140424489975,
0.23866266012191772,
-0.18626166880130768,
-0.594783365726471,
-0.5667751431465149,
0.15874454379081726,
-0.5866867899894714,
0.6280439496040344,
0.16788576543331146,
-0.11430485546588898,
0.5293139815330505,
0.0081874905154109,
0.0966048389673233,
-0.17516832053661346,
-0.50966876745224,
0.5854565501213074,
0.12379246950149536,
-0.10277888923883438,
0.0673518255352974,
0.2413865178823471,
0.11523286253213882,
0.9446724057197571,
-0.2607766091823578,
-0.38477328419685364,
-0.08565782755613327,
0.3652884066104889,
-0.22804656624794006,
-0.25753554701805115,
-0.06970600038766861,
-1.0916571617126465,
0.2679670751094818,
-0.5084278583526611,
0.47044697403907776,
-0.40993180871009827,
0.2717598080635071,
0.4649999141693115,
-0.10558101534843445,
-0.061438947916030884,
-0.5413005948066711,
-0.7905325889587402,
0.34599417448043823,
-0.8918402791023254,
-0.13896052539348602,
-0.34576183557510376,
0.2920472323894501,
-0.12186935544013977,
0.2985519468784332,
-5.718600749969482,
0.44559863209724426,
-0.11679492145776749,
-0.5714424848556519,
-0.5254117250442505,
0.274578720331192,
0.46181634068489075,
-0.655971348285675,
-0.009814920835196972,
0.04911134019494057,
-0.4908032715320587,
0.2758854329586029,
0.14843127131462097,
0.19111591577529907,
0.5453035235404968,
-0.13028158247470856,
-0.4138844311237335,
0.15134046971797943,
-0.217632457613945,
-0.013380215503275394,
0.3590543270111084,
0.1718774139881134,
0.3187292814254761,
0.1948235183954239,
-0.010607821866869926,
0.12105799466371536,
0.03534781187772751,
-0.23552992939949036,
0.18573042750358582,
-0.6651868224143982,
0.35661670565605164,
0.10671548545360565,
-0.1583624631166458,
-0.011287814006209373,
0.33637887239456177,
0.5071876645088196,
0.5460977554321289,
0.08712644875049591,
0.3477490544319153,
-0.13256804645061493,
0.5097370743751526,
0.5763867497444153,
-0.030521702021360397,
-0.22118182480335236,
0.40830549597740173,
-0.12818710505962372,
-0.1814935803413391,
0.4442955553531647,
-0.4844870865345001,
0.6037535667419434,
-0.37109407782554626,
-0.06746722012758255,
0.07257115095853806,
0.07672915607690811,
0.3828410506248474,
0.30955007672309875,
0.0335548110306263,
0.32281118631362915,
-0.3972209692001343,
-0.2360357940196991,
-0.07689717411994934,
0.23795875906944275,
-0.5529528856277466,
-0.42321479320526123,
-0.3923971354961395,
0.4839169681072235,
-1.0068432092666626,
0.09803251177072525,
1.0941132307052612,
-0.11284006386995316,
-0.28684091567993164,
-0.334876149892807,
0.2413780391216278,
-0.490062415599823,
0.6165605783462524,
-0.4812416732311249,
0.08514244109392166,
-0.04151374474167824,
-0.2555753290653229,
0.5890355110168457,
-0.3449614942073822,
-0.011503959074616432,
-0.38711005449295044,
-0.03238174691796303,
-0.06135179102420807,
-1.1870626211166382,
-0.5996565222740173,
-0.3058941066265106,
-0.14273613691329956,
0.038337498903274536,
0.1826232671737671,
-0.6905475854873657,
-0.11698861420154572,
0.39824357628822327,
0.7001736164093018,
0.0788533091545105,
0.37561458349227905,
0.6396763920783997,
1.3678420782089233,
0.21539971232414246,
1.2955260276794434,
-0.008951677940785885,
0.1008225753903389,
-0.6162540316581726,
-0.44245466589927673,
0.08558318018913269,
-0.4727674722671509,
0.33582502603530884,
0.9202081561088562,
-0.012477022595703602,
0.2063630372285843,
0.14847543835639954,
-0.5672812461853027,
0.047490429133176804,
0.3479888141155243,
-0.4563075602054596,
-0.552065908908844,
0.7650614976882935,
0.36005839705467224,
0.22701580822467804,
0.1501428484916687,
0.21007855236530304,
-0.5205191373825073,
0.0422021709382534,
-0.4512341022491455,
0.33070579171180725,
-0.24002665281295776,
-0.14185984432697296,
-0.4744056463241577,
-0.024880453944206238,
0.5897684097290039,
0.012982978485524654,
0.06533747911453247,
0.26747122406959534,
0.23824188113212585,
0.30100035667419434,
-0.7530197501182556,
-0.14338934421539307,
0.7124199271202087,
-0.5080220699310303,
0.33658793568611145,
-0.058951765298843384,
-0.14890560507774353,
0.277351975440979,
0.2687051296234131,
0.4170377254486084,
-0.1295708417892456,
-0.43505391478538513,
-0.19356867671012878,
-0.10459418594837189,
-0.10165905952453613,
-0.0005748649709858,
0.177345409989357,
-0.22061723470687866,
-0.40635010600090027,
0.14824555814266205,
0.046728745102882385,
-0.1164562776684761,
0.3272012770175934,
-0.5855146646499634,
-0.029876358807086945,
-0.08382327109575272,
-0.4915667772293091,
0.23381637036800385,
-0.2663361430168152,
-0.1156967356801033,
-0.8872763514518738,
0.48764634132385254,
0.2345367819070816,
-0.023282866925001144,
-0.21549338102340698,
-0.3219173550605774,
-0.26774993538856506,
-0.6192386746406555,
-0.21275131404399872,
0.3244986832141876,
0.22015270590782166,
0.15574675798416138,
0.07349471747875214,
-0.18797427415847778,
0.036431197077035904,
0.18634875118732452,
-0.17658351361751556,
0.3515569865703583,
0.2180318981409073,
-0.08324282616376877,
0.06755281239748001,
-0.2310025691986084,
0.08592439442873001,
-0.19880272448062897,
0.5383917093276978,
0.6465089917182922,
0.2749142050743103,
-0.15892764925956726,
0.037888672202825546,
-0.43614405393600464,
-0.41182950139045715,
0.6981632113456726,
0.15968263149261475,
-0.5669236183166504,
0.1023225486278534,
-0.13788330554962158,
-0.8098194003105164,
0.1553412824869156,
0.25790107250213623,
-0.321443647146225,
0.08047634363174438,
-0.20593973994255066,
-0.09272181242704391,
0.13062752783298492,
-0.5777350068092346,
-0.5472906231880188,
-0.017968669533729553,
0.488125741481781,
-0.20062832534313202,
0.21437343955039978,
-0.17147396504878998,
-0.33774685859680176,
-0.057001907378435135,
-0.28036558628082275,
0.1066378504037857,
-0.040581114590168,
-0.030087752267718315,
-0.12543243169784546,
-0.18634988367557526,
0.7178242802619934,
-0.30347588658332825,
-0.2384023517370224,
-0.15303395688533783,
-0.29227811098098755,
-0.06408299505710602,
0.12350036203861237,
-0.013775181956589222,
-0.09509251266717911,
-0.20608621835708618,
-0.29964783787727356,
-0.29099664092063904,
-0.38599878549575806,
-0.0007708933553658426,
0.69684898853302,
0.7518993020057678,
0.7443223595619202,
-0.7471573948860168,
-0.03289492428302765,
-0.341525137424469,
0.5940656065940857,
0.9128960371017456,
-0.18756648898124695,
-0.8019528388977051,
-0.41828981041908264,
0.29409122467041016,
-0.5493105053901672,
-0.6170497536659241,
-0.06682727485895157,
1.2694602012634277,
-0.16478881239891052,
-0.4176173508167267,
-0.10244528204202652,
-0.00879209116101265,
0.06817354261875153,
-0.11418366432189941,
0.024627240374684334,
-0.16973532736301422,
0.16513144969940186,
0.6926469802856445,
-0.0027132509276270866,
-0.8240119218826294,
-0.7979440093040466,
0.3952648341655731,
0.06353902071714401,
0.8404039740562439,
-0.13162831962108612,
1.0710480213165283,
0.2655085027217865,
-0.05701369047164917,
0.8475700616836548,
-0.2311939299106598,
0.20147709548473358,
-0.8275559544563293,
-0.07525867223739624,
-0.43619632720947266,
0.1605478674173355,
0.06659314781427383,
-0.6329473257064819,
0.35741180181503296,
-0.27723124623298645,
-0.10016121715307236,
-0.1234801784157753,
-0.011090079322457314,
-0.24746567010879517,
-0.35531431436538696,
-0.21623939275741577,
-0.26977595686912537,
0.48146679997444153,
0.3807554543018341,
0.5857776403427124,
0.43063288927078247,
0.15105333924293518,
-0.391348272562027,
-0.06436875462532043,
-0.47839853167533875,
0.12389889359474182,
0.20713457465171814,
-1.1621173620224,
0.8074404001235962,
-0.3858509361743927,
0.5082868337631226,
0.11703366041183472,
-0.06756400316953659,
-0.5517956614494324,
-0.26861438155174255,
0.047900352627038956,
0.11498293280601501,
0.2473541498184204,
-0.5658628940582275,
0.19183997809886932,
0.41999879479408264,
0.004553524311631918,
0.6412235498428345,
0.3697269856929779,
0.7122424840927124,
0.5490604639053345,
-0.002154191955924034,
0.16748584806919098,
-1.0859546661376953,
0.36558592319488525,
-0.25343140959739685,
-0.008427232503890991,
0.027358032763004303,
-0.04626038298010826,
0.6579694747924805,
-0.001724122790619731,
-0.3146950602531433,
0.6298728585243225,
-0.38878801465034485,
-0.5305837988853455,
0.17619654536247253,
-0.11051773279905319,
-1.0406283140182495,
0.5040084719657898,
0.28619346022605896,
0.5784218311309814,
-0.3479151129722595,
0.4788169860839844,
-0.2633667290210724,
0.4412813186645508,
0.1855013072490692,
0.6490898728370667,
0.025237858295440674,
-0.1860663741827011,
0.22055359184741974,
-0.07950236648321152,
0.7715625166893005,
0.22059863805770874,
-0.06033185124397278,
-0.3040270209312439,
0.39898350834846497,
-0.7110501527786255,
-0.5973731875419617,
0.03140082582831383,
-0.2870755195617676,
0.4909403622150421,
0.1921580284833908,
0.47851261496543884,
0.2905029058456421,
-0.25250494480133057,
-0.35571783781051636,
-0.283805787563324,
-0.2785997688770294,
-0.23512525856494904,
0.4359266459941864,
0.36740514636039734,
-0.1847222000360489,
0.6632757186889648,
-0.7222874760627747,
-0.0928097739815712,
-0.2347506880760193,
0.236812025308609,
0.04378234222531319,
-0.2988823652267456,
-0.37835821509361267,
-0.08227194100618362,
0.270314484834671,
-0.6921670436859131,
0.10859031975269318,
-0.07186759263277054,
-0.3922043442726135,
0.21504849195480347,
0.45128294825553894,
-0.14565013349056244,
0.6772641539573669,
-0.5924386382102966,
-0.007055508438497782,
-0.51667320728302,
-0.37629687786102295,
-0.2848883271217346,
0.5325426459312439,
0.18723164498806,
0.2811602056026459,
0.012392408214509487,
0.15721066296100616,
0.17704273760318756,
0.19557665288448334,
0.0022229175083339214,
-1.171511173248291,
0.5764793157577515,
-0.16252878308296204,
0.004048273432999849,
-0.5415383577346802,
0.5256116390228271,
0.4621802866458893,
-0.08749877661466599,
-0.10708044469356537,
0.3606265187263489,
0.1752399355173111,
0.11530159413814545,
0.8730940818786621,
-0.5677452683448792,
0.28378036618232727,
-0.1597384214401245,
-0.06510189175605774,
-0.6450772285461426,
0.05660748854279518,
0.18993762135505676,
0.5192581415176392,
0.14997504651546478,
0.22155435383319855,
0.1026851162314415,
-0.5390757918357849,
0.13896846771240234,
0.16240794956684113,
-0.019275452941656113,
-0.6792765855789185,
0.2606888711452484,
-0.5919983386993408,
-0.7218708395957947,
-0.1231609359383583,
0.12599094212055206,
0.06697381287813187,
-0.4028654992580414,
0.2531513571739197,
-0.19169528782367706,
-0.4301222264766693,
-0.20787875354290009,
-0.04080830514431,
0.5660637617111206,
0.7216590642929077,
-0.48647844791412354,
-0.44972866773605347,
0.5454615950584412,
0.06227435544133186,
-1.119624376296997,
0.5415902733802795,
-0.22038298845291138,
-0.4745885133743286,
0.19601120054721832,
0.56562340259552,
0.4156443774700165,
0.11558950692415237,
0.11863354593515396
] |
211170
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Aiken
|
Frank Aiken
|
Francis Thomas Aiken (13 February 1898 – 18 May 1983) was an Irish revolutionary and politician. He was chief of staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA at the end of the Irish Civil War. Aiken later served as Tánaiste from 1965 to 1969 and Minister for External Affairs from 1951 to 1954 and 1957 to 1969. Previously he had held the posts of Minister for Finance from 1945 to 1948, Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures 1939 to 1945, Minister for Defence from 1932 to 1939, and was also Minister for Lands and Fisheries from June–November 1936.
He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Louth constituency from 1923 to 1973, making him the second longest-serving member of Dáil Éireann and the longest-serving cabinet minister. Originally a member of Sinn Féin, he was later a founding member of Fianna Fáil.
Early life
Early years
Frank Aiken was born on 13 February 1898 at Carrickbracken, Camlough, County Armagh, Ireland, the seventh and youngest child of James Aiken, a builder from County Tyrone, and Mary McGeeney of Corromannon, Beleek, County Armagh. James Aiken built Catholic churches in South Armagh. Aiken was a nationalist, a member of the IRB and a county councillor, who refused an offer to stand as an MP. James was Chairman of the Local Board of the Poor Guardians. In 1900, on her visit to Ireland, he told Queen Victoria that he would not welcome her "until Ireland has become free".
Frank Aiken was educated at the Camlough National School and in Newry by Irish Christian Brothers at Abbey Christian Brothers Grammar School, although he had only a 'vague' recollection of school.
Revolutionary period
Irish Volunteers and IRA
He was elected a lieutenant in 1914 when he joined the Camlough Company of Irish Volunteers and the Gaelic League. But the northern nationalists split so they took no part in the Easter Rising. He became secretary of the local branch in 1917 and joined Sinn Féin. His sister Nano Aiken organised Cumann na mBan in Newry, setting up a local branch at Camlough. While working at the Co-Operative Flax-Scutching Society, Aiken committed to speaking Irish, which he learned at the Donegal Gaeltacht and Omeath Irish College.
He first met Eamonn de Valera at the East Clare election in June 1917, riding despatches for Austin Stack. During a rowdy by-election at Bessbrook in February 1918, Aiken was elected a captain of Volunteers, stewarding electioneering. As secretary and chairman of the South Armagh district executive (comhairle ceanntair) it was his job to be chief fund-raiser for the Dublin Executive, responsible for the Dáil loan masterminded by Michael Collins.
In 1917, making an outward display of defiance, Aiken raised the republican Irish tricolor, opposite Camlough Barracks in Armagh, a move designed as deliberate provocation.
In March 1918 he was arrested by the RIC for illegal drilling — an act of open defiance that provoked a sentence of imprisonment for one month. On release that summer he joined the secretive Irish Republican Brotherhood fighting Hibernianism in the area. By 1919 Aiken's clandestine activities mainly consisted of arms raids on dumps of the Ulster Volunteers who had imported weapons to resist Home Rule in 1913–14. As well as UVF dumps, Aiken and the Newry Brigade also raided prominent local unionist barracks at Dromilly, Ballyedmond Castle and Loughall Manor. Although they failed to capture many weapons the raids gave experience to newly recruited Volunteers. Aiken was also responsible for setting up GAA Club, Gaelic League branch, a Cumann na mBan Camogie League. Within a few years he was Chairman of Sinn Féin in Armagh, and was also elected to Armagh County Council.
War of Independence
Operating from the south Armagh/north Louth area, Aiken's unit was one of the most effective IRA in Ulster during the Irish War of Independence. This success is attributed primarily to Aiken's leadership and training methods.
In May 1920, he led 200 IRA men in an assault on the RIC barracks in Newtownhamilton, attacking the building and then burning it with paraffin spayed from a potato sprayer; however, the garrison did not surrender. Aiken himself led a squad which blasted a hole in the wall of the barracks with gelignite and entered through it, exchanging shots with the policemen inside.
At a sports event in Cullyhanna in June 1920, Aiken led a group of three men that demanded that three RIC men hand over their weapons. Shooting broke out and one man on each side was killed.
In July, he was almost killed at Banbridge. While riding a motorcycle to Lurgan he was chased by an angry mob.
In December 1920, he led another assault, this time abortive, on the RIC station in his home village of Camlough. In reprisal, the newly formed Ulster Special Constabulary burned Aiken's home and those of ten of his relatives in the Camlough area. They also arrested and killed two local republicans. From this point onward, the conflict in the area took on an increasingly bitter and sectarian quality. Aiken tried on a number of occasions to ambush USC patrols from the ruins of his family home.
In April 1921, Aiken's men mounted an operation in Creggan, County Armagh to ambush the police and Special Constabulary. One Special constable was killed in the ensuing firefight. Some accounts have reported that Aiken took the Protestant Church congregation in the village hostage to lure the Specials out onto the road. However, Mathew Lewis states that both Catholic and Protestant churchgoers were held in a pub to prevent their getting caught in the crossfire. Nevertheless, sectarian bitterness deepened in the area. The following month, the Special Constabulary started shooting Catholic civilians in revenge for IRA attacks.
In June 1921, Aiken organised his most successful attack yet on the British military, when his men derailed a British troop train heading from Belfast to Dublin, killing the train guard, three cavalry soldiers and 63 horses. Shortly afterwards, the Specials took four Catholics from their homes in Bessbrook and Altnaveigh, shooting them dead.
After an IRA reorganisation in April 1921, Aiken was put in command of the Fourth Northern Division of the IRA. The cycle of violence in south-east Ulster area continued the following year, despite a formal truce with the British from 11 July 1921. Michael Collins organised a clandestine guerrilla offensive against the newly created Northern Ireland State. In May 1922, for reasons that have never been properly determined, Aiken and his Fourth Northern Division never took part in the operation, although it was planned that they would.
Aiken remained Head of the Ulster Council Command, however. He was quickly promoted through the ranks, rising to commandant of Newry Brigade and eventually commander of 4th Northern Division from spring 1921. The IRA units he would eventually command extended from County Louth, southern and western County Down, and from March 1921 the whole of County Armagh.
None the less, the local IRA's inaction at this time did not end the bloodshed in South Armagh. Aiken has been accused by unionists of ethnic cleansing of Protestants from parts of South Armagh, Newry and other areas of the north. In particular, Aiken's critics cite the killing of six Protestant civilians, on an incident called the Altnaveigh Massacre, on 17 June 1922. The attack was in reprisal for the Special Constabulary's killing of two nationalists near Camlough on 13 June and a sexual assault on UNA mcGuill, the wife of one of Aiken's friends, James McGuill. As well as the six civilians, two Special Constables were killed in an ambush, and two weeks later a unionist politician, William Frazer, was abducted, killed and his body secretly buried. It was not found until 1924.
Civil War
After the IRA split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, Aiken ultimately became aligned with the anti-Treaty side in spite of personal efforts to prevent division and civil war and by remaining neutral at first. After fighting broke out between pro- and anti-Treaty units in Dublin on 28 June 1922, he wrote to Richard Mulcahy on 6 July 1922 calling for a truce, the election of a new reunited IRA army council and the removal of the Oath of Allegiance from the Free State constitution. Mulcahy was evasive, however, and said he 'could not see a way to advise the government' to agree with Aiken's proposals. Subsequently, Aiken travelled to Limerick meet with anti-Treaty IRA leader Liam Lynch, and urged him to consider a truce in return for the removal of references to the British monarch from the constitution. Aiken later felt that without the sterling work done in support of the Treaty by Eoin O'Duffy, aided by Mulcahy and Eoin MacNeill, civil war would have been avoided.
Despite his neutrality and pleas for a negotiated end to the Civil War, Aiken was arrested by pro-Treaty troops on 16 July 1922, under Dan Hogan and imprisoned at Dundalk Gaol along with about 200 to 300 of his men. After just ten days imprisonment, he was freed in a mass escape of 100 men from Dundalk prison on 28 July. Then, on 14 August, he led a surprise attack of between 300 and 400 anti-treaty IRA men on Dundalk. They blew holes in the army barracks there and rapidly took control of the town at a cost of just two of his men killed. The operation freed 240 republican prisoners seizing 400 rifles. While in possession of the town, Aiken publicly called for an end to the civil war. For the remainder of the conflict he remained at large with his unit, carrying out no major attacks on Free State forces. Aiken was to remain unenthusiastic about the internecine struggle.
Chief of Staff
Aiken was with IRA leader Liam Lynch's patrol when they were ambushed at Knockmealdown on 10 April 1923. Lynch was shot and killed. Aiken rescued crucial IRA papers, "saved and brought through at any cost". His succeeded Lynch as IRA Chief of Staff on 20 April. Always ambivalent about the war against the Free State, Aiken soon issued a letter ordering a suspension of offensive operations from 30 April.Department of the Chief of Staff, General Headquarters, Dublin, April 27th, 1923.
Special Army Orders. To OCs, Commanders and Independent Brigades.
Suspension of Offensive
1. I order to give effect to the decision of the government and Army Council embodied in attached Proclamation of this date. You will arrange the suspension of all offensive operations in your area as from now, Monday April 30th.
2. You will ensure that while remaining on the offensive all units take adequate measures to protect themselves and their munitions.
Chief of Staff.
Aiken had remained close to Eamon de Valera, who had long wanted to end the Civil War, and together the two came up with a compromise that would save the anti-Treaty side from a formal surrender. Instead of giving up their weapons, their fighters would receive a further order to 'dump arms' and simply return home as honourable republicans. Aiken wrote: "We took up arms to free our country and we'll keep them until we see an honourable way or reaching our objective without arms".
The ceasefire and dump-arms order, issued on 24 May 1923, effectively ended the Irish Civil War, though the Free State government did not issue a general amnesty until the following year. Aiken remained IRA Chief of Staff until 12 November 1925. That summer the IRA sent a delegation led by Pa Murray to the Soviet Union for a personal meeting with Joseph Stalin, in the hope of gaining Soviet finance and weaponry assistance. A secret pact was agreed whereby the IRA would spy on the United States and the United Kingdom, and pass information to Red Army military intelligence in New York City and London in return for £500 a month. The pact was originally approved by Aiken, who left his position as chief of staff soon after. He was succeeded by Andrew Cooney and Moss Twomey, who kept up the secret espionage relationship.
Founder of Fianna Fáil and government minister
Aiken was at the April 1925 Commemoration ceremony at Dundalk, but by March 1926—when De Valera founded a new party, Fianna Fáil—he was in America. Aiken was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Sinn Féin candidate for Louth in 1923; in June 1927 he was re-elected there for Fianna Fáil, continuing to be re-elected for that party at every election until his retirement from politics fifty years later. He entered the first Fianna Fáil government as Minister for Defence, later becoming Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures with responsibility for overseeing Ireland's national defence and neutral position during the Second World War (see The Emergency). In May 1926 he bought Dun Gaoithe, a dairy farm, at Sandyford, County Dublin. Aiken was an innovative, creative individual, an amateur inventor, taking out patents for a turf stove, a beehive, an air shelter, an electric cooker and a spring heel for a shoe.
Clash with the Governor General
Aiken became a source of controversy in mid-1932 when he, along with Vice-President of the Executive Council Seán T. O'Kelly, publicly snubbed the Governor-General of the Irish Free State, James McNeill, by staging a public walkout at a function in the French legation in Dublin. McNeill privately wrote to Éamon de Valera, the President of the Executive Council, to complain at what media reports called the "boorishness" of Aiken and O'Kelly's behaviour. While agreeing that the situation was "regrettable" de Valera, instead of chastising the ministers, suggested that the Governor-General inform the Executive Council of his social engagements to enable ministers to avoid ones he was attending. Aiken had in March 1932 been trying to reach a new rapprochement, and "reconciled the Army to the new regime". On 9 March he visited republican prisoners in Arbour Hill prison;they were released the next day. – Aiken was given a vice-presidency, 'Agriculture', by James Ryan at the Ottawa Conference. He advised on the usage of cutting peat bogs in County Meath and visited the Curragh Camp to accelerate land distribution to poor tenantry. Land was released in the 'Midlands' for development.
When McNeill took offence at de Valera's response and, against government advice, published his correspondence, De Valera formally advised King George V to dismiss the Governor General. The King arranged a special deal between both men, whereby McNeill would retire from his post a few weeks earlier than planned, with the resignation coinciding with the dates de Valera had suggested for the dismissal. On 25 April 1938, Aiken was too closely associated with the IRA to be allowed into the Anglo-Irish Agreement negotiations. Although the governor-generalship of the Irish Free State was controversial, the media and even anti-governor-generalship politicians in the opposition Labour Party publicly, and even members of de Valera's cabinet privately, criticised Aiken and O'Kelly for their treatment of McNeill, whom all sides saw as a decent and honourable man. Later in life Aiken refused to discuss the affair; but De Valera made amends by appointing Mrs McNeill as an Irish ambassador.
Minister for the Coordination of Defensive Measures and World War II
At the outbreak of war, Aiken was appointed to this post by de Valera. He gained notoriety in liberal Dublin circles for overseeing censorship: his clashes with R. M. Smyllie, editor of The Irish Times, ensured this censorious attitude was resented by many. Aiken not only corrected war coverage by the Irish Times, whose editorial line was largely pro-British, but also banned pro-allied war films and even forbade the reporting of parliamentarians' speeches that went against the government line of strict neutrality. Aiken justified these measures, citing the 'terrible and all prevailing force of modern warfare' and the importance therein of morale and propaganda.
Aiken remained opposed to a British role and partition in Ireland, and was therefore a strong supporter of de Valera's policy of Irish neutrality that denied Britain use of Irish ports during the Battle of the Atlantic. Aiken considered that Ireland had to stand ready to resist invasion by both Germany and Britain. The Irish Army was therefore greatly expanded under Aiken's ministry. It increased to a strength of 41,000 regulars and 180,000 in auxiliary units – the Local Defence Force and Local Security Force – by 1941, although these formations were relatively poorly equipped.
Aiken wanted to incorporate the IRA into the Army and offered the former an amnesty in the spring of 1940, which the underground organisation turned down. Nevertheless, during wartime as the IRA cooperated with German intelligence and pressed for a German landing in Northern Ireland, the government, with Aiken's approval, interned several hundred of its members and executed six for the shooting of Irish police officers. Even so, Aiken remained somewhat sympathetic to them in private and visited their prisoners in Arbour Hill prison in Dublin. However, he did not appeal for clemency for those condemned to death.
Thinking that Britain would lose the war in 1940, he refused to back senior British civil servant Malcolm MacDonald's plan for the unification of Ireland in return for the Irish state joining the British effort. In diplomatic negotiations Aiken told him that a united Ireland, if it was conceded, would still stay neutral to safeguard its security and that further talks were 'a sheer waste of time'. Furthermore, the Irish people 'would not support their government taking them into the war without some actual provocation from Germany'. When asked on American radio about the offer of unity in return for entering the war, he replied, 'most certainly not. We want union and sovereignty, not union and slavery'.
In March 1941, Aiken was sent to America to secure US supplies, both military and economic, that DeValera claimed Britain was withholding owing to Irish neutrality. Aiken had a bad-tempered meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt in Washington DC. Roosevelt urged Aiken and Ireland to join the war on the allied side asking if it was true that he had said that 'Ireland had nothing to fear from a German victory'. Aiken denied saying this but cited the British 'supply squeeze' as an act of aggression and asked the US to help. Roosevelt agreed to send supplies only if Britain consented. At the close Aiken asked the President to 'support us in our stand against aggression'. 'German aggression, yes' Roosevelt replied, to which Aiken retorted 'British aggression too'. This infuriated Roosevelt, who shouted 'nonsense' and 'pulled the tablecloth [from under his lunch] sending cutlery flying around the room'. Ultimately, Aiken was not able to secure a promise of American arms, but was able to get a shipment of grain, two merchant ships and coal. Roosevelt also gave 'his personal guarantee' that Britain would not invade Ireland.
Minister for External Affairs
Aiken was Minister for Finance for three years following the war and was involved in economic post–war development in the industrial, agricultural, educational and other spheres. However, it was during his two periods as Minister for External Affairs—1951 to 1954, and 1957 to 1969—that Aiken fulfilled his enormous political potential. As Foreign Minister he adopted where possible an independent stance for Ireland at the United Nations and other international forums such as the Council of Europe. Despite a great deal of opposition, both at home and abroad, he stubbornly asserted the right of smaller UN member countries to discuss the representation of communist China at the General Assembly. Unable to bring the issue of the partition of Ireland to the UN, because of Britain's veto on the Security Council and unwillingness of other Western nations to interfere in what they saw as British affairs at that time (the US taking a more ambiguous position), Aiken ensured that Ireland vigorously defended the rights of small nations such as Tibet and Hungary, nations whose problems he felt Ireland could identify with and had a moral obligation to help.
Aiken also supported the right of countries such as Algeria to self-determination and spoke out against apartheid in South Africa. Under Ireland's policy of promoting the primacy of international law and reducing global tension at the height of the Cold War, Aiken promoted the idea of "areas of law", which he believed would free the most tense regions around the world from the threat of nuclear war.
The 'Aiken Plan' was introduced at the United Nations in an effort to combine disarmament and peace in the Middle East, Ireland a country being on good terms with both Israel and many Arab countries. In the UN the Irish delegation sat between Iraq and Israel forming a kind of physical 'buffer': in Aiken's time (who as a minister spent a lot of time with the UN delegation) both the Italians (who on their turn sat in the vicinity of the Iraqi delegation), the Irish and the Israelis claimed to be the one and only UN delegation of New York, a city inhabited by many Irish, Jewish and Italians. Aiken was also a champion of nuclear non-proliferation, for which he received the honour of being the first minister to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1968 at Moscow. Aiken's impact as Minister for External Affairs was such that he is sometimes referred to as the father of Irish foreign policy. His performance was praised in particular by a later Minister for Foreign Affairs, Fine Gael's Garret FitzGerald.
Later years
Aiken retired from Ministerial office and as Tánaiste in 1969. During the Arms Crisis it is said that the Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, turned to Aiken for advice on a number of issues. Aiken retired from politics in 1973 due to the fact that Charles Haughey, whose style of politics Aiken strongly disliked, was allowed to run as a Fianna Fáil candidate in the 1973 general election. Initially he planned to announce the reason for his decision, but under pressure finally agreed to announce that he was retiring on medical advice.
Refusal of candidacy for the presidency of Ireland
After his retirement, the outgoing President of Ireland Éamon de Valera, sought to convince Aiken—one of his closest friends—to run for Fianna Fáil in the 1973 presidential election. However, Aiken refused all requests to run and the party finally selected Erskine H. Childers to be its candidate. Childers won the election.
Clash with Ernest Blythe
Shortly before his death, former Cumann na nGaedheal minister Ernest Blythe accused Aiken of rudely snubbing him in public throughout his political career. He said that, because of his support for the Treaty, Aiken would pointedly turn his back on him whenever they came into contact. This continuing bitterness towards Blythe was in contrast with the cross-party friendship which had developed between their colleagues Seán MacEntee (anti-treaty) and Desmond FitzGerald (pro-treaty) who, after the divide, re-established relationships and ensured their children held no civil war bitterness. The great rivals Éamon de Valera and W. T. Cosgrave, after years of enmity, also became slightly reconciled in the late 1950s.
Family
In 1934 Aiken married Maud Davin, the director of the Dublin Municipal School of Music. The couple had three children: Aedamar, Proinnsias, and Lochlann.
Death
Frank Aiken died on 18 May 1983 in Dublin from natural causes at the age of 85. He was buried with full state honours in his native Camlough, County Armagh, Northern Ireland.
Honours and memorials
Aiken received many decorations and honours, including honorary doctorates from the National University of Ireland and University College Dublin. He received the Grand Cross of St. Olav, the highest honour Norway can give to a foreigner, during a state visit to Norway in 1964. He was also a lifelong supporter of the Irish language. His son, also named Frank, ran unsuccessfully in the 1987 and 1989 general elections for the Progressive Democrats. His wife died in a road accident in 1978.
Aiken Barracks in Dundalk, County Louth, now the headquarters of the 27 Infantry Battalion is named in his honour.
The extensive property owned by the Aiken family in the Lamb's Cross area of County Dublin (lying between Sandyford and Stepaside) has been transformed into the housing estate called Aiken's Village.
References
Bibliography
Kelly, Dr. S & Evans, B, (eds.) Frank Aiken: Nationalist and Internationalist (Irish Academic Press, 2014)
Bowman, J, De Valera and the Ulster Question 1917-1973 (Oxford 1982)
Campbell, Colm, Emergency Law in England 1918-1925 (Oxford 1994)
Cronin, S, The Ideology of the IRA (Ann Arbor 1972)
Harnden, Toby, Bandit Country the IRA and South Armagh, Hodder & Staughton, (London 1999)
Hart, P, The IRA at war 1916-1923 (London 2003)
Henry, R.M, The Evolution of Sinn Fein (Dublin and London, 1920)
Hepburn, A.C, Catholic Belfast and Nationalist Ireland in the era of Joe Devlin 1871-1934 (Oxford 2008)
Hopkinson, Michael, The Irish War of Independence (Dublin and Montreal 2002).
Lewis, Matthew, Frank Aiken's War, The Irish Revolution 1916–1923, UCD Press (Dublin 2014)
Ni Dhonnchadha, Máirín and Dorgan, Theo (eds), Revising the Rising(Derry 1991).
McCartan, Patrick, With de Valera in America (New York 1932)
McDermott, J, Northern Divisions: The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms, 1920-22 (Belfast 2001)
Phoenix, E, Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic minority in Northern Ireland 1890-1941 (Belfast 1994)
Skinnider, Margaret, Doing My Bit For Ireland (New York 1917).
Further reading
Matthew Lewis, Frank Aiken's War: The Irish Revolution, 1916-23 (2014)
Bryce and Kelly, Frank Aiken: Nationalist and Internationalist (2014)
External links
Frank Aiken Papers, Archives Department, University College Dublin
Press Photographs from the Papers of Frank Aiken (1898–1983) A UCD Digital Library Collection.
1898 births
1983 deaths
People from County Armagh
Ministers for Finance (Ireland)
Ministers for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)
Fianna Fáil TDs
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
Tánaistí
Members of the 4th Dáil
Members of the 5th Dáil
Members of the 6th Dáil
Members of the 7th Dáil
Members of the 8th Dáil
Members of the 9th Dáil
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 11th Dáil
Members of the 12th Dáil
Members of the 13th Dáil
Members of the 14th Dáil
Members of the 15th Dáil
Members of the 16th Dáil
Members of the 17th Dáil
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the 19th Dáil
Early Sinn Féin politicians
Presidential appointees to the Council of State (Ireland)
Irish farmers
People educated at Abbey Christian Brothers' Grammar School
People educated at St Colman's College, Newry
Ministers for Defence (Ireland)
Ministers for Agriculture (Ireland)
Sandyford
|
[
-0.2772896885871887,
0.10487706959247589,
-0.8083924651145935,
-0.21462702751159668,
-0.31094610691070557,
0.8472405076026917,
1.1342387199401855,
-0.1805715560913086,
-0.10559576749801636,
-0.23386357724666595,
0.04481695219874382,
0.6201630234718323,
-0.573029100894928,
0.42202526330947876,
0.21178245544433594,
-0.017550287768244743,
-0.29380032420158386,
-0.1923610121011734,
-0.22742445766925812,
0.21096625924110413,
-0.378124475479126,
-0.19306936860084534,
0.22419387102127075,
0.049553945660591125,
-0.458699494600296,
0.33924683928489685,
-0.10167547315359116,
-0.23638015985488892,
0.2628464996814728,
-0.34644627571105957,
-0.17054441571235657,
0.6354952454566956,
0.5377349257469177,
-0.5218690037727356,
-0.22143732011318207,
0.5146089196205139,
-0.6114957928657532,
-0.41532811522483826,
-0.053486667573451996,
0.8424485325813293,
-0.3165590167045593,
0.2761033773422241,
0.36100250482559204,
0.3931703567504883,
0.15200327336788177,
-0.21972383558750153,
-2.489973306655884,
-0.28719112277030945,
-0.6253348588943481,
0.17336471378803253,
0.1673174947500229,
-0.04100708290934563,
0.9904398322105408,
-0.10475795716047287,
-0.05923749879002571,
0.017262771725654602,
-0.44660279154777527,
-0.07897087931632996,
-0.03354853764176369,
-0.5922822952270508,
-0.1315477341413498,
-0.021221715956926346,
0.693734347820282,
-0.46004557609558105,
0.16254350543022156,
-0.13213157653808594,
-0.07344599068164825,
0.31243249773979187,
-0.1830529123544693,
0.22434459626674652,
0.6667667627334595,
0.22950394451618195,
0.6740720868110657,
0.1543947458267212,
0.2988320589065552,
-0.515730619430542,
0.3258801996707916,
0.09614580869674683,
-0.41500604152679443,
0.10277066379785538,
-0.3112086057662964,
-0.5157864093780518,
0.44178280234336853,
0.7416301965713501,
0.008968746289610863,
-0.267846941947937,
-0.8587405681610107,
0.5586869716644287,
-0.4094701111316681,
0.24262471497058868,
-0.15986518561840057,
-0.02758101187646389,
0.25559863448143005,
0.2963325083255768,
-0.48619988560676575,
0.31172165274620056,
-0.1425933986902237,
0.22843022644519806,
-0.0044151595793664455,
-0.2583473026752472,
0.4433693587779999,
-0.3572954535484314,
0.46944141387939453,
-0.3432619273662567,
-0.4286476969718933,
0.1666208803653717,
-0.11086462438106537,
-0.1425919532775879,
0.38348567485809326,
-1.7238441705703735,
-0.5539283156394958,
0.04482242465019226,
-0.1256333738565445,
-0.1390751451253891,
0.2766653299331665,
-0.0005015022470615804,
-0.052799299359321594,
-0.44650036096572876,
-0.3589390814304352,
-0.04093865677714348,
-0.4249553978443146,
0.6769328117370605,
-0.6586974263191223,
0.20803202688694,
-0.8784822821617126,
0.2556174397468567,
0.20706500113010406,
0.27615857124328613,
0.2506144642829895,
0.7690170407295227,
0.44063350558280945,
0.915276050567627,
-0.7761532068252563,
-0.24196676909923553,
-0.517440676689148,
0.057182710617780685,
0.35339275002479553,
-0.27406197786331177,
0.20745597779750824,
-0.06603627651929855,
-0.025959430262446404,
-0.20006492733955383,
-1.8810290098190308,
0.13611513376235962,
0.1810511201620102,
-0.04361583665013313,
-0.5696937441825867,
-0.1659063696861267,
0.23201876878738403,
-0.4354229271411896,
-0.06423000991344452,
0.054004937410354614,
0.5820335149765015,
0.2868236005306244,
-0.6797345280647278,
0.7787367701530457,
0.20545363426208496,
-0.2624160945415497,
-0.12149263173341751,
0.09892135858535767,
0.21369889378547668,
-0.25972265005111694,
-0.03470179811120033,
0.20773343741893768,
0.1651640683412552,
0.60371333360672,
-0.07196044921875,
-0.08691973239183426,
0.130941703915596,
0.0927620381116867,
-0.08457408845424652,
-0.13009265065193176,
0.39415472745895386,
0.0066661410965025425,
-0.030338473618030548,
0.5096485018730164,
0.3499460518360138,
0.17363394796848297,
0.29808127880096436,
-0.6602911353111267,
-0.8784815073013306,
-0.37610211968421936,
0.09973640739917755,
0.15038827061653137,
0.250779390335083,
0.5581428408622742,
0.4374012053012848,
-0.7684321403503418,
0.9404179453849792,
-0.14402303099632263,
-0.3230608105659485,
-0.0355500690639019,
0.1956396996974945,
-0.6891036033630371,
0.9030157327651978,
0.2337455302476883,
-0.2782861590385437,
0.12797778844833374,
0.18459492921829224,
0.5822932720184326,
-0.02050645649433136,
-0.2865201532840729,
-0.17523357272148132,
-0.4099774956703186,
0.054581210017204285,
1.8852459192276,
0.4841448664665222,
0.2524326741695404,
-0.37297165393829346,
0.8852654695510864,
0.5683349370956421,
-0.7310386300086975,
-0.3426189720630646,
0.4888780415058136,
-0.19436638057231903,
-0.5261914134025574,
-0.6365194320678711,
-0.36730772256851196,
0.4131939709186554,
-0.2157888114452362,
0.48105189204216003,
0.2359144389629364,
-0.21665599942207336,
0.9879407286643982,
0.5454989671707153,
0.9856735467910767,
0.18509036302566528,
0.0870790034532547,
-0.04995039477944374,
-1.526182770729065,
0.3277575373649597,
0.17813998460769653,
-0.11017375439405441,
-0.6689749956130981,
0.8658670783042908,
0.19836951792240143,
0.45612919330596924,
0.45740944147109985,
0.048354025930166245,
-0.821733832359314,
-0.13921025395393372,
0.32846301794052124,
-0.38379421830177307,
0.09901037812232971,
-0.02770007587969303,
0.8440502882003784,
0.11521447449922562,
-0.056189753115177155,
0.031074397265911102,
0.17836056649684906,
0.6444587111473083,
0.42343875765800476,
0.35705095529556274,
-0.17544126510620117,
0.021176911890506744,
-0.4523649215698242,
0.32851073145866394,
-0.026387272402644157,
0.008334883488714695,
0.4500502943992615,
0.09283750504255295,
0.063637875020504,
0.30810704827308655,
0.10660144686698914,
0.22595642507076263,
-0.3232048749923706,
-0.056642159819602966,
-0.708275556564331,
0.1926470398902893,
-0.10588227957487106,
0.6249161958694458,
-0.5054836869239807,
0.199575737118721,
-1.8818953037261963,
0.09290513396263123,
0.38864585757255554,
-0.4348246455192566,
0.496044784784317,
-0.5770844221115112,
0.03050643764436245,
0.3660733699798584,
0.7065547108650208,
-0.44470176100730896,
0.6728508472442627,
0.16476763784885406,
0.6418741941452026,
-0.17064329981803894,
-0.1557936817407608,
0.0498092919588089,
-0.1640348583459854,
-0.42398926615715027,
0.5323556065559387,
-0.47252267599105835,
0.011731842532753944,
-0.13592521846294403,
-0.3945850729942322,
-0.4168649911880493,
-0.5460136532783508,
-0.13992317020893097,
-0.13790611922740936,
-0.5453315377235413,
0.46770527958869934,
-0.36758995056152344,
0.12246368825435638,
0.551278293132782,
0.2666361629962921,
-0.19462405145168304,
-0.3059200942516327,
-4.718235969543457,
0.21958214044570923,
0.2451382577419281,
-0.3132892847061157,
0.05845686048269272,
0.10833479464054108,
0.2200164496898651,
-0.44239842891693115,
0.09310061484575272,
-0.4946368336677551,
0.5927839279174805,
-0.16079439222812653,
0.021337134763598442,
0.017665304243564606,
0.8655638098716736,
0.4503173828125,
0.9112603068351746,
-0.3993886113166809,
0.35231244564056396,
0.09726135432720184,
0.10254321992397308,
0.11320403963327408,
0.04967566579580307,
0.09773405641317368,
-0.22667211294174194,
0.07657802104949951,
-0.11053287237882614,
0.32875221967697144,
-0.6124858856201172,
-0.006181785836815834,
0.06187279522418976,
0.4840131103992462,
-0.11412306129932404,
-0.41823312640190125,
-0.11079785227775574,
-0.5531135201454163,
0.4320325255393982,
0.5286328792572021,
0.01882476545870304,
-0.34156379103660583,
0.1141398623585701,
0.2049843817949295,
-0.7181229591369629,
-0.3685458302497864,
0.342793345451355,
-0.2862594425678253,
-0.7543391585350037,
0.10872934758663177,
-0.6016902923583984,
0.23103465139865875,
0.08164874464273453,
-0.01154760830104351,
0.534234344959259,
0.3760252296924591,
-0.16614173352718353,
0.03509993478655815,
0.2541401982307434,
-0.29687371850013733,
-0.6902511715888977,
0.7767190933227539,
0.576219916343689,
-0.31289568543434143,
-0.13660351932048798,
-0.06987961381673813,
-0.36850598454475403,
-0.26698869466781616,
0.4089970588684082,
-0.01143227145075798,
0.3631516993045807,
-0.753158450126648,
-0.48415860533714294,
0.8071653842926025,
0.29920732975006104,
-1.1720045804977417,
-0.6095445156097412,
-0.1609293520450592,
-0.026203535497188568,
0.05678306147456169,
-0.5707210302352905,
-0.476764053106308,
0.20307248830795288,
-0.339813232421875,
0.0010492532746866345,
0.49487924575805664,
0.7011049389839172,
0.2797117531299591,
-0.5796528458595276,
0.7320215106010437,
-0.2090030163526535,
-0.18878556787967682,
-0.32689064741134644,
-0.047853097319602966,
0.4389748275279999,
0.21010777354240417,
0.7679088115692139,
-0.006777141243219376,
0.42535072565078735,
-0.6114131808280945,
0.40498360991477966,
0.004124064929783344,
-1.119030237197876,
-0.018667103722691536,
0.20270845293998718,
-0.3391686975955963,
0.29457899928092957,
0.2456689178943634,
-0.20125330984592438,
0.7470377683639526,
0.49371373653411865,
0.4705146849155426,
-0.10473691672086716,
0.15808922052383423,
-0.24030528962612152,
-0.12205638736486435,
0.39482590556144714,
-0.43167853355407715,
-0.25723353028297424,
-0.010245916433632374,
1.046359658241272,
0.5509836673736572,
0.036027390509843826,
0.36267271637916565,
0.09566418826580048,
0.16164489090442657,
-0.12883628904819489,
-0.24617576599121094,
0.3606041669845581,
-0.2875727117061615,
-0.1462673842906952,
0.04009033739566803,
-0.5163499712944031,
0.5448836088180542,
-0.033883236348629,
0.28768739104270935,
0.029427770525217056,
-0.4329315721988678,
-0.4001796841621399,
0.12290025502443314,
0.17361998558044434,
0.2653413712978363,
0.2861519157886505,
-0.47076284885406494,
-0.24420396983623505,
0.30334219336509705,
0.17292387783527374,
0.34902897477149963,
-0.051105257123708725,
-0.1302669644355774,
-0.4897066354751587,
0.48669272661209106,
-0.3320629894733429,
-0.3678738474845886,
0.3993716239929199,
-0.4764128625392914,
-0.6997326612472534,
0.18169568479061127,
-0.38636651635169983,
-0.2433074712753296,
-0.17924129962921143,
-0.22716134786605835,
-0.008139395155012608,
0.32005932927131653,
-1.5231049060821533,
-0.23471803963184357,
0.232502281665802,
0.4292450547218323,
-0.02306881546974182,
0.00080014270497486,
-0.4494114816188812,
0.47111639380455017,
-0.219213604927063,
-0.34720468521118164,
-0.4788896143436432,
0.03825561702251434,
-0.21683932840824127,
-0.3643586039543152,
-0.10911433398723602,
0.42858612537384033,
-0.09344124048948288,
-0.18610236048698425,
0.33652693033218384,
0.6845859289169312,
-0.524216890335083,
-0.009878152050077915,
0.236960306763649,
-0.470124751329422,
-0.3164072036743164,
-0.4309599995613098,
0.018441185355186462,
0.17217512428760529,
0.12503989040851593,
0.0058215162716805935,
0.1479267179965973,
0.9660797119140625,
-0.04787808656692505,
-0.2474268078804016,
-0.5324000120162964,
-0.14229397475719452,
-0.29395371675491333,
0.09610611200332642,
0.32520630955696106,
-0.28505441546440125,
-0.37241342663764954,
-0.2992253601551056,
-0.05070812627673149,
-0.5996848940849304,
-0.18096408247947693,
0.19271741807460785,
0.20314228534698486,
0.6662125587463379,
0.11489883810281754,
-0.7067689299583435,
-0.30440080165863037,
0.5301509499549866,
-0.25571104884147644,
0.3762475252151489,
0.2469923496246338,
0.7055541276931763,
-0.4020478427410126,
-0.8277438282966614,
-0.6470740437507629,
0.008303981274366379,
-0.1842336505651474,
0.25554385781288147,
0.01182770449668169,
0.20187824964523315,
-0.10210318118333817,
0.2996877133846283,
0.5955992937088013,
0.6113845705986023,
-0.5105571746826172,
0.05176232010126114,
0.4102466106414795,
0.16625529527664185,
0.2941516935825348,
0.32172876596450806,
0.3473832309246063,
0.5462234616279602,
-0.528499186038971,
-0.053170278668403625,
0.1091025099158287,
1.4584627151489258,
0.2844666838645935,
-0.1763089895248413,
0.06161364167928696,
-0.10830596089363098,
0.03530622273683548,
-0.3202657401561737,
-0.07628993690013885,
-0.2072889357805252,
0.19657930731773376,
0.5645398497581482,
-0.5356866717338562,
0.18261314928531647,
0.5381998419761658,
-0.22726580500602722,
0.07738923281431198,
0.4677034318447113,
0.47041571140289307,
0.09368105977773666,
-0.11064712703227997,
0.2887801229953766,
0.525567889213562,
0.1501711905002594,
0.28946277499198914,
0.16429898142814636,
-0.7177892327308655,
-0.3769475221633911,
0.12353634089231491,
-0.2094198614358902,
-0.6422020792961121,
-0.23767627775669098,
-0.5765626430511475,
0.26515844464302063,
-0.009047215804457664,
0.0034147861879318953,
0.3960588276386261,
-0.4849967360496521,
0.2284570187330246,
-0.3136122226715088,
0.09088772535324097,
-0.348106324672699,
0.13061243295669556,
-0.2213291972875595,
-0.643626868724823,
-0.5595487356185913,
0.28950339555740356,
-0.2519313097000122,
-0.3770046830177307,
-0.42326629161834717,
-0.7220202088356018,
0.09257995337247849,
-0.1431005597114563,
0.2243756800889969,
0.04891093447804451,
-0.2048373967409134,
-0.9262574315071106,
0.5393732786178589,
-0.0454481802880764,
-0.3533903956413269,
-0.34620440006256104,
0.041055548936128616,
0.43565627932548523,
-0.3595486283302307,
0.1338818222284317,
-0.14239434897899628,
-0.2721741497516632,
-0.6834897994995117,
-0.3341679573059082,
-0.18126371502876282,
0.09808869659900665,
-0.1795990914106369,
0.32761240005493164,
-0.21195518970489502,
-0.27427342534065247,
-0.005023603793233633,
0.5801782011985779,
-1.3445247411727905,
-0.5354627966880798,
-0.07405726611614227,
0.0018890905193984509,
0.18377989530563354,
0.15463793277740479,
-0.3826189339160919,
0.7045372128486633,
0.9418888092041016,
0.13930831849575043,
0.14780296385288239,
0.48078301548957825,
-0.07323812693357468,
-0.2549886405467987,
-0.438157320022583,
-0.5092284679412842,
0.7905118465423584,
-0.049755506217479706,
-0.28211304545402527,
0.26466307044029236,
-0.5688273310661316,
-0.1797955483198166,
0.3343725800514221,
0.33552664518356323,
0.9957817792892456,
0.1674611121416092,
-0.003614450339227915,
0.2468525767326355,
0.1928853988647461,
-0.10060525685548782,
0.13015329837799072,
-0.09425642341375351,
-0.2755516469478607,
0.8243950009346008,
0.1771298348903656,
0.3235282599925995,
-0.8183572292327881,
0.2856416702270508,
0.3723030388355255,
0.303381085395813,
-0.32593703269958496,
-0.22860705852508545,
-1.460240364074707,
0.06418145447969437,
-0.4056302309036255,
1.2491774559020996,
-0.04612359777092934,
0.003949305042624474,
-0.1749548763036728,
0.17052185535430908,
-0.2784922122955322,
-0.16867095232009888,
0.9759935140609741,
0.12266425043344498,
-0.4729694128036499,
0.07475525140762329,
-0.041344594210386276,
0.35641318559646606,
0.3363957107067108,
0.47796159982681274,
-0.051322583109140396,
-0.24367207288742065,
-0.2841200828552246,
-0.5237497091293335,
0.5694236159324646,
-0.05146615579724312,
-0.0434168241918087,
0.04457138478755951,
-0.18091313540935516,
0.014991160482168198,
0.1892012506723404,
0.10481460392475128,
-0.22498886287212372,
0.14459721744060516,
-0.25145524740219116,
-0.18227504193782806,
0.6909581422805786,
-0.16418224573135376,
0.22264225780963898,
-0.5750248432159424,
1.191782832145691,
0.75151127576828,
-0.27267053723335266,
-0.7325860261917114,
0.10100632905960083,
-0.5853368639945984,
-0.05981483310461044,
-0.4127892553806305,
0.6219314932823181,
-0.32427746057510376,
0.39556601643562317,
-0.6390206813812256,
0.7627867460250854,
0.3700390160083771,
0.585205614566803,
-0.29011812806129456,
0.173489049077034,
-0.44379696249961853,
0.13865818083286285,
0.7744245529174805,
-0.16479361057281494,
-0.4220193326473236,
-0.14063353836536407,
0.2985263764858246,
0.17245163023471832,
0.2755569815635681,
-0.7731329202651978,
-0.11044242978096008,
0.024716341868042946,
0.37229856848716736,
0.18065215647220612,
0.3984367251396179,
0.11381897330284119,
-0.04068940877914429,
-0.09804730117321014,
0.03499181196093559,
0.010613460093736649,
-0.38039764761924744,
0.12024185806512833,
0.46430113911628723,
0.6101179122924805,
0.4668400287628174,
-0.32903197407722473,
0.7145016193389893,
0.199660524725914,
-0.040281638503074646,
-0.4682498574256897,
-3.6732146739959717,
-0.40468263626098633,
0.22397197782993317,
-0.49275901913642883,
0.7601832151412964,
0.053989227861166,
-0.1729184091091156,
-0.7704672813415527,
0.45198383927345276,
-1.0717127323150635,
0.4997405707836151,
0.32036611437797546,
-0.18255974352359772,
-0.18675239384174347,
0.2804088294506073,
-0.03750225529074669
] |
211177
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestone
|
Lodestone
|
A lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite. They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron. The property of magnetism was first discovered in antiquity through lodestones. Pieces of lodestone, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses, and their importance to early navigation is indicated by the name lodestone, which in Middle English means "course stone" or "leading stone",
from the now-obsolete meaning of lode as "journey, way".
Lodestone is one of only a very few minerals that is found naturally magnetized. Magnetite is black or brownish-black, with a metallic luster, a Mohs hardness of 5.5–6.5 and a black streak.
Origin
The process by which lodestone is created has long been an open question in geology. Only a small amount of the magnetite on the Earth is found magnetized as lodestone. Ordinary magnetite is attracted to a magnetic field like iron and steel is, but does not tend to become magnetized itself; it has too low a magnetic coercivity (resistance to demagnetization) to stay magnetized for long. Microscopic examination of lodestones has found them to be made of magnetite (Fe3O4) with inclusions of maghemite (cubic Fe2O3), often with impurity metal ions of titanium, aluminium, and manganese. This inhomogeneous crystalline structure gives this variety of magnetite sufficient coercivity to remain magnetized and thus be a permanent magnet.
The other question is how lodestones get magnetized. The Earth's magnetic field at 0.5 gauss is too weak to magnetize a lodestone by itself. The leading theory is that lodestones are magnetized by the strong magnetic fields surrounding lightning bolts. This is supported by the observation that they are mostly found near the surface of the Earth, rather than buried at great depth.
History
One of the earliest known references to lodestone's magnetic properties was made by 6th century BC Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus, whom the ancient Greeks credited with discovering lodestone's attraction to iron and other lodestones. The name magnet may come from lodestones found in Magnesia, Anatolia.
The earliest Chinese literary reference to magnetism occurs in the 4th-century BC Book of the Devil Valley Master (Guiguzi).
In the chronicle Lüshi Chunqiu, from the 2nd century BC, it is explicitly stated that "the lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it." The earliest mention of a needle's attraction appears in a work composed between 20 and 100 AD, the Lunheng (Balanced Inquiries): "A lodestone attracts a needle." In the 2nd century BC, Chinese geomancers were experimenting with the magnetic properties of lodestone to make a "south-pointing spoon" for divination. When it is placed on a smooth bronze plate, the spoon would invariably rotate to a north–south axis. While this has been shown to work, archaeologists have yet to discover an actual spoon made of magnetite in a Han tomb.
Based on his discovery of an Olmec artifact (a shaped and grooved magnetic bar) in North America, astronomer John Carlson suggests that lodestone may have been used by the Olmec more than a thousand years prior to the Chinese discovery. Carlson speculates that the Olmecs, for astrological or geomantic purposes, used similar artifacts as a directional device, or to orient their temples, the dwellings of the living, or the interments of the dead. Detailed analysis of the Olmec artifact revealed that the "bar" was composed of hematite with titanium lamellae of Fe2–xTixO3 that accounted for the anomalous remanent magnetism of the artifact.
"A century of research has pushed back the first mention of the magnetic compass in Europe to Alexander Neckam about +1190, followed soon afterwards by Guyot de Provins in +1205 and Jacques de Vitry in +1269. All other European claims have been excluded by detailed study..."
Lodestones have frequently been displayed as valuable or prestigious objects. The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford contains a lodestone adorned with a gilt coronet that was donated by Mary Cavendish in 1756, possibly to secure her husband's appointment as Chancellor of Oxford University. Isaac Newton's signet ring reportedly contained a lodestone which was capable of lifting more than 200 times its own weight. And in 17th century London, the Royal Society displayed a six-inch spherical lodestone (a terrella or 'little Earth'), which was used to illustrate the Earth's magnetic fields and the function of mariners' compasses. One contemporary writer, the satirist Ned Ward, noted how the terrella "made a paper of Steel Filings prick up themselves one upon the back of another, that they stood pointing like the Bristles of a Hedge-Hog; and gave such Life and Merriment to a Parcel of Needles, that they danc'd [...] as if the devil were in them."
References
External links
Lodestone
Ancient Greek technology
Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Iron(II,III) minerals
Oxide minerals
|
[
0.04262160137295723,
0.5404999256134033,
-0.42739030718803406,
0.18758954107761383,
0.07387472689151764,
-0.03812207654118538,
0.28232595324516296,
0.4093436002731323,
-0.041007596999406815,
-0.12801282107830048,
-0.6253747940063477,
0.2674275040626526,
-0.1760094314813614,
0.5551686882972717,
-0.14798690378665924,
0.8109828233718872,
0.008380085229873657,
0.18875518441200256,
-0.1307944804430008,
-0.4296926259994507,
-0.060318078845739365,
-0.43352261185646057,
0.3211846649646759,
-0.005035491194576025,
0.7319050431251526,
0.12893524765968323,
-0.35375285148620605,
-0.1534862518310547,
-0.18243418633937836,
0.4044836461544037,
-0.14200377464294434,
0.46395739912986755,
-0.16823861002922058,
0.01788339950144291,
0.08355783671140671,
0.2366493195295334,
0.21400070190429688,
-0.32694128155708313,
-0.16452369093894958,
-0.5924010276794434,
0.8434371948242188,
0.22302576899528503,
0.12453989684581757,
0.5139892101287842,
-0.838467538356781,
0.41233739256858826,
-1.6562578678131104,
0.6478570699691772,
-0.38672056794166565,
-0.061216287314891815,
-0.34322166442871094,
0.33626988530158997,
0.5483057498931885,
0.3468686044216156,
0.11818274855613708,
0.41340893507003784,
-0.688606858253479,
0.016704164445400238,
0.6892319321632385,
0.04418005794286728,
-0.08283864706754684,
0.2619384229183197,
-0.5206267237663269,
0.10684529691934586,
0.37590402364730835,
0.7048836946487427,
-0.4025355875492096,
0.3479349911212921,
-0.8186569809913635,
-0.13999809324741364,
-0.23559263348579407,
-0.08810450881719589,
-0.01504892110824585,
0.36795756220817566,
-0.1203734278678894,
0.23349866271018982,
-0.04024749994277954,
-0.37814122438430786,
-0.004080837592482567,
0.45050516724586487,
-0.21856921911239624,
0.9887049198150635,
0.8902102708816528,
-0.23560678958892822,
0.1664307713508606,
0.1982998102903366,
-0.8647792935371399,
0.9174591898918152,
-0.455079048871994,
0.567142128944397,
0.30372676253318787,
-0.03737671300768852,
0.48092448711395264,
0.220838263630867,
0.13417239487171173,
-0.6125017404556274,
0.048153914511203766,
-0.2395116686820984,
0.28334474563598633,
0.2614668309688568,
0.1536860466003418,
-0.18734556436538696,
0.43724700808525085,
-0.05164720490574837,
-0.2050410956144333,
-0.029916344210505486,
-0.3008461594581604,
-0.04971696808934212,
-0.17118889093399048,
-0.03418445959687233,
-0.5679795145988464,
-0.17452473938465118,
-0.5697618722915649,
-0.02179292030632496,
-0.23186129331588745,
0.15985246002674103,
0.3483218848705292,
0.26633667945861816,
-0.3841395378112793,
0.03295391798019409,
0.17509029805660248,
-0.05430202931165695,
-0.3718356490135193,
-0.13303512334823608,
-0.2730672061443329,
0.6264732480049133,
-0.03465592488646507,
1.1023097038269043,
-0.4554327428340912,
0.031854454427957535,
-0.013582095503807068,
1.1136940717697144,
-0.00914556160569191,
0.09754335135221481,
0.0020474400371313095,
-1.0011557340621948,
-0.06953685730695724,
-0.1192326694726944,
0.6110929250717163,
0.3136087656021118,
-0.5901139974594116,
0.2595708668231964,
-0.7732753157615662,
-0.4257374405860901,
0.4215642511844635,
-0.7225260734558105,
-0.3615260124206543,
-0.1754775196313858,
-0.11406680941581726,
0.6205596923828125,
0.26605018973350525,
-0.2629128098487854,
-0.1357000321149826,
0.12154152989387512,
-0.9681644439697266,
-0.6994295120239258,
0.11015468835830688,
0.17496010661125183,
-0.03256624937057495,
-0.13322408497333527,
-0.8673611879348755,
-0.02762475796043873,
-0.056602511554956436,
0.20290645956993103,
0.02366216480731964,
-0.444940447807312,
1.0014243125915527,
0.04716971144080162,
-0.0019044922664761543,
0.7937002182006836,
-0.46532535552978516,
0.2096673846244812,
0.10335054248571396,
0.4346621334552765,
-0.5256383419036865,
0.029119133949279785,
-0.36505231261253357,
0.03654066100716591,
0.6967700719833374,
-0.7282989621162415,
-0.7326453924179077,
0.22651629149913788,
0.6569497585296631,
-0.26037725806236267,
0.4070374369621277,
0.046568725258111954,
0.6110912561416626,
0.19275206327438354,
0.17846941947937012,
-0.22797730565071106,
-0.5723963975906372,
-0.08671998977661133,
0.354669988155365,
-0.03207656741142273,
1.2233277559280396,
0.3199159502983093,
-0.3880999684333801,
0.06983397901058197,
-0.17034576833248138,
0.754795253276825,
-0.2732182443141937,
-0.1630541980266571,
0.29082202911376953,
-0.42248132824897766,
0.2183218002319336,
0.7975930571556091,
0.6725033521652222,
-0.18189702928066254,
0.5642192363739014,
-0.3841165006160736,
0.6581636667251587,
-0.31699350476264954,
0.8114950060844421,
0.14166292548179626,
0.0012060735607519746,
-0.2950597107410431,
-0.05840777978301048,
0.3454570472240448,
0.00367440446279943,
-0.4643695056438446,
0.4663279354572296,
-0.12219181656837463,
-0.5005963444709778,
0.34587812423706055,
-0.44459134340286255,
0.8137624859809875,
-0.4168870449066162,
-0.04905128479003906,
0.06415244936943054,
0.2708841860294342,
-0.057251639664173126,
-0.20953939855098724,
0.27526378631591797,
-0.16738547384738922,
-0.013027139008045197,
-0.05980842188000679,
-0.019924355670809746,
-0.4832790493965149,
0.22746768593788147,
-0.42831987142562866,
0.17388807237148285,
-0.009286106564104557,
-0.6340462565422058,
-0.04573775827884674,
0.16636887192726135,
0.5539162755012512,
0.06985753029584885,
0.17642684280872345,
-0.20625858008861542,
0.22680269181728363,
-0.10163499414920807,
-0.4356163442134857,
0.04532836377620697,
0.18107764422893524,
-0.0951225683093071,
-0.37007033824920654,
-0.18203826248645782,
-0.0738232433795929,
-0.013113348744809628,
0.12282045185565948,
-0.19933851063251495,
-0.312762588262558,
-0.22960186004638672,
-0.517856776714325,
-0.5787436366081238,
-0.17331252992153168,
-0.08438888937234879,
0.4520553648471832,
1.060113549232483,
0.5082681775093079,
0.12588146328926086,
0.4101133346557617,
-0.6456298232078552,
0.12982682883739471,
-0.6755848526954651,
-0.5128749012947083,
0.0072744120843708515,
0.24373511970043182,
-0.5729702115058899,
-0.06913010030984879,
0.15379220247268677,
0.5362329483032227,
0.5644792318344116,
-0.44275251030921936,
-0.354375422000885,
-0.02455790899693966,
0.3052268624305725,
-0.3055737018585205,
0.02038266323506832,
-0.4961403012275696,
-0.5390589833259583,
-0.040264055132865906,
-0.7419536709785461,
0.1957845836877823,
-0.07104603946208954,
0.5613415837287903,
-0.14272361993789673,
-0.3635985851287842,
0.593295693397522,
-0.42447301745414734,
-0.1795591562986374,
-0.18668225407600403,
-0.5482231378555298,
-0.1768803745508194,
-0.27913033962249756,
0.012855716049671173,
-0.1960628181695938,
-0.34260615706443787,
-5.601882457733154,
0.36946284770965576,
-0.32966458797454834,
-0.5553870797157288,
0.622012734413147,
0.6068468689918518,
0.5940631628036499,
0.16350193321704865,
-0.04850660637021065,
-0.25183868408203125,
-0.8141945004463196,
0.12438139319419861,
-0.19591255486011505,
0.22609242796897888,
0.7380713224411011,
0.3853074312210083,
0.7500383257865906,
0.013229181058704853,
-0.19522160291671753,
0.12594906985759735,
0.09442922472953796,
0.2972756624221802,
0.2379019558429718,
0.5448642373085022,
-0.13652807474136353,
0.6009194254875183,
-0.12556810677051544,
0.04517041891813278,
0.08930215239524841,
-0.5580883622169495,
0.19836945831775665,
0.16744880378246307,
0.23048089444637299,
-0.6643342971801758,
0.1683700680732727,
0.27613475918769836,
0.08185689896345139,
0.04783718287944794,
-0.022058982402086258,
-0.22332032024860382,
-0.2639545202255249,
0.630243718624115,
0.27402007579803467,
0.14461132884025574,
0.9417392611503601,
-0.12834912538528442,
-0.24306263029575348,
-0.4777848422527313,
-0.41750720143318176,
0.5118488669395447,
-0.29893752932548523,
0.17341549694538116,
0.20649676024913788,
-0.413411021232605,
0.0355832464993,
0.0746784582734108,
0.1911221146583557,
-0.16840188205242157,
-0.9738984704017639,
0.21651402115821838,
0.5561686754226685,
0.3347984850406647,
-0.21073974668979645,
-0.3912786543369293,
-0.5074142217636108,
-0.6955069899559021,
-0.7674139738082886,
0.014433497563004494,
0.46262630820274353,
0.2937847673892975,
-0.35405316948890686,
0.560540497303009,
0.12715929746627808,
-0.1871785670518875,
0.21774107217788696,
-0.19158892333507538,
-0.18426021933555603,
-0.3384781777858734,
0.1505490392446518,
0.2831917405128479,
-0.5536199808120728,
0.026983272284269333,
-0.17431414127349854,
0.7663285732269287,
0.1483190804719925,
0.24815413355827332,
-0.45257145166397095,
-0.22016659379005432,
-0.62123703956604,
-0.4598619043827057,
0.8980762958526611,
0.11153768748044968,
-0.1141301840543747,
0.12616464495658875,
0.10500764846801758,
0.03196963667869568,
0.5031862854957581,
-0.4133986830711365,
0.6738739609718323,
-0.19625911116600037,
0.763613224029541,
-0.11654776334762573,
0.519065797328949,
-0.27776411175727844,
0.0427166111767292,
-1.1564887762069702,
-0.03798479586839676,
0.6640752553939819,
0.5219587087631226,
0.17631445825099945,
-0.0907178670167923,
0.7317493557929993,
-0.46237456798553467,
0.14461058378219604,
0.4757477641105652,
-0.18871384859085083,
-0.24070392549037933,
0.17387887835502625,
0.5398107767105103,
-0.6838780641555786,
0.2594829201698303,
0.27901706099510193,
0.5980360507965088,
-0.7137954235076904,
-0.9314708709716797,
-0.09641307592391968,
0.27878913283348083,
-0.11736616492271423,
-0.061823293566703796,
0.05270363390445709,
0.14854732155799866,
0.430129736661911,
-0.20897337794303894,
-0.3403874635696411,
-0.5900067687034607,
0.12149275094270706,
-0.6233136057853699,
0.2047283798456192,
-0.7164161205291748,
-0.7352063655853271,
0.4502405822277069,
-0.6334196925163269,
0.14783473312854767,
0.25249794125556946,
1.0594918727874756,
-0.17576149106025696,
0.006224426906555891,
0.018833063542842865,
-0.3947659432888031,
0.25553181767463684,
0.1514844447374344,
-0.2987618148326874,
0.12088924646377563,
-0.37456339597702026,
0.44736793637275696,
0.45525315403938293,
0.22892385721206665,
0.23750978708267212,
0.34735703468322754,
-1.0385063886642456,
-0.25450631976127625,
0.6249405741691589,
-0.8688645362854004,
0.19187045097351074,
0.015060031786561012,
-0.7691724300384521,
-1.1866239309310913,
-0.19559423625469208,
0.03455442562699318,
0.4762650430202484,
0.20889954268932343,
-0.13450704514980316,
-0.6603000164031982,
-0.2772414982318878,
-0.10233453661203384,
0.35071808099746704,
-0.10084717720746994,
-0.08084595203399658,
-0.09418008476495743,
-0.6951357126235962,
0.2269127070903778,
-0.1936362236738205,
-0.022191250696778297,
0.6610931754112244,
0.18435350060462952,
-0.4056512415409088,
-0.4061170816421509,
0.12967753410339355,
-0.45093241333961487,
-0.35832199454307556,
0.39102277159690857,
-0.8161275386810303,
-0.05258156359195709,
0.0505741722881794,
-0.2754742503166199,
-0.35476428270339966,
0.3228323757648468,
0.7993769645690918,
0.17504814267158508,
-0.6090081930160522,
-0.19732145965099335,
0.4823969900608063,
-0.6713690161705017,
0.24095632135868073,
0.3678176701068878,
-0.6758565306663513,
0.07194266468286514,
0.2951239347457886,
-0.44551652669906616,
0.2974371612071991,
-0.22061729431152344,
-0.3666147291660309,
0.06047249585390091,
-0.2712302505970001,
-0.22194448113441467,
0.24319277703762054,
0.35797128081321716,
-0.598394513130188,
-0.4185015559196472,
-0.4524797201156616,
0.06543450057506561,
0.038585908710956573,
0.09171674400568008,
-0.058340076357126236,
0.09556522220373154,
0.23046958446502686,
0.18535275757312775,
0.06187540292739868,
0.4795319736003876,
-0.3086778521537781,
0.35982993245124817,
-0.11499392241239548,
-0.07676990330219269,
-0.07861796766519547,
-0.3239504098892212,
0.4865751564502716,
-0.44845351576805115,
0.2981492280960083,
0.3821472227573395,
0.21167121827602386,
1.0428224802017212,
0.31483229994773865,
0.2228117436170578,
0.3792070746421814,
-0.24056538939476013,
-0.007128080353140831,
0.2610315680503845,
-0.5296083092689514,
-0.45779749751091003,
0.42659783363342285,
0.466818243265152,
-0.18127627670764923,
-0.9250555634498596,
-0.6725434064865112,
0.4450336992740631,
0.4837140440940857,
0.07740496098995209,
-0.08129207044839859,
0.28394919633865356,
0.20170658826828003,
-0.21440543234348297,
-0.09223370254039764,
-0.09743371605873108,
-0.019868748262524605,
-0.03385531157255173,
-0.24677710235118866,
-0.4938521981239319,
0.12204325944185257,
0.6793344616889954,
-0.6643876433372498,
-0.4393692910671234,
0.1329926997423172,
0.7377414703369141,
0.14623494446277618,
0.031036799773573875,
0.11730983108282089,
0.6564876437187195,
-0.46471109986305237,
-0.39010128378868103,
-0.062281254678964615,
-0.6302656531333923,
0.4757501184940338,
0.42903122305870056,
-0.3963237404823303,
0.03248295560479164,
-0.2377089560031891,
-0.13736693561077118,
-0.07309383153915405,
-0.6979806423187256,
-0.2488347738981247,
-0.7828490138053894,
-0.3656861186027527,
-0.307239294052124,
0.08310899138450623,
-0.17073844373226166,
0.5545658469200134,
-0.35426807403564453,
0.4632813036441803,
0.4538288116455078,
0.5856401324272156,
-1.3012357950210571,
0.9366316199302673,
-0.08124295622110367,
-1.159347653388977,
0.17651565372943878,
0.08695937693119049,
0.28499987721443176,
0.12556001543998718,
0.2288198322057724,
0.006261130794882774,
-0.16553114354610443,
0.0004220726259518415,
-0.5404417514801025,
0.7807015180587769,
-0.10753315687179565,
-0.34428009390830994,
0.8910837173461914,
-0.32913684844970703,
0.30364876985549927,
0.7393753528594971,
0.03276067599654198,
-0.3298737406730652,
0.45326271653175354,
0.005802539177238941,
-0.2549387514591217,
0.6460948586463928,
-0.40173426270484924,
0.10055619478225708,
0.0027100101578980684,
0.2900470495223999,
0.3265801966190338,
-0.04810110852122307,
-0.17096416652202606,
0.31275027990341187,
0.16001175343990326,
-0.559477686882019,
-0.14446431398391724,
-0.16911587119102478,
-0.041792213916778564,
1.2116951942443848,
-0.10453461855649948,
0.4210166335105896,
0.03750437870621681,
0.03368845954537392,
-0.07329953461885452,
0.15170961618423462,
0.18326635658740997,
0.01703929528594017,
-0.11430669575929642,
-0.16929413378238678,
-0.0902479737997055,
0.0931057557463646,
0.24227595329284668,
-0.2958584129810333,
-0.1450214684009552,
-0.39591196179389954,
0.3670524060726166,
0.12759019434452057,
-0.32788586616516113,
-0.09254997968673706,
-0.535161018371582,
0.47884461283683777,
0.1173064261674881,
0.12580826878547668,
-0.2501705586910248,
-0.23627328872680664,
0.26820290088653564,
-0.768448531627655,
-0.274591863155365,
-0.1734965741634369,
0.43081632256507874,
0.3397546112537384,
-0.23677897453308105,
0.4887181222438812,
-0.8745768070220947,
-0.3498697578907013,
0.4489879310131073,
0.3817163407802582,
0.07985959202051163,
-0.15359406173229218,
-0.08040980249643326,
0.5018289685249329,
-0.09743178635835648,
-0.5910701155662537,
0.1675833761692047,
-0.5864967703819275,
-0.10750117897987366,
0.29742157459259033,
0.33199912309646606,
0.5101326107978821,
0.5521466135978699,
-0.2145032435655594,
-0.0756654217839241,
-0.2569793462753296,
-0.37406790256500244,
-0.053674597293138504,
-0.06760779023170471,
1.0081915855407715,
-0.1161663681268692,
0.012543266639113426,
-0.19739201664924622,
0.4387578070163727,
0.636904776096344,
0.004472324624657631,
-0.41753169894218445,
0.28281551599502563,
-0.28090429306030273,
0.46122875809669495,
-0.4499624967575073,
0.23012368381023407,
0.46873319149017334,
-0.35972535610198975,
-0.2813805937767029,
0.19257159531116486,
-0.15420441329479218,
-0.3102964460849762,
0.21748793125152588,
-0.17733705043792725,
-0.2957395315170288,
0.11330151557922363,
0.6228911280632019,
0.10235205292701721,
-0.3794998824596405,
0.5673878788948059,
-0.14178024232387543,
-0.6745460629463196,
0.5454621911048889,
-0.38089829683303833,
-0.36453676223754883,
0.009041189216077328,
-0.13039852678775787,
-0.012883116491138935,
-0.19954711198806763,
0.23575061559677124,
-0.21525689959526062,
-0.34892117977142334,
-0.5498249530792236,
0.4907243251800537,
-0.030593736097216606,
-0.4466336965560913,
0.2001575231552124,
-0.018132487311959267,
-0.6189927458763123,
-0.012707246467471123,
-0.12834826111793518,
0.2682504653930664,
-0.6780160069465637,
-0.3458877205848694,
-0.37220606207847595,
0.15472082793712616,
0.3811507821083069,
-0.4990226626396179,
0.24685949087142944,
0.3518903851509094,
-0.1234387457370758,
-0.42947882413864136,
0.06278590112924576,
-0.4165216386318207,
0.10000213235616684,
0.5037723779678345
] |
211182
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Smith
|
Nathaniel Smith
|
Nathaniel Smith (January 6, 1762 – March 9, 1822) was a nineteenth-century lawyer, cattle dealer, judge and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Connecticut and as a judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut.
Biography
Smith was born in Woodbury in the Connecticut Colony, the son of Richard Smith and Annis (Hurd) Smith. He attended the common schools and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was also a cattle dealer. Smith attended the Litchfield Law School. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1787. Smith began the practice of law in Woodbury.
In 1789 Smith became a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives, and served in the State House until 1795. He was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Fourth and Fifth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1795 to March 3, 1799. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1798.
Smith served as a member of the Connecticut council of assistants from 1799 to 1804. He served in the Connecticut Senate from 1800 to 1805. Smith was State's Attorney for Litchfield County in 1805.
In 1806 he became judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. He kept this position for thirteen years. He was also a delegate to the Hartford Convention from 1814 to 1815. Smith died in Woodbury on March 9, 1822. He is interred in the Episcopal Church Cemetery.
Personal life
Smith married Ruth Benedict Smith. They had two children, Harriet J. Smith and Nathaniel Benedict Smith.
Smith was the brother of Nathan Smith, United States Senator from Connecticut, and the uncle of Truman Smith, United States Senator from Connecticut.
References
External links
Govtrack.us: Rep. Nathaniel Smith
The Political Graveyard: Smith family of Connecticut
Litchfield Historical Society: Nathaniel Smith
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: SMITH, Nathaniel, (1762 - 1822)
1762 births
1822 deaths
Members of the Connecticut General Assembly Council of Assistants (1662–1818)
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Connecticut Federalists
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Justices of the Connecticut Supreme Court
People from Woodbury, Connecticut
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American Episcopalians
|
[
0.035195015370845795,
0.44282451272010803,
-0.9485485553741455,
0.09570151567459106,
0.5951039791107178,
0.7484410405158997,
0.9801901578903198,
-0.04916653409600258,
0.07383950799703598,
-0.5933327674865723,
0.5836296677589417,
0.6800166964530945,
-0.25556039810180664,
0.4679214656352997,
-0.9440783858299255,
0.48971399664878845,
0.046946052461862564,
-0.2771574854850769,
-0.2686210870742798,
-0.02860080823302269,
-0.028549596667289734,
-0.2388540357351303,
0.5422812700271606,
0.25297901034355164,
-0.3685910403728485,
0.537755012512207,
-0.26747867465019226,
-0.38452592492103577,
-0.0016084859380498528,
0.4519804120063782,
-0.2931278645992279,
0.15404707193374634,
0.9014254808425903,
0.09599100053310394,
-1.126251459121704,
0.07042199373245239,
-0.20396679639816284,
0.016863925382494926,
0.07432457059621811,
0.21582737565040588,
-0.07257311791181564,
-0.3021419644355774,
-0.05885309725999832,
-0.006097383331507444,
-0.21593151986598969,
-0.17605307698249817,
-1.1247007846832275,
-0.13454782962799072,
-0.8300446271896362,
-0.4812246263027191,
-0.008591984398663044,
0.09887077659368515,
-0.3979562819004059,
0.8201066851615906,
-0.3074316084384918,
0.061880070716142654,
-0.0703226774930954,
-0.3096788227558136,
0.1256539523601532,
0.4090062081813812,
-0.08335336297750473,
-0.13217145204544067,
0.6354910135269165,
-0.03062613122165203,
-0.12762340903282166,
-0.2788633704185486,
-0.04199620708823204,
0.3807518780231476,
-0.24799655377864838,
-0.3355375826358795,
-0.20838043093681335,
-0.10681117326021194,
0.21072369813919067,
0.5303629636764526,
0.6863173246383667,
-0.1547088772058487,
-0.3462170362472534,
0.025202423334121704,
-0.03175073489546776,
0.6660552620887756,
-0.2992549538612366,
-0.31365785002708435,
0.6022060513496399,
0.07542504370212555,
-0.3376597762107849,
-0.006069985684007406,
-0.07772362232208252,
0.2812618911266327,
-0.2567058205604553,
-0.027602437883615494,
-0.05596282705664635,
0.14172683656215668,
-0.21834611892700195,
0.20777368545532227,
-0.4190572202205658,
-0.11675948649644852,
-0.11013184487819672,
-0.2635194659233093,
-0.0352465994656086,
-0.5059518814086914,
0.26166003942489624,
-0.06887499243021011,
0.6284489631652832,
0.18507711589336395,
-0.09931236505508423,
0.08531426638364792,
0.19112949073314667,
-0.27101555466651917,
-0.0883038267493248,
0.10614756494760513,
-0.34638240933418274,
0.4163057506084442,
0.14645099639892578,
-0.12190626561641693,
-0.6520119905471802,
0.5476293563842773,
0.2290976494550705,
-1.0584566593170166,
-0.3558146357536316,
-0.5305218696594238,
-0.13159137964248657,
0.2720884084701538,
0.14602968096733093,
0.7004814147949219,
-0.6683210730552673,
0.24145521223545074,
0.6789053678512573,
0.3233945369720459,
0.34643539786338806,
0.3357813358306885,
0.47832077741622925,
0.48151421546936035,
-0.08556804805994034,
-0.033612921833992004,
-0.4603120982646942,
-0.19176772236824036,
-0.21662600338459015,
-0.29220372438430786,
-0.5142711997032166,
-0.11506753414869308,
-0.44902274012565613,
-0.38745856285095215,
0.23186548054218292,
-0.18106645345687866,
0.08659613877534866,
-0.14171366393566132,
0.3352451026439667,
0.15247362852096558,
-0.5093414783477783,
0.42250627279281616,
0.022847790271043777,
0.21539844572544098,
0.6560670137405396,
-0.6141576170921326,
0.257573664188385,
0.21430964767932892,
0.325607031583786,
0.1688467115163803,
0.1700410097837448,
0.45351386070251465,
-0.0955553948879242,
0.0074741835705935955,
0.006419292185455561,
-0.5195482969284058,
0.15955325961112976,
0.1151653602719307,
0.028261708095669746,
-0.548395037651062,
-0.23887638747692108,
-0.14994972944259644,
-0.15756337344646454,
0.11853650212287903,
0.27137234807014465,
0.07450828701257706,
-0.2423897236585617,
-0.0810655802488327,
0.5214438438415527,
0.24605649709701538,
0.11322472244501114,
-0.32610753178596497,
-0.5982643961906433,
-0.4263901114463806,
0.6266757249832153,
0.2185099720954895,
-0.14291663467884064,
0.22769911587238312,
0.4883531332015991,
-0.20101012289524078,
0.25155285000801086,
-0.32631435990333557,
-0.6439383625984192,
-0.24221505224704742,
-0.49907660484313965,
-0.5493784546852112,
0.7478139400482178,
-0.004595177248120308,
-0.43995732069015503,
0.5355896949768066,
0.03464965894818306,
0.3907896876335144,
0.11728448420763016,
-0.30637383460998535,
-0.09325986355543137,
-0.4132336378097534,
-0.15792959928512573,
0.33919501304626465,
0.4454089403152466,
-0.12140221148729324,
-0.08301541954278946,
0.6307240128517151,
0.21261020004749298,
-0.508768618106842,
-0.12088046222925186,
0.8220943808555603,
-0.527435839176178,
-0.4075092375278473,
-0.010212928988039494,
-0.5542486310005188,
0.666958749294281,
-0.158861443400383,
0.4677179157733917,
0.11503627896308899,
0.16951884329319,
0.42152640223503113,
0.139801487326622,
0.6357135772705078,
-0.6297063827514648,
0.10420805960893631,
-0.2761233150959015,
-0.5157033205032349,
-0.23835356533527374,
-0.02166498638689518,
0.699163019657135,
-0.5790418982505798,
0.6527777314186096,
-0.2971051335334778,
-0.3117014467716217,
-0.2178518921136856,
0.5222747325897217,
-0.4914771616458893,
0.14183448255062103,
0.09251669049263,
-0.3421470522880554,
-0.35886329412460327,
0.3848026692867279,
0.30896279215812683,
-0.14192217588424683,
-0.8199653625488281,
-0.40606993436813354,
-0.5497283339500427,
0.5808526873588562,
0.41139084100723267,
0.6491867899894714,
0.34593650698661804,
-0.0616193525493145,
-0.30842360854148865,
0.20200751721858978,
-0.12074241787195206,
0.30691781640052795,
0.11857712268829346,
-0.07467877119779587,
0.14122426509857178,
0.012989855371415615,
0.09377839416265488,
0.08174259215593338,
-0.1963682621717453,
-0.4310886859893799,
0.025354688987135887,
-0.05712442845106125,
-0.05641647428274155,
0.935334324836731,
-0.1042005643248558,
-0.15372905135154724,
0.6569516062736511,
0.5410372614860535,
-0.377694696187973,
-0.22179998457431793,
0.2005200982093811,
-0.579940140247345,
-0.6675753593444824,
0.38162535429000854,
0.5781262516975403,
-0.31840404868125916,
-0.09071458876132965,
-0.03408750891685486,
-0.9744340777397156,
-0.12310544401407242,
-0.1637267917394638,
-0.07130297273397446,
-0.020647959783673286,
0.3289661109447479,
0.48326575756073,
-0.5514004826545715,
0.11804386973381042,
0.2603776156902313,
0.49454057216644287,
0.27510926127433777,
-0.24059228599071503,
0.06444400548934937,
-0.2183377891778946,
-0.4123612344264984,
0.31871145963668823,
0.22233155369758606,
0.024463608860969543,
0.2271832674741745,
-0.3178369998931885,
0.20189820230007172,
-0.3199818432331085,
-5.514286041259766,
-0.11641258001327515,
-0.4803195297718048,
-0.4488341510295868,
0.37902215123176575,
-0.008128360845148563,
0.549908459186554,
-0.05988341569900513,
0.09734336286783218,
0.37110936641693115,
0.7220789790153503,
-0.17713986337184906,
0.18331898748874664,
-0.0559023916721344,
0.8099180459976196,
0.5057701468467712,
0.9401227831840515,
0.1934388428926468,
0.44111183285713196,
0.480942964553833,
0.4925444424152374,
-0.48452767729759216,
-0.5043135285377502,
-0.13272646069526672,
0.1631270796060562,
0.08806850016117096,
-0.2265530824661255,
0.03079400584101677,
-0.17596638202667236,
-0.2618722915649414,
-0.15418919920921326,
0.3295429050922394,
-0.6032503843307495,
-0.28278201818466187,
-0.004929023329168558,
-0.39192894101142883,
0.40550047159194946,
0.2128286212682724,
0.295998752117157,
0.21348358690738678,
0.45481106638908386,
0.19228948652744293,
-1.0023947954177856,
-0.35541632771492004,
0.048212409019470215,
-0.33501359820365906,
0.015383112244307995,
0.4539583921432495,
-0.27985984086990356,
0.4523267149925232,
0.383858323097229,
0.506844162940979,
0.22133009135723114,
-0.2609512209892273,
0.24139297008514404,
0.21179962158203125,
0.38212546706199646,
0.7302131652832031,
-0.9034263491630554,
0.4008576571941376,
0.6037319898605347,
-0.9781141877174377,
0.1376638114452362,
-0.23110738396644592,
0.09306687116622925,
-0.36829525232315063,
0.1666385978460312,
-0.38448429107666016,
0.2414928376674652,
-0.7653344869613647,
0.5091037154197693,
1.0494407415390015,
0.7780201435089111,
-1.0676337480545044,
0.4012410342693329,
-0.584912121295929,
-0.27372750639915466,
0.10705864429473877,
-1.3115448951721191,
-0.6143486499786377,
0.39228129386901855,
-0.7093794941902161,
0.9782449007034302,
0.7847586870193481,
0.7840604782104492,
0.24087849259376526,
-0.44021254777908325,
0.35865458846092224,
-0.6554878950119019,
-0.3931901454925537,
-0.07512149214744568,
-0.10621008276939392,
-0.09323612600564957,
-0.0004620574472937733,
0.44303151965141296,
0.21334481239318848,
0.06779795140028,
0.10235271602869034,
0.052039194852113724,
0.5498864650726318,
-0.30970311164855957,
0.10962212085723877,
-0.33257409930229187,
-1.0623894929885864,
-0.03039889968931675,
-0.1397218257188797,
-0.63652104139328,
0.5093622207641602,
0.8754949569702148,
0.1216333881020546,
-0.014248582534492016,
-0.05871931463479996,
-0.7141474485397339,
-0.14513610303401947,
-0.17034325003623962,
-0.42591384053230286,
0.2073364555835724,
0.11303651332855225,
0.8444876670837402,
0.46821439266204834,
-0.06163003295660019,
0.24708807468414307,
-0.6789032816886902,
-0.4691670835018158,
-0.08027254790067673,
-0.693874180316925,
0.4634261131286621,
-0.4206661283969879,
-0.5236632823944092,
0.005037394352257252,
-0.1307348757982254,
0.13609158992767334,
-0.8680112361907959,
0.007026046514511108,
-0.209636390209198,
0.3603844940662384,
-0.293617308139801,
-0.41007861495018005,
-0.46458321809768677,
0.20286831259727478,
-0.3249345123767853,
-0.34227418899536133,
-0.10486224293708801,
0.05346040055155754,
0.5492035746574402,
0.345487117767334,
0.36213669180870056,
-0.005765121430158615,
-0.5350266098976135,
0.43269625306129456,
-0.7603045105934143,
-0.30997133255004883,
0.13567137718200684,
0.1049075499176979,
0.10485956817865372,
-0.08335087448358536,
-0.09861157089471817,
-0.21328169107437134,
0.027865277603268623,
-0.10705326497554779,
0.036326631903648376,
0.19967946410179138,
-0.9477130174636841,
-0.112800732254982,
0.22596243023872375,
0.28934332728385925,
-0.8195751905441284,
0.5003290176391602,
-0.7509050965309143,
0.7921230792999268,
0.3014570474624634,
-0.504820704460144,
-0.1475757211446762,
0.14461086690425873,
0.3113100230693817,
0.020897366106510162,
-0.17629681527614594,
0.3521321713924408,
0.13777194917201996,
0.08378321677446365,
0.22030800580978394,
0.1285707652568817,
-0.37491247057914734,
-0.3772575557231903,
0.6812366843223572,
-0.6382109522819519,
-0.2812441885471344,
-0.364199161529541,
-0.40896114706993103,
0.015613101422786713,
0.059696782380342484,
-0.6316288709640503,
0.4223248362541199,
1.0961828231811523,
0.2625117897987366,
0.07873313874006271,
0.4432193338871002,
-0.6037003397941589,
-0.18290095031261444,
-0.5016810297966003,
0.06125616282224655,
0.03845841810107231,
-0.020747432485222816,
-0.3413485586643219,
-0.6384488344192505,
-0.6643703579902649,
-0.39055612683296204,
-0.17282332479953766,
-0.37651529908180237,
0.5907723903656006,
0.21785715222358704,
-0.25316518545150757,
-0.06825685501098633,
0.312136173248291,
0.0886329710483551,
-0.05301405489444733,
1.0155818462371826,
0.5142647624015808,
-0.24303308129310608,
-0.688583254814148,
-0.23763379454612732,
-0.31276997923851013,
-0.09464756399393082,
-0.0472416989505291,
-0.08873728662729263,
0.15275676548480988,
0.01657390221953392,
0.1402215212583542,
0.5302493572235107,
-0.24888567626476288,
-0.6282437443733215,
-0.4266229569911957,
-0.7446526885032654,
0.43161773681640625,
0.231915682554245,
0.11814498901367188,
0.12827369570732117,
0.26541465520858765,
-0.2495448738336563,
-0.45008739829063416,
0.5671516060829163,
1.2069517374038696,
0.5538755059242249,
-0.22896064817905426,
-0.09897848963737488,
-0.2516162693500519,
0.3077159821987152,
0.0006357547244988382,
-0.22190779447555542,
0.131748765707016,
0.3488234579563141,
-0.24854114651679993,
-0.48341453075408936,
0.22813907265663147,
1.000724196434021,
-0.1311294436454773,
0.16139289736747742,
0.011164349503815174,
-0.05237802863121033,
-0.05951087549328804,
-0.03912709280848503,
0.2276008576154709,
-0.29661738872528076,
-0.39874178171157837,
0.1927112638950348,
-0.20414358377456665,
-0.2128043919801712,
0.21068985760211945,
0.3924410045146942,
-0.4405483603477478,
-0.702244222164154,
-0.6222550272941589,
-0.7160292863845825,
0.5043763518333435,
-0.15068380534648895,
-0.04147963598370552,
0.05635032057762146,
-0.12387454509735107,
0.028523817658424377,
0.09852460026741028,
-1.055061936378479,
-0.2036510556936264,
-0.0869748443365097,
0.2450537085533142,
-0.24471910297870636,
-0.359820157289505,
-0.6392382979393005,
-0.21709957718849182,
-0.4072434902191162,
-0.22999823093414307,
-0.6541923880577087,
0.6551177501678467,
-0.47267839312553406,
-0.43358758091926575,
-0.30688998103141785,
0.09258943051099777,
0.29378849267959595,
0.8292787671089172,
-0.14984984695911407,
0.3190992474555969,
-0.3096068501472473,
0.8051937222480774,
0.6025382280349731,
-0.10846488177776337,
0.23647576570510864,
-0.010113587602972984,
-0.5356295108795166,
0.09252983331680298,
-0.12956202030181885,
0.003852382767945528,
0.306672602891922,
0.09513580054044724,
0.5643636584281921,
0.26863178610801697,
-0.6075188517570496,
-0.31388089060783386,
0.9727039337158203,
-0.09239964187145233,
-0.45666107535362244,
-0.5129266977310181,
0.3830012381076813,
-0.14872878789901733,
0.8145574927330017,
-0.13239321112632751,
0.22650323808193207,
0.7413381338119507,
-0.15662463009357452,
-0.04693051800131798,
-0.2681184411048889,
0.28720179200172424,
0.07859792560338974,
-0.20738160610198975,
-0.6844679713249207,
-0.004300832282751799,
-0.1560773402452469,
0.21060621738433838,
-0.30767032504081726,
-0.15077772736549377,
-0.07591527700424194,
0.6447262167930603,
0.562828004360199,
0.8109210729598999,
0.330523818731308,
0.6008675694465637,
-0.09358138591051102,
-0.053523313254117966,
0.36633166670799255,
-0.23077936470508575,
0.23033197224140167,
-0.21449807286262512,
0.15010888874530792,
0.03490137681365013,
0.37627020478248596,
-0.14044614136219025,
-0.2190478891134262,
-0.25353115797042847,
0.1460198163986206,
0.1646737903356552,
-0.7377392649650574,
-0.14816978573799133,
0.4030986726284027,
-0.8194472789764404,
1.08339524269104,
-0.4001675546169281,
-0.31266894936561584,
0.11582382023334503,
-0.23023228347301483,
-0.4785041809082031,
-0.11993502080440521,
0.1598946452140808,
0.2771942913532257,
-0.11106792092323303,
-0.02927699126303196,
0.3643309473991394,
0.6265004873275757,
0.4276333749294281,
0.9924846887588501,
0.16498568654060364,
-0.3446381688117981,
0.12303206324577332,
-0.15671172738075256,
-0.6281203031539917,
-0.6098929047584534,
-0.34665772318840027,
0.052084628492593765,
0.07420222461223602,
0.30264726281166077,
-0.05283781886100769,
-0.5404642224311829,
-0.6868849992752075,
0.3646005690097809,
-0.36213213205337524,
0.08199997991323471,
0.44452452659606934,
-0.4319602847099304,
0.433838814496994,
0.05249602720141411,
1.1526129245758057,
0.436674565076828,
0.6288044452667236,
-0.1115584522485733,
-0.2347123771905899,
0.2184162735939026,
-0.18164841830730438,
-0.13372942805290222,
0.3836115598678589,
-0.32386264204978943,
0.3255910575389862,
-1.2848087549209595,
0.7242696285247803,
0.3686898946762085,
-0.11022690683603287,
-0.4514623284339905,
0.14176791906356812,
-0.7672818899154663,
-0.3399370014667511,
0.4051423668861389,
-0.07653670758008957,
-0.0420345738530159,
-0.11113978922367096,
-0.1316193789243698,
0.07948479801416397,
0.1203937828540802,
0.009252391755580902,
-0.3759520649909973,
-0.13042797148227692,
0.22571271657943726,
-0.4155036211013794,
-0.22336068749427795,
0.9212266206741333,
-0.0889350101351738,
-0.644652783870697,
0.06922604888677597,
-0.11300867050886154,
-0.3390192985534668,
-0.49851009249687195,
0.10305602848529816,
1.0048913955688477,
0.3257269859313965,
-0.6148187518119812,
0.4256838858127594,
-0.39338240027427673,
-0.0823616236448288,
0.04440397396683693,
0.18422232568264008,
0.24365434050559998,
-0.05038582906126976,
-0.3793080151081085,
0.3561711609363556,
0.8899759650230408,
0.012990952469408512,
-0.1944628208875656,
0.08948777616024017,
-0.738036572933197,
0.6605368852615356,
0.018799804151058197,
0.5855728983879089,
-0.47271162271499634,
0.564163863658905,
-0.2405662089586258
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.