id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
214671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygimys | Stygimys | Stygimys is an extinct mammal genus from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of North America. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta, family Eucosmodontidae.
The genus Stygimys ("Styx mouse") was named by R.E. Sloan and Leigh Van Valen in 1965. The name comes from the Styx (river of hell) from Greek mythology. The genus has also been known as Catopsalis (partly); Cimexomys (partly); Eucosmodon (partly); and Parectypodus (partly). Some skull material is known, but not much.
Species
The species Stygimys camptorhiza was named by P.A. Johnston and R.C. Fox in 1984.
Place: Puercan (Paleocene)-age strata of Rav W-1 in Saskatchewan, Canada. The holotype for this species is in the University of Alberta collection.
The species Stygimys cupressus was named by R.C. Fox in 1989. Remains are known from the Puercan (Paleocene)-age strata of the Long Fall Horizon of Canada.
The species Stygimys jepseni was named by George Gaylord Simpson in 1935 and Sloan and Van Valen in 1965. It is also known as Eucosmodon sparsus (Simpson 1937a); E. jepseni; and Parectypodus jepseni (Simpson 1935d). Remains are known from the Torrejonian (Paleocene)-age strata of Montana (USA). This species has been cited as a descendant of S. kuszmauli. The animal weighed about 90 g.
The species Stygimys kuszmauli was named by R.E. Sloan and Leigh Van Valen in 1965. It has also been known as Catopsalis foliates (Cope 1882); Cimexomys gratus (Jepsen GL, 1930); Eucosmodon gratus (G.L. Jepson 1930); Eucosmodon kuszmauli ; and Stygimys gratus. Remains were found in Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) - Puercan (Paleocene)-age strata of the Polecat Bench Formation of Wyoming and the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Some scraps of jaw are known. This species is the most basal member of the genus, with a weight of 300 g.
The species Stygimys teilhardi was named by W. Granger & George Gaylord Simpson in 1929 and R.E. Sloan and Leigh Van Valen in 1965. It has also been known as Eucosmodon teilhardi (Granger W. & Simpson G.G. 1929). Remains are known from the Torrejonian (Paleocene)-age strata of the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. This species has been cited as a possible descendant of S. kuszmauli.
References
(Most of the information in this article has been derived from this page.)
Cimolodonts
Cretaceous mammals
Paleocene mammals
Paleocene genus extinctions
Cretaceous mammals of North America
Hell Creek fauna
Prehistoric mammal genera | [
-0.41355717182159424,
0.21130487322807312,
-0.32821494340896606,
-0.16569538414478302,
-0.2105008363723755,
0.9448434710502625,
0.586763858795166,
0.7232416868209839,
0.10739391297101974,
-0.44911137223243713,
0.7142218351364136,
0.3158641755580902,
-0.4583848714828491,
0.2992169260978699,
-0.27564623951911926,
0.3560452163219452,
-0.06906412541866302,
0.19538475573062897,
-0.19492952525615692,
-0.22265417873859406,
-0.16583143174648285,
-0.9129542112350464,
0.5461931824684143,
-0.5471479892730713,
-0.13732072710990906,
-0.03167117387056351,
0.31093481183052063,
0.5911117792129517,
0.7117115259170532,
0.019512156024575233,
-0.0768541693687439,
0.322790265083313,
-0.033189572393894196,
-0.04791181534528732,
-0.46501970291137695,
-0.1944122463464737,
-0.8691769242286682,
-0.39333924651145935,
-0.5513719916343689,
-0.3291909694671631,
-0.010871035978198051,
-0.13791023194789886,
-0.33911603689193726,
0.40572062134742737,
-0.6737125515937805,
0.28589490056037903,
-1.3013536930084229,
0.49668383598327637,
-0.952512264251709,
-0.16551601886749268,
-0.34040915966033936,
-0.05481773614883423,
0.506782591342926,
0.2963722348213196,
-0.7033248543739319,
0.32318243384361267,
-0.67467200756073,
-0.2878033220767975,
-0.06984774768352509,
-0.28491073846817017,
-0.3643413484096527,
-0.05210597440600395,
-0.5771874785423279,
-0.18774062395095825,
-0.07464012503623962,
0.3403663635253906,
0.3355983793735504,
0.07355333864688873,
-0.21681907773017883,
0.44674286246299744,
-0.5685983896255493,
-0.6198618412017822,
0.26056304574012756,
1.012365460395813,
-0.36399444937705994,
-0.04307246580719948,
0.2608826160430908,
-0.21073585748672485,
1.3730767965316772,
-0.39107391238212585,
0.24246278405189514,
0.6079768538475037,
0.9409452080726624,
0.10492458939552307,
0.05810890719294548,
-0.08333902060985565,
-0.4563412070274353,
0.292212575674057,
-0.8413606882095337,
0.6554188132286072,
-0.5250272750854492,
-0.2647128105163574,
0.026585979387164116,
0.6188979744911194,
-0.045607395470142365,
-0.05994901806116104,
-0.4902440309524536,
0.26196524500846863,
0.42804384231567383,
0.09948226064443588,
-0.3261702358722687,
-0.21111473441123962,
0.29312658309936523,
-0.3281802833080292,
-0.22271765768527985,
-0.49777910113334656,
-0.008898028172552586,
0.050635695457458496,
-0.09471165388822556,
-0.17361688613891602,
-0.9073190689086914,
0.10000292956829071,
-0.2005738914012909,
0.07891806215047836,
0.2168145328760147,
1.2946408987045288,
0.14306513965129852,
-0.9980734586715698,
-0.1416284441947937,
-0.4915769398212433,
-0.01004795078188181,
0.5356685519218445,
-0.2834876775741577,
-0.22842827439308167,
-0.7610130310058594,
0.327383816242218,
0.3654191493988037,
0.07991756498813629,
-0.3316185772418976,
0.10562556236982346,
0.5284960865974426,
1.243740200996399,
0.19272194802761078,
-0.10363427549600601,
-0.03461841121315956,
-0.10846307873725891,
-0.15955403447151184,
-0.21549418568611145,
0.01969340816140175,
0.3804172873497009,
0.054880641400814056,
-0.44581878185272217,
-1.066827654838562,
-0.20976035296916962,
0.3250199556350708,
-0.5215381979942322,
0.49671146273612976,
0.11551466584205627,
-0.8573646545410156,
-0.06445750594139099,
0.1445690244436264,
-0.3458361029624939,
0.09961048513650894,
0.47513869404792786,
0.20548249781131744,
0.06415249407291412,
-0.124577097594738,
-0.1744924932718277,
0.8528000116348267,
0.07364976406097412,
-0.18895907700061798,
-0.33368757367134094,
-1.095163345336914,
0.11446991562843323,
0.4683130383491516,
-0.4502580463886261,
0.2716723382472992,
-0.1838013231754303,
-0.292631059885025,
0.6721938252449036,
-0.24202021956443787,
0.1436701864004135,
0.09183930605649948,
0.3082115948200226,
0.027990147471427917,
-0.28527912497520447,
0.005158614832907915,
0.09148317575454712,
0.14707541465759277,
-0.53578120470047,
-0.5615555047988892,
-0.24706709384918213,
0.44039225578308105,
0.2948096692562103,
0.03255067765712738,
0.1825261116027832,
0.7237918972969055,
0.2913922369480133,
0.01925857923924923,
-0.6044439077377319,
-0.7083062529563904,
-0.10405832529067993,
0.4777482748031616,
-0.10632838308811188,
1.4407094717025757,
0.13257791101932526,
-0.24979093670845032,
-0.4991147816181183,
-0.23363515734672546,
0.43985646963119507,
-0.215589240193367,
-0.34360355138778687,
-0.12569594383239746,
-0.0023488958831876516,
-0.13924916088581085,
0.20456591248512268,
0.011750233359634876,
-0.06186477839946747,
0.7186394333839417,
0.6513603329658508,
0.11688777059316635,
-0.4272916615009308,
0.11661523580551147,
0.8055083751678467,
0.015192639082670212,
-0.8523625731468201,
-0.15700897574424744,
-0.023136921226978302,
-0.31779706478118896,
-0.7178674936294556,
0.6314911246299744,
-0.2691110074520111,
0.4332902431488037,
-0.25172412395477295,
-0.31268975138664246,
0.5286985039710999,
0.8336652517318726,
0.004054511431604624,
0.357946515083313,
-0.5220181345939636,
-0.27751341462135315,
0.21416234970092773,
0.6007228493690491,
-0.49260270595550537,
0.4047171473503113,
-0.1341247707605362,
-0.20941676199436188,
-1.0030062198638916,
0.3596482574939728,
-0.1941034495830536,
0.27941474318504333,
-0.10800537467002869,
-0.23453982174396515,
0.39164289832115173,
0.313061386346817,
-0.34317225217819214,
0.614233136177063,
0.48970407247543335,
-1.0224264860153198,
-0.06506391614675522,
-0.0691990777850151,
0.8903157114982605,
0.5345590710639954,
-0.5811099410057068,
-0.4157061278820038,
0.39935103058815,
0.46543964743614197,
-0.1730780303478241,
-0.2016780525445938,
0.07603970915079117,
-0.7642701268196106,
0.7309984564781189,
0.14171192049980164,
0.3681081235408783,
-0.5772970914840698,
-0.7453208565711975,
-0.5058860182762146,
-0.3559144139289856,
0.2721450924873352,
0.036552246659994125,
1.0169191360473633,
-0.7663414478302002,
-0.887622058391571,
0.14297886192798615,
-0.19407425820827484,
-0.01494261622428894,
0.18155714869499207,
-0.1615787297487259,
-0.33652618527412415,
-0.4554177522659302,
0.06428177654743195,
1.3387938737869263,
-0.0496610626578331,
0.1260710209608078,
-0.5652943253517151,
-0.899986207485199,
0.7849767208099365,
-0.5087136030197144,
-0.3709716200828552,
-0.6720482110977173,
0.6222637891769409,
0.18064256012439728,
-0.4686547517776489,
0.08577524125576019,
-1.1331191062927246,
0.7280447483062744,
0.06591131538152695,
-0.28480809926986694,
-0.00047481313231401145,
-0.4443654716014862,
-0.8644015192985535,
-0.3104338049888611,
-0.09349401295185089,
0.5959568619728088,
0.36881548166275024,
-0.23511449992656708,
0.2783891558647156,
0.15879900753498077,
-5.245059490203857,
0.07263271510601044,
0.3757905066013336,
-0.14010345935821533,
0.5407892465591431,
0.6876534819602966,
0.3211853504180908,
-0.30067551136016846,
-0.36570000648498535,
-0.0018462501466274261,
0.2084670215845108,
0.234124556183815,
-0.11376751214265823,
0.2705742418766022,
0.3645993769168854,
0.3304276168346405,
0.22475066781044006,
-0.4131007194519043,
-0.14109401404857635,
0.023453040048480034,
-0.10940413922071457,
-0.413448691368103,
0.5393079519271851,
0.07320361584424973,
0.3604103922843933,
0.35605740547180176,
-0.3772704303264618,
-0.2050931602716446,
0.1370536834001541,
-0.31002095341682434,
-0.38496050238609314,
-0.3475795388221741,
0.06766510009765625,
0.29081472754478455,
0.07355209439992905,
0.3816646337509155,
0.9425586462020874,
0.64885014295578,
0.14241062104701996,
-0.7789825797080994,
-0.39486485719680786,
0.11548994481563568,
-0.3958129584789276,
-0.05123532563447952,
0.4305895268917084,
-0.021705614402890205,
-0.04115981608629227,
-0.6803861856460571,
-0.29296785593032837,
0.8019675612449646,
-0.23722714185714722,
0.07213613390922546,
0.28441837430000305,
1.160490870475769,
0.558754026889801,
-0.2124040573835373,
0.5875391364097595,
0.40681159496307373,
0.06267321854829788,
0.48655903339385986,
0.6176736950874329,
-0.3435465395450592,
-0.5395050644874573,
-1.048818826675415,
0.607835590839386,
-0.22748419642448425,
-0.4414117634296417,
0.6190256476402283,
-0.05133487656712532,
-0.26692646741867065,
-0.550332248210907,
0.6931062340736389,
-0.7663232088088989,
-0.8138692378997803,
0.4175894856452942,
0.060301993042230606,
0.1462503969669342,
-0.23554015159606934,
-0.46863895654678345,
-0.00007996954082045704,
0.3457182049751282,
-0.37394389510154724,
0.06633133441209793,
0.5843783020973206,
-0.08956407010555267,
-0.31761759519577026,
-0.23741255700588226,
0.04527738317847252,
-0.3509252071380615,
-0.16488592326641083,
0.14548954367637634,
0.08717303723096848,
-0.014303863048553467,
0.4698055684566498,
0.5582364797592163,
0.17644847929477692,
0.6821292638778687,
0.5123710036277771,
0.4758591055870056,
-0.5998768210411072,
0.9094671607017517,
0.08578812330961227,
-0.1536165028810501,
-0.028321681544184685,
-0.19016097486019135,
-1.0312888622283936,
0.006710936781018972,
0.21782632172107697,
0.7261047959327698,
-0.008629846386611462,
0.43566378951072693,
-0.33572402596473694,
-0.04773654788732529,
-0.3055766522884369,
-0.12930673360824585,
-0.37902554869651794,
-0.34097447991371155,
-0.051910579204559326,
0.917818009853363,
0.17686040699481964,
-0.2412039041519165,
0.12846331298351288,
-0.9572163224220276,
-0.08629326522350311,
-0.7566192150115967,
-0.43549275398254395,
0.05950538441538811,
0.5247853994369507,
-0.9874718189239502,
-0.43060755729675293,
-0.21501345932483673,
0.4897514581680298,
0.009653028100728989,
-0.026654383167624474,
-0.11108798533678055,
-0.33309248089790344,
-0.1262970119714737,
-0.29283326864242554,
-0.01318775862455368,
0.000946934858802706,
-0.5336911678314209,
-0.48626598715782166,
-0.1532735973596573,
-0.17475737631320953,
0.22708751261234283,
0.23147934675216675,
0.3690098822116852,
-0.1881026327610016,
-0.1967112272977829,
0.9661875367164612,
-0.10686428099870682,
-0.46519961953163147,
0.2462543249130249,
-0.27420157194137573,
0.6390150785446167,
0.06500861793756485,
0.9217038750648499,
0.038283705711364746,
-0.03554151579737663,
-0.6744925379753113,
-0.2214522510766983,
-0.04744324833154678,
-0.3975898325443268,
0.41585707664489746,
0.46228402853012085,
0.12804748117923737,
-0.4442300498485565,
-0.9588575959205627,
-0.1461356282234192,
-0.1355990320444107,
0.014987076632678509,
0.2595013678073883,
-0.3515669107437134,
-0.0808243602514267,
0.39356452226638794,
-0.2804616093635559,
-0.47028848528862,
0.1544112116098404,
-0.46881937980651855,
-0.4717073440551758,
0.46427372097969055,
-0.20360152423381805,
0.08109136670827866,
-0.5204422473907471,
0.40894651412963867,
-0.21029791235923767,
-0.2575327157974243,
-0.31074362993240356,
-0.9642108082771301,
0.01653928868472576,
0.20908544957637787,
-0.03458864241838455,
0.0692039206624031,
0.25277960300445557,
-0.4551782011985779,
0.36393627524375916,
0.44857725501060486,
0.2814728617668152,
0.03631128370761871,
-0.8037164211273193,
0.007862616330385208,
0.8262827396392822,
-0.2438238561153412,
0.2134537398815155,
0.3712818920612335,
-0.5246160626411438,
0.46206021308898926,
0.2838943898677826,
-0.18678018450737,
0.22006461024284363,
-0.29809752106666565,
-0.20641061663627625,
-0.3473598062992096,
0.48464831709861755,
0.37046387791633606,
0.4385170042514801,
0.642722487449646,
0.1820656806230545,
-0.43188562989234924,
-0.5526940822601318,
-0.026311911642551422,
0.2966909110546112,
-0.2306223213672638,
-0.1314796507358551,
-0.8559121489524841,
0.5075255036354065,
0.22058968245983124,
0.28561195731163025,
0.15747573971748352,
-0.4880933165550232,
-0.1879844218492508,
-0.2262166440486908,
0.1849825382232666,
-0.12339881807565689,
-0.3202902376651764,
-0.42527374625205994,
0.5031934976577759,
0.07589826732873917,
0.094747394323349,
0.0015321248210966587,
0.8608121275901794,
1.1099109649658203,
0.6779459118843079,
0.58814537525177,
0.24046826362609863,
-0.06994912028312683,
0.08856888860464096,
-0.20660223066806793,
-0.6688597202301025,
0.24331404268741608,
0.4469894766807556,
-0.07849796116352081,
-0.9678013920783997,
0.4469189941883087,
1.29337739944458,
-0.7528505921363831,
0.01725449040532112,
0.2837618589401245,
-0.35930776596069336,
-0.25564175844192505,
0.049036040902137756,
-0.1155119240283966,
-0.5674500465393066,
0.029293321073055267,
-0.26917001605033875,
-0.04664892330765724,
-0.1086677610874176,
0.42933130264282227,
0.6762044429779053,
-0.06507761776447296,
-0.29275304079055786,
0.49278995394706726,
-0.09206453710794449,
-0.0758424922823906,
-0.3812815845012665,
-0.21700312197208405,
0.497413694858551,
-0.38085901737213135,
0.6573044657707214,
0.17780928313732147,
-0.48522523045539856,
0.20611855387687683,
-0.11951891332864761,
0.09082723408937454,
-0.7312284111976624,
-0.5142409801483154,
0.24928130209445953,
-0.3987197279930115,
0.18672896921634674,
-0.380990207195282,
-0.12651537358760834,
-0.30906111001968384,
-0.5558685064315796,
-0.5183820724487305,
-0.46209558844566345,
-0.2729024291038513,
-0.35688984394073486,
0.5569393634796143,
-0.3647991120815277,
0.593976616859436,
-0.6702385544776917,
0.2552773952484131,
0.5995795130729675,
-0.2116725742816925,
0.2928542196750641,
-0.27597367763519287,
-0.4792051911354065,
-0.021528542041778564,
-0.18628239631652832,
0.07305939495563507,
0.3607518970966339,
-0.4434550106525421,
0.4244227409362793,
0.9979583621025085,
-0.5360025763511658,
0.3132157623767853,
0.4231002628803253,
-0.6691629886627197,
-0.24193204939365387,
0.4430954158306122,
-0.08313935250043869,
0.3507469892501831,
0.08845175057649612,
-0.10719356685876846,
-0.035180240869522095,
-0.052192166447639465,
-1.116806149482727,
0.3245982229709625,
0.11556131392717361,
0.5887672305107117,
0.24785101413726807,
-0.15174324810504913,
-0.9160667657852173,
0.8217698931694031,
-0.16385458409786224,
-0.18845510482788086,
0.24940073490142822,
-0.12798120081424713,
0.30769675970077515,
1.156365990638733,
0.6987984776496887,
0.2316480576992035,
-0.3976075053215027,
0.1461973488330841,
-0.31562820076942444,
0.5171691179275513,
-0.08727311342954636,
-0.40017032623291016,
0.4870099425315857,
0.17522092163562775,
0.2555123269557953,
0.06890666484832764,
0.33698025345802307,
0.3026430904865265,
0.508923351764679,
-0.14393837749958038,
0.27952811121940613,
-0.5191047787666321,
-0.25753164291381836,
0.05948524549603462,
-0.3914392590522766,
0.23678992688655853,
0.04027508571743965,
-0.08094507455825806,
-0.9183300137519836,
0.3383430242538452,
-0.17447654902935028,
-0.3592093586921692,
0.20705077052116394,
0.32930710911750793,
0.4701727330684662,
0.3081139028072357,
0.22041065990924835,
-0.4289892017841339,
-0.16504335403442383,
0.5916432738304138,
0.39022740721702576,
0.2959277927875519,
0.005873721092939377,
-0.45994269847869873,
-0.912236213684082,
0.047116924077272415,
-0.19192266464233398,
-0.44588059186935425,
0.1536739319562912,
-0.1927562803030014,
0.059177249670028687,
0.40797337889671326,
0.5537256002426147,
-0.1824047714471817,
-0.17360930144786835,
-0.5951718688011169,
-0.08151695132255554,
0.34572675824165344,
-0.11536668986082077,
0.2751780152320862,
-0.03678771108388901,
0.7166274785995483,
0.19187840819358826,
0.46589934825897217,
0.3234320878982544,
-0.2325647920370102,
-0.8287674188613892,
-0.0918719694018364,
0.315093070268631,
0.7934009432792664,
-0.35162651538848877,
0.25183653831481934,
-0.6109346151351929,
0.081754669547081,
0.6501456499099731,
0.384550005197525,
-0.4221307039260864,
-0.00491873687133193,
-0.1473488211631775,
0.11587144434452057,
0.5662580728530884,
-0.3523310422897339,
-0.4905678331851959,
0.13220496475696564,
0.12478385865688324,
0.13475234806537628,
-0.19884152710437775,
0.28670915961265564,
-0.2681705951690674,
0.16729897260665894,
0.011601575650274754,
0.0991135686635971,
-0.38488247990608215,
0.7444237470626831,
0.3935171663761139,
0.09247124195098877,
-0.21460320055484772,
-0.3287276327610016,
-0.41280096769332886,
-0.022363003343343735,
0.4860357642173767,
0.6441757082939148,
0.32884684205055237,
0.002996245166286826,
0.6446340680122375,
0.052688390016555786,
0.5106273293495178,
0.5676255822181702,
-0.27462834119796753,
-0.4233095049858093,
-0.379885196685791,
-0.8582799434661865,
-0.9103742837905884,
0.11485447734594345,
-0.08024914562702179,
0.18999217450618744,
0.19926975667476654,
0.18457579612731934,
-0.3175559639930725,
0.4305535852909088,
-0.10460366308689117,
-0.7136608958244324,
0.34241238236427307,
0.6183603405952454
]
|
214672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20O%27Keefe | Dennis O'Keefe | Dennis O'Keefe (born Edward Vanes Flanagan, Jr., March 29, 1908 – August 31, 1968) was an American actor and writer.
Early years
Born in Fort Madison, Iowa, O'Keefe was the son of Edward Flanagan and Charlotte Flanagan, Irish vaudevillians working in the United States. As a small child, he joined his parents' act and later wrote skits for the stage. He attended the University of Southern California but left midway through his sophomore year after his father died.
Career
O'Keefe continued his father's vaudeville act for several years after the father's death. He started in films as an extra in 1931 and appeared in numerous films under the name Bud Flanagan. After a small but impressive role in Saratoga (1937), Clark Gable recommended O'Keefe to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which signed him to a contract in 1937 and renamed him Dennis O'Keefe. His film roles were bigger after that, starting with The Bad Man of Brimstone (1938) opposite Wallace Beery, and the lead role in Burn 'Em Up O'Connor (1939).
O'Keefe left MGM around 1940 but continued to work in mostly lower budget productions. He often played the tough guy in action and crime dramas, but was also known as a comic actor as well as a dramatic lead.
He gained great attention with a showy role in The Story of Dr Wassell and became a comedy star. He expressed interest in expanding into direction.
In the mid-1940s, he was under a five-year contract to Edward Small. O'Keefe starred in film-noir classics such as T-Men and Raw Deal, both directed by Anthony Mann.
In a 1946 newsreel following Howard Hughes' calamitous plane wreck into a neighbor's Beverly Hills house, O'Keefe can be seen walking through the home inspecting the damage.
In 1950, O'Keefe starred in the radio program T-Man on CBS. Also in the 1950s, he did some directing and wrote mystery stories. During the 1950s, O'Keefe made guest appearances as himself, or in acting roles, on a episodes of a number of television series, such as the legal drama Justice, the variety show The Ford Show, Studio 57, the anthology series Climax! and others. In 1957 he was to be the permanent host of Suspicion, an anthology TV series in which ten episodes were produced by Alfred Hitchcock. After two episodes he left the series and was not replaced. From 1959-1960, he was the star of the CBS Television situation comedy, The Dennis O'Keefe Show.
O'Keefe's Broadway credits include Never Live Over a Pretzel Factory (1964) and Never Too Late.
O'Keefe wrote under the pen name Jonathan Ricks. His Don't Pull Your Punches was produced by Warner Bros. In 1947, he was working on plans to co-produce and act in Drawn Sabers, another of his stories. He also wrote and directed Angela.
Personal life
O'Keefe had a brief marriage to Louise Stanley, an actress; they married in 1937 and divorced in 1938.
O'Keefe was married in 1940 to Steffi Duna, an actress and dancer. They had two children, Juliena and James.
O'Keefe was a Roman Catholic. He was also a registered Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.
Death
A heavy cigarette smoker, O'Keefe died of lung cancer in 1968 at the age of 60 at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California and was buried at Wee Kirk O' the Heather, Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale).
Selected filmography
Check and Double Check (1930) as Party Guest (uncredited)
The Silver Horde (1930) as Night Club Patron (uncredited)
Reaching for the Moon (1930) as Ship's Party Guest (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
Cimarron (1931) (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
Laugh and Get Rich (1931) as Young Man at Dance (uncredited)
The Miracle Woman (1931) as Man in Audience (uncredited)
Smart Woman (1931) as Passenger Departing Ship (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
West of Broadway (1931) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Working Girls (1931) as Dance Extra (uncredited)
Under Eighteen (1931) as Penthouse Party Guest (uncredited)
Love Affair (1932) as One of Carol's Friends at Party (uncredited)
Devil's Lottery (1932) as Derbied Extra at Track (uncredited)
The Cohens and Kellys in Hollywood (1932) as Man at Dance (uncredited)
Scarface (1932) as Night Club Patron (uncredited)
Huddle (1932) as Dinner Dance Guest (uncredited)
Merrily We Go to Hell (1932) as Wedding Usher (uncredited)
Week Ends Only (1932) as Gambling Club Extra at Bar (uncredited)
The Man from Yesterday (1932) as Cafe Patron (uncredited)
Hollywood Speaks (1932) as Seated at 2nd Level Table in Night Club (uncredited)
Bachelor's Affairs (1932) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Skyscraper Souls (1932) as Stock Brokerage Clerk (uncredited)
Crooner (1932) as Nightclub Dance Patron (uncredited)
Two Against the World (1932) as Party Guest / Reporter (uncredited)
Big City Blues (1932) as Dice Spectator (uncredited)
Blonde Venus (1932) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Cabin in the Cotton (1932) as Dance Floor Guest at Madge's Party (uncredited)
A Bill of Divorcement (1932) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Hat Check Girl (1932) as A Party Guest (uncredited)
Night After Night (1932) as Drunk Sleeping on a Table (uncredited)
I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) as Café Chateau Dancer (uncredited)
Tess of the Storm Country (1932) as Dance Extra at Party (uncredited)
Central Park (1932) as Casino Diner (uncredited)
Hot Pepper (1933) as Montmartre Cafe Patron (uncredited)
The Woman Accused (1933) as Party Extra (uncredited)
Hello, Everybody! (1933) as Casino Patron (uncredited)
Grand Slam (1933) as Elevator Rider / Liederkranz Club Patron (uncredited)
42nd Street (1933) as Chorus Boy (uncredited)
From Hell to Heaven (1933) as Louie - Switchboard Operator (uncredited)
Girl Missing (1933) as Casino Patron (uncredited)
A Bedtime Story (1933) as A Friend (uncredited)
The Eagle and the Hawk (1933) as Flier (uncredited)
The Phantom of the Air (1933, Serial) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933) as Theatregoer (uncredited)
Cocktail Hour (1933) as Party Guest (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
Ann Carver's Profession (1933) as Dinner Party Guest (uncredited)
College Humor (1933) as Student (uncredited)
She Had to Say Yes (1933) as Cabaret Patron (uncredited)
Midnight Club (1933) as Dance Extra (uncredited)
Torch Singer (1933) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Too Much Harmony (1933) as Cafe Patron (uncredited)
I'm No Angel (1933) as Courtroom Reporter (uncredited)
Bombshell (1933) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Only Yesterday (1933) as New Year's Eve Reveler (uncredited)
Broadway Thru a Keyhole (1933) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
The Prizefighter and the Lady (1933) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Duck Soup (1933) as Bridegroom at Firefly's Reception (uncredited)
Blood Money (1933) as Racetrack Spectator (uncredited)
The House on 56th Street (1933) as Gambler (uncredited)
Lady Killer (1933) as Casino Patron (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
The Meanest Gal in Town (1934) as Minor Role (uncredited)
All of Me (1934) (uncredited)
Wonder Bar (1934) as Chorus Boy (uncredited)
Coming Out Party (1934) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Jimmy the Gent (1934) as Chester Coote (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
Registered Nurse (1934) as Interne (uncredited)
Upper World (1934) as Photographer (uncredited)
Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934) as Reporter / Woodcliff Inn Patron (uncredited)
Murder at the Vanities (1934) as Chorus Boy (uncredited)
He Was Her Man (1934) as Man Leaving Courtroom (uncredited)
Smarty (1934) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Fog Over Frisco (1934) as Van Brugh - Reporter (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
Madame Du Barry (1934) as King's Attendant with Robe (uncredited)
We're Rich Again (1934) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
Paris Interlude (1934) as Charles Lindbergh (uncredited)
The Girl from Missouri (1934) as Party Guest (uncredited)
The Man with Two Faces (1934) as Theatregoer (uncredited)
Gift of Gab (1934) as Dancer (uncredited)
Desirable (1934) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Death on the Diamond (1934) as Game Radio Announcer (uncredited)
Young and Beautiful (1934) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
A Lost Lady (1934) as Dance Extra (uncredited)
Two Heads on a Pillow (1934) as Night Club Patron (uncredited)
Lady by Choice (1934) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Imitation of Life (1934) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round (1934) as Passenger Watching Revue (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
Kid Millions (1934) as Chorus Boy in Ship's Show (uncredited)
College Rhythm (1934) as Department Store Doorman (uncredited)
Broadway Bill (1934) (uncredited)
365 Nights in Hollywood (1934) as Dancing Boy (uncredited)
White Lies (1934) as Dinner Guest (uncredited)
Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) (uncredited)
The Gilded Lily (1935) as Nightclub Extra (uncredited)
Rumba (1935) as Man in Diana's Party at Theatre (uncredited)
Devil Dogs of the Air (1935) as Student (uncredited)
One New York Night (1935) as Extra (uncredited)
The Wedding Night (1935) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Gold Diggers of 1935 (1935) as Newspaper Reporter / Specialty Dancer (uncredited)
Mississippi (1935) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Baby Face Harrington (1935) as Country Club Patron (uncredited)
Let 'Em Have It (1935) as Trainee (uncredited)
Doubting Thomas (1935) as Member of Audience (uncredited)
The Daring Young Man (1935) as Wedding Participant (uncredited)
Dante's Inferno (1935) as Ship Passenger (uncredited)
Every Night at Eight (1935) as Huxley Employee (uncredited)
Top Hat (1935) as Elevator Passenger / Hotel Guest (uncredited)
Here Comes the Band (1935) as Party Guest at Reunion (uncredited)
Anna Karenina (1935) as Best Man at Wedding (uncredited)
The Girl Friend (1935) as Soldier in Play (uncredited)
It's in the Air (1935) as Announcer / Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Shipmates Forever (1935) as Trainee (uncredited)
Personal Maid's Secret (1935) as Dinner Guest (uncredited)
A Feather in Her Hat (1935) as Theatregoer (uncredited)
Mary Burns, Fugitive (1935) (uncredited)
The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo (1935) as Onlooker at Casino (uncredited)
In Person (1935) as Chorus Boy (uncredited)
Broadway Hostess (1935) as Donald Ross - Ronnie's Friend (uncredited)
Strike Me Pink (1936) as Club Lido Patron (uncredited)
Anything Goes (1936) as Party Boy with Reno (uncredited)
Love Before Breakfast (1936) as College Boy (uncredited)
Colleen (1936) as Extra on Dance Floor (uncredited)
The Great Ziegfeld (1936) as Dancer (uncredited)
The Singing Kid (1936) as Bud (uncredited)
Till We Meet Again (1936) as Viennese Cafe Patron (uncredited)
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) as Courtroom Reporter (uncredited)
Small Town Girl (1936) as Man Dancing in Tavern (uncredited)
Thirteen Hours by Air (1936) as Baker - Co-Pilot (as Bud Flannagan)
And So They Were Married (1936) as Drunk in Car (uncredited)
Show Boat (1936) as Blackface Dancer (uncredited)
Burning Gold (1936) as Derrick Worker (as Bud Flanagan)
Nobody's Fool (1936) as Young Man (uncredited)
Private Number (1936) as Gambler (uncredited)
Fury (1936) as Reporter (uncredited)
The Last Outlaw (1936) as Reporter (uncredited)
The Return of Sophie Lang (1936) as S.S. Niantic Passenger (uncredited)
San Francisco (1936) as New Year's Celebrant (uncredited)
Rhythm on the Range (1936) as Sidewalk Heckler (uncredited)
Public Enemy's Wife (1936) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
The Bride Walks Out (1936) as New Year's Eve Night Club Celebrant (uncredited)
Yours for the Asking (1936) as Man (uncredited)
Piccadilly Jim (1936) as Petie McGregor (uncredited)
Swing Time (1936) as Dancer in 'The Way You Look Tonight' Number (uncredited)
Sworn Enemy (1936) as Bandleader (uncredited)
The Big Broadcast of 1937 (1936) as Sound Technician (uncredited)
Libeled Lady (1936) as Barker at Charity Affair (uncredited)
Rose Bowl (1936) as Jones (uncredited)
Legion of Terror (1936) as New Postal Inspector (uncredited)
Theodora Goes Wild (1936) as Man (uncredited)
The Plainsman (1936) as Man #2 (uncredited)
The Accusing Finger (1936) as Reporter (uncredited)
Born to Dance (1936) as Spectator at Lonely Hearts Club (uncredited)
Hats Off (1936) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Sinner Take All (1936) as Night Club Guest (uncredited)
Three Smart Girls (1936) as Nightclub Extra (uncredited)
Beloved Enemy (1936) as Reception Guest (uncredited)
Great Guy (1936) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Champagne Waltz (1937) as Dance Extra at Blue Danube Room (uncredited)
They Wanted to Marry (1937) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
When's Your Birthday? (1937) as Nightclub Extra / Party Extra / Fight Spectator (uncredited)
History Is Made at Night (1937) as Restaurant Patron (uncredited)
Parole Racket (1937) as Thompson, Reporter (uncredited)
Swing High, Swing Low (1937) as Purser (uncredited)
Top of the Town (1937) as Frank (uncredited)
A Star Is Born (1937) as Burke's Party Guest (uncredited)
Nobody's Baby (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Make Way for Tomorrow (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Captains Courageous (1937) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Girl from Scotland Yard (1937) as John (as Bud Flanagan)
Riding on Air (1937) as Radium Plane 23 Copilot (uncredited)
Married Before Breakfast (1937) as Salesman (uncredited)
The Great Gambini (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Blazing Barriers (1937) as Club Manager (uncredited)
Easy Living (1937) as Office Manager (uncredited)
Between Two Women (1937) as Patricia's Friend (uncredited)
The Lady Escapes (1937) as Minor Role (uncredited)
Saratoga (1937) as Second Bidder / Dancer at party (uncredited) (as Bud Flanagan)
One Mile from Heaven (1937) as Party Guest (uncredited)
Double or Nothing (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
The Firefly (1937) as French Soldier Admirer (uncredited)
Double or Nothing (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Big City (1937) as Stanley - Independent Cab Driver (uncredited)
Life Begins with Love (1937) as Musician (uncredited)
Conquest (1937) as Jan Walewska (uncredited)
The Bad Man of Brimstone (1937) as Jeffrey Burton
A Yank at Oxford (1938) as Racetrack Handler (uncredited)
Hold That Kiss (1938) as Tommy Bradford
The Chaser (1938) as Thomas Z. 'Tom' Brandon
Vacation from Love (1938) as W.D. 'Bill' Blair
Burn 'Em Up O'Connor (1939) as Jerry O'Connor
The Kid From Texas (1939) as William Quincy
Unexpected Father (1939) as Jimmy Hanley
That's Right—You're Wrong (1939) as Chuck Deems - the Band Manager
Alias the Deacon (1940) as Johnny Sloan
La Conga Nights (1940) as Steve Collins
Pop Always Pays (1940) as Jeff Thompson
Girl from Havana (1940) as Woody Davis
Arise, My Love (1940) as Shep
I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now (1940) as Tod Lowell
You'll Find Out (1940) as Chuck Deems
Bowery Boy (1940) as Dr. Tom O'Hara
Topper Returns (1941) as Bob
Mr. District Attorney (1941) as P. Cadwallader Jones
Broadway Limited (1941) as Dr. Harvey North
Lady Scarface (1941) as Lt. Bill Mason
Weekend for Three (1941) as Jim Craig
The Affairs of Jimmy Valentine (1942) as Mike Jason
Moonlight Masquerade (1942) as John Bennett Jr.
Hangmen Also Die! (1943) as Jan Horak
Tahiti Honey (1943) as Mickey Monroe
Good Morning, Judge (1943) as David Barton
The Leopard Man (1943) as Jerry Manning
Hi Diddle Diddle (1943) as Sonny Phyffe
The Fighting Seabees (1944) as Lt. Cmdr. Robert Yarrow
Up in Mabel's Room (1944) as Gary Ainsworth
The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) as Benjamin 'Hoppy' Hopkins
Sensations of 1945 (1944) as Junior Crane
Abroad with Two Yanks (1944) as Jeff Reardon
The Affairs of Susan (1945) as Bill Anthony
Earl Carroll Vanities (1945) as Danny Baldwin
Brewster's Millions (1945) as Montague L. 'Monty' Brewster
Getting Gertie's Garter (1945) as Dr. Kenneth B. Ford
Doll Face (1945) as Michael Francis 'Mike' Hannegan
Her Adventurous Night (1946) as Bill Fry
Mr. District Attorney (1947) as Steve Bennett
Dishonored Lady (1947) as Dr. David S. Cousins
T-Men (1947) as Dennis O'Brien - aka Vannie Harrigan
Raw Deal (1948) as Joe Sullivan
Walk a Crooked Mile (1948) as Daniel F. O'Hara
Siren of Atlantis (1949) as Capt. Jean Morhange
Cover Up (1949) as Sam Donovan
The Great Dan Patch (1949) as David Palmer
Abandoned (1949) as Mark Sitko
The Eagle and the Hawk (1950) as Whitney Randolph
Woman on the Run (1950) as Dan Legget
The Company She Keeps (1951) as Larry Collins
Follow the Sun (1951) as Chuck Williams
Passage West (1951) as Jacob Karns
One Big Affair (1952) as Jimmy Donovan
Everything I Have Is Yours (1952) as Alec Tacksbury
The Lady Wants Mink (1953) as Jim Connors
The Fake (1953) as Paul Mitchell
Drums of Tahiti (1954) as Mike Macklin
The Diamond (1954, aka The Diamond Wizard) as Joe Dennison
Angela (1954) as Steve Catlett
Las Vegas Shakedown (1955) as Joe Barnes
Chicago Syndicate (1955) as Barry Amsterdam
Inside Detroit (1956) as Blair Vickers
Dragoon Wells Massacre (1957) as Capt. Matt Riordan
Lady of Vengeance (1957) as William T. Marshall
El aventurero (1957) as Steve Ryman
All Hands on Deck (1961) as Lt. Cmdr. Brian O'Gara
The Naked Flame (1964) as Paul Ashley
References
External links
1908 births
1968 deaths
Male actors from Iowa
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer
American people of Irish descent
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
American Roman Catholics
California Democrats
Iowa Democrats | [
-0.8910180926322937,
0.5975034236907959,
-0.30536091327667236,
-0.5731279850006104,
-0.40935972332954407,
0.3831879198551178,
0.9728196859359741,
0.26905521750450134,
-0.5012452006340027,
-0.19448089599609375,
-0.38218599557876587,
-0.05108608677983284,
-0.5569230914115906,
0.12081299722194672,
-0.027537871152162552,
0.5303858518600464,
0.5352450609207153,
0.35846295952796936,
-0.1199629083275795,
-0.5307904481887817,
-0.3590739071369171,
0.30655092000961304,
-0.21923106908798218,
0.17119933664798737,
-0.27415817975997925,
0.5060276389122009,
-0.28403884172439575,
-0.1782500296831131,
-0.37397998571395874,
0.014891181141138077,
0.2168726772069931,
0.8482471108436584,
0.8011588454246521,
-0.11252231150865555,
0.039018966257572174,
0.08193603157997131,
0.3710175156593323,
-0.35210952162742615,
-0.34141606092453003,
0.2993942201137543,
-0.47159823775291443,
0.2390921413898468,
0.15631049871444702,
-0.22896622121334076,
-0.09759632498025894,
-0.10071234405040741,
-1.7713314294815063,
0.31654831767082214,
-0.7942689061164856,
-0.1444912999868393,
0.23098134994506836,
0.1603134423494339,
0.12197364121675491,
0.20447126030921936,
0.30842122435569763,
0.29596659541130066,
-0.5339568853378296,
0.0037307534366846085,
0.48466187715530396,
-0.13015754520893097,
0.2018815129995346,
0.012701465748250484,
0.21316981315612793,
-0.17813943326473236,
-0.5194836854934692,
0.40947023034095764,
0.5490158796310425,
0.6768754720687866,
0.17191225290298462,
-0.19096039235591888,
0.37841659784317017,
0.4149126708507538,
0.1780552864074707,
-0.1865231692790985,
0.47820955514907837,
-0.4422503709793091,
0.0841718390583992,
0.03984222561120987,
-0.16126035153865814,
0.03498876094818115,
-0.25259384512901306,
-0.2772020399570465,
0.5839042067527771,
0.5514769554138184,
0.9386858940124512,
-0.534054160118103,
-0.5151349902153015,
0.2621670365333557,
-0.32357779145240784,
0.26826125383377075,
-0.8960963487625122,
0.19491814076900482,
-0.2777746021747589,
0.22649651765823364,
-0.6253134608268738,
-0.39840030670166016,
0.028233276680111885,
0.02676606923341751,
0.6782292127609253,
-0.06467584520578384,
-0.359593003988266,
0.48185065388679504,
0.4461832344532013,
-0.31759876012802124,
-0.3960804343223572,
0.11762689054012299,
-0.2298852950334549,
-0.30823296308517456,
-0.1001652330160141,
-0.5821829438209534,
-0.4119963049888611,
-0.18435128033161163,
0.018730156123638153,
-0.43749189376831055,
0.2778337895870209,
0.14529326558113098,
0.12724654376506805,
-0.5830426216125488,
-0.535452663898468,
0.11364720016717911,
0.3244543671607971,
0.11103003472089767,
-0.49968305230140686,
0.7538159489631653,
-0.4455570876598358,
-0.18340621888637543,
0.34455522894859314,
0.13588964939117432,
0.11295482516288757,
0.8824520707130432,
0.36630767583847046,
0.5026347041130066,
-1.1208736896514893,
-0.1295575052499771,
-0.34223267436027527,
-0.24167504906654358,
0.6993064880371094,
0.6114210486412048,
0.5680056214332581,
0.16799382865428925,
-0.6299850344657898,
0.3179555833339691,
-0.20548969507217407,
0.27506640553474426,
0.31365418434143066,
0.28381478786468506,
-0.4263495206832886,
0.5823442339897156,
-0.2982587218284607,
0.11341627687215805,
0.07477889209985733,
-0.013494953513145447,
0.3677670657634735,
0.14892663061618805,
-0.5117749571800232,
0.9552119970321655,
-0.0719393789768219,
0.21375557780265808,
0.5671929121017456,
0.3557876944541931,
0.2661873698234558,
0.2454802542924881,
-0.07742105424404144,
-0.09997528046369553,
0.2999631464481354,
0.6023883819580078,
0.05866668000817299,
-0.11569001525640488,
0.05901959538459778,
0.04579728841781616,
-0.20603692531585693,
0.5163354873657227,
0.3107079863548279,
-0.8155311346054077,
0.42554235458374023,
0.662778377532959,
0.67902672290802,
-0.06439021229743958,
-0.19515445828437805,
-0.2642041742801666,
-0.6051486730575562,
-0.34144923090934753,
0.19222572445869446,
-0.1264706552028656,
0.1740332990884781,
0.354187935590744,
0.22133556008338928,
-0.6474320888519287,
0.30630743503570557,
0.09252302348613739,
-0.7407916188240051,
-0.9064345359802246,
-0.07332552969455719,
-0.4286220371723175,
0.41388142108917236,
0.120054230093956,
0.15433037281036377,
0.2671032249927521,
0.2377430647611618,
0.6367089152336121,
-0.34315070509910583,
-0.2872966229915619,
0.9422191381454468,
-0.07730664312839508,
-0.5254207253456116,
0.45319196581840515,
0.21069170534610748,
0.0220927894115448,
0.5277539491653442,
1.2073239088058472,
0.545152485370636,
-0.9735571146011353,
-0.06480565667152405,
0.2800586223602295,
-0.07661976665258408,
0.026920292526483536,
-0.10011903196573257,
-0.7552392482757568,
0.02909610979259014,
0.026558995246887207,
0.14804115891456604,
0.4344288110733032,
-0.21789111196994781,
0.8507667779922485,
-0.08598192036151886,
1.3244210481643677,
0.34084588289260864,
-0.12922891974449158,
0.09797672927379608,
-0.30492305755615234,
0.21042636036872864,
0.247092142701149,
-0.33665889501571655,
-1.2991760969161987,
0.3906876742839813,
-0.22923289239406586,
0.4443248212337494,
-0.3599587678909302,
-0.3172301650047302,
-0.5451499223709106,
-0.16613993048667908,
0.10238667577505112,
-0.3082229495048523,
0.16608932614326477,
-0.1753063052892685,
0.201724112033844,
-0.048448484390974045,
0.149635449051857,
0.48080193996429443,
-0.43458738923072815,
0.9182032346725464,
0.22973725199699402,
0.6989932656288147,
-0.7566399574279785,
0.3224516212940216,
0.06557399034500122,
-0.23513689637184143,
0.013304472900927067,
0.20247770845890045,
-0.23800066113471985,
-0.42357590794563293,
0.0803564265370369,
0.17363400757312775,
-0.17756424844264984,
-0.42413851618766785,
-0.39284491539001465,
0.06743964552879333,
-0.6334502100944519,
0.02499414049088955,
-0.046343885362148285,
0.06351865082979202,
-0.4970974624156952,
-0.4663989841938019,
-0.3972170054912567,
-0.5762974619865417,
0.6778318285942078,
-0.582801103591919,
0.24603767693042755,
-0.6161129474639893,
-0.5706045031547546,
0.1812654286623001,
0.8131298422813416,
-0.3842179477214813,
-0.41325539350509644,
-0.2750806510448456,
0.3853817582130432,
-0.29521387815475464,
-0.13698823750019073,
-0.7657421827316284,
-0.022999295964837074,
-0.024874413385987282,
-0.3760855495929718,
-0.46853551268577576,
0.6579340696334839,
0.054281916469335556,
-0.06248893588781357,
0.15586020052433014,
0.39146798849105835,
0.4517635107040405,
-0.4171890318393707,
0.17361047863960266,
0.19790665805339813,
-0.3120073974132538,
0.1252240389585495,
0.7432375550270081,
-0.5879199504852295,
-0.8235824108123779,
-0.4575100839138031,
-5.361778736114502,
0.318250447511673,
-0.043416768312454224,
-0.01474925596266985,
1.1007648706436157,
-0.5503976345062256,
0.7317657470703125,
-0.4231533110141754,
0.513931393623352,
-0.1682208776473999,
-0.03716643154621124,
-0.0666956976056099,
0.10998748987913132,
0.4680154323577881,
0.7060289978981018,
0.21548445522785187,
0.6669498682022095,
-0.6345001459121704,
0.2493005096912384,
0.06903570145368576,
-0.2628914713859558,
-0.17036111652851105,
-0.29164063930511475,
-0.02885071001946926,
0.2087731659412384,
0.3869961202144623,
-0.09969712048768997,
0.06148046627640724,
-0.8225210905075073,
-0.15956081449985504,
-0.35708796977996826,
0.33045777678489685,
-0.24053391814231873,
-0.4883798062801361,
-0.5711767673492432,
-0.31943467259407043,
0.2897302210330963,
-0.05492045730352402,
-0.018006157130002975,
-0.8074946403503418,
0.006314569152891636,
0.1840781718492508,
0.04094738885760307,
0.020021896809339523,
0.43919166922569275,
-0.16145998239517212,
-0.5792685151100159,
-0.2038748860359192,
0.026350371539592743,
0.6772125959396362,
0.7617154717445374,
0.07626524567604065,
0.7460586428642273,
0.5211251378059387,
0.8978690505027771,
-0.474574476480484,
0.4633289575576782,
-0.6300711631774902,
-0.27185484766960144,
-0.01906094141304493,
0.32034698128700256,
-0.16942159831523895,
-0.12628468871116638,
-0.04122466593980789,
0.19541141390800476,
-0.17031297087669373,
0.17736980319023132,
-0.05849482864141464,
0.2088983654975891,
-0.6399708390235901,
-0.6023248434066772,
0.474320650100708,
0.12367717176675797,
-1.3676148653030396,
0.14660027623176575,
0.14344151318073273,
-0.20959776639938354,
0.4321533143520355,
-0.02384329028427601,
-0.3453544080257416,
-0.18371933698654175,
0.025770334526896477,
-0.4031410217285156,
0.7202910780906677,
0.008149595931172371,
-0.23261858522891998,
-0.29300132393836975,
0.48339903354644775,
-0.5620291829109192,
-0.6929441690444946,
0.1162896528840065,
-0.13097749650478363,
0.6534892916679382,
0.09144281595945358,
0.12231206893920898,
1.117854118347168,
-0.20287950336933136,
0.14611712098121643,
-0.08976870030164719,
-0.0178713146597147,
-0.05152890831232071,
-0.31449615955352783,
0.3509078025817871,
-0.46285057067871094,
0.1743314564228058,
-0.3297881484031677,
-0.4743121266365051,
0.2608696222305298,
0.07057733088731766,
-0.3893038332462311,
0.10063447803258896,
-0.1212603747844696,
-0.47082942724227905,
-0.12365913391113281,
0.8088163137435913,
-0.2147316336631775,
0.07087722420692444,
-0.29418396949768066,
0.3635622262954712,
0.39379802346229553,
0.4589621126651764,
1.0333778858184814,
0.10016478598117828,
0.6649309396743774,
-0.2517523169517517,
-0.3610154688358307,
0.349002867937088,
-0.4366725981235504,
0.7046937942504883,
0.15363994240760803,
-0.08142940700054169,
0.1548251062631607,
-0.2674958109855652,
-0.0364648662507534,
0.25289687514305115,
-0.11806582659482956,
-0.16428859531879425,
-0.4255462884902954,
0.23220360279083252,
-0.30379989743232727,
0.42830321192741394,
-0.9667218923568726,
-0.27147531509399414,
-0.22740979492664337,
0.019191158935427666,
0.32355067133903503,
-0.10947013646364212,
0.05676252022385597,
-0.05942657217383385,
0.13012830913066864,
-0.12336629629135132,
-0.4986875057220459,
0.61308753490448,
-1.0702807903289795,
-0.9862492084503174,
-0.4504000246524811,
-0.2873578369617462,
-0.564365029335022,
-0.19418564438819885,
-0.03808107599616051,
0.12170704454183578,
-0.7285537719726562,
-0.3697625994682312,
0.15800900757312775,
0.06252880394458771,
0.2662418782711029,
0.2487899512052536,
-0.6782185435295105,
-0.6767057776451111,
0.8859363794326782,
-0.7410967946052551,
-0.40235286951065063,
-0.3104149401187897,
0.12646056711673737,
0.5243290662765503,
-0.23421430587768555,
-0.039580315351486206,
0.07278957962989807,
0.12385223060846329,
0.21201904118061066,
0.0601801872253418,
0.13494904339313507,
-0.7585588097572327,
0.4911518096923828,
0.8009485602378845,
-0.843567430973053,
-0.45588380098342896,
-0.3203699588775635,
-0.12614086270332336,
0.4107060730457306,
0.3443793058395386,
0.45444169640541077,
0.691309928894043,
0.1713869869709015,
-0.10837776213884354,
-0.8053210973739624,
0.05174170434474945,
0.7729664444923401,
-0.2574211657047272,
-0.17353692650794983,
0.41532182693481445,
0.03172621876001358,
-0.3320121765136719,
0.08205553144216537,
0.08433617651462555,
-0.6468867659568787,
0.10439365357160568,
-0.454913467168808,
-0.26123812794685364,
0.3279791474342346,
0.6943762898445129,
-0.4394526183605194,
0.35111063718795776,
0.9294555187225342,
-0.21058215200901031,
0.16676439344882965,
0.3307623863220215,
0.16720938682556152,
0.09324043244123459,
-0.8498348593711853,
-0.23617962002754211,
-0.6945376396179199,
-0.14874093234539032,
-0.014624899253249168,
-0.5850756168365479,
0.19468000531196594,
0.24291828274726868,
-0.590421199798584,
0.36203792691230774,
0.21088041365146637,
-0.40702974796295166,
0.10033466666936874,
0.8742320537567139,
-0.014011168852448463,
-0.38101330399513245,
0.008451630361378193,
0.49398642778396606,
0.8498811721801758,
-0.5084529519081116,
0.7682240009307861,
0.5746537446975708,
1.3492815494537354,
0.2381967008113861,
-0.2887570261955261,
-0.25825315713882446,
-0.06828607618808746,
0.3185274600982666,
-0.7968778014183044,
0.16285492479801178,
0.5542925596237183,
0.33421653509140015,
0.055704232305288315,
-0.5989828109741211,
0.2290375977754593,
0.5319460034370422,
-0.71968013048172,
-0.054273758083581924,
0.021196313202381134,
-0.15583491325378418,
0.26227959990501404,
-0.3676617741584778,
0.3563399910926819,
0.18611502647399902,
-0.4650028944015503,
-0.22261634469032288,
-0.13691174983978271,
-0.2506573796272278,
-0.30573174357414246,
0.6393056511878967,
-0.35431721806526184,
-0.5957935452461243,
-0.33505117893218994,
0.3592633605003357,
0.03357783704996109,
-0.31204888224601746,
0.2358921617269516,
0.4274885952472687,
-0.39729374647140503,
-0.2808131277561188,
-0.6608124375343323,
-0.40146851539611816,
0.28784844279289246,
0.11902627348899841,
-0.4304777681827545,
0.3649589419364929,
-0.537348210811615,
-0.6370576620101929,
-0.6257749795913696,
-0.4554736018180847,
-0.13371673226356506,
0.3149656653404236,
0.07285721600055695,
-0.3044206500053406,
0.017800502479076385,
-0.34081029891967773,
0.05872778967022896,
-0.5580368041992188,
0.3581700026988983,
-0.523074746131897,
0.047070279717445374,
-0.14494898915290833,
0.2398664802312851,
0.014284052886068821,
-0.20350536704063416,
0.28346648812294006,
-0.31890544295310974,
0.12887416779994965,
-1.265017032623291,
0.20832085609436035,
-0.11357927322387695,
0.3602672815322876,
-0.3304397761821747,
0.7415640354156494,
0.417049378156662,
-0.11486499756574631,
0.33087408542633057,
0.8644800782203674,
-0.9332053661346436,
-0.5349621176719666,
0.4857160151004791,
-0.061259325593709946,
-0.6398429274559021,
0.14548629522323608,
0.1913640797138214,
0.6947550773620605,
1.0893338918685913,
-0.39040231704711914,
-0.24697773158550262,
0.730718195438385,
-0.1988849639892578,
0.12152476608753204,
0.15983812510967255,
-0.22408978641033173,
0.4100264608860016,
-0.2297402322292328,
-0.07825950533151627,
-0.17414139211177826,
-0.2663242220878601,
0.3929884135723114,
0.33837729692459106,
-0.14873550832271576,
0.7774601578712463,
-0.35651102662086487,
0.07355044037103653,
0.245343878865242,
-0.15404437482357025,
-0.01213041041046381,
0.14050349593162537,
0.12379645556211472,
-0.571647584438324,
0.271087110042572,
-0.11153647303581238,
-0.25579285621643066,
-0.27436748147010803,
-0.02738143317401409,
0.17536661028862,
-0.6141441464424133,
-0.9316473603248596,
-0.1559009850025177,
-0.2299993485212326,
-0.07505811005830765,
-0.5826307535171509,
0.6714587211608887,
0.7873599529266357,
0.1472003012895584,
-0.9210500717163086,
0.19968754053115845,
-0.44602370262145996,
-0.029805244877934456,
0.2887219190597534,
-0.030496330931782722,
-0.1491515040397644,
0.3366391360759735,
0.8045353293418884,
0.7514393329620361,
0.057457949966192245,
0.9957440495491028,
-0.9960482716560364,
-0.15290020406246185,
-0.15368977189064026,
-0.6277433037757874,
-0.11246507614850998,
-0.29241806268692017,
0.0785645842552185,
0.23604069650173187,
0.3433499038219452,
0.09310360997915268,
0.4273180067539215,
0.02946883626282215,
-0.2299651801586151,
0.5051369667053223,
0.0745578184723854,
-0.16373252868652344,
0.5035514235496521,
0.09227186441421509,
-0.13981355726718903,
-0.7511695027351379,
0.3287621736526489,
1.0835126638412476,
0.24015948176383972,
0.05709271878004074,
0.2223222851753235,
-0.5085709691047668,
0.24308955669403076,
-0.428787499666214,
0.6143434047698975,
-0.08719737827777863,
0.11011402308940887,
-0.30017539858818054,
0.7300683259963989,
-0.213567852973938,
-0.08706121146678925,
-0.32037490606307983,
-0.06923314929008484,
-0.29994696378707886,
0.014424317516386509,
0.4241164028644562,
-0.29631298780441284,
0.19419270753860474,
-0.1247720792889595,
-0.04556891322135925,
0.5469121932983398,
0.5151782035827637,
0.07374348491430283,
-0.2962011992931366,
-0.20478421449661255,
-0.42121580243110657,
0.009405817836523056,
0.20016402006149292,
0.3107777535915375,
0.6290430426597595,
0.20139458775520325,
-0.4096857011318207,
0.1158062070608139,
-0.11540226638317108,
-0.22120216488838196,
-0.43011295795440674,
0.7853025197982788,
0.6006239652633667,
0.3146379888057709,
0.706187903881073,
-0.052249640226364136,
0.10548590868711472,
-0.049202676862478256,
-0.21503113210201263,
-0.8490346670150757,
0.2016018033027649,
-0.6740006804466248,
-0.06817664951086044,
0.26231902837753296,
0.44676080346107483,
-0.8549874424934387,
-0.1983359456062317,
-0.256867915391922,
0.1410544365644455,
-0.3820432722568512,
-0.41444143652915955,
-0.30778881907463074,
0.18858195841312408,
-0.22603657841682434
]
|
214684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20P.%20Martin | J. P. Martin | John Percival Martin (187924 March 1966) was an English author best known for his Uncle series of children's stories.
Life
Martin was the son of John Martin, a Wesleyan Methodist minister, and his wife Ellen Fowler, daughter of the Rev. Philip Fowler, another Wesleyan, and his wife Mary. Philip Fowler was the brother of Mary Fowler, wife of the Pacific missionary James Calvert.
John Percival, known in the family as Percy, was born in Scarborough in the North Riding of Yorkshire in the summer of 1879, the fifth of seven children of whom one died before he was born. His younger sister Dora (Theodora Fowler Martin, 1882–1961) is also known as a writer, under the name Dora Fowler Martin. While his two elder brothers were sent to Kingswood School, founded by John Wesley, John was not. His elder sister Mary Calvert (May) went to Trinity Hall School, Southport, and then university. His parents feeling he was not suited to boarding school, he attended local day schools in the northern cities and towns where his father ministered to Methodist circuits.
In 1898, the Martin family was based in Dewsbury, and John was working in the accounts department of the local steel works. He was asked to join the Wesleyan Leeds mission, which for some years had been reconstructed with the ministry of Samuel Chadwick. Shortly he became a candidate for the ministry, and was given a district missionary responsibility in Halifax and Bradford.
Martin became a Methodist minister in 1903, and then served as a missionary in South Africa: he chose reconstruction work after the Second Anglo-Boer War, over his father's wish that he should go to Fiji. His uncle James Calvert Fowler had been posted to Kimberley, Northern Cape and the diamond mines. Percy had met his future wife Nancy at the Leeds Mission, and before he left came to understanding that they would marry. In 1904 he was placed first in Ventersdorp. From there he was exchanged to Potchefstroom, and was then sent across the Transvaal to Pilgrim's Rest and Sabie, a gold-mining area, living first at Lydenburg since the Pilgrim's Rest church had been destroyed in the war.
Now married, John and Nancy Martin moved to Roodepoort in 1907. They were transferred to the large Wesleyan church at Mafeking in 1910.
Returning with his family to England in 1913, Martin became a Wesleyan chaplain at Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire. He was an army chaplain in Palestine during the World War I. After World War II he lived in the village of Timberscombe in Somerset, where he died in March 1966.
The Uncle series
The Uncle books are:
Uncle (1964)
Uncle Cleans Up (1965)
Uncle and His Detective (1966)
Uncle and the Treacle Trouble (1967)
Uncle and Claudius the Camel (1970)
Uncle and the Battle for Badgertown (1973)
The Uncle of the six books in the series is a very rich elephant living in a very large house called Homeward. He is plagued by a group of enemies concerned with puncturing his pretensions, and driving home the charge, true enough, that he once stole a bicycle.
Homeward is hard to describe, but try to think of about a hundred skyscrapers all joined together and surrounded by a moat with a drawbridge over it, and you'll get some idea. The towers are of many colours, and there are bathing pools and gardens amongst them, also switchback railways running from tower to tower, and water-chutes from top to bottom.
Uncle has friends and supporters, including the Old Monkey, the One-Armed Badger, the cat Goodman, Noddy Ninety, Cloutman, the King of the Badgers, and Butterskin Mute. He is the sworn enemy of the inhabitants of Badfort, an enormous derelict fortress that blights the landscape in front of Homeward. Living in there are the Badfort gang, nominally headed by the Hateman family, Beaver, Nailrod Snr, Nailrod Jnr, Filljug, and Sigismund, with the support of Flabskin, Oily Joe, the dwarvish, cowardly, skewer-throwing Isidore Hitmouse, the scheming ghost Hootman, and Jellytussle, an animated mound of bluish jelly.
Reception
Initial reviews of the series in the 1960s by Penelope Mortimer and Geoffrey Moorhouse were favorable. In 1977 John Rowe Townsend wrote in 25 Years of British Children's Books "There are several Uncle books , all inconsequentially episodic and hilariously illustrated by Quentin Blake". The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (1984) commented on its "wildest schoolboy-style inventions and implausibilities, narrated with dead-pan humour."
The Economist noted in 2005 that the stories "which focus on the doings of the eponymous hero, an elephant and benevolent dictator, were first published in the 1960s, and still enjoy a cult following." Imogen Russell Williams wrote in 2007 "If there was ever a children's series generating fanatical, "cult" adoration, this is it."
Reprints
The first book was reprinted in paperback in 2000 by Red Fox: . See also . Hardcover reprints of the first two volumes were published by the New York Review of Books in 2007-8 ( and ).
In March 2013, a Kickstarter campaign was announced to reprint all six Uncle books in an omnibus edition. The reprint had the support of — and contributions from — several authors and illustrators, including Neil Gaiman, Justin Pollard, Garth Nix, Martin Rowson, Andy Riley, Kate Summerscale, and Richard Ingrams. The campaign was fully funded in a little over four hours. The book was published on 31 October 2013 under the title of The Complete Uncle, .
Family
In 1906 Martin married Annie "Nancy" Mann (died 1944), daughter of Michael Urwin Mann, in Johannesburg. He later married as his second wife Jane Jenny Sowerbutts née Mann, in 1947. He had four children, two girls and two boys, from his first marriage. Martin's Uncle stories were first told to his children before he wrote them down for a wider audience.
The eldest child was Helen Estella Martin (1907–1994), known as Stella Martin. She was to 1984 her father's official biographer, her work appearing in 2017 as Stella Martin Currey edited by James Martin Currey, under the title J.P. Martin: Father of Uncle: A Master in the Great English Nonsense Tradition 1879–1966; and also editor of the three Uncle books that appeared after his death.
Stella Martin worked from the early 1920s as a journalist on the Bristol Times and Mirror. At the end of the decade the Time and Mirror, owned by the Berry Group (at one point Allied Newspapers) was caught up in a circulation war with the Bristol Evening World (owned by national rivals the Rothermeres). It resulted in Stella being moved from writing aimed at a female audience, to being a "zoo correspondent". For a time she provided copy influenced by her father's juvenile fiction. In 1932 the Time and Mirror folded, and later that year Stella married Ralph Nixon Currey, a friend of the family. In 1934 the couple encouraged J. P. Martin to write down the "Uncle" stories.
References
External links
Detailed Uncle bibliography
1879 births
1966 deaths
English children's writers
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire | [
-0.4609292447566986,
0.28813913464546204,
-0.09071572870016098,
-0.2846945822238922,
0.2355278879404068,
0.9216837882995605,
0.31866469979286194,
0.13164791464805603,
-0.5106284022331238,
-0.07702343910932541,
-0.25735580921173096,
-0.11546999961137772,
-0.25036439299583435,
0.4919722080230713,
0.0463469959795475,
0.05628524348139763,
-0.35726216435432434,
0.17061319947242737,
-0.7569599151611328,
-0.33451640605926514,
-0.3436870276927948,
-0.6365211009979248,
0.44615498185157776,
0.2604185938835144,
0.06838254630565643,
0.25229930877685547,
0.32450756430625916,
-0.8875459432601929,
0.020228851586580276,
0.4249631464481354,
-0.1858002245426178,
0.44980013370513916,
0.6789848804473877,
-0.25568801164627075,
-0.7729461789131165,
-0.6249904036521912,
-0.6417052745819092,
-0.32215413451194763,
-0.49169477820396423,
0.09190645068883896,
-0.016667673364281654,
0.07333546876907349,
-0.11638841778039932,
0.10802184790372849,
-0.689380407333374,
-0.34035244584083557,
-2.078331708908081,
0.04124603047966957,
-0.4866005778312683,
-0.3925045430660248,
-0.11962771415710449,
0.3971253037452698,
0.6396048069000244,
-0.16261889040470123,
-0.1498907208442688,
0.6026312708854675,
0.12689520418643951,
0.058157701045274734,
0.19455038011074066,
-0.3334803581237793,
0.10995658487081528,
-0.005482305772602558,
0.6956722140312195,
0.4126908779144287,
-0.15340691804885864,
0.22160230576992035,
-0.2710680067539215,
0.3947386145591736,
-0.21871547400951385,
0.14454583823680878,
-0.15855415165424347,
0.11629930138587952,
-0.05240633711218834,
0.409471720457077,
0.06174169480800629,
0.17557181417942047,
0.4454452693462372,
-0.3987104594707489,
0.3379281461238861,
0.4872477054595947,
-0.3586987853050232,
-0.15733565390110016,
0.8862111568450928,
0.25939249992370605,
0.04615828022360802,
0.15271343290805817,
-0.16061042249202728,
0.1652415543794632,
0.22482258081436157,
-0.1403023600578308,
0.1045609563589096,
-0.4226332902908325,
-0.4603500962257385,
-0.34143730998039246,
0.3244510293006897,
-0.6325656771659851,
-0.4496963918209076,
-0.2335968017578125,
-0.25150448083877563,
0.07219613343477249,
-0.05683554336428642,
0.12408092617988586,
0.3311684727668762,
-0.19306182861328125,
-0.7938050031661987,
-0.07567349821329117,
0.17383846640586853,
-0.3404473662376404,
0.5310363173484802,
0.009612946771085262,
-0.47255125641822815,
0.2928456664085388,
-0.26096871495246887,
0.1592714488506317,
0.16448292136192322,
0.0837731659412384,
-0.12050440162420273,
-0.5253551006317139,
-0.7042851448059082,
-0.06716564297676086,
-0.3512585163116455,
0.07157997786998749,
0.39921754598617554,
0.16893838346004486,
-0.4068530797958374,
0.12058907747268677,
0.12545809149742126,
0.05547157675027847,
-0.22785094380378723,
-0.15150098502635956,
0.7013168931007385,
0.937574028968811,
-0.25370192527770996,
-0.578403115272522,
-0.3480634391307831,
0.17327244579792023,
0.0972643792629242,
0.3702029883861542,
-0.14460217952728271,
0.13497379422187805,
-0.10308941453695297,
0.27995967864990234,
-0.6625701189041138,
-0.2068234533071518,
-0.054230671375989914,
-0.175514355301857,
-0.28931090235710144,
-0.5356606245040894,
-0.16319529712200165,
-0.22779697179794312,
0.13254956901073456,
0.2692440450191498,
0.19989153742790222,
-0.41312190890312195,
-0.3398100435733795,
0.3120866119861603,
0.20091736316680908,
0.3284785747528076,
0.3555247187614441,
-0.3912830054759979,
0.26735997200012207,
0.23209472000598907,
-0.46741780638694763,
0.17893290519714355,
0.1252753883600235,
-0.13312485814094543,
0.7878873348236084,
-0.28338783979415894,
-0.28302255272865295,
-0.3121066689491272,
-0.051922645419836044,
0.02316315658390522,
0.6861583590507507,
-0.24211359024047852,
0.1790185570716858,
0.14319004118442535,
0.4795486330986023,
0.42080625891685486,
0.377303808927536,
-0.4594254493713379,
-0.6483795642852783,
-0.16540034115314484,
-0.02601829171180725,
-0.43284425139427185,
0.04146880283951759,
0.34426045417785645,
0.5538960695266724,
-0.01545371301472187,
0.4389193058013916,
-0.16229809820652008,
-0.5583707690238953,
-0.6246885657310486,
-0.2150796800851822,
-0.32884958386421204,
0.8597089648246765,
0.07813256233930588,
-0.4979463517665863,
0.9211380481719971,
0.21503762900829315,
0.9292027950286865,
-0.19117246568202972,
-0.2797687351703644,
-0.09798309206962585,
-0.012782348319888115,
-0.18282486498355865,
0.06290403008460999,
-0.05311764031648636,
0.5887468457221985,
0.45621347427368164,
0.7447172403335571,
0.2873139977455139,
-0.27392280101776123,
-0.024838298559188843,
0.28551778197288513,
-0.7384399771690369,
-0.4109035134315491,
-0.026096459478139877,
-0.0714297816157341,
0.14216211438179016,
0.10253904014825821,
0.29372063279151917,
0.05796097591519356,
-0.11722944676876068,
0.5980252623558044,
0.34096887707710266,
1.0269334316253662,
0.3419792354106903,
-0.3219015300273895,
0.34200766682624817,
-1.0563859939575195,
-0.16298671066761017,
0.5198678374290466,
0.3264952003955841,
0.04705744981765747,
0.35575640201568604,
-0.14490032196044922,
0.2597987651824951,
-0.29411640763282776,
-0.19069068133831024,
-0.16173280775547028,
0.14943985641002655,
0.19017937779426575,
-0.020671753212809563,
0.352704256772995,
0.4713451862335205,
0.10056839138269424,
-0.1809062510728836,
0.4298396408557892,
0.14392125606536865,
0.020409472286701202,
0.3800414502620697,
0.8378921151161194,
0.4708364009857178,
0.48924127221107483,
-0.09535306692123413,
-0.2836800813674927,
0.28513094782829285,
0.13787974417209625,
0.6630600690841675,
0.779204249382019,
-0.20427381992340088,
0.15853407979011536,
0.056081373244524,
0.4866269826889038,
0.02409038320183754,
-0.4980804920196533,
0.07294892519712448,
-0.7653130888938904,
0.05750611424446106,
0.5041064023971558,
0.008779969997704029,
-0.3284550905227661,
-0.33591383695602417,
0.270129531621933,
0.8218813538551331,
-0.3938773572444916,
0.18737611174583435,
0.05373008921742439,
-0.03201346844434738,
-0.7934735417366028,
-0.047923486679792404,
0.9974710941314697,
-0.01627783663570881,
-0.365513414144516,
-0.013936538249254227,
-0.5733465552330017,
-0.0899432972073555,
-0.5497400760650635,
0.08156880736351013,
-0.2911326587200165,
-0.12537944316864014,
0.6156760454177856,
-0.19824886322021484,
-0.08324358612298965,
-0.5547507405281067,
0.4386899471282959,
-0.2102903127670288,
-0.23661525547504425,
-0.030564628541469574,
-0.21800704300403595,
-0.1831662505865097,
0.02729707770049572,
0.11892226338386536,
0.06009000539779663,
0.7336390018463135,
0.3635227680206299,
-0.11694571375846863,
-0.29099076986312866,
-5.93537712097168,
0.05384457856416702,
-0.21914950013160706,
-0.6033430099487305,
0.5270463824272156,
0.124027781188488,
0.592393696308136,
-0.058716461062431335,
-0.1651151478290558,
-0.18292516469955444,
0.25640639662742615,
-0.2608392834663391,
-0.056136298924684525,
0.40973177552223206,
0.7955376505851746,
0.28840816020965576,
0.4705546200275421,
0.30002179741859436,
0.1424144059419632,
0.22655607759952545,
0.4986783564090729,
0.0025142543017864227,
-0.20825167000293732,
0.1795072704553604,
0.43597570061683655,
0.5739390850067139,
-0.28524985909461975,
-0.30669188499450684,
-0.7756226658821106,
0.3586917817592621,
0.1742008626461029,
0.08247001469135284,
-0.3020089566707611,
-0.12149263173341751,
-0.28282639384269714,
-0.6685130000114441,
0.5711082816123962,
0.5141429901123047,
0.45378240942955017,
0.24123841524124146,
-0.0007131116581149399,
0.10471931099891663,
-0.16287244856357574,
-0.3948255777359009,
-0.20502117276191711,
-0.08077599853277206,
-0.9283701181411743,
-0.2928219735622406,
-0.19337894022464752,
0.15620779991149902,
0.15674573183059692,
0.10979141294956207,
0.019673628732562065,
-0.03136507794260979,
0.08315087109804153,
-0.0597822442650795,
0.3928852081298828,
0.0837995707988739,
-0.8242505192756653,
-0.2776586413383484,
0.5768440961837769,
0.19955801963806152,
-0.267834335565567,
0.07953763753175735,
-0.5293363332748413,
-0.2317539006471634,
0.10768672823905945,
-0.5863147974014282,
0.34130093455314636,
-0.5351013541221619,
-0.23227785527706146,
-0.10265891253948212,
0.40648603439331055,
-1.1327635049819946,
-0.5888760685920715,
-0.3704359829425812,
-0.3650386333465576,
0.13406489789485931,
-0.6568505764007568,
-0.37691208720207214,
-0.23720459640026093,
-0.6548011898994446,
-0.3343183398246765,
0.34724098443984985,
-0.01319563016295433,
-0.1306813657283783,
-1.0711196660995483,
-0.06869786977767944,
-0.3276344835758209,
-0.23144036531448364,
0.5383829474449158,
-0.21551065146923065,
0.18849796056747437,
0.18146632611751556,
0.5745008587837219,
-0.030844032764434814,
0.12349994480609894,
0.5810927152633667,
-0.024197865277528763,
0.14505746960639954,
-0.5386170148849487,
0.025163598358631134,
0.207495778799057,
-0.4726681113243103,
0.2252391278743744,
-0.1078849509358406,
-0.20919452607631683,
0.07253675162792206,
0.6306488513946533,
0.2772798240184784,
0.38238525390625,
0.0062855929136276245,
-0.29368481040000916,
-0.10022594034671783,
-0.44411882758140564,
-0.2904289960861206,
0.28396064043045044,
-0.34790411591529846,
0.2552148401737213,
0.015691226348280907,
-0.20056740939617157,
0.5628921389579773,
-0.6816571950912476,
-0.43315720558166504,
0.14263685047626495,
-0.3365267217159271,
0.3336035907268524,
-0.7428410053253174,
0.23953981697559357,
0.0117958327755332,
-0.049773480743169785,
0.1376272290945053,
0.3365272581577301,
0.04987635836005211,
-0.3695482015609741,
-0.20697751641273499,
-0.2677020728588104,
-0.5842862129211426,
-0.4441470801830292,
0.21383845806121826,
-0.2159794569015503,
-0.173929363489151,
0.11705196648836136,
0.2577284276485443,
0.606432318687439,
-0.10390117764472961,
-0.2464565485715866,
0.18058660626411438,
0.3061114251613617,
0.15771351754665375,
-0.19314415752887726,
0.0218893401324749,
0.35687196254730225,
-0.14036956429481506,
-0.2354169487953186,
-0.1511668711900711,
-0.6349163055419922,
0.3468412160873413,
-0.38669678568840027,
0.23230399191379547,
-0.05872378125786781,
-0.20433712005615234,
-0.9072142839431763,
-0.25319457054138184,
0.3069521188735962,
0.4313693940639496,
-0.10675853490829468,
-0.3675731420516968,
0.02347216196358204,
0.4703976511955261,
0.26753321290016174,
0.17597462236881256,
-0.37140002846717834,
0.2442120909690857,
0.33668360114097595,
-0.008946886286139488,
0.06151621788740158,
-0.2943895757198334,
0.3528943657875061,
0.40650755167007446,
-0.08368778228759766,
0.10404842346906662,
-0.07962416112422943,
0.29675689339637756,
0.5632645487785339,
-0.15083257853984833,
-0.4619796574115753,
-0.588543176651001,
-0.3374096751213074,
-0.0985487625002861,
0.11510323733091354,
-0.09225313365459442,
0.5483188033103943,
0.8806135058403015,
0.17422257363796234,
0.019366806373000145,
-0.016260270029306412,
0.19873210787773132,
0.24804100394248962,
-0.06665438413619995,
-0.16747622191905975,
0.06187815964221954,
-0.49690455198287964,
-0.15366794168949127,
-0.061942242085933685,
-1.3266148567199707,
-0.2344905138015747,
-0.5474076271057129,
-0.1719600260257721,
0.5443490147590637,
0.14964412152767181,
0.0020175029058009386,
-0.1679411381483078,
0.5571341514587402,
0.236049085855484,
0.4738178253173828,
0.2176540046930313,
0.3811204135417938,
0.29083311557769775,
-0.29390260577201843,
-0.2897234261035919,
-0.16160964965820312,
-0.7347183227539062,
-0.0027392935007810593,
-0.0351717546582222,
0.2847557067871094,
0.04706604406237602,
-0.45154082775115967,
0.5362527370452881,
-0.4308517873287201,
0.4725043773651123,
-0.20089441537857056,
0.359876811504364,
0.16509447991847992,
0.2102472484111786,
0.029232658445835114,
0.17033086717128754,
0.22043216228485107,
0.29273390769958496,
-0.027349555864930153,
0.6947036981582642,
0.7949599623680115,
0.19891571998596191,
-0.017362501472234726,
0.1750715672969818,
-0.2057899534702301,
0.5061584711074829,
-0.5501894950866699,
-0.5815700888633728,
0.40503838658332825,
0.3216344118118286,
-0.23129220306873322,
-0.2647325396537781,
0.03995015472173691,
0.687896192073822,
-0.19726625084877014,
-0.3777577877044678,
0.22508838772773743,
0.16357727348804474,
0.05908215418457985,
0.07075567543506622,
0.5392603874206543,
0.039418481290340424,
0.27540794014930725,
0.21217773854732513,
0.6228569746017456,
-0.5457188487052917,
0.05331236496567726,
0.3020867109298706,
-0.11495762318372726,
-0.5847260355949402,
0.3422342836856842,
0.00021417390962596983,
0.35344961285591125,
0.008059244602918625,
0.09900218993425369,
0.14794714748859406,
-0.5156391263008118,
0.4716256558895111,
-0.4233275055885315,
-0.497244656085968,
0.3896561861038208,
0.2437768578529358,
-0.5582067966461182,
-0.57277911901474,
-0.28150078654289246,
-0.15464277565479279,
-0.1077173575758934,
-0.08257484436035156,
-0.000712418055627495,
-0.6599821448326111,
0.30541032552719116,
-0.35589858889579773,
-0.018133869394659996,
-0.08346933126449585,
0.003266008570790291,
-0.3943004608154297,
0.42094194889068604,
-0.5601584911346436,
-0.18329156935214996,
-0.2978982627391815,
0.17056456208229065,
0.47500738501548767,
0.20836956799030304,
0.4879358410835266,
0.09754776954650879,
-0.11579843610525131,
0.06995300948619843,
-0.7929414510726929,
-0.13643072545528412,
0.2459360808134079,
-0.6055187582969666,
0.08381089568138123,
-0.0546388104557991,
-0.4565149247646332,
-0.3692599833011627,
0.10437068343162537,
-0.8854393362998962,
0.10295304656028748,
0.30471551418304443,
0.43299615383148193,
0.25649726390838623,
0.3036594092845917,
-0.5838915109634399,
-0.2316102385520935,
0.48739346861839294,
-0.6903828382492065,
0.2569352686405182,
-0.15524494647979736,
0.1481502205133438,
0.021871797740459442,
-0.35263094305992126,
-0.39701583981513977,
0.5409958958625793,
0.3506059944629669,
-0.6042702794075012,
0.29738473892211914,
-0.22230230271816254,
-0.09373035281896591,
0.20835794508457184,
0.007373548112809658,
0.9068479537963867,
0.010551156476140022,
0.2234295904636383,
0.11350642889738083,
-0.15424233675003052,
0.4290396273136139,
0.1556619256734848,
0.10421252995729446,
0.14898256957530975,
0.3438663184642792,
0.09478101134300232,
0.04099486395716667,
-0.4985894560813904,
0.4017663300037384,
0.17016437649726868,
0.6461067199707031,
-0.08154776692390442,
-0.15418648719787598,
0.25632670521736145,
-0.14479686319828033,
0.07983719557523727,
0.43678018450737,
-0.2895783483982086,
0.34459084272384644,
0.3146362602710724,
0.1857079714536667,
-0.20700110495090485,
-0.12100805342197418,
0.7731711864471436,
0.0027770826127380133,
-0.48148617148399353,
0.09229594469070435,
0.48635950684547424,
0.0752481147646904,
0.3541192412376404,
0.6893197894096375,
0.1715599000453949,
0.024699505418539047,
0.15313129127025604,
-0.6756683588027954,
0.07700420916080475,
0.18283399939537048,
0.34835001826286316,
0.4708966016769409,
-0.25363457202911377,
-0.24782347679138184,
-0.05224820226430893,
-0.444892942905426,
-0.43505731225013733,
0.18877965211868286,
-0.5178459882736206,
-0.5595161318778992,
0.35772988200187683,
-0.8046042323112488,
-0.040382176637649536,
-0.32993772625923157,
0.9102741479873657,
0.362707257270813,
-0.08057872205972672,
-0.33694693446159363,
-0.373085618019104,
-0.059655141085386276,
0.28227269649505615,
0.027542825788259506,
-0.01564071513712406,
-0.18543803691864014,
0.11070147901773453,
-0.7339898943901062,
0.3291771113872528,
-0.019945155829191208,
0.1444040983915329,
-0.5713988542556763,
-0.019439946860074997,
-0.6247001886367798,
-0.6753976345062256,
-0.2581544518470764,
-0.2662423253059387,
0.35465526580810547,
-0.2745247185230255,
0.5207014679908752,
0.30109426379203796,
0.4762890040874481,
-0.07581587880849838,
-0.49082714319229126,
0.11712607741355896,
-0.05068304389715195,
-0.09559328109025955,
-0.37692564725875854,
0.15280023217201233,
0.025759343057870865,
-0.11644919216632843,
-0.4054218828678131,
0.32984238862991333,
-0.3128908574581146,
0.1193787083029747,
0.34197038412094116,
0.4218686521053314,
0.21635785698890686,
-0.3837248682975769,
0.033227164298295975,
0.014929898083209991,
0.2014826089143753,
-0.10494837909936905,
0.11604209244251251,
0.2200353592634201,
0.02530510723590851,
0.006642232183367014,
-0.4220394194126129,
0.37444940209388733,
-0.09406063705682755,
0.13967297971248627,
-0.05759119242429733,
-0.2908717691898346,
0.33179089426994324,
-0.09032326936721802,
-0.4280562400817871,
-0.022736430168151855,
0.5794839859008789,
0.32725420594215393
]
|
214688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20and%20His%20Detective | Uncle and His Detective | Uncle and his Detective (1966) is a children's story by J. P. Martin, as part of his Uncle series of books.
Plot summary
<blockquote>The story begins with the arrival not of a detective, but of disaster: Badfort is for sale, but when Uncle decides to buy it, demolish it, and build a pleasantly appointed park on the site, he is forestalled. Beaver Hateman has sold it cheaply to someone on the condition that he, Hateman, is allowed to stay on as a paying guest. Forgetting that the man who has bought Badfort is certain to regret the "bargain", Uncle tries to console himself by continuing his never-ending exploration of Homeward. He comes across the Art Gallery, reached along Quack Walk between two ponds crowded with noisy and aggressive ducks. En route he discovers the mysterious Crack House, which is the lair of a vicious and horribly squawking creature, half-bat, half-bird, called Batty. After visiting the Art Gallery and discovering that Batty is persecuting the curator and his family, Uncle has Batty expelled from Crack House and pursues a report of buried treasure there. Constant trips to Crack House have accustomed the ducks to passers-by, and Uncle's miserly friend Alonzo S. Whitebeard foolishly tries to take advantage of their docility:
This time the ducks were much quieter. They seemed so docile and friendly that Whitebeard captured one and tried to hide it under his beard, having visions of hot duck for supper. The duck nearly bit a piece out of his chest and Whitebeard flung it from him with a roar of pain.
By now the Detective of the title has appeared: an elegant and astute fox called A. B. Fox, who proves worthy of his hire (five shillings a day) as the Badfort Crowd, sniffing treasure from afar, are constantly on the prowl. After many adventures, Uncle eventually tracks down the treasure, an unimaginably vast block of softly glowing gold (or dlog, as they code-name it), beats off a final attack from the Badfort Crowd, and enjoys the acclaim of the grateful inhabitants of Homeward when he decides to distribute the gold for the common good. But the celebrations are interrupted briefly with a reminder that the Badfort Crowd, though defeated, are far from down and out. A group of young badgers are singing a song in praise of Uncle when:
[A]n atrocious raucous voice away on the edge of the crowd interrupted them. 'See that pompous humbug Unc/On the platform raise his trunk.'
It's a promise of more trouble in the future from the Badfort Crowd, who are once again in sole possession of their ramshackle and crumbling headquarters.
Other media
Uncle and his Detective was read by Spike Milligan on the BBC1 series Jackanory in 1971.
References
1966 British novels
1966 children's books
British children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Books about elephants | [
-0.7121692299842834,
0.29905638098716736,
0.43994930386543274,
0.23485122621059418,
-0.09151315689086914,
-0.1603737473487854,
0.22468794882297516,
-0.2490817904472351,
-0.464195191860199,
-0.15401796996593475,
-0.224629208445549,
0.18984051048755646,
-0.130605548620224,
0.08849815279245377,
-0.17704102396965027,
0.3935539126396179,
0.08208917081356049,
0.47587525844573975,
-0.8009182810783386,
-0.7376211881637573,
0.08266182243824005,
-0.6677057147026062,
0.07347846031188965,
-0.2567348778247833,
0.2691103219985962,
0.3448460102081299,
0.4279558062553406,
-0.0002989606582559645,
-0.16143634915351868,
0.21760928630828857,
0.13869445025920868,
-0.1807001680135727,
0.3122941255569458,
-0.3900260329246521,
-0.6882403492927551,
-0.531801164150238,
-0.38215669989585876,
-0.5086499452590942,
-0.35068973898887634,
-0.32324621081352234,
0.4790807366371155,
0.3377903401851654,
0.12957285344600677,
0.47737959027290344,
-0.44949376583099365,
-0.5276774168014526,
-1.6515334844589233,
-0.10915683209896088,
-0.32460570335388184,
-0.362603098154068,
0.3559694290161133,
0.8421776294708252,
0.7383807897567749,
0.37671294808387756,
-0.18470412492752075,
1.0500224828720093,
-0.2257518172264099,
-0.47488880157470703,
0.14013415575027466,
-0.3345055878162384,
0.33096030354499817,
0.02200915664434433,
0.7926983833312988,
0.4663166403770447,
-0.1390925794839859,
0.779050886631012,
0.06094565987586975,
0.4431436061859131,
0.5620265007019043,
0.29928261041641235,
-0.00047056059702299535,
-0.3068227171897888,
-0.1504022628068924,
0.4063417315483093,
-0.21398714184761047,
-0.13119284808635712,
0.5290653109550476,
-0.4903278648853302,
0.2543383836746216,
0.405076801776886,
-0.45407819747924805,
-0.6291998028755188,
0.7077970504760742,
0.12619759142398834,
0.5977693796157837,
0.18664862215518951,
-0.1966482400894165,
0.10024388134479523,
-0.38797953724861145,
0.05409625172615051,
0.08182419836521149,
-0.5242590308189392,
-0.46909281611442566,
0.4236584007740021,
0.15544769167900085,
-0.5476004481315613,
-0.08244304358959198,
-0.44918519258499146,
-0.2210545390844345,
0.22235453128814697,
0.14934581518173218,
0.6052292585372925,
0.6149637699127197,
-0.045806996524333954,
-0.5584008097648621,
-0.3487401604652405,
0.393440842628479,
-0.6043323278427124,
0.3696660101413727,
0.3602333962917328,
-0.4252997934818268,
0.11820126324892044,
-0.017643535509705544,
-0.3289792537689209,
-0.15606357157230377,
0.2906959354877472,
0.3149951100349426,
-0.328389436006546,
-0.7428730130195618,
0.08070792257785797,
-0.23820944130420685,
0.09803631901741028,
0.6591401696205139,
0.6228039860725403,
0.007648148108273745,
0.14181604981422424,
0.18446694314479828,
0.49447670578956604,
0.045934803783893585,
0.18341988325119019,
0.602870523929596,
0.4670140743255615,
-0.02167307585477829,
-0.09418857842683792,
-0.1312197893857956,
-0.6503618955612183,
-0.0357743501663208,
0.3349083364009857,
-0.6878541707992554,
-0.05164117366075516,
-0.20740023255348206,
0.15312384068965912,
-0.5548756718635559,
-0.27191033959388733,
-0.10005132853984833,
-0.3185652196407318,
-0.4459506571292877,
-0.24631598591804504,
-0.03133908286690712,
-0.17256323993206024,
-0.26939189434051514,
0.18324333429336548,
-0.2966349422931671,
-0.2197805941104889,
-0.6023099422454834,
0.5363276600837708,
0.20431864261627197,
0.059188488870859146,
0.5443354249000549,
-0.015194397419691086,
0.039046529680490494,
0.14428094029426575,
-0.7612766027450562,
0.09665609896183014,
-0.32597997784614563,
-0.3955700099468231,
0.7790070176124573,
0.14312396943569183,
-0.07645498216152191,
0.1104622557759285,
-0.7164989113807678,
0.2527359127998352,
0.21014614403247833,
-0.3508908450603485,
0.19308939576148987,
0.23038840293884277,
0.5012367963790894,
0.12263093888759613,
0.4848600924015045,
-0.2193789929151535,
-0.5923632979393005,
0.0558493509888649,
-0.2903081774711609,
-0.6033317446708679,
0.6839185357093811,
0.7089386582374573,
-0.09716358035802841,
0.17409071326255798,
-0.03435061499476433,
-0.15704068541526794,
-0.13983480632305145,
-0.6531106233596802,
0.4211115539073944,
-0.270335853099823,
0.8436920642852783,
0.27672508358955383,
-0.13932430744171143,
0.696898341178894,
-0.05003119260072708,
0.8773146867752075,
-0.18142059445381165,
-0.31973791122436523,
0.7776105403900146,
0.4545154273509979,
-0.18063569068908691,
-0.0332939587533474,
-0.4425318241119385,
0.3169626295566559,
0.30729344487190247,
0.8817781805992126,
0.18181520700454712,
-0.1635386347770691,
0.39587339758872986,
-0.013466515578329563,
-0.2757381498813629,
0.21869179606437683,
-0.13940657675266266,
0.09246115386486053,
-0.18783783912658691,
0.0718907043337822,
0.28282251954078674,
-0.1730181723833084,
-0.7645838260650635,
0.923220694065094,
-0.00041880205390043557,
1.0674142837524414,
0.514120876789093,
-0.247329443693161,
0.31392669677734375,
-0.6716693043708801,
-0.25532007217407227,
0.5752643942832947,
0.3791268765926361,
-0.27604028582572937,
-0.013263672590255737,
0.12943914532661438,
0.22692205011844635,
-0.5861501097679138,
0.2574785053730011,
0.1888691484928131,
0.22077670693397522,
0.14337147772312164,
0.2307453751564026,
0.396113783121109,
0.314846009016037,
-0.03661423921585083,
-0.5839080810546875,
0.5515155792236328,
0.05478781461715698,
-0.17540274560451508,
0.3683125376701355,
0.5841466784477234,
0.3955354392528534,
-0.040932074189186096,
0.38159722089767456,
-0.34251564741134644,
-0.21467533707618713,
-0.15170300006866455,
0.5101255774497986,
0.48580682277679443,
-0.10026172548532486,
-0.008135720156133175,
0.197240948677063,
-0.34071481227874756,
0.12673433125019073,
-0.29693782329559326,
-0.31665974855422974,
-0.8225671648979187,
0.2586943209171295,
0.23537780344486237,
-0.5095878839492798,
0.32802292704582214,
-0.22408057749271393,
0.21316584944725037,
0.5395424365997314,
-0.5737634301185608,
0.0406203418970108,
0.41838014125823975,
-0.13507486879825592,
-0.9865558743476868,
-0.030240625143051147,
0.8029929399490356,
0.1877666711807251,
-0.24525514245033264,
-0.39343440532684326,
-0.7675115466117859,
-0.15126727521419525,
-1.047803282737732,
-0.2875909209251404,
-0.15627527236938477,
0.020344650372862816,
0.36988794803619385,
-0.43965813517570496,
-0.2830483615398407,
-0.3927198648452759,
0.5094766616821289,
-0.1232072040438652,
0.1509198397397995,
0.07375846803188324,
-0.6480758786201477,
0.17992405593395233,
0.0804193988442421,
-0.23397651314735413,
0.19729888439178467,
0.6667337417602539,
-0.11184950917959213,
-0.6415981650352478,
0.19316470623016357,
-5.836978912353516,
-0.09664786607027054,
-0.5003398060798645,
0.2862348258495331,
0.3943201005458832,
0.6955946087837219,
0.941832959651947,
-0.19322846829891205,
-0.14953285455703735,
0.1415078490972519,
-0.36368295550346375,
-0.41596245765686035,
0.2532762289047241,
0.34035059809684753,
0.1002882793545723,
-0.15338082611560822,
-0.1079486533999443,
-0.06948111951351166,
0.022099114954471588,
-0.034392572939395905,
-0.08180049061775208,
0.16810986399650574,
-0.3319009840488434,
0.15265187621116638,
0.8811103701591492,
1.1892261505126953,
-0.7269401550292969,
-0.1773923933506012,
-0.6305069327354431,
0.6400690078735352,
0.06291113793849945,
0.051006708294153214,
-0.5584388971328735,
-0.07625717669725418,
-0.7671300172805786,
0.06556719541549683,
0.7092577815055847,
0.26556146144866943,
0.6372019052505493,
0.2716239392757416,
-0.6244192123413086,
0.27347153425216675,
-0.2348552942276001,
-0.3342994153499603,
-0.013571350835263729,
-0.3425803482532501,
-0.6468434929847717,
-0.3914397954940796,
-0.1936962604522705,
0.08622246980667114,
-0.22213806211948395,
0.25657737255096436,
-0.4322053790092468,
0.07039126753807068,
0.26289451122283936,
-0.5187135934829712,
0.05163639411330223,
0.20174840092658997,
-0.3464255928993225,
-0.30596113204956055,
0.45897653698921204,
-0.06626571714878082,
-0.10776739567518234,
-0.5255840420722961,
-0.05449766293168068,
0.026957234367728233,
0.49522003531455994,
-0.8812412023544312,
0.42626917362213135,
0.29895052313804626,
-0.47234299778938293,
-0.002604416338726878,
0.06348852813243866,
-1.0611988306045532,
-0.12519846856594086,
-0.15412332117557526,
-0.45756667852401733,
-0.0153699591755867,
0.2012629508972168,
-0.21854305267333984,
0.24077598750591278,
-0.4103640913963318,
-0.3942912220954895,
0.7798360586166382,
-0.3377426266670227,
-0.6369092464447021,
-0.2213323712348938,
-0.1758311539888382,
-0.29369497299194336,
-0.031073683872818947,
0.5913380980491638,
-0.28543055057525635,
0.10685399174690247,
0.6531710028648376,
0.15130570530891418,
0.4605390429496765,
-0.006844003684818745,
-0.09776823222637177,
-0.0634717345237732,
-0.20924866199493408,
-0.0015724196564406157,
-0.04239514470100403,
0.07060655206441879,
-0.14400321245193481,
0.20782475173473358,
-0.8688923716545105,
0.19517751038074493,
0.6756836771965027,
0.5082348585128784,
0.2548717260360718,
-0.4654530882835388,
-0.3647124171257019,
-0.6131959557533264,
-0.04170554503798485,
0.5025561451911926,
-0.4026946425437927,
0.4563795030117035,
-0.19171978533267975,
-0.03273198753595352,
0.3196602761745453,
-0.1795416921377182,
0.20709586143493652,
-0.6463983058929443,
-0.2337726503610611,
-0.5261933207511902,
-0.15011203289031982,
-0.006430042441934347,
-0.2733621895313263,
0.6908300518989563,
0.07903391867876053,
-0.11576615273952484,
0.07482195645570755,
0.2016351819038391,
-0.21583108603954315,
-0.20112231373786926,
-0.49035316705703735,
-0.37367966771125793,
-0.7892732620239258,
-0.48575422167778015,
-0.030967392027378082,
-0.257885605096817,
-0.2189609557390213,
-0.3603801131248474,
0.1835690140724182,
0.3114491105079651,
-0.5184431076049805,
-0.0006798459799028933,
-0.1799936145544052,
0.03599752113223076,
0.09984087198972702,
-0.41671502590179443,
-0.3300144374370575,
1.0954760313034058,
0.019888153299689293,
-0.13482816517353058,
-0.2713395655155182,
-0.3105434477329254,
0.6600874066352844,
-0.4674455225467682,
0.17330141365528107,
0.21900421380996704,
-0.45573556423187256,
-0.32847434282302856,
-0.15100134909152985,
0.36484286189079285,
0.2857920825481415,
-0.5393738746643066,
-0.8552124500274658,
-0.12694546580314636,
0.8103172779083252,
0.48376163840293884,
0.14485177397727966,
-0.18993297219276428,
0.06048130616545677,
0.4226709008216858,
0.005468375515192747,
-0.0929144024848938,
0.16125187277793884,
0.08739709854125977,
0.024882331490516663,
0.15528510510921478,
0.019658012315630913,
-0.5164012312889099,
0.5700438022613525,
0.6697682738304138,
-0.20695829391479492,
-0.0895320326089859,
-0.5733208060264587,
-0.22611305117607117,
0.3211381435394287,
0.70086669921875,
0.6521573066711426,
0.41804802417755127,
0.5875853896141052,
-0.2079835683107376,
-0.5677650570869446,
0.03123318776488304,
0.26348069310188293,
0.040569011121988297,
-0.15791743993759155,
0.07777036726474762,
0.5870943069458008,
0.13598152995109558,
0.07175318896770477,
-0.06809104979038239,
-0.9500166177749634,
0.13493143022060394,
-0.3322911262512207,
-0.5338539481163025,
0.3733600974082947,
0.24754883348941803,
-0.211651012301445,
0.10844633728265762,
0.08142910152673721,
-0.2154472917318344,
0.052135393023490906,
0.3405456244945526,
-0.10933000594377518,
-0.0055945077911019325,
-0.3935030698776245,
-0.28960880637168884,
-0.3366365134716034,
-0.7697652578353882,
-0.14292147755622864,
-0.39341238141059875,
-0.05553719773888588,
0.48721274733543396,
-0.44726282358169556,
0.1435718834400177,
-0.1332228183746338,
0.5289706587791443,
0.3639773726463318,
0.34908199310302734,
0.15689405798912048,
-0.7080073952674866,
0.2664409577846527,
-0.01828705705702305,
0.25974366068840027,
0.2506287097930908,
-0.04786330461502075,
0.906207263469696,
1.0001564025878906,
0.4684109389781952,
-0.10484768450260162,
0.3902806341648102,
0.23431885242462158,
0.2349606454372406,
-0.9044522643089294,
-0.4415343701839447,
0.2251163274049759,
0.08645209670066833,
-0.16702623665332794,
-0.21760816872119904,
-0.5098283290863037,
0.5409322381019592,
-0.4481159448623657,
-0.3368719518184662,
0.37718135118484497,
-0.05676526203751564,
0.5235095620155334,
-0.393464595079422,
0.4499718248844147,
-0.4757581353187561,
0.06439827382564545,
-0.037652142345905304,
0.4334205090999603,
-0.2649068832397461,
-0.03752782568335533,
0.17070551216602325,
-0.09359169751405716,
-0.587177574634552,
-0.09921132773160934,
0.669901430606842,
0.23578259348869324,
0.21274471282958984,
-0.04274425655603409,
-0.2920401692390442,
-0.0060590580105781555,
-0.3737108111381531,
-0.6186137199401855,
-0.41698774695396423,
0.2211681306362152,
-0.09663736820220947,
-0.7022075057029724,
-0.9354218244552612,
-0.027114368975162506,
-0.2082379311323166,
0.0876881554722786,
-0.19078020751476288,
0.30531951785087585,
-0.5192545652389526,
0.2684551775455475,
-0.2516029477119446,
0.1520472764968872,
0.9716919660568237,
0.5093014240264893,
0.056668348610401154,
0.3801244795322418,
-0.12827257812023163,
-0.3090563416481018,
-0.2793733477592468,
0.5334785580635071,
0.19190701842308044,
-0.16213849186897278,
0.5122795701026917,
-0.000003305252903373912,
0.22034940123558044,
0.03864516317844391,
-0.48114538192749023,
0.19314280152320862,
0.27115127444267273,
-0.41272610425949097,
-0.3594062924385071,
0.65959632396698,
-0.5965406894683838,
-0.1547827273607254,
0.19606494903564453,
-0.4835374355316162,
-0.1975371241569519,
-0.03527265042066574,
0.32718396186828613,
0.48077261447906494,
0.30460989475250244,
-0.2758563756942749,
-0.9313623905181885,
0.42763054370880127,
-0.5700463652610779,
0.6253659129142761,
0.17661766707897186,
-0.19153130054473877,
0.4100585877895355,
0.2509618103504181,
-0.35730427503585815,
0.3429984152317047,
0.23693996667861938,
-0.2642340660095215,
0.5533822774887085,
-0.8311804533004761,
0.45586737990379333,
0.2302297055721283,
0.006924858782440424,
0.39229071140289307,
-0.5080614686012268,
-0.1768306940793991,
-0.18614345788955688,
0.005636945832520723,
0.4637669324874878,
-0.3996701240539551,
0.6044126749038696,
0.22912399470806122,
-0.10670787841081619,
0.559356689453125,
-0.16086000204086304,
-0.615666389465332,
0.33295485377311707,
-0.13249211013317108,
-0.16849303245544434,
0.009759320877492428,
0.04199325293302536,
-0.10711205005645752,
-0.26305171847343445,
0.023293456062674522,
0.290754497051239,
0.20882168412208557,
0.5265164971351624,
0.5757831931114197,
0.874321460723877,
-0.1861690878868103,
-0.08406268060207367,
0.15523792803287506,
-0.1159924641251564,
-0.4504567086696625,
0.08424720913171768,
0.15354874730110168,
0.27097901701927185,
-0.042672257870435715,
0.13861438632011414,
0.2275354564189911,
-0.12007787823677063,
0.5794487595558167,
0.009405674412846565,
0.5554750561714172,
-0.3317190408706665,
-0.3211437165737152,
0.5802829265594482,
0.18987666070461273,
-0.2843809723854065,
0.32078567147254944,
-0.016433460637927055,
-0.3597208559513092,
0.29028788208961487,
-0.6727954149246216,
0.12302999198436737,
0.3065738081932068,
-0.0691249668598175,
-0.35669225454330444,
-0.4006679058074951,
0.8014949560165405,
0.10774635523557663,
0.1458909660577774,
-0.43901193141937256,
-0.07969287782907486,
0.10191796720027924,
-0.14703020453453064,
-0.06817534565925598,
0.23653548955917358,
-0.37675678730010986,
-0.008166512474417686,
-0.2561311423778534,
0.24534280598163605,
-0.023915935307741165,
0.07693977653980255,
-0.265468567609787,
-0.23006096482276917,
-0.3455568253993988,
-0.7473706603050232,
0.09108874946832657,
-0.46650347113609314,
0.20415852963924408,
0.016952216625213623,
-0.06708801537752151,
0.07428667694330215,
0.3762943744659424,
0.20954568684101105,
-0.27159276604652405,
-0.1172405257821083,
0.03218533843755722,
-0.11860726773738861,
0.04135976731777191,
0.27036765217781067,
0.049094486981630325,
-0.15819944441318512,
-0.2955213487148285,
-0.075661800801754,
0.14596791565418243,
-0.05990137532353401,
0.5076899528503418,
0.5029030442237854,
0.7204349040985107,
0.03320742025971413,
0.2517205774784088,
-0.2089826911687851,
0.0554419681429863,
0.17272526025772095,
0.009583527222275734,
0.07622496038675308,
-0.3603065609931946,
-0.08286850899457932,
-0.447905570268631,
0.11581268906593323,
-0.19988103210926056,
0.3395574688911438,
-0.18597888946533203,
-0.25579503178596497,
-0.17406976222991943,
-0.3663797676563263,
-0.25885462760925293,
-0.5607374906539917,
0.4829419255256653,
0.29305434226989746
]
|
214690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Cowper%20Powys | John Cowper Powys | John Cowper Powys (; 8 October 187217 June 1963) was an English philosopher, lecturer, novelist, critic and poet born in Shirley, Derbyshire, where his father was vicar of the parish church in 1871–1879. Powys appeared with a volume of verse in 1896 and a first novel in 1915, but gained success only with his novel Wolf Solent in 1929. He has been seen as a successor to Thomas Hardy, and Wolf Solent, A Glastonbury Romance (1932), Weymouth Sands (1934), and Maiden Castle (1936) have been called his Wessex novels. As with Hardy, landscape is important to his works. So is elemental philosophy in his characters' lives. In 1934 he published an autobiography. His itinerant lectures were a success in England and in 1905–1930 in the United States, where he wrote many of his novels and had several first published. He moved to Dorset, England, in 1934 with a US partner, Phyllis Playter. In 1935 they moved to Corwen, Merionethshire, Wales, where he set two novels, and in 1955 to Blaenau Ffestiniog, where he died in 1963.
Biography
Early life
Powys was born in Shirley, Derbyshire, in 1872, the son of the Reverend Charles Francis Powys (1843–1923), and Mary Cowper Johnson, grand-daughter of Dr John Johnson, the cousin and close friend of the poet William Cowper. He came from a family of eleven children, many of whom were also talented. The family lived in Shirley between 1871-79, briefly in Dorchester, Dorset and then they moved to Montacute, Somerset, where Charles Powys was vicar for thirty-two years.
John Cowper Powys's two younger brothers Llewelyn Powys (1884–1939) and Theodore Francis Powys were well-known writers, while his sister Philippa published a novel and some poetry. Another sister Marian Powys was an authority on lace and lace-making and published a book on this subject. His brother A. R. Powys was Secretary of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and published a number of books on architectural subjects. Powys was educated at Sherborne School and graduated from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, June 1894.
On 6 April 1896 he married Margaret Lyon. They had a son, Littleton Alfred, in 1902. Powys's first employment was teaching in girls’ schools in Brighton, and then Eastbourne. His first published works were two highly derivative collections of poetry published in the 1890s. He worked from 1898 as an Extension lecturer throughout England, for both Oxford and Cambridge Universities.
Lecturer in America
Then from 1905 to the early 1930s, he lectured in the United States for the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, gaining a reputation as a charismatic speaker. He spent his summers in England. During this time he travelled the length and breadth of the US, as well as into Canada. Powys's marriage was unsatisfactory, and Powys eventually lived a large part of each year in the USA, and had relationships with various women. An important woman in his life was the American poet Frances Gregg, whom he first met in Philadelphia in 1912. He was also a friend of the famous dancer Isadora Duncan. Another friend and an important supporter in America was the novelist Theodore Dreiser. In 1921 he met Phyllis Playter, the twenty-six-year-old daughter of industrialist and business man Franklin Playter. Eventually they established a permanent relationship, though he was unable to divorce his wife Margaret, who was a Catholic. However, he diligently supported Margaret and the education of their son.
In the US he engaged in a public debate with the philosopher Bertrand Russell on marriage, and he also debated with the philosopher and historian Will Durant. Powys was also a witness in the obscenity trial of James Joyce's novel Ulysses, and was mentioned with approval in the autobiography of US feminist and anarchist, Emma Goldman. Powys would later share Goldman's support for the Spanish Revolution.
His first novel Wood and Stone, which Powys dedicated to Thomas Hardy, was published in 1915. This was followed by two collections of literary essays Visions and Revisions (1915) and Suspended Judgment (1916). In Confessions of Two Brothers (1916), a work that also contains a section by his brother Llewelyn, Powys writes about his personal philosophy, something he elaborated on in The Complex Vision (1920), his first full length work of popular philosophy. He also published three collections of poetry between 1916 and 1922.
Politically, Powys described himself as an anarchist and was both anti-fascist and anti-Stalinist: "Powys already regarded fascism and Stalinism as appalling, but different, totalitarian regimes".
It was not until 1929, with the novel Wolf Solent, that Powys achieved any critical or financial success. In 1930 Powys and Phyllis moved from Greenwich Village in New York City to Hillsdale in rural upstate New York. One of Powys's most admired novels, A Glastonbury Romance, published in 1932, sold well, though he made little if any money from it because of a libel lawsuit. Another important work, Autobiography, was published in 1934.
Settling in Wales
Then in June 1934 Powys and Phyllis left America and moved to England, living first in Dorchester, the setting for the final Wessex novel, Maiden Castle, before eventually moving in July 1935 to Corwen, Denbighshire North Wales, with the help of the novelist James Hanley, who lived nearby. Corwen was historically part of Edeirnion or Edeyrnion and an ancient commote of medieval Wales, once a part of the Kingdom of Powys. There Powys immersed himself in Welsh literature, mythology and culture, including learning to read Welsh. The move inspired two major historical novels with Welsh settings, Owen Glendower (1941) and Porius (1951).
Margaret Powys died in 1947, and his son Littleton Alfred in 1954.
In May 1955 they moved, for the last time, to Blaenau Ffestiniog in North Wales. John Cowper Powys died in 1963 and Phyllis Playter in 1982.
Works
Poetry
Powys's first published works were poetry: Odes and Other Poems (1896), Poems (1899), collections which have "echoes […] of Tennyson, Arnold, Swinburne, among contemporaries, and of Milton and Wordsworth and Keats". These were published with the assistance of his cousin Ralph Shirley, who was a director of William Rider and Son the publisher of them. In the summer of 1905 Powys composed "The Death of God" an epic poem "modelled on the blank verse of Milton, Keats, and Tennyson" that was published as Lucifer in 1956. There were three further volumes of poetry: Wolf's Bane (1916), Mandragora (1917) and Samphire (1922). The first two collections were published by Powys's manager G. Arnold Shaw. An unfinished, short narrative poem "The Ridge" was published in January 1963, shortly before Powys's death that June. In 1964 Kenneth Hopkins published John Cowper Powys: A Selection from his Poems and in 1979 the Welsh poet and critic Roland Mathias thought this side of Powys worthy of critical study and published The Hollowed-Out Elder Stalk: John Cowper Powys as Poet. Belinda Humfrey, suggests that "[p]erhaps Powys's best poems are those given to Jason Otter in Wolf Solent and Taliessin in Porius."
The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse (1973) edited by English poet Philip Larkin contains "In A Hotel Writing-Room" by Powys.
Novels
Wessex novels
While he was a famous lecturer and published a variety of both fiction and non-fiction regularly from 1915, it was not until he was in his early fifties, with the publication of Wolf Solent in 1929, that he achieved critical and financial success as a novelist. This novel was reprinted several times in both the United States and Britain and translated into German in 1930 and French in 1931. In the Preface he wrote for the 1961 Macdonald edition of the novel Powys states: "Wolf Solent is a book of Nostalgia, written in a foreign country with the pen of a traveller and the ink-blood of his home". Wolf Solent is set in Ramsgard, based on Sherborne, Dorset, where Powys attended school from May 1883, as well as Blacksod, modelled on Yeovil, Somerset, and Dorchester and Weymouth, both in Dorset, all places full of memories for him. In the same year The Meaning of Culture was published and it, too, was frequently reprinted. In Defence of Sensuality, published at the end of the following year, was yet another best seller. First published in 1933, A Philosophy of Solitude was another best seller for Powys in the USA.
Before Wolf Solent there had been four earlier apprentice novels: Wood and Stone (1915), Rodmoor (1916), the posthumous After my Fashion (1980), which was written around 1920, and Ducdame (1925). Wolf Solent was the first of the so-called Wessex novels, which include A Glastonbury Romance (1932), Weymouth Sands (1934) and Maiden Castle (1936). Powys was an admirer of Thomas Hardy, and these novels are set in Somerset and Dorset, parts of Hardy's mythical Wessex. The American scholar Richard Maxwell described these four novels "as remarkably successful with the reading public of his time". Maiden Castle, the last of the Wessex novels, is set in Dorchester, Thomas Hardy's Casterbridge. Powys intended it to be a rival of Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.
All the same, despite his indebtedness to the Victorian novel and his enthusiasm for Hardy, Walter Scott and such lesser figures as Ainsworth, Powys was clearly a modernist. He has affinities also with Fyodor Dostoevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche, Walter Pater, Marcel Proust, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, D. H. Lawrence, James Joyce and Dorothy Richardson.
It is clear from Powys's diaries that his new-found success was much helped by the stability that his relationship with Phyllis Playter gave him and her frequent advice on his work in progress.
A Glastonbury Romance sold particularly well in its British edition, though this was of little avail as it was the subject of an expensive libel case brought by Gerard Hodgkinson, the owner of the Wookey Hole Caves, who felt himself identifiably and unfairly portrayed in the character of Philip Crow. According to Powys, this novel's "heroine is the Grail", and its central concern is with the various myths, legends and history associated with Glastonbury. Not only is A Glastonbury Romance concerned with the legend that Joseph of Arimathea brought the Grail, a vessel containing the blood of Christ, to the town, but the further tradition that King Arthur was buried there. Furthermore one of the novel's main characters, the Welshman Owen Evans, introduces the idea that the Grail has a Welsh (Celtic), pagan, pre-Christian origin. The main sources for Powys's ideas on mythology and the Grail legend are Sir John Rhys's Studies in the Arthurian Legend, R. S. Loomis's Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance, and the works of Jessie Weston, including From Ritual to Romance. T. S. Eliot's The Wasteland is another possible influence. A central aspect of A Glastonbury Romance is the attempt by John Geard, an ex-minister now the Mayor of Glastonbury, to restore Glastonbury to its medieval glory as a place of religious pilgrimage. On the other hand, the Glastonbury industrialist Philip Crow, along with John and Mary Crow and Tom Barter, who are, like him, from Norfolk, view the myths and legends of the town with contempt. Philip's vision is of a future with more mines and more factories. John Crow, however, as he is penniless, takes on the task of organising a pageant for Geard. At the same time an alliance of Anarchists, Marxists, and Jacobins try to turn Glastonbury into a commune.
Welsh novels
While Welsh mythology was already important in A Glastonbury Romance and Maiden Castle it became still more so after he and Phyllis Playter moved to Corwen, Wales, in 1935, first in the minor novel Morwyn or The Vengeance of God (1937). Another important element in Morwyn, is condemnation of animal cruelty, especially vivisection, a theme also found in Weymouth Sands (1934). As a result, some writers have seen Powys as a forebear of the modern animal rights movement. In 1944, Powys wrote an anti-vivisection article for Leo Rodenhurst's The Abolitionist, a paper published by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. Powys was also associated with the National Anti-Vivisection Society, where he met Evalyn Westacott, author of A Century of Vivisection and Anti-Vivisection (1949), who cited Powys arguments against vivisection, which Powys came to see as the worst of all crimes.
There then followed two major historical novels set in Wales, Owen Glendower (1941) and Porius (1951). The first deals with the rebellion of the Welsh Prince Owen Glendower (1400–1416 CE), while Porius takes place in the time of the mythic King Arthur (499 CE). However, Arthur is a minor character compared with the Welsh Prince Porius and the King's magician Myrddin (Merlin). In both works, but especially Porius, Powys makes use of the mythology found in the Welsh classic The Mabinogion. Porius is, for some, the crowning achievement of Powys's maturity, but others are repelled by its obscurity. It was originally cut severely for publication, but in recent years two attempts have been made to recreate Powys's original intent.
It is not surprising that John Cowper Powys, after he moved to Corwen, decided to begin a novel about Owen Glendower, as it was in Corwen that Owen's rebellion against Henry IV began on 16 September 1400, when he formally assumed the ancestral title of Prince of Powys at his manor house of Glyndyfrdwy, then in the parish of Corwen. In September 1935, Phyllis Playter had suggested he should write a historical novel about Owen Glendower. An important aspect of Owen Glendower are historical parallels between the beginning of the 15th century and the late 1930s and early 1940s: "A sense of contemporataneousness is ever present in Owen Glendower. We are in a world of change like our own". The novel was conceived at a time when the "Spanish Civil War was a major topic of public debate" and completed on 24 December 1939, a few months after World War II had begun.
Porius is set mainly in Corwen. The events take place in the week of "October 18, to October 25, A.D. 499", during a historical period when, Powys claims, "There appears to be an absolute blank, as far as documentary evidence goes, with regard to the history of Britain". This was in fact a time of major transition in the history of Britain, with the replacing of Roman traditions with Saxon rule and the conversion of the British to Christianity. There are again, as with Owen Glendower, parallels with contemporary history: "The Dark Ages and the 1930s are the periods of what Powys, in Yeatsian phrase calls 'appalling transition'." and there was a clear possibility of another "Saxon" invasion, when Powys began writing Porius in 1942. In prefatory comments probably written about 1949, as the Cold War began, Powys suggests:
As we contemplate the historic background to […] the last year of the fifth century [sic], it is impossible not to think of the background of human life from which we watch the first half of the twentieth century dissolve into the second half. As the old gods were departing then, so the old gods are departing now. And as the future was dark with the terrifying possibilities of human disaster then, so, today, are we confronted by the possibility of catastrophic world events.
Powys also saw Owen Glendower's rebellion taking place at the time of "one of the most momentous and startling epochs of transition that the world has known".
Just as the landscape of Dorset and Somerset and the characters' deep personal relationships with it had been of importance in the great Wessex novels, so the landscape of Wales was now significant, especially that of the Corwen region.
The landscape and the intimate relations that characters have with the elements, including the sky, wind, plants, animals, and insects, have great significance in all Powys's works. These are linked to another major influence: Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth and writers influenced by Wordsworth such as Walter Pater. Powys also admired Goethe and Rousseau. Words such as mysticism and pantheism are sometimes used in discussing Powys's attitude to nature, but what he is concerned with is an ecstatic response to the natural world, epiphanies such as Wordsworth describes in his "Ode: Intimations of Immortality", with an important difference that Powys believes that the ecstasy of the young child can be retained by an adult who actively cultivates the power of the imagination. Some have compared this to Zen and such contemplative practices, and for Powys, and the protagonists of his novels who usually resemble him, the cultivation of a psycho-sensuous philosophy is as important as the Christian religion was for an earlier generation.
Late novels
More minor in scale, the novels that followed Porius are marked by elements of fantasy. The Inmates (1952) is set in a madhouse and explores Powys's interest in mental illness, but it is a work on which Powys failed to bestow sufficient "time and care". Glen Cavaliero, in John Cowper Powys: Novelist, describes the novels written after Porius as "the spontaneous fairy tales of a Rabelaisian surrealist enchanted with life", and finds Atlantis (1954) "the richest and most sustained" of them. Atlantis is set in the Homeric world. The protagonist is Nisos, the young son of Odysseus, who plans to voyage west from Ithaca over the drowned Atlantis. Powys final fiction, such as Up and Out (1957) and All or Nothing (1960) "use the mode of science fiction, although science has no part in them".
Non-fiction
Autobiographical
One of Powys's most important works, his Autobiography (1934), which describes his first 60 years. While he sets out to be totally frank about himself, and especially his sexual peculiarities and perversions, he largely excludes any substantial discussion of the women in his life. The reason for this is now much clearer because we now know that it was written while he was still married to Margaret, though he was living in a permanent relationship with Phyllis Playter.
It is one of his most important works and writer J. B. Priestley suggests that, even if Powys had not written a single novel, "this one book alone would have proved him to be a writer of genius." And it "has justly been compared to the Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau."
John Cowper Powys was a prolific writer of letters, many of which have been published, and kept a diary from 1929; several diaries, including this one, have been published. Among his correspondents were the novelists Theodore Dreiser, James Purdy, James Hanley, Henry Miller and Dorothy Richardson, but he also replied to the many ordinary admirers who wrote to him.
Philosophy
Periodically, over almost 50 years, starting with Confessions of Two Brothers in 1916, Powys wrote works that present his personal philosophy of life. These are not works of philosophy in the academic sense; in a bookstore the appropriate section might be self-help. Powys describes A Philosophy of Solitude (1933) as a "short textbook of the various mental tricks by which the human soul can obtain […] comparative happiness beneath the normal burden of human fate". Powys's various works of popular philosophy may seem mere potboilers, written to help his finances as he worked on his novels, but critics like Denis Lane, Harald Fawkner and Janina Nordius see in them insight into "the intellectual structures that form the metastructures of the great novels". These works were frequently bestsellers, especially in the United States. The Meaning of Culture (1929) went through 20 editions in Powys's lifetime. In Defence of Sensuality, published at the end of the following year, was yet another bestseller, as was A Philosophy of Solitude (1933).
Literary criticism
Taking advantage of his reputation as an itinerant lecturer, Powys published in 1915 a collection of literary essays, Visions and Revisions. This was published by the manager of his lecture tours, Arnold Shaw, as were the subsequent Suspended Judgements: Essays on Books and Sensations (1916) and One Hundred Best Books (1916). Visions and Revisions went through four impressions in 16 months. In the next 30 years he published essay collection, The Enjoyment of Literature (1938) (The Pleasures of Literature in the UK), three studies of writers, Dorothy Richardson (1931), Dostoievsky (1947), and Rabelais (1948), and journal essays on various writers such as Theodore Dreiser, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, and D. H. Lawrence. There is also a work on John Keats, part of which was published posthumously, and a study of Aristophanes that Powys was working on in his later years.
Powys's literary criticism was generally well received by reviewers. Morine Krissdottir in her recent biography describes the essays in Suspended Judgements as "fine criticism". As for The Pleasures of Literature, the writer Kenneth Hopkins states that "[i]f ever there was a book of criticism for the general reader, this is it." In the 1940s Powys wrote books on two of his favourite authors: Dostoievsky (1946) and Rabelais (1948). The latter was particularly praised by some reviewers. The Rabelais scholar Donald M. Frame, for example, in the Romantic Review, December 1951, describes Powys's translation (only of one fourth of Rabelais) "the best we have in English". A French translation of Rabelais, by Catherine Lieutenant, was published in 1990.
Reputation
Powys is a controversial writer, "who evokes both massive contempt and near idolatry." While Walter Allen in Tradition and Dream recognises Powys's genius, he is dissatisfied with what Powys has done with it, seeing his approach to the novel as "so alien to the temper of the age as to be impossible for many people to take seriously". Yet Annie Dillard sees Powys as "a powerful genius, whose novels stir us deeply." Notable throughout his career is the admiration of novelists as diverse as Theodore Dreiser, Henry Miller, Iris Murdoch, Margaret Drabble, James Purdy, and the academic critics George Painter, G. Wilson Knight, George Steiner, Harald Fawkner and Jerome McGann. The film director John Boorman wrote in his autobiography of contemplating a movie adaptation of A Glastonbury Romance early in his career.
In 1958, "Powys was presented with the Bronze Plaque of the Hamburg Free Academy of Arts in recognition of his outstanding services to literature and philosophy". Then on 23 July 1962, aged 90, he gained an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters in absentia from the University of Wales at Swansea, as "patriarch of the literature of these islands". He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature by Enid Starkie in 1958 and by G. Wilson Knight in 1959 and 1962.
Powys's works have been translated into French, German, Swedish, Japanese, and other languages.
Bibliography
NovelsWood and Stone (1915) online text Rodmoor (1916) online text After My Fashion (written 1919, published 1980)Ducdame (1925)Wolf Solent (1929) online text A Glastonbury Romance (1933)Weymouth Sands (1934) online text Jobber Skald (heavily edited version of the above for UK market, 1935).Maiden Castle (1936)Morwyn: or The Vengeance of God (1937)Owen Glendower. New York, [1941]Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages (1951), restored texts 1994 and 2007.The Inmates (1952)Atlantis (1954)The Brazen Head (1956)Up and Out (two novellas, 1957)Homer and the Aether (1959)All or Nothing (1960)Real Wraiths (novella, 1974)Two and Two (novella, 1974)You and Me (novella, 1975)
Short storiesThe Owl, The Duck, and – Miss Rowe! Miss Rowe! (1930)Romer Mowl and Other Stories (collection published 1974)Three Fantasies (collection published 1985)AbertackleCataclysmTopsy-TurvyPhilosophyThe War and Culture (1914) The Complex Vision (1920): Project Gutenberg Psychoanalysis and Morality (1923).The Religion of a Sceptic (1925) The Meaning of Culture (1929)In Defence of Sensuality (1930)A Philosophy of Solitude (1933)The Art of Happiness (1935)Mortal Strife (1942)The Art of Growing Old (1944)In Spite of: A Philosophy for Everyman (1953)
Literary criticism and essaysVisions and Revisions (1915) Online text Suspended Judgements (1916): Project Gutenberg One Hundred Best Books (1916): Project Gutenberg Dorothy Richardson (London: Joiner, 1931)The Enjoyment of Literature (1938; revised British version: The Pleasures of LiteratureDostoievsky (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1946)Obstinate Cymric: Essays 1935–47 (1947)Rabelais (1948)
PoetryOdes and Other Poems (1896) Poems 1899 Wolf's Bane: Rhymes (1916) Online Mandragora: Poems (1917) Online text Samphire (1922) Online text Lucifer: A Poem (Written:1905, Published: 1956)John Cowper Powys: A Selection from His Poems, ed. Kenneth Hopkins. London: Macdonald, 1964
PlaysPaddock Calls, with "Introduction" by Charles Lock. London: Greymitre Books, 1984
AutobiographicalConfessions of Two Brothers (with Llewelyn Powys) (1916) Autobiography (1934)
DiariesThe Diary of John Cowper Powys for 1929, ed. Anthony Head. London: Cecil Woolf, 1998The Diary of John Cowper Powys 1930, ed. Frederick Davies (1987)The Diary of John Cowper Powys 1931 (editor unnamed but published by Jeffrey Kwintner) (1990)Petrushka and the Dancer: The Diaries of John Cowper Powys 1929–1939, ed. Morine Krissdóttir (1995)
1939 Diary ms, National Library of Wales, available online:
LettersLetters of John Cowper Powys to Louis Wilkinson 1935–1956 (1958)Letters of John Cowper Powys to His Brother Llewelyn, ed. Malcolm Elwin. 2 vols., (1975)Jack and Frances: The Love Letters of John Cowper Powys to Frances Gregg 2 vols., ed. Oliver Wilkinson, assisted by Christopher Wilkinson (1994)Powys and Dorothy Richardson: Letters of John Cowper Powys and Dorothy Richardson, ed. Janet Fouli (2008)Powys and Emma Goldman: Letters of John Cowper Powys and Emma Goldman, ed. David Goodway (2008)John Cowper Powys: Letters to Nicholas Ross (selected by Nicholas and Adelaide Ross), ed. Arthur Uphill (1971)Powys to Sea Eagle: Letters of John Cowper Powys to Philipa Powys, ed. Anthony Head (1996)Letters to Henry Miller from John Cowper Powys (1975) and Proteus and the Magician: The Letters of Henry Miller and John Cowper Powys, ed. Jacqueline Peltier. London: The Powys Society, 2014 (This contains letters by both men.)Powys to Knight: Letters of John Cowper Powys to G. R. Wilson Knight, ed. Robert Blackmore (1983)John Cowper Powys: Letters 1937–54, ed. Iorwerth C. Peate, (1974)
"The Correspondence of James Purdy and John Cowper Powys 1956–1963", edited with an introduction by Michael Ballin and Charles Lock. Powys Journal, Vol. XXIII (August 2013)
Biography and critical studies
Cavaliero, Glen. John Cowper Powys, Novelist
Coates, C.A. John Cowper Powys in Search of a Landscape. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1982
Graves, Richard Perceval. The Brothers Powys (1983)
Hooker, Jeremy. John Cowper Powys. Cardiff (1973)
Humfrey, Belinda, ed.The Powys Review. Index to critical articles and other material:
Knight, G. Wilson. The Saturnian Quest
Krissdottir, Morine. Descents of Memory: The Life of John Cowper Powys. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007
Lane, Denis, ed. In the Spirit of Powys: New Essays. New York (1990)
Nordius, Janina. I Am Myself Alone: Solitude and Transcendence in John Cowper PowysPeltier, Jacqueline, ed. la lettre powysienne. Index to critical articles and other material:
Williams, Herbert. John Cowper Powys. (1997)
Bibliographical
Langridge, Derek. John Cowper Powys: A Record of Achievement (1966)
Thomas, Dante. A Bibliography of the Principal Writings of John Cowper Powys, Ph.D, State University of New York, at Albany, 1971. Published as A Bibliography of the Writings of John Cowper Powys''. Mamaroneck, NY: Appel, 1975.
Notes
References
External links
British Powys Society, with various resources and links
Bilingual French/English Powys site with numerous links to other relevant sites
Swedish John Cowper Powys Society. There is some English content
Portraits of John Cowper Powys and other family members by Gertrude Powys
Film of Powys
Manuscripts and Book Collections relating to John Cowper Powys and other members of the Powys family at the University of Exeter
Finding aid to John Cowper Powys papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
The Papers of John Cowper Powys held at Churchill Archives Centre
1872 births
1963 deaths
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Anti-vivisectionists
20th-century English poets
Lecturers
20th-century English novelists
English historical novelists
English literary critics
English non-fiction writers
English philosophers
Modernist writers
Welsh fantasy writers
Welsh historical novelists
Welsh non-fiction writers
Welsh philosophers
Welsh anarchists
People from Blaenau Ffestiniog
20th-century Welsh writers
People educated at Sherborne School
English anarchists
Anti-Stalinist left
20th-century British philosophers | [
-0.12546265125274658,
0.9840715527534485,
-0.8469037413597107,
-0.7732158899307251,
-0.2108253687620163,
1.4205785989761353,
0.9098876714706421,
-0.27920791506767273,
-0.12856243550777435,
-0.2040439248085022,
-0.3246457576751709,
0.2867419421672821,
-0.03777056187391281,
0.15967418253421783,
0.11079820245504379,
-0.15396305918693542,
0.14864158630371094,
-0.5552670359611511,
-0.3547331392765045,
-0.4473206698894501,
0.08839484304189682,
0.05007743462920189,
-0.016259364783763885,
0.2671395242214203,
-0.656703770160675,
0.24916769564151764,
0.4006843566894531,
-0.34412357211112976,
-0.24711787700653076,
-0.18362410366535187,
-0.014683222398161888,
0.97064608335495,
0.2667281925678253,
-0.3506436347961426,
-0.40309932827949524,
0.21439450979232788,
-0.14252571761608124,
-0.5024200677871704,
0.1859898418188095,
0.36381399631500244,
-0.0631033256649971,
-0.0064797597005963326,
0.26120322942733765,
0.17044907808303833,
-0.13795581459999084,
-0.016030656173825264,
-1.8536417484283447,
0.40915679931640625,
-0.6270700097084045,
-0.4170612394809723,
-0.06596982479095459,
0.4109104871749878,
1.0393544435501099,
0.07470826059579849,
-0.3858151137828827,
0.4367741346359253,
-0.6087508797645569,
-0.19016341865062714,
0.7428193688392639,
-0.09338251501321793,
0.6842248439788818,
0.10295186191797256,
0.07140064239501953,
0.40719425678253174,
-0.060032639652490616,
-0.08267409354448318,
-0.6056525707244873,
0.2955489754676819,
-0.5497778654098511,
0.09250098466873169,
-0.4646760821342468,
0.08314133435487747,
-0.23373644053936005,
0.4990787208080292,
0.024833781644701958,
-0.4191422164440155,
0.4107306897640228,
0.04683781787753105,
-0.18925558030605316,
0.0990980863571167,
0.140965074300766,
-0.11812572926282883,
0.8406108021736145,
0.5185114741325378,
0.3433816730976105,
0.09565214812755585,
-0.4728196859359741,
0.1240077093243599,
-0.22823642194271088,
0.290560245513916,
0.0785847082734108,
-0.30735906958580017,
-0.2519875466823578,
-0.15362052619457245,
-0.358985960483551,
0.7961987257003784,
0.4999130368232727,
0.1962316781282425,
-0.2676868438720703,
-0.15621663630008698,
-0.35734957456588745,
0.4315046966075897,
0.34412404894828796,
0.05891914293169975,
-0.6121306419372559,
0.0029663194436579943,
-0.2984859347343445,
-0.46655821800231934,
0.37528178095817566,
0.21105998754501343,
-0.706110954284668,
0.592539370059967,
-0.2291390746831894,
0.32668235898017883,
0.3704785108566284,
-0.11204484850168228,
-0.01965726539492607,
-0.6537244915962219,
-0.6572462320327759,
0.1411847323179245,
-0.3650195002555847,
0.40296024084091187,
0.3167612850666046,
0.6265867352485657,
-0.6356297731399536,
-0.2655900716781616,
0.16364112496376038,
0.17435160279273987,
-0.1682787537574768,
0.22029265761375427,
0.6458043456077576,
1.2889565229415894,
-0.08448465913534164,
-0.5796872973442078,
-0.24383270740509033,
0.21254611015319824,
0.2534671723842621,
0.010305400937795639,
-0.4183414876461029,
0.7660519480705261,
-0.14175879955291748,
-0.18209370970726013,
-0.31271740794181824,
0.25656092166900635,
0.2871635854244232,
0.03047279268503189,
-0.2716995179653168,
-0.21171055734157562,
-0.08142714202404022,
0.2947551906108856,
-0.030446436256170273,
0.39683347940444946,
-0.11226218938827515,
-0.2997231185436249,
-0.1741737276315689,
0.6978294849395752,
0.14165762066841125,
0.47902098298072815,
0.036916088312864304,
-0.061510663479566574,
0.42327138781547546,
-0.35118067264556885,
0.033377934247255325,
-0.07518411427736282,
0.2280825823545456,
-0.29224714636802673,
0.3728930354118347,
-0.639117956161499,
-0.32985591888427734,
-0.08182094991207123,
-0.21664440631866455,
-0.47118619084358215,
0.3599311113357544,
-0.13875006139278412,
0.019408071413636208,
-0.33914366364479065,
1.0610774755477905,
0.2771110236644745,
0.5106465220451355,
-0.1531316339969635,
-0.6785456538200378,
-0.8026476502418518,
-0.14900419116020203,
0.16797642409801483,
0.1844802051782608,
0.2692078948020935,
0.11794630438089371,
-0.15336009860038757,
0.603115439414978,
-0.12263883650302887,
-1.084387183189392,
-0.9281614422798157,
0.0632447823882103,
-0.41495513916015625,
1.0194807052612305,
0.17898958921432495,
-0.41680383682250977,
0.9067439436912537,
0.5076925158500671,
1.0209113359451294,
0.11886341869831085,
-0.43178656697273254,
-0.19006116688251495,
0.008452413603663445,
0.20159244537353516,
0.6185973882675171,
0.35159143805503845,
0.44233056902885437,
0.15409095585346222,
0.04737206548452377,
0.13765378296375275,
-0.2156277596950531,
-0.1640809178352356,
0.698861300945282,
-0.7121603488922119,
-0.8099164962768555,
-0.08103835582733154,
-0.338880717754364,
0.4407002627849579,
-0.6731467843055725,
0.32260945439338684,
0.11548365652561188,
0.4259571135044098,
0.2093660533428192,
-0.026460228487849236,
0.5301907658576965,
0.20301511883735657,
0.2029603123664856,
0.01943209581077099,
-1.0861178636550903,
-0.545708179473877,
0.5450862050056458,
0.2764620780944824,
-0.4568011462688446,
0.45795902609825134,
0.17047660052776337,
-0.09573007375001907,
-0.39120975136756897,
-0.060295481234788895,
-0.5838723182678223,
0.15647029876708984,
-0.08624787628650665,
-0.29847612977027893,
0.2957054376602173,
-0.06886878609657288,
0.26286014914512634,
-0.07368224114179611,
0.014419790357351303,
-0.3643415868282318,
0.18587277829647064,
0.2501266896724701,
1.1322485208511353,
0.583853006362915,
0.5104251503944397,
-0.13984902203083038,
0.21297232806682587,
0.0038584223948419094,
0.041875213384628296,
0.6831089854240417,
0.4577626883983612,
-0.147002711892128,
0.05041380971670151,
-0.1834583431482315,
0.25377821922302246,
-0.02688687853515148,
-0.5404716730117798,
0.09194695949554443,
-0.6413577198982239,
0.24431762099266052,
-0.2968014180660248,
0.2229636311531067,
-0.5828131437301636,
0.23549379408359528,
0.7491233944892883,
0.1793627291917801,
-0.0433708019554615,
0.039415862411260605,
-0.2637849748134613,
-0.6968817114830017,
-0.5633255839347839,
0.10191444307565689,
0.64704829454422,
-0.4595322608947754,
0.18779869377613068,
0.2109910398721695,
0.1347758024930954,
-0.012366513721644878,
0.013218700885772705,
0.03595850244164467,
-0.05624949932098389,
-0.21093706786632538,
1.0827676057815552,
-0.00361257023178041,
-0.31654444336891174,
-0.345151424407959,
0.7510119080543518,
-0.5737054347991943,
-0.771878719329834,
-0.29542890191078186,
-0.07362668961286545,
-0.1993720978498459,
0.609813928604126,
-0.18877284228801727,
0.8837437629699707,
0.684593141078949,
0.021368596702814102,
-0.33730924129486084,
0.4360811710357666,
-5.466420650482178,
-0.03318018838763237,
-0.015226325951516628,
-0.43903881311416626,
0.4513290524482727,
0.4695250391960144,
-0.0105189373716712,
-0.3489718735218048,
-0.18739032745361328,
-0.4400189518928528,
0.4592990577220917,
-0.12693271040916443,
-0.2027314007282257,
0.9706745147705078,
0.9044476747512817,
0.29772406816482544,
0.3238362669944763,
-0.16298875212669373,
0.18143591284751892,
0.345348984003067,
-0.2227773219347,
0.23738481104373932,
-0.29395732283592224,
0.38273391127586365,
0.1625041514635086,
0.2536510229110718,
-0.47903135418891907,
0.34864741563796997,
-0.7469569444656372,
-0.16357558965682983,
0.44140318036079407,
-0.20258374512195587,
-0.02226569503545761,
0.1687205582857132,
-0.3086667060852051,
0.30658575892448425,
-0.18734028935432434,
0.5724296569824219,
-0.05095268040895462,
0.288382887840271,
-0.4064478278160095,
-0.0667261853814125,
-0.8068362474441528,
-0.13876330852508545,
-0.20522227883338928,
-0.3659878373146057,
-0.9110339879989624,
0.19204750657081604,
0.20069622993469238,
0.3913140892982483,
-0.5068005323410034,
0.07415056228637695,
-0.053099680691957474,
0.13070793449878693,
0.028629016131162643,
-0.018650654703378677,
0.4480864107608795,
-0.5081384181976318,
-0.8738105893135071,
0.08516599982976913,
0.5682106018066406,
-0.7942237854003906,
-0.09163834899663925,
-0.3666914999485016,
-0.08869419246912003,
-0.19390860199928284,
-0.326067179441452,
-0.06853065639734268,
0.06253453344106674,
-0.1370476633310318,
-0.29839372634887695,
0.8503416180610657,
-0.26404130458831787,
-1.3207612037658691,
-0.25840502977371216,
-0.4677603244781494,
-0.12656313180923462,
-0.25376471877098083,
-0.3301369249820709,
0.15274201333522797,
0.23062404990196228,
-0.7860496044158936,
-0.33437538146972656,
0.9819919466972351,
0.5074355006217957,
-0.02006775513291359,
-0.43573594093322754,
0.03960349038243294,
-0.5422789454460144,
-0.3162826597690582,
-0.17314323782920837,
-0.32137975096702576,
-0.055785998702049255,
0.3246521055698395,
0.28563883900642395,
0.592440128326416,
-0.2142152041196823,
0.5706149339675903,
0.3765580654144287,
0.08572694659233093,
-0.5044589042663574,
-0.5886006355285645,
0.11533118039369583,
-0.19563455879688263,
0.39948898553848267,
0.30626752972602844,
-0.5102176070213318,
0.41161152720451355,
0.42850443720817566,
0.05976720154285431,
0.29230237007141113,
0.10772509127855301,
-0.4166019558906555,
-0.2495611608028412,
-0.43082600831985474,
-0.1871023029088974,
0.4228243827819824,
0.3404122292995453,
0.4822024405002594,
0.33913683891296387,
-0.250201940536499,
0.22393958270549774,
-0.4958527684211731,
-0.3236801028251648,
-0.6967896223068237,
-0.0719730406999588,
0.6736860871315002,
-0.20660558342933655,
-0.7191184759140015,
-0.24861490726470947,
0.00551363592967391,
0.5897873640060425,
0.41887298226356506,
0.02271261438727379,
-0.15548396110534668,
-0.20882245898246765,
-0.457785427570343,
-0.11184735596179962,
0.1120884120464325,
0.21536000072956085,
0.12396285682916641,
-0.06827041506767273,
0.3072689473628998,
0.05590046942234039,
0.17931190133094788,
-0.07259835302829742,
0.06936772167682648,
0.25703006982803345,
-0.4217616021633148,
0.720963716506958,
0.17426642775535583,
0.36989825963974,
0.2662239670753479,
0.1018599420785904,
-0.12098085880279541,
0.06102290004491806,
-0.5517053604125977,
0.34338197112083435,
-0.056169766932725906,
-0.22529886662960052,
-0.20994658768177032,
0.16719450056552887,
-0.8585768342018127,
-0.45337456464767456,
0.6123582124710083,
0.040010273456573486,
0.0038299066945910454,
-0.36766278743743896,
-0.3189984858036041,
0.40756165981292725,
-0.10867312550544739,
-0.5495608448982239,
-0.2588840126991272,
0.008344633504748344,
0.6045885682106018,
-0.35899078845977783,
-0.10638933628797531,
0.16215145587921143,
-0.41490212082862854,
-0.11731647700071335,
0.04107489436864853,
0.2731923758983612,
-0.45846807956695557,
-0.1717899590730667,
0.7952878475189209,
-0.2542736530303955,
-0.6342938542366028,
-0.7300105094909668,
0.09167425334453583,
-0.4158322215080261,
0.053098030388355255,
-0.47355639934539795,
0.7049692273139954,
1.2438091039657593,
0.22308483719825745,
-0.13240265846252441,
0.47236374020576477,
-0.4458317756652832,
-0.1956975758075714,
-0.9179964661598206,
0.031818192452192307,
0.13714399933815002,
0.06180772930383682,
-0.008702317252755165,
0.28255966305732727,
-1.4562039375305176,
-0.30831828713417053,
-0.6187238693237305,
-0.31375133991241455,
1.1271599531173706,
-0.4794159531593323,
-0.30605730414390564,
-0.058238957077264786,
0.2798241972923279,
-0.06286629289388657,
-0.2908484637737274,
0.19769775867462158,
0.17217884957790375,
-0.46147873997688293,
-0.3058473467826843,
-0.21117956936359406,
-0.24829386174678802,
-0.46136948466300964,
0.008136739954352379,
-0.2773945927619934,
-0.3795577585697174,
-0.06921175122261047,
-0.6466720104217529,
1.1499900817871094,
-0.1168319508433342,
-0.3395633101463318,
0.31754085421562195,
-0.07805962860584259,
0.6134845018386841,
-0.6637557148933411,
-0.3400002717971802,
0.44692423939704895,
0.14579054713249207,
-0.529079258441925,
0.12517878413200378,
0.23887506127357483,
0.7266280055046082,
0.705151379108429,
-0.4424462616443634,
0.058743156492710114,
-0.024972140789031982,
0.11935316771268845,
0.1062924936413765,
0.011771525256335735,
0.3296572268009186,
0.2633809745311737,
0.07993068546056747,
-0.34855514764785767,
-0.40307989716529846,
0.46077561378479004,
0.07140539586544037,
-0.5707413554191589,
-0.34237566590309143,
0.2672628164291382,
0.16533930599689484,
0.8963785171508789,
-0.15208019316196442,
0.011443458497524261,
0.33286428451538086,
-0.03035837411880493,
0.19069375097751617,
0.9548983573913574,
-0.20813730359077454,
0.529187798500061,
-0.2852965295314789,
-0.12625190615653992,
-0.2295425683259964,
-0.9023529291152954,
0.7778429985046387,
0.19452594220638275,
-0.40437421202659607,
-0.13508561253547668,
-0.6058147549629211,
0.9482611417770386,
-0.5829100608825684,
-0.6170682907104492,
0.08851268142461777,
-0.09971632808446884,
-1.0294581651687622,
-0.43652114272117615,
-0.4769092798233032,
0.21746720373630524,
-0.5372171998023987,
0.07661183178424835,
0.15993991494178772,
-0.6893172860145569,
-0.2202831208705902,
0.2871120572090149,
-0.05785052105784416,
-0.3089268207550049,
0.018428299576044083,
-0.5117271542549133,
0.09732972830533981,
-0.44891199469566345,
-0.6754450798034668,
-0.4757831394672394,
0.536430299282074,
0.18995393812656403,
-0.09018351137638092,
0.42754167318344116,
0.042517613619565964,
-0.49894896149635315,
-0.012115195393562317,
-0.9610989093780518,
0.3124435245990753,
0.2683064937591553,
0.124693363904953,
0.4690040349960327,
0.4604204297065735,
-0.5667470097541809,
-0.16790035367012024,
0.5548999905586243,
-0.4977744221687317,
-0.1868598610162735,
0.20681092143058777,
0.2083062380552292,
0.2084994614124298,
0.7250878214836121,
-0.6031486988067627,
0.16607338190078735,
0.4579257071018219,
-0.08068971335887909,
0.2531692683696747,
-0.7630619406700134,
0.2786196172237396,
0.06385896354913712,
-0.34799808263778687,
-0.20842362940311432,
0.8313111662864685,
0.07782326638698578,
-0.06722407788038254,
0.000017186101104016416,
-0.5020732879638672,
-0.12414386868476868,
-0.13037224113941193,
0.1290193796157837,
0.6328071355819702,
-0.16853196918964386,
0.37468045949935913,
-0.43583646416664124,
0.20072050392627716,
-0.0590825080871582,
0.38483619689941406,
-0.6325413584709167,
0.2136620432138443,
0.7009230256080627,
0.4047330319881439,
0.5674450993537903,
-0.804359495639801,
0.19458477199077606,
0.41974496841430664,
0.44651180505752563,
-0.17979319393634796,
-0.8077092170715332,
0.34069281816482544,
-0.010442247614264488,
-0.0022181400563567877,
0.8048554062843323,
-0.2665843367576599,
0.22624188661575317,
0.08488227427005768,
0.2569230794906616,
-0.5738272070884705,
0.051868658512830734,
0.3483012616634369,
0.26805999875068665,
-0.23934896290302277,
-0.43688035011291504,
0.3805052936077118,
0.29688116908073425,
-0.09823980927467346,
0.7841218113899231,
0.034577805548906326,
0.334785521030426,
-0.18065759539604187,
-0.36457154154777527,
-0.20799392461776733,
-0.4574771225452423,
-0.4773176908493042,
0.7813963294029236,
-0.234372079372406,
-0.17278127372264862,
0.18050594627857208,
-0.48886919021606445,
-0.3652280569076538,
0.04267837479710579,
-0.3829442262649536,
-0.5778935551643372,
0.039225220680236816,
-1.2082690000534058,
0.20490190386772156,
-0.059914179146289825,
0.7640814185142517,
0.3452243506908417,
-0.159818634390831,
0.13463328778743744,
0.07923009246587753,
-0.3806169033050537,
0.12063274532556534,
-0.4038603603839874,
-0.014945144765079021,
-0.3408467173576355,
0.30227652192115784,
-0.8825699687004089,
0.3710785210132599,
-0.11237618327140808,
0.3789859116077423,
-0.4465508759021759,
0.31959375739097595,
-0.20346055924892426,
0.22812582552433014,
0.411946564912796,
0.09657015651464462,
0.47958680987358093,
0.12981131672859192,
0.2698204219341278,
0.2911182641983032,
0.026330318301916122,
-0.1974009871482849,
-0.12377113848924637,
0.29364490509033203,
0.27654412388801575,
-0.03778000921010971,
-0.482677698135376,
-0.24980050325393677,
-0.08581018447875977,
0.15034009516239166,
-0.1337478756904602,
-0.09015583992004395,
-0.17133121192455292,
-0.1589823216199875,
0.5016356706619263,
0.7126664519309998,
-0.18979686498641968,
-0.481923371553421,
-0.060014646500349045,
0.0253274068236351,
0.4468105137348175,
0.17807716131210327,
0.04447634890675545,
0.07144948840141296,
-0.27503880858421326,
-0.4223138689994812,
0.16192036867141724,
0.5967972874641418,
0.47159498929977417,
0.10661913454532623,
-0.33332619071006775,
-0.5043947100639343,
0.23338128626346588,
0.06592729687690735,
-0.003532018978148699,
-0.15855340659618378,
0.6411646008491516,
-0.09540732204914093
]
|
214699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBject%20EXchange | OBject EXchange | OBEX (abbreviation of OBject EXchange, also termed IrOBEX) is a communications protocol that facilitates the exchange of binary objects between devices. It is maintained by the Infrared Data Association but has also been adopted by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group and the SyncML wing of the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA). One of OBEX's earliest popular applications was in the Palm III. This PDA and its many successors use OBEX to exchange business cards, data, even applications.
Although OBEX was initially designed for infrared, it has now been adopted by Bluetooth, and is also used over RS-232, USB, WAP and in devices such as Livescribe smartpens.
Comparison to HTTP
OBEX is similar in design and function to HTTP in providing the client with a reliable transport for connecting to a server and may then request or provide objects. But OBEX differs in many important respects:
HTTP is normally layered above a TCP/IP link. OBEX can also be, but is commonly implemented on an IrLAP/IrLMP/Tiny TP stack on an IrDA device. In Bluetooth, OBEX is implemented on a Baseband/ACL/L2CAP (and, for legacy uses, RFCOMM) stack. Other such "bindings" of OBEX are possible, such as over USB.
HTTP uses human-readable text, but OBEX uses binary-formatted type–length–value triplets named "Headers" to exchange information about a request or an object. These are much easier to parse by resource-limited devices.
HTTP transactions are inherently stateless; generally an HTTP client opens a connection, makes a single request, receives its response, and either closes the connection or makes other unrelated requests. In OBEX, a single transport connection may bear many related operations. In fact, recent additions to the OBEX specification allow an abruptly closed transaction to be resumed with all state information intact.
Objects
OBEX works by exchanging objects, which are used for a variety of purposes: establishing the parameters of a connection, sending and requesting data, changing the current path or the attributes of a file.
Objects are fields and headers. As an example, the following may be the object used for requesting the phonebook from a mobile:
This object contains two fields (command and length) and two headers. The first field (command) specifies that is a request for data (GET). The second field is the total size of the object, including the two fields.
This object also contains two headers, specifically a "Connection ID" and a "Name". The first byte of each header is the header's name and its content type. In this case:
0xCB means that this header is a "Connection ID", a number obtained previously; the two highest-order bits of 0xCB are 11, and this pair specifies that this as a 4-byte quantity;
the first byte of the second header is 0x01; this byte identifies this header as a "Name" one; the first two bits of 0x01 are 00, meaning that the content of this header is a null-terminated unicode string (in UCS-2 form), prefixed by the number of bytes it is made of (0x00 0x1e).
A possible response, containing the requested data, could be:
In this example, the phonebook is assumed short enough to be contained in a single response object. The only header has 0x49 as its identifier, meaning that it is an "End of Body", the last chunk of information (also the only one, in this case). The first two bits of 0x49 are 01, meaning that the content of this header is length-prefixed data: the two next bytes 0x00 0x2F tells the length of this data (in decimal, 47), the succeeding ones are the data, in this case a phonebook comprising only an empty vCard of 47 bytes.
This example shows a single GET command and its response, the only headers involved being connection id, name and end-of-body. Before issuing it, a CONNECT command should have been sent for establishing some parameters of the connection, including the connection id. Other commands are: put, setpath, action, abort, disconnect. Some other notable headers include: type, time, description, target.
Session
After the client (e.g., computer) connects to the server (e.g., mobile), a typical session consists in the client sending a number of objects and getting their responses from the server. As an example:
CONNECT: one of the fields specifies the largest size of packets the client can receive; a TARGET header specifies the kind of service the client is expecting (file-browsing, sync-ml, phonebook access); the server answer with its maximal packet length, the connection id, and other data
GET: the client requests a file, specifying the connection id, the file name and/or its type; the server answer with the file content, or just a part of it; in the latter case, the client has to send other GET objects to obtain the rest of the file
SETPATH: the client tells the server to switch to a different file folder, specifying the connection id and the folder name in two headers
GET: the client request a listing of the folder content by sending an object with the connection id and an appropriate TYPE header (e.g., "x-obex/folder-listing" for file transfer, "x-bt/vcard-listing" for phonebook access)
PUT: the client sends a file to the server; if it is too large to fit into a single packet, the server will request the next part with a CONTINUE response
DISCONNECT: the client informs the server that is closing the session
The exchange may differ significantly depending on the service. For example, SyncML does not use SETPATH, while an OBEX push is made of just CONNECT (without a TARGET header), PUT and an optional DISCONNECT.
Protocols
The following protocols runs over OBEX, or have bindings to do so:
OBEX Push
Transfers a file from the originator of the request to the recipient; a CONNECTION object containing no target is sent, then PUT is used to transfer the file
OBEX File Transfer Protocol
Stores and retrieves files, similar to FTP. The target header of the CONNECTION object is {0xF9, 0xEC, 0x7B, 0xC4, 0x95, 0x3C, 0x11, 0xD2, 0x98, 0x4E, 0x52, 0x54, 0x00, 0xDC, 0x9E, 0x09}; the response contains the connection id to use in subsequent GET, PUT, SETPATH and ACTION object.
Phonebook Access
Similar to file transfer, but uses a target {0x79, 0x61, 0x35, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xC5, 0x11, 0xD8, 0x09, 0x66, 0x08, 0x00, 0x20, 0x0C, 0x9A, 0x66}; phonebook entries can be listed (with various possible orderings and filters) and retrieved from certain directories under telecom/ using GET and SETPATH
IrMC
IrMC was designed for the exchange of phonebook entries, calendar entries, digital business cards, and to-do lists. In its connectionless form, a single PUT is used to transfer data; otherwise, various files and folders within telecom/ can be retrieved or pushed; a target header {'I', 'R', 'M', 'C', '-', 'S', 'Y', 'N', 'C'} may be used in GET requests to differentiate the kind of indexing used
SyncML
SyncML can synchronize phonebooks, calendars, notes, and other data. In its OBEX binding, the target of the CONNECT object is {'S', 'Y', 'N', 'C', 'M', 'L', '-', 'S', 'Y', 'N', 'C'}; a session then consists in a sequence of PUT-GET pairs where nameless XML or WBXML files are sent and received, in turn.
Implementations
javax.obex
Optional package javax.obex in Java APIs for Bluetooth provides an implementation of OBEX in Java.
OpenObex
OpenObex is an open-source implementation of OBEX in C. It provides functions for connecting over IrDA, Bluetooth, USB and TCP/IP, building objects and handling received data. An example schema of a client application is:
void callback_function(...) {
/* process received data */
}
int main() {
OBEX_Init(..., callback_function);
OBEX_TransportConnect(...);
object = OBEX_ObjectNew(...);
OBEX_ObjectAddHeader(object, ...);
OBEX_ObjectAddHeader(object, ...);
OBEX_Request(..., object);
while (...)
OBEX_HandleInput(...)
object = OBEX_ObjectNew(...);
OBEX_ObjectAddHeader(object, ...);
OBEX_Request(..., object);
while (...)
OBEX_HandleInput(...)
/* ... */
OBEX_TransportDisconnect(handle);
OBEX_Cleanup(handle);
}
Objects are sent by OBEX_Request. After calling OBEX_HandleInput, received data is processed in the callback function (which was specified when calling OBEX_Init). The callback function can determine whether the response has been completely received, and therefore whether the main program can exit from the while loop it is executing.
PyOBEX and nOBEX
PyOBEX provides partial support for OBEX in Python. nOBEX is a fork of PyOBEX with more complete OBEX support, and support for the Bluetooth Hands Free Profile to facilitate OBEX testing on automotive infotainment systems.
Profiles
OBEX is the foundation for many higher-layer "profiles":
Supported devices
All Palms since Palm III, except the Palm Pre, Palm Pre Plus, Palm Pixi and Palm Pixi Plus.
Most Sharp, Motorola, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, HTC and Nokia phones with infrared or Bluetooth port
LG EnV Touch (VX11000)
Many other PDAs since 2003
Many other phones with infrared or Bluetooth port
Android devices in version 2.1 and above
Windows Phone 7.8 and 8 devices (limited to the transferring of pictures, music and videos via a 'Bluetooth Share' app).
See also
Shared file access
List of Bluetooth profiles
References
External links
OBEX specification at IrDA.org
Bluetooth profiles, including specifications for OBEX and OBEX-based protocols (GOEP, FTP, OBEX push, SYNC)
OpenOBEX an open source implementation of the OBEX protocol
Infrared Data Association
Bluetooth | [
0.00014842278324067593,
0.1678638756275177,
0.1963242143392563,
0.2818920314311981,
0.06299328804016113,
0.26611974835395813,
-0.026586003601551056,
0.1864410787820816,
-0.03078405372798443,
-0.44477131962776184,
-0.40340137481689453,
0.31835779547691345,
-0.5239865183830261,
0.183304563164711,
0.14039966464042664,
-0.3198508620262146,
0.0884285718202591,
0.198400616645813,
-0.6138296127319336,
-0.1908692568540573,
-0.4336389899253845,
0.08798641711473465,
-0.3607402443885803,
-0.9457758665084839,
0.13230928778648376,
0.1446501612663269,
-0.062074799090623856,
-0.1984400600194931,
-0.31165918707847595,
-0.4888453483581543,
0.31353288888931274,
0.0661347508430481,
0.2349587231874466,
0.20697729289531708,
-0.32598012685775757,
-0.2976093292236328,
-0.31069427728652954,
-0.06939046084880829,
-0.2505742609500885,
-0.7795966267585754,
-0.4270452857017517,
-0.09069591760635376,
0.21677304804325104,
0.30712711811065674,
-0.02506616711616516,
-0.5195640921592712,
-1.5282994508743286,
-0.024589916691184044,
-0.6683356761932373,
0.24850815534591675,
-0.8189424276351929,
0.2475016564130783,
-0.07676772028207779,
0.6040396690368652,
0.7219031453132629,
-0.1777373105287552,
-0.4354395270347595,
-0.8573176264762878,
0.4636364281177521,
-0.3144822418689728,
0.20217086374759674,
-0.2752440869808197,
-0.04840383306145668,
-0.113515205681324,
0.1803434193134308,
0.2769128382205963,
-0.17332187294960022,
0.03987353667616844,
-0.3342883884906769,
-0.7965485453605652,
0.3987816274166107,
-0.4472450017929077,
-0.2002396285533905,
-0.13620583713054657,
0.24205607175827026,
-0.27605241537094116,
-0.13744820654392242,
-0.27329885959625244,
0.14309123158454895,
0.4167361259460449,
-0.26037606596946716,
0.687064528465271,
0.37289783358573914,
-0.27738791704177856,
0.6342825889587402,
-0.10529546439647675,
-0.5910098552703857,
0.9069101214408875,
-0.4960431456565857,
0.708858847618103,
0.16567373275756836,
-0.018508462235331535,
0.590502917766571,
0.6536234021186829,
0.019214171916246414,
-0.048612192273139954,
-0.07795990258455276,
-0.43437889218330383,
0.45000946521759033,
0.33511728048324585,
-0.15674340724945068,
0.2804071307182312,
-0.0028893693815916777,
-0.5089980363845825,
-0.07011570036411285,
0.13918989896774292,
-0.5412247776985168,
-0.9229341745376587,
0.06992485374212265,
-0.027836114168167114,
-0.22128158807754517,
0.2518199682235718,
-0.23464028537273407,
0.12659792602062225,
0.052122801542282104,
-0.008506594225764275,
0.2854284346103668,
-0.2890779972076416,
0.06616969406604767,
0.20177006721496582,
0.4370638132095337,
1.1671854257583618,
0.2923758029937744,
-0.14802898466587067,
0.059862006455659866,
0.08747240155935287,
0.25626614689826965,
0.6452630758285522,
-0.12344910949468613,
0.2255696803331375,
0.0867421105504036,
0.9834445118904114,
0.49234166741371155,
0.09150360524654388,
-0.018337508663535118,
-0.10323399305343628,
0.4931434690952301,
0.06698989123106003,
0.20748943090438843,
-0.2735126316547394,
-0.32185134291648865,
-0.3877929151058197,
-0.35728704929351807,
-0.17301367223262787,
0.17369331419467926,
0.38335222005844116,
-0.43379586935043335,
-0.5108672976493835,
-0.4567796289920807,
0.33946749567985535,
-0.513635516166687,
0.1535356044769287,
-0.2384580820798874,
0.02865307405591011,
-0.11573150753974915,
0.03809539973735809,
0.6454823017120361,
0.19109828770160675,
-0.15495383739471436,
-0.23905403912067413,
0.28213271498680115,
0.4195728302001953,
-0.9399188160896301,
0.02237660624086857,
-0.06085580959916115,
-0.09536848217248917,
0.20467476546764374,
0.5390471816062927,
0.5340935587882996,
0.11201516538858414,
0.342759370803833,
-0.190170019865036,
-0.03906402736902237,
0.10724492371082306,
-0.1373535394668579,
0.6948954463005066,
0.5151948928833008,
0.24805843830108643,
0.5479287505149841,
0.15242503583431244,
-0.6239651441574097,
-0.27335482835769653,
0.21581555902957916,
-0.030068276450037956,
0.03882371634244919,
0.11269719153642654,
0.2105003446340561,
-0.05107884854078293,
-0.32379844784736633,
-0.026603680104017258,
-0.7323765754699707,
-0.3344966769218445,
-0.03985271602869034,
-0.6271003484725952,
0.7853705286979675,
-0.4725951552391052,
-0.549664318561554,
0.5801551342010498,
-0.03520301356911659,
-0.2967255711555481,
0.08324936032295227,
0.2974209487438202,
0.42244020104408264,
-0.42146944999694824,
-0.25092625617980957,
-0.06253953278064728,
0.18485969305038452,
0.11717911809682846,
-0.5664857029914856,
0.39347830414772034,
0.04256506636738777,
-0.3142106533050537,
0.4270908832550049,
-0.5826568007469177,
0.11620619893074036,
0.07918530702590942,
-0.656397819519043,
0.25389525294303894,
-0.28758367896080017,
0.3754112422466278,
0.9399796724319458,
-0.5236893892288208,
0.008199131116271019,
0.9733956456184387,
-0.5396382212638855,
0.7760729789733887,
0.6626468896865845,
0.5748987793922424,
1.1241792440414429,
-0.16113503277301788,
0.4386155903339386,
-0.5161696672439575,
0.11189433187246323,
-0.7352038621902466,
-0.03639564290642738,
0.4255739152431488,
0.3262645900249481,
-0.43986037373542786,
0.24381422996520996,
-0.186494380235672,
0.12323103845119476,
0.46979430317878723,
-0.7904513478279114,
0.02311750501394272,
0.4099085032939911,
0.04046967625617981,
-0.5708765983581543,
-0.45508143305778503,
-0.19778801500797272,
0.18833382427692413,
-0.1386892944574356,
0.20285633206367493,
-0.028181593865156174,
-0.41301169991493225,
0.6491155028343201,
-0.15277832746505737,
-0.2497556507587433,
0.02992112562060356,
-0.16108228266239166,
0.6289327144622803,
-0.17518609762191772,
-0.26038455963134766,
-0.361955851316452,
0.2724721431732178,
-0.029748065397143364,
-0.352265328168869,
0.2097504884004593,
-0.16756509244441986,
0.45245036482810974,
0.22450955212116241,
0.048904262483119965,
0.18996359407901764,
-0.3289218842983246,
-0.05017363280057907,
-0.46924692392349243,
-0.24257494509220123,
0.30065903067588806,
0.3008124530315399,
-0.1435580551624298,
-0.7776823043823242,
-0.2868626117706299,
0.07640168815851212,
0.1042868122458458,
-0.007950927130877972,
0.24246105551719666,
-0.36719411611557007,
-0.1673787385225296,
-0.5206050872802734,
-0.7294319868087769,
-0.4151509702205658,
-0.3512483239173889,
0.3731975257396698,
-0.1295693963766098,
0.593515157699585,
0.41681593656539917,
0.6597837209701538,
-0.05479906499385834,
0.5474891066551208,
0.3560856878757477,
-0.37535393238067627,
-0.14216892421245575,
0.17346976697444916,
-0.3521905243396759,
-0.3203393518924713,
-0.25001466274261475,
-0.32117462158203125,
0.044491179287433624,
0.07195903360843658,
-5.722369194030762,
0.20110028982162476,
-0.3922710716724396,
0.03644676133990288,
-0.36104586720466614,
0.11461731046438217,
0.793229877948761,
-0.1299561709165573,
0.13549593091011047,
0.39120930433273315,
0.2660937011241913,
0.07807153463363647,
0.0026560649275779724,
0.028802452608942986,
0.3176877796649933,
0.6828797459602356,
0.3985956907272339,
0.04164179041981697,
0.09709905833005905,
-0.0503186360001564,
-0.27115878462791443,
-0.27532240748405457,
0.03695837780833244,
0.5948442816734314,
-0.20702610909938812,
-0.7528054118156433,
-0.5245048999786377,
0.11594018340110779,
0.2040005624294281,
-0.10632866621017456,
0.36802220344543457,
0.15007956326007843,
0.1752064824104309,
-0.407742440700531,
-0.20824667811393738,
0.08400154858827591,
0.5612540245056152,
0.2263144701719284,
0.04073052108287811,
-0.6396463513374329,
0.27844005823135376,
0.795639157295227,
0.20952051877975464,
-0.21832816302776337,
0.6131511330604553,
-0.5593347549438477,
-0.08500844985246658,
0.01289511937648058,
-0.3178807199001312,
0.27514874935150146,
-0.6342316269874573,
-0.01711122877895832,
0.08290448784828186,
-0.09071230888366699,
0.08111902326345444,
-0.0364849716424942,
-0.2942589819431305,
-0.1071077212691307,
-0.7187128067016602,
0.33368104696273804,
0.32080626487731934,
-0.3180914521217346,
-0.3240835964679718,
-0.6410481929779053,
-0.4142390489578247,
0.376747727394104,
-0.5918521881103516,
0.33849817514419556,
0.7644415497779846,
0.11958674341440201,
-0.4964698255062103,
0.45539727807044983,
0.038028717041015625,
-0.9675593376159668,
0.4506578743457794,
-0.20606915652751923,
0.5709615349769592,
-0.18320831656455994,
-0.24555182456970215,
-0.11597081273794174,
-0.05616700276732445,
-0.06282269954681396,
-0.1644282191991806,
0.2200275957584381,
-0.03872528299689293,
-0.20893684029579163,
-0.16594713926315308,
-0.4564254581928253,
-0.454388290643692,
0.1539679914712906,
0.6876319050788879,
0.0704793781042099,
0.1402946263551712,
0.2829687297344208,
0.5465071201324463,
0.008292005397379398,
0.1941506713628769,
0.6525079011917114,
0.11447487026453018,
0.0035046355333179235,
0.4504483640193939,
0.07891099154949188,
-0.04345778375864029,
-0.713408887386322,
0.06922481954097748,
0.14280728995800018,
-0.3774857819080353,
-0.37288281321525574,
1.1850606203079224,
-0.039513617753982544,
-0.5453668832778931,
0.6567510366439819,
-0.31237146258354187,
-0.5668618083000183,
0.04416702315211296,
0.30037254095077515,
-0.428291916847229,
0.3870685398578644,
0.4671340584754944,
-0.3313594460487366,
-0.32011181116104126,
0.5781556367874146,
0.4871661961078644,
0.15904594957828522,
-0.42345482110977173,
-0.8798156976699829,
-0.025752447545528412,
0.40438440442085266,
0.18545390665531158,
-0.28942397236824036,
0.30796393752098083,
0.746545672416687,
-0.17038822174072266,
-0.1562882363796234,
-0.08854581415653229,
-0.3779337704181671,
-0.1841302067041397,
0.2012070268392563,
-0.07132475078105927,
-0.7795862555503845,
0.37683504819869995,
-0.5251322388648987,
0.021477878093719482,
0.3930039405822754,
0.5113579630851746,
0.26395514607429504,
0.0776977688074112,
-0.06170548126101494,
-0.28405389189720154,
0.3773115575313568,
0.17929421365261078,
-0.5944623947143555,
0.33393594622612,
0.4549477994441986,
-0.23696191608905792,
0.17777661979198456,
-0.009461823850870132,
-0.03078451193869114,
0.3333530128002167,
-0.3487217426300049,
0.2665121853351593,
0.5070250630378723,
-0.7909472584724426,
-0.12398258596658707,
-0.2820838689804077,
0.7071426510810852,
-0.9724161028862,
-0.15375642478466034,
-0.13557784259319305,
0.20252090692520142,
-0.42591583728790283,
-0.16840234398841858,
-0.182005375623703,
-0.5871224999427795,
0.24871282279491425,
0.6888404488563538,
-0.10504624992609024,
0.20053768157958984,
0.1142001748085022,
-0.47966518998146057,
0.573497474193573,
-0.39317286014556885,
-0.30973532795906067,
-0.0874989777803421,
0.6030062437057495,
-0.45423755049705505,
0.23274073004722595,
0.07020247727632523,
0.007520095910876989,
-0.49776625633239746,
-0.4202655851840973,
0.3581233024597168,
0.34593290090560913,
0.03280559927225113,
-0.06277386099100113,
-0.6646813750267029,
-0.2578246295452118,
0.3560192286968231,
-0.2786003351211548,
-1.0117912292480469,
-0.1841052919626236,
0.521770179271698,
-0.7865634560585022,
0.6221155524253845,
-0.3483002483844757,
-0.39853325486183167,
0.011612003669142723,
-0.33916133642196655,
0.2510767877101898,
0.1496562510728836,
-0.039235856384038925,
-0.32998421788215637,
0.05906103178858757,
0.40259647369384766,
0.0471346490085125,
0.5224360227584839,
0.04498645290732384,
0.0065436712466180325,
-0.11800535768270493,
-0.11436919122934341,
-0.024157749488949776,
0.2715209126472473,
-0.3071342706680298,
0.19148674607276917,
-0.43078696727752686,
0.41797536611557007,
0.5322183966636658,
-0.49921607971191406,
0.32401031255722046,
0.3055082857608795,
-0.02064472809433937,
-0.1887681484222412,
0.05363408848643303,
0.07105159759521484,
-0.07850521802902222,
-0.252932071685791,
-0.3897576630115509,
0.045147016644477844,
0.11718925833702087,
0.07215230911970139,
-0.09672362357378006,
0.45554524660110474,
-0.34797173738479614,
-0.4801899194717407,
-0.3857744634151459,
0.16436070203781128,
-0.11257711797952652,
-0.7959405779838562,
-1.0225228071212769,
-0.02554919198155403,
0.2463495135307312,
-0.4178656339645386,
-0.3019338548183441,
-0.3016909062862396,
0.7650651931762695,
-0.0699453055858612,
-0.226939857006073,
-0.26407620310783386,
-0.38820141553878784,
0.008466635830700397,
0.17457260191440582,
-0.599327027797699,
-0.08667601644992828,
0.04400315880775452,
0.2711208164691925,
0.1167939305305481,
0.3939354419708252,
0.047019075602293015,
-0.06243469566106796,
-0.5273960828781128,
0.5572882890701294,
-0.43077534437179565,
0.8616300225257874,
0.8263043165206909,
-0.025579791516065598,
-0.12464868277311325,
0.2899405062198639,
-0.6063494086265564,
-0.010570834390819073,
0.19554661214351654,
-0.563468337059021,
-0.23061461746692657,
-0.10984362661838531,
-0.1063644215464592,
0.3901048004627228,
-0.5436181426048279,
0.2206416130065918,
-0.3819568455219269,
-0.2665911912918091,
-0.14981181919574738,
-0.3550795912742615,
0.9390344619750977,
-0.18822504580020905,
0.6219707131385803,
-0.15289749205112457,
0.12010408937931061,
0.058437637984752655,
0.06562531739473343,
-0.3111930191516876,
-0.24618525803089142,
-0.4521639943122864,
0.7988246083259583,
0.864179790019989,
-1.4057319164276123,
0.12748751044273376,
0.006073302123695612,
0.14077045023441315,
-0.22557008266448975,
-0.3666969835758209,
-0.134493887424469,
0.27000927925109863,
-0.09249931573867798,
0.05087468400597572,
0.1867167353630066,
-0.12598001956939697,
-0.07771608233451843,
0.47287896275520325,
-0.04983239248394966,
0.005071000661700964,
0.18826398253440857,
0.1181100606918335,
0.5668126344680786,
0.3464544117450714,
0.11633306741714478,
0.20103228092193604,
0.23888224363327026,
0.10747630149126053,
-0.2505955994129181,
0.02216547541320324,
0.1907721608877182,
0.5897715091705322,
-0.5143298506736755,
0.15482790768146515,
0.37229642271995544,
0.1473398208618164,
-0.21841198205947876,
0.2938181757926941,
-0.3719564378261566,
-0.84867924451828,
1.0706466436386108,
-0.012192762456834316,
0.8875653147697449,
-0.48362889885902405,
-0.18927507102489471,
-0.5387263894081116,
0.5113370418548584,
-0.14000318944454193,
0.7740277647972107,
-0.12367793172597885,
0.43804770708084106,
0.3111773729324341,
-0.07494664192199707,
0.29356083273887634,
-0.3568381369113922,
-0.8054149150848389,
-0.16123738884925842,
0.03849288821220398,
-0.29684746265411377,
0.027476226910948753,
0.43156149983406067,
0.1416662186384201,
0.6233472228050232,
0.5505211353302002,
-0.04157767444849014,
-0.1327984780073166,
-0.1612231433391571,
0.2762444019317627,
-0.9199358224868774,
0.2953870892524719,
0.054754842072725296,
0.11397621035575867,
0.8123319149017334,
-0.2086271494626999,
0.6649560928344727,
-0.46258237957954407,
-0.2246033400297165,
0.451885461807251,
0.383446604013443,
-0.1469551920890808,
-0.10869742929935455,
-0.16657376289367676,
-0.014200893230736256,
0.6158895492553711,
-0.8248594403266907,
-0.15879034996032715,
-0.007027309853583574,
-0.0010279431007802486,
0.5984664559364319,
0.309266060590744,
-0.291776180267334,
-0.16563136875629425,
-0.4077382981777191,
0.4754374325275421,
-0.10341811180114746,
-0.0047688852064311504,
0.1604054719209671,
0.055157370865345,
1.1643112897872925,
0.11951939016580582,
0.3906952142715454,
-0.06466905772686005,
0.2098943442106247,
0.47924989461898804,
-0.4825029671192169,
-0.3901689350605011,
0.4963166415691376,
-0.4529110789299011,
-0.1667749583721161,
-0.6615124344825745,
0.35274678468704224,
1.0736889839172363,
-0.2640913724899292,
0.09155036509037018,
-0.7600624561309814,
0.023530015721917152,
0.5697911977767944,
0.4449889659881592,
-0.46648862957954407,
-0.19910848140716553,
0.2291688174009323,
-0.28345978260040283,
0.08157677203416824,
0.45510098338127136,
-0.27155089378356934,
0.1202789768576622,
0.08524346351623535,
0.8403751254081726,
0.23357988893985748,
0.07364828139543533,
0.13807883858680725,
0.07610800862312317,
-0.0508757047355175,
-0.5462694764137268,
0.7131973505020142,
-0.16466404497623444,
0.22827284038066864,
-0.762306809425354,
0.7071089148521423,
0.5621909499168396,
-0.12876790761947632,
0.17921604216098785,
0.11881290376186371,
-0.023413173854351044,
-0.18960171937942505,
-0.5052745938301086,
0.2583952844142914,
0.10518567264080048,
-0.6193515658378601,
-0.9403680562973022,
-0.03696819767355919,
0.02810714766383171,
-1.0942496061325073,
-0.21548229455947876,
-0.2436196506023407,
-0.041754767298698425,
0.5283492207527161,
0.6167715191841125,
-0.7191271781921387,
-0.4042114317417145,
0.2894018590450287
]
|
214700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Johnstone%20%28mayor%29 | John Johnstone (mayor) | John Johnstone ( – 3 September 1732) was the 32nd Mayor of New York City from 1714 to 1719.
Career
An associate of George Scot of Pitlochie, he was a druggist from Edinburgh and emigrated to what has since become the United States in 1685 aboard the Henry and Francis. Scot himself died on board ship.
In New Jersey, he was known as Dr. Johnstone.
In 1686, Johnstone was granted a tract of 500 acres by the East New Jersey Proprietors on account of his wife and another 30,000 acres in 1701. In spite of his investment in East New Jersey land, John Johnstone eventually settled in New York and was elected to the New York General Assembly, serving in 1709 and 1710. Between 1710 and 1714 Johnstone represented Perth Amboy in the New Jersey General Assembly. By 1714 he was mayor of New York City, in which office he served until 1716.
He was first recommended to the Crown for the New York Provincial Council by Governor Robert Hunter in 1715 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Dr. Samuel Staats. Johnstone was finally appointed in 1720, but by 1722 Hunter's successor, William Burnet, complained that Dr. Johnstone had "without any leave obtained under the Hand and seal of any Governor or president, now resided for above two years last past in New Jersey", and asked for his removal from the Council. In July 1723 he was replaced by William Provost.
Governor Burnet had first-hand knowledge of Johnstone's New Jersey residency, as he served as governor of both New York and New Jersey simultaneously. John Johnstone had returned to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1721, again representing Perth Amboy. He served as Speaker for most of that time, from 1721 through 1722, and again from 1725 through 1729, with the interim occupied by William Trent. He remained in the Assembly until his death on September 3, 1732.
Personal life
In 1686, Johnstone was married to Euphame Scot, the daughter of George Scot of Pitlochie. Together, they were the parents of Euphemia Johnston, Isabel Johnstone, Katherine Johnstone, John Johnston, Jr., Margaret Johnston, Andrew Johnston, William Johnstone, Janet, James Johnstone, George Johnston, Lewis Johnston, Isabel Johnstone, and Mary Johnston.
Johnstone died on 3 September 1732 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
References
Mayors of New York City
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
1661 births
1732 deaths
Speakers of the New Jersey General Assembly
Kingdom of Scotland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Politicians from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
People from Middlesex County, New Jersey
Politicians from Edinburgh
Members of the East New Jersey Provincial Council | [
-0.5441483855247498,
0.04935935139656067,
0.2420182079076767,
0.06564871221780777,
-0.24693593382835388,
0.3201613426208496,
0.7925155162811279,
-0.08669465035200119,
-0.5421693921089172,
-0.6588292717933655,
0.2014506459236145,
0.03645401448011398,
-0.9851124286651611,
0.2362770438194275,
-0.18000081181526184,
0.1218847781419754,
0.32197919487953186,
-0.018263280391693115,
-0.3128102421760559,
-0.3233708143234253,
-0.19999273121356964,
0.21328537166118622,
0.3139994740486145,
0.3615340292453766,
-0.07743769884109497,
0.2961369752883911,
0.5054436922073364,
-0.37503835558891296,
-0.3936816155910492,
0.1605912297964096,
-0.432393342256546,
0.4590541422367096,
0.34133070707321167,
-0.254021555185318,
-0.5832189917564392,
-0.11425195634365082,
-0.2055039405822754,
0.17636409401893616,
-0.01298166811466217,
0.2634575366973877,
-0.5282724499702454,
0.23673009872436523,
0.37326887249946594,
0.0038880298379808664,
-0.19598501920700073,
-0.5930972099304199,
-1.5452947616577148,
0.20715086162090302,
-0.44258376955986023,
-0.1863754838705063,
0.029998453333973885,
0.11040943115949631,
-0.10603734105825424,
0.40057629346847534,
-0.47824522852897644,
0.08189057558774948,
-0.7127463817596436,
0.10025911033153534,
-0.5690522193908691,
-0.45570090413093567,
0.2502872943878174,
0.04789185896515846,
0.1594608575105667,
0.28279733657836914,
0.611044704914093,
-0.2377164512872696,
-0.17701339721679688,
0.745008647441864,
-0.23028109967708588,
0.015805112197995186,
0.10013053566217422,
0.6160011887550354,
0.2744893729686737,
-0.017748046666383743,
-0.027818428352475166,
-0.14696694910526276,
-0.3198978304862976,
0.4856806695461273,
0.20431336760520935,
0.04293365031480789,
-0.549879252910614,
-0.6533416509628296,
0.9137329459190369,
0.4888916611671448,
0.07708749175071716,
-0.0047572897747159,
-0.4443356692790985,
0.37410739064216614,
0.08833776414394379,
-0.04329925402998924,
-0.3290281295776367,
0.27320390939712524,
0.5747994184494019,
-0.0959266722202301,
0.07085549086332321,
-0.01960153505206108,
-0.17128248512744904,
0.2366662472486496,
-0.3519560992717743,
-0.9435548186302185,
0.0314616784453392,
0.06257253885269165,
0.3112954795360565,
-0.12615302205085754,
-0.41796305775642395,
0.3523232340812683,
-0.06126793473958969,
0.15400564670562744,
0.12649188935756683,
0.17126499116420746,
0.007125375792384148,
0.3421197533607483,
-0.30042120814323425,
-0.22800521552562714,
0.10049407184123993,
0.5547761917114258,
0.29450154304504395,
-0.6462327241897583,
-0.3038182854652405,
-0.5997865200042725,
0.1358867734670639,
0.5257410407066345,
0.010188089683651924,
0.3062547445297241,
-0.1904468983411789,
0.394385427236557,
0.3459439277648926,
0.30517464876174927,
0.39137187600135803,
0.017162444069981575,
0.08047614991664886,
1.3825331926345825,
-0.9393483996391296,
-0.14447829127311707,
-0.5120359063148499,
0.17728981375694275,
-0.5962236523628235,
0.2131645530462265,
-0.4236898124217987,
-0.1665157675743103,
-0.7902091145515442,
0.14204132556915283,
-0.08995506912469864,
-0.002680059988051653,
0.4051271378993988,
0.2849213480949402,
-0.15837813913822174,
-0.17278112471103668,
-0.34821024537086487,
-0.18865421414375305,
-0.06593380123376846,
0.2534591555595398,
0.017362743616104126,
-0.20239923894405365,
0.4696531891822815,
0.46603676676750183,
0.492246150970459,
-0.2724143862724304,
0.176350936293602,
0.6188519597053528,
-0.17664723098278046,
0.1495988965034485,
-0.1047978326678276,
-0.21110936999320984,
0.5788692235946655,
0.08435934782028198,
-0.017272545024752617,
-0.3540576696395874,
0.30322226881980896,
-0.4771200120449066,
0.004024276975542307,
0.26968297362327576,
0.2515147626399994,
-0.09066940099000931,
0.14782661199569702,
0.2608635425567627,
0.5842576622962952,
0.13789044320583344,
-0.09795235097408295,
-0.8515390157699585,
-0.700800895690918,
-0.08792611211538315,
0.4278622269630432,
-0.48715054988861084,
0.7332677841186523,
0.24262288212776184,
0.3940145969390869,
0.2986900508403778,
0.9133426547050476,
-0.14700999855995178,
-0.005588549189269543,
-0.057774532586336136,
0.23559018969535828,
-0.4782172739505768,
0.7257657647132874,
0.3866356611251831,
-0.27881452441215515,
0.6473750472068787,
0.6693465709686279,
1.0020333528518677,
-0.37518587708473206,
0.028924796730279922,
0.14117474853992462,
-0.015625905245542526,
0.26816657185554504,
0.786216676235199,
0.3898399770259857,
0.23806631565093994,
0.09663867205381393,
0.7530397176742554,
0.22070230543613434,
-0.46106112003326416,
-0.2802336513996124,
0.09447989612817764,
-0.27096930146217346,
-0.997905969619751,
-0.39588305354118347,
-0.34778326749801636,
-0.013684731908142567,
0.08423372358083725,
1.1587611436843872,
0.33488452434539795,
-0.10088586062192917,
0.8687677383422852,
0.09855735301971436,
0.8346037268638611,
-0.2450571358203888,
-0.21709579229354858,
-0.29959866404533386,
-0.12579594552516937,
-0.22352489829063416,
-0.14336122572422028,
0.5369846820831299,
-0.14113403856754303,
0.05954806134104729,
-0.21572089195251465,
-0.10408580303192139,
-0.33560848236083984,
0.11627316474914551,
-0.31365007162094116,
0.36272504925727844,
0.6472401022911072,
-0.44816479086875916,
0.3932657539844513,
0.1958422213792801,
0.9488714933395386,
-0.2823227643966675,
-0.04800926148891449,
0.2791605293750763,
-0.4014936089515686,
1.081473469734192,
0.1276579648256302,
0.516207218170166,
0.21581339836120605,
0.6091635823249817,
-0.24992185831069946,
0.057405564934015274,
-0.14939828217029572,
-0.15577974915504456,
0.6093616485595703,
-0.2586292028427124,
0.004917438142001629,
0.16653577983379364,
0.20426635444164276,
0.20872454345226288,
0.34745413064956665,
-0.08622396737337112,
-0.48906591534614563,
0.06993499398231506,
-0.04510771110653877,
0.5727074146270752,
-0.8718335628509521,
-0.42967259883880615,
0.049512192606925964,
0.9664299488067627,
-0.5411084294319153,
-0.41344237327575684,
0.19487307965755463,
-0.45798325538635254,
-0.5966278910636902,
0.0806284248828888,
0.7471581101417542,
-0.47151246666908264,
-0.391683965921402,
-0.5112740993499756,
-0.297699898481369,
-0.15487296879291534,
0.39205119013786316,
-0.04343461990356445,
-0.6318514347076416,
-0.23579831421375275,
-0.1880256086587906,
-0.00007890182314440608,
-0.19880744814872742,
-0.5561628341674805,
0.25031834840774536,
0.04500061646103859,
-0.0901230201125145,
0.28044357895851135,
-0.16178925335407257,
-0.17725692689418793,
-0.3238743841648102,
0.4434043765068054,
-0.2188706398010254,
0.13026435673236847,
-0.513778805732727,
0.06628540903329849,
0.08583488315343857,
-5.525922775268555,
-0.1777738481760025,
-0.11522107571363449,
0.11534225940704346,
0.6301544904708862,
-0.7867520451545715,
0.6200396418571472,
-0.09147509187459946,
0.5048552751541138,
-0.1272771656513214,
0.30900928378105164,
0.0861479863524437,
0.13984929025173187,
0.4737151861190796,
0.7255718111991882,
0.29175466299057007,
0.8035899996757507,
-0.30698761343955994,
0.09836266934871674,
-0.004821399226784706,
0.4425525665283203,
0.1138029396533966,
0.022557299584150314,
-0.32745829224586487,
0.4685433804988861,
0.46688562631607056,
0.06009523570537567,
0.3480776846408844,
-0.6435638070106506,
-0.460046648979187,
-0.5383528470993042,
0.5753264427185059,
0.09313804656267166,
-0.6869732737541199,
-0.47726187109947205,
-0.3759848475456238,
0.5447649955749512,
0.7467053532600403,
0.05211426690220833,
-0.5364125967025757,
0.34010887145996094,
0.15446749329566956,
-0.5459765195846558,
0.4863301217556,
0.03652516007423401,
-0.9258735179901123,
-0.7291670441627502,
0.6985413432121277,
-0.6269617676734924,
0.4492019712924957,
0.7003231048583984,
0.3489225208759308,
0.4321126937866211,
0.33634236454963684,
0.15921606123447418,
-0.2984106242656708,
-0.1710391491651535,
0.7169907689094543,
-1.0004377365112305,
0.12029117345809937,
0.46015092730522156,
-0.3598588705062866,
-0.12073441594839096,
0.5884428024291992,
0.09159687161445618,
-0.2604938745498657,
-0.20111234486103058,
0.015211240388453007,
0.4333987236022949,
0.11105723679065704,
0.32757267355918884,
0.7991735339164734,
0.6233651041984558,
-0.8120231032371521,
0.4044475555419922,
-0.11367342621088028,
-0.5719120502471924,
0.33614233136177063,
-0.2408602088689804,
-0.6410241723060608,
0.020884431898593903,
-0.11625806987285614,
-0.003233416471630335,
0.9603586792945862,
0.37726646661758423,
0.30585578083992004,
-0.07697857916355133,
0.7589867115020752,
-0.8632898330688477,
-0.5509946346282959,
0.28657668828964233,
-0.5193938612937927,
-0.10834350436925888,
0.6019939184188843,
0.0812385231256485,
0.011972183361649513,
0.08905547857284546,
0.06498918682336807,
0.1816725730895996,
0.023714100942015648,
-0.013203846290707588,
0.24984531104564667,
-0.2317221760749817,
-0.8257890939712524,
0.1551036834716797,
-0.13882914185523987,
-0.5406093001365662,
0.6788384318351746,
0.01168364379554987,
0.516499400138855,
0.06072228029370308,
0.17344586551189423,
-0.6382173299789429,
-0.33004337549209595,
0.19610081613063812,
-0.3550631105899811,
-0.13073761761188507,
0.13286109268665314,
1.1931867599487305,
0.36462411284446716,
0.0261494442820549,
0.2310418337583542,
-0.29111725091934204,
0.2908855676651001,
-0.7993799448013306,
0.41149580478668213,
0.495517373085022,
-0.6577214002609253,
-0.03276413306593895,
0.03875260427594185,
0.07144904881715775,
0.42066943645477295,
-0.346765398979187,
-0.09681547433137894,
0.5155218839645386,
-0.034089285880327225,
0.11607106029987335,
-0.5432621240615845,
-0.0022681511472910643,
-0.4079306125640869,
-0.0899098813533783,
0.004210121929645538,
0.05811959132552147,
-0.29184916615486145,
-0.22321787476539612,
0.5226210355758667,
-0.03188539296388626,
0.17356526851654053,
-0.46388888359069824,
0.9711472988128662,
-0.8889626264572144,
-0.6747292876243591,
0.015212205238640308,
-0.6196122169494629,
0.3117868900299072,
-0.039209995418787,
0.18157632648944855,
-0.38222968578338623,
0.35676392912864685,
-0.06044389680027962,
0.11656422168016434,
0.034120917320251465,
-1.0295664072036743,
-0.10495118796825409,
-0.07134783267974854,
-0.09609682112932205,
-0.2197009176015854,
0.1026124656200409,
-0.48992249369621277,
1.0637494325637817,
0.38066500425338745,
0.0627182200551033,
-0.436654657125473,
-0.4623313844203949,
0.520352303981781,
-0.38002654910087585,
0.024428535252809525,
0.33432820439338684,
0.0601157546043396,
-0.1179058700799942,
0.3805534541606903,
-0.0973699614405632,
-0.35274794697761536,
0.10445431619882584,
0.8694695234298706,
-0.6751211881637573,
-0.5327106714248657,
-0.4849499464035034,
0.4909370243549347,
-0.4399717152118683,
-0.33506205677986145,
-0.11562485992908478,
0.06381569057703018,
0.43212756514549255,
0.030874164775013924,
-0.367279976606369,
0.5395756959915161,
-0.04516996443271637,
-0.0065869661048054695,
-0.09675116091966629,
-0.190969780087471,
0.28882095217704773,
-0.23428107798099518,
-0.3715868592262268,
-0.6038625836372375,
-0.3844621777534485,
-0.6600366830825806,
-0.4272257387638092,
0.3096737563610077,
0.7573351263999939,
0.09977148473262787,
-0.45355477929115295,
-0.07022453099489212,
0.20045773684978485,
-0.09351878613233566,
-0.45055046677589417,
-0.00026187163894064724,
0.009580234065651894,
-0.39035239815711975,
-0.406703382730484,
-1.009036660194397,
-0.03418002277612686,
-0.47436270117759705,
-0.44044986367225647,
0.22851525247097015,
0.023448467254638672,
0.07328373193740845,
-0.17097045481204987,
0.6005685925483704,
-0.4239209294319153,
-0.7246411442756653,
-0.17800065875053406,
-0.08915639668703079,
0.42399007081985474,
-0.02978065237402916,
0.0770665779709816,
0.43284425139427185,
0.42568516731262207,
-0.8102432489395142,
0.5674896836280823,
-0.00794497225433588,
1.3136903047561646,
0.3487756848335266,
-0.4527413249015808,
0.1079033687710762,
-0.14855414628982544,
0.057847581803798676,
0.1440744400024414,
-0.2643410563468933,
-0.061625853180885315,
0.5842518210411072,
-0.3612503111362457,
-0.668113648891449,
0.29216209053993225,
0.7890180349349976,
-0.13342207670211792,
0.5287891626358032,
0.35807856917381287,
0.32783812284469604,
0.13824915885925293,
-0.2935560345649719,
0.6223016977310181,
-0.13257955014705658,
-0.18089371919631958,
0.3800337314605713,
0.004732928238809109,
-0.28045085072517395,
-0.6379367709159851,
0.35824817419052124,
-0.2439841628074646,
-0.7611823081970215,
-0.724648654460907,
-0.4381864666938782,
0.1613139659166336,
0.0951755940914154,
-0.21223607659339905,
-0.2989085614681244,
-0.2379245162010193,
0.4391532838344574,
-0.48042911291122437,
-0.6711316108703613,
0.08452125638723373,
-0.5165613889694214,
-0.2940569519996643,
-0.27014580368995667,
-0.7720972299575806,
-0.5156826376914978,
0.050824858248233795,
-0.17652709782123566,
0.057953353971242905,
-1.0993739366531372,
0.08960326015949249,
-0.5822497606277466,
-0.6060529947280884,
-0.679006040096283,
0.3246404528617859,
-0.3751777112483978,
0.7213226556777954,
-0.6054854989051819,
-0.02114020846784115,
-0.8750520944595337,
0.3781719505786896,
0.5381938219070435,
0.10863108187913895,
-0.3246840536594391,
0.2832692265510559,
-0.05430435761809349,
-0.3890025317668915,
-0.5498467683792114,
-0.2935319244861603,
0.4798682928085327,
-0.32985204458236694,
0.21480993926525116,
0.166439488530159,
-0.6964159607887268,
-0.05441227927803993,
0.3975866734981537,
-0.48032546043395996,
-0.6639703512191772,
0.1279025673866272,
0.02537238597869873,
-0.5392521023750305,
-0.016118565574288368,
0.2220943570137024,
0.49152645468711853,
0.5177986025810242,
-0.06888570636510849,
0.20173998177051544,
0.2584589719772339,
0.05311913043260574,
0.04324088245630264,
0.17687439918518066,
-1.155873417854309,
0.6049062013626099,
-0.45007064938545227,
0.37980565428733826,
0.19017623364925385,
-0.6242491006851196,
-0.16147589683532715,
0.13639673590660095,
0.4732561707496643,
1.2737704515457153,
-0.4756159484386444,
-0.32968053221702576,
-0.09872792661190033,
0.033028289675712585,
-0.14529871940612793,
0.034875430166721344,
-0.04509635642170906,
0.05174072086811066,
0.5635617971420288,
-0.07535487413406372,
-0.1366974413394928,
-0.5910395383834839,
0.12320824712514877,
0.02240150421857834,
0.4710734784603119,
-0.052671611309051514,
0.40961089730262756,
-0.048517316579818726,
-0.0389447845518589,
-0.43753284215927124,
0.6847112774848938,
-0.0744277685880661,
-0.22709795832633972,
-0.033022645860910416,
0.23468127846717834,
-0.13347138464450836,
-0.2070789933204651,
0.5300120115280151,
-0.16772082448005676,
-0.47418805956840515,
0.141654834151268,
-0.11521969735622406,
0.35135090351104736,
0.3274655342102051,
0.5235671997070312,
0.3587151765823364,
-0.05048028752207756,
0.2830903232097626,
-0.595335841178894,
0.20747967064380646,
-0.27405333518981934,
-0.32001110911369324,
-0.4362357556819916,
-0.22695527970790863,
-0.3276940882205963,
-0.07144490629434586,
-0.228829488158226,
-0.9709575772285461,
0.455122172832489,
-0.1314975768327713,
-0.4303972125053406,
0.41122984886169434,
-0.4086700677871704,
0.121306873857975,
-0.07370386272668839,
0.4779652953147888,
0.6010062098503113,
0.7387686371803284,
-0.11102369427680969,
0.004597119055688381,
-0.16488073766231537,
0.3365341126918793,
0.4347144663333893,
0.9559898972511292,
-0.02242984063923359,
-0.2042626589536667,
-0.3776155710220337,
0.6844926476478577,
-0.1319270133972168,
0.20889867842197418,
-0.7942773699760437,
0.30422407388687134,
-0.27449148893356323,
-0.2742457985877991,
0.7149757146835327,
-0.5763241052627563,
-0.6349443793296814,
0.003944940399378538,
0.3615845739841461,
-0.1602431982755661,
0.10390710830688477,
0.38054895401000977,
-0.23511040210723877,
-0.20711807906627655,
-0.040851689875125885,
-0.7765170335769653,
-0.2454761266708374,
0.4133032262325287,
0.12207615375518799,
-0.5444740653038025,
-0.10031827539205551,
-0.22579823434352875,
-0.1768982708454132,
0.7659890651702881,
0.18974371254444122,
0.3611506223678589,
0.23157376050949097,
-0.24823908507823944,
0.09768339991569519,
0.06128426641225815,
-0.05059964582324028,
-0.07106427848339081,
-0.2155800610780716,
0.3461577296257019,
0.07634467631578445,
-0.07483741641044617,
-0.17634449899196625,
0.3350909650325775,
0.08520076423883438,
-0.31717121601104736,
0.026799999177455902,
-0.6635320782661438,
0.7985367774963379,
-0.16730934381484985,
-0.2993353605270386,
-0.6064327955245972,
0.15617960691452026,
0.49303361773490906
]
|
214701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20purification | Water purification | Water purification means the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water that is fit for specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes, including medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The history of water purification includes a wide variety of methods. The methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a range of dissolved and particulate matter.
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.
Visual inspection which
cannot determine if water meets their quality standards. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.
According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply; 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, while 1.8 million people die from diarrheal disease each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal disease cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe water. Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and for storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year. Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries.
Sources of water
Groundwater: The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago. Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity and often, it does not require additional treatment besides adding chlorine or chloramines as secondary disinfectants. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water may be rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride, and bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it acceptable for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Primary disinfection may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practiced (a process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought), the groundwater may require additional treatment depending on applicable state and federal regulations.
Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have low pH which require adjustment.
Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents.
Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapour.
Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collect water from the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain.
Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis.
Surface water: Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere and are not designated as groundwater are termed surface waters.
Treatment
Goals
The goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.
The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.
Pretreatment
Pumping and containment – The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination does not occur.
Screening (see also screen filter) – The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps.
Storage – Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river.
Pre-chlorination – In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimize the growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see chlorine below), this has largely been discontinued.
pH adjustment
Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can have pH values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness. For highly acidic waters, forced draft degasifiers can be an effective way to raise the pH, by stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water. Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead solder in pipe fittings. Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes. Acid (carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) may be added to alkaline waters in some circumstances to lower the pH. Alkaline water (above pH 7.0) does not necessarily mean that lead or copper from the plumbing system will not be dissolved into the water. The ability of water to precipitate calcium carbonate to protect metal surfaces and reduce the likelihood of toxic metals being dissolved in water is a function of pH, mineral content, temperature, alkalinity and calcium concentration.
Coagulation and flocculation
One of the first steps in most conventional water purification processes is the addition of chemicals to assist in the removal of particles suspended in water. Particles can be inorganic such as clay and silt or organic such as algae, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and natural organic matter. Inorganic and organic particles contribute to the turbidity and color of water.
The addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (or alum) or iron (III) salts such as iron(III) chloride cause several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions on and among the particles. Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are neutralized by inorganic coagulants. Also within seconds, metal hydroxide precipitates of the iron and aluminium ions begin to form. These precipitates combine into larger particles under natural processes such as Brownian motion and through induced mixing which is sometimes referred to as flocculation. Amorphous metal hydroxides are known as "floc". Large, amorphous aluminum and iron (III) hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in suspension and facilitate the removal of particles by subsequent processes of sedimentation and filtration.
Aluminum hydroxides are formed within a fairly narrow pH range, typically: 5.5 to about 7.7. Iron (III) hydroxides can form over a larger pH range including pH levels lower than are effective for alum, typically: 5.0 to 8.5.
In the literature, there is much debate and confusion over the usage of the terms coagulation and flocculation: Where does coagulation end and flocculation begin? In water purification plants, there is usually a high energy, rapid mix unit process (detention time in seconds) whereby the coagulant chemicals are added followed by flocculation basins (detention times range from 15 to 45 minutes) where low energy inputs turn large paddles or other gentle mixing devices to enhance the formation of floc. In fact, coagulation and flocculation processes are ongoing once the metal salt coagulants are added.
Organic polymers were developed in the 1960s as aids to coagulants and, in some cases, as replacements for the inorganic metal salt coagulants. Synthetic organic polymers are high molecular weight compounds that carry negative, positive or neutral charges. When organic polymers are added to water with particulates, the high molecular weight compounds adsorb onto particle surfaces and through interparticle bridging coalesce with other particles to form floc. PolyDADMAC is a popular cationic (positively charged) organic polymer used in water purification plants.
Sedimentation
Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between the two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the centre outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of water—that furthest from the sludge—exits.
In 1904, Allen Hazen showed that the efficiency of a sedimentation process was a function of the particle settling velocity, the flow through the tank and the surface area of tank. Sedimentation tanks are typically designed within a range of overflow rates of 0.5 to 1.0 gallons per minute per square foot (or 1.25 to 2.5 litres per square meter per hour). In general, sedimentation basin efficiency is not a function of detention time or depth of the basin. Although, basin depth must be sufficient so that water currents do not disturb the sludge and settled particle interactions are promoted. As particle concentrations in the settled water increase near the sludge surface on the bottom of the tank, settling velocities can increase due to collisions and agglomeration of particles. Typical detention times for sedimentation vary from 1.5 to 4 hours and basin depths vary from 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.5 meters).
Inclined flat plates or tubes can be added to traditional sedimentation basins to improve particle removal performance. Inclined plates and tubes drastically increase the surface area available for particles to be removed in concert with Hazen's original theory. The amount of ground surface area occupied by a sedimentation basin with inclined plates or tubes can be far smaller than a conventional sedimentation basin.
Sludge storage and removal
As particles settle to the bottom of a sedimentation basin, a layer of sludge is formed on the floor of the tank which must be removed and treated. The amount of sludge generated is significant, often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water to be treated. The cost of treating and disposing of the sludge can impact the operating cost of a water treatment plant. The sedimentation basin may be equipped with mechanical cleaning devices that continually clean its bottom, or the basin can be periodically taken out of service and cleaned manually.
Floc blanket clarifiers
A subcategory of sedimentation is the removal of particulates by entrapment in a layer of suspended floc as the water is forced upward. The major advantage of floc blanket clarifiers is that they occupy a smaller footprint than conventional sedimentation. Disadvantages are that particle removal efficiency can be highly variable depending on changes in influent water quality and influent water flow rate.
Dissolved air flotation
When particles to be removed do not settle out of solution easily, dissolved air flotation (DAF) is often used. After coagulation and flocculation processes, water flows to DAF tanks where air diffusers on the tank bottom create fine bubbles that attach to floc resulting in a floating mass of concentrated floc. The floating floc blanket is removed from the surface and clarified water is withdrawn from the bottom of the DAF tank.
Water supplies that are particularly vulnerable to unicellular algae blooms and supplies with low turbidity and high colour often employ DAF.
Filtration
After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc.
Rapid sand filters
The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. The space between sand particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.
To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called backflushing or backwashing) to remove embedded or unwanted particles. Prior to this step, compressed air may be blown up through the bottom of the filter to break up the compacted filter media to aid the backwashing process; this is known as air scouring. This contaminated water can be disposed of, along with the sludge from the sedimentation basin, or it can be recycled by mixing with the raw water entering the plant although this is often considered poor practice since it re-introduces an elevated concentration of bacteria into the raw water.
Some water treatment plants employ pressure filters. These work on the same principle as rapid gravity filters, differing in that the filter medium is enclosed in a steel vessel and the water is forced through it under pressure.
Advantages:
Filters out much smaller particles than paper and sand filters can.
Filters out virtually all particles larger than their specified pore sizes.
They are quite thin and so liquids flow through them fairly rapidly.
They are reasonably strong and so can withstand pressure differences across them of typically 2–5 atmospheres.
They can be cleaned (back flushed) and reused.
Slow sand filters
Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water flows very slowly through the filters. These filters rely on biological treatment processes for their action rather than physical filtration. They are carefully constructed using graded layers of sand, with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom and finest sand at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection. Filtration depends on the development of a thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer or Schmutzdecke, on the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months, if the pretreatment is well designed, and produces water with a very low available nutrient level which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low nutrient levels allow water to be safely sent through distribution systems with very low disinfectant levels, thereby reducing consumer irritation over offensive levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products. Slow sand filters are not backwashed; they are maintained by having the top layer of sand scraped off when flow is eventually obstructed by biological growth.
Bank filtration
In bank filtration, natural sediments in a riverbank are used to provide a first stage of contaminant filtration. While typically not clean enough to be used directly for drinking water, the water gained from the associated extraction wells is much less problematic than river water taken directly from the river.
Membrane filtration
Membrane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0.2 μm—including giardia and cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse the water for industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further downstream. They are widely used in industry, particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled water). However no filtration can remove substances that are actually dissolved in the water such as phosphates, nitrates and heavy metal ions.
Removal of ions and other dissolved substances
Ultrafiltration membranes use polymer membranes with chemically formed microscopic pores that can be used to filter out dissolved substances avoiding the use of coagulants. The type of membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive the water through and what sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out.
Ion exchange: Ion-exchange systems use ion-exchange resin- or zeolite-packed columns to replace unwanted ions. The most common case is water softening consisting of removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions replacing them with benign (soap friendly) Na+ or K+ ions. Ion-exchange resins are also used to remove toxic ions such as nitrite, lead, mercury, arsenic and many others.
Precipitative softening: Water rich in hardness (calcium and magnesium ions) is treated with lime (calcium oxide) and/or soda-ash (sodium carbonate) to precipitate calcium carbonate out of solution utilizing the common-ion effect.
Electrodeionization: Water is passed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Ion-exchange membranes allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive electrode. High purity deionized water is produced continuously, similar to ion-exchange treatment. Complete removal of ions from water is possible if the right conditions are met. The water is normally pre-treated with a reverse osmosis unit to remove non-ionic organic contaminants, and with gas transfer membranes to remove carbon dioxide. A water recovery of 99% is possible if the concentrate stream is fed to the RO inlet.
Disinfection
Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potentially harmful micro-organisms in the storage and distribution systems. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Salmonella, Cholera, Campylobacter and Shigella, and protozoa, including Giardia lamblia and other cryptosporidia. After the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage – often called a contact tank or clear well – to allow the disinfecting action to complete.
Chlorine disinfection
The most common disinfection method involves some form of chlorine or its compounds such as chloramine or chlorine dioxide. Chlorine is a strong oxidant that rapidly kills many harmful micro-organisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas, there is a danger of a release associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a relatively inexpensive solution used in household bleach that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Chlorine solutions can be generated on site by electrolyzing common salt solutions. A solid form, calcium hypochlorite, releases chlorine on contact with water. Handling the solid, however, requires more routine human contact through opening bags and pouring than the use of gas cylinders or bleach, which are more easily automated. The generation of liquid sodium hypochlorite is inexpensive and also safer than the use of gas or solid chlorine. Chlorine levels up to 4 milligrams per liter (4 parts per million) are considered safe in drinking water.
All forms of chlorine are widely used, despite their respective drawbacks. One drawback is that chlorine from any source reacts with natural organic compounds in the water to form potentially harmful chemical by-products. These by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), are both carcinogenic in large quantities and are regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Drinking Water Inspectorate in the UK. The formation of THMs and haloacetic acids may be minimized by effective removal of as many organics from the water as possible prior to chlorine addition. Although chlorine is effective in killing bacteria, it has limited effectiveness against pathogenic protozoa that form cysts in water such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium.
Chlorine dioxide disinfection
Chlorine dioxide is a faster-acting disinfectant than elemental chlorine. It is relatively rarely used because in some circumstances it may create excessive amounts of chlorite, which is a by-product regulated to low allowable levels in the United States. Chlorine dioxide can be supplied as an aqueous solution and added to water to avoid gas handling problems; chlorine dioxide gas accumulations may spontaneously detonate.
Chloramination
The use of chloramine is becoming more common as a disinfectant. Although chloramine is not as strong an oxidant, it provides a longer-lasting residual than free chlorine because of its lower redox potential compared to free chlorine. It also does not readily form THMs or haloacetic acids (disinfection byproducts).
It is possible to convert chlorine to chloramine by adding ammonia to the water after adding chlorine. The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramine. Water distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience nitrification, as ammonia is a nutrient for bacterial growth, with nitrates being generated as a by-product.
Ozone disinfection
Ozone is an unstable molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms. It is a very strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used in Europe and in a few municipalities in the United States and Canada. Ozone disinfection, or ozonation, is an effective method to inactivate harmful protozoa that form cysts. It also works well against almost all other pathogens. Ozone is made by passing oxygen through ultraviolet light or a "cold" electrical discharge. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on-site and added to the water by bubble contact. Some of the advantages of ozone include the production of fewer dangerous by-products and the absence of taste and odour problems (in comparison to chlorination). No residual ozone is left in the water. In the absence of a residual disinfectant in the water, chlorine or chloramine may be added throughout a distribution system to remove any potential pathogens in the distribution piping.
Ozone has been used in drinking water plants since 1906 where the first industrial ozonation plant was built in Nice, France. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has accepted ozone as being safe; and it is applied as an anti-microbiological agent for the treatment, storage, and processing of foods. However, although fewer by-products are formed by ozonation, it has been discovered that ozone reacts with bromide ions in water to produce concentrations of the suspected carcinogen bromate. Bromide can be found in fresh water supplies in sufficient concentrations to produce (after ozonation) more than 10 parts per billion (ppb) of bromate — the maximum contaminant level established by the USEPA. Ozone disinfection is also energy intensive.
Ultraviolet disinfection
Ultraviolet light (UV) is very effective at inactivating cysts, in low turbidity water. UV light's disinfection effectiveness decreases as turbidity increases, a result of the absorption, scattering, and shadowing caused by the suspended solids. The main disadvantage to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water; therefore, it is sometimes necessary to add a residual disinfectant after the primary disinfection process. This is often done through the addition of chloramines, discussed above as a primary disinfectant. When used in this manner, chloramines provide an effective residual disinfectant with very few of the negative effects of chlorination.
Over 2 million people in 28 developing countries use Solar Disinfection for daily drinking water treatment.
Ionizing radiation
Like UV, ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, and electron beams) has been used to sterilize water.
Bromination and iodinization
Bromine and iodine can also be used as disinfectants. However, chlorine in water is over three times more effective as a disinfectant against Escherichia coli than an equivalent concentration of bromine, and over six times more effective than an equivalent concentration of iodine. Iodine is commonly used for portable water purification, and bromine is common as a swimming pool disinfectant.
Portable water purification
Portable water purification devices and methods are available for disinfection and treatment in emergencies or in remote locations. Disinfection is the primary goal, since aesthetic considerations such as taste, odour, appearance, and trace chemical contamination do not affect the short-term safety of drinking water.
Additional treatment options
Water fluoridation: in many areas fluoride is added to water with the goal of preventing tooth decay. Fluoride is usually added after the disinfection process. In the U.S., fluoridation is usually accomplished by the addition of hexafluorosilicic acid, which decomposes in water, yielding fluoride ions.
Water conditioning: This is a method of reducing the effects of hard water. In water systems subject to heating hardness salts can be deposited as the decomposition of bicarbonate ions creates carbonate ions that precipitate out of solution. Water with high concentrations of hardness salts can be treated with soda ash (sodium carbonate) which precipitates out the excess salts, through the common-ion effect, producing calcium carbonate of very high purity. The precipitated calcium carbonate is traditionally sold to the manufacturers of toothpaste. Several other methods of industrial and residential water treatment are claimed (without general scientific acceptance) to include the use of magnetic and/or electrical fields reducing the effects of hard water.
Plumbosolvency reduction: In areas with naturally acidic waters of low conductivity (i.e. surface rainfall in upland mountains of igneous rocks), the water may be capable of dissolving lead from any lead pipes that it is carried in. The addition of small quantities of phosphate ion and increasing the pH slightly both assist in greatly reducing plumbo-solvency by creating insoluble lead salts on the inner surfaces of the pipes.
Radium Removal: Some groundwater sources contain radium, a radioactive chemical element. Typical sources include many groundwater sources north of the Illinois River in Illinois, United States of America. Radium can be removed by ion exchange, or by water conditioning. The back flush or sludge that is produced is, however, a low-level radioactive waste.
Fluoride Removal: Although fluoride is added to water in many areas, some areas of the world have excessive levels of natural fluoride in the source water. Excessive levels can be toxic or cause undesirable cosmetic effects such as staining of teeth. Methods of reducing fluoride levels is through treatment with activated alumina and bone char filter media.
Other water purification techniques
Other popular methods for purifying water, especially for local private supplies are listed below. In some countries some of these methods are used for large scale municipal supplies. Particularly important are distillation (desalination of seawater) and reverse osmosis.
Thermal
Bringing water to its boiling point (about 100 °C or 212 F at sea level), is the oldest and most effective way since it eliminates most microbes causing intestinal disease, but it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. For human health, complete sterilization of water is not required, since heat resistant microbes do not affect intestines. The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start expiring at temperatures greater than . Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect disinfection. In areas where the water is "hard" (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the "fur" that builds up on kettle elements, etc., in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour). Boiling does not leave a residual disinfectant in the water. Therefore, water that is boiled and then stored for any length of time may acquire new pathogens.
Adsorption
Granular activated carbon is a form of activated carbon with a high surface area. It adsorbs many compounds including many toxic compounds. Water passing through activated carbon is commonly used in municipal regions with organic contamination, taste or odors. Many household water filters and fish tanks use activated carbon filters to purify water. Household filters for drinking water sometimes contain silver as metallic silver nanoparticle. If water is held in the carbon block for longer periods, microorganisms can grow inside which results in fouling and contamination. Silver nanoparticles are excellent anti-bacterial material and can decompose toxic halo-organic compounds such as pesticides into non-toxic organic products. Filtered water must be used soon after it is filtered, as the low amount of remaining microbes may proliferate over time. In general, these home filters remove over 90% of the chlorine in a glass of treated water. These filters must be periodically replaced otherwise the bacterial content of the water may actually increase due to the growth of bacteria within the filter unit.
Distillation
Distillation involves boiling water to produce water vapour. The vapour contacts a cool surface where it condenses as a liquid. Because the solutes are not normally vaporised, they remain in the boiling solution. Even distillation does not completely purify water, because of contaminants with similar boiling points and droplets of unvapourised liquid carried with the steam. However, 99.9% pure water can be obtained by distillation.
Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) passes heated seawater along the surface of a hydrophobic polymer membrane. Evaporated water passes from the hot side through pores in the membrane forming a stream of cold pure water on the other side. The difference in vapour pressure between the hot and cold side helps to push water molecules through.
Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis involves mechanical pressure applied to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Contaminants are left on the other side of the membrane. Reverse osmosis is theoretically the most thorough method of large scale water purification available, although perfect semi-permeable membranes are difficult to create. Unless membranes are well-maintained, algae and other life forms can colonize the membranes.
Crystallization
Carbon dioxide or other low molecular weight gas can be mixed with contaminated water at high pressure and low temperature to exothermically form gas hydrate crystals. Hydrate may be separated by centrifuge or sedimentation. Water can be released from the hydrate crystals by heating.
In situ oxidation
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is an advanced oxidation process. It is used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted contaminants. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing oxidizers into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy contaminants. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation
Bioremediation
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove waste products from a contaminated area. Since 1991 bioremediation has been a suggested tactic to remove impurities such as alkanes, perchlorates, and metals. Bioremediation has seen success because perchlorates are highly soluble, making them difficult to remove. Example applications of Dechloromonas agitata strain CKB include field studies conducted in Maryland and the US Southwest.
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide () is a common disinfectant that can purify water. It is typically produced at chemical plants and transported to the contaminated water. An alternative approach employs a gold-palladium catalyst to synthesize from ambient hydrogen and oxygen atoms at the use site. The latter was reported to be faster and 107 times more potent at killing Escherichia coli than commercial , and over 108 times more effective than chlorine The catalytic reaction also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that bind and degrade other compounds.
Safety and controversies
In April, 2007, the water supply of Spencer, Massachusetts in the United States of America, became contaminated with excess sodium hydroxide (lye) when its treatment equipment malfunctioned.
Many municipalities have moved from free chlorine to chloramine as a disinfection agent. However, chloramine appears to be a corrosive agent in some water systems. Chloramine can dissolve the "protective" film inside older service lines, leading to the leaching of lead into residential spigots. This can result in harmful exposure, including elevated blood lead levels. Lead is a known neurotoxin.
Demineralized water
Distillation removes all minerals from water, and the membrane methods of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration remove most to all minerals. This results in demineralized water which is not considered ideal drinking water. The World Health Organization has investigated the health effects of demineralized water since 1980. Experiments in humans found that demineralized water increased diuresis and the elimination of electrolytes, with decreased blood serum potassium concentration. Magnesium, calcium, and other minerals in water can help to protect against nutritional deficiency. Demineralized water may also increase the risk from toxic metals because it more readily leaches materials from piping like lead and cadmium, which is prevented by dissolved minerals such as calcium and magnesium. Low-mineral water has been implicated in specific cases of lead poisoning in infants, when lead from pipes leached at especially high rates into the water. Recommendations for magnesium have been put at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20–30 mg/L optimum; for calcium a 20 mg/L minimum and a 40–80 mg/L optimum, and a total water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) of 2 to 4 mmol/L. At water hardness above 5 mmol/L, higher incidence of gallstones, kidney stones, urinary stones, arthrosis, and arthropathies have been observed. Additionally, desalination processes can increase the risk of bacterial contamination.
Manufacturers of home water distillers claim the opposite—that minerals in water are the cause of many diseases, and that most beneficial minerals come from food, not water.
History
The first experiments into water filtration were made in the 17th century. Sir Francis Bacon attempted to desalinate sea water by passing the flow through a sand filter. Although his experiment did not succeed, it marked the beginning of a new interest in the field. The fathers of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.
Sand filter
The first documented use of sand filters to purify the water supply dates to 1804, when the owner of a bleachery in Paisley, Scotland, John Gibb, installed an experimental filter, selling his unwanted surplus to the public. This method was refined in the following two decades by engineers working for private water companies, and it culminated in the first treated public water supply in the world, installed by engineer James Simpson for the Chelsea Waterworks Company in London in 1829. This installation provided filtered water for every resident of the area, and the network design was widely copied throughout the United Kingdom in the ensuing decades.
The practice of water treatment soon became mainstream and common, and the virtues of the system were made starkly apparent after the investigations of the physician John Snow during the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. Snow was sceptical of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases were caused by noxious "bad airs". Although the germ theory of disease had not yet been developed, Snow's observations led him to discount the prevailing theory. His 1855 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera conclusively demonstrated the role of the water supply in spreading the cholera epidemic in Soho, with the use of a dot distribution map and statistical proof to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. His data convinced the local council to disable the water pump, which promptly ended the outbreak.
The Metropolis Water Act introduced the regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time. The Act "made provision for securing the supply to the Metropolis of pure and wholesome water", and required that all water be "effectually filtered" from 31 December 1855. This was followed up with legislation for the mandatory inspection of water quality, including comprehensive chemical analyses, in 1858. This legislation set a worldwide precedent for similar state public health interventions across Europe. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was formed at the same time, water filtration was adopted throughout the country, and new water intakes on the Thames were established above Teddington Lock. Automatic pressure filters, where the water is forced under pressure through the filtration system, were innovated in 1899 in England.
Water chlorination
John Snow was the first to successfully use chlorine to disinfect the water supply in Soho that had helped spread the cholera outbreak. William Soper also used chlorinated lime to treat the sewage produced by typhoid patients in 1879.
In a paper published in 1894, Moritz Traube formally proposed the addition of chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) to water to render it "germ-free." Two other investigators confirmed Traube's findings and published their papers in 1895. Early attempts at implementing water chlorination at a water treatment plant were made in 1893 in Hamburg, Germany and in 1897 the city of Maidstone, England was the first to have its entire water supply treated with chlorine.
Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply led to a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England. Dr. Alexander Cruickshank Houston used chlorination of the water to stem the epidemic. His installation fed a concentrated solution of chloride of lime to the water being treated. The chlorination of the water supply helped stop the epidemic and as a precaution, the chlorination was continued until 1911 when a new water supply was instituted.
The first continuous use of chlorine in the United States for disinfection took place in 1908 at Boonton Reservoir (on the Rockaway River), which served as the supply for Jersey City, New Jersey. Chlorination was achieved by controlled additions of dilute solutions of chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) at doses of 0.2 to 0.35 ppm. The treatment process was conceived by Dr. John L. Leal and the chlorination plant was designed by George Warren Fuller. Over the next few years, chlorine disinfection using chloride of lime were rapidly installed in drinking water systems around the world.
The technique of purification of drinking water by use of compressed liquefied chlorine gas was developed by a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, Vincent B. Nesfield, in 1903. According to his own account:
U.S. Army Major Carl Rogers Darnall, Professor of Chemistry at the Army Medical School, gave the first practical demonstration of this in 1910. Shortly thereafter, Major William J. L. Lyster of the Army Medical Department used a solution of calcium hypochlorite in a linen bag to treat water. For many decades, Lyster's method remained the standard for U.S. ground forces in the field and in camps, implemented in the form of the familiar Lyster Bag (also spelled Lister Bag). The bag was made of canvas and could hold 36 gallons of water. It was porous and held up by ropes, purifying water with the help of calcium hypochlorite solution. Each bag had a faucet attached, which was used to flush water for testing, as well as dispensing for use. This became the basis for present day systems of municipal water purification.
See also
History of water supply and sanitation
List of water supply and sanitation by country
Microfiltration
Organisms involved in water purification
Portable water purification
Water softening
Water conservation
Water recycling
Water treatment
References
Further reading
Masters, Gilbert M. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
US EPA. "Ground Water and Drinking Water." Overview of drinking water topics and detailed information on US regulatory program. (Updated 2012-03-07.)
External links
American Water Works Association
"Water On Tap: What You Need To Know." – Consumer Guide to Drinking Water in the US (EPA)
Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water – Camping, Hiking and Travel (CDC)
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 141 – U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Water technology
Water pollution
Water treatment | [
0.3924754858016968,
0.32771536707878113,
-0.31832578778266907,
0.408669114112854,
0.4557872414588928,
-0.17766506969928741,
0.16341406106948853,
-0.29523319005966187,
-0.15081122517585754,
-0.3686864376068115,
-0.7143080830574036,
0.38931262493133545,
-0.49344852566719055,
0.7582508325576782,
0.03878416866064072,
0.38705265522003174,
0.7630149126052856,
0.5899649858474731,
0.4277350604534149,
0.4144933819770813,
-0.4945985674858093,
0.14607873558998108,
0.2512207627296448,
-0.29383912682533264,
0.12506836652755737,
-0.21322059631347656,
-0.11072539538145065,
0.6740148663520813,
-0.27529096603393555,
0.23172760009765625,
0.09450378268957138,
0.09613699465990067,
0.09382385015487671,
-0.10388617217540741,
0.1276315450668335,
0.18461722135543823,
-0.38395369052886963,
-0.016403768211603165,
-0.5441335439682007,
-0.7841090559959412,
-0.6048656105995178,
0.31958258152008057,
-0.24185238778591156,
0.29648661613464355,
-0.12229152023792267,
-0.30351975560188293,
-0.5180074572563171,
0.20020301640033722,
-0.9664812684059143,
0.2803514897823334,
-0.2632260024547577,
-0.21120832860469818,
0.15326371788978577,
-0.015535887330770493,
-0.04339037835597992,
0.4296135902404785,
-0.7634321451187134,
0.22311751544475555,
0.0789702758193016,
0.05730623006820679,
0.2300833910703659,
-0.37118205428123474,
-0.46341535449028015,
0.5379852652549744,
0.7294527888298035,
0.16699956357479095,
-0.23394286632537842,
-0.44484034180641174,
-0.1945868730545044,
-0.0347648561000824,
0.3033403754234314,
0.19624876976013184,
-0.3247748017311096,
0.20808109641075134,
-0.6417672634124756,
-0.2100917398929596,
0.09564634412527084,
-0.34216412901878357,
-0.7612981796264648,
0.36876729130744934,
-0.18521648645401,
0.7278048396110535,
0.1553867757320404,
0.156550794839859,
0.6357986330986023,
-0.026064204052090645,
0.14861038327217102,
1.095354676246643,
-0.3813561499118805,
-0.07186665385961533,
0.25930070877075195,
0.16945140063762665,
0.5782572031021118,
-0.0699489563703537,
0.32771700620651245,
-0.3221844732761383,
-0.1694072186946869,
0.20173871517181396,
0.2757360637187958,
0.19294409453868866,
-0.05017366260290146,
-0.2524051368236542,
0.28021275997161865,
0.0689021572470665,
0.2490071952342987,
-0.31972992420196533,
-0.3071441352367401,
0.15786738693714142,
-0.2267095297574997,
0.19639702141284943,
0.2520277798175812,
0.4563736021518707,
0.06995223462581635,
-0.06745592504739761,
-0.6552709937095642,
0.6130044460296631,
0.008333991281688213,
0.28713181614875793,
-0.18579012155532837,
0.28053104877471924,
0.34047845005989075,
0.16864925622940063,
0.02711278758943081,
-0.06290364265441895,
-0.5777215361595154,
0.25561419129371643,
0.5321106910705566,
0.7877164483070374,
-0.5366623997688293,
-0.16403728723526,
0.011719576083123684,
0.9277206063270569,
-0.0650046318769455,
-0.09699241071939468,
-0.3069291412830353,
-0.5505800247192383,
0.8420886993408203,
0.08041471987962723,
0.9974913597106934,
-0.14314933121204376,
-0.37242960929870605,
-0.36031705141067505,
-0.34100618958473206,
-0.3136613965034485,
0.1628001481294632,
-0.30922240018844604,
0.27205026149749756,
-0.34567776322364807,
-0.05651962384581566,
0.03653700277209282,
0.2502000629901886,
0.5837815999984741,
-0.4781333804130554,
-0.08446089923381805,
-0.18225471675395966,
0.2588525116443634,
0.2925703823566437,
0.1570875197649002,
-0.2757408022880554,
-0.22236782312393188,
0.18117071688175201,
0.12796513736248016,
-0.14048871397972107,
0.09815233200788498,
0.45501813292503357,
-0.7316616773605347,
-0.13271883130073547,
0.45992809534072876,
0.5666948556900024,
0.07767625153064728,
0.20881450176239014,
-0.10946786403656006,
-0.20644760131835938,
-0.317229688167572,
0.5246137976646423,
-0.42143067717552185,
-0.0059533799067139626,
0.48882409930229187,
0.49860289692878723,
-0.026970043778419495,
-0.6599202156066895,
0.3246188163757324,
-0.26843467354774475,
0.11096293479204178,
0.3341803252696991,
-0.30789053440093994,
0.6347264647483826,
0.4734930098056793,
-0.17879712581634521,
-0.1388668715953827,
-0.5513720512390137,
-0.2916882336139679,
0.01597047969698906,
-0.2637198269367218,
0.6739291548728943,
0.2944037914276123,
-0.3371448516845703,
0.7141026258468628,
-0.6425942778587341,
-0.14720728993415833,
-0.12426318228244781,
0.5891031622886658,
0.061564236879348755,
-0.5270498991012573,
-1.3055702447891235,
-0.1474287509918213,
0.29619884490966797,
-0.07430610060691833,
0.30279970169067383,
0.21395109593868256,
0.47531959414482117,
-0.5992375016212463,
0.0984347015619278,
-0.5214074850082397,
0.18158522248268127,
-0.08601417392492294,
-0.892045259475708,
0.37745746970176697,
0.4392033815383911,
-0.120004802942276,
0.4627416133880615,
-0.40454527735710144,
-0.309945285320282,
0.5862732529640198,
-0.37478452920913696,
0.37218746542930603,
0.10699628293514252,
-0.45269516110420227,
0.48877397179603577,
-0.4182608127593994,
0.3249918818473816,
-0.27481013536453247,
0.0027036559768021107,
-0.261503666639328,
-0.5663992166519165,
0.18867017328739166,
0.017511216923594475,
0.12931841611862183,
0.07299759238958359,
-0.25248122215270996,
-0.07869528234004974,
0.08971218019723892,
-0.17642197012901306,
0.31473761796951294,
0.4144878685474396,
0.20017947256565094,
0.22668448090553284,
-0.16841411590576172,
-0.4500828981399536,
-0.33654823899269104,
0.848076343536377,
0.4008413851261139,
0.30110684037208557,
-0.7804704904556274,
0.10517707467079163,
-0.5897747874259949,
-0.324411004781723,
0.17532949149608612,
0.02508351393043995,
-0.18969722092151642,
-0.012411907315254211,
-0.03267666697502136,
-0.1946413815021515,
-0.25376060605049133,
-0.3542913496494293,
-0.22851324081420898,
-0.4139425456523895,
-0.6640733480453491,
-0.11739632487297058,
0.21531514823436737,
1.0182255506515503,
0.07827337831258774,
0.04512355104088783,
0.02215440943837166,
-0.44586917757987976,
-0.4694019556045532,
0.7628161907196045,
0.12513451278209686,
-0.48638561367988586,
-0.42230045795440674,
0.5360856056213379,
0.883165717124939,
-0.14337658882141113,
-0.1889423280954361,
-0.8802039623260498,
-0.13431794941425323,
-0.1238289326429367,
-0.009962036274373531,
0.005450210068374872,
0.02599072828888893,
-0.6494194269180298,
-0.1521361768245697,
-0.19880035519599915,
-0.15396948158740997,
0.006398465018719435,
0.013172479346394539,
-0.20460137724876404,
0.14351195096969604,
0.7662078142166138,
0.03508429974317551,
-0.4127507209777832,
-0.30862894654273987,
-0.564835250377655,
0.18596017360687256,
-0.5773740410804749,
-0.512834370136261,
0.2108970582485199,
0.1361798495054245,
-5.754463195800781,
-0.5697053670883179,
0.2782019078731537,
0.08028648048639297,
0.02369779720902443,
0.013699451461434364,
0.8908088207244873,
0.006190698593854904,
0.187708780169487,
0.7090245485305786,
-0.07159044593572617,
0.6057180762290955,
0.40937840938568115,
0.2202119529247284,
0.5476112961769104,
-0.23318840563297272,
0.839360773563385,
-0.38080745935440063,
0.10161569714546204,
0.24315522611141205,
-0.1235213354229927,
0.18068231642246246,
-0.13786821067333221,
0.8775675892829895,
-0.2909368872642517,
-0.23587866127490997,
-0.1790657490491867,
0.8528485298156738,
-0.8002232909202576,
-0.24180911481380463,
-0.3329472541809082,
-0.20828193426132202,
0.2760010063648224,
-0.07201386243104935,
0.15193545818328857,
-0.002992544788867235,
0.19208791851997375,
0.12862622737884521,
-0.07476621866226196,
-0.4072079658508301,
0.016968948766589165,
-0.2888559401035309,
-0.3381482660770416,
0.0701577216386795,
0.1491144895553589,
-0.18012449145317078,
0.00596916489303112,
-0.3442615270614624,
0.1963779479265213,
0.7897078990936279,
-0.016533007845282555,
0.03633818030357361,
1.0422090291976929,
-0.10393271595239639,
0.1264234036207199,
0.3394312858581543,
0.5883437991142273,
-0.052275560796260834,
-0.3790106177330017,
0.14363987743854523,
-0.3754439353942871,
-0.5421848297119141,
-0.12245704978704453,
-0.2163238227367401,
0.11827004700899124,
0.22020746767520905,
-0.31298309564590454,
-0.7491718530654907,
-0.2604328691959381,
0.08063839375972748,
-0.5686657428741455,
0.5544349551200867,
-0.25807976722717285,
-0.47471722960472107,
0.14647570252418518,
-0.23537026345729828,
0.13397318124771118,
-0.2156086564064026,
0.4667091369628906,
-0.04795627295970917,
-0.8493390083312988,
0.11501898616552353,
-0.0013469795230776072,
0.3359147012233734,
0.2547179162502289,
-0.06154860928654671,
-0.007648497819900513,
-0.3543507158756256,
-0.2639247477054596,
-0.36676475405693054,
1.257559895515442,
-0.09554927051067352,
0.11663155257701874,
0.1660161316394806,
0.15134268999099731,
0.4457009732723236,
0.0452444963157177,
0.18993957340717316,
0.8371375203132629,
-0.42185863852500916,
0.4488619267940521,
0.19136714935302734,
0.06999550014734268,
-0.39644503593444824,
-0.02711905911564827,
-0.4376876652240753,
-0.5629462599754333,
0.13292953372001648,
0.4180240333080292,
-0.7903918623924255,
-0.3097876012325287,
0.835309624671936,
-0.13098794221878052,
-0.10937309265136719,
0.06528439372777939,
0.4936680793762207,
-0.5150542259216309,
0.32292401790618896,
0.785742461681366,
0.25123706459999084,
0.1149497702717781,
0.6595640182495117,
0.1706252098083496,
0.015405355021357536,
0.3400702178478241,
-1.1803107261657715,
0.1418386548757553,
0.5710569024085999,
0.26945361495018005,
-0.006657490041106939,
1.085290551185608,
0.36092638969421387,
-0.08298682421445847,
-0.19933897256851196,
0.3731668293476105,
-0.47960516810417175,
-0.24478387832641602,
-0.014817221090197563,
-0.154825359582901,
-0.4757048785686493,
0.3736257255077362,
-0.541206955909729,
-0.22740548849105835,
0.02312628924846649,
0.6378023624420166,
0.21602416038513184,
-0.07178255170583725,
-0.19203412532806396,
0.19015449285507202,
0.45534035563468933,
-0.15724176168441772,
-0.3496241569519043,
-0.1363101750612259,
-0.2728075087070465,
-0.030712276697158813,
-0.18162883818149567,
0.433347225189209,
0.30604827404022217,
0.5225638747215271,
-0.6753396391868591,
-0.16788753867149353,
0.09783302992582321,
-1.1126399040222168,
-0.02349732257425785,
-0.714741051197052,
0.2557062804698944,
-0.4224325120449066,
0.33935970067977905,
-0.10027477145195007,
0.5112941265106201,
-0.19774605333805084,
-0.14802026748657227,
-0.6965020895004272,
0.056050464510917664,
0.24002395570278168,
0.13297013938426971,
0.2022201418876648,
0.5651568174362183,
-0.44903144240379333,
-0.5234929919242859,
0.36359766125679016,
-0.7300704121589661,
-0.04708253964781761,
0.46894335746765137,
0.3338465690612793,
-0.0684836134314537,
-0.1849198192358017,
-0.06036020815372467,
-0.42828255891799927,
-0.006976152770221233,
0.3972253203392029,
0.014709637500345707,
0.1475721001625061,
0.0064078266732394695,
-0.06617265194654465,
-0.4478001594543457,
0.12946496903896332,
0.42819923162460327,
-0.3503643870353699,
-0.16448816657066345,
0.210501566529274,
0.4019748270511627,
-0.15613575279712677,
0.22772027552127838,
0.102117620408535,
-0.665574848651886,
-0.5555974245071411,
0.45351341366767883,
-0.24782855808734894,
-0.019375847652554512,
0.06280826032161713,
-0.007262944243848324,
-0.2014033943414688,
0.3373993933200836,
-0.859683632850647,
-0.16311903297901154,
0.6394320130348206,
-0.372418075799942,
0.43155637383461,
-0.45363521575927734,
0.559012234210968,
-0.1904023289680481,
-0.035197000950574875,
0.01411000732332468,
-0.13685385882854462,
-0.07262604683637619,
0.581171452999115,
-0.5682204365730286,
-0.16488395631313324,
0.19715923070907593,
-0.540625810623169,
0.026162758469581604,
-0.06556843221187592,
0.038351524621248245,
-0.05858934670686722,
-0.02033185213804245,
0.47817134857177734,
0.24424631893634796,
-0.1987106055021286,
0.0858774334192276,
0.059200987219810486,
0.3967170715332031,
0.004009210970252752,
-0.35528698563575745,
-0.14798606932163239,
0.28488239645957947,
0.01584964245557785,
-0.5245029330253601,
-0.6971740126609802,
0.023414677008986473,
0.7514375448226929,
-0.08386646211147308,
-0.45994216203689575,
-0.6529377102851868,
0.6322624087333679,
-0.5855673551559448,
0.32413744926452637,
-0.35590410232543945,
0.3419383466243744,
0.21260449290275574,
-0.4165373146533966,
-0.02753324992954731,
-0.632180392742157,
-0.47553306818008423,
0.8958783149719238,
-0.21670691668987274,
-0.5062338709831238,
-0.06814992427825928,
0.3905142843723297,
-0.7135031819343567,
0.021403897553682327,
-0.27920395135879517,
0.19722755253314972,
0.4884255826473236,
0.4068503677845001,
0.275930255651474,
-0.24554309248924255,
-0.581748902797699,
-0.11049265414476395,
-0.04229738563299179,
-0.41925138235092163,
0.07767920941114426,
0.19304661452770233,
-0.33335039019584656,
0.4343331754207611,
-0.40667590498924255,
0.05284201353788376,
-0.4319426119327545,
-0.8772414326667786,
-0.28184351325035095,
-0.05513526499271393,
-0.009801642969250679,
-0.49553853273391724,
0.25496381521224976,
-0.2990075647830963,
0.08208654075860977,
-0.026702729985117912,
0.8706607818603516,
-0.453602135181427,
-0.5472208261489868,
-0.34280359745025635,
0.15521511435508728,
0.08185765147209167,
-0.5162808299064636,
0.5484513640403748,
0.3083554804325104,
0.6556719541549683,
-0.5737012624740601,
-0.14690910279750824,
-0.22922387719154358,
0.443546324968338,
-0.013210197910666466,
0.06316804140806198,
0.5177124738693237,
-0.388323038816452,
0.199070006608963,
0.5442104935646057,
-0.45159032940864563,
0.7304120063781738,
0.11870221793651581,
0.2355327010154724,
-0.8063791394233704,
0.20870700478553772,
-0.17509104311466217,
-0.30294370651245117,
0.543273389339447,
0.04476906731724739,
-0.41477352380752563,
-0.07368356734514236,
0.23789168894290924,
0.7158092856407166,
0.6584290266036987,
0.04099123924970627,
-0.5312711000442505,
-0.5293577909469604,
0.03917033597826958,
0.07581323385238647,
-0.34494099020957947,
-0.8133152723312378,
0.8244720101356506,
0.7139560580253601,
0.5841532945632935,
-0.10604044795036316,
0.26692622900009155,
0.1487075835466385,
0.692962646484375,
0.06607268005609512,
0.09383168816566467,
-0.26941585540771484,
0.387724906206131,
0.13283036649227142,
-0.18324172496795654,
0.25183263421058655,
0.16899490356445312,
-0.29531341791152954,
0.15680459141731262,
0.6227282881736755,
-0.35550761222839355,
0.09843381494283676,
0.10469061881303787,
-0.10785024613142014,
0.5797145962715149,
-0.025586826726794243,
-0.0109323775395751,
0.375211238861084,
-0.2696881592273712,
0.19824303686618805,
-1.1872053146362305,
0.005059314891695976,
0.4289146065711975,
0.1503520905971527,
0.5350154042243958,
-0.6110383868217468,
0.200301393866539,
0.6282001733779907,
-0.2951042354106903,
0.22579403221607208,
0.06594882905483246,
-0.015567597001791,
-0.25794342160224915,
-0.03867500275373459,
0.5740188360214233,
-0.1806543469429016,
-0.9468622207641602,
-0.5956453680992126,
0.5562155246734619,
-0.40612486004829407,
0.43011727929115295,
-0.028290512040257454,
-0.14984387159347534,
-0.22502148151397705,
-0.09870250523090363,
-0.10110565274953842,
0.01516687124967575,
-0.1632750928401947,
-0.006782964803278446,
0.2941802740097046,
0.3824658691883087,
-0.29921257495880127,
-0.7094119191169739,
0.039301853626966476,
0.573759138584137,
0.2910519242286682,
0.4675769507884979,
-0.46233806014060974,
0.7531418204307556,
-0.6343761086463928,
-0.0022839000448584557,
-0.39975884556770325,
0.5670849680900574,
0.5639433264732361,
-0.23650765419006348,
-0.16486945748329163,
0.1580904871225357,
-0.15946833789348602,
-0.28220048546791077,
-0.26049450039863586,
-1.147698998451233,
0.4070976674556732,
-0.4323127269744873,
0.1258862465620041,
-0.5445917248725891,
-0.23633509874343872,
0.25207823514938354,
-0.7095288634300232,
-0.3204995393753052,
0.4305475950241089,
0.3128311336040497,
-0.386917382478714,
0.049756329506635666,
-0.5320106148719788,
0.47366148233413696,
-0.6475151777267456,
0.6612467169761658,
-0.10108909010887146,
0.20178581774234772,
-0.25065547227859497,
0.36741194128990173,
0.3663003146648407,
-0.4051612615585327,
0.1441987156867981,
0.04055183753371239,
0.3818252682685852,
-0.26270321011543274,
-0.35719698667526245,
-0.3637177646160126,
-0.04983856901526451,
-0.04333282262086868,
-0.538493812084198,
0.44926124811172485,
0.021318012848496437,
-0.0760265663266182,
-0.10378658771514893,
0.38224732875823975,
-0.24610310792922974,
-0.11361023783683777,
-0.02579338662326336,
-0.42000147700309753,
-0.5127933621406555,
0.3312597870826721
]
|
214704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20R%C3%BCckert | Friedrich Rückert | Friedrich Rückert (16 May 1788 – 31 January 1866) was a German poet, translator, and professor of Oriental languages.
Biography
Rückert was born in Schweinfurt and was the eldest son of a lawyer. He was educated at the local Gymnasium and at the universities of Würzburg and Heidelberg. From 1816 to 1817, he worked on the editorial staff of the Morgenblatt at Stuttgart. Nearly the whole of the year 1818 he spent in Rome, and afterwards he lived for several years at Coburg (1820–1826). Rückert married Luise Wiethaus-Fischer there in 1821. He was appointed a professor of Oriental languages at the University of Erlangen in 1826, and, in 1841, he was called to a similar position in Berlin, where he was also made a privy councillor. In 1849 he resigned his professorship at Berlin, and went to live full-time in his Gut (estate) at Neuses (now a part of Coburg).
When Rückert began his literary career, Germany was engaged in her life-and-death struggle with Napoleon; and in his first volume, Deutsche Gedichte (German Poems), published in 1814 under the pseudonym Freimund Raimar, he gave, particularly in the powerful Geharnischte Sonette (Sonnets in Arms/Harsh Words), vigorous expression to the prevailing sentiment of his countrymen. During 1815 to 1818 appeared Napoleon, eine politische Komödie in drei Stücken (Napoleon, a Political Comedy in Three Parts) of which only two parts were published; and in 1817 Der Kranz der Zeit (The Wreath of Time).
He issued a collection of poems, Östliche Rosen (Eastern Roses), in 1822; and from 1834 to 1838 his Gesammelte Gedichte (Collected Poems) were published in six volumes, a selection which has passed through many editions.
Rückert was master of thirty languages and made his mark chiefly as a translator of Oriental poetry and as a writer of poems conceived in the spirit of Oriental masters. Much attention was attracted by a translation of the Maqamat of Al-Hariri of Basra (Hariris Makamen) in 1826, Nal und Damajanti, an Indian tale, in 1828, Rostem und Suhrab, eine Heldengeschichte (Rostem and Suhrab, a Story of Heroes) in 1830, and Hamasa, oder die ältesten arabischen Volkslieder (Hamasa, or the Oldest Arabian Folk Songs) in 1846.
Among his original writings dealing with Oriental subjects are:
Morgenländische Sagen und Geschichten (Oriental Myths and Poems) (1837)
Erbauliches und Beschauliches aus dem Morgenland (Establishments and Contemplations from the Orient) (1836–1838)
Brahmanische Erzählungen (Brahmin Stories) (1839).
The most elaborate of his works is Die Weisheit des Brahmanen (The Wisdom of the Brahmins), published in six volumes from 1836 to 1839. The former and Liebesfrühling (Spring of Love) (1844), a cycle of love-songs, are the best known of all Rückert's productions.
From 1843 to 1845 he issued the dramas Saul und David (1843), Herodes der Große ("Herodes the Great") (1844), Kaiser Heinrich IV (1845) and Christofero Colombo (1845), all of which are considered greatly inferior to the work to which he owes his place in German literature. At the time of the Danish war in 1864 he wrote Ein Dutzend Kampflieder für Schleswig-Holstein (A Dozen Fight Songs for Schleswig-Holstein), which, although published anonymously, made considerable impression on audiences.
Rückert died in 1866 in , now part of Coburg. He is buried in the cemetery there.
He continues to exert a strong influence on Oriental studies in Germany (c.f. Annemarie Schimmel).
Rückert's poetry was a powerful inspiration to composers and there are about 121 settings of his work – behind only Goethe, Heine and Rilke in this respect. Among the composers who set his poetry to music are Schubert, Robert and Clara Schumann, Brahms (Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano, among others), Josef Rheinberger, Mahler (song cycles Kindertotenlieder, Rückert-Lieder), Max Reger, Richard Strauss, Zemlinsky, Hindemith, Bartók, Berg, Hugo Wolf, Heinrich Kaspar Schmid, and Jah Wobble.
Memorials
A monument to Rückert is situated at Marktplatz in Schweinfurt. The monument of Rückert, whose birth house stands at the southeast corner of the town hall, has stood in the central square of Schweinfurt since 1890. It was created by architect Friedrich Ritter von Thiersch and sculptor Wilhelm von Rühmann. Allegorical figures from his works – Geharnischte Sonette ("Withering Sonnets") and Weisheit des Brahmanen ("Wisdom of the Brahmans") – are situated at the feet of the bronze Rückert.
Rückert is also commemorated by a small museum in his home at Neuses (now in Friedrich-Rückert-Strasse) and a park, Rückertpark which also features a memorial bust. The museum in the Friedrich-Rückert-Straße houses over 1,000 dolls, including the grandmother of the world-famous "Barbie".
Literature
A comprehensive but by no means complete edition of Rückert's poetical works appeared in 12 volumes in 1868–1869. Subsequent editions have been edited by L. Laistner (1896), C. Beyer (1896), G. Ellinger (1897). See B. Fortlage, F. Rückert und seine Werke (1867); C. Beyer, Friedrich Rückert, ein biographisches Denkmal (1868), Neue Mitteilungen über Rückert (1873), and Nachgelassene Gedichte Rückerts und neue Beiträge zu dessen Leben und Schriften (1877); R. Boxberger, Rückert-Studien (1878); P. de Lagarde, Erinnerungen an F. Rückert (1886); F. Muncker, Friedrich Rückert (1890); G. Voigt, Rückerts Gedankenlyrik (1891).
Hans Wollschläger und Rudolf Kreutner (Ed.): Historisch-kritische Ausgabe in Einzelbänden, Schweinfurt 1998ff.; thus far 4 vols. in 5 parts (as of July 2004):
Die Weisheit des Brahmanen, 2 vols., 1998.
Gedichte von Rom, 2000.
Liedertagebuch I/II, 1846–1847, 2001
Liedertagebuch III/IV, 1848–1849, 2002.
Liedertagebuch V/VI, 1850–1851, Erster Band, 2003.
Hans Wollschläger (Ed.): Kindertotenlieder [1993 also as insel taschenbuch 1545].
Hartmut Bobzin (Ed.): Der Koran in der Übersetzung von Friedrich Rückert, 4th ed., Würzburg 2001.
Friedrich Rückert: Firdosi's Königsbuch (Schahname) Sage I–XIII. Aus dem Nachlaß herausgegeben von E. A. Bayer. 1890. Nachdruck: epubli GmbH, Berlin, 2010
Friedrich Rückert: Firdosi's Königsbuch (Schahname) Sage XX–XXVI. Aus dem Nachlaß herausgegeben von E. A. Bayer. Nachdruck der Erstausgabe. epubli Berlin, 2010, . (Details)
Wolfgang von Keitz (Hrsg.): Oestliche Rosen. epubli, Berlin 2012, . (Details)
In 1847, Rückert also translated select verses of the Tirukkural, an ancient Tamil classic, into German.
Notes
References
External links
List of song settings
Poems of Friedrich Rueckert – complete listing
Flyer on Rückert published by the town of Coburg (German)
Friedrich Rückert Obituary, The Atlantic Monthly (1866)
1788 births
1866 deaths
19th-century German poets
German orientalists
People from Schweinfurt
University of Würzburg alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Translators of the Quran into German
German male poets
19th-century German male writers
Tamil–German translators
Translators of the Tirukkural into German
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century translators
Tirukkural translators
Artists from Coburg
Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände editors | [
-0.6022518277168274,
0.766590416431427,
-0.3715185225009918,
-0.3184824287891388,
-0.05463225021958351,
1.0401171445846558,
1.2809638977050781,
0.22664254903793335,
-0.06776371598243713,
-0.7227504849433899,
-0.5236976146697998,
-0.2662269175052643,
0.25270092487335205,
0.1381371021270752,
0.10220140218734741,
-0.06834060698747635,
-0.0899602547287941,
-0.3080875873565674,
-0.6444494128227234,
-0.539283275604248,
-0.35986003279685974,
-0.01171922218054533,
0.3928169310092926,
-0.3947136700153351,
-0.00566967623308301,
-0.26972129940986633,
0.236282616853714,
0.01025238074362278,
0.15771912038326263,
-0.09344156086444855,
-0.06545037776231766,
0.5995134711265564,
-0.027521302923560143,
0.0004181040858384222,
-0.6262588500976562,
0.16552384197711945,
-0.5948396325111389,
-0.43105828762054443,
0.6068128943443298,
-0.1651025414466858,
-0.16144275665283203,
0.26443368196487427,
0.23996859788894653,
-0.010492362082004547,
0.15642254054546356,
-0.5771155953407288,
-2.1518025398254395,
0.5319601893424988,
-0.42770907282829285,
-0.5570770502090454,
0.31125152111053467,
0.1425323337316513,
1.305003046989441,
0.3659350275993347,
-0.9250850081443787,
0.3732427656650543,
-1.414595365524292,
-0.5777398347854614,
0.5306506752967834,
-0.03365136682987213,
0.4507526457309723,
0.4521619379520416,
0.05783434584736824,
0.27516186237335205,
0.3759281635284424,
0.15473221242427826,
-0.5735486149787903,
0.05194500461220741,
0.00669862050563097,
-0.6190112233161926,
-0.27752363681793213,
0.28629857301712036,
0.09722542762756348,
0.11020255088806152,
0.32620948553085327,
-0.6305133104324341,
0.0007530549773946404,
0.45336899161338806,
-0.1166863813996315,
-0.02608329989016056,
-0.7517367005348206,
-0.13333173096179962,
1.1902505159378052,
0.186614990234375,
0.13299907743930817,
-0.1515457183122635,
-0.09669888019561768,
0.10413315147161484,
-0.697925329208374,
-0.9093532562255859,
0.06917808949947357,
-0.2549596130847931,
-0.3897727429866791,
0.3062725067138672,
0.1305721551179886,
0.3145563304424286,
-0.2691894769668579,
0.45497021079063416,
-0.47525930404663086,
-0.18147389590740204,
-0.41922447085380554,
0.7374649047851562,
0.5097514986991882,
-0.09929021447896957,
-0.5978021025657654,
-0.23064498603343964,
-0.1056278869509697,
-0.04801412671804428,
0.0012184552615508437,
0.3553202152252197,
-0.7273340225219727,
-0.06756580621004105,
-0.10088739544153214,
-0.1614856719970703,
-0.21683794260025024,
-0.0005414256593212485,
0.18859688937664032,
-0.9542248845100403,
-0.717418909072876,
-0.10674048960208893,
-0.07031634449958801,
0.23711243271827698,
0.41505226492881775,
0.3638562560081482,
-0.5741865038871765,
-0.38102585077285767,
-0.2911917567253113,
0.16078400611877441,
-0.5920225381851196,
0.329828143119812,
0.6397114992141724,
1.2613310813903809,
-0.11911005526781082,
-0.271696001291275,
-0.5175026655197144,
-0.02950318343937397,
0.9261033535003662,
0.28121376037597656,
-0.21550454199314117,
0.25297191739082336,
-0.1947779804468155,
-0.4152520000934601,
-0.955431342124939,
-0.2474370151758194,
-0.04256027564406395,
-0.19164514541625977,
-0.1280016154050827,
-0.3945382535457611,
0.09817739576101303,
-0.34949877858161926,
-0.2592467963695526,
-0.047285716980695724,
-0.36752790212631226,
0.06484711170196533,
-0.3374782204627991,
0.48717257380485535,
0.14450138807296753,
0.3672153055667877,
0.4659344255924225,
-0.09445236623287201,
0.16221389174461365,
0.088797926902771,
-0.420758992433548,
-0.08267640322446823,
0.04113039746880531,
-0.4661614000797272,
0.2921404540538788,
0.39741191267967224,
-0.49268919229507446,
-0.20969417691230774,
-0.41301268339157104,
0.028266053646802902,
-0.21023200452327728,
0.1462060511112213,
-0.1063992828130722,
0.43296316266059875,
-0.05934519320726395,
0.5394759774208069,
0.5724801421165466,
-0.15451264381408691,
-0.9330600500106812,
0.47443586587905884,
-0.15637008845806122,
0.16343474388122559,
0.37104320526123047,
0.5576134920120239,
0.1723860800266266,
0.1304093450307846,
0.48250314593315125,
-0.38534384965896606,
-0.8718236088752747,
-1.2822346687316895,
-0.023119542747735977,
0.3050500154495239,
0.9665940403938293,
0.5039961338043213,
-0.24067673087120056,
0.8302478790283203,
-0.10244780033826828,
0.3817979693412781,
-0.14334675669670105,
-0.658930778503418,
-0.11483196169137955,
0.20551514625549316,
0.5022826194763184,
0.3658680319786072,
-0.42354851961135864,
-0.10572211444377899,
0.02572409249842167,
0.4181724786758423,
0.7228243350982666,
-0.27677303552627563,
0.20180970430374146,
0.43203893303871155,
-0.6070826649665833,
-0.1360233873128891,
-0.3826572299003601,
-0.1521560400724411,
-0.052081894129514694,
-0.046754926443099976,
0.30089041590690613,
-0.2948931157588959,
0.6773397922515869,
0.915266215801239,
-0.3701446056365967,
0.7618215680122375,
-0.0470232255756855,
0.6594812273979187,
-0.19867472350597382,
-0.8938290476799011,
-0.5032742619514465,
-0.241236612200737,
0.33849838376045227,
-0.4000610113143921,
0.01432238519191742,
-0.30340835452079773,
-0.20713841915130615,
-0.23659291863441467,
0.39051249623298645,
-0.5168119072914124,
0.5255975127220154,
0.3272080421447754,
0.03367665037512779,
0.23812617361545563,
0.10222146660089493,
0.35772961378097534,
-0.09612661600112915,
-0.5322000980377197,
-0.36388447880744934,
0.12089821696281433,
-0.10377776622772217,
0.6557025909423828,
-0.4407287836074829,
-0.29324883222579956,
-0.5543045997619629,
-0.3631725311279297,
0.7849926352500916,
0.07205663621425629,
0.31054243445396423,
0.21373307704925537,
0.48825177550315857,
0.3188692331314087,
0.15600885450839996,
-0.07531363517045975,
-0.3006530702114105,
-0.025106819346547127,
0.28899720311164856,
-0.688287615776062,
0.10714495182037354,
-0.18099720776081085,
0.255340576171875,
0.17475293576717377,
-0.5081355571746826,
0.5339672565460205,
-0.17949332296848297,
-0.5490217804908752,
-0.615583062171936,
-0.09306618571281433,
-0.2980526387691498,
-0.6770496964454651,
-0.29668641090393066,
0.6170543432235718,
-0.15249581634998322,
-0.16446830332279205,
-0.2846740484237671,
-0.5124273300170898,
0.07996859401464462,
-0.07316398620605469,
0.4315812289714813,
0.06656710803508759,
0.0766754075884819,
0.6654866933822632,
-0.06749539077281952,
-0.23324215412139893,
-0.19564776122570038,
0.5412025451660156,
-0.17933453619480133,
-0.16478267312049866,
0.20995542407035828,
-0.20773197710514069,
-1.0688284635543823,
0.263578861951828,
-0.15961843729019165,
0.6688728332519531,
0.006370245479047298,
0.20005837082862854,
-0.6855878829956055,
0.36765748262405396,
-5.3966522216796875,
-0.4276264011859894,
-0.0094504589214921,
-0.04164585471153259,
-0.0380159467458725,
0.46381622552871704,
0.3925136923789978,
-0.2742408812046051,
-0.3997349739074707,
-0.12485718727111816,
0.7415294051170349,
-0.13002975285053253,
-0.19148720800876617,
0.40353846549987793,
0.15129153430461884,
0.10711181908845901,
0.09610176086425781,
0.16043975949287415,
0.027371669188141823,
0.40942999720573425,
-0.03363538160920143,
-0.2584032714366913,
0.3116390109062195,
0.705508828163147,
0.4666496515274048,
0.1434909999370575,
-0.2252729833126068,
0.09830333292484283,
-0.4671514332294464,
-0.04376894608139992,
0.19036664068698883,
-0.050186287611722946,
0.26533377170562744,
0.6516628265380859,
0.5688813328742981,
-0.27356117963790894,
0.27810195088386536,
0.44830751419067383,
0.0676594078540802,
0.7808511853218079,
-0.1819964498281479,
0.1161089539527893,
-0.5948442816734314,
0.030498085543513298,
-0.5299654603004456,
-0.2684531509876251,
-0.4652891755104065,
0.06906622648239136,
-0.1446254998445511,
0.849393904209137,
-0.3116326630115509,
-0.40528854727745056,
0.056968804448843,
0.402862012386322,
0.5054827332496643,
0.0753050446510315,
0.08495894819498062,
-0.13965818285942078,
0.0642557218670845,
0.11444801092147827,
0.18359802663326263,
-0.42541348934173584,
0.07981298863887787,
-0.3395521938800812,
-0.336579829454422,
-0.11090544611215591,
0.007473635952919722,
0.11441910266876221,
-0.0003177195612806827,
-0.3158184289932251,
-0.6187973618507385,
0.6813564896583557,
0.30729877948760986,
-0.8851478099822998,
-0.32536783814430237,
-0.4262213110923767,
-0.5714201331138611,
-0.6817907094955444,
-0.6605862975120544,
-0.02968478389084339,
0.04745778813958168,
-0.3698157072067261,
-0.025992294773459435,
1.0695903301239014,
1.1334177255630493,
0.014436712488532066,
-0.1936027556657791,
-0.10714659094810486,
-0.08385166525840759,
-0.24098768830299377,
-0.09956897795200348,
-0.8305062055587769,
-0.4720529019832611,
0.23339101672172546,
0.15714828670024872,
0.7083005309104919,
-0.5641522407531738,
0.02800990268588066,
0.7575186491012573,
0.7792001962661743,
0.28157293796539307,
0.004837966989725828,
0.2609863579273224,
0.5512403845787048,
0.7652416229248047,
-0.03398556634783745,
-0.2701735496520996,
0.1761123090982437,
1.0318076610565186,
-0.08455726504325867,
-0.10204960405826569,
0.3979238271713257,
-0.021106936037540436,
-0.16284112632274628,
-0.435178279876709,
-0.5265702605247498,
0.11060187965631485,
0.615043044090271,
-0.008147861808538437,
0.47762155532836914,
0.08901004493236542,
-0.02068905159831047,
-0.31104859709739685,
-0.20276588201522827,
0.1931304931640625,
0.030804675072431564,
-0.17828716337680817,
-0.7685020565986633,
-0.5670605897903442,
-0.3257354199886322,
-0.008026167750358582,
0.12239684909582138,
0.1250908225774765,
-0.06408126652240753,
0.2602442502975464,
-0.06638811528682709,
-0.28348061442375183,
-0.8473058938980103,
0.050184860825538635,
-0.16068331897258759,
-0.3868025541305542,
-0.3319840729236603,
-0.32717201113700867,
0.2705681324005127,
0.6375971436500549,
-0.27093493938446045,
0.2003611922264099,
-0.39962008595466614,
-0.6787644028663635,
0.8848201036453247,
-0.20998378098011017,
0.17970654368400574,
1.1368080377578735,
0.2760626971721649,
-0.4764920771121979,
0.021450433880090714,
-0.21571341156959534,
0.7091127038002014,
-0.16575874388217926,
0.17114508152008057,
0.16923661530017853,
-0.30452677607536316,
-0.6092891097068787,
0.10209853947162628,
-0.16883531212806702,
-0.045736245810985565,
-0.28062471747398376,
0.19473880529403687,
-0.16667461395263672,
0.2783096134662628,
0.14611013233661652,
-0.5232130289077759,
-0.3479274809360504,
0.4674604833126068,
-0.07546950876712799,
-0.03401340916752815,
-0.03676677122712135,
0.5734522938728333,
0.1971481293439865,
0.06508064270019531,
0.1348804533481598,
-0.05675554275512695,
-0.602607011795044,
0.2826385498046875,
0.5407069325447083,
0.13724170625209808,
-0.4320650100708008,
-0.294662743806839,
-0.7460190653800964,
-0.1529947966337204,
0.13775621354579926,
-0.04613988846540451,
-0.265266090631485,
0.3645417392253876,
-0.24192814528942108,
-0.5921794176101685,
0.3167359232902527,
-0.2334814965724945,
0.08096576482057571,
-0.4048990309238434,
0.6501100063323975,
0.31285369396209717,
-0.30477628111839294,
-0.18009711802005768,
-0.2021082192659378,
-0.7474297881126404,
0.2770906984806061,
-0.36970603466033936,
-0.10639429837465286,
0.848243236541748,
-0.4042922854423523,
-1.0020393133163452,
-0.1560986340045929,
0.5821660757064819,
-0.2878762483596802,
0.04373028874397278,
0.47930893301963806,
-0.37086212635040283,
-0.6759421825408936,
-0.2713009715080261,
-0.5594030022621155,
-0.3644665479660034,
-0.7858285307884216,
0.24451178312301636,
-0.3121030330657959,
0.005233687814325094,
-0.2355826050043106,
-0.06501170247793198,
0.5364297032356262,
-0.30962806940078735,
0.27702322602272034,
-0.12161965668201447,
0.18953274190425873,
0.23055076599121094,
0.008259596303105354,
-0.4930685758590698,
0.43490567803382874,
0.145101860165596,
-0.4096064269542694,
0.34914347529411316,
0.4041185677051544,
0.7636648416519165,
0.45510804653167725,
0.29116007685661316,
0.11468186974525452,
0.3138437569141388,
0.1074766218662262,
-0.35501185059547424,
0.14278337359428406,
-0.0810774713754654,
0.06996871531009674,
0.22024910151958466,
-0.312068909406662,
-0.9634200930595398,
0.9335535764694214,
-0.26009103655815125,
-0.2718660533428192,
0.43220895528793335,
-0.24763494729995728,
0.23910337686538696,
0.5458297729492188,
0.25769931077957153,
0.38317057490348816,
-0.17689716815948486,
-0.12676282227039337,
0.03621864318847656,
0.15858905017375946,
0.008233536034822464,
-0.1765415072441101,
-0.12937749922275543,
-0.18685579299926758,
-0.40691566467285156,
-0.2865133583545685,
0.3056928813457489,
-0.42927756905555725,
0.31267499923706055,
-0.02925502322614193,
-0.5305168032646179,
0.4500940442085266,
0.16465581953525543,
-0.6420460939407349,
-0.26909172534942627,
-0.5879982709884644,
-0.9953562021255493,
-0.5599114298820496,
-0.2933046817779541,
-0.5673379302024841,
-0.06243636831641197,
-0.45674553513526917,
0.2927877902984619,
-0.5018743872642517,
0.36479589343070984,
-0.13554739952087402,
0.7918275594711304,
0.14807480573654175,
0.501653254032135,
-0.41249504685401917,
0.33312979340553284,
-0.25764328241348267,
-0.3163301944732666,
0.11223502457141876,
0.383758544921875,
1.0068556070327759,
-0.032137613743543625,
0.9762693047523499,
0.43410545587539673,
-0.29541850090026855,
-0.22396300733089447,
-0.17376460134983063,
-0.2605103850364685,
0.5799353122711182,
0.3186170160770416,
0.17995911836624146,
0.17694634199142456,
-0.06693188101053238,
0.2961769700050354,
0.7833279967308044,
0.06182798370718956,
0.07459784299135208,
-0.17203707993030548,
0.566588282585144,
0.2149517685174942,
0.9966003894805908,
-0.38262686133384705,
-0.2592584788799286,
0.36091163754463196,
0.16918183863162994,
0.056680113077163696,
-0.7131257057189941,
0.3568601608276367,
0.0004990454181097448,
0.20984311401844025,
-0.3657642900943756,
0.5248960852622986,
0.02594611421227455,
-0.5127865076065063,
0.1982317417860031,
-0.31793487071990967,
0.03295273706316948,
0.0603969469666481,
-0.10116323083639145,
0.7533009052276611,
-0.31886953115463257,
0.5524547696113586,
-0.03570565953850746,
-0.018997913226485252,
-0.20203207433223724,
0.25131505727767944,
0.07916124910116196,
0.35818782448768616,
0.5025990605354309,
0.6623295545578003,
0.12916141748428345,
-0.37724268436431885,
0.03245392441749573,
0.3668234348297119,
0.3593405485153198,
-0.4400345981121063,
-0.15794439613819122,
-0.08608733862638474,
0.5257793068885803,
0.0064247664995491505,
0.7267998456954956,
-0.521842896938324,
0.013999716378748417,
0.09083400666713715,
-0.24211926758289337,
-0.4949944019317627,
-0.0023453987669199705,
-0.4989643394947052,
0.2697671949863434,
-0.350961297750473,
-0.13218383491039276,
0.3186749219894409,
1.062422275543213,
-0.004115504212677479,
0.816638171672821,
-0.11367660015821457,
0.22770079970359802,
0.5430418252944946,
-0.7512707114219666,
-0.4542998969554901,
0.695560097694397,
0.15661562979221344,
0.367641806602478,
0.08104399591684341,
-0.07868079096078873,
-0.2516764998435974,
0.12389703094959259,
-0.4894152879714966,
0.33810028433799744,
-0.37066206336021423,
0.029939396306872368,
-0.14374935626983643,
-0.7298781871795654,
0.02260606177151203,
-0.48097437620162964,
1.2309753894805908,
-0.7355090379714966,
-0.7388579249382019,
-0.0015029119094833732,
-0.30836087465286255,
0.18703454732894897,
-0.25482308864593506,
-0.42075276374816895,
0.2700136601924896,
-0.45000410079956055,
0.44759276509284973,
-0.5986842513084412,
0.4541071355342865,
-0.003097487147897482,
0.5084489583969116,
0.013199961744248867,
0.09587077796459198,
-0.39603906869888306,
-0.15037980675697327,
0.4351801872253418,
-0.14665287733078003,
-0.013976989313960075,
0.45861852169036865,
0.6210001707077026,
0.07155435532331467,
-0.262140691280365,
-0.28974443674087524,
-0.4393840730190277,
0.4798505902290344,
0.21247397363185883,
0.9041812419891357,
-0.3571942448616028,
0.6776369214057922,
0.12675660848617554,
0.02644915133714676,
-0.5956081748008728,
0.04586945101618767,
-0.13098599016666412,
-0.013843188062310219,
0.3725697100162506,
0.4572336971759796,
0.2586454749107361,
-0.788676917552948,
0.625713586807251,
-0.11704559624195099,
0.2405530959367752,
0.30707278847694397,
0.09357723593711853,
0.24786144495010376,
-0.39331209659576416,
-0.2819553315639496,
0.04652019217610359,
0.5694354772567749,
0.23545289039611816,
-0.03276287764310837,
0.18230043351650238,
-0.556543231010437,
0.3741157650947571,
0.2181577980518341,
-0.11728540807962418,
-0.9564110040664673,
0.8036403656005859,
-0.2009320706129074
]
|
214711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20Americans | List of Chinese Americans | This is a list of notable Chinese Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants who have made exceptional contributions to various facets of American society.
To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Chinese American or must have references showing they are Chinese American and are notable.
Arts
Dance
Goh Choo San (吴诸珊) – ballet dancer and choreographer
Shen Wei (沈伟) – dancer, choreographer and visual artist; MacArthur fellow
Fang-Yi Sheu (許芳宜) – principal dancer of the Martha Graham Dance Company
Fashion design
Malan Breton (马兰·布莱顿) – fashion designer
Luly Yang – fashion designer
Angel Chang – fashion designer
Monika Chiang – fashion designer
Wenlan Chia (賈雯蘭) – fashion designer
Doug Chiang (江道格) – movie designer and artist
David Chu (朱欽騏) – co-founder of clothing company Nautica
Diana Eng – fashion designer
Joe Allen Hong – fashion designer for Neiman Marcus
Jen Kao – fashion designer
Jonathan Koon – fashion designer, business entrepreneur
Derek Lam – fashion designer
Phillip Lim – fashion designer
Peter Mui – fashion designer, actor, and musician
Mary Ping – fashion designer
Peter Som – fashion designer
Anna Sui (蕭志美) – fashion designer
Vivienne Tam (谭燕玉) – fashion designer
Yeohlee Teng – fashion designer
Alexander Wang (王大仁) – fashion designer
Kaisik Wong – fashion designer
Vera Wang (王薇薇) – fashion designer
Jason Wu (吳季剛) – fashion designer
Joe Zee – creative director of Elle magazine; host of fashion TV series All on the Line
Literature
Bette Bao Lord (包柏漪) – writer, novelist
Eileen Chang (张爱玲, a.k.a. 张煐) – writer
Kang-i Sun Chang (孫康宜) – writer and literary scholar
Lan Samantha Chang – writer; director of the Iowa Writer's Workshop
Victoria Chang – poet, children's writer, and essayist
Ted Chiang (姜峯楠) – speculative fiction writer
Frank Chin (趙健秀) – novelist, playwright, and essayist
Marilyn Chin (陈美玲) – poet
Ben Fee (张恨棠/木云) – writer and labor organizer
David Henry Hwang (黃哲倫) – playwright
Gish Jen (任璧蓮) – writer, novelist
Ha Jin (哈金) – novelist, winner of the National Book Award for Waiting
Maxine Hong Kingston – novelist, The Woman Warrior
R. F. Kuang (匡灵秀) – fantasy novelist, The Poppy War
Jean Kwok – writer, novelist
Edward Michael Law-Yone – writer, journalist; father of Wendy Law-Yone
Wendy Law-Yone – writer
Gus Lee (李健孫) – writer
Carolyn Lei-Lanilau – writer
Yiyun Li (李翊雲) – winner of the 2006 PEN/Hemingway Award
Ed Lin (林景南) – writer, first author to win three Asian American Literary Awards
Tao Lin (林韜) – writer
Eric Liu (劉柏川) – author and speechwriter for former US President Bill Clinton
Malinda Lo – writer, young adult novels, Ash
David Wong Louie (雷祖威) – writer
Marie Lu (陸希未) – writer
Adeline Yen Mah (馬嚴君玲) – author and physician
William Marr (馬為義,非馬) – engineer, poet, translator, and artist
Anchee Min (閔安琪) – author, Red Azalea
Celeste Ng (伍綺詩) – writer, novelist
Lisa See – writer
Sui Sin Far (水仙花) – late 19th/early 20th century Chinese-English American author and journalist
Amy Tan (譚恩美) – best-selling author, The Joy Luck Club
Timothy Tau (謝韜) – writer, novelist, screenwriter, film director
Jade Snow Wong (黃玉雪) – writer
Shawn Wong – novelist, Homebase, American Knees; writer; professor
Timothy C. Wong (黃宗泰) – sinologist, translator, and literary theorist
Xu Xi (許素細) – English language novelist based in Hong Kong
Geling Yan (严歌苓) – novelist and screenwriter
Gene Luen Yang (楊謹倫) – graphic novelist, whose book American Born Chinese was the first graphic novel to be nominated for a National Book Award
Laurence Yep (叶祥添) – two-time winner of the Newbery Honor
Connie Young Yu – writer, historian, lecturer, and 2016 "Woman of the Year" California Senate District 13
Judy Yung – writer
Theater
Ping Chong (張家平) – contemporary theater director
Dan Kwong – playwright
BD Wong – Tony Award-winning actor, M Butterfly, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Visual arts
Ernie Chan – comic book artist/inker for Marvel Comics and DC Comics.
Alexander Chen – artist for US Olympic Team
Ching Ho Cheng – artist
Alan Chin – artist
Mel Chin – artist
Cai Guo-Qiang (蔡國強) – artist and gunpowder works designer
Han Hsiang-ning (韓湘寧) – artist
James Wong Howe (黃宗霑) – nominated for ten Academy Awards for cinematography, won twice (1955, 1963)
Maya Lin (林瓔) – architect (Vietnam Veterans Memorial)
Reagan Louie – American photographer
Seong Moy – painter and printmaker
I. M. Pei (貝聿銘) – architect, designed the Louvre Pyramid
Mimi So – jewelry designer
May Sun – artist, public art
Fan Tchunpi – painter, ceramicist
Frank Wong – dioramist
Tyrus Wong (黃齊耀) – artist
Frank Wu – science-fiction illustrator
Xu Bing – artist
Business
Financial
Gerald Chan – billionaire, son of T.H.Chan
Tim Chen – co-founder and CEO of NerdWallet
Yan Huo – co-founder of Capula Investment Management, 8th largest hedge fund in Europe by assets
Alfred Lin (林君叡) – venture capitalist at Sequoia Capital
Ken Lin – founder and CEO of Credit Karma
Norman Liu – CEO and president of GECAS (2008–2015)
Look Tin Eli (陸潤卿) – co-founder of the Canton Bank of San Francisco (1907-1926) and one of the prime movers in the rebuilding of Chinatown after the 1906 quake
Li Lu – hedge fund manager and founder and chairman of Himalaya Capital Management
Lou Pai – CEO of Enron Xcelerator, a venture capital division of Enron
Donald Tang – former vice-chairman of Bear Stearns
Oscar Tang (唐騮千) – financier and philanthropist
Gerald Tsai – financier, former chairman and CEO of Primerica
Mun Charn Wong – former executive of Transamerica Corporation
Peng Zhao – CEO of Citadel Securities
Food
Roger H. Chen (陳河源) – founder of Tawa Supermarket Inc., also known as 99 Ranch Market
Andrew Cherng (程正昌) – co-founder of Panda Express, billionaire
Bob Chinn – owner of Bob Chinn's Crab House, highest grossing restaurant in America
Johnny Kan – founder of Kan's Restaurant
Ping Tom (譚繼平) – Chicago-based food industry businessman; uncle of Lauren Tom
Industrial
Albert Chao – co-founder of Fortune 1000 company Westlake Chemical, billionaire
David T. Hon – founder and CEO of Dahon
Noel Lee – founder and CEO of Monster Cable
Cyrus Tang – scrap metal and furniture magnate
Internet
Fred Chang – founder of Newegg, billionaire
Pehong Chen – founder of Gain Technology and Broadvision
Perry Chen – co-founder of Kickstarter
Steve Chen – co-founder of YouTube
Ben Chiu – founder of KillerApp.com
Tracy Chou – Project Include, former Pinterest and Quora engineer
Daniel Ha – co-founder of Disqus
Tony Hsieh (謝家華) – CEO of Zappos.com, online shoe store
Jameson Hsu – co-founder and CEO of Mochi Media
Justin Kan – co-founder Twitch
Kai-Fu Lee – founding president of Google China
Ellen Pao: Reddit's CEO from 2014 to 2015, filed gender and race discrimination lawsuit against Perkins and lost
Ben Silbermann – co-founder and CEO of Pinterest, billionaire
Greg Tseng – co-founder and CEO of Tagged
Yishan Wong – CEO of Reddit (2012–2014); director of engineering of Facebook (2005–2010)
Jerry Yang – co-founder of NASDAQ-100 component Yahoo!, billionaire
David Yu – high tech investor and CEO of Betfair (2006–2011)
Technology
John S. Chen – CEO of BlackBerry; former CEO of Sybase
Steve Chen – founder and CEO of Galactic Computing
James Chu – founder, CEO and chairman of ViewSonic, one of the largest computer monitor brands
Alfred Chuang – co-founder BEA Systems (acquired by Oracle for $8.5 billion in 2008)
Weili Dai – co-founder of Marvell Technology Group
Ping Fu (傅苹) – co-founder of Geomagic
Ming Hsieh (謝明) – co-founder Cogent Systems (sold to 3M in 2009 for $930 million)
Kai Huang – co-founder of Guitar Hero franchise
Jensen Huang – co-founder and CEO of NASDAQ-100 component NVIDIA
Robert T. Huang – founder of Fortune 500 company Synnex
Min Kao (高民環) – co-founder of Garmin, billionaire
David Lam – founder of NASDAQ-100 component Lam Research
Patrick Soon-Shiong – founder of Abraxis BioScience and NantHealth, billionaire
Lisa Su (蘇姿豐) – CEO and president of NASDAQ-100 component Advanced Micro Devices
David Sun – co-founder and COO of Kingston Technologies, billionaire
Sehat Sutardja – co-founder of Marvell Technology Group
Lip-Bu Tan – president and CEO of Cadence Design Systems
Victor Tsao – co-founder of Linksys (sold to Cisco Systems for $500 million)
John Tu – co-founder of Kingston Technologies, billionaire
An Wang (王安) – co-founder of Wang Laboratories (sold in 1999 for $1.5 billion)
Charles Wang (王嘉廉) – founder of CA Technologies, owner of the New York Islanders
William Wang – founder and CEO of Vizio
Ken Xie – founder of Fortinet and NetScreen (acquired by Juniper Networks in 2004 for $4 billion)
Bing Yeh – founder of Silicon Storage Technology and Greenliant Systems
Eric Yuan, founder and CEO of Zoom
Min Zhu – co-founder of WebEx (sold to Cisco Systems for $3.2 billion)
Other
Sam Chang – New York real estate and hotel developer
Allen Chao – founder of S&P 500 Index component Allergan, plc
James S.C. Chao – New York shipping magnate and father of Elaine Chao
John Chuang – co-founder and CEO of staffing consultancy Aquent
Lew Hing – shipping, hotel, and canning tycoon
Andrea Jung (鍾彬嫻) – Chair of Avon
Entertainment
Stephen Chao – media executive
Dan Lin – Hollywood film producer and former SVP at Warner Bros.
Mynette Louie – producer and co-founder of Gamechanger Films
John J. Sie – founder of Starz Inc.
Andrea Wong – president of International Production for Sony Pictures Television and president of International for Sony Pictures Entertainment
Actors
Awkwafina (林家珍) – actress and rapper
Tyson Beckford – model and actor
Ross Butler - actor
Chloe Bennet (汪可盈) – actress and singer
T. V. Carpio – actress and singer
Tina Huang — stage, television actress
Tia Carrere – actress
Flora Chan (陳慧珊) – actress
JuJu Chan – actress
Michael Paul Chan - actor
Emily Chang - actress
Louis Ozawa Changchien – actor
Rosalind Chao – actress
Zoë Chao – actress and writer
Fala Chen – actress
Hank Chen – actor and comedian
Joan Chen (陳冲) – actress, The Last Emperor, director
Lynn Chen – actress, Saving Face
Kevin Cheng (鄭嘉穎) – actor and singer
Karin Anna Cheung – actress, Angela, in Quentin Lee's feature film The People I've Slept With (2009)
Feodor Chin – actor, writer, director
Lori Tan Chinn – actress
Annabel Chong – adult film actress
Peter Chong – film and stage actor
China Chow – actress, model
Kelsey Chow – actress
Michaela Conlin – actress
Auliʻi Cravalho – actress and singer
Tiffany Espensen - actress
Roger Fan – actor
James Hong – actor and director
George Hu (胡宇威) – actor
Kelly Hu – actress
Madison Hu – actress, Bizaardvark
Celina Jade – actress, singer and martial artist
Malese Jow – actress and singer on Unfabulous and Bratz
Archie Kao – actor and model
Lawrence Kao - actor
Matthew Yang King - actor
Michelle Krusiec – actress
Nancy Kwan – first Chinese-born star in Western cinema
Brandon Lee – actor, son of Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee – kung fu actor, son of Lee Hoi-chuen
Jason Scott Lee – actor
Michelle Lee – actress, martial artist and stuntwoman
Peyton Elizabeth Lee - actress
Shannon Lee – actress, and daughter of Bruce Lee
Kaylani Lei – pornographic actress
Al Leong - actor and stuntman
Ken Leung – actor, Lost, X-Men: The Last Stand
Telly Leung - actor and singer
James Hiroyuki Liao – actor
Julia Ling (林小微) – actress, Chuck
Dyana Liu – actress
Lucy Liu (刘玉玲) – actress, Charlie's Angels, Kill Bill
Liu Yifei – actress and singer
John Lone – actor, most notable for his role as Pu Yi in The Last Emperor
Jodi Long – actress
Keye Luke – actor
Tzi Ma (馬泰) – actor
Byron Mann – actor, notable for playing the role of Ryu in Street Fighter
Marie Matiko – actress
Meiling Melançon – actress
Matthew Moy – actor, 2 Broke Girls, most notable for the voice of Lars Barriga (Steven Universe)
Olivia Munn – actress, model and television personality
Irene Ng – actress, played the title character in Nickelodeon's The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo
Melissa Ng – actress
Haing S. Ngor – actor; won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in The Killing Fields
Julia Nickson-Soul – actress, most notable for playing the role of Co-Bao in Rambo: First Blood Part II
Jimmy Ouyang (歐陽萬成) – actor, writer and comedian
Will Pan (潘瑋柏) – singer and songwriter
Janel Parrish – actress and singer
Ke Huy Quan – actor and stunt choreographer; played Short Round in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Chester See – YouTube personality, musician, and Broadway actor.
Ivan Shaw – actor
Freda Foh Shen - actress
Parry Shen – actor
Robin Shou – actor, stuntman, martial artist
Harry Shum, Jr. – actor, dancer, and singer in Glee and Shadowhunters
Soo Yong. Hollywood and television actress.
Kaiji Tang – voice actor
Will Tiao – actor and producer
Jennifer Tilly – actress, Bound (born in California)
Meg Tilly – actress
Chuti Tiu – actress, Desire, 24, Dragnet, Beautiful, The Specials; former America's Junior Miss (first non-Caucasian winner)
Kiana Tom – actress, television host, and exercise instructor
Lauren Tom – actress, The Joy Luck Club, "Julie" on Friends
Jessika Van – actress, singer, portrays "Becca" on MTV's Awkward
Garrett Wang – actor in Star Trek: Voyager
Ming-Na Wen (溫明娜) – Macanese-born actress, ER, Mulan
Anna May Wong (黃柳霜) – first female Asian-American star of the screen
Grace Wong (王君馨) – actress
Michael Wong (王敏德) – actor
Russell Wong (王盛德) – actor
Victor Wong (黃自強) – actor
Constance Wu (吳恬敏) – actress
Daniel Wu – actor
Jade Wu – actress, screenwriter, director
Kevin Wu (吳凱文) – YouTube star, once #1 all-time most subscribed comedian
Leonard Wu – actor, producer and writer
Bowen Yang – actor and writer, Saturday Night Live
Welly Yang – actor and artist
Michelle Ye – actress
Kelvin Han Yee – actor
Gwendoline Yeo – musician and actress
Keone Young – actor
Eugenia Yuan – actress and daughter of Cheng Pei-pei
Catalina Yue – actress, singer, model
Victor Sen Yung – actor, portrayed Hop Sing in Bonanza
Nan Zhang – actress, Gossip Girl
Directors
Arvin Chen – director and screenwriter
Tze Chun – writer, director
Esther Eng – director
Dayyan Eng - writer, producer, director
Ang Lee – Academy Award-winning director
Quentin Lee (李孟熙) – Canadian / American director, known for gay Asian stories
Justin Lin – director, Better Luck Tomorrow, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Fast & Furious
Freida Lee Mock – Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker and co-founder of the American Film Foundation
David Ren – film director, Shanghai Kiss
Timothy Tau – writer and director
Wayne Wang – Hollywood director; won the Golden Shell
Ruby Yang – film director
Jessica Yu – Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker; film and television director
Musicians
Jin Au-yeung – rapper, songwriter, actor
Carmit Bachar – singer and member of the Pussycat Dolls
Baiyu – singer, songwriter, actress, mtvU VJ
Jaycee Chan – Hong Kong singer-songwriter, actor
Robert Chen – violinist, concertmaster of Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Chi Cheng – bassist of alternative metal band, Deftones
Andrew Chou – member of hip-hop group Machi
Dawen – singer, songwriter
Leah Dizon – model and singer
Khalil Fong – singer, songwriter
Nichkhun Buck Horvejkul – singer and rapper member of the K-pop group, 2PM
Lucia Hwong – composer, musician, known for ethereal music and pipa (Chinese lute)
Jon Jang – jazz pianist, composer, band leader
Kelis – singer 1/4 Chinese
Fei Xiang (费翔) – a.k.a. Kris Phillips, pop singer and theater actor
Larissa Lam – singer-songwriter, television host, music executive, film director
Chihchun Chi-sun Lee – composer
CoCo Lee – singer
Dai-Keong Lee – composer
Cho-Liang Lin – violinist
Jenny Lin – pianist
Joseph Lin – first violinist for Juilliard String Quartet
Amber Liu – rapper and singer of K-pop group f(x)
Kate Liu – classical pianist
Justin Lo – Hong Kong singer-songwriter, actor
Zhou Long – winner of the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Music
Yo-Yo Ma (馬友友) – cellist
Charles Mingus – jazz double bassist, composer, band leader
Chino Moreno – vocalist and guitarist of Deftones
Fats Navarro – jazz trumpeter
Ne-Yo – R&B artist, 1/4 Chinese
Richard On – guitarist-songwriter for rock band O.A.R.
Will Pan – singer-songwriter, rapper and actor
Bright Sheng – composer, conductor, and pianist
Shunza – singer
Vienna Teng – singer-songwriter
Kenneth Tse – classical saxophonist
Sam Tsui – YouTube singer
Mark Tuan – Taiwanese rapper of K-pop group Got7
Lara Veronin – vocalist
Wang Leehom – singer-songwriter, record producer, actor and film director
Joanna Wang – singer
Chris Wong Won ("Fresh Kid Ice", 'The Chinaman") – Chinese Trinidadian rapper, member of 2 Live Crew
Only Won – rapper, actor, martial artist, producer of Finding Cleveland
Vanness Wu – actor, singer, director, producer
Sophia Yan – classical pianist
Catalina Yue – singer, songwriter, model
Nancy Zhou – violin player
Other
Chang and Eng Bunker (暹羅雙胞胎) – Siamese twins, pioneer immigrants
Ken Hom – chef, author and British television show presenter
Steven Ho – martial artist and stunt man
Janet Hsieh – model and travel host of Fun Taiwan
Eddie Huang (黃頤銘) – writer, celebrity TV chef
William Hung – musician of American Idol fame
Carrie Ann Inaba – judge on Dancing with the Stars
Rupert Jee – owner of the Hello Deli next to the Ed Sullivan Theater; regular on Late Show with David Letterman
Miranda Kwok – screenwriter
Shin Lim (林申) – close-up magician
Afong Moy – "The Chinese Lady," pioneer immigrant
May Pang (庞凤仪) – personal assistant and arts producer for John Lennon and Yoko Ono, romantic partner with Lennon.
Ming Tsai – chef and restaurateur (Blue Ginger); host of Emmy Award-winning television show East Meets West
Shen Wei – choreographer, stage designer
Kristina Wong (黄君儀) – comedian
Martin Yan – chef, host of Yan Can Cook
Janet Yang (杨燕子) - film producer
Vern Yip – interior designer and TV host
Journalism and news media
Ben Calhoun – radio journalist with This American Life
Melissa Chan – journalist with ABC News (2002-2004) and Al Jazeera America (2013-2016)
Sewell Chan – journalist, The New York Times
Emily Chang – journalist from CNN
Iris Chang (張純如) – historian and journalist, Thread of the Silkworm and The Rape of Nanking
Jeff Chang – journalist, hip-hop historian
Laura Chang – science editor, The New York Times
Adrian Chen – investigative journalist, staff writer at The New Yorker
Christine Chen – journalist and anchor
Julie Chen – newsreader on The Early Show and host of Big Brother
Anna Chen Chennault (陳香梅) – journalist, spouse of Claire Chennault, of the Flying Tigers
Ron Chew – former editor International Examiner, founding member of Seattle Chapter of the Asian American Journalists Association
Howard G. Chua-Eoan – news director, Time magazine
Connie Chung – became the second woman to co-anchor a major network national news broadcast
Veronica De La Cruz – journalist, NBC News (2010–2014); alternating anchor on both Early Today on NBC and First Look on MSNBC
Ben Fong-Torres (方振豪) – journalist, Rolling Stone
Cindy Hsu – news reporter at WCBS-TV in New York City
Weijia Jiang (姜偉嘉) - White House correspondent, CBS News
Jennifer 8. Lee (李競) – journalist, The New York Times
Melissa Lee – Emmy award-winning journalist, CNBC, NBC News, MSNBC, Bloomberg Television, CNN Financial News
Portia Li (李秀蘭) – journalist
Dion Lim – Emmy Award winning journalist
Carol Lin – news anchor
Sam Chu Lin (趙帝恩) – journalist, one of the first Asian Americans on network TV news
Laura Ling – journalist, sister of Lisa Ling
Lisa Ling (凌志慧) (1973- ) – journalist, known for her role as a co-host of ABC's The View and host of National Geographic Ultimate Explorer
Betty Liu – news anchor, Bloomberg Television
Richard Lui – news anchor of MSNBC
Chiang Nan (江南) – newspaper editor
Kaity Tong – news anchor for WPIX-TV in New York City
Edward Wong – journalist, former writer for The New York Times
Sheryl WuDunn – Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and author
Jeff Yang – columnist for The Wall Street Journal
John Yang – Peabody Award winning news correspondent and commentator for NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams, Today, and MSNBC
Anthony Yuen (阮次山) – journalist
Military
Danny Chen (陳宇暉) – Private, United States Army Infantryman, was found shot to death after being racially harassed and beaten by his fellow soldiers in Afghanistan
Arthur Chin (陳瑞鈿) – World War II pilot and fighter ace with Canton Provincial Air Force, National Revolutionary Army
Larry Wu-tai Chin (金无怠) – CIA and Army translator and intelligence analyst 1944–1981, spy for China.
David S. C. Chu – United States Army Captain (retired), Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (2001–2008), president/CEO of the Institute for Defense Analyses
Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon – United States Navy Rear Admiral (Upper Half)
John Liu Fugh – first Chinese American officer to be promoted to the rank of major general in the United States Army; first Chinese American to serve as Judge Advocate General of the Army
Wah Kau Kong – United States Air Force Second Lieutenant, first Chinese American fighter pilot
Hazel Ying Lee (李月英) – first Chinese American woman to earn a pilot's license; flew for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II as a Woman Airforce Service Pilot (WASP)
Kurt Lee – Major, US Marine Corps.; first Asian American Marine Corps officer, Navy Cross recipient
Coral Wong Pietsch – United States Army Reserve Brigadier General, first female Asian American general officer
Suzanne Vares-Lum (born 1967 - United Sates Army Major-General, served in Iraq War
Francis B. Wai – United States Army Captain, only Chinese American to have been awarded the Medal of Honor
Mun Charn Wong – United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel, friend of Wah Kau Kong
Ted Wong – United States Army Major General, Chief of the U.S. Army Dental Corps (2011–2014)
Xiong Yan – student leader during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and now a chaplain in the United States Army
James Yee – United States Army Captain and chaplain, formerly charged with sedition; author of the memoir For God and Country: Faith and Patriotism Under Fire
Jonathan A. Yuen – United States Navy Rear Admiral and commander of Naval Supply Systems Command
Fang Wong – National Commander of The American Legion (2011–2012)
Politics and government
National politics
Elaine Chao (赵小兰) – former Secretary of Transportation (2017-2021) and former Secretary of Labor (2001–2009) (Republican)
Lanhee Chen (陳仁宜) – conservative government policy academic, policy director in Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign (Republican), news media political commentator
Steven Chu (朱棣文) – physicist, former Secretary of Energy (2009–2013), winner of 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for research in laser cooling (Democratic)
Nancy-Ann DeParle – Director of the White House Office of Health Reform (Democratic)
Gary Locke (骆家辉) – United States Ambassador to China (2011–2014); United States Secretary of Commerce (2009–2011); Governor of Washington (1997–2005), first and only Chinese American to serve as a state governor (Democratic)
Chris Lu (卢沛宁) – Assistant to former President Barack Obama and Cabinet Secretary (Democratic)
Tina Tchen (陈远美) – Chief of Staff to the First Lady of the United States, director of Office of Public Liaison during Obama administration (Democratic)
Andrew Yang (杨安泽) – 2020 presidential candidate
Congress
Daniel Akaka – former US Senator from Hawaii; first Native Hawaiian US Senator; Democrat
Judy Chu (趙美心) – first Chinese-American woman to serve as US Representative (2009–present); Democrat
Charles Djou (周永康) – US Representative from Hawaii (2010–2011); Republican
Hiram L. Fong (鄺友良) – former US Senator from Hawaii; first US Senator of Chinese ancestry; Republican
Ted Lieu (劉雲平) – Democrat representing the 33rd District of California
Grace Meng (孟昭文) – Democrat representing the 22nd District of New York
David Wu (吳振偉) – first Taiwanese American US Representative, Democrat from Oregon
Local and state
Wilma Chan – first Asian American California State Assembly Majority Leader (2002–2004); Democrat
John Chiang – California State Controller (2007–present); Democrat
Margaret Chin – member of the New York City Council representing Chinatown
David Chiu – Democrat representing the 17th Assembly District, California State Assembly
March Fong Eu – former Secretary of State of California (1975–1994), elected in 1974, she won reelection four times; United States Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia (1994–1996); Democrat
Matthew K. Fong – California State Treasurer (1995–1999), adoptive son of March Fong Eu; Republican
Allan Fung – Mayor of Cranston, Rhode Island; Republican
Tony Hwang – State Representative of the Connecticut General Assembly; Republican
Ed Jew – former member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors; Democrat
Peter Koo – member of the New York City Council representing Flushing, Queens
Ed Lee – Mayor of San Francisco (2011–2017)
Harry Lee – longtime sheriff of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana; first elected in 1979, he was re-elected six times and served 27 and a half years (Democratic)
Susan C. Lee – Senator, Maryland Senate of Maryland General Assembly;first Asian American elected to Maryland Senate and first Chinese American elected to Maryland House of Delegates and Maryland General Assembly.
John Liu – New York City Comptroller (2010–2013)
Alex Wan – member of the Atlanta City Council, first openly gay and first Asian American member
Shien Biau Woo (吳仙標) – Lieutenant Governor of Delaware (1985–1989), current president of the 80-20 Initiative; Democrat
Michelle Wu (吳弭) – elected Mayor of Boston
Leland Yee (余胤良) – former California State Assemblyman, current California State Senator
Yiaway Yeh – mayor of Palo Alto, California; first Chinese American to hold the office
Mae Yih – Oregon State Representative (1977–1983), Oregon State Senator (1983–2003), first Chinese American to serve in a state senate; Democrat
Law and judiciary
Norman Bay – former United States Attorney for the District of New Mexico (2000–2001); first Chinese American United States Attorney
Denny Chin – judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1994–present), first Asian American appointed as a United States district court judge outside of the Ninth Circuit
Ming Chin – Associate Justice, Supreme Court of California
Morgan Chu (朱欽文) – Partner, Chair of Litigation, former Co-Managing Partner of Irell & Manella; former president (2014–15) and board member (2009–15) of Harvard Board of Overseers
Amy Chua – professor of law; author of Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
Mary Anne Franks – professor of law, author of The Cult of the Constitution, president of Cyber Civil Rights Initiative
Dolly M. Gee – federal district judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California
Joyce Kennard – Associate Justice, Supreme Court of California
George H. King – federal district judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California
William F. Lee – co-managing partner of WilmerHale and fellow of the Harvard Corporation
Ronald Lew – federal district judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California; first Chinese-American federal judge outside of Hawaii
Goodwin Liu – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California
Brian Sun – trial lawyer
Thomas Tang – judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; first Chinese American federal judge
Jan C. Ting (丁景安) – professor of law; expert on immigration, national security, and taxation; 2006 Republican candidate for Senate (DE)
Qian Julie Wang (王乾) – Lawyer and memoirist
Delbert Wong – judge
Community and civil rights
Grace Lee Boggs (Lee 玉平) – community activist in African-American community; leftist writer
Chin Lin Sou – community leader
Hung Wai Ching – community leader and businessman
Goo Kim Fui (古今辉) – President, United Chinese Society in Hawaii, 1892–1898; played an instrumental role in uniting the Chinese and fighting for their rights during the anti-Chinese agitation in Hawaii in the 1880s
Charles Goodall Lee – first licensed Chinese American dentist in the United States, financier of Chinese American Citizens Alliance in Oakland Chinatown, spouse of Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee
Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee – first Chinese American woman voter in the United States
Mabel Ping-Hua Lee – Chinese advocate for women's suffrage in the United States, community organizer in New York City's Chinatown, and leader of the First Chinese Baptist Church in Chinatown.
Wong Chin Foo (王清福) – 19th-century civil rights activist and journalist
Wong Kim Ark (黃金德) – his lawsuit established the principle of citizenship by virtue of birth on US soil
Harry Wu (吴弘达) – human rights activist, focuses on Laogai prison camps and human rights in China
Sherman Wu – civil rights activist, famous racial discrimination incident by university fraternity
Xiao Qiang (萧强) – MacArthur Fellowship for human rights activism, publisher of China Digital Times covering rights and censorship in China, journalism professor
John C. Young (容兆珍) – San Francisco Chinatown leader
Helen Zia (謝漢蘭) – community activist and writer
Science and academia
Nobel Prize
Chen Ning Yang (楊振寧) – 1957 Nobel laureate, Physics, Yang–Mills theory
Tsung-dao Lee (李政道) – 1957 Nobel laureate, Physics
Samuel C. C. Ting (丁肇中) – 1976 Nobel laureate, Physics
Yuan T. Lee (李远哲) – 1986 Nobel Prize, Chemistry
Steven Chu (朱棣文) – 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics, US Secretary of Energy (2009)
Daniel Chee Tsui (崔琦) – 1998 Nobel laureate, Physics
Roger Y. Tsien (錢永健) – 2008 Nobel laureate, chemistry
Charles K. Kao (高锟) – 2009 Nobel laureate in Physics who pioneered the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications
Mathematics award winners
Terence Chi-Shen Tao (陶哲軒) – Fields Medal (2006), Clay Research Award (2003), Crafoord Prize (2012)
Shing-Tung Yau (丘成桐) – Fields Medal (1982), Wolf Prize (2010), Crafoord Prize (1994)
Andrew Yao (姚期智) – Turing Award (2000)
Shiing-Shen Chern (陳省身) – Wolf Prize (1983)
Wei Zhang (张伟) – Clay Research Award (2019)
Xinyi Yuan (袁新意) – Clay Research Award (2008)
Chemistry
Ching W. Tang – inventor of the organic light-emitting diode(OLED) and the hetero-junction organic photovoltaic cell (OPV); winner of the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry; known as the "father of organic electronics"
Roger Y. Tsien (錢永健) – 2008 Nobel laureate, chemistry
Peidong Yang – chemist; founding member of the scientific advisory board at Nanosys, a nanomaterials company; co-founder of Alphabet Energy
Xiaowei Zhuang – Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and of Physics at Harvard University, member of National Academy of Sciences, MacArthur Fellow (2003)
Zhijian Chen (陈志坚) - Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He is best known for his discovery of mechanisms by which nucleic acids trigger innate and autoimmune responses from the interior of a cell, work for which he received the 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.
Xiaoliang Sunney Xie (谢晓亮) - biochemist, considered a founding father of single-molecule biophysical chemistry and single-molecule enzymology
Computer science
Danqi Chen (陈丹琦) – AI professor at Princeton University working in Natural language processing, PhD from Stanford University, former student of Andrew Yao
Jianlin Cheng (程建林) – computer and data scientist; Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at the University of Missouri, Columbia
Wen Tsing Chow (周文俊) – missile guidance scientist, digital computer pioneer
Leon Chua – professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley
Feng-hsiung Hsu (許峰雄) – IBM developer of Deep Blue, which beat World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
Fei-Fei Li (李飞飞) – AI researcher, Stanford University professor
Kai Li – Princeton University
Ming C. Lin – former Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, now at U. Maryland.
Andrew Ng (吴恩达) – AI researcher and entrepreneur: Google Brain, Baidu research, Coursera, Stanford University professor
Carol E. Reiley: entrepreneur in health, robotics and AI, Andrew Ng's wife
Pei-Yuan Wei (魏培源) – creator of ViolaWWW
Wen-mei Hwu – professor at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign specializing in compiler design, computer architecture, computer microarchitecture, and parallel processing
Andrew Yao (姚期智) – 2000 Turing Award recipient, Yao's principle, former professor at Princeton University
Frances Yao (储枫) – computer scientist, researcher in computational geometry and combinatorial algorithms; wife of Andrew Yao
Yuanyuan Zhou – Princeton University PhD, currently UC San Diego
Engineering
Minjie Chen – Qinghua, MIT, Princeton EE
Yuxin Chen – Qinghua, Stanford, Princeton EE
Huajian Gao – Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Engineering at Brown University
Tung Hua Lin (林同驊) – professor (UCLA), aerospace and structural engineer
Tung-Yen Lin (林同棪) – (Berkeley) structural engineer who was the pioneer of standardizing the use of prestressed concrete, founded T. Y. Lin International
Lee Yuk-Wing (李郁榮) – Professor of Electrical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mathematics
Terence Chi-Shen Tao (陶哲軒) – child genius, Fields Medal winner (2006), professor (UCLA), MacArthur Fellow (2006), Crafoord Prize (2012), Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics (2014). He is the youngest participant to date in the International Mathematical Olympiad, first competing at the age of ten; in 1986, 1987, and 1988, he won a bronze, silver, and gold medal. He remains the youngest winner of each of the three medals in the Olympiad's history, winning the gold medal shortly after his thirteenth birthday. Tao received graduated from university at the age of 16 obtaining his bachelor's and master's degrees, received his PhD at the age of 20.
Lenhard Ng – child prodigy who was once thought to be the "smartest kid in America". At age 10, he earned a perfect score of 800 on the math portion of what is now called the SAT, a feat considered to be a “remarkable achievement” when a high school junior or senior did it. Ng is a professor of mathematics at the Duke University.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest (林益) – professor of mathematics, systems science, economics, and finance at Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (Slippery Rock campus)
Wei Zhang (张伟) – Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sun-Yung Alice Chang (张圣容) – professor of mathematics and former chair of the department at Princeton University
Chen Wen-chen (陈文成) – professor of math at Carnegie Mellon, victim of Taiwan KMT persecution of dissidents (see White Terror)
Shiing-Shen Chern (陳省身) – Wolf Prize, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century; worked on differential geometry and topology; known for Chern-Simons theory, Chern-Weil theory, Chern classes
Chia-Kun Chu (朱家琨) – applied mathematician, Fu Foundation Professor Emeritus of Applied Mathematics at Columbia University
Chia-Chiao Lin (林家翹) – applied mathematician
Tian Gang (田刚) – Princeton University professor emeritus, student of S.T. Yau
Paul Tseng – applied mathematician, professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Washington in Seattle
Paul C. Yang (杨建平) – Princeton University, husband of Alice Chang
Shing-Tung Yau (丘成桐) – Fields Medal winner (1982); MacArthur Fellow (1984), Crafoord Prize (1994), National Medal of Science (1997), Wolf Prize (2010)
Yitang Zhang – mathematician, known for establishing the first finite bound on gaps between prime numbers
Stephen Shing-Toung Yau – Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois at Chicago
Mu-Tao Wang (王慕道) – Professor of Mathematics at Columbia University, received a PhD in Mathematics in 1998 from Harvard University
Medicine and biosciences
Priscilla Chan (陈Priscilla) – Harvard-graduated pediatrician, Chan-Zuckerberg foundation
Min Chueh Chang (張明覺) – co-inventor of the first birth control pill; made significant contributions to the development of in vitro fertilisation
Gilbert Chu (朱築文) – biochemist and Professor of Medicine (Oncology) and Biochemistry at the Stanford Medical School; older brother of Steven Chu
Yuan-Cheng Fung (馮元楨) – founder of modern biomechanics
Lue Gim Gong (呂金功) – horticulturalist
David Ho – scientific researcher and the Irene Diamond professor at Rockefeller University in New York City
Alice S. Huang – virologist
Lin He – biochemist, received the MacArthur Fellowship in 2009
Yuet Wai Kan – pioneer of using DNA to diagnose human diseases, research enabled the Human Genome Project, recipient of Lasker Foundation award in 1991
Henry C. Lee – forensic scientist
Sandra Lee – dermatologist and Internet celebrity as "Dr. Pimple Popper"; now star of the TLC series Dr. Pimple Popper
Ching Chun Li – population geneticist and human geneticist
Choh Hao Li (李卓皓) – biochemist, discovered growth hormone, beta-endorphin and isolated luteinizing hormone
Min Chiu Li – first scientist to use chemotherapy to cure widely metastatic, malignant cancer
Anna Chao Pai – geneticist
Joe Hin Tjio – cytogeneticist, first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes
Chang Yi Wang – immunologist; NYIPLA Inventor of the Year Award in 2007 for her work on UBITh peptide immunogens
James C. Wang – discovered DNA topoisomerases
Sam Wang, neuroscientist and author
Shih-Chun Wang – neuroscientist and pharmacology professor
Xiaodong Wang, biochemist best known for his work with cytochrome c, won the 2000 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, and 2006 Shaw Prize recipient
Leana Wen (温麟衍) – physician; director of Planned Parenthood, Health Commissioner of Baltimore, author
David T. Wong – discovered drug Fluoxetine and atomoxetine, duloxetine and dapoxetine
Flossie Wong-Staal – virologist and AIDS researcher
Junying Yu – stem cell biologist; recognized as one of the 2007 "Persons of the Year" by TIME magazine
Kang Zhang – ophthalmologist at the Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego known for his work on lanosterol
Physics
Sow-Hsin Chen – nuclear physicist
Alfred Y. Cho – the "father of molecular beam epitaxy" and co-inventor of quantum cascade lasers
Paul C. W. Chu (朱經武) – physicist, superconductivity
Qian Xuesen (钱学森) – professor of aeronautics, a founder of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, exiled to China
Frank Shu – professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley and University of California; San Diego and 2009 Shaw Prize recipient
Chien-Shiung Wu (吳健雄) – Manhattan Project scientist; considerable contribution to Nobel Prize work by Tsung-dao Lee
Nai-Chang Yeh – physicist specialized in condensed matter physics; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Fellow, American Physical Society
Shoucheng Zhang – Stanford physicist
Chen Ning Yang (楊振寧) – 1957 Nobel laureate, Physics, Yang–Mills theory
Tsung-dao Lee (李政道) – 1957 Nobel laureate, Physics
Samuel C. C. Ting (丁肇中) – 1976 Nobel laureate, Physics
Steven Chu (朱棣文) – 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics, US Secretary of Energy (2009)
Daniel Chee Tsui (崔琦) – 1998 Nobel laureate, Physics
Charles K. Kao (高锟) – 2009 Nobel laureate in Physics who pioneered the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications
Xiaoxing Xi (郗小星) – Physicist at Temple University]
Economics, Finance, Statistics, OR
Anthony Chan – chief economist, JPMorgan Chase; former economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and economics professor at the University of Dayton
Gregory Chow (鄒至莊) – Class of 1913 Professor of Political Economy at Princeton University, known for Chow test
Jianqing Fan (范剑青) – professor of finance and statistics at Princeton University
William C. Hsiao (萧庆伦) – economist, professor at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Ann Lee (李淯) – professor, author and commentator on global economics and finance issues
Bin Yu (郁彬) – Chancellor's Professor in the Departments of Statistics and of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences at University of California, Berkeley
Social sciences
Angela Lee Duckworth – professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, MacArthur Fellow; wrote Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
Peter Kwong – professor of Asian American studies at Hunter College and professor of sociology in the City University of New York system
Yu Xie – Bert G. Kerstetter '66 University Professor of Sociology at Princeton University; known for applying quantitative data science methods to sociology as well as Chinese studies
Humanities
Wing-tsit Chan (陳榮捷) – professor in Chinese philosophy, wrote influential translations
Him Mark Lai – professor of Chinese American studies
Lin Yutang: Hokkien Chinese writer
Huping Ling – professor of History at Truman State University, author
Liu Kwang-ching. Historian of late imperial China; University of California, Davis.
Betty Lee Sung (宋李瑞芳) – former professor of Asian-American Studies at City College of New York; 'leading authority' on Chinese Americans
Andrew Lih (酈安治) – associate professor of Journalism at American University
Teng Ssu-yu. Historian of late imperial China, at University of Indiana.
Tim Wu – professor at Columbia Law School, in 2014 ran to become the first Chinese-American lieutenant governor of New York State but lost.
C.K. Yang Sociologist at University of Pittsburgh.
Yang Lien-sheng. Sinologist. Harvard University.
Yu Ying-shih. Historian of China; Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Universities.
Zhao Yuanren (Yuen Ren Chao). Linguist at Harvard and University of California, Berkely.
University administration
Jim Chen – professor and former dean at the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law
Stephen Z.D. Cheng – Professor and former Dean in the College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering at the University of Akron, member of National Academic of Engineering
David Jung-Kuang Chiu – former Director of Asian Studies and Dean of University Advisement, Hofstra University
Way Kuo – President and University Distinguished Professor of the City University of Hong Kong, University Distinguished Professor and former Dean of Engineering at the University of Tennessee
Robert C. T. Lee (李崇道) – former president of National Chung Hsing University, veterinarian and brother of Tsung-dao Lee
Chang-Lin Tien – Chancellor of University of California, Berkeley (1990–1997)
Frank H. Wu – Chancellor and Dean of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law (2010–2015)
Henry T. Yang – Chancellor of UC Santa Barbara
Earth Sciences
Sherry Chen (陈霞芬) – Hydrologist working for National Weather Service
Sports
Nathan Adrian (倪家骏) – Olympic medal winner, swimming
Shayna Baszler – professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
Johnny Chan (陳金海, 陳強尼) – professional poker player
Michael Chang (張德培) – youngest male tennis player to win a Grand Slam tournament
Ray Chang – baseball player
Karen Chen (陳楷雯) – figure skater
Nathan Chen (陳巍) – figure skater, 2022 Olympic gold medalist
Tiffany Chin (陳婷婷) – figure skater and 1985 U.S. national champion
Brian Ching (程拜仁) – soccer player for Houston Dynamo and the United States national team
Mark Chung – first American-Chinese soccer player to play for the United States national team
Eileen Gu (谷爱凌) – Free style skier and Olympic gold medalist
Patrick Chung – Strong Safety for the New England Patriots
Amy Chow (周婉儀) – gymnast and Olympic medal winner
Norm Chow (周友賢) – UCLA Bruins offensive coordinator
Julie Chu – Olympic medal winner, ice hockey
Mark Foo – professional surfer
Christina Gao (高昊) – figure skater
Chau Giang – poker player
Rudy Gunawan (郭宏源) – badminton player
Tony Gunawan (吳俊明) – badminton player
Ivana Hong – gymnastics
Jerry Hsu – skateboarder
John Juanda – poker player
Phillip King – tennis player, brother of Vania King
Vania King – tennis player who won both the 2010 Wimbledon Women's Doubles and 2010 US Open Women's Doubles titles
Karen Kwan – former figure skater, sister of Michelle Kwan
Michelle Kwan (關穎珊) – Olympic medal winner, figure skating
Jeremy Lin (林書豪) – professional basketball player, NBA (NY Knicks, Toronto Raptors, etc.), Linsanity
Corrie Lothrop – gymnastics
Tyson Mao – speedcuber
Kim Ng (伍佩琴) – Major League Baseball executive
Karlee Perez – professional wrestler known as Catrina and the WWE as Maxine (Chinese ancestry)
Chuck Sun – professional Motocross racer
Kevin Tan (谭凯文) – Olympic medal winner, gymnastics
Ed Wang – professional American football player
Lisa Wang – rhythmic gymnastics
Kevin Wong – professional beach volleyball player and Olympian
Raymond Wu (吳紹綱) – professional poker player
Don Yee – sports agent
Al Young – World Champion drag racer
Caroline Zhang (张圆圆) – figure skater
Other
Astronauts
Leroy Chiao – NASA astronaut
Kjell N. Lindgren – NASA astronaut
Edward Lu – NASA astronaut
Taylor Wang – first ethnic Chinese scientist to go into space, in 1985 on space shuttle Challenger
Gang leaders and criminals
Wing Yeung Chan – leader of New York Ghost Shadows street gang
Raymond Kwok Chow (周國祥) – also known as "Shrimp Boy", mobster, leader of the San Francisco chapter of Chinese Freemasons and San Francisco Chinatown
Peter Chong (莊炳強) – leader of San Francisco area Wo Hop To gang
Mock Duck (世荣模拟) – New York Chinatown mobster, leader of the Hip Sing Tong
Johnny "Onionhead" Eng (伍少衡) – leader of New York Flying Dragons street gang
Joe Fong – founder of San Francisco Chung Ching Yee (Joe Boys) street gang
Katrina Leung (陈文英) – Double agent for both U.S. and China
Wayne Lo (駱文) – murderer who perpetrated the shooting at Simon's Rock College of Bard on December 14, 1992 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Danny Pang – private equity manager, accused of running a Ponzi scheme
Little Pete (馮正初) – San Francisco Chinatown mobster
Elliot Rodger – of mixed English and Malaysian Chinese descent who perpetrated the 2014 Isla Vista shootings
Ming Sen Shiue (薛明升) – committed notorious 1980 murder, rape, stalking
Stephen Tse – leader of Boston Ping On street gang
Crime victims
Bow Kum – her murder was the precipitating event for infamous New York Tong war
Vincent Jen Chin (陳果仁) – beaten to death in 1982 racial hate incident by two White men considered by Chinese-American advocacy groups to be miscarriage of American justice
Wenjian Liu – first Chinese American officer in the New York City Police Department to die in the line of duty in 2014
Betty Ong (鄧月薇) – flight attendant on American Airlines Flight 11
Religious leaders
Francis Chan – preacher, founder of Cornerstone Community Church in Simi Valley, CA
Gerrit W. Gong – Member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Jian Tan (見曇) – Buddhist monk and current abbot of the Chung Tai Zen Center of Houston
Jakusho Kwong – Zen Buddhist Master of Shunryu Suzuki lineage, founder and head abbot of Sonoma Mountain Zen Center
Jacqueline Mates-Muchin – world's first Chinese-American rabbi
Ignatius C. Wang – Auxiliary Bishop of San Francisco (2002–2009)
Shi Yan Ming (釋延明) – 34th generation Shaolin monk and founder of the USA Shaolin Temple
Jimmy Yu (Guo Gu or 果谷) – Chan teacher of Sheng Yen lineage, Associate Professor of Religion at Florida State University and founder of Tallahassee Chan Center in Tallahassee, Florida
Other
Bei Bei Shuai (帅贝贝) – Prosecuted for murder and feticide due to a pregnancy loss after a suicide attempt.
References
Chinese
Chinese
Americans
Chinese | [
0.11854515224695206,
0.5619766116142273,
-0.906162440776825,
-0.2779603898525238,
-0.22309336066246033,
0.21026265621185303,
0.7692476511001587,
0.8592483401298523,
-0.874691367149353,
-0.014070055447518826,
-0.29778820276260376,
-0.1560564935207367,
0.11636336892843246,
0.31751734018325806,
-0.08757021278142929,
0.04442577809095383,
0.15550096333026886,
0.8985668420791626,
-0.23163732886314392,
-0.043391358107328415,
-0.05583815276622772,
-0.33564895391464233,
0.5461238622665405,
-0.3371849060058594,
0.09019991010427475,
0.2606078088283539,
0.3980422019958496,
-0.44360461831092834,
-0.6664782166481018,
-0.14862604439258575,
-0.18602219223976135,
0.6469091176986694,
0.19107624888420105,
0.37944331765174866,
-0.25540977716445923,
-0.4718257486820221,
-0.011532350443303585,
-0.2890905737876892,
0.5930320024490356,
0.2903082072734833,
0.02781466580927372,
-0.40538114309310913,
0.4501630961894989,
0.645824670791626,
0.25805485248565674,
-0.41646504402160645,
-1.9908199310302734,
-0.13885049521923065,
-0.8494102358818054,
0.019401758909225464,
0.2814508378505707,
-0.20010687410831451,
0.6669694185256958,
0.4831761121749878,
0.13250602781772614,
0.49744126200675964,
-0.8232613801956177,
-0.10992404073476791,
-0.19240856170654297,
-0.12874098122119904,
0.5450099110603333,
0.4856286346912384,
0.32457298040390015,
-0.6914110779762268,
0.6305601000785828,
0.3853369355201721,
0.29631307721138,
0.6597383618354797,
-0.24022234976291656,
-0.02845381386578083,
0.1659923493862152,
-0.37478071451187134,
0.43228259682655334,
0.3208884000778198,
-0.2604050934314728,
0.13701578974723816,
-0.11260916292667389,
-0.07073900103569031,
-0.5198637247085571,
-0.3223937749862671,
-0.16274847090244293,
0.0013875503791496158,
0.5052775144577026,
-0.1543780416250229,
0.172647625207901,
-0.4683181643486023,
-0.2820403575897217,
-0.5365927815437317,
0.18619337677955627,
0.6465538144111633,
-0.21728013455867767,
0.8899069428443909,
0.33192235231399536,
0.461659699678421,
-0.10499004274606705,
-0.19695991277694702,
0.22925028204917908,
0.22698016464710236,
-0.004514842294156551,
0.05062279850244522,
-0.21204452216625214,
0.08432471752166748,
0.7123766541481018,
-0.2415052056312561,
-0.799105167388916,
-0.23155927658081055,
-0.011164960451424122,
0.5278649926185608,
0.33645474910736084,
-1.0481675863265991,
-0.24194706976413727,
0.5464216470718384,
0.06812376528978348,
-0.22161388397216797,
-0.31991907954216003,
0.3890562653541565,
0.465986967086792,
-0.4598616063594818,
-0.3233995735645294,
-0.2636595368385315,
-0.3530503809452057,
1.1122345924377441,
-0.6912578344345093,
-0.36345797777175903,
0.050595253705978394,
0.6304897665977478,
0.7045170068740845,
0.396555632352829,
0.4211261570453644,
0.37983280420303345,
0.20455241203308105,
0.7072848081588745,
-0.23393607139587402,
-0.0213718730956316,
0.1162291169166565,
-0.5816887617111206,
0.2899714410305023,
0.248758465051651,
0.44922661781311035,
-0.010252286680042744,
-0.8109951019287109,
-0.3287928104400635,
-1.4229860305786133,
-0.3062819838523865,
0.14128050208091736,
-0.4250004291534424,
-0.682154655456543,
-0.2162989377975464,
-0.4152330756187439,
-0.03564829379320145,
0.1199340969324112,
-0.7074412107467651,
-0.17454542219638824,
0.2713398337364197,
-0.016151346266269684,
0.08265921473503113,
0.7290772795677185,
-0.5284990668296814,
0.5987893342971802,
0.43618038296699524,
0.15295594930648804,
-0.025861812755465508,
0.06796007603406906,
-0.06155738607048988,
-0.31681111454963684,
0.5028190016746521,
0.2581755518913269,
0.03386469557881355,
-0.1881353110074997,
0.23809288442134857,
-0.2743126451969147,
0.13918347656726837,
-0.3883553743362427,
-0.00853374321013689,
-0.2979660928249359,
0.01967904530465603,
0.29594212770462036,
0.38675904273986816,
0.30453407764434814,
0.04973273351788521,
-0.648787796497345,
0.04625111445784569,
0.10119683295488358,
-0.22526773810386658,
0.514695942401886,
0.0274470504373312,
-0.04152737557888031,
0.2809605598449707,
0.4194067716598511,
0.0341436006128788,
0.23683768510818481,
-0.5885281562805176,
0.013135307468473911,
-0.34514427185058594,
0.4748062789440155,
0.14820221066474915,
-0.22329233586788177,
0.5358838438987732,
0.2761106491088867,
0.40526413917541504,
-0.39988961815834045,
-0.2574770152568817,
0.05865420028567314,
0.5015721321105957,
-0.8002117276191711,
1.436862587928772,
0.42805910110473633,
0.6402294635772705,
0.6970663666725159,
0.2931175231933594,
0.7707282900810242,
-0.07608826458454132,
-0.36991846561431885,
0.2403242290019989,
-0.09762642532587051,
0.2841089367866516,
-0.04009969159960747,
-0.0745803564786911,
0.04608121141791344,
-0.6241276860237122,
1.181474208831787,
0.1278584748506546,
0.6559945344924927,
0.02674933522939682,
-0.06682657450437546,
1.2282414436340332,
0.024284768849611282,
-0.05348760262131691,
0.25235515832901,
-0.03605930507183075,
0.8176565170288086,
-0.15394552052021027,
0.15020641684532166,
-0.5063191652297974,
-0.3689763844013214,
-0.12286273390054703,
0.2750091552734375,
-0.6150890588760376,
0.02188042551279068,
0.12164926528930664,
0.07217942923307419,
0.13862134516239166,
-0.8776677250862122,
-0.4423680603504181,
-0.3432859778404236,
-0.08475635200738907,
-0.4867638647556305,
-0.1867620199918747,
0.12912431359291077,
-0.4405289888381958,
1.1334762573242188,
0.31678667664527893,
0.12295445054769516,
-0.542452871799469,
0.3721567690372467,
0.31131842732429504,
-0.08856834471225739,
-0.3513724207878113,
0.1703042984008789,
-0.5109139084815979,
-0.2353624552488327,
0.5253885984420776,
-0.0037131132557988167,
0.0864776149392128,
-0.37196430563926697,
-0.16958042979240417,
0.09770110249519348,
-0.23239922523498535,
0.4227219223976135,
0.34189578890800476,
0.48907026648521423,
0.36072030663490295,
-0.5607974529266357,
-1.6068462133407593,
-0.013210645876824856,
0.33188527822494507,
-0.7040959000587463,
-0.040735434740781784,
-0.7723698616027832,
-0.6449234485626221,
-0.09485574066638947,
0.620492160320282,
-0.25127968192100525,
-0.08850337564945221,
-0.13932526111602783,
-0.6584644913673401,
0.22097550332546234,
0.09291639924049377,
0.3132067322731018,
0.12290646135807037,
-0.2564127743244171,
0.054297443479299545,
-0.36162039637565613,
-0.1602029800415039,
0.61507648229599,
0.38678064942359924,
-0.01506087277084589,
0.9121429324150085,
-0.0056509897112846375,
-0.3704281747341156,
-0.3662480413913727,
-0.1563635617494583,
-0.3790544867515564,
-0.21694661676883698,
0.2652997076511383,
0.008320924825966358,
-0.24224543571472168,
-0.24260786175727844,
-5.2529706954956055,
0.5499842166900635,
-0.7397390007972717,
-0.15107977390289307,
-0.32415738701820374,
0.08440456539392471,
0.6343661546707153,
-0.2478889673948288,
-0.1372205913066864,
0.30343273282051086,
0.12295661866664886,
0.025540096685290337,
-0.08722497522830963,
0.9286481738090515,
0.06432799249887466,
0.7835387587547302,
0.5861981511116028,
0.07148764282464981,
0.08353537321090698,
0.30852651596069336,
0.07842500507831573,
0.2509346008300781,
-0.11570583283901215,
0.5725686550140381,
0.5104432106018066,
0.9338423013687134,
-0.20497748255729675,
0.15586772561073303,
-0.3918445110321045,
-0.10983753949403763,
0.17653459310531616,
0.04186713322997093,
0.27726879715919495,
-0.4402223825454712,
-0.4178601801395416,
-0.2340070903301239,
0.463828444480896,
0.3220730423927307,
0.2956656813621521,
-0.7767715454101562,
-0.2603548765182495,
0.31223300099372864,
-0.707258939743042,
0.3343502879142761,
0.4849064350128174,
-0.1963542252779007,
-0.4159916639328003,
-0.10658770054578781,
0.165358304977417,
0.622633159160614,
-0.24397578835487366,
0.5592626333236694,
1.121037244796753,
0.875016450881958,
-0.32102203369140625,
-0.2374536544084549,
0.14806626737117767,
0.23918534815311432,
-0.4866010844707489,
0.2304302304983139,
0.35206907987594604,
-0.24325311183929443,
0.19395890831947327,
-0.33153843879699707,
-0.3120207190513611,
-0.8232082724571228,
-0.5358954668045044,
-0.3417213559150696,
0.0009477303246967494,
-0.06206034496426582,
-0.09506121277809143,
0.47998571395874023,
-0.2582603394985199,
-0.8723609447479248,
0.4398915767669678,
-0.14148882031440735,
-0.6806681156158447,
0.6797549724578857,
-0.15901003777980804,
0.0029515998903661966,
-0.2133682817220688,
0.27717098593711853,
-0.062178365886211395,
0.5833979249000549,
0.002660081023350358,
-0.41493165493011475,
-0.2692156136035919,
0.12538453936576843,
-1.0452892780303955,
-0.5072683095932007,
0.3258037269115448,
-0.14515221118927002,
0.2729414701461792,
0.1778542399406433,
0.3518032431602478,
0.40347820520401,
0.9847611784934998,
0.020395006984472275,
0.7070743441581726,
-0.2765873968601227,
0.4304038882255554,
-0.22959230840206146,
-0.3377585709095001,
-0.5328457951545715,
-0.06593567132949829,
-0.3062506318092346,
-0.13484303653240204,
0.7217451930046082,
0.46035653352737427,
-0.3123408555984497,
-0.108442023396492,
-0.6019788980484009,
-0.6350622773170471,
-0.4762297570705414,
1.0051791667938232,
0.22551940381526947,
0.07597093284130096,
0.17228183150291443,
0.8378922343254089,
0.17438267171382904,
0.4873413145542145,
-0.20302613079547882,
-0.41128385066986084,
0.2646650969982147,
0.373765230178833,
-0.6532572507858276,
-0.4537578523159027,
0.12766368687152863,
-0.6082178950309753,
0.33051660656929016,
0.2829571068286896,
0.7967137694358826,
-0.342143714427948,
0.5141528844833374,
-0.08927752077579498,
-0.3584863543510437,
-0.4850262403488159,
-0.24186275899410248,
-0.08264114707708359,
-0.5520711541175842,
0.42401888966560364,
-0.3241134583950043,
-0.3253287076950073,
0.5520803332328796,
-0.07076145708560944,
0.7758417129516602,
-0.329710990190506,
-0.444622665643692,
-0.9313958287239075,
0.5076109766960144,
-0.27437499165534973,
-0.8099377751350403,
0.5313500165939331,
0.0017813399899750948,
-0.24533887207508087,
-0.003961937502026558,
0.3013477027416229,
0.8756073713302612,
-0.5929859280586243,
-0.4418267011642456,
0.39982518553733826,
-0.4681609272956848,
-0.6958408951759338,
0.5070378184318542,
-0.005722713191062212,
-0.7493342161178589,
-0.11906837671995163,
0.5781199932098389,
-0.4563666582107544,
1.2486214637756348,
0.49822157621383667,
0.537055492401123,
-0.1269579976797104,
0.2418309897184372,
0.6196613907814026,
-0.8764307498931885,
0.1607038974761963,
0.651407778263092,
-0.13302478194236755,
-0.7856757640838623,
-0.24742265045642853,
-0.1644788682460785,
-0.15169362723827362,
0.6423428654670715,
0.40745383501052856,
0.5164223313331604,
0.0715109258890152,
-0.08364730328321457,
-0.5262799263000488,
-0.1796119660139084,
0.24956808984279633,
-0.08517619222402573,
-0.05290505662560463,
-0.3210762143135071,
-0.8153659701347351,
-0.34459128975868225,
0.19687309861183167,
-0.3967765271663666,
-0.45849356055259705,
-0.08423259109258652,
0.349500447511673,
0.14874888956546783,
-0.6201025247573853,
0.0921001136302948,
0.2512299418449402,
-0.1430789679288864,
0.017956171184778214,
0.2023703157901764,
-0.41481733322143555,
0.1932995766401291,
-0.17363935708999634,
-0.38687264919281006,
-0.10560145974159241,
-0.3304344117641449,
-0.46849337220191956,
0.19759133458137512,
0.0026351604610681534,
0.028710955753922462,
-0.015927696600556374,
-0.20369505882263184,
0.06540736556053162,
0.17195256054401398,
-0.38160407543182373,
-0.7039675712585449,
0.21895933151245117,
0.5471460223197937,
0.0849781259894371,
-0.6843071579933167,
0.19925947487354279,
-0.3539187014102936,
-0.9439870715141296,
-0.14137056469917297,
0.07053342461585999,
-0.3365141451358795,
-0.44795629382133484,
0.07444780319929123,
-0.33575907349586487,
0.09996836632490158,
0.2671048045158386,
0.23162193596363068,
0.0820256769657135,
0.4793778657913208,
0.12335654348134995,
-0.7976606488227844,
-0.23663631081581116,
0.4853307008743286,
0.0982479453086853,
-0.3447268307209015,
-0.3900560438632965,
0.1755882054567337,
0.46854615211486816,
-0.5581769347190857,
-0.4701611399650574,
-0.6973332762718201,
0.4276594817638397,
-0.027168771252036095,
-0.4145391583442688,
0.025715621188282967,
0.09171626716852188,
0.01558186300098896,
-0.051199544221162796,
0.27775877714157104,
-0.3836734890937805,
0.3736158311367035,
0.13899071514606476,
0.030792979523539543,
0.2187427431344986,
0.0555504709482193,
0.17245501279830933,
-0.4455867111682892,
-0.5108296275138855,
0.06202983111143112,
0.04513023421168327,
0.6413143277168274,
-0.24133066833019257,
0.05624328553676605,
0.025130433961749077,
-0.3117322623729706,
-0.16437199711799622,
-0.2644273638725281,
0.0028279379475861788,
-0.48002341389656067,
-0.03156988322734833,
-0.03498470038175583,
0.6016035676002502,
-0.27714765071868896,
-0.04264482855796814,
0.13207361102104187,
-0.31350821256637573,
-0.14952026307582855,
-0.5508238077163696,
-0.13668572902679443,
-0.005333844572305679,
0.3160611689090729,
0.19625772535800934,
-0.09722171723842621,
0.4604000151157379,
0.3278001546859741,
-0.41695505380630493,
-0.5080511569976807,
-0.32305777072906494,
0.8294013738632202,
-0.0029708812944591045,
0.12705449759960175,
0.4901244640350342,
0.153190016746521,
0.44150370359420776,
-0.46611660718917847,
-0.41388943791389465,
0.15734560787677765,
0.4056548774242401,
-0.004090463742613792,
0.29400917887687683,
0.95896977186203,
-0.11549163609743118,
-0.06858198344707489,
0.23570320010185242,
-0.9090261459350586,
0.14869098365306854,
-0.07234790176153183,
-0.17487269639968872,
-0.3132055103778839,
0.5109966397285461,
0.3156539499759674,
0.07882731407880783,
0.2881711721420288,
-0.10769088566303253,
-0.5686277747154236,
0.48097413778305054,
0.14735470712184906,
0.20861530303955078,
0.47693970799446106,
-0.23979492485523224,
0.016066119074821472,
-0.2594529092311859,
-0.5211290717124939,
-0.2842303514480591,
-0.3350602686405182,
-0.3295133113861084,
0.8341777920722961,
0.03588293865323067,
0.5078473687171936,
0.08013764023780823,
-0.15310348570346832,
0.27548137307167053,
-0.1991599202156067,
-0.6262757778167725,
0.3713080585002899,
0.43899643421173096,
-0.4323824644088745,
0.2516765296459198,
0.3572824001312256,
-0.30517831444740295,
-0.12554489076137543,
0.2598896920681,
0.0819530040025711,
-0.07232164591550827,
-0.3914542496204376,
0.02120089717209339,
-1.0520216226577759,
0.39140114188194275,
0.0938941091299057,
0.08031297475099564,
-0.10759861022233963,
-0.03720064088702202,
-0.6589369773864746,
-0.05541941151022911,
0.01753358356654644,
-0.45792362093925476,
0.2492358535528183,
0.411977082490921,
0.21136526763439178,
-0.46200835704803467,
-0.3910197913646698,
0.37171363830566406,
0.3793503940105438,
0.3001320958137512,
-0.2797014117240906,
-0.13804642856121063,
-0.5487101078033447,
0.10610614717006683,
0.033391423523426056,
-0.35158848762512207,
-0.5591455698013306,
0.5274180769920349,
0.2888006269931793,
-0.3739336133003235,
0.5671713352203369,
-0.4063548445701599,
0.04487818479537964,
0.06444505602121353,
-0.29856687784194946,
0.06336919963359833,
0.03267839550971985,
-0.14953204989433289,
0.0946916937828064,
-0.7083196043968201,
0.6797122955322266,
0.3521555960178375,
-0.6502400636672974,
-0.2725253403186798,
0.11006556451320648,
0.7615100145339966,
0.1513717621564865,
-0.6437406539916992,
0.3773939609527588,
-0.8434555530548096,
-0.45627284049987793,
-0.5316129922866821,
0.5838786363601685,
-0.2598886787891388,
0.11214395612478256,
0.07001222670078278,
0.2832333445549011,
0.192986398935318,
0.5744043588638306,
0.6463884711265564,
-0.24677050113677979,
-0.4183158576488495,
0.03432014212012291,
0.08512040972709656,
-1.005049228668213,
0.016832729801535606,
0.7104665040969849,
-0.1238710880279541,
-0.4749298691749573,
-0.2534008026123047,
0.04870928078889847,
-0.2042301744222641,
0.5496967434883118,
-0.1688740849494934,
-0.09885578602552414,
0.1881580650806427,
0.07171916961669922,
-0.09558115899562836,
0.11174742877483368,
0.9006437063217163,
0.5164151787757874,
0.6831669211387634,
-0.23773685097694397,
-0.19934611022472382,
-0.16341665387153625,
0.48799508810043335,
0.13330096006393433,
-2.5857207775115967,
0.15004447102546692,
0.015245250426232815,
-0.3815382719039917,
-0.5642026662826538,
0.0946136862039566,
-0.41886600852012634,
-0.074420265853405,
-0.000796487380284816,
-0.1680011749267578,
0.07525043189525604,
0.21913067996501923,
-0.039756499230861664,
-0.29848548769950867,
0.31441858410835266,
0.11186733096837997
]
|
214712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Baxendale | Leo Baxendale | Joseph Leo Baxendale (27 October 1930 – 23 April 2017) was an English cartoonist and publisher. Baxendale wrote and drew several titles. Among his best-known creations are the Beano strips Little Plum, Minnie the Minx, The Bash Street Kids, and The Three Bears.
Career
Baxendale was born in Whittle-le-Woods, Lancashire, and was educated at Preston Catholic College. After serving in the RAF, he took his first job as an artist for the local Lancashire Evening Post drawing adverts and cartoons.
DC Thomson
In 1952, he began freelance work for the children's comic publishers DC Thomson, creating several highly popular new strips for The Beano including Little Plum, Minnie the Minx (started in 1953, taken over by Jim Petrie in 1961), The Three Bears, and The Bash Street Kids (initially called When the Bell Rings). Baxendale also co-operated on the launch of DC Thomson's The Beezer comic in 1956. To facilitate his work for DC Thomson, Baxendale relocated to the publisher's location city of Dundee, Scotland. Baxendale's time with D.C. Thomson came to an abrupt end in 1962 when, overburdened with work, he in his own words "just blew up like an old boiler" and left.
Odhams
In 1964, Baxendale began work for Odhams Press to set up and design a new children's comic, Wham! and, two years later, its sister comic Smash! In its early issues, Wham! presented both clear imitations of Beano strips, such as a clone of his The Bash Street Kids in the shape of The Tiddlers, and new original strips such as Eagle-Eye, Junior Spy and Georgie's Germs, in which he attempted to break the mould of older strips by the use of bizarre humour, outrageous puns, and surreal plots. (Baxendale earned £8,000 in his first year at Odhams — equivalent to £165,000 in 2020.)
Eagle-Eye, Junior Spy, birthed two spinoff strips in Smash! in 1966. The first one, The Man From B.U.N.G.L.E., was also a spoof of the popular TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.. (Baxendale drew the first few editions, which appeared as large single illustrations on some early covers of Smash!; after which Mike Lacey took over.) Grimly Feendish, starred Eagle-Eye's most popular character, along with various travelling accomplices (including bats, spiders, octopuses and other creatures of darkness and slime) who assisted Feendish in his schemes of world domination.
Another strip Baxendale created for Smash! — The Swots and the Blots — was about two rival gangs (the Swots and the Blots) vying to outwit each other at Pond Road School, with "Teach" caught in the crossfire. The strip's origins lay in Baxendale's classroom-based strip The Tiddlers, which had then been running for two years in Wham! (and which continued in Pow! when it and Wham merged in 1968, where it was combined with Ron Spencer's The Dolls of St. Dominics to become The Tiddlers and The Dolls). In fact, The Swots and the Blots was a direct continuation of The Tiddlers, with only a change of title. The characters (i.e. "Teach" and the Blots), school buildings, and situations were all largely as they had been in The Tiddlers. The only difference was the addition of the Swots, so that Teach now had an ally. Although The Swots and the Blots was created by Baxendale, the first couple of years of the strip were drawn by Mike Lacey. (As had happened with some of Baxendale's work for Wham!, artists such as Lacey were commissioned from time to time to "ghost" Baxendale's style. Baxendale was allowed to sign his early work on Smash!, but in practice, he signed very few them, so it is quite difficult to tell which are his and which are other artists substituting for him.)
The Swots and the Blots always had wit and a sense of style, but it reached a new standard of excellence when Baxendale began drawing it for the new-look Smash! from March 1969. (In Baxendale's hands, it had notable similarities to his earlier classroom-based strip, The Bash Street Kids, in The Beano.) The strip became a standard-bearer for sophisticated artwork. Baxendale began a five-year run on the strip (beginning in Smash! and continuing in its successor, Valiant and Smash, with some fill-ins by Les Barton), by adopting a new style, one which influenced many others in the comics field, just as his earlier The Beano work had done; and in the process attaining a new, deliriously daft, high standard, one rarely approached by other strips.
The title logo of Baxendale's Bad Penny strip featured a portrait of Penny and an illustration of a giant pre-decimal One Penny coin (the coin suggesting the connection with the proverb from which the character's name originated). Penny had some similarities with Baxendale's earlier Minnie the Minx character in The Beano. When Baxendale had been drawing Minnie the Minx, he had concentrated on experimenting with facial expressions and character traits. By the time he began working on Bad Penny his drawing style had matured, with an equal concentration on developing a zany but tight storyline, less emphasis on close-ups of facial expressions, but retaining the essentials needed to put over a character's own personality traits. When the strip was eventually dropped in Smash!, Bad Penny herself still continued to appear, making occasional appearances in The Swots and the Blots as a new member of the Blots.
Fleetway
Around 1968, Baxendale left Odhams for another, better-paying IPC subsidiary — Fleetway Publications. Despite the transfer, Baxendale still needed to earn money from Odhams without disclosing that he was now working for both companies. It must be remembered that Odhams was in rivalry with Fleetway — despite the fact that both publishers were parts of the same Mirror Group. As Baxendale said, "Alf Wallace once made a cry aside to me to illustrate the hostility between Fleetway and Odhams: 'If I were to go across to the Fleetway canteen to have lunch, they would soon order me out'."
Accordingly, Baxendale still contributed strips to Odhams' Smash!, but did so without signing his work. For instance, for strips like Bad Penny and Grimly Feendish, Baxendale pencilled the drawings, and Mike Brown, an animator by trade, inked them in. In this way, they together turned out large numbers of the strips, which they sold to Odhams under Brown's name — a situation Baxendale referred to, in his 1978 autobiography, as working "undercover":
One of the strips Baxendale produced for Fleetway was Big Chief Pow Wow for Buster — the strip ran from 14 September 1968 to 31 January 1970 (some issues were fill-ins by other artists). For Fleetway, he also created Clever Dick and Sweeny Toddler.
Move to adult comics
Baxendale left the world of mainstream British children's comics in 1975, creating the more adult-orientated Willy the Kid series, published by Duckworths. In the 1980s he fought a seven-year legal battle with DC Thomson for the rights to his Beano creations, which was eventually settled out of court. His earnings from that settlement allowed Baxendale to found the publishing house Reaper Books in the late 1980s. In the same year, he brought out THRRP!, an adult comic book.
For a year before he fully retired from cartooning to concentrate on publishing in 1992, Baxendale drew I Love You Baby Basil! for The Guardian.
Personal life
In the mid-1960s, Baxendale published a weekly anti-war newsletter the Strategic Commentary. Though it had some paying subscribers, including fellow Vietnam War opponent Noam Chomsky, Baxendale made a considerable loss from sending hundreds of free weekly copies to Labour Party MPs.
Leo Baxendale and his wife Peggy had five children, including Martin Baxendale, who also became a cartoonist and worked on some of his father's strips.
Death
Leo Baxendale died of cancer on 23 April 2017 at the age of 86. Andy Fanton, who at the time of Baxendale's death was the Beano's writer for several Baxendale-created strips, lauded his predecessor as "the godfather of so much of what we do".
Awards
Baxendale was the second person inducted into the British Comic Awards Hall of Fame, in 2013. He was described as having created "a lifetime of original, anarchic, hilarious and revolutionary comics" and having had an "incalculable" influence on children and comic artists, while his work was lauded for being "an integral and inseparable part of the history of British children’s comics." The BBC said that he was "regarded by aficionados as one of Britain's greatest and most influential cartoonists" and quoted the British cartoonist Lew Stringer as saying that Baxendale was "quite simply the most influential artist in UK humour comics".
Notable creations
Over the course his career, Baxendale worked for a number of different publishers, writing and drawing many different strips in several different comics. The following lists some of Baxendale's most well-known creations. As well as creating new strips, Baxendale also worked on pre-existing properties, such as Lord Snooty in Beano, issues 691–718.
D.C. Thomson
The Beano
Little Plum
Minnie the Minx
The Bash Street Kids (originally When the Bell Rings)
The Three Bears
The Beezer
The Banana Bunch
Odhams Press
Wham!
Eagle-Eye, Junior Spy
The Tiddlers (later became The Tiddlers and The Dolls)
General Nitt and his Barmy Army
Georgie's Germs
Grimly Feendish
Smash!
Bad Penny
The Swots and the Blots
Sam's Spook
IPC/Fleetway
Big Chief Pow Wow
Sweeny Toddler
Clever Dick
Other
Willy the Kid
THRRP!
I Love You Baby Basil
Bibliography
References
Citations
Sources consulted
Coates, Alan and David. "Smash!", British Comic World #3 (A. & D. Coates, June 1984).
External links
Reaper Books – Baxendale's own publishing company
Leo Baxendale at Lambiek.net
Video clip of Leo Baxendale talking as part of the BBC's Comics Britannia series (2007) (RealPlayer)
1930 births
2017 deaths
English comics artists
English comics writers
People from Whittle-le-Woods
The Beano people
The Dandy people | [
0.16510309278964996,
0.32127803564071655,
-0.5710020065307617,
-0.27329394221305847,
-0.2408498078584671,
0.7517158389091492,
0.06604155153036118,
0.2635030448436737,
-0.18316197395324707,
-0.09775286167860031,
-0.6414205431938171,
0.060595910996198654,
-0.3138605058193207,
0.10816524922847748,
0.41835054755210876,
-0.08266592770814896,
-1.1159135103225708,
-0.11574694514274597,
-0.635734498500824,
-0.04957031086087227,
-0.23414753377437592,
-0.34572821855545044,
-0.07458250224590302,
-0.07107594609260559,
-0.25561729073524475,
0.051321305334568024,
0.40622371435165405,
-0.08066431432962418,
0.3247113823890686,
-0.023102229461073875,
0.33599162101745605,
0.319308340549469,
0.6023603677749634,
-0.17486944794654846,
-0.49081775546073914,
-0.19139748811721802,
-0.6466729640960693,
-0.2571232318878174,
-0.2839183807373047,
0.06777375191450119,
-0.13835985958576202,
0.590149462223053,
0.35365068912506104,
-0.010774603113532066,
0.09574944525957108,
-0.3107667863368988,
-2.2561447620391846,
0.1074945330619812,
-0.6432918310165405,
-0.12844865024089813,
-0.2274744212627411,
0.5398051738739014,
0.5202444791793823,
0.17910726368427277,
0.09968579560518265,
0.3694021701812744,
-0.1788814216852188,
0.05497409775853157,
0.0749439224600792,
-0.23928302526474,
0.3038783371448517,
-0.33481818437576294,
0.586755633354187,
-0.15658602118492126,
-0.14635978639125824,
0.003718655090779066,
-0.07130735367536545,
0.4860517084598541,
-0.20415380597114563,
0.07854435592889786,
0.14346155524253845,
0.24040867388248444,
0.3532286584377289,
0.16419166326522827,
0.1730152666568756,
-0.4132041037082672,
0.29547521471977234,
0.03721616044640541,
0.13980169594287872,
0.2268933206796646,
0.19589883089065552,
-0.15607820451259613,
0.7270306944847107,
0.7439234256744385,
0.11580042541027069,
0.42834800481796265,
-0.5865277647972107,
0.17738041281700134,
-0.4066924750804901,
0.48273855447769165,
-0.3604382872581482,
-0.6688140630722046,
0.055100005120038986,
0.08937998861074448,
0.3315635621547699,
-0.39350807666778564,
-0.30702778697013855,
0.5049533843994141,
-0.17346130311489105,
-0.32632461190223694,
-0.12178941071033478,
0.30460628867149353,
0.29022416472435,
-0.40392962098121643,
-0.27597758173942566,
-0.42559778690338135,
0.04257677122950554,
-0.4874137043952942,
0.4833793044090271,
-0.8194886445999146,
-0.28815722465515137,
0.06280984729528427,
-0.34139740467071533,
0.1821821630001068,
0.42535412311553955,
0.05003241077065468,
-0.39686229825019836,
-0.4668681025505066,
-0.6838263869285583,
0.2950657606124878,
-0.12360478937625885,
0.14481483399868011,
-0.09156503528356552,
-0.146309494972229,
-0.8566182255744934,
-0.23945242166519165,
-0.13244763016700745,
0.18636533617973328,
-0.41568267345428467,
0.48691636323928833,
0.35448959469795227,
1.2346165180206299,
-0.5435422658920288,
-0.5073721408843994,
-0.22387897968292236,
-0.021518148481845856,
0.13365328311920166,
-0.03491290286183357,
-0.30628085136413574,
-0.04167715460062027,
-0.06108863279223442,
0.05176173150539398,
-1.3513303995132446,
0.18862703442573547,
0.4187829792499542,
-0.014494737610220909,
0.1334625631570816,
-0.15366894006729126,
0.1344606876373291,
-0.41944628953933716,
-0.0988539531826973,
-0.32184067368507385,
0.0488283671438694,
-0.3140130639076233,
-0.27731654047966003,
0.40081143379211426,
0.7770061492919922,
0.2889740467071533,
-0.2566841244697571,
-0.0531972274184227,
0.45525112748146057,
-0.42305493354797363,
-0.11899196356534958,
0.16949322819709778,
0.2821132242679596,
-0.06431394070386887,
0.2137981802225113,
-0.13304314017295837,
-0.1554618626832962,
0.13996414840221405,
-0.17110733687877655,
-0.2547209560871124,
0.4144291281700134,
-0.10418426245450974,
0.14401528239250183,
0.6553846597671509,
0.9655265808105469,
0.4459811747074127,
0.38336044549942017,
-0.33224326372146606,
-0.3594077229499817,
-0.20107971131801605,
0.195396289229393,
0.39586859941482544,
0.6570519804954529,
-0.04988192766904831,
0.5074887275695801,
-0.4955815374851227,
0.749782919883728,
0.4672805964946747,
-0.7839246988296509,
-0.4070386588573456,
0.4438594579696655,
-0.22617517411708832,
0.7409534454345703,
0.027981920167803764,
-0.6550909280776978,
0.5890766382217407,
0.5144425630569458,
0.7567818760871887,
-0.6115540862083435,
-0.21088218688964844,
-0.17709337174892426,
-0.5676729083061218,
0.26711413264274597,
1.4195520877838135,
0.4136458933353424,
0.3909454047679901,
0.0218479186296463,
0.939638614654541,
0.3282255530357361,
-0.7304727435112,
0.22124092280864716,
0.8092391490936279,
0.030625075101852417,
-1.006851077079773,
-0.49379125237464905,
-0.2365083247423172,
0.23003548383712769,
-0.942262589931488,
0.23882119357585907,
0.69554603099823,
-0.44502952694892883,
0.49164679646492004,
0.35980692505836487,
0.689703643321991,
0.03420614078640938,
-0.3222179710865021,
0.548549234867096,
-0.9388388991355896,
0.24839478731155396,
0.574590802192688,
0.4084439277648926,
-0.49979060888290405,
0.09957873821258545,
-0.21283458173274994,
0.7576108574867249,
-0.5548986792564392,
0.25624191761016846,
-0.287510484457016,
0.11274406313896179,
0.24218899011611938,
-0.2237910032272339,
0.0934620350599289,
-0.21811780333518982,
0.6050083637237549,
0.04213523119688034,
0.5326521396636963,
-0.2514001131057739,
0.34510692954063416,
0.40539175271987915,
0.5520729422569275,
0.018068239092826843,
0.044130876660346985,
-0.27207693457603455,
0.1510583460330963,
0.02235748991370201,
-0.05843443050980568,
0.6409848928451538,
0.2770453095436096,
0.05652051791548729,
-0.40319857001304626,
0.0713547021150589,
0.3599734604358673,
0.003383687464520335,
-0.22322629392147064,
0.04536622762680054,
-0.7014002203941345,
0.15400785207748413,
-0.06741563230752945,
0.31951677799224854,
-0.027734598144888878,
0.009985012002289295,
-1.3373981714248657,
0.44242027401924133,
0.14822818338871002,
0.32635462284088135,
-0.10227319598197937,
-0.0454321950674057,
-0.4571409821510315,
0.35341086983680725,
1.1150505542755127,
-0.41215887665748596,
0.13880811631679535,
0.17566856741905212,
0.17021197080612183,
0.07867294549942017,
-0.21549011766910553,
0.14681987464427948,
-0.19310146570205688,
-0.14958907663822174,
1.1465590000152588,
-0.1384892463684082,
0.13865941762924194,
-0.7646543979644775,
0.29994288086891174,
-0.5817058682441711,
-0.919623613357544,
-0.41127902269363403,
-0.28581392765045166,
-0.11040946841239929,
0.5311524868011475,
0.270005464553833,
0.0861709862947464,
0.35594141483306885,
0.619380533695221,
-0.5182271003723145,
-0.46958479285240173,
-5.4487223625183105,
0.14785173535346985,
0.055956657975912094,
-0.01025462243705988,
-0.5191102027893066,
0.010730194859206676,
0.3164125084877014,
0.012160126119852066,
-0.2892989218235016,
-0.8594301342964172,
0.06645602732896805,
-0.05150691419839859,
0.018273713067173958,
0.4974569082260132,
0.9268105030059814,
0.3819088637828827,
0.5648138523101807,
-0.11767692118883133,
0.4009517431259155,
0.33791184425354004,
-0.1820572018623352,
-0.2199089378118515,
-0.12239343672990799,
0.1286124736070633,
0.04312121868133545,
0.5749199986457825,
-0.4512927830219269,
0.10749641805887222,
-0.4364928603172302,
0.09119725972414017,
0.4412882924079895,
-0.04156195744872093,
-0.39653030037879944,
0.15153703093528748,
-0.3263251483440399,
-0.31066253781318665,
0.6318950653076172,
0.49043890833854675,
-0.06501854956150055,
0.11304997652769089,
0.47913989424705505,
0.33728402853012085,
-0.9351642727851868,
-0.2236185371875763,
0.22558003664016724,
0.02933957800269127,
-0.8077204823493958,
-0.016426339745521545,
0.04283739626407623,
0.30573171377182007,
0.5273273587226868,
0.39153674244880676,
-0.15050777792930603,
0.22986550629138947,
-0.03947586938738823,
0.12196283042430878,
0.24781152606010437,
-0.6111457347869873,
-0.8502906560897827,
-0.048216212540864944,
0.2853626608848572,
-0.3376508355140686,
0.25639766454696655,
0.0697929710149765,
-0.3041872978210449,
0.242963507771492,
0.19555526971817017,
-0.20739959180355072,
0.3130429983139038,
-0.8573187589645386,
-0.16524797677993774,
0.3992207646369934,
-0.0816921815276146,
-1.1628201007843018,
-0.714288592338562,
-0.30210497975349426,
0.4725787937641144,
0.004046596586704254,
-0.5288375020027161,
-0.20565679669380188,
0.048267465084791183,
-0.9704506993293762,
-0.3617255687713623,
0.6479028463363647,
0.15743182599544525,
-0.2467084378004074,
-0.6992830038070679,
0.6490793824195862,
-0.3001784682273865,
-0.3601399064064026,
0.04972243309020996,
-0.11683386564254761,
-0.22178228199481964,
0.2890075445175171,
0.4126737117767334,
-0.3946152925491333,
0.30790722370147705,
0.05280144140124321,
-0.1204509511590004,
0.40957123041152954,
-0.644604504108429,
-0.13784988224506378,
-0.21552321314811707,
-0.35864904522895813,
0.025490708649158478,
0.2251901626586914,
0.0999179407954216,
0.19369177520275116,
0.4968537390232086,
-0.020348932594060898,
-0.0002737505128607154,
0.15932320058345795,
-0.8509786128997803,
0.036664724349975586,
0.1283395141363144,
0.07493425905704498,
0.28167811036109924,
0.00645771948620677,
-0.015021205879747868,
0.46077823638916016,
-0.291885644197464,
0.4079816937446594,
-0.36039191484451294,
-0.3779550790786743,
-0.18639910221099854,
0.0764937698841095,
-0.19264492392539978,
-0.5579366683959961,
0.15644946694374084,
-0.15806487202644348,
-0.20540253818035126,
0.8365179300308228,
0.006325313355773687,
0.060048189014196396,
0.03904850035905838,
-0.37761369347572327,
-0.802155613899231,
-0.4231838881969452,
0.123614102602005,
-0.1918652057647705,
-0.1162184551358223,
0.2163110077381134,
0.20352555811405182,
0.4082801640033722,
0.33852294087409973,
-0.1724015474319458,
0.13409462571144104,
0.1370687186717987,
-0.07796315848827362,
0.5681110620498657,
0.2115143984556198,
0.08743821084499359,
-0.06696848571300507,
-0.403881698846817,
-0.1718141734600067,
0.14870908856391907,
-0.8279402256011963,
-0.12077279388904572,
-0.07902240753173828,
-0.12627364695072174,
0.34583187103271484,
-0.13620984554290771,
-1.3866372108459473,
0.04647502675652504,
-0.2258218675851822,
-0.38104987144470215,
0.1259014904499054,
-0.44412118196487427,
-0.43125155568122864,
0.09422449767589569,
-0.02655368484556675,
-0.6130089163780212,
-0.15179012715816498,
-0.011440769769251347,
-0.03479072451591492,
-0.07232571393251419,
-0.1858513504266739,
-0.22331152856349945,
-0.10135123878717422,
0.07769835740327835,
-0.28753724694252014,
0.19904720783233643,
-0.5864172577857971,
-0.1425374150276184,
-0.06400558352470398,
0.005073103122413158,
-0.2926492989063263,
-0.21429258584976196,
-0.17749254405498505,
-0.31802475452423096,
0.1650560051202774,
-0.1211908683180809,
0.5426530241966248,
1.025364875793457,
-0.4399133622646332,
-0.11466336995363235,
0.1932860016822815,
-0.2663363814353943,
0.17177806794643402,
-0.26664796471595764,
-0.04336239770054817,
0.19262245297431946,
-0.7349166870117188,
-0.2699979245662689,
-0.07158506661653519,
-0.7982373237609863,
0.10270938277244568,
0.10729328542947769,
0.014893721789121628,
0.49330779910087585,
-0.35105395317077637,
-0.24287554621696472,
-0.31485381722450256,
-0.052903566509485245,
-0.2972508668899536,
0.29533684253692627,
0.1929110735654831,
0.5183409452438354,
0.10323656350374222,
-0.5602924823760986,
-0.6139312982559204,
-0.016673550009727478,
-0.9353422522544861,
0.022801725193858147,
0.13592608273029327,
0.44275209307670593,
0.28507715463638306,
-0.08806714415550232,
0.28149521350860596,
0.013308879919350147,
0.18533945083618164,
-0.36090943217277527,
0.07365406304597855,
0.545828640460968,
-0.0024682118091732264,
0.5394479632377625,
-0.19120360910892487,
0.07448985427618027,
-0.1139344871044159,
-0.2231835275888443,
0.6835224628448486,
0.7528166174888611,
0.5874937772750854,
0.08240752667188644,
0.20176896452903748,
0.43203240633010864,
0.3026161789894104,
-0.2856506407260895,
-0.4259634017944336,
-0.019225435331463814,
0.22938746213912964,
0.23102408647537231,
-0.5065479874610901,
0.16088521480560303,
0.6002099514007568,
-0.26636993885040283,
-0.13070763647556305,
0.28494739532470703,
0.1621805727481842,
0.24380290508270264,
0.2446032613515854,
0.5021955370903015,
0.3147656321525574,
0.4954341948032379,
0.08856625854969025,
0.4881342947483063,
0.2903950810432434,
0.04059086740016937,
0.1878468245267868,
-0.10814080387353897,
-0.12150122970342636,
0.13494299352169037,
-0.3672671616077423,
0.8570537567138672,
0.010355684906244278,
-0.3418814539909363,
0.3142021596431732,
-0.6615201830863953,
-0.11772096902132034,
-0.48708152770996094,
0.22180232405662537,
0.0629982128739357,
0.6226292848587036,
-1.0554405450820923,
-0.41606947779655457,
-0.7931063771247864,
0.48186683654785156,
-0.03375056013464928,
-0.17852334678173065,
-0.2647697925567627,
-0.19066110253334045,
0.25167667865753174,
-0.45814576745033264,
-0.25790804624557495,
-0.017308970913290977,
0.262527734041214,
-0.577376127243042,
0.4569797217845917,
-0.02985735610127449,
-0.4603995084762573,
-0.24665126204490662,
0.616756796836853,
0.3132251501083374,
-0.1513095647096634,
0.6252016425132751,
0.017450088635087013,
-0.702632486820221,
0.15403449535369873,
-0.20508064329624176,
0.07858645170927048,
0.301097571849823,
-0.43971574306488037,
-0.019657950848340988,
0.41176071763038635,
-0.4952693283557892,
-0.07994108647108078,
0.3675234913825989,
-0.6156691908836365,
-0.1259985864162445,
-0.2518558204174042,
0.10980799049139023,
0.2721163034439087,
0.5276396870613098,
-0.5753582715988159,
-0.5302257537841797,
0.5082833766937256,
0.03099791705608368,
0.5143745541572571,
0.24075083434581757,
-0.13344824314117432,
-0.135473370552063,
-0.5680689215660095,
-0.3461461365222931,
0.4348454475402832,
0.2814951241016388,
-0.45810601115226746,
0.4031178951263428,
-0.0583987683057785,
0.32401877641677856,
-0.025129476562142372,
-0.29688316583633423,
0.6824992299079895,
-0.10670533776283264,
0.18177172541618347,
-0.5183221101760864,
-0.40153810381889343,
-0.07706732302904129,
0.3575573265552521,
-0.23912981152534485,
-0.0007671252242289484,
0.6295170783996582,
0.09170490503311157,
0.24514096975326538,
-0.056828852742910385,
0.6908074021339417,
-0.31793710589408875,
0.6546518802642822,
-0.4437708854675293,
-0.5864023566246033,
-0.6769663095474243,
-0.14157184958457947,
0.3003922998905182,
0.5884400010108948,
0.061776671558618546,
0.031621672213077545,
0.3013070523738861,
0.06430684030056,
-0.47930264472961426,
0.2818877100944519,
0.7250365614891052,
0.3977806568145752,
-0.35841578245162964,
0.25135302543640137,
0.685066282749176,
0.23056332767009735,
0.5962220430374146,
0.6084484457969666,
0.13680103421211243,
0.18324360251426697,
-0.0032813174184411764,
-0.5370774865150452,
-0.23241949081420898,
-0.04106992483139038,
-0.003528433386236429,
0.7057321071624756,
-0.6790433526039124,
-0.028016697615385056,
0.19674177467823029,
-0.18988965451717377,
-0.3924412727355957,
0.10152091830968857,
-0.32452690601348877,
-0.4117646813392639,
0.14672791957855225,
-0.721124529838562,
0.10212156921625137,
-0.45582154393196106,
1.1122328042984009,
0.13058048486709595,
-0.16307567059993744,
-0.13165640830993652,
0.25133395195007324,
0.26100295782089233,
-0.19284340739250183,
0.07976425439119339,
-0.09201285988092422,
0.39637291431427,
0.18223999440670013,
-1.0108610391616821,
0.569577693939209,
0.16325944662094116,
-0.02898336574435234,
-0.29638007283210754,
0.14337828755378723,
-0.2868075370788574,
-0.17512749135494232,
0.09292460232973099,
0.07048635184764862,
-0.10725005716085434,
-0.16497187316417694,
0.8634723424911499,
0.1365259289741516,
0.08557489514350891,
-0.206845223903656,
-0.20879390835762024,
0.29799067974090576,
0.23825451731681824,
0.26069316267967224,
-0.0708811804652214,
0.3487148880958557,
-0.18114306032657623,
0.39892664551734924,
-0.32168442010879517,
-0.2839578092098236,
-0.32761240005493164,
-0.05802353471517563,
0.8556689620018005,
0.9518924355506897,
0.1398807018995285,
-0.8371301889419556,
0.590380072593689,
-0.11705330014228821,
0.020713958889245987,
-0.3451975882053375,
-2.4731898307800293,
0.21956850588321686,
0.02457297220826149,
0.08099577575922012,
0.0728863775730133,
0.21220819652080536,
-0.20789194107055664,
0.24575234949588776,
0.3074479103088379,
-0.5562028884887695,
0.578948974609375,
-0.059727635234594345,
-0.47557640075683594,
0.16536778211593628,
0.4766024351119995,
0.38067173957824707
]
|
214715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Moultrie%20%28poet%29 | John Moultrie (poet) | John Moultrie (1799–1874) was an English clergyman, known as a poet and hymn-writer.
Early life and education
He was born in Great Portland Street, London, on 31 December 1799, at the house of his maternal grandmother, Mrs Fendall; he was the eldest son of George Moultrie, rector of Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire, by his wife Harriet (died 1867). His father was the son of John Moultrie of South Carolina.
After preliminary education at Ramsbury, Wiltshire, Moultrie was sent to Eton College in 1811. John Keate, whom he annoyed by a visit to Thomas Gray's monument at Stoke Poges, was then headmaster. Among his friends were William Sidney Walker, Lord Morpeth, Richard Okes, John Louis Petit, Henry Nelson Coleridge and Edward Coleridge, and Winthrop Mackworth Praed. He composed with great facility in Latin, but was indifferent to school studies, distinguishing himself as a cricketer, actor, and wit.
In October 1819 Moultrie entered, as a commoner, Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became intimate with Thomas Babington Macaulay, Charles Austin, and others of their set. He played first-class cricket for Cambridge: he is recorded in one match in 1820, totalling 6 runs with a highest score of 6 not out and taking 1 wicket. Proceeding his M.A. in 1822, he spent time at the Middle Temple, but after acting for some time as tutor to the three sons of Lord Craven, he gave up the law and decided to take holy orders; he had an offer of the living of Rugby, Warwickshire, by Lord Craven in 1825. In 1825 he was also ordained, and on 28 July in that year he married Harriet Margaret Fergusson, sister of James Fergusson.
Career
He had the parsonage at Rugby rebuilt, and went to reside there in 1828. Moultrie arrived in the parish almost simultaneously with Thomas Arnold's acceptance of the headmastership of Rugby School. Writing to Derwent Coleridge, Moultrie's close friend Bonamy Price described the reciprocal influence of these two men.
At school he wrote for the College Magazine, edited the subsequent Horæ Otiosæ, and after leaving Eton contributed verses to the Etonian during 1820–1. His treatment of the subject of Lady Godiva was praised by William Gifford and William Wordsworth. Both in the Etonian and in Charles Knight's Quarterly Magazine his verses appeared under the pseudonym 'Gerard Montgomery.'
In 1837 Moultrie issued a collection of his poems, which were favourably reviewed both in the Quarterly Review and the Edinburgh Review In 1843 he published 'The Dream of Life; Lays of the English Church and other Poems.' It is an autobiographical meditation in verse, which contains comments on contemporaries, including Thomas Babington Macaulay, Henry Nelson Coleridge, Charles Austin, Chauncey Hare Townshend, and Charles Taylor. In 1850 appeared 'The Black Fence, a Lay of Modern Rome,' an anti-papal work, and 'St. Mary, the Virgin and Wife,' both of which had several editions. In 1852 he edited the Poetical Remains of William Sidney Walker.
In 1854, his last volume of verse appeared, 'Altars, Hearths, and Graves.' Among its contents is the 'Three Minstrels,' giving an account of Moultrie's meetings, on different occasions, with Wordsworth, Coleridge and Tennyson. In his later work Moultrie became the writer of much blank verse of a conscientious and explanatory type. He also wrote a number of hymns, on special subjects. Most of them are in Benjamin Hall Kennedy's Hymnologia Christiana, 1863.
A complete edition of his poems was published in two volumes in 1876, with a memoir, by Derwent Coleridge.
Personal life
He died on 26 December 1874 in Rugby, Warwickshire of smallpox, which he had caught from a parishioner whom he was visiting. He was buried in the parish church, to which an aisle was added in his memory. His gravestone says "The good shepherd lays down his life for his sheep". Moultrie Road in central Rugby is named after him.
His wife Harriet died in 1864, leaving three sons and four daughters. Of them, Gerard Moultrie and Mary Moultrie were also hymn-writers.
References
Attribution
External links
Google Earth view of Moultrie Road, Rugby, Warwickshire, which was named after him.
1799 births
1874 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Cambridge University cricketers
Church of England hymnwriters
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1787 to 1825
English male poets
People educated at Eton College
19th-century English Anglican priests | [
-0.12235170602798462,
0.8164927363395691,
-0.3579089343547821,
-0.8391866683959961,
-0.22578942775726318,
0.9422786831855774,
1.388010859489441,
0.21680065989494324,
-0.20468980073928833,
-0.5622475743293762,
-0.03719830513000488,
-0.28043749928474426,
-0.28505027294158936,
0.2002992331981659,
0.13137753307819366,
0.5561389327049255,
-0.4970248341560364,
0.18226607143878937,
0.01074365247040987,
-0.7622393369674683,
-0.21926046907901764,
-0.4383164346218109,
0.3108260929584503,
-0.6106185913085938,
0.027664387598633766,
-0.118422731757164,
0.10182224959135056,
-0.15433821082115173,
-0.14854614436626434,
-0.02148454450070858,
0.12293654680252075,
1.1642851829528809,
0.8218002319335938,
-0.25249338150024414,
-0.18491671979427338,
-0.09878826886415482,
-0.007287447340786457,
-0.33537644147872925,
0.20218776166439056,
0.06879837065935135,
0.2942698895931244,
-0.28001782298088074,
0.5771840214729309,
-0.3640569746494293,
0.22887857258319855,
-0.19315405189990997,
-1.6938000917434692,
-0.31326162815093994,
-0.8218358159065247,
-0.2939683794975281,
0.45252618193626404,
0.4322139024734497,
0.8137837052345276,
-0.024624764919281006,
-0.37653324007987976,
0.607987642288208,
-0.9878461360931396,
-0.38172706961631775,
0.6855074763298035,
-0.007321489974856377,
0.06082231178879738,
0.4090476632118225,
0.06109064444899559,
0.1114322692155838,
0.058110445737838745,
0.37548553943634033,
-0.963776171207428,
-0.1265813708305359,
-0.36638355255126953,
0.04334278404712677,
0.2858816087245941,
0.08573949337005615,
0.21070703864097595,
0.7549234628677368,
-0.08624716103076935,
-0.18885546922683716,
0.1455220878124237,
-0.11210747808218002,
0.166720449924469,
0.08124367892742157,
0.03734381124377251,
0.08206795156002045,
1.0058023929595947,
0.77974534034729,
-0.05797889456152916,
0.08572334051132202,
-0.00006454384856624529,
0.5405256748199463,
-0.00013972313900012523,
-0.17259959876537323,
-0.06274953484535217,
-0.5847166776657104,
-0.6206539869308472,
0.41054767370224,
0.09889925271272659,
0.6618798971176147,
-0.057230643928050995,
0.5391490459442139,
-0.2604922354221344,
-0.25609979033470154,
0.33158671855926514,
0.4607503414154053,
0.0704895406961441,
0.13016121089458466,
-0.8521391153335571,
0.0007959305658005178,
-0.3852660357952118,
-0.04382059723138809,
0.7526508569717407,
-0.34209704399108887,
-0.371074378490448,
0.08369199186563492,
-0.9388303160667419,
0.3940331041812897,
0.30653899908065796,
0.006814147345721722,
0.6083558797836304,
-0.5917581915855408,
-0.48598936200141907,
0.0704822838306427,
-0.21911115944385529,
0.3355814516544342,
0.37134015560150146,
0.17616964876651764,
-1.0196362733840942,
0.21501044929027557,
0.0929979532957077,
0.4196435809135437,
0.1505088061094284,
0.7905233502388,
0.04917644336819649,
1.7230346202850342,
-0.19861577451229095,
-0.8645710349082947,
0.005387833807617426,
-0.008506597019731998,
0.3693709373474121,
0.05823683366179466,
-0.0943094789981842,
0.5740918517112732,
-0.3304711580276489,
-0.22202667593955994,
-1.0168614387512207,
-0.11522293090820312,
0.044139839708805084,
0.4536465108394623,
-0.3023656904697418,
-0.4732860326766968,
-0.07607278972864151,
0.25409623980522156,
0.23154984414577484,
0.20631396770477295,
-0.04123503714799881,
0.18789777159690857,
-0.31759241223335266,
0.24877673387527466,
0.8488286733627319,
0.4874097406864166,
0.029621487483382225,
0.4607458710670471,
-0.529083788394928,
0.48393142223358154,
0.10044576227664948,
-0.20400702953338623,
0.1562671959400177,
-0.009671945124864578,
0.1020951047539711,
-0.697498619556427,
-0.3218703269958496,
-0.4848029315471649,
-0.6086088418960571,
-0.5313472151756287,
0.42025554180145264,
-0.38728752732276917,
0.34077805280685425,
-0.1547810137271881,
0.9453219771385193,
0.47350332140922546,
0.28686031699180603,
-0.6029890179634094,
-0.9821715354919434,
0.14992015063762665,
0.07744210213422775,
-0.05715866759419441,
0.5605784058570862,
0.3948277235031128,
0.7543647289276123,
0.2320060431957245,
0.2963203489780426,
-0.12296656519174576,
-0.8877525925636292,
-0.6870282888412476,
0.23557330667972565,
-0.20212535560131073,
1.0217481851577759,
0.07952910661697388,
-0.07593177258968353,
-0.041095487773418427,
0.3200220763683319,
1.0097367763519287,
0.018859345465898514,
0.03022000938653946,
-0.3779192268848419,
-0.24958902597427368,
-0.14459876716136932,
0.8561475872993469,
0.23214732110500336,
-0.08788154274225235,
0.02359895221889019,
0.07212725281715393,
0.7209323048591614,
-0.7433898448944092,
-0.2376203089952469,
0.4295887053012848,
-0.6250519752502441,
-0.877901554107666,
-0.3071816563606262,
-0.23596106469631195,
0.265758216381073,
-0.7522827982902527,
0.301185667514801,
-0.04348643869161606,
0.5265872478485107,
0.6017445921897888,
-0.07157445698976517,
0.5761377215385437,
-0.15492114424705505,
-0.09664342552423477,
-0.0744231715798378,
-1.066514015197754,
-0.3999349772930145,
0.3952588140964508,
0.00928541086614132,
-0.5941525101661682,
-0.08626044541597366,
0.06062418222427368,
-0.22208590805530548,
-0.21227765083312988,
0.4731169044971466,
-0.2149670422077179,
-0.12370087206363678,
0.36129745841026306,
-0.49666962027549744,
0.18111619353294373,
-0.14539723098278046,
0.510513961315155,
-0.1538270264863968,
-0.37345415353775024,
-0.027316594496369362,
-0.026967639103531837,
0.4587371349334717,
0.48766377568244934,
0.18851447105407715,
0.5315164923667908,
0.13394156098365784,
0.336078017950058,
0.5746201872825623,
-0.1265549659729004,
-0.1334826648235321,
0.12438607960939407,
-0.6902093887329102,
-0.04628424346446991,
0.1337176412343979,
-0.09422300010919571,
0.13547159731388092,
-0.5714551210403442,
0.04333604872226715,
-0.3457092046737671,
0.012325126677751541,
-0.08845767378807068,
-0.08266082406044006,
0.12377514690160751,
-0.24302968382835388,
-0.1065051406621933,
0.4389938414096832,
0.29894405603408813,
0.22623296082019806,
-0.13091909885406494,
-0.6024662852287292,
-0.48801469802856445,
-0.1129692792892456,
1.2641119956970215,
-0.5466256141662598,
-0.20320405066013336,
-0.16493737697601318,
0.49040165543556213,
0.455350786447525,
0.22537553310394287,
0.021495644003152847,
-0.10362043976783752,
-0.0865100845694542,
0.8195298910140991,
-0.3470926582813263,
0.2056012898683548,
0.03311195224523544,
0.46425241231918335,
0.17403702437877655,
-0.8903887271881104,
-0.1681859791278839,
-0.09821635484695435,
-0.4756263494491577,
0.09513984620571136,
-0.1513507068157196,
0.27802956104278564,
0.2557154893875122,
-0.24521557986736298,
-0.4396231472492218,
0.3054346740245819,
-5.264688491821289,
-0.28514114022254944,
-0.1656654328107834,
-0.4469384551048279,
0.5886518955230713,
-0.19199422001838684,
0.8380853533744812,
-0.3218766450881958,
-0.07003165781497955,
-0.3155686557292938,
0.4780559539794922,
-0.051077429205179214,
-0.030611513182520866,
0.40465569496154785,
0.8233663439750671,
0.15870414674282074,
0.6217256784439087,
-0.48352161049842834,
0.06295128911733627,
-0.14094997942447662,
0.285981684923172,
0.15186575055122375,
0.1134834811091423,
-0.0284563135355711,
0.3527633547782898,
0.6037752628326416,
0.20101754367351532,
0.43869465589523315,
-0.6914644241333008,
0.2244400829076767,
0.49926313757896423,
0.6718267202377319,
0.3467324376106262,
-0.6458166837692261,
-0.35704928636550903,
-0.3310442268848419,
0.1711486577987671,
0.9622287154197693,
0.5374647378921509,
0.21597902476787567,
0.28953173756599426,
-0.2354232519865036,
-0.6276707053184509,
-0.2192952036857605,
-0.39708027243614197,
-0.4962121546268463,
-0.8744601011276245,
0.1765698492527008,
-0.08354819566011429,
0.8031594157218933,
-0.16705794632434845,
-0.24206382036209106,
0.4752312898635864,
0.3320189118385315,
-0.039485566318035126,
-0.21247369050979614,
0.4545453190803528,
-0.15025772154331207,
-0.4245201051235199,
0.12071122974157333,
0.4647844135761261,
-0.6963567733764648,
0.019400253891944885,
-0.5634680390357971,
0.024526428431272507,
-0.3778919279575348,
0.05886489897966385,
-0.4584721028804779,
0.012513956055045128,
-0.030462175607681274,
-0.015739962458610535,
0.6891635656356812,
0.06871350109577179,
-0.9757782220840454,
-0.5867252945899963,
-0.021434776484966278,
-0.02248498424887657,
0.21941177546977997,
-0.5934386253356934,
-0.33291497826576233,
0.06744332611560822,
-0.9261681437492371,
-0.1875409334897995,
1.1972143650054932,
0.8203362822532654,
0.07731077075004578,
-0.7349216341972351,
0.19623973965644836,
-0.835307240486145,
-0.6562860608100891,
0.4598446488380432,
-0.3834070861339569,
-0.3644808828830719,
0.34784284234046936,
0.8864325881004333,
0.4031689167022705,
0.14913417398929596,
-0.21453545987606049,
0.260775625705719,
-0.28411173820495605,
-0.4052399694919586,
-0.26848357915878296,
0.37514975666999817,
-0.09555020183324814,
0.17864544689655304,
-0.39806950092315674,
-0.699324905872345,
0.36588236689567566,
0.37686899304389954,
0.1594916135072708,
0.2910749614238739,
-0.5365692973136902,
-0.1999485194683075,
0.04913806542754173,
-0.5397475957870483,
-0.2996251583099365,
0.42831340432167053,
0.31815823912620544,
0.5730606913566589,
0.6656611561775208,
-0.27532050013542175,
0.6560191512107849,
0.2053757756948471,
-0.24812600016593933,
-0.4177238643169403,
-0.13010816276073456,
0.6229802966117859,
-0.39243441820144653,
-0.45925384759902954,
-0.07024060189723969,
0.0929466113448143,
0.36627715826034546,
-0.2902998924255371,
-0.2657952606678009,
-0.167306050658226,
-0.23608382046222687,
-0.43885210156440735,
-0.013317400589585304,
0.2728569507598877,
-0.2850935161113739,
0.49494698643684387,
-0.4311566948890686,
-0.23633214831352234,
0.2716231942176819,
0.4957842230796814,
0.19708313047885895,
0.2996525466442108,
-0.14306505024433136,
-0.2219402939081192,
0.4357609748840332,
-0.24665693938732147,
-0.08503606915473938,
0.6494272947311401,
-0.8461812138557434,
-0.1340600550174713,
-0.014264254830777645,
-0.6967571377754211,
0.005994006991386414,
-0.24188412725925446,
0.09044546633958817,
-0.4547281265258789,
0.5163257122039795,
-1.2619010210037231,
0.020823659375309944,
-0.10717286914587021,
-0.17644232511520386,
-0.08408429473638535,
-0.32120850682258606,
-0.20601265132427216,
0.4629133641719818,
0.2154315710067749,
-0.18728294968605042,
-0.13459095358848572,
-0.027104565873742104,
0.2505878210067749,
-0.4045850336551666,
0.022897331044077873,
0.017908405512571335,
0.20805922150611877,
-0.24332857131958008,
-0.2532931864261627,
-0.10997973382472992,
-0.43427810072898865,
0.1075453907251358,
0.9119372963905334,
-0.13802991807460785,
-0.41647472977638245,
-0.7420538067817688,
-0.08863908052444458,
-0.12790299952030182,
-0.3112267255783081,
-0.10827379673719406,
0.3112070858478546,
0.5790708661079407,
0.07775261998176575,
-0.38667839765548706,
0.4253394901752472,
0.08317383378744125,
0.22728002071380615,
-0.8590602874755859,
0.3214556574821472,
0.18944144248962402,
-0.1922779232263565,
-0.12399690598249435,
-0.2915187478065491,
-1.5374237298965454,
0.03128452226519585,
-0.492141455411911,
-0.621433436870575,
0.7478137016296387,
0.05517515912652016,
-0.6904488801956177,
0.0478922501206398,
0.6959876418113708,
-0.14624923467636108,
-0.7008349895477295,
0.13019642233848572,
0.5905206203460693,
-0.26697760820388794,
-0.5333996415138245,
-0.6279476284980774,
0.09116603434085846,
-0.9175623655319214,
-0.10942935198545456,
-0.5398116111755371,
0.103743776679039,
-0.12473849207162857,
-0.5005167722702026,
0.603043258190155,
-0.07834922522306442,
-0.5724896192550659,
0.2694529891014099,
0.0911138504743576,
0.19950270652770996,
-0.05934053286910057,
-0.17446327209472656,
0.20987896621227264,
-0.06585675477981567,
0.11031568795442581,
0.4467437267303467,
0.5358840227127075,
1.2168328762054443,
0.4410204589366913,
-0.510073184967041,
0.010496681556105614,
0.06754859536886215,
0.03895440325140953,
-0.14520062506198883,
-0.393193781375885,
0.379221111536026,
0.25341087579727173,
0.12460733950138092,
-0.47825101017951965,
-0.18652941286563873,
0.7809313535690308,
0.14073358476161957,
-0.4083339273929596,
0.2848548889160156,
0.056664805859327316,
0.022713305428624153,
0.46287429332733154,
0.25026631355285645,
-0.11257848143577576,
0.13229824602603912,
0.33455461263656616,
0.20095579326152802,
0.47684401273727417,
-0.08773545175790787,
0.2752015292644501,
-0.39997488260269165,
-1.053047776222229,
-0.6278350353240967,
-0.8980104923248291,
0.5468187928199768,
-0.10748141258955002,
-0.2914445102214813,
0.365372896194458,
-0.6596212983131409,
0.6690722703933716,
-0.22310109436511993,
-0.13237930834293365,
-0.008240769617259502,
0.21810542047023773,
-0.0708077922463417,
-0.3153938353061676,
-0.4805386960506439,
-0.1829536110162735,
-0.23064418137073517,
-0.2566604018211365,
-0.056903764605522156,
-0.45037296414375305,
-0.1216282919049263,
-0.07579651474952698,
0.43715760111808777,
-0.053747355937957764,
0.3158641755580902,
-0.3085675835609436,
-0.471210777759552,
-0.4518851041793823,
-0.511437714099884,
-0.6758627891540527,
0.6451525688171387,
0.5940461158752441,
-0.6583009958267212,
0.7296929955482483,
-0.2502436339855194,
-0.173837810754776,
-0.29047152400016785,
-0.4313860535621643,
0.4219137132167816,
0.5500757694244385,
0.11521025002002716,
0.2770330309867859,
0.6470565795898438,
-0.2694624960422516,
-0.3923381268978119,
0.16835983097553253,
-0.6197457313537598,
-0.006658280733972788,
0.5730417370796204,
0.003721746616065502,
-0.08428392559289932,
1.0204654932022095,
-0.07407541573047638,
-0.15413421392440796,
0.8155050277709961,
-0.33568182587623596,
-0.1643301248550415,
-0.1479998081922531,
0.17553356289863586,
0.033267807215452194,
-0.7447004914283752,
-0.9700831770896912,
0.8887832164764404,
-0.2289562225341797,
-0.3007020056247711,
0.22978860139846802,
-0.3708842992782593,
-0.3399912118911743,
-0.012105193920433521,
-0.011344372294843197,
0.3037942945957184,
0.33896028995513916,
0.22371718287467957,
0.06978558748960495,
-0.009725355543196201,
-0.18225426971912384,
0.017129380255937576,
0.020973429083824158,
-0.2800324559211731,
0.36476337909698486,
0.7069132924079895,
0.25862306356430054,
-0.8355353474617004,
0.1469709575176239,
0.3542575240135193,
0.5872933864593506,
-0.6359862089157104,
0.03584236279129982,
-0.18756119906902313,
-0.11760541796684265,
-0.12154344469308853,
0.7154099941253662,
-0.3772459328174591,
-0.2945356070995331,
-0.22894571721553802,
0.5456811785697937,
-0.6006256341934204,
-0.005053258500993252,
0.7829477787017822,
0.37522900104522705,
-0.3389618396759033,
0.09558164328336716,
0.8048685193061829,
0.27836114168167114,
-0.3267081677913666,
0.6619085073471069,
0.32135459780693054,
0.1114778220653534,
-0.18477869033813477,
-0.34853866696357727,
0.3212931156158447,
-0.006899437867105007,
-0.4876297414302826,
0.563523530960083,
-0.38095447421073914,
-0.19334657490253448,
-0.1738787442445755,
0.14715167880058289,
-0.6555234789848328,
0.23367531597614288,
0.005208143964409828,
-0.18796581029891968,
-0.19193530082702637,
-0.7383487820625305,
0.25987371802330017,
-0.3227325677871704,
1.1758559942245483,
-0.007236747536808252,
-0.2129589319229126,
-0.0054931906051933765,
0.12519283592700958,
-0.20870672166347504,
0.3557271659374237,
-0.3859570324420929,
0.35127022862434387,
-0.525627076625824,
0.8664807677268982,
-1.1213783025741577,
0.5451904535293579,
0.30970871448516846,
0.5770414471626282,
-0.34848299622535706,
0.431032657623291,
-0.007476749364286661,
-0.5109726190567017,
0.23925146460533142,
-0.2800496816635132,
-0.0787421241402626,
-0.3238357603549957,
0.6537230610847473,
0.45258086919784546,
0.4401814043521881,
-0.440958172082901,
-0.19976375997066498,
-0.32881349325180054,
0.1511242687702179,
0.08466257899999619,
0.07169884443283081,
0.2097136676311493,
0.1877817064523697,
0.15691356360912323,
-0.11108584702014923,
0.03365664556622505,
-0.4028383493423462,
0.30225828289985657,
0.255043625831604,
0.6802436709403992,
-0.30667605996131897,
-0.6281213760375977,
0.47983816266059875,
-0.44135239720344543,
0.10767503082752228,
0.4393760859966278,
-1.303173542022705,
-0.24590258300304413,
0.0847308561205864,
-0.17322275042533875,
0.010477143339812756,
0.4852530360221863,
0.5684565305709839,
-0.5411120057106018,
-0.03869153931736946,
-0.28985118865966797,
0.9037950038909912,
-0.35091453790664673,
-0.31286686658859253,
-0.14207759499549866,
0.43215158581733704,
0.02794361114501953
]
|
214716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed%20blue%20magpie | Red-billed blue magpie | The red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythroryncha) is a species of bird in the crow family, Corvidae. It is about the same size as the Eurasian magpie, but has a much longer tail, one of the longest of any corvid. It is long and weighs .
Taxonomy
The red-billed blue magpie was described by French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1775 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name, but in 1783, Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Corvus erythrorynchus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The specimen described by Buffon had come from China, but the type location was restricted to Canton by Hugh Birckhead in 1937. The red-billed blue magpie is now one of five species placed in the genus Urocissa that was introduced by German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1850. The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek oura meaning "tail" and kissa meaning "magpie". The specific epithet erythroryncha combines the Ancient Greek eruthros meaning "red" and rhunkhos meaning "bill".
Five subspecies are recognised:
U. e. occipitalis (Blyth, 1846) – northwest India to east Nepal
U. e. magnirostris (Blyth, 1846) – northeast India to south Indochina
U. e. alticola Birckhead, 1938 – north Myanmar and south-central China
U. e. brevivexilla R. Swinhoe, 1874 – northeast China
U. e. erythroryncha (Boddaert, 1783) – central, east, and southeast China, north Indochina
Description
The head, neck, and breast are black with a bluish spotting on the crown. The shoulders and rump are a duller blue, and the underparts are a greyish cream. The long tail is a brighter blue (as are the wing primaries) with a broad, white tip. The bill is a bright orange-red, as are the legs and feet and a ring around each eye. This red can vary across its range to almost yellow in some birds.
Habits and habitat
The red-billed blue magpie occurs in a broad swath from the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, and further eastwards. It ranges from the western Himalayas eastwards into Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, and through central and eastern China to southwest Manchuria, in evergreen forest and scrub in predominantly hilly or mountainous country. It has adapted to urban habitat, and can be seen in large cities in China such as Beijing and Hong Kong. They nest in trees and large shrubs in a relatively shallow nest. Usually, three to five eggs are laid.
Food is sought both in trees and on the ground. It takes the usual wide range of food, such as invertebrates, other small animals, and fruit and some seeds. It robs nests of eggs and also chicks. Vocal mimicry is very apparent in this species, and its calls are very varied, but the most usual are a grating rattle and a high-pitched whistle somewhat like a flute.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Breeding and Feeding: Red-billed blue magpie
red-billed blue magpie
Birds of North India
Birds of Nepal
Birds of Eastern Himalaya
Birds of China
Birds of Southeast Asia
red-billed blue magpie
red-billed blue magpie | [
-0.1612507551908493,
0.33101803064346313,
-0.829466700553894,
-0.14184130728244781,
-0.22113282978534698,
0.9698777198791504,
0.321142315864563,
0.5600042343139648,
-0.8167546391487122,
-0.34764596819877625,
-0.05805276706814766,
0.362736314535141,
-0.7395098805427551,
0.259772390127182,
-0.08258585631847382,
1.03640878200531,
0.38750576972961426,
0.2866364121437073,
0.1670527309179306,
-0.5290812253952026,
-0.27797815203666687,
-0.8492551445960999,
-0.06503386795520782,
-0.20713211596012115,
0.42547720670700073,
0.5513060688972473,
0.05454551428556442,
0.5782405138015747,
0.2708210051059723,
0.19271700084209442,
0.06056509166955948,
1.0359609127044678,
0.9729757308959961,
0.45425650477409363,
0.07912440598011017,
0.007593210786581039,
-0.3346197009086609,
-0.3068011403083801,
0.20799800753593445,
-0.563301682472229,
0.08362707495689392,
-0.30019962787628174,
0.4674450755119324,
-0.18465828895568848,
0.0917658805847168,
-0.27637559175491333,
-1.0622743368148804,
0.3793785572052002,
-0.33423084020614624,
0.32574254274368286,
-0.3182961642742157,
0.7488784790039062,
0.0446808822453022,
0.730532169342041,
0.3248891532421112,
0.45475396513938904,
-0.9317957758903503,
0.06410755217075348,
-0.45787110924720764,
-0.39623716473579407,
-0.3916633427143097,
-0.06142270565032959,
-0.041836611926555634,
0.5396435856819153,
-0.16829046607017517,
0.7578338384628296,
0.132672980427742,
0.08553746342658997,
-0.7865476608276367,
0.038456957787275314,
-0.16730839014053345,
-0.41856810450553894,
-0.0696534663438797,
0.5818905830383301,
-0.4298284947872162,
-0.2505793273448944,
-0.02780473418533802,
-0.2912385165691376,
0.2033994346857071,
0.0065751224756240845,
0.33745890855789185,
0.1884283721446991,
0.7360743284225464,
0.04777603596448898,
-0.20458683371543884,
0.02768213115632534,
-0.9356589913368225,
0.20545382797718048,
-0.2716837525367737,
0.5391480922698975,
-1.3565700054168701,
0.18450231850147247,
0.2281937450170517,
0.6100035309791565,
-0.8144534826278687,
-0.11492259055376053,
-0.1638265997171402,
-0.028248943388462067,
0.813683807849884,
0.2484150230884552,
-0.4509325623512268,
-0.2992176115512848,
1.0024540424346924,
0.3043600022792816,
-0.9866005182266235,
0.20117470622062683,
-0.6622403860092163,
-0.327503502368927,
-0.2972106337547302,
0.7073041796684265,
-0.7703251838684082,
0.5494928956031799,
-0.005265580024570227,
-0.10048062354326248,
0.07147043943405151,
0.7145619988441467,
0.26560521125793457,
-0.10016375035047531,
0.0311035867780447,
-0.31935539841651917,
0.26009440422058105,
0.4854746162891388,
-0.30816835165023804,
0.6779263019561768,
0.059382665902376175,
1.0009243488311768,
0.5842167735099792,
0.382458359003067,
0.04904250428080559,
0.25964096188545227,
0.6203784346580505,
1.4492937326431274,
-0.17918317019939423,
-0.16884246468544006,
-0.42034295201301575,
-0.2511151432991028,
-0.021970486268401146,
-0.22561350464820862,
0.5790278315544128,
0.7538002133369446,
-0.880255401134491,
-0.33530953526496887,
-0.5153752565383911,
-0.39434581995010376,
0.037696488201618195,
0.6910104751586914,
-0.32805943489074707,
-0.4578545391559601,
0.23488180339336395,
-0.3713604807853699,
0.21827317774295807,
-0.09272235631942749,
0.3428416848182678,
-0.27057966589927673,
-0.7882495522499084,
-0.28528663516044617,
0.424812912940979,
-0.47970807552337646,
0.7476509213447571,
-0.07033240050077438,
0.058717843145132065,
0.44415727257728577,
-0.26886066794395447,
-0.25319838523864746,
-0.1413249969482422,
-0.14635507762432098,
-0.35631057620048523,
0.33609938621520996,
-0.3827362060546875,
0.4228226840496063,
-0.14157313108444214,
0.3502078354358673,
0.6514697074890137,
0.5230885744094849,
-0.0806150957942009,
-0.5956841111183167,
0.05872082710266113,
0.1310870349407196,
0.11960253864526749,
0.04753648862242699,
-0.8457168936729431,
-0.030010920017957687,
-0.12455014139413834,
-0.2801811099052429,
-0.3031327426433563,
0.4820435047149658,
-0.10350743681192398,
-0.25820812582969666,
0.5036709308624268,
-0.44249624013900757,
-0.9343219995498657,
0.22035032510757446,
-0.1132848933339119,
-0.15163996815681458,
0.4021248519420624,
-0.1058536022901535,
-0.3658074736595154,
0.21898408234119415,
-0.5720136165618896,
0.2223985344171524,
-0.3838436007499695,
-0.05806589499115944,
1.0208983421325684,
-0.1222648024559021,
-1.1304372549057007,
0.36730530858039856,
-0.5700883269309998,
0.8756759166717529,
0.2633247375488281,
0.7257719039916992,
-0.41646358370780945,
0.23147089779376984,
-0.2877480387687683,
0.6561360955238342,
0.26391321420669556,
-0.02261953055858612,
0.08034243434667587,
-0.19240161776542664,
0.23193959891796112,
-0.19292385876178741,
0.9770835041999817,
-0.14450772106647491,
-0.49369388818740845,
0.4689890444278717,
0.3523678183555603,
0.3268248438835144,
0.7565611600875854,
0.019767621532082558,
0.6906635761260986,
-0.5082359910011292,
-0.04789656773209572,
0.4722077548503876,
0.7026270031929016,
-0.5187378525733948,
-0.05521424487233162,
0.13425642251968384,
0.06618805974721909,
-0.7576398253440857,
0.2649848163127899,
-0.25666090846061707,
0.5477666258811951,
-0.25608381628990173,
0.44633692502975464,
0.30384594202041626,
0.8371598720550537,
-0.1424265205860138,
-0.26362180709838867,
0.4752533733844757,
-0.1610436886548996,
0.23610727488994598,
0.37091130018234253,
1.1029428243637085,
0.10429634898900986,
-0.6573199033737183,
-0.10709058493375778,
0.47924500703811646,
0.237330362200737,
0.16153818368911743,
-0.1145523265004158,
-0.0020106351003050804,
-0.19828630983829498,
0.41325703263282776,
-0.01547256764024496,
-0.25804778933525085,
-0.06008879095315933,
0.28988951444625854,
-0.2302403599023819,
0.5204732418060303,
0.4952305257320404,
0.08579973876476288,
0.06247386708855629,
-0.37039345502853394,
-0.31169480085372925,
0.16899549961090088,
-0.33417120575904846,
-0.4386421740055084,
-0.8580721020698547,
-0.2638492286205292,
-0.4019627571105957,
-0.5125340223312378,
0.1084299311041832,
0.43198516964912415,
-0.2969079315662384,
0.005664626136422157,
-0.11456431448459625,
-0.1360657960176468,
0.5909543037414551,
-1.1289070844650269,
-0.41883301734924316,
-1.0787619352340698,
-0.5304791927337646,
0.5545132756233215,
0.22940416634082794,
0.0516720674932003,
-0.6321117281913757,
-0.6655024290084839,
-0.14021876454353333,
1.435044527053833,
0.34104716777801514,
-0.9774771928787231,
0.04552622511982918,
0.3067450523376465,
0.6246919631958008,
0.30878186225891113,
0.33722004294395447,
-0.6657681465148926,
0.6968731880187988,
0.6199979186058044,
-4.8318328857421875,
0.6178925633430481,
0.06520956754684448,
-0.38847360014915466,
-0.07349085062742233,
0.590403139591217,
-0.0828755646944046,
-0.35980671644210815,
0.050524406135082245,
-0.3745841681957245,
0.8938025832176208,
0.21620236337184906,
-0.6931424140930176,
0.01999625749886036,
0.6133249402046204,
-0.055375151336193085,
-0.5226794481277466,
-0.1891004890203476,
0.24337200820446014,
-0.069313645362854,
-0.032845061272382736,
0.7488600015640259,
0.06157863512635231,
0.5297473073005676,
-0.2578433156013489,
-0.5990836024284363,
-0.040307946503162384,
-1.32867431640625,
-0.8076989054679871,
-0.6468042135238647,
-0.12884481251239777,
0.22412975132465363,
-0.4168357849121094,
0.1691647469997406,
0.1438746452331543,
-0.4545872211456299,
0.04882488772273064,
0.4453561007976532,
-0.19138075411319733,
-0.7774503827095032,
-0.5624006390571594,
-0.08055786788463593,
-0.41103312373161316,
0.00507751340046525,
0.4088601768016815,
-0.05350303277373314,
-0.23707537353038788,
-0.8855498433113098,
-0.2592964470386505,
0.6430183053016663,
-0.331318736076355,
-0.37738707661628723,
0.273057758808136,
0.9079802632331848,
0.06022930145263672,
0.09316454827785492,
-0.32934316992759705,
0.1976739913225174,
-0.8143343329429626,
0.4254035949707031,
0.31747400760650635,
-0.58303302526474,
-0.4022230803966522,
-0.586767315864563,
-0.0743015855550766,
0.0417228639125824,
-0.9044118523597717,
0.2535797953605652,
0.6377372145652771,
-0.09918753057718277,
-0.2685287892818451,
0.5140576958656311,
-0.4948090612888336,
-1.0080573558807373,
0.5894178152084351,
-0.8664775490760803,
-0.22438694536685944,
0.11226075142621994,
-0.38126346468925476,
0.5106621384620667,
0.8924007415771484,
-0.5803331136703491,
0.3748473525047302,
0.19598403573036194,
0.04067923128604889,
-0.9215429425239563,
-0.5485261082649231,
-0.14592930674552917,
0.5864593386650085,
-0.029368948191404343,
0.4835211932659149,
-0.7728608846664429,
-0.17362743616104126,
0.2783265709877014,
0.8726551532745361,
0.07248281687498093,
0.3821446895599365,
-0.04848911240696907,
0.37777161598205566,
-0.15910175442695618,
0.48065730929374695,
0.25148332118988037,
-0.5292176008224487,
-0.4218767285346985,
0.018713193014264107,
-0.6036466956138611,
0.2931537628173828,
0.4108881652355194,
0.6516714692115784,
-0.5099613666534424,
0.4396604001522064,
-0.9140421748161316,
-0.27644217014312744,
-0.3794534504413605,
0.49081775546073914,
0.29611435532569885,
0.7019252181053162,
-0.018008964136242867,
0.2575679123401642,
0.5749432444572449,
0.11610148102045059,
-0.40214118361473083,
0.011641508899629116,
-0.039637524634599686,
-0.3973253071308136,
-0.8259490728378296,
0.13909490406513214,
0.37861889600753784,
-0.8042418956756592,
-0.5033093094825745,
-0.14592885971069336,
-0.45935243368148804,
-0.4841430187225342,
-0.17584353685379028,
0.11135818809270859,
0.2635863423347473,
-0.13556036353111267,
0.2542825937271118,
0.9832729697227478,
0.327587366104126,
-0.2910594940185547,
-0.16703177988529205,
-0.5284509658813477,
0.17937597632408142,
0.6869837045669556,
0.6135246753692627,
-0.7171418070793152,
-0.14858755469322205,
-0.31499797105789185,
0.8560512661933899,
-0.17168791592121124,
-0.2729165256023407,
0.1212603971362114,
-0.23963624238967896,
0.5647614002227783,
0.17584344744682312,
0.4604107141494751,
0.5081503391265869,
0.17335975170135498,
-0.29984498023986816,
0.23243755102157593,
-0.4539697766304016,
-0.6393983364105225,
-0.1332884430885315,
0.08994319289922714,
-0.06561229377985,
-0.620579719543457,
0.10047886520624161,
0.31930088996887207,
0.3441462516784668,
0.633959174156189,
0.15000827610492706,
-0.5740494132041931,
0.20751720666885376,
0.25896432995796204,
0.013044272549450397,
-0.6381568312644958,
0.5853314399719238,
0.2173571139574051,
0.18248511850833893,
-0.5178629755973816,
0.18118281662464142,
-0.32963669300079346,
-0.17655441164970398,
0.4190656244754791,
-0.7947365045547485,
0.0732642114162445,
-0.0803433358669281,
0.11723964661359787,
0.278024286031723,
0.890329122543335,
0.10818903893232346,
-0.1567561775445938,
0.5572056770324707,
-0.4503231644630432,
-0.6918354034423828,
-0.6600461602210999,
0.5311851501464844,
0.2679614722728729,
-0.9195466637611389,
-0.3416616916656494,
0.25038817524909973,
-0.07730071246623993,
0.13635505735874176,
-0.5925139784812927,
-0.25309649109840393,
0.8876519799232483,
0.32488757371902466,
-0.9232962131500244,
0.14674729108810425,
-0.2285018116235733,
-1.0549941062927246,
-0.44336917996406555,
1.295891284942627,
-0.27328357100486755,
0.4564271569252014,
-0.3249843418598175,
0.25888141989707947,
-0.4471367299556732,
-0.01598045974969864,
-0.5649711489677429,
-0.28378593921661377,
0.36015912890434265,
-0.1024889126420021,
-0.7147616147994995,
-0.1219995990395546,
0.16614922881126404,
-0.41145971417427063,
0.878372073173523,
-0.5828757882118225,
-0.3334795832633972,
0.532263457775116,
-0.16797736287117004,
-0.20289525389671326,
-0.4318484961986542,
0.13555601239204407,
-0.1509547233581543,
-0.07912766188383102,
0.2451586276292801,
0.6423924565315247,
0.45637550950050354,
1.2505452632904053,
0.5558884739875793,
-0.3272762596607208,
0.3541208505630493,
0.11859963834285736,
-0.30857834219932556,
0.3469502627849579,
-0.7316202521324158,
-0.6528236865997314,
0.853143036365509,
0.3035326302051544,
0.10750964283943176,
0.11605536192655563,
0.5784499049186707,
-0.35600072145462036,
-0.28481924533843994,
0.49645936489105225,
-0.029689965769648552,
0.45461511611938477,
0.19355177879333496,
-0.36968326568603516,
-0.40890565514564514,
0.29700881242752075,
0.08187702298164368,
-0.01892947033047676,
-0.6220539212226868,
-0.16530859470367432,
0.0718749463558197,
-0.558089017868042,
0.3621330261230469,
-0.28535354137420654,
0.5654237866401672,
0.3117416203022003,
0.16300858557224274,
0.4685901701450348,
-0.220228374004364,
-0.6675349473953247,
-0.10897455364465714,
0.32105129957199097,
-0.29784688353538513,
-0.38756999373435974,
0.3862896263599396,
-0.018942002207040787,
0.14669595658779144,
-0.31599897146224976,
-0.46325212717056274,
-0.026807544752955437,
0.28308847546577454,
-0.5881484746932983,
-0.8721117973327637,
0.13413317501544952,
0.19328171014785767,
0.1847221553325653,
0.33051422238349915,
0.1361798495054245,
0.3260434865951538,
0.38386043906211853,
0.3003630042076111,
-0.034787483513355255,
-1.0700435638427734,
0.07043011486530304,
0.09466314315795898,
-0.2516540586948395,
0.05775819718837738,
-0.5127642750740051,
0.07098352909088135,
-0.4625495374202728,
-0.7267194986343384,
0.2742049992084503,
0.30383455753326416,
-0.48415252566337585,
-0.042276572436094284,
-0.1696317046880722,
0.060251232236623764,
0.46782317757606506,
0.22620122134685516,
-0.07532592862844467,
0.5525187849998474,
0.44622984528541565,
0.36319151520729065,
0.05110709369182587,
0.9559057354927063,
0.6748496890068054,
-0.5092471241950989,
0.47302308678627014,
-0.7054147720336914,
0.1452484279870987,
1.02211594581604,
0.08517023175954819,
0.2670707702636719,
-0.1600983738899231,
-0.25837910175323486,
0.12204954773187637,
0.049695614725351334,
0.3229556977748871,
-0.23751476407051086,
-0.3517964482307434,
-0.551582396030426,
0.9341089725494385,
0.7747149467468262,
0.5460098385810852,
0.5367965698242188,
0.343723863363266,
-0.008235699497163296,
0.19037559628486633,
-0.5714058876037598,
-0.14081594347953796,
-0.2934168577194214,
-0.8426675796508789,
0.08456909656524658,
0.41451939940452576,
-0.10685041546821594,
-0.6939859390258789,
0.47793716192245483,
0.9787382483482361,
-0.09920172393321991,
0.14906595647335052,
-0.30850446224212646,
0.2641131281852722,
-0.3048374354839325,
-0.26906314492225647,
-0.2012816220521927,
0.24944882094860077,
-1.1982718706130981,
0.5738508105278015,
-0.389462411403656,
-0.5788825154304504,
-0.9084827899932861,
-0.3614545464515686,
-0.8519072532653809,
-0.27830344438552856,
-0.10951533168554306,
-0.24674265086650848,
0.2565307915210724,
-0.1085907518863678,
-0.5032612681388855,
0.3732825815677643,
-0.2383469194173813,
0.4065684676170349,
-1.0003104209899902,
-0.012666212394833565,
0.40381133556365967,
-0.6374962329864502,
0.6912001967430115,
0.36930742859840393,
-0.33617740869522095,
-0.487675279378891,
-0.2689322233200073,
0.1704242080450058,
-0.4016597867012024,
-0.6757521629333496,
0.23881636559963226,
-0.32566574215888977,
-0.050018779933452606,
-0.5331466197967529,
0.29537004232406616,
1.3218002319335938,
0.3425712287425995,
0.23225542902946472,
0.0813637301325798,
-0.028031444177031517,
-0.41999542713165283,
-0.27275410294532776,
-0.18171848356723785,
-0.03882012888789177,
-0.7285069227218628,
0.3062725067138672,
-0.7920323610305786,
0.6466515064239502,
0.006023525260388851,
0.3917720913887024,
-0.2645775079727173,
0.227861225605011,
-0.4638943076133728,
0.36251088976860046,
1.232504963874817,
-0.20042842626571655,
0.13473565876483917,
-0.18438346683979034,
-0.21729834377765656,
-0.7784227728843689,
0.6128329634666443,
0.15066459774971008,
0.40475091338157654,
-0.2666020095348358,
0.19514821469783783,
0.308691143989563,
-0.5105815529823303,
0.05731372907757759,
-0.4537788927555084,
0.16214145720005035,
-0.7844772934913635,
-0.18132176995277405,
-0.7759330868721008,
-1.05196213722229,
0.23433880507946014,
1.0492420196533203,
0.013702420517802238,
0.1052296906709671,
0.3319542109966278,
-0.08979325741529465,
0.379986435174942,
-0.6569324135780334,
0.4378714859485626,
0.46224650740623474,
-0.05957772582769394,
-0.7297610640525818,
-0.5721525549888611,
-0.05673564597964287,
-0.10080049932003021,
-0.3047504425048828,
0.22374708950519562,
-0.3568454384803772,
0.013746911659836769,
0.3647086024284363,
0.18064546585083008,
-0.498958557844162,
0.4694907069206238,
-0.4743291139602661
]
|
214717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24%20Themis | 24 Themis | Themis (minor planet designation: 24 Themis) is one of the largest asteroids in the asteroid belt. It is also the largest member of the Themistian family. It was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 5 April 1853. It is named after Themis, the personification of natural law and divine order in Greek mythology.
Not to be confused with 269 Justitia, named for Justitia, Themis' Roman name.
Discovery and observations
24 Themis was discovered on 5 April 1853 by Annibale de Gasparis of Naples, though it was given its name by fellow Italian astronomer Angelo Secchi. The asteroid was named after Themis, the Greek goddess of law. Gravitational perturbations in the orbit of Themis were used to calculate the mass of Jupiter as early as 1875.
On 24 December 1975, 24 Themis had a close encounter with 2296 Kugultinov with a minimum distance of . By analyzing the perturbation of Kugultinov's orbit due to the gravitational pull of Themis, the mass of Themis was determined to be approximately solar masses ( Earth masses).
Orbit and rotation
Themis is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun with an eccentricity of 0.1306 and an inclination of 0.76°. It has an orbital period of 5.54 years. The distance between Themis and the Sun ranges from 2.71 AU at perihelion and 3.55 AU at aphelion, with a mean distance of 3.1302 AU. Themis is part of the Themis family of asteroids, which is located in the outer part of the main belt. The family consists of a core of large objects surrounded by a cloud of smaller objects; 24 Themis is a member of the core.
Surface materials
Ice
On 7 October 2009, the presence of water ice was confirmed on the surface of this asteroid using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is sublimated, it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface.
Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the Moon. The presence of ice on 24 Themis supports this theory. Because of its proximity to the sun (~3.2 AU), the widespread ice on the surface of 24 Themis is somewhat unexpected. The surface ice may be replenished by a sub-surface reservoir of water or impact gardening—a lunar phenomenon in which the moon overturns surface material at a rate of 1 m/ Gyr.
An alternative mechanism to explain the presence of water ice on 24 Themis is similar to the hypothesized formation of water on the surface of the Moon by solar wind. Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging oxide minerals present at the surface of the asteroid. The hydroxyl surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons () with oxygen atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules () adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed at the oxide surface could be schematically written as follows:
2 S-OH → S=O + S +
or,
2 S-OH → S–O–S +
where S represents the oxide surface.
Organics
Organic compounds were also detected on the surface of Themis in the form of tholins, high-molecular weight organics found in the outer solar system, distinguished by a brown or reddish color in optical spectra. Compounds found in the spectra of Themis include ice tholin (the residual of an irradiated mixture of water ice and ethane), asphaltite, carbonaceous meteorite material, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
See also
Water presence on other celestial bodies:
Extraterrestrial liquid water
References
External links
Asteroid Themis has 'frosted surface'
NASA detection of Water Ice and organics on the surface of 24 Themis
000024
Discoveries by Annibale de Gasparis
Minor planets named from Greek mythology
Named minor planets
000024
000024
18530405
Extraterrestrial water | [
0.046984437853097916,
0.33326876163482666,
0.07062134146690369,
0.22300365567207336,
-0.6858212947845459,
0.6963056325912476,
0.34690791368484497,
0.485481321811676,
-0.27718254923820496,
-0.47824665904045105,
-0.3690030574798584,
0.22590377926826477,
-0.6409572958946228,
0.37244582176208496,
0.3149373531341553,
0.1856098473072052,
0.128147155046463,
0.7794731259346008,
-0.1698755919933319,
-0.5335114002227783,
0.47600409388542175,
0.09739020466804504,
0.6251882314682007,
-0.3689991533756256,
-0.5398816466331482,
0.13546958565711975,
0.08262339234352112,
0.23610836267471313,
0.6728567481040955,
-0.41062718629837036,
-0.0887804850935936,
0.4980965256690979,
-0.47540876269340515,
0.19445453584194183,
0.5774312019348145,
0.5851682424545288,
0.05627548322081566,
0.2680376172065735,
0.08754981309175491,
-0.30814865231513977,
0.4172624945640564,
-0.4179675281047821,
-0.18434317409992218,
0.27839401364326477,
-0.4477977156639099,
-0.2882993519306183,
-1.1467819213867188,
0.5661937594413757,
-0.5590918660163879,
0.1659701019525528,
-0.15267488360404968,
-0.10455659031867981,
0.0967235416173935,
0.9299516081809998,
0.043802596628665924,
0.9168209433555603,
-0.7901594042778015,
-0.6126247048377991,
0.36042994260787964,
0.15153199434280396,
0.058074019849300385,
0.28821972012519836,
0.14984473586082458,
0.09752088785171509,
-0.24404045939445496,
0.38951238989830017,
0.3056623935699463,
0.5234274864196777,
0.1681932657957077,
-0.021589919924736023,
-0.2161143720149994,
0.10690394788980484,
-0.13877224922180176,
0.5601056218147278,
0.0732659175992012,
-0.6484003663063049,
0.2797558605670929,
-0.7349676489830017,
-0.014027503319084644,
0.24615712463855743,
0.07419279962778091,
0.2090289443731308,
0.6094133257865906,
0.3971608281135559,
-0.08917049318552017,
0.6223530173301697,
-0.6628707051277161,
0.4086177349090576,
-0.31147223711013794,
0.017016233876347542,
0.23084671795368195,
-0.2981114387512207,
0.593773603439331,
-0.02233271300792694,
-0.42448124289512634,
0.5941693782806396,
-0.25203853845596313,
-0.17252132296562195,
0.5479951500892639,
0.1619553118944168,
0.10622067749500275,
0.314380019903183,
0.28257060050964355,
-0.4027933180332184,
-0.25407710671424866,
0.3079836070537567,
0.22228769958019257,
-0.5301957726478577,
-0.10774730145931244,
-0.5460983514785767,
-0.5231324434280396,
0.04033349081873894,
-0.18265186250209808,
0.3244307339191437,
-0.619550347328186,
-0.44169679284095764,
0.1080906018614769,
-0.7127346396446228,
-0.5238633751869202,
0.08104001730680466,
0.17945879697799683,
0.8328360915184021,
0.23443108797073364,
0.07254448533058167,
-0.45290565490722656,
0.7022809386253357,
0.32402127981185913,
0.23336507380008698,
-0.6828212141990662,
0.7733754515647888,
0.6047154068946838,
0.5959835648536682,
-0.5198167562484741,
0.5794793367385864,
-0.07538766413927078,
-0.05948013812303543,
-0.4938163757324219,
0.4214152693748474,
0.0555461123585701,
0.5195367336273193,
-0.7760686278343201,
-0.5600711107254028,
-1.0757602453231812,
0.185153990983963,
0.487750768661499,
-0.22310875356197357,
0.5171101689338684,
-0.09985087811946869,
0.45210549235343933,
0.2344852089881897,
0.3897302448749542,
-0.4899287223815918,
0.40359747409820557,
0.2274009883403778,
-0.08564262837171555,
-0.16961239278316498,
0.4278443157672882,
0.19670867919921875,
-0.21306034922599792,
0.3483746647834778,
-0.2202039659023285,
-0.11881602555513382,
-0.5999211072921753,
-0.09337582439184189,
0.25601765513420105,
0.2215910702943802,
0.9846828579902649,
-0.1687244027853012,
0.2808055877685547,
-0.07872717082500458,
-0.12577800452709198,
-0.6082967519760132,
0.3363644480705261,
-0.3220604658126831,
-1.206834077835083,
-0.6067371368408203,
0.1989545226097107,
0.5550968647003174,
0.033023711293935776,
-0.9435498118400574,
-0.5962344408035278,
-0.6428331136703491,
-0.23595543205738068,
-0.3237793445587158,
0.6010137796401978,
0.4569668173789978,
0.0760209858417511,
0.16279569268226624,
-0.301005482673645,
-0.3529164493083954,
-0.6829978227615356,
-0.5064008235931396,
0.5878428220748901,
0.11704152077436447,
1.1961807012557983,
-0.3222091495990753,
-0.5165276527404785,
0.031686414033174515,
-0.34984850883483887,
0.5303946733474731,
-0.7027260065078735,
-0.16754381358623505,
-0.17581288516521454,
-0.2466811239719391,
-0.04625887796282768,
0.24604320526123047,
-0.11980186402797699,
-0.07011402398347855,
0.10841106623411179,
0.6968878507614136,
0.09291516244411469,
-0.8443033695220947,
0.08990580588579178,
0.20378278195858002,
-0.34857216477394104,
-0.07814925909042358,
0.11485204845666885,
0.6299597024917603,
-0.6591983437538147,
0.07936767488718033,
1.2905603647232056,
-0.07586289197206497,
0.3040212094783783,
-0.1219763457775116,
-0.7066948413848877,
0.6889994740486145,
0.5984461903572083,
0.009324168786406517,
-0.15993961691856384,
-0.17538635432720184,
0.11449751257896423,
-0.28649941086769104,
0.16140064597129822,
-0.7414727807044983,
-0.4877966642379761,
0.11283787339925766,
0.087985098361969,
-0.8387455344200134,
0.5214054584503174,
-1.3611277341842651,
-0.20883138477802277,
1.0431160926818848,
-0.4178977608680725,
0.1800767332315445,
-0.27287107706069946,
-0.21967190504074097,
-0.08040708303451538,
-0.5884876251220703,
-0.14508457481861115,
0.12128452956676483,
-0.4550020396709442,
-0.07400384545326233,
-0.1268593966960907,
-0.1291399896144867,
-0.39637109637260437,
-0.023729022592306137,
0.08517110347747803,
-0.3086424767971039,
0.0565333291888237,
-0.6180803179740906,
-0.13218578696250916,
-0.24787509441375732,
0.4510464668273926,
0.128603994846344,
0.24387486279010773,
0.0917583480477333,
-0.27969539165496826,
-0.22353339195251465,
0.04958873614668846,
-0.38768482208251953,
0.6568588018417358,
-0.7344757318496704,
-0.37929803133010864,
0.11634580790996552,
0.4067305028438568,
0.2030378133058548,
-0.49468785524368286,
0.12562109529972076,
-0.663621723651886,
0.1752655953168869,
0.3690999150276184,
0.756105899810791,
0.3426956534385681,
-0.3129381239414215,
-0.191151425242424,
0.22699181735515594,
0.4058109223842621,
-0.6235672235488892,
-0.0856381431221962,
-0.1949900984764099,
-0.21746264398097992,
0.19991236925125122,
-0.3023562431335449,
0.23007911443710327,
-0.15823134779930115,
0.47585514187812805,
0.15738116204738617,
0.023749249055981636,
0.23583082854747772,
-0.20918846130371094,
-0.31894364953041077,
0.21221093833446503,
-0.6850920915603638,
0.023615939542651176,
0.49352166056632996,
-0.2551330626010895,
-0.6756234765052795,
0.7549945712089539,
-5.023759841918945,
-0.050528235733509064,
-0.27495062351226807,
-0.29251059889793396,
0.35470640659332275,
0.2595284879207611,
1.1504625082015991,
-0.3956175148487091,
-0.035319481045007706,
-0.23080064356327057,
0.7700304388999939,
-0.7317857146263123,
-0.7929375767707825,
1.0574313402175903,
0.3206474184989929,
1.004113793373108,
0.5691776275634766,
0.14474602043628693,
0.2166784107685089,
0.40397101640701294,
0.4216778874397278,
0.4675951302051544,
-0.4170818030834198,
0.16204530000686646,
-0.6260902881622314,
0.24737904965877533,
0.008227761834859848,
-0.3960474133491516,
-0.31828799843788147,
-0.18865340948104858,
-0.08868630975484848,
-0.11007313430309296,
-0.42703163623809814,
-0.8076252937316895,
-0.08794309943914413,
-0.08179812133312225,
0.3297713100910187,
-0.2547646760940552,
0.3886210024356842,
-0.01439754944294691,
-0.2174963653087616,
0.3322519063949585,
0.36256343126296997,
-0.6698699593544006,
0.6330908536911011,
-0.7943873405456543,
-0.13314461708068848,
-0.4181676208972931,
0.1735326200723648,
0.963273823261261,
0.0025119222700595856,
-0.010674909688532352,
-0.2255367785692215,
-0.10289942473173141,
0.24250110983848572,
0.48736804723739624,
-0.10056253522634506,
0.8431604504585266,
-0.46524614095687866,
0.3947175443172455,
-0.35043275356292725,
0.11700759828090668,
0.7407118082046509,
-0.8590771555900574,
-0.45542556047439575,
-0.030983081087470055,
-0.3051852285861969,
-0.049138762056827545,
0.2663995027542114,
-0.4552179276943207,
-0.7803514003753662,
0.36479124426841736,
-0.6030784845352173,
-1.0454490184783936,
0.4025745391845703,
0.11197247356176376,
-0.142106294631958,
0.32029882073402405,
-0.5967878699302673,
-0.34718072414398193,
-0.22443610429763794,
-0.6685060858726501,
-0.15112502872943878,
0.11593163758516312,
0.20719866454601288,
0.16886930167675018,
0.03130258247256279,
0.24210457503795624,
-0.20331522822380066,
-0.29677748680114746,
0.544653058052063,
-0.7685034275054932,
-0.13834595680236816,
0.9566274285316467,
-0.02125936932861805,
0.5071198344230652,
-0.19859257340431213,
0.02692364901304245,
0.9568871259689331,
0.29084447026252747,
-0.09829194098711014,
-0.12876205146312714,
0.38798534870147705,
-0.18270917236804962,
-0.23592516779899597,
-0.7814031839370728,
-0.34145310521125793,
0.24235761165618896,
0.12598849833011627,
-0.16234613955020905,
0.19558760523796082,
-0.6407505869865417,
-0.6692150235176086,
-0.5464984178543091,
0.4674524962902069,
-0.3988766372203827,
0.9124497175216675,
0.5846615433692932,
0.25099101662635803,
0.5600512623786926,
-0.06538929045200348,
0.30782610177993774,
-0.19527187943458557,
-0.6066866517066956,
-1.1361521482467651,
-0.455625981092453,
-0.5827063322067261,
-0.11265931278467178,
-0.8053123950958252,
0.2562437653541565,
0.2633393704891205,
0.7072238326072693,
0.16472814977169037,
0.11141946166753769,
0.08508129417896271,
-0.003757223952561617,
0.38264966011047363,
-0.14159518480300903,
0.20926861464977264,
-0.23732037842273712,
-0.3512638211250305,
0.32394281029701233,
-1.0672208070755005,
0.26616141200065613,
0.5233029723167419,
0.6117826104164124,
-0.11109590530395508,
-0.15240637958049774,
-0.682334303855896,
0.4917092025279999,
-0.014997013844549656,
-0.5124931335449219,
0.156536266207695,
-0.25564274191856384,
0.2630751132965088,
0.16389772295951843,
0.910880446434021,
0.6415294408798218,
0.10505470633506775,
-0.3407357335090637,
0.020178230479359627,
0.09495841711759567,
-1.3694626092910767,
-0.07573775202035904,
-0.06887239217758179,
-0.6144900918006897,
-0.4601495563983917,
-0.9584622383117676,
0.07433907687664032,
0.9369481205940247,
0.18108193576335907,
0.008331609889864922,
-0.08204330503940582,
-0.5331017374992371,
-0.10512097924947739,
0.2521834969520569,
-0.6942664980888367,
0.26858168840408325,
-0.24039340019226074,
-0.20231257379055023,
-0.18015453219413757,
0.49269139766693115,
-0.9342861175537109,
-0.2870202362537384,
-0.0003409729397390038,
0.17335999011993408,
0.17768914997577667,
-0.6126943230628967,
0.06391069293022156,
-0.19450794160366058,
0.3223811388015747,
-0.004579144064337015,
-0.7476944923400879,
0.18044064939022064,
0.17229105532169342,
-0.6716952323913574,
0.9026718139648438,
0.8352288007736206,
0.32979220151901245,
-0.3357657790184021,
-0.4399430751800537,
0.9119716882705688,
-0.9053210020065308,
0.590489387512207,
-0.050088606774806976,
-0.676672637462616,
0.48717308044433594,
0.4352964162826538,
0.6705804467201233,
0.5325673818588257,
-0.8269542455673218,
-0.4101293385028839,
-0.011181765235960484,
0.45008572936058044,
-0.5256822109222412,
0.917816162109375,
0.24279949069023132,
0.0926433578133583,
-0.337018758058548,
-0.41993847489356995,
-0.953033983707428,
-0.275111585855484,
0.003355007153004408,
-0.4788680970668793,
0.09410985559225082,
0.22669175267219543,
0.3457740545272827,
-0.6813352704048157,
-0.11991821229457855,
-0.18980301916599274,
0.347326397895813,
-0.1196862980723381,
0.49982738494873047,
-0.29180076718330383,
-0.49310463666915894,
-0.25856107473373413,
-0.1427137851715088,
-0.3740122616291046,
0.8557072877883911,
0.5769268274307251,
0.12799160182476044,
0.4268537759780884,
-0.033773962408304214,
-0.9449490308761597,
0.3761843740940094,
-0.1391506791114807,
0.7987925410270691,
-0.46036431193351746,
-0.5588125586509705,
-0.3323974311351776,
0.2227424830198288,
-0.25050124526023865,
-0.8570646643638611,
-0.5709632039070129,
0.5852975845336914,
-0.6955508589744568,
-0.19038546085357666,
-0.0062508611008524895,
-0.05318490415811539,
0.09860090911388397,
0.15004685521125793,
-0.37363797426223755,
-0.2848128378391266,
-0.33325648307800293,
-0.15479354560375214,
0.19322022795677185,
0.32939469814300537,
0.25483760237693787,
0.4335567355155945,
0.2593954801559448,
-0.3527536988258362,
0.052315134555101395,
0.3841201364994049,
0.3705486059188843,
-0.9432328939437866,
0.41779908537864685,
0.300675630569458,
-0.3904268145561218,
-0.2364349514245987,
0.37052690982818604,
-0.5685229301452637,
0.047601211816072464,
0.11901218444108963,
0.25401902198791504,
0.10709977149963379,
-0.503320038318634,
-0.4648227393627167,
0.08164900541305542,
-0.13237163424491882,
0.11813610047101974,
-0.37729933857917786,
-0.20775942504405975,
-0.2673521041870117,
-0.6265157461166382,
0.2295999675989151,
0.46952399611473083,
0.3092242181301117,
0.01490339357405901,
-0.2152368277311325,
0.4095883071422577,
-1.2051502466201782,
0.7748633027076721,
-0.014507302083075047,
-0.6586767435073853,
-0.5752031207084656,
-0.6094262003898621,
-0.06207747012376785,
0.16148342192173004,
0.07549822330474854,
0.6555464267730713,
0.02610175497829914,
-0.3601245880126953,
0.5821539163589478,
0.6884258985519409,
-1.0231058597564697,
0.26023611426353455,
1.0036406517028809,
-0.5624116659164429,
0.03666844591498375,
0.3456180989742279,
0.02962033450603485,
0.3358125388622284,
0.41465020179748535,
-0.08086103945970535,
-0.16294661164283752,
1.0641742944717407,
-0.37891095876693726,
0.6791033744812012,
-0.09754849970340729,
0.4836696684360504,
0.3577237129211426,
-0.7340297698974609,
-0.3613983392715454,
0.38068246841430664,
0.05903347209095955,
-0.1953616887331009,
0.811294436454773,
-0.5968884825706482,
-0.3250342905521393,
0.5556472539901733,
0.5384137630462646,
0.6676121950149536,
0.7169926762580872,
-0.36292821168899536,
-0.05368408188223839,
0.9993425011634827,
-0.7209309935569763,
-0.2784711420536041,
0.4009530544281006,
-0.8056246638298035,
0.2580520510673523,
-0.32176220417022705,
0.12190752476453781,
-0.15988372266292572,
-0.07542464882135391,
0.5504546165466309,
0.6629279851913452,
-0.34054791927337646,
-0.3108854293823242,
0.378832072019577,
0.1536555290222168,
-0.017424603924155235,
0.8138637542724609,
0.5363858342170715,
-0.5552486181259155,
0.18430204689502716,
0.4108290672302246,
0.0006204463425092399,
0.33151188492774963,
-0.018504099920392036,
-0.6299425959587097,
0.16704149544239044,
-0.19441181421279907,
0.4302658438682556,
0.6180803775787354,
-0.12124794721603394,
0.04533575475215912,
0.25850874185562134,
-0.23067590594291687,
0.0827476978302002,
-0.5495930910110474,
0.009408637881278992,
-0.48124855756759644,
-0.36061060428619385,
-0.31799817085266113,
0.322225421667099,
0.05760791897773743,
-0.07778049260377884,
0.42224401235580444,
-0.07850964367389679,
0.9124230742454529,
-0.4233172535896301,
-0.1026623323559761,
-0.09940514713525772,
-1.2758383750915527,
-0.18861708045005798,
-0.42255106568336487,
0.8740242123603821,
-0.08621109277009964,
-0.038949497044086456,
0.053073979914188385,
-0.4746547043323517,
0.11200103908777237,
0.41333627700805664,
-0.33866405487060547,
-0.18752484023571014,
-0.509135365486145,
0.7977609038352966,
-1.057558536529541,
-0.04007257521152496,
0.036900877952575684,
0.26098158955574036,
0.22801873087882996,
-0.16426663100719452,
0.2872350215911865,
-0.03409601002931595,
0.6111559271812439,
-0.23202820122241974,
-0.5267288684844971,
0.1680603176355362,
0.4631562829017639,
-0.40309056639671326,
0.4221605956554413,
0.275292307138443,
0.3663332164287567,
0.21022135019302368,
0.22888821363449097,
-0.07452014088630676,
-0.020066404715180397,
0.12811289727687836,
0.5629087686538696,
-0.06308414041996002,
-0.4952903985977173,
0.009573807008564472,
-0.14713551104068756,
-0.6087839603424072,
0.14922653138637543,
0.7655700445175171,
0.04728468134999275,
-0.5913170576095581,
0.4095810055732727,
0.24852457642555237,
-0.571739673614502,
0.2686121463775635,
0.7555410861968994,
0.5603781342506409,
-0.7857465744018555,
-0.7015542387962341,
-0.29648399353027344,
0.16411800682544708,
-0.013372085988521576,
-0.36820125579833984,
0.3982563614845276,
-0.15024755895137787,
-0.17453224956989288,
-0.04966910555958748,
1.2669280767440796,
-0.7390133142471313,
0.9476692080497742,
0.5908365249633789
]
|
214718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20green%20magpie | Common green magpie | The common green magpie (Cissa chinensis) is a member of the crow family, roughly about the size of the Eurasian jay or slightly smaller. In the wild specimens are usually a bright green colour (often fades to turquoise in captivity or with poor diet as the pigment is carotenoid based), slightly lighter on the underside and has a thick black stripe from the bill (through the eyes) to the nape. Compared to the other members of its genus, the white-tipped tail is quite long. This all contrasts vividly with the red fleshy eye rims, bill and legs. The wings are reddish maroon.
It is found from the lower Himalayas in north eastern India in a broad south easterly band down into central Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and northwestern Borneo in evergreen forest (including bamboo forest), clearings and scrub.
This bird seeks food both on the ground and in trees, and takes a very high percentage of animal prey from countless invertebrates, small reptiles, mammals and young birds and eggs. It will also take flesh from a recently killed carcass.
The nest is built in trees, large shrubs and often in tangles of various climbing vines. There are usually 4–6 eggs laid.
The voice is quite varied but often a harsh peep-peep. It also frequently whistles and chatters.
Taxonomy
The common green magpie was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1775 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Coracias chinensis in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. Buffon believed that his specimen had come from China but the species only occurs in the extreme south of the country. The type locality was redesignated in 1952 by the German ornithologist Erwin Stresemann as Mergui, Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar.
The common green magpie is now one of four species that are placed in the genus Cissa that was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826 with the common green magpie as the type species. The generic name is from the Ancient Greek kissa meaning a "jay" or "magpie". The specific epithet chinensis was chosen by Boddaert in the mistaken belief that the specimen illustrated by Martinet had come from China.
Five subspecies are recognised:
C. c. chinensis (Boddaert, 1783) – Himalayas to south China, north Indochina, Thailand and Myanmar
C. c. klossi Delacour & Jabouille, 1924 – central Indochina
C. c. margaritae Robinson & Kloss, 1919 – Lang Bian Mountains (south Vietnam)
C. c. robinsoni Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 – Malay Peninsula
C. c. minor Cabanis, 1850 – Sumatra and Borneo
References
common green magpie
Birds of Southeast Asia
Birds of Bhutan
Birds of China
Birds of Northeast India
Birds of Nepal
Birds of Yunnan
common green magpie
common green magpie | [
-0.054057419300079346,
0.07094608247280121,
-0.6992628574371338,
-0.10693436861038208,
-0.24023398756980896,
0.5018666982650757,
0.28906261920928955,
0.6702430844306946,
-0.7750517129898071,
-0.08227451145648956,
-0.627683699131012,
0.12966300547122955,
-0.4007945656776428,
-0.054803166538476944,
-0.2319842278957367,
0.5655280351638794,
0.5854489207267761,
0.21143297851085663,
0.20918387174606323,
-0.5054854154586792,
-0.5587755441665649,
-0.8127058744430542,
-0.04434558376669884,
-0.3823326528072357,
0.33330219984054565,
0.39155203104019165,
0.41306930780410767,
0.3920811116695404,
0.1823360025882721,
0.2830771803855896,
-0.08988579362630844,
0.7696959376335144,
1.0001285076141357,
0.08460482209920883,
0.14750060439109802,
-0.03961498290300369,
-0.10266130417585373,
-0.31225350499153137,
-0.04777662456035614,
-0.7699555158615112,
-0.06196543946862221,
0.25418487191200256,
0.34718918800354004,
0.1631540060043335,
0.08493413031101227,
-0.4736749231815338,
-1.319135069847107,
0.46273574233055115,
-0.19462256133556366,
0.3845690190792084,
-0.5314906239509583,
0.5032721757888794,
0.08392644673585892,
0.8947773575782776,
0.1267302930355072,
0.15968678891658783,
-0.7653786540031433,
-0.37279948592185974,
0.001962434034794569,
0.07043565809726715,
-0.37273988127708435,
-0.15738007426261902,
-0.14057937264442444,
0.32198598980903625,
0.17254215478897095,
0.48841848969459534,
0.03829094395041466,
0.5170470476150513,
-0.37188592553138733,
0.18753193318843842,
-0.04972931370139122,
-0.38024723529815674,
-0.07517949491739273,
0.8513378500938416,
-0.6261883974075317,
0.22029827535152435,
0.2840602695941925,
0.03674390912055969,
0.0931156575679779,
0.021426061168313026,
0.23343805968761444,
0.3008144795894623,
0.6776279211044312,
-0.12144938111305237,
-0.13550029695034027,
0.28102752566337585,
-0.7574265599250793,
-0.21591059863567352,
-0.12272398173809052,
0.4704200029373169,
-0.7083154916763306,
0.306046724319458,
0.0032101664692163467,
0.5875836610794067,
-0.48537200689315796,
-0.24115553498268127,
-0.08709321171045303,
-0.47225338220596313,
0.7919605374336243,
-0.06775126606225967,
-0.32461562752723694,
0.3720475733280182,
1.1895456314086914,
0.4144028425216675,
-1.0618181228637695,
-0.21773086488246918,
-0.6275110244750977,
-0.2899617850780487,
-0.06550509482622147,
0.3335789740085602,
-0.6112585663795471,
0.5143578052520752,
0.18572774529457092,
0.028429431840777397,
-0.019438495859503746,
1.3113511800765991,
0.30366453528404236,
-0.43938934803009033,
-0.2449653297662735,
-0.2826727628707886,
-0.08337397873401642,
0.7378018498420715,
-0.2682253420352936,
0.13835527002811432,
0.38257962465286255,
0.5328600406646729,
0.3195936679840088,
0.42345091700553894,
-0.043476592749357224,
0.24993367493152618,
0.1771649867296219,
0.5619847774505615,
-0.13327735662460327,
-0.2404526323080063,
-0.30205267667770386,
-0.7960522770881653,
0.5132468342781067,
-0.05151686072349548,
0.6264341473579407,
0.7279306054115295,
-1.2268321514129639,
-0.18374058604240417,
-0.20877450704574585,
0.010287880897521973,
0.3798440098762512,
0.9893459677696228,
-0.1774730235338211,
-0.6176744699478149,
-0.48581361770629883,
-0.2099531888961792,
0.07793078571557999,
-0.10076750069856644,
0.2002551555633545,
-0.6963772773742676,
-0.5791766047477722,
-0.09977254271507263,
0.2390705794095993,
-0.43520665168762207,
0.5033689737319946,
-0.2597273886203766,
-0.058776065707206726,
0.06947314739227295,
-0.2142476886510849,
-0.4104117751121521,
0.14836040139198303,
-0.2106027901172638,
-0.08331886678934097,
0.4107411801815033,
-0.6286892294883728,
0.39887264370918274,
-0.0048383185639977455,
0.013609200716018677,
0.23781973123550415,
-0.04804705083370209,
-0.011935167014598846,
-0.5600181818008423,
-0.24117441475391388,
-0.00544231990352273,
0.4923812747001648,
0.02977278269827366,
-1.098893404006958,
0.8686118721961975,
0.20500606298446655,
-0.614323079586029,
-0.3865639567375183,
0.10079837590456009,
0.08291269838809967,
-0.09190060198307037,
0.17597171664237976,
0.0978797897696495,
-0.7106384038925171,
-0.22135163843631744,
-0.08543610572814941,
-0.24462367594242096,
0.12535512447357178,
0.12600557506084442,
-0.08165717869997025,
0.3190571069717407,
-0.5272210836410522,
0.3050209581851959,
-0.23171433806419373,
-0.47079962491989136,
0.6833910942077637,
0.42397940158843994,
-1.5149990320205688,
0.3873801827430725,
-0.18153148889541626,
0.5734767317771912,
0.43215039372444153,
0.3671203553676605,
-0.20463228225708008,
0.02755877934396267,
-0.2746906280517578,
0.5459911227226257,
0.11039412021636963,
0.053426798433065414,
0.02650604210793972,
0.0240225400775671,
0.37077584862709045,
-0.4076386094093323,
1.1092926263809204,
0.14599737524986267,
-0.1376163363456726,
0.4678102135658264,
0.7134330868721008,
0.5360458493232727,
0.5866953134536743,
-0.2513607144355774,
0.10801593959331512,
-0.3024378716945648,
0.041216108947992325,
0.4767400026321411,
0.2748122215270996,
-0.5373797416687012,
-0.3626006543636322,
-0.22502635419368744,
-0.14793813228607178,
-1.0610437393188477,
0.5964587926864624,
0.08435448259115219,
0.3678067922592163,
-0.33829277753829956,
0.3125784695148468,
0.3227578103542328,
0.6614468693733215,
-0.2845677137374878,
-0.2127324789762497,
0.26368191838264465,
-0.1418391317129135,
-0.12309630960226059,
0.6434082388877869,
0.7095118761062622,
0.4678037762641907,
-0.3842007517814636,
-0.019988400861620903,
0.12833960354328156,
0.2660243511199951,
0.3483739197254181,
0.318464457988739,
0.18998956680297852,
0.008073058910667896,
0.6086903214454651,
0.2001522332429886,
0.07141046971082687,
-0.45595160126686096,
-0.3447485566139221,
-0.2620343267917633,
0.0816614031791687,
0.4331376254558563,
0.08304206281900406,
0.5175517797470093,
-0.16692261397838593,
-0.25161758065223694,
-0.7215845584869385,
-0.2563449442386627,
-0.6426791548728943,
-0.27968722581863403,
-0.6182060241699219,
-0.46986114978790283,
-0.4075677692890167,
0.06572910398244858,
0.3332235813140869,
-0.07106421887874603,
-0.3924563527107239,
0.1347644031047821,
-0.2622247040271759,
0.3852117657661438,
-0.9003525972366333,
-0.17350506782531738,
-0.6011272668838501,
0.031023001298308372,
0.004740898031741381,
0.04145939648151398,
0.49983325600624084,
-0.38549521565437317,
-0.3836866319179535,
-0.40882542729377747,
1.083358883857727,
0.4371659755706787,
-0.9911248087882996,
0.17513230443000793,
0.6046363711357117,
0.5946024060249329,
-0.0025312129873782396,
0.48224306106567383,
-0.3013726770877838,
0.3763960301876068,
0.10559187084436417,
-5.329550266265869,
0.4988616108894348,
-0.28669989109039307,
-0.5999370217323303,
-0.2343529760837555,
0.34013959765434265,
-0.010819599032402039,
-0.6530157923698425,
0.11578349769115448,
0.3795141875743866,
0.5388683676719666,
0.14848606288433075,
-0.5465871095657349,
0.006334812846034765,
0.6191318035125732,
0.08974666148424149,
-0.48479434847831726,
-0.08193236589431763,
0.07972065359354019,
-0.024766461923718452,
0.17349614202976227,
0.4819788336753845,
0.16893208026885986,
0.588310718536377,
-0.21401475369930267,
0.16914263367652893,
0.32113775610923767,
-0.9632714986801147,
-0.7571186423301697,
-0.35725530982017517,
-0.07943087071180344,
0.38473621010780334,
-0.0678490698337555,
-0.02033829130232334,
-0.17601631581783295,
-0.40078815817832947,
0.31511417031288147,
0.38130688667297363,
0.11104340106248856,
-0.048583246767520905,
-0.3938150107860565,
-0.25232452154159546,
0.5081298351287842,
0.21499858796596527,
0.6396675705909729,
0.16570386290550232,
0.06246492639183998,
-0.6489241719245911,
-0.2919633388519287,
0.39955493807792664,
-0.2188194990158081,
0.12183544784784317,
0.2156037837266922,
0.3044164180755615,
-0.1417759656906128,
0.21725338697433472,
-0.01354453805834055,
0.020757198333740234,
-0.8685377836227417,
-0.19922074675559998,
0.7888306975364685,
-0.28349050879478455,
-0.2726677656173706,
-0.7143781781196594,
0.4027903974056244,
0.09317856281995773,
-0.7364205718040466,
-0.22553957998752594,
0.6325163245201111,
0.0886443704366684,
-0.350375235080719,
0.027994399890303612,
-0.5903977751731873,
-1.0651389360427856,
0.7654072046279907,
-0.5326735973358154,
-0.7227318286895752,
0.3301781117916107,
-0.04187912493944168,
0.32518187165260315,
0.6118137836456299,
-0.27549174427986145,
0.19153831899166107,
0.43736594915390015,
-0.16163568198680878,
-0.9656104445457458,
-1.0423567295074463,
-0.3976210951805115,
0.2432936728000641,
-0.0884166806936264,
0.7100388407707214,
-0.5791235566139221,
0.009549987502396107,
0.40354305505752563,
0.9897934794425964,
0.301762193441391,
0.657962441444397,
-0.24686527252197266,
0.4818457067012787,
-0.19458721578121185,
0.6173785924911499,
-0.21245138347148895,
-0.756498396396637,
-0.15279114246368408,
0.27730152010917664,
-0.6162810921669006,
-0.221467986702919,
0.8346523642539978,
0.6691957116127014,
-0.36041519045829773,
0.49456000328063965,
-1.1126859188079834,
-0.09710308164358139,
-0.37560245394706726,
0.42868176102638245,
0.08707866817712784,
0.5625905394554138,
0.07878163456916809,
0.5128627419471741,
0.013998354785144329,
-0.1090046837925911,
-0.07731125503778458,
-0.08557221293449402,
0.5142608880996704,
-0.17045742273330688,
-0.6585462689399719,
-0.16134558618068695,
0.39100489020347595,
-0.8253051042556763,
-0.3898524045944214,
-0.10487089306116104,
-0.2711839973926544,
0.09091251343488693,
-0.46662983298301697,
0.042804304510354996,
0.23111633956432343,
-0.18354067206382751,
-0.001642921008169651,
0.4121972620487213,
0.030491171404719353,
-0.5474424362182617,
-0.04535549506545067,
-0.021945158019661903,
0.3500666916370392,
0.8346585035324097,
0.2847852408885956,
-0.34991002082824707,
-0.4955362379550934,
-0.20391514897346497,
0.868285059928894,
0.14292210340499878,
-0.603867769241333,
0.03562342748045921,
0.2817409336566925,
-0.3879764974117279,
-0.4719085395336151,
0.3234560191631317,
0.4930137097835541,
-0.11275558173656464,
-0.1417231261730194,
0.2032550871372223,
-0.21809342503547668,
-0.5599622130393982,
-0.17365600168704987,
0.23767834901809692,
0.16042864322662354,
-0.0035944466944783926,
-0.05047518014907837,
0.10940360277891159,
0.5832535624504089,
0.7032738327980042,
-0.1828661561012268,
-0.6017391681671143,
0.28159812092781067,
0.2977209985256195,
0.07262127846479416,
-0.2096017301082611,
0.4186127781867981,
0.03288499638438225,
0.12345512956380844,
-0.43348997831344604,
0.08086719363927841,
-0.1858067810535431,
0.4049965441226959,
0.56121426820755,
-0.6600021719932556,
0.17610570788383484,
-0.17183244228363037,
-0.08774959295988083,
-0.1826322376728058,
0.9814630746841431,
0.12891602516174316,
-0.0021566692739725113,
0.44484275579452515,
-0.41732433438301086,
-0.11137466132640839,
-0.1446838080883026,
0.0015022456645965576,
0.12328430265188217,
-0.7548161745071411,
-0.19521909952163696,
-0.05810042470693588,
-0.16922296583652496,
0.12813962996006012,
0.01188837643712759,
-0.4573275148868561,
0.7816087007522583,
-0.1868964433670044,
-1.0222654342651367,
0.046380240470170975,
-0.02290218323469162,
-0.7461723685264587,
-0.011854593642055988,
0.8071892261505127,
-0.3086680471897125,
-0.07272659987211227,
-0.11391492187976837,
-0.10573262721300125,
-0.2820095419883728,
0.10296658426523209,
-0.18298710882663727,
-0.4695111811161041,
0.11636035889387131,
-0.14007627964019775,
-0.6481550335884094,
0.5095055103302002,
0.23549894988536835,
-0.022656099870800972,
1.2534281015396118,
-1.0499818325042725,
-0.6392614245414734,
0.05571454390883446,
0.10625727474689484,
-0.10241450369358063,
-0.3931882381439209,
0.03197570890188217,
-0.4204501211643219,
0.05445453152060509,
0.6416061520576477,
1.0106581449508667,
0.31567516922950745,
0.921614408493042,
0.45103105902671814,
-0.03962085023522377,
-0.1712595671415329,
0.30980750918388367,
-0.24333755671977997,
-0.4070604741573334,
-0.7013254761695862,
-0.5186586380004883,
0.4111342430114746,
-0.06204402819275856,
0.12909454107284546,
-0.2919437885284424,
0.2999483048915863,
-0.0245828777551651,
-0.3791533410549164,
0.018835576251149178,
-0.13894227147102356,
0.12160924077033997,
0.14794479310512543,
-0.09381264448165894,
-0.49150002002716064,
0.2752234637737274,
0.19339407980442047,
-0.30721861124038696,
-0.942724883556366,
0.08962641656398773,
0.08077527582645416,
-0.09144624322652817,
0.34144702553749084,
-0.516197919845581,
0.3873257339000702,
0.03829322010278702,
0.36736008524894714,
0.2233896404504776,
-0.4416445791721344,
-0.6745328903198242,
-0.019412444904446602,
-0.35451623797416687,
-0.11328931897878647,
-0.38582468032836914,
0.4357696771621704,
-0.14842242002487183,
0.21948039531707764,
-0.046136923134326935,
-0.2473413199186325,
-0.30755308270454407,
0.0755884200334549,
-0.11991807818412781,
-0.5410780906677246,
0.16846683621406555,
0.059753626585006714,
0.2396421879529953,
0.09944948554039001,
0.3058290183544159,
0.33466821908950806,
0.5761013031005859,
0.023106655105948448,
-0.11401700228452682,
-1.0159823894500732,
0.39072108268737793,
0.30339720845222473,
-0.510679304599762,
0.722460925579071,
-0.11572548002004623,
-0.014689922332763672,
-0.4143539071083069,
-0.4277995824813843,
-0.19441482424736023,
0.17150941491127014,
-0.09163755178451538,
-0.0729803517460823,
0.23157480359077454,
0.16543260216712952,
0.35107892751693726,
-0.023880602791905403,
-0.39015766978263855,
0.6803982257843018,
0.7948969006538391,
0.33171769976615906,
-0.3714352548122406,
0.880039393901825,
0.7098864316940308,
-0.43924465775489807,
0.20915380120277405,
-0.42374688386917114,
-0.17777597904205322,
0.5666587948799133,
0.2545044720172882,
0.2884805500507355,
-0.06204766407608986,
-0.15577132999897003,
-0.1717010736465454,
0.03526095673441887,
-0.16145463287830353,
-0.3548905849456787,
-0.6173548698425293,
-0.5411378741264343,
1.4113080501556396,
1.0890365839004517,
0.772758960723877,
0.2975611984729767,
0.08807896077632904,
0.1441422998905182,
0.17928893864154816,
-0.4473669230937958,
0.34150150418281555,
0.30859559774398804,
-0.4479120075702667,
0.514362633228302,
0.26062485575675964,
0.3793579638004303,
-0.556762158870697,
0.4463646709918976,
0.7866055369377136,
-0.6350211501121521,
0.22251169383525848,
-0.49749472737312317,
0.11243131011724472,
-0.32684168219566345,
0.27274757623672485,
-0.7726495862007141,
0.1385185867547989,
-0.6440934538841248,
0.34636175632476807,
-0.5753064751625061,
-0.35305917263031006,
-0.39128950238227844,
0.04322167485952377,
-0.3825053870677948,
0.09891581535339355,
0.10974426567554474,
-0.1323934942483902,
0.41118112206459045,
-0.11147917062044144,
-0.4664398431777954,
0.14589126408100128,
0.08613105118274689,
0.2840880751609802,
-0.7633436918258667,
-0.6007360219955444,
0.2602764964103699,
-0.9913315176963806,
0.5737729668617249,
0.03300788626074791,
-0.5785857439041138,
-0.00550731411203742,
-0.3779938817024231,
0.28237661719322205,
-0.39393144845962524,
-0.15452727675437927,
0.16207772493362427,
-0.2007235735654831,
-0.21944724023342133,
-0.4136072099208832,
0.30615124106407166,
0.9092135429382324,
0.0331881083548069,
0.05149245634675026,
0.10193005204200745,
0.1278332769870758,
-0.5290579795837402,
-0.08410347998142242,
-0.07651030272245407,
0.01877702586352825,
-0.3866177499294281,
0.08717196434736252,
-0.9388209581375122,
0.8997327089309692,
0.08730679005384445,
0.1750587522983551,
0.06988991796970367,
0.0752376988530159,
-0.3563997149467468,
0.3591461777687073,
0.46607720851898193,
-0.222419872879982,
-0.33479127287864685,
-0.35561540722846985,
-0.0775865763425827,
-0.9986240863800049,
0.6710248589515686,
0.2884839177131653,
0.6337777376174927,
-0.5305308699607849,
0.44211840629577637,
0.5060964226722717,
-0.9195268750190735,
0.33496955037117004,
-0.2835448980331421,
0.40039628744125366,
-0.20761030912399292,
0.013537159189581871,
-0.574351966381073,
-0.46315833926200867,
0.34059420228004456,
0.6592428684234619,
-0.061214715242385864,
0.11330004781484604,
-0.049983929842710495,
-0.5184032320976257,
0.4245273768901825,
-0.33613958954811096,
-0.17298434674739838,
-0.23132774233818054,
0.5271582007408142,
-0.6795247793197632,
-1.0658916234970093,
0.129519522190094,
0.4388991892337799,
-0.15771158039569855,
-0.11513537168502808,
-0.2792961299419403,
-0.10355796664953232,
0.37341055274009705,
0.17380361258983612,
-0.13627822697162628,
0.47728094458580017,
-0.4543776214122772
]
|
214719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina%20Leung | Katrina Leung | Katrina Leung () (aka Chan Man Ying, Chen Wen Ying, Luo Zhongshan, Parlor Maid) was a former high value Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informant and Ministry of State Security (MSS) agent who, on April 9, 2003, was indicted by the United States Department of Justice for "Unauthorized copying of national defense information with intent to injure or benefit a foreign nation". Her case was later dismissed on January 6, 2005 because of prosecutorial misconduct, but an appeal by the U.S. Attorney resulted in a plea bargain of guilty to lesser charges on December 16, 2005. She was alleged by the United States government to have contaminated twenty years of intelligence relating to the People's Republic of China, as well as critically compromising the FBI's Chinese counterintelligence program.
Early life
Leung emigrated to the United States in 1970 using a fake Republic of China passport stating that she was born on May 1, 1954, in Guangzhou. Leung enrolled at Washington Irving High School in New York City, New York and graduated in June 1972. She became a permanent resident alien on August 7, 1972.
Education
Leung attended and earned an undergraduate degree from Cornell University in 1976. She then went on and earned a Master of Business Administration from the University of Chicago. It was somewhere during this time as a student that Leung was contacted by the FBI for information on some of her acquaintances.
She was appointed by philanthropist Caroline Leonetti Ahmanson as President of the Los Angeles-Guangzhou Sister City Committee and raised funds for the Republican Party.
Involvement with the FBI
Subject of investigation
In 1980, Leung moved to Los Angeles and occupied an apartment building which contained numerous tenants that were subjects of other FBI investigations. She developed a close relationship with a pro-PRC activist who was under FBI investigation for illegally transferring technology from the U.S. to the PRC. Leung became the general manager of an import-export company which in late 1980 had become the subject of an FBI investigation dealing with the illegal transfer of technology from the U.S. to the PRC. On February 10, 1981, the FBI launched an investigation into Leung, believing that she was engaging in clandestine intelligence-gathering on behalf of the PRC. Leung eventually left her job at the import-export company, closing the FBI investigation on her. The PRC activist was arrested in China, closing that investigation as well.
Conversion into an FBI asset
In 1982, FBI Special Agent James J. Smith re-opened the FBI investigation into Leung hoping that she could provide him with additional information on the PRC activist as well as other miscellaneous information. Smith was so impressed with the information Leung provided that he converted her into an FBI asset codename "Parlor Maid" in December of the same year.
Career as a double agent
On March 16, 1984, Leung became a U.S. citizen with the help of Smith. The FBI had developed a plan for her to be recruited by the Chinese Ministry of State Security as an asset working as a double agent for the United States. In June 1984, Leung was recruited by the MSS believing that she was a low-level source of information at the FBI's Los Angeles office. Leung began receiving money from the FBI to pay for her expenses (the majority going towards flights to and from China). She passed two polygraph examinations: one in September 1984 and one in June 1986.
Between 1985–1990, Leung's profile within the West Coast Chinese community and the FBI had risen significantly. Her connections within the community had become so extensive, she had entertained Chinese diplomatic officials as well as organized high-profile banquets for visiting PRC officials from the mainland. During this time, she met and charmed President of China Yang Shangkun who eventually became her patron. As a sign of her growing influence in the PRC, she advised the Chinese government in 1998 on a new location for their Los Angeles consulate.
Up to this point, Leung's reports were well received by the Central Intelligence Agency, and much of her reporting during this time had also been verified by a Chinese defector. A sign of her growing influence within the FBI could be seen when she was sent to China shortly after the Tiananmen Square Massacre to report on the country's political climate during a time when the country's information flow had virtually ceased.
In June 1990, the FBI learned that Leung had revealed to MSS officials the existence and location of a classified operation as well as classified details of the FBI's counterintelligence program. The FBI headquarters chief questioned Leung's handler Smith, who denied the allegations and successfully convinced his superior that she would never do such a thing without his authorization. Smith privately confronted Leung on May 31, 1991 about the unauthorized disclosure of information. In response, she told him that her Chinese handler "Mao" had discovered her double-agent identity and had coerced her into giving additional information.
In April 1991, the FBI obtained an audio recording of a conversation between a woman identifying herself as "Luo" and a known PRC intelligence official identifying himself as "Mao". Special Agent William Cleveland, Jr. was brought in to listen to the tape and immediately recognized the woman's voice as Leung's. Leung had, among other things, detailed without authorization the itinerary of a recent trip that Cleveland had taken with the State Department to the PRC. Cleveland immediately notified Smith of the breach and in May of the same year, the two traveled to FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C. for a high-level meeting concerning herself. In addition to the analysts recommendations, Smith defended the suspicious activities of Leung and managed to convince his superiors that terminating her as an asset was not the best course of action. The FBI accepted his recommendation based on his extensive experience handling Leung, as well as his experience in the FBI and the analyst's recommendation. Federal prosecutors alleged Leung engaged in a 20-year extra-marital affair with Smith. The MSS handler was Mao Guohua who is alleged to be the MSS's leading U.S. expert.
Investigation
December 12, 2001
The FBI obtained a warrant under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act to surveil Leung as part of an investigation into her activities. They conducted a limited consensual search of Leung's residence and found an FBI telephone directory, a telephone list relating to an FBI investigation codename "Royal Tourist", a secret FBI memo concerning Chinese fugitives, and an FBI legal directory.
November 11, 2002
The FBI conducted a covert search into Leung's luggage at Los Angeles International Airport before and after a trip she had taken to the PRC. Six photographs of FBI agents, two of whom were on active duty, were missing from her baggage upon her arrival back into the U.S.
December 20, 2002
The FBI learned that Leung had surreptitiously copied a top-secret document that her handler Smith had checked out overnight from the FBI and transmitted the information to her MSS handler.
Arrest
Leung was arrested by the Department of Justice on the morning of April 9, 2003 at her residence in San Marino, California, and charged with "Unauthorized Copying of National Defense Information with Intent to Injure or Benefit a Foreign Nation in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 793(b)". She was not charged with either treason or espionage presumably because her prosecutors did not feel they had adequate evidence to guarantee a conviction that historically had been notoriously difficult to secure. She was denied bail because she was deemed a flight risk. Leung spent three months in jail and 18 months in house arrest.
Case dismissed
On January 6, 2005, U.S. District Judge Florence Marie Cooper dismissed Leung's case on the grounds of prosecutorial misconduct. Judge Cooper found that Leung's constitutional right to a witness necessary to her defense had been violated in the language of retired Special Agent Smith's plea agreement, specifically that he "could not share further information relating to the case with Leung or her counsel".
Appeal and subsequent plea agreement
The U.S. Attorney's office appealed the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and entered plea negotiations with Leung concerning illegal tax returns that had been revealed as a result of this case. On December 16, 2005, Leung pleaded guilty to one count of lying to the FBI and one count of filing a false federal tax return. Leung was sentenced to the terms of her plea agreement, which stated that she must cooperate in full debriefings, three years probation, 100 hours of community service, and a US$10,000 fine.
See also
James J. Smith
Chinese intelligence operations in the United States
References
Additional sources
Thomas, Randall. Affidavit. Affidavit supporting an arrest warrant for Katrina Leung. (PDF)
Indictment against Katrina Leung. Indictment against Katrina Leung for Unauthorized Copying of National Defense Information with Reason to Believe That It Will Injure the United States or Benefit a Foreign Nation. (PDF)
Kan, Shirley A. CRS Report for Congress Congressional Research Service Report for Congress - China: Suspected Acquisition of U.S. Nuclear Weapon Secrets] (PDF)
DOJ Review of Handling of Katrina Leung. (PDF) U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General - A Review of the FBI's Handling and Oversight of FBI asset Katrina Leung. (U) Unclassified Executive Summary
Order Granting Defendant's motion to Dismiss (PDF)
Kirk, Michael (Director). (2004). Frontline: From China with Love [Documentary]. Melbourne, Florida: PBS Video
Living people
1954 births
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Cornell University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
American spies | [
0.15827453136444092,
0.039760518819093704,
-0.17704342305660248,
-0.10289696604013443,
0.226379856467247,
0.14362889528274536,
-0.218715637922287,
-0.2952050268650055,
-0.3402716815471649,
0.7289681434631348,
-0.30429866909980774,
0.25190529227256775,
-0.14602576196193695,
0.011952969245612621,
-0.45953133702278137,
-0.22104007005691528,
0.5047899484634399,
0.15026003122329712,
-0.2259499877691269,
-0.17605650424957275,
-0.22929589450359344,
-0.3272886872291565,
0.31288865208625793,
-0.35805079340934753,
-0.28036585450172424,
0.4285125732421875,
-0.2830953598022461,
-0.32942575216293335,
-0.0719527006149292,
0.4446050524711609,
0.8157236576080322,
0.2451784461736679,
0.8165768980979919,
-0.1065632700920105,
-0.3952464163303375,
0.3016586899757385,
-0.18287794291973114,
0.30730023980140686,
-0.3805094361305237,
0.03298838809132576,
-0.16733771562576294,
0.41173961758613586,
-0.13412921130657196,
0.3339504897594452,
0.09032265841960907,
-0.7966101169586182,
-1.5332270860671997,
0.28765764832496643,
-0.4010127782821655,
-0.00532176811248064,
0.006525276228785515,
0.051218725740909576,
-0.06409814208745956,
-0.03235258534550667,
0.4017307758331299,
1.1938214302062988,
-0.9416541457176208,
-0.8653342127799988,
0.13484862446784973,
-0.6854990124702454,
0.5935730934143066,
-0.16441377997398376,
0.971867561340332,
-0.18833987414836884,
0.16370168328285217,
0.4819606840610504,
0.6599379777908325,
0.5653461813926697,
-0.3464164435863495,
-0.8912057280540466,
0.7910340428352356,
0.47730207443237305,
-0.13498474657535553,
0.4175509810447693,
-0.7109286189079285,
0.09225227683782578,
0.15651968121528625,
-0.3747979998588562,
0.1716475933790207,
0.47800174355506897,
-0.17007698118686676,
0.05557715892791748,
0.3359893560409546,
0.0672888234257698,
0.4216158390045166,
-0.3539637625217438,
-0.40218493342399597,
0.5353685021400452,
-0.4513222873210907,
0.43971142172813416,
0.3411428928375244,
0.2884432077407837,
0.5138538479804993,
0.4175572991371155,
-0.04457419365644455,
-0.3581538200378418,
0.20717652142047882,
0.31683653593063354,
0.4964227080345154,
-0.19220057129859924,
-0.6708129048347473,
0.4618082344532013,
-0.29716747999191284,
-0.21608509123325348,
-0.39857351779937744,
0.1065288707613945,
-0.003329548751935363,
-0.6367285847663879,
-0.3661513924598694,
-0.3964999318122864,
-0.004434875212609768,
0.09798578172922134,
-0.15804924070835114,
0.22373127937316895,
-0.45851898193359375,
0.6522567868232727,
0.0004104669496882707,
-0.18188592791557312,
-0.2568342387676239,
-0.05621160566806793,
0.5051441788673401,
0.6238632798194885,
-0.0959397628903389,
-0.037244684994220734,
0.42673423886299133,
-0.2732471823692322,
0.46317312121391296,
0.08247986435890198,
-0.2924019396305084,
0.24861878156661987,
0.0967315211892128,
0.5209465622901917,
0.04312552884221077,
0.3603995144367218,
0.04695143923163414,
-0.32695743441581726,
0.5211076140403748,
0.21606668829917908,
0.27755412459373474,
0.13153475522994995,
-0.6377465128898621,
-0.2441263496875763,
-0.9268945455551147,
-0.22650636732578278,
0.08545903116464615,
0.10600857436656952,
-0.2854180634021759,
0.13912102580070496,
-0.4941122531890869,
-0.1351427286863327,
0.0020598657429218292,
0.06168012693524361,
0.265601247549057,
-0.7762300372123718,
-0.2089996486902237,
0.5686811208724976,
0.6208916902542114,
0.09491512179374695,
0.04379749298095703,
0.023204823955893517,
0.5193255543708801,
-0.026560138911008835,
-0.9525059461593628,
-0.16670188307762146,
0.4085160493850708,
0.07769124954938889,
-0.26533401012420654,
0.3233378231525421,
0.09318141639232635,
-0.16698364913463593,
-0.623163640499115,
0.5553810000419617,
0.5665332078933716,
-0.14865246415138245,
-0.08469502627849579,
0.57508385181427,
-0.7313101887702942,
-0.2977878749370575,
0.07732170820236206,
0.20988339185714722,
-0.7037413716316223,
0.1420745551586151,
-0.21327203512191772,
-0.1373753696680069,
0.25174281001091003,
0.2362106740474701,
0.36570775508880615,
0.17999322712421417,
-0.10131047666072845,
0.6286423802375793,
-0.90211421251297,
-0.8403204083442688,
0.6372909545898438,
0.2091323435306549,
0.708265483379364,
0.7676188945770264,
0.06664237380027771,
1.1465994119644165,
0.41290155053138733,
0.3983123004436493,
-0.43389490246772766,
0.22424866259098053,
-0.05433006212115288,
-0.4606165885925293,
-0.6153180599212646,
-0.18580110371112823,
0.9267369508743286,
0.16824765503406525,
0.31087929010391235,
0.6887490749359131,
-0.11396420747041702,
-0.5345202088356018,
-0.001795003772713244,
0.28326496481895447,
-0.16334624588489532,
0.3419800400733948,
-0.9352643489837646,
0.2970220446586609,
0.49332714080810547,
-0.4437979459762573,
0.5250378251075745,
0.15251502394676208,
-0.42976662516593933,
0.33823955059051514,
-0.32233282923698425,
0.9981489181518555,
-0.44476327300071716,
0.28643694519996643,
-0.019042761996388435,
-0.10368134081363678,
-0.05697336792945862,
-0.16012407839298248,
0.61045241355896,
-0.8022306561470032,
-0.24412332475185394,
0.4802805185317993,
0.06833598762750626,
-0.13171598315238953,
0.1025564968585968,
-0.5112015604972839,
0.45137712359428406,
0.812138020992279,
-0.41557589173316956,
0.3398689031600952,
-0.5042806267738342,
0.00020579365082085133,
-0.248247891664505,
-0.5276931524276733,
0.4860198497772217,
0.3227532207965851,
-0.02923169545829296,
0.7931684255599976,
0.16289213299751282,
-0.4704834818840027,
0.2590015232563019,
-0.20248912274837494,
0.10834208875894547,
0.20399585366249084,
-0.04904928803443909,
-0.5130244493484497,
0.17363500595092773,
0.19129051268100739,
0.2253740280866623,
0.24110360443592072,
0.1396670937538147,
-0.017501994967460632,
0.3909459114074707,
-0.558966338634491,
0.7371929883956909,
0.19066160917282104,
0.06664282083511353,
-0.5264762043952942,
-0.556361198425293,
-0.05505938082933426,
0.15185725688934326,
-0.17512762546539307,
-1.0129321813583374,
0.5290635228157043,
-0.5506063103675842,
-1.405316710472107,
0.15951526165008545,
0.31022071838378906,
0.41234639286994934,
-0.6279198527336121,
-0.016009245067834854,
-0.36389589309692383,
-0.3312511444091797,
-0.4596119225025177,
-0.5024059414863586,
-0.22019575536251068,
-0.7255131602287292,
-0.026898890733718872,
-0.22289936244487762,
-0.17800335586071014,
-0.09960295259952545,
0.17262589931488037,
-0.43428921699523926,
0.681430995464325,
0.38320228457450867,
-0.01899774558842182,
-0.1131095290184021,
0.3166957199573517,
-0.5716120600700378,
-0.1666537970304489,
0.6490052938461304,
-0.09744251519441605,
-0.041711293160915375,
0.010803709737956524,
-5.646274089813232,
0.3408602476119995,
-0.13774457573890686,
-0.10496596246957779,
0.2455337643623352,
0.48154082894325256,
0.395876944065094,
-0.8285602927207947,
-0.13812538981437683,
0.07283606380224228,
0.21666106581687927,
0.08999231457710266,
0.31422463059425354,
-0.5084681510925293,
0.04436827450990677,
0.04375724866986275,
0.2232780158519745,
-0.6842244267463684,
0.6558615565299988,
0.47516965866088867,
-0.07312232255935669,
-0.23263727128505707,
-0.16587728261947632,
0.4843097925186157,
-0.035006050020456314,
0.37746214866638184,
-0.4133371114730835,
-0.31743124127388,
-0.6031470894813538,
-0.4163038432598114,
-0.13392961025238037,
-0.07514243572950363,
-0.5026199817657471,
0.3769499659538269,
-0.42240017652511597,
-0.44450700283050537,
0.8131048679351807,
-0.3754155933856964,
-0.32788288593292236,
-0.2822335660457611,
-0.20910197496414185,
-0.12027664482593536,
-0.517540693283081,
0.032687198370695114,
0.6101565957069397,
-0.6047662496566772,
-0.397698312997818,
-0.6079773902893066,
-0.3555554151535034,
0.32003867626190186,
0.01150829903781414,
-0.21343405544757843,
0.293338805437088,
0.34551113843917847,
-0.15837949514389038,
-0.32677584886550903,
-0.18478600680828094,
0.18677939474582672,
-0.6508862972259521,
-0.06389715522527695,
0.4539702832698822,
-0.5111493468284607,
0.24298112094402313,
-0.09004785120487213,
-0.2701430916786194,
-0.0751776173710823,
0.4874780476093292,
-0.8384513854980469,
0.13136862218379974,
0.15069682896137238,
0.027147259563207626,
0.5120106935501099,
0.1420392245054245,
-1.0414624214172363,
0.4192982316017151,
-0.00022889648971613497,
-0.21921102702617645,
0.1740727424621582,
-0.22833754122257233,
0.1487346887588501,
0.4997878968715668,
-0.1338922381401062,
0.3592884838581085,
0.0818365141749382,
-0.0701049268245697,
-1.0815776586532593,
0.139117032289505,
0.3961848020553589,
0.459760844707489,
0.2666880190372467,
0.2703453302383423,
-0.2955701947212219,
0.38916876912117004,
0.866524875164032,
-0.313763290643692,
0.34467530250549316,
0.43730849027633667,
0.4275764524936676,
0.4796806871891022,
-0.013262527994811535,
-0.0710938423871994,
-0.7441264986991882,
-0.04725159332156181,
-0.4616602659225464,
0.21619684994220734,
-0.4660698473453522,
0.39159926772117615,
-0.2163293957710266,
0.23006181418895721,
-0.3609122037887573,
0.1938064694404602,
0.009129395708441734,
-0.0877685397863388,
0.723260760307312,
0.06586648523807526,
-0.3740723729133606,
0.021030573174357414,
0.1696900874376297,
0.4480885863304138,
-0.28059661388397217,
0.12346034497022629,
0.10250869393348694,
-0.5445763468742371,
0.46525442600250244,
0.23473072052001953,
-0.996228039264679,
-0.2603580057621002,
0.6064813733100891,
-0.4831674098968506,
0.692423939704895,
0.31296196579933167,
0.2853429615497589,
-0.41319534182548523,
-0.6163374185562134,
0.42124131321907043,
-0.13039010763168335,
-0.23610351979732513,
-0.47630053758621216,
-0.3366144299507141,
0.5670649409294128,
0.017787789925932884,
-0.05629634112119675,
-0.3389747440814972,
0.4048224687576294,
0.19548825919628143,
0.04102611914277077,
0.2931317687034607,
-0.18294763565063477,
0.0633435919880867,
0.657588541507721,
-0.4376438558101654,
-0.5256391763687134,
0.8596627712249756,
-0.1381881684064865,
-0.1589292287826538,
0.19033589959144592,
0.8174412846565247,
-0.08849568665027618,
-0.5620797872543335,
0.17661157250404358,
0.1461678296327591,
-0.1790841519832611,
-0.696008026599884,
0.008157090283930302,
-0.3216659426689148,
-0.399981826543808,
-0.40252259373664856,
-0.16103340685367584,
-0.004161753226071596,
0.6036019325256348,
0.1972554475069046,
-0.520556628704071,
0.02992035448551178,
0.45240655541419983,
0.1837003082036972,
-0.005213780328631401,
0.18195626139640808,
-0.3356804847717285,
-0.15999290347099304,
0.2318032681941986,
-0.0010413475101813674,
-0.179132342338562,
-0.5384966731071472,
0.17059339582920074,
0.595558762550354,
0.2892436981201172,
-0.38179999589920044,
-0.3390127122402191,
-0.5059583783149719,
-0.03411212936043739,
-0.026491748169064522,
0.07319747656583786,
-0.27414771914482117,
0.8439818620681763,
0.012467585504055023,
-0.4047551155090332,
-0.08761230856180191,
0.6387218236923218,
0.09771380573511124,
0.29028770327568054,
-0.12758855521678925,
0.8725743889808655,
-0.06714165210723877,
0.13019941747188568,
0.20685380697250366,
-0.7233737707138062,
0.06435304880142212,
0.2632450759410858,
0.20990782976150513,
0.0889902114868164,
0.054510269314050674,
-0.08462237566709518,
-0.16300876438617706,
0.39972519874572754,
-0.02735440619289875,
-0.13882410526275635,
0.5184171199798584,
-0.2577158808708191,
-0.15665170550346375,
-0.5154933929443359,
-0.4142211675643921,
-0.09518639743328094,
-0.8086751103401184,
0.018411487340927124,
-0.5874508023262024,
0.1797706037759781,
0.17712880671024323,
-0.8008162975311279,
0.657726526260376,
0.0681595653295517,
-0.48043808341026306,
0.48235857486724854,
0.6092712879180908,
0.6431541442871094,
0.005846504587680101,
-0.5388262271881104,
0.4435048997402191,
0.7119777202606201,
0.18568821251392365,
0.25871777534484863,
0.13911205530166626,
0.3465937077999115,
-0.09367795288562775,
-0.1810452938079834,
-0.2082444131374359,
0.4381136894226074,
-0.0806126818060875,
-0.11257544904947281,
-0.260716050863266,
-0.12362968921661377,
0.10738135874271393,
-0.0199440885335207,
-0.003879549214616418,
-0.6676632165908813,
0.728567898273468,
-0.731769323348999,
0.06915190070867538,
-0.4407561123371124,
0.012989376671612263,
-0.5293422341346741,
-0.675822377204895,
-0.1448865830898285,
-0.5237153172492981,
0.024092543870210648,
0.0653843879699707,
0.2698565423488617,
-0.009241941384971142,
-0.03244025260210037,
-0.39948955178260803,
-0.5911710858345032,
0.051692795008420944,
-0.3685569167137146,
0.03880764916539192,
0.5613359212875366,
-0.08938904106616974,
0.02073216438293457,
0.3127533793449402,
-0.1232723593711853,
-0.09982265532016754,
-0.5846650004386902,
-0.4071308970451355,
-0.31154346466064453,
-0.25534650683403015,
-0.695580780506134,
0.02341989055275917,
-0.6750144958496094,
0.5481658577919006,
-0.27142414450645447,
-0.4711624085903168,
-0.3802434802055359,
-0.07733626663684845,
0.8073196411132812,
-0.18157370388507843,
0.20868553221225739,
-0.20897212624549866,
0.5002892017364502,
0.17674288153648376,
0.2572688162326813,
-0.07891970127820969,
-0.518338143825531,
-0.4432876706123352,
-0.5281315445899963,
0.23594380915164948,
0.09010431915521622,
0.04215427115559578,
-0.2597547769546509,
0.22019162774085999,
-0.4435301721096039,
0.4318598508834839,
0.10294858366250992,
0.13321028649806976,
0.08196351677179337,
0.25949010252952576,
-0.2660338282585144,
-0.45039430260658264,
-0.3169247806072235,
0.06805580854415894,
-0.6550663709640503,
0.1234031692147255,
-0.10228651762008667,
-0.22300612926483154,
-0.1509387493133545,
0.6848275065422058,
0.802484929561615,
0.2335500568151474,
0.2269570231437683,
-0.12062693387269974,
0.4630584120750427,
-0.011639315634965897,
0.17192500829696655,
0.20714573562145233,
0.4150379002094269,
-0.25954312086105347,
0.031115522608160973,
0.4495623707771301,
-0.6079987287521362,
-0.03901087865233421,
-0.4435516595840454,
0.24891363084316254,
0.47917401790618896,
0.28307926654815674,
0.916784405708313,
0.3101969063282013,
-0.0007060911157168448,
-0.3265210688114166,
0.28067833185195923,
0.10058427602052689,
0.4998193681240082,
-0.23254355788230896,
0.008196502923965454,
0.015991954132914543,
0.50157231092453,
-0.2969941198825836,
-0.6642638444900513,
0.7923206686973572,
0.07862183451652527,
-0.48558783531188965,
-0.4234165847301483,
-0.3982236683368683,
-0.1430007666349411,
-0.01912180334329605,
0.0631963312625885,
0.5875492095947266,
0.6165814995765686,
-0.24716320633888245,
-0.372833251953125,
-0.609320342540741,
-0.24242471158504486,
0.1296485960483551,
-0.2721165120601654,
0.4634823799133301,
-0.391805499792099,
-0.259493350982666,
0.3207634389400482,
-0.0069633061066269875,
0.17916740477085114,
0.4026111960411072,
-0.4659184515476227,
-0.11404243856668472,
-0.3290150463581085,
-0.8123056888580322,
-0.2905879318714142,
0.10911393910646439,
-0.4221121370792389,
0.43768537044525146,
0.5304015278816223,
0.04543204978108406,
0.4944605231285095,
-0.04074174910783768,
-0.20355096459388733,
0.6913819313049316,
-0.674366295337677,
-0.1591760814189911,
0.3798786699771881,
-0.046239327639341354,
0.5151221752166748,
-0.24673773348331451,
0.1552957147359848,
0.5873009562492371,
0.2270214855670929,
-0.04415297880768776,
0.44894731044769287,
-0.1927759051322937,
0.42356055974960327,
-0.8070029020309448,
0.6335775256156921,
-0.8861069083213806,
-0.2223912626504898,
-0.5230599641799927,
0.008904608897864819,
-0.3025514483451843,
0.27112877368927,
0.004698778968304396,
-0.13251058757305145,
0.2858092784881592,
0.5398351550102234,
0.9227953553199768,
0.23910170793533325,
-0.18134930729866028,
0.47173964977264404,
-0.5837376117706299,
0.1540253758430481,
0.18651755154132843,
0.43038758635520935,
-0.03127758204936981,
0.238145112991333,
0.03817463293671608,
0.0876539796590805,
0.012470453046262264,
0.6049755215644836,
-0.49971675872802734,
-0.02267615497112274,
-0.3716942369937897,
-0.045963823795318604,
0.16918647289276123,
-0.62872713804245,
-0.2885213792324066,
0.7748101353645325,
0.45107537508010864,
-0.29381173849105835,
0.13152025640010834,
-0.22493010759353638,
-0.3983018398284912,
-0.5366231203079224,
0.434502512216568,
0.3509114384651184,
0.1659010797739029,
-0.2631054222583771,
0.11200626939535141,
0.2964291572570801,
-0.17812174558639526,
-0.26468199491500854,
-0.09879843145608902,
-0.8439669013023376,
-0.2693440616130829,
-0.03890861198306084,
0.8135705590248108,
0.11127029359340668,
0.07931390404701233,
-0.14325736463069916
]
|
214720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Moyer%20Limbert | Paul Moyer Limbert | Paul Moyer Limbert (May 27, 1897 – December 24, 1998) was a clergyman, educator and Secretary General of the World Alliance of YMCAs.
Born in Pennsylvania, Limbert earned a bachelor's degree at Franklin and Marshall College in 1918 and divinity degree at the Lancaster Theological Seminaryin 1922. An educator of the first order, Limbert lectured and taught at many American universities, eventually becoming president of Springfield College. He served there from 1946 to 1952.
Limbert was then selected to serve the highest post in all of the YMCA movement. In 1952, he was named Secretary General of the World Alliance of YMCAs in Geneva, Switzerland. During his tenure, the YMCA celebrated its centennial in 1955, and Limbert visited many YMCAs in over 60 nations, including Britain, France, and in Africa.
After his term ended, Limbert traveled, lectured and wrote articles dealing with YMCA history. In 1985, at age 88, he was named as the first inductee into the YMCA Hall of Fame. Limbert was also named as the association's most notable living leader, a "position" he held until his death at the age of 101 in 1998.
1897 births
1998 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
American Christian clergy
Springfield College (Massachusetts)
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
YMCA leaders
20th-century American clergy | [
0.1201552078127861,
0.8611071109771729,
-0.5869537591934204,
0.08141887933015823,
-0.15523527562618256,
0.25042518973350525,
1.1649447679519653,
0.034042563289403915,
-0.3369845747947693,
-0.3447706997394562,
-0.11376306414604187,
0.0668831542134285,
-0.05646638944745064,
0.49270787835121155,
-0.09939968585968018,
-0.22786106169223785,
-0.09945037215948105,
0.040620118379592896,
-0.41215217113494873,
-0.1293567270040512,
-0.6655626893043518,
-0.5665762424468994,
0.38025256991386414,
0.5198689699172974,
-0.7072339057922363,
0.6317988634109497,
0.020188426598906517,
-0.35026755928993225,
0.18617400527000427,
0.05515257641673088,
0.1992056667804718,
0.6406041383743286,
0.5348738431930542,
-0.6200976967811584,
-0.04295123368501663,
0.14557304978370667,
0.1536494642496109,
-0.11328613758087158,
0.3705453872680664,
-0.03780018165707588,
0.06988879293203354,
0.1359107792377472,
0.09093297272920609,
-0.11306550353765488,
0.04147472232580185,
-0.330680251121521,
-1.8809545040130615,
-0.387576162815094,
-1.3469957113265991,
-0.4878433346748352,
-0.4153395891189575,
-0.27736592292785645,
0.6726436018943787,
0.15792477130889893,
-0.036733001470565796,
0.3075975775718689,
-0.8192208409309387,
0.022823797538876534,
0.19531072676181793,
-0.40591150522232056,
0.10139374434947968,
-0.40055325627326965,
0.46957096457481384,
0.09515288472175598,
0.10302332788705826,
0.2629939913749695,
-0.2747127115726471,
0.41555255651474,
0.33858510851860046,
-0.2708757817745209,
-0.24242591857910156,
-0.21841247379779816,
0.29928523302078247,
0.2865936756134033,
0.49032291769981384,
-0.805341362953186,
0.09029596298933029,
-0.06088990345597267,
0.06702684611082077,
-0.12724603712558746,
-0.4502238631248474,
-0.00937558151781559,
0.649534285068512,
0.2591286301612854,
-0.03660566359758377,
0.20261724293231964,
-0.2946944236755371,
0.1207219660282135,
-0.31153976917266846,
0.6225579380989075,
-0.30722102522850037,
-0.3362158238887787,
-0.12239938974380493,
0.2762993574142456,
0.07006357610225677,
-0.2484876811504364,
0.5883411765098572,
0.4213685095310211,
-0.263639897108078,
-0.15303704142570496,
0.18976368010044098,
0.24522113800048828,
0.13247878849506378,
-0.03574920445680618,
-0.004181661177426577,
-0.07637733221054077,
0.1648036390542984,
-0.45736074447631836,
0.21717357635498047,
-0.3480088412761688,
-0.5267555117607117,
0.18852156400680542,
-0.12786124646663666,
-0.4496769607067108,
0.3286943733692169,
0.19611434638500214,
0.4352867603302002,
-1.0249979496002197,
-0.6289092302322388,
-0.3271680772304535,
-0.40290945768356323,
0.5531229972839355,
-0.07126745581626892,
-0.2765348553657532,
-0.7855543494224548,
0.3844197392463684,
0.08543109893798828,
0.42010632157325745,
-0.1667425036430359,
0.2813522517681122,
0.5104971528053284,
0.9642273187637329,
0.16600722074508667,
-0.9072171449661255,
-0.4320084750652313,
0.22861666977405548,
0.6375852227210999,
-0.2398979812860489,
-0.6004469990730286,
0.27217286825180054,
-0.11949867755174637,
-0.42556777596473694,
-0.3962406814098358,
-0.11407811939716339,
0.7428500652313232,
-0.046289753168821335,
0.21950829029083252,
-0.24975690245628357,
0.11229468137025833,
0.08289461582899094,
0.31242382526397705,
0.621809720993042,
0.08238816261291504,
-0.04533044248819351,
-0.3890771269798279,
1.2418186664581299,
0.41625744104385376,
-0.08801081776618958,
0.46600598096847534,
0.5461292266845703,
-0.05081531032919884,
0.04368351027369499,
-0.516979455947876,
-0.0573931559920311,
-0.13743072748184204,
-0.10291606187820435,
0.27934274077415466,
-0.24551625549793243,
-0.29449501633644104,
-0.05661109462380409,
-0.3329443037509918,
-0.47698697447776794,
-0.4205704927444458,
-0.1826588362455368,
-0.5157613158226013,
-0.03311222791671753,
1.3222200870513916,
0.6383147239685059,
-0.21669524908065796,
-0.7973507046699524,
-0.45619532465934753,
-0.1911846250295639,
0.12001495063304901,
0.05002633482217789,
1.021418809890747,
0.14703164994716644,
0.3491056263446808,
-0.024310309439897537,
0.02398986555635929,
-0.19240416586399078,
-0.19990436732769012,
-0.9921146631240845,
0.23814894258975983,
-0.15231825411319733,
1.1336172819137573,
-0.055001094937324524,
-0.3937113583087921,
0.4705459773540497,
-0.0007309007924050093,
0.2122533619403839,
-0.2256792038679123,
-0.016881417483091354,
-0.3502613306045532,
0.19488701224327087,
-0.45671603083610535,
0.83796226978302,
0.6931988000869751,
0.24632768332958221,
-0.01649491675198078,
0.6646662354469299,
0.6119360327720642,
-0.5465224385261536,
-0.17638984322547913,
0.2810971736907959,
-0.7209451794624329,
-0.8948292136192322,
-0.11840221285820007,
-0.014557922258973122,
0.4111574590206146,
-0.15670692920684814,
0.8839377760887146,
-0.1048339232802391,
-0.24385085701942444,
0.635547399520874,
0.5813038349151611,
0.20779010653495789,
-0.15718390047550201,
0.0638345330953598,
-0.04756122827529907,
-0.30985772609710693,
0.8311364054679871,
0.43550172448158264,
0.022061459720134735,
-0.603952169418335,
0.02802148647606373,
0.17209303379058838,
0.009272062219679356,
-0.5640621185302734,
-0.05368415266275406,
-0.4785349667072296,
0.2280299961566925,
0.03347192704677582,
-0.08642348647117615,
0.34959354996681213,
0.03182723745703697,
0.04602768272161484,
-0.21352627873420715,
-0.049051035195589066,
-0.357246458530426,
0.20053665339946747,
0.11575637757778168,
0.4704148769378662,
0.4722793996334076,
0.04637613147497177,
0.4313511252403259,
0.4371287524700165,
0.23695561289787292,
0.11987707763910294,
0.30057865381240845,
0.16732577979564667,
0.6094508171081543,
-0.4494878947734833,
-0.042398203164339066,
-0.17206330597400665,
-0.37543752789497375,
-0.7573058605194092,
-0.020859722048044205,
-0.13116665184497833,
-0.30547213554382324,
0.03270913287997246,
0.02925936132669449,
-0.13924987614154816,
-0.2531930208206177,
0.09996814280748367,
0.29894667863845825,
-0.15866148471832275,
0.10034315288066864,
0.41012120246887207,
-0.6925694942474365,
-0.6545649766921997,
0.5131148099899292,
0.947684645652771,
-0.39181792736053467,
0.12266264855861664,
0.18809452652931213,
0.061562325805425644,
0.06259855628013611,
-0.15819956362247467,
0.13983939588069916,
0.08936946839094162,
-0.322603315114975,
0.8419699668884277,
-0.12286482006311417,
-0.15582053363323212,
-0.05754482373595238,
0.5480738878250122,
-0.1792786568403244,
-1.0839699506759644,
-0.11738045513629913,
-0.07961222529411316,
-0.5227354764938354,
0.11828725039958954,
-0.13998034596443176,
-0.07380293309688568,
0.47776567935943604,
0.1512209177017212,
-0.06812787801027298,
-0.29329413175582886,
-5.481934070587158,
0.2251134216785431,
-0.5056326389312744,
-0.5849142670631409,
-0.29358091950416565,
0.4468177855014801,
0.25653958320617676,
-0.30056771636009216,
-0.14509926736354828,
-0.036024972796440125,
0.13646844029426575,
-0.19490812718868256,
0.3414396643638611,
0.6261049509048462,
0.7924321889877319,
0.5204828381538391,
0.8723111152648926,
-0.018219027668237686,
0.17313000559806824,
-0.2596339285373688,
0.505492091178894,
-0.7358493804931641,
0.14656254649162292,
0.4079289436340332,
0.5162296891212463,
-0.20375365018844604,
0.05176469683647156,
0.7624351978302002,
-0.5486758351325989,
-0.35420307517051697,
0.3608681261539459,
0.20253980159759521,
-0.1300162672996521,
-0.30716243386268616,
0.036291640251874924,
0.1497320830821991,
0.38714322447776794,
0.7061969637870789,
0.12538209557533264,
-0.40950700640678406,
0.2278165966272354,
-0.2727890610694885,
-0.7417632341384888,
-0.3948134183883667,
-0.04946586862206459,
0.028266679495573044,
-0.7717446684837341,
0.3055749535560608,
-0.5866307020187378,
0.5929058194160461,
0.14786693453788757,
-0.16652366518974304,
-0.034713953733444214,
0.14825016260147095,
0.0694800317287445,
-0.6138730049133301,
0.2980714440345764,
-0.06891939043998718,
-0.9689923524856567,
-0.139828622341156,
0.8563691973686218,
-0.32647135853767395,
0.2873506247997284,
-0.6723320484161377,
-0.2653481662273407,
-0.23678795993328094,
-0.31906774640083313,
-0.28895342350006104,
0.023394351825118065,
-0.225002259016037,
-0.3121941387653351,
0.4617713391780853,
-0.14474354684352875,
-0.9103378057479858,
-0.5109644532203674,
-0.41983500123023987,
0.007551889400929213,
-0.3492255210876465,
-0.44606903195381165,
-0.0958116203546524,
0.1741577684879303,
-0.6195290684700012,
-0.3822585642337799,
1.3335720300674438,
1.2018461227416992,
0.4092572331428528,
-0.5714789032936096,
0.19958561658859253,
-0.5588858723640442,
-0.28109094500541687,
-0.09320659190416336,
-0.24191516637802124,
-0.15449102222919464,
0.5340663194656372,
-0.011590455658733845,
0.158854678273201,
-0.5420074462890625,
0.2754558324813843,
0.7130770087242126,
-0.37464338541030884,
-0.6244518160820007,
-0.10695184767246246,
0.1835426539182663,
-0.20303399860858917,
0.8842413425445557,
0.21427492797374725,
-0.5483273267745972,
0.14523717761039734,
0.41147691011428833,
0.5546634197235107,
-0.08586291968822479,
0.2894267737865448,
0.14504306018352509,
-0.4865436851978302,
0.13889239728450775,
-0.46802905201911926,
-0.17147435247898102,
0.13780058920383453,
0.2890082597732544,
0.7860376834869385,
-0.2376203089952469,
0.9359041452407837,
0.5291510224342346,
-0.08234433829784393,
0.4706398844718933,
-0.43524041771888733,
0.06502870470285416,
0.08506018668413162,
-0.6377178430557251,
-0.08872486650943756,
0.11034669727087021,
0.8440558314323425,
0.6568503379821777,
0.09508514404296875,
-0.27713945508003235,
-0.19539648294448853,
-0.41394224762916565,
-0.371774286031723,
-0.1344900131225586,
-0.04533638805150986,
0.21278685331344604,
0.0388595312833786,
0.09105421602725983,
0.664057195186615,
0.393960565328598,
0.28479981422424316,
0.49670422077178955,
-0.03747143596410751,
-0.7110968828201294,
0.5210851430892944,
-0.08199004083871841,
-0.4640667736530304,
0.605301022529602,
-0.15460151433944702,
-0.6671446561813354,
0.16575822234153748,
-0.05969495698809624,
0.31805768609046936,
-0.2080477476119995,
-0.1606292426586151,
-0.46401214599609375,
0.17919062077999115,
-0.9048305749893188,
-0.2153150737285614,
0.022588150575757027,
0.30562901496887207,
-0.21427537500858307,
-0.2273445725440979,
-0.8238605856895447,
0.3664863705635071,
0.45419228076934814,
-0.1487245410680771,
-0.9582333564758301,
-0.13684694468975067,
0.007228741887956858,
0.38900652527809143,
0.09906598180532455,
-0.2761712670326233,
0.0466560497879982,
-0.3751889765262604,
0.1027093231678009,
-0.022126207128167152,
-0.5244544744491577,
-0.5351550579071045,
0.4665055274963379,
-0.012835822999477386,
-0.16496215760707855,
-0.6990651488304138,
-0.1853436380624771,
-0.028346005827188492,
0.6486526131629944,
-0.09690391272306442,
0.5346118211746216,
0.6984548568725586,
0.04747694358229637,
-0.3760181665420532,
0.21651248633861542,
0.133551225066185,
0.22075532376766205,
-0.46251875162124634,
-0.3000427484512329,
0.053212810307741165,
-0.42930617928504944,
0.007413375657051802,
0.015748079866170883,
-1.5542778968811035,
-0.24605964124202728,
0.22827155888080597,
0.19287824630737305,
0.703281581401825,
-0.505224883556366,
-0.08654611557722092,
0.23374326527118683,
0.5444424152374268,
-0.5273270010948181,
0.006271648220717907,
0.5009879469871521,
0.03149881586432457,
-0.7366143465042114,
-0.820257306098938,
-0.08468117564916611,
0.2863033711910248,
-0.5235015749931335,
-0.21753861010074615,
-0.7169044613838196,
-0.02568613737821579,
0.5309458374977112,
0.23369009792804718,
0.42592015862464905,
-0.025574617087841034,
-0.6886813640594482,
-0.1985367387533188,
-0.044771112501621246,
-0.030129745602607727,
-0.2920862138271332,
-0.011841412633657455,
0.4696881175041199,
0.606194257736206,
0.011737260036170483,
-0.292350709438324,
0.04736935347318649,
1.0792335271835327,
0.6369866728782654,
-0.36686810851097107,
-0.08702964335680008,
-0.0013662832789123058,
0.2643621861934662,
-0.058897022157907486,
0.22785614430904388,
0.20967745780944824,
0.14922788739204407,
-0.0945887491106987,
-0.4762742817401886,
-0.24911785125732422,
0.5869524478912354,
0.003335727145895362,
-0.53497713804245,
-0.06951494514942169,
0.34489381313323975,
-0.421551376581192,
0.08589188754558563,
-0.06701285392045975,
0.007123340852558613,
0.3920392394065857,
-0.3387174904346466,
0.7702412009239197,
0.17877399921417236,
-0.3225390911102295,
0.15509068965911865,
-0.8507667779922485,
-0.1272413283586502,
-0.2327362298965454,
-0.6374709606170654,
-0.09160469472408295,
-0.42314913868904114,
0.24677693843841553,
0.30555737018585205,
-0.26226186752319336,
0.2935740649700165,
-0.689214825630188,
-0.6616884469985962,
-0.0467505007982254,
0.07721541821956635,
-0.07490401715040207,
0.06647641211748123,
-0.725185215473175,
-0.51852947473526,
-0.381298691034317,
-0.19704823195934296,
0.14838901162147522,
-0.9049481153488159,
0.1428508758544922,
-0.4267125129699707,
0.397493839263916,
-0.5213638544082642,
0.08702761679887772,
-0.006811227649450302,
0.2973025143146515,
-0.4790489673614502,
-0.4865446388721466,
-0.24683979153633118,
0.5708983540534973,
0.3772217333316803,
-0.7444024085998535,
0.23433616757392883,
-0.15986210107803345,
-0.0914904773235321,
-0.0734919011592865,
-0.5100818276405334,
0.5867624878883362,
0.19990022480487823,
0.01598459854722023,
0.18161247670650482,
0.8146724700927734,
-0.8397282958030701,
-0.17528997361660004,
0.26532602310180664,
-0.18041512370109558,
-0.06927893310785294,
0.2583993077278137,
-0.16790816187858582,
0.3579716384410858,
0.627844512462616,
-0.41352424025535583,
0.05207322537899017,
0.9673255085945129,
0.3911757469177246,
-0.04409471154212952,
0.11301407217979431,
0.12080162763595581,
0.013338163495063782,
-0.5042266249656677,
-0.3098282516002655,
0.5018709897994995,
0.004861554596573114,
0.12275022268295288,
0.1278025060892105,
-0.15004801750183105,
-0.6722543835639954,
0.2892029583454132,
-0.1533249318599701,
1.2580100297927856,
-0.09045299142599106,
0.13091659545898438,
-0.08590931445360184,
-0.11635510623455048,
-0.39636367559432983,
0.9863981604576111,
0.3011009395122528,
-0.2744063138961792,
0.4882485866546631,
-0.15177229046821594,
0.32158637046813965,
-0.415965735912323,
0.3437483310699463,
-0.3796869218349457,
0.4569980204105377,
-0.41406935453414917,
-0.05110955610871315,
0.08800814300775528,
-0.26596251130104065,
-0.8865361213684082,
0.9811506271362305,
-0.18311528861522675,
0.6336078643798828,
-0.6445866823196411,
0.028039779514074326,
-0.4994732141494751,
0.2503100335597992,
0.5699427723884583,
0.07548025250434875,
0.15648193657398224,
-0.09327416867017746,
0.8239918947219849,
-0.0953047126531601,
0.0682910606265068,
0.5407103300094604,
-0.46839770674705505,
0.24430689215660095,
-0.16338689625263214,
-0.01648443564772606,
0.10689158737659454,
-0.14024271070957184,
-0.5615390539169312,
0.11125843226909637,
-0.07646887004375458,
0.20191071927547455,
0.7121567130088806,
0.16041725873947144,
-0.437298983335495,
0.5296744108200073,
-0.46876758337020874,
-0.17000740766525269,
0.13611675798892975,
-0.15596117079257965,
0.00015290005831047893,
-0.22648155689239502,
0.5914742350578308,
0.38379597663879395,
-0.0014657152350991964,
-0.7552432417869568,
0.1974959671497345,
0.2915288805961609,
-0.2612687945365906,
0.09884954988956451,
-0.491826593875885,
-0.04731469601392746,
0.34434041380882263,
-0.6704843640327454,
0.6913842558860779,
-0.18866805732250214,
0.21432261168956757,
-0.48956218361854553,
0.5033077597618103,
-0.010073973797261715,
0.4085448682308197,
0.6024762988090515,
-0.342130571603775,
-0.4977674186229706,
0.06857117265462875,
-0.14630483090877533,
-0.24520651996135712,
0.128933846950531,
0.2007228136062622,
0.08005569875240326,
-0.031928785145282745,
0.5707065463066101,
-0.20249366760253906,
-0.2072482407093048,
0.33880993723869324,
-0.25822052359580994,
-0.24312134087085724,
-0.2829044759273529,
-0.3657280206680298,
-0.5726680755615234,
-0.1223737969994545,
0.2144901305437088,
0.8949254751205444,
0.5756900906562805,
-0.7895168662071228,
0.17114196717739105,
-0.041775912046432495,
0.2544015944004059,
0.0848643109202385,
0.16181281208992004,
0.352760374546051,
0.0476166270673275,
-0.44038403034210205,
-0.03827476501464844,
0.48590999841690063,
0.09418348968029022,
-0.7111210823059082,
0.07207069545984268,
-0.6508793234825134,
0.8655315637588501,
0.36905166506767273,
-0.20495983958244324,
0.06871361285448074,
0.6863996386528015,
-0.0025585072580724955
]
|
214721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Hallam | Robert Hallam | Robert Hallam ( Alum or Halam; died 4 September 1417) was an English churchman, Bishop of Salisbury and English representative at the Council of Constance. He was Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1403 to 1405.
Hallam was originally from Cheshire in northern England> and was educated at Oxford University. As Chancellor he, the Proctors, and all others in the University were pardoned by King Henry IV. On leaving the chancellorship, he was nominated in May 1406 by Pope Innocent VII as Archbishop of York, but the appointment was vetoed by King Henry IV in the same year. However, in 1407 he was consecrated by Pope Gregory XII at Siena as Bishop of Salisbury. As bishop, Hallam supported various churches and shrines in his diocese with grants of episcopal indulgences.
At the Council of Pisa in 1409, Hallam was one of the English representatives. On 6 June 1411, Antipope John XXIII (Baldassare Cardinal Cossa) purported to make Hallam a pseudocardinal, but this title was not recognised.
At the Council of Constance, in November 1414, Hallam was the chief English envoy. There he took a prominent position, as an advocate of Church reform and of the superiority of the council to the pope. He played a leading part in the discussions leading to the deposition of Antipope John XXIII on 29 May 1415, but was less concerned with the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, through whose influence the council had been assembled, was absent during the whole of 1416 on a diplomatic mission in France and England; but when he returned to Constance in January 1417, as the open ally of the English king, Hallam as Henry V's trusted representative obtained increased importance, and contrived to emphasise English prestige by delivering the address of welcome to Sigismund. Afterwards, under Henry's direction, he supported the emperor in trying to secure a reform of the Church, before the council proceeded to the election of a new pope. This matter was still undecided when Hallam died suddenly on 4 September 1417. His executors were Masters Richard Hallum, John Fyton, John Hikke, with William Clynt, Thomas Hallum, Thomas Faukys, clerk, & Humfrey Rodeley
After Hallam's death the cardinals were able to secure the immediate election of a new pope, Martin V, who was elected on 11 November: it has been said that the abandonment of the reformers by the English was due entirely to Hallam's death; but it is more likely that Henry V, foreseeing the possible need for a change of front, had given Hallam discretionary powers which the bishop's successors used. Hallam himself had the confidence of Sigismund and was generally respected for his straightforward independence. He was buried in Constance Cathedral, where his tomb near the high altar is marked by a brass of English workmanship.
Citations
References
Further reading
Derschka, H., "Die Grabplatte des Robert Hallum. Zur Beisetzung des Bischofs von Salisbury im Konstanzer Münster vor 600 Jahren." Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung 135 (2017) 97–121. Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag. .
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Vol.1, From April 1843 to April 1849, London, 1849, Thursday June 1, 1843, article re Bishop Hallam's tomb
Year of birth unknown
1417 deaths
15th-century diplomats
15th-century English cardinals
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Bishops of Salisbury
Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Medieval English diplomats
People from Cheshire | [
-0.6818791031837463,
-0.08059825748205185,
-0.09489241987466812,
-0.4891573190689087,
-0.6111178398132324,
0.9587258100509644,
0.4874263107776642,
-0.5942264795303345,
-0.7730943560600281,
0.2122398465871811,
0.001410899916663766,
-0.11190228164196014,
-0.26394030451774597,
-0.49490559101104736,
-0.22695164382457733,
-0.188078373670578,
0.1891583949327469,
-0.5334131121635437,
-0.13415969908237457,
-0.5281526446342468,
0.11787582188844681,
-0.3246920108795166,
0.05029734596610069,
-0.20234830677509308,
0.32875561714172363,
0.0491909459233284,
0.27157682180404663,
-0.2245943695306778,
-0.4188724458217621,
-0.5259912610054016,
0.1836639791727066,
0.3548603653907776,
0.5342307686805725,
-0.10021727532148361,
-0.33334219455718994,
0.5553204417228699,
-0.24413719773292542,
-0.4494612216949463,
-0.11895311623811722,
0.09501506388187408,
-0.6873279809951782,
-0.2908251881599426,
-0.07004433870315552,
0.5510943531990051,
-0.20399603247642517,
-0.2530168890953064,
-1.2400543689727783,
-0.021717991679906845,
-0.7465518712997437,
0.23721367120742798,
0.0256485715508461,
0.31410470604896545,
-0.21685460209846497,
0.050951048731803894,
0.2999253571033478,
-0.1897631734609604,
-0.6471335887908936,
-0.363417387008667,
0.34827014803886414,
-0.29951053857803345,
0.44089606404304504,
-0.7273750901222229,
0.5838730335235596,
-0.3234429657459259,
-0.18743431568145752,
0.06667806208133698,
-0.49845510721206665,
0.14117349684238434,
-0.7846302390098572,
-0.1466890573501587,
0.1755700558423996,
0.36689478158950806,
-0.5599153637886047,
0.7111965417861938,
0.5161193013191223,
-0.29891425371170044,
0.43040230870246887,
-0.11899098753929138,
0.36139681935310364,
-0.06748831272125244,
-0.13988235592842102,
-0.09065566211938858,
0.6756893396377563,
0.3449094593524933,
0.2575705051422119,
0.18961288034915924,
-0.4489681124687195,
0.9177355766296387,
-0.7829416394233704,
-0.20122948288917542,
0.22612066566944122,
0.22952832281589508,
-0.32991528511047363,
0.24290785193443298,
-0.40133047103881836,
-0.0678546279668808,
0.08651935309171677,
-0.2780471444129944,
-0.3663518726825714,
-0.5608925223350525,
0.24991415441036224,
0.3264658749103546,
0.0697777271270752,
-0.18586274981498718,
-0.5620097517967224,
0.12551677227020264,
-0.06629660725593567,
0.10129357874393463,
-0.13931983709335327,
0.012908725999295712,
-0.37321367859840393,
0.1611107736825943,
-0.261001318693161,
-0.22787170112133026,
0.16274157166481018,
0.4572755992412567,
0.2506655156612396,
-0.7208675742149353,
-1.1081773042678833,
0.1985054314136505,
0.1860920637845993,
0.6082485318183899,
0.48450231552124023,
0.3963056206703186,
-0.14064079523086548,
-0.3999711573123932,
-0.011716645210981369,
0.7059792876243591,
-0.4803820848464966,
0.6081831455230713,
-0.14971838891506195,
0.6209970116615295,
-0.12342074513435364,
-0.15274928510189056,
-0.30394312739372253,
0.171455979347229,
-0.40519770979881287,
0.001874378533102572,
0.09628114849328995,
0.5767173767089844,
-0.9190737009048462,
0.2167881727218628,
-0.1864931285381317,
-0.3260660171508789,
0.36934351921081543,
-0.010303756222128868,
0.003316245274618268,
0.12246774882078171,
-0.3433243930339813,
0.6155902147293091,
-0.31950050592422485,
0.30458807945251465,
0.16744251549243927,
-0.24953657388687134,
0.024275844916701317,
0.4223790764808655,
0.6177222728729248,
0.2752440571784973,
-0.25061655044555664,
0.5613807439804077,
-0.11237315833568573,
0.16595616936683655,
-0.3295837342739105,
-0.23633497953414917,
0.3361741900444031,
0.038828689604997635,
0.02397942915558815,
-0.480625718832016,
-0.05277305096387863,
-0.8422601819038391,
-0.6371728777885437,
-0.00008827480633044615,
0.45022955536842346,
-0.12259252369403839,
-0.3791302740573883,
0.3854592442512512,
0.6883922815322876,
-0.41581520438194275,
0.4754255712032318,
0.1298573762178421,
-0.8633667826652527,
-0.23620173335075378,
0.2178175151348114,
-0.08027473092079163,
0.20257388055324554,
0.712040364742279,
0.22361446917057037,
-0.17672233283519745,
0.23903010785579681,
-0.40009382367134094,
-0.4642360210418701,
-0.5168266296386719,
-0.07934371381998062,
0.041517969220876694,
0.5696209073066711,
0.11986183375120163,
-0.45174407958984375,
0.11898382008075714,
-0.2017923891544342,
1.0276516675949097,
0.18986260890960693,
0.09363936632871628,
-0.07522870600223541,
0.14145463705062866,
0.6695495843887329,
-0.28663474321365356,
0.31132495403289795,
0.256299763917923,
0.6355810761451721,
0.6524307131767273,
0.23862482607364655,
-0.4924272298812866,
-0.15242502093315125,
0.8022096753120422,
-0.3336125612258911,
-0.3596770763397217,
-0.23221132159233093,
-0.030938347801566124,
0.339486688375473,
-0.7031037211418152,
0.8580409288406372,
0.355181485414505,
-0.29798537492752075,
0.5702402591705322,
-0.23452778160572052,
0.7104571461677551,
-0.5719673037528992,
0.44899898767471313,
-0.2993485927581787,
-0.556196928024292,
0.031400054693222046,
0.19426070153713226,
0.295053094625473,
-0.43211638927459717,
0.03566867858171463,
0.02634928561747074,
0.012845508754253387,
0.06491799652576447,
0.32569652795791626,
-0.5537736415863037,
-0.023757651448249817,
0.3710666596889496,
-0.01427642535418272,
0.40355923771858215,
-0.08183236420154572,
0.48284298181533813,
0.7422703504562378,
-0.5674197673797607,
-0.2809995710849762,
-0.2614903151988983,
-0.22603443264961243,
0.47701478004455566,
0.43604958057403564,
0.6566872000694275,
0.7032565474510193,
-0.20856104791164398,
0.4627479910850525,
0.20870231091976166,
0.22363673150539398,
0.41325682401657104,
0.3562726378440857,
0.3975938856601715,
-0.1051795706152916,
0.2541543245315552,
0.3529421091079712,
-0.696433424949646,
0.35267218947410583,
-0.6939964294433594,
0.17044967412948608,
-0.3281587064266205,
0.38118937611579895,
-0.7386496663093567,
-0.673819363117218,
0.21092240512371063,
-0.17339091002941132,
-0.7121238708496094,
0.25341418385505676,
-0.14533597230911255,
-0.17358386516571045,
-0.6173920631408691,
-0.046667613089084625,
0.6574842929840088,
-0.3856998085975647,
0.2303100973367691,
0.39159297943115234,
-0.3406493663787842,
-0.10645058006048203,
-0.31253910064697266,
0.2575669288635254,
-0.5642961859703064,
-0.10881264507770538,
0.8213997483253479,
0.11273255199193954,
-0.3403934836387634,
0.044710151851177216,
0.45821788907051086,
-0.4070471227169037,
-0.6103795170783997,
-0.4153144359588623,
0.10544530302286148,
-0.9064950942993164,
0.10652748495340347,
0.29350998997688293,
0.41786232590675354,
0.2922808527946472,
0.20377501845359802,
-0.23916923999786377,
-0.21966703236103058,
-5.255814552307129,
0.17382043600082397,
0.3287625014781952,
-0.09846809506416321,
0.5284008383750916,
0.017456065863370895,
0.5620208978652954,
-0.3526404798030853,
0.5571292042732239,
-0.23821991682052612,
0.6762489080429077,
-0.17209385335445404,
-0.02199419029057026,
0.11227849125862122,
0.9950796961784363,
0.3159637749195099,
0.7773177027702332,
-0.32015174627304077,
0.2734963595867157,
0.1038798913359642,
-0.5442605018615723,
-0.11855746060609818,
0.18852992355823517,
0.35437431931495667,
-0.2703278362751007,
0.20163898169994354,
-0.2205379605293274,
0.13544583320617676,
-0.5728853940963745,
-0.5854758620262146,
0.3165888488292694,
0.3185809552669525,
-0.14796143770217896,
-0.1494394689798355,
-0.2810074985027313,
0.37230437994003296,
0.3726123571395874,
0.8713446855545044,
-0.07640823721885681,
-0.004051247611641884,
0.6739010810852051,
-0.00805746577680111,
-0.44228121638298035,
0.35771676898002625,
0.25298240780830383,
-0.2909943461418152,
-0.8933297991752625,
0.007096756715327501,
-0.26919880509376526,
0.5133984088897705,
0.038335103541612625,
0.34410083293914795,
0.40517210960388184,
0.00789322517812252,
-0.15442690253257751,
0.5975908637046814,
-0.0437345951795578,
0.1776779294013977,
-0.6538957357406616,
-0.13166028261184692,
0.7776647806167603,
-0.594937264919281,
-0.18152233958244324,
0.13877727091312408,
-0.43702125549316406,
-0.04337690770626068,
0.22518105804920197,
0.34205707907676697,
0.595985472202301,
0.06885404139757156,
-0.0353681817650795,
0.6784374713897705,
0.10610652714967728,
-1.2351843118667603,
0.168814554810524,
-0.41842031478881836,
-0.19935648143291473,
0.13381969928741455,
0.024343783035874367,
-0.493694931268692,
-0.07078605145215988,
-0.6757983565330505,
0.654904305934906,
0.4416392743587494,
0.8695813417434692,
-0.6191937923431396,
0.2058003544807434,
-0.11037140339612961,
-0.3020627498626709,
-0.4360741078853607,
0.22678242623806,
-0.672304093837738,
-0.34671878814697266,
0.7408957481384277,
0.3072657883167267,
-0.058593619614839554,
-0.13969679176807404,
0.2558581531047821,
0.6793131232261658,
0.15652874112129211,
-0.7901414036750793,
0.6682356595993042,
0.029520509764552116,
-0.5208116769790649,
0.13488608598709106,
0.39069420099258423,
-0.755101203918457,
0.6610292792320251,
0.08421079814434052,
0.18054787814617157,
0.6584855914115906,
0.09609376639127731,
-0.1248629093170166,
-0.4608076214790344,
-0.2460971176624298,
-0.36820560693740845,
-0.04654322564601898,
0.5291243195533752,
0.39064887166023254,
0.025135694071650505,
-0.5106823444366455,
-0.164729043841362,
-0.4211936891078949,
-0.19507014751434326,
-0.2415291666984558,
0.5423636436462402,
0.20212024450302124,
0.2793448269367218,
-0.6721225380897522,
0.2326342910528183,
-0.06444673240184784,
0.1879744529724121,
-0.2618972659111023,
0.2513987720012665,
-0.3810511529445648,
-0.40962716937065125,
-0.5744214057922363,
-0.09444458782672882,
-0.2180854082107544,
0.07527276128530502,
0.5099729895591736,
-0.5710620284080505,
0.030632279813289642,
0.4274027645587921,
0.22780077159404755,
-0.32216671109199524,
0.47982558608055115,
0.4361461102962494,
-0.5118723511695862,
0.5611870884895325,
0.32799282670021057,
0.3174239695072174,
0.3837334215641022,
-0.39525106549263,
-0.03952877223491669,
-0.03562968969345093,
0.27931109070777893,
-0.09088976681232452,
-0.007813808508217335,
-0.41803890466690063,
-0.8242561221122742,
0.7166592478752136,
-1.029549479484558,
-0.24040788412094116,
-0.18873372673988342,
-0.12860554456710815,
-0.3020133376121521,
0.014303246513009071,
-0.27308541536331177,
0.25980237126350403,
0.0005335477762855589,
-0.7685047388076782,
-0.4019772410392761,
-0.21543049812316895,
0.19820918142795563,
-0.2344963699579239,
0.4431021511554718,
0.11518575996160507,
-0.2013077586889267,
0.06558714061975479,
-0.42128393054008484,
-0.3200387954711914,
-0.506423830986023,
-0.13243629038333893,
1.214784860610962,
-0.3410680890083313,
-0.664883017539978,
-0.7820895910263062,
0.18175925314426422,
-0.5336076617240906,
-0.14149494469165802,
-0.38049671053886414,
0.38468673825263977,
1.0958973169326782,
0.12401530891656876,
-0.11031540483236313,
0.801659882068634,
-0.5678459405899048,
0.08092541992664337,
0.0028818421997129917,
-0.15032140910625458,
-0.19306430220603943,
-0.7203187346458435,
-0.2727069556713104,
0.05049576982855797,
-1.211482048034668,
-0.011009171605110168,
-0.2014816701412201,
0.004213393200188875,
0.26617059111595154,
-0.4412428140640259,
-0.7624598741531372,
-0.2634565234184265,
0.8904935121536255,
-0.08170654624700546,
-0.0876467227935791,
-0.2961673438549042,
0.24709035456180573,
-0.12958316504955292,
-0.2010650336742401,
-0.5081238746643066,
-0.3672412633895874,
-0.09342145919799805,
-0.12858740985393524,
-0.4456452429294586,
0.04445499926805496,
0.6951434016227722,
0.06436719000339508,
0.8479846715927124,
0.07690098881721497,
0.4085051715373993,
-0.09743285179138184,
-0.19740431010723114,
1.0172315835952759,
-0.07343258708715439,
-0.24199478328227997,
-0.19610746204853058,
-0.4302828311920166,
0.1590423583984375,
0.2532113194465637,
0.4854526221752167,
1.4356204271316528,
0.07540220022201538,
-0.03039235807955265,
-0.13117465376853943,
0.13526016473770142,
-0.5727066397666931,
0.0009961536852642894,
0.7041863203048706,
0.3223971724510193,
0.3035464286804199,
0.3944668173789978,
0.36096346378326416,
-0.15585072338581085,
0.7433478236198425,
0.14430232346057892,
0.2645292282104492,
-0.06420888006687164,
-0.07322034984827042,
-0.46773219108581543,
0.18413996696472168,
0.5143782496452332,
0.19496245682239532,
-0.08024011552333832,
-0.375832200050354,
-0.17898696660995483,
-0.04547520726919174,
-0.07289651036262512,
0.6619324088096619,
-0.21065472066402435,
-1.184962511062622,
-0.7469145655632019,
-0.3703222870826721,
0.5439731478691101,
-0.23992536962032318,
-0.3109152913093567,
0.03667111694812775,
-0.9143847227096558,
1.4647455215454102,
0.440995454788208,
-1.5848459005355835,
-0.3340863883495331,
0.3555854558944702,
-0.3648163676261902,
-0.08860868215560913,
-0.4161776900291443,
0.2295754998922348,
0.22479155659675598,
0.04205101355910301,
-0.2624618709087372,
-0.35912495851516724,
0.03522888943552971,
0.18258963525295258,
0.1637159138917923,
-0.5136219263076782,
0.3818697929382324,
-0.2726280391216278,
0.4331373870372772,
-0.647998571395874,
-0.9479812979698181,
-0.45434820652008057,
0.1357603520154953,
0.6649863719940186,
-0.09640491753816605,
0.08733627200126648,
0.3302628993988037,
-0.5125485062599182,
-0.5738659501075745,
-0.637183666229248,
0.39119282364845276,
-0.07330016046762466,
-0.10234476625919342,
0.301734060049057,
0.40247735381126404,
-0.4738176763057709,
-0.4448510408401489,
0.05142516642808914,
-0.24214139580726624,
-0.2596376836299896,
-0.17586453258991241,
0.3949120044708252,
-0.051419470459222794,
0.4188726842403412,
-0.29847151041030884,
0.653231680393219,
0.4526115655899048,
0.47693726420402527,
-0.13329008221626282,
-0.7606237530708313,
0.3847435414791107,
0.09447266906499863,
-0.13290110230445862,
0.04071469232439995,
0.5285419225692749,
0.21502900123596191,
-0.22070148587226868,
-0.2647113502025604,
-0.7283591032028198,
0.11417766660451889,
0.3096327781677246,
-0.3686147630214691,
1.3110872507095337,
-0.49126482009887695,
-0.0767238661646843,
-0.31624123454093933,
0.13978777825832367,
-0.6736817955970764,
0.1808060258626938,
0.01012289710342884,
-0.05699566379189491,
0.4520721435546875,
0.1638776808977127,
0.6946935653686523,
-0.5763368606567383,
0.2717595398426056,
0.7033768892288208,
1.1442323923110962,
0.1549271196126938,
-0.7261145114898682,
-0.6804189085960388,
-0.04573598504066467,
-0.2698574662208557,
1.015877604484558,
0.3734092712402344,
-0.1538381725549698,
-0.5230666399002075,
-0.15556184947490692,
-0.3345145285129547,
0.4255004823207855,
0.1872602105140686,
0.08629390597343445,
-0.785010576248169,
-0.28303343057632446,
0.24445833265781403,
-0.016880478709936142,
0.5062541961669922,
0.5359207391738892,
0.0015647643012925982,
0.14191551506519318,
-0.10693537443876266,
-0.8098656535148621,
-0.043067798018455505,
0.10107631981372833,
-0.7121104598045349,
-0.1847148984670639,
-0.4096079468727112,
-0.4597470760345459,
0.12460751086473465,
-0.5735718011856079,
-0.7496572732925415,
0.10800091177225113,
0.030829275026917458,
-0.29382842779159546,
0.34278225898742676,
-1.1389350891113281,
0.5119917392730713,
0.43477386236190796,
0.9949503540992737,
0.7322643995285034,
-0.09980195760726929,
-0.5258583426475525,
0.46917617321014404,
-0.2792602479457855,
0.3297262191772461,
-0.35951942205429077,
0.3651997148990631,
0.08042667806148529,
-0.10254982113838196,
-1.430135726928711,
0.25227808952331543,
0.3426334261894226,
-0.10004531592130661,
-0.17096245288848877,
0.5322846174240112,
0.03172481060028076,
0.09018681943416595,
0.0940578430891037,
0.39070382714271545,
-0.03752496838569641,
0.6706826686859131,
0.10927064716815948,
0.30214712023735046,
-0.1839134395122528,
-0.39201003313064575,
0.12519508600234985,
0.2599451541900635,
0.9802562594413757,
-0.33703044056892395,
-1.0941568613052368,
0.5199826955795288,
-0.06372228264808655,
-0.07690606266260147,
-0.29244208335876465,
-0.1408238410949707,
0.043288473039865494,
0.31875845789909363,
0.3936353027820587,
0.9057465195655823,
0.047693926841020584,
-0.4049438536167145,
0.33818748593330383,
0.31677427887916565,
0.10693757236003876,
-0.1660328507423401,
0.21113893389701843,
-0.1817895621061325,
0.1571025401353836,
-0.5946643352508545,
0.08594609797000885,
0.6744498014450073,
0.34896108508110046,
-0.25825631618499756,
0.712551474571228,
-0.9333191514015198,
0.5232280492782593,
0.20251034200191498,
-0.1695972979068756,
0.28970497846603394,
0.3003198802471161,
0.08066138625144958
]
|
214722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandell%20Creighton | Mandell Creighton | Mandell Creighton (; 5 July 1843 – 14 January 1901) was a British historian and a bishop of the Church of England. A scholar of the Renaissance papacy, Creighton was the first occupant of the Dixie Chair of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Cambridge, a professorship established around the time that history was emerging as an independent academic discipline. He was also the first editor of the English Historical Review, the oldest English language academic journal in the field of history. Creighton had a second career as a cleric in the Church of England. He served as a parish priest in Embleton, Northumberland and later, successively, as a Canon Residentiary of Worcester Cathedral, the Bishop of Peterborough and the Bishop of London. His moderation and worldliness drew praise from Queen Victoria and won notice from politicians. It was widely thought at the time that Creighton would have become the Archbishop of Canterbury had his early death, at age 57, not supervened.
Creighton's historical work received mixed reviews. He was praised for scrupulous even-handedness, but criticised for not taking a stand against historical excesses. For his part, he was firm in asserting that public figures be judged for their public acts, not private ones. His preference for the concrete to the abstract diffused through his writings on the Church of England. He believed that the church was uniquely shaped by its particular English circumstances, and advocated that it reflect the views and wishes of the English people.
Creighton was married to the author and future women's suffrage activist Louise Creighton, and the couple had seven children. The Creightons were passionately interested in the education of children and together wrote over a dozen school history primers. A man of complex intelligence and exceptional vigour, Mandell Creighton was emblematic of the Victorian era both in his strengths and in his failings.
Early childhood, 1843–1857
Mandell Creighton was born on 5 July 1843 in the border country city of Carlisle, Cumberland (now in Cumbria) to Sarah (née Mandell) and Robert Creighton. His father, a carpenter, had built a successful cabinet-making and decorating business on Castle Street, the main thoroughfare in Carlisle. A year later another son, James, was born to the couple and in 1846, a daughter, Mary, who died before the year was out. In 1849, another daughter, Mary Ellen (Polly) was born and the following year Sarah Creighton died unexpectedly. Robert, who never remarried, and never spoke of his wife again, raised the children with help from his unmarried sister who came to live with the family.
A self-made man, Robert Creighton constantly exhorted his sons to work. However, he also imbued them with a sense of independence. This later allowed Mandell to make career choices that were unorthodox for his background. For his part, his brother James would join his father's carpentry business, enter local politics, be twice elected mayor of Carlisle, and later become a director of North British Railway. Polly, by contrast, considered her childhood to be "horridly unhappy." Not being able to complete her school education, she never acquired the sophistication that she so greatly valued. Even so, she would spend her adult life promoting the education of children, and in 1927 become the first woman to be granted freedom of the city of Carlisle. The family living quarters, above the shop, were spacious but spartan—there was little decoration and few books. As Robert, moreover, was given to losing his temper easily, the household atmosphere was dreary and fearful. Years later, Mandell Creighton's wife was to speculate that the absence in her husband's childhood of a sense of belonging to a family was very likely the result of not having a mother.
Creighton's education began in a nearby dame school, run by a stern headmistress, where his restlessness and mischief often brought down punishment upon him. In 1852, he moved to the Carlisle Cathedral School. There, under the influence of a charismatic headmaster, the Revd William Bell, he began to read voraciously and to succeed academically. Other students came seeking his help in translating passages from their classical studies; they soon gave him the nickname "Homer" on account of his quickness at construing. In November 1857, he took the King's Scholarship examination for admission to Durham Grammar School, located seventy miles away. As his Carlisle teachers had not prepared him for translation of Latin verse, he left a portion of the exam unanswered and felt certain he had failed. The examiners, however, assessed his overall performance to be good and decided to accept him. In February 1858, the 15-year-old Creighton left Carlisle for Durham.
Durham School, 1858–1862
Durham School required its students to attend services in the eleventh-century Durham Cathedral on Sundays and holy days. The cathedral's high church ceremony made a lasting impression on Creighton. It became a focus of his religious life and would later influence his choice of career. Durham's headmaster, Dr Henry Holden, a classical scholar and an educational reformer, was soon taking interest in the new student. With Holden's encouragement, Creighton began to win prizes in classical subjects, in English, and in French. During his last year at Durham, he was promoted to head boy of the school, a position that appealed to his great desire to influence people, especially younger boys. Although he aimed to do this by setting an example with his high moral life, he did not, in an era of universal corporal punishment, hesitate to use the rod. In a letter written to a Durham school monitor after Creighton had left the school, he advised, "Remember, never thrash a fellow a little, always hard: and it is always well that he be thrashed by more than one of the monitors"
Creighton was severely shortsighted; he also suffered from double vision, which forced him to read with one eye closed. Since the visual handicap also limited his participation in vigorous sport, he took enthusiastically to walking. His tours of the countryside, often with companions, covered over twenty miles a day and lasted several days. Walking gave him many opportunities to exercise his abiding curiosity in the local botany and architecture. The habit was to remain with him for rest of his life.
In the spring of 1862, Creighton applied unsuccessfully for a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. He applied next to Merton College, Oxford for a classical postmastership. His application proved successful and Creighton arrived in Oxford in October 1862. He continued to take great interest in Durham School. In a hand-me-down family story, he is said, in 1866, to have walked from Oxford to Durham in three days to hear speeches at a school function.
Oxford undergraduate, 1862–1866
Creighton's postmastership of £70 a year was enough to cover his tuition at Merton, but not much more. For his other expenses he had to ask his father, whose gruff manner made asking difficult. Under the circumstances, Creighton lived economically in college attic rooms for most of his time at Merton. In his last year he moved out of college to share rooms with George Saintsbury (1845-1933), the future authoritative critic of English and French literature, prolific author, and wine critic.
Although Creighton's shortsightedness prevented his participation in cricket and football, he was able to join the college rowing team. He continued to go on walks. These, especially around Oxford for a few hours in the late afternoon, were popular among many students; Creighton, characteristically, organised longer walks, some lasting all day.
Creighton's reading continued to flourish, and not just of books prescribed in the syllabus. He read so voraciously that he sometimes stayed at Oxford during vacations in order to read. Among writers and poets, he became particularly fond of Carlyle, Browning, Tennyson and Swinburne. He was also becoming politically aware. If pressed, he professed a liberalism based on the autonomy of the individual. He joined the Oxford Union, and although he seldom gave public speeches there, he was elected Union president. He especially honed his skills in informal conversations, conducted anywhere and everywhere, about topics great and small, bearing easily the yoke of what Gladstone later was to dub "Oxford's agony," the habit of seeing, self-importantly, larger than life significance in Oxford's everyday disputes.
Creighton came seriously to believe that it was the responsibility of all individuals to influence others to the full extent of their abilities. He sought others out to influence and instruct. Predictably, among his Merton friends, he received the nickname "The Professor", or "P". In his second year, he and three other students became inseparable, both during academic terms and vacations, forming a group called "The Quadrilateral". The group friendship was intense, like many such in that time. Although Creighton had a large circle of friends, he did not form any close friendships with women during this time. In his final term, he wrote to a friend, "ladies in general are very unsatisfactory mental food: they seem to have no particular thoughts or ideas"
Academically, Creighton's goal became the pursuit of an honours degree in literae humaniores, a classical studies curriculum attracting the best students at Oxford. In the final examinations, in the spring of his fourth year, he received a first-class. Joining immediately the School of Law and Modern History, and studying all summer, he took the examinations in that School in Autumn 1866. He received a second class this time, his examiners assessing that he had not mastered the details enough. However, since the literae humaniores degree was the more established one, he was asked by the classics professor, Benjamin Jowett, to apply for a college teaching fellowship. As it turned out, he did not have to; he had decided that he would go on to accept holy orders, and his own college, Merton, offered him a clerical fellowship with tutorial duties on 22 December 1866.
Teaching and marriage, 1867–1874
During the second half of the 19th century, many academic reforms were instituted at the University of Oxford, beginning with the Oxford University Act of 1854 (17 & 18 Vict. c81). By the 1860s the reforms had trickled down the colleges. Among the changes were the new responsibilities given to college tutors. These instructors, whose primary job was to give personalised instruction in their rooms to undergraduates, were now tasked with the preparation of students for the university's examinations, previously the responsibility of the university-wide instructors, such as professors. As the tutors were chosen from distinguished recent graduates, the new instructional staff were more youthful than the old. At this time Merton College was suffering from student unrest stemming from what was seen as a lack of leadership in the teaching faculty. Many fellows, both resident and non-resident, had become distant presences.
As Creighton was popular with students, he was looked upon as someone who would exercise that leadership. He proceeded to do so by appealing both to the students' reasoning and to their good sense, and by simultaneously immersing himself among them. He was given more responsibilities. These, in their wake, brought promotions and salary increases. After four years of teaching, his salary had more than doubled. He joined forces with a Merton tutor to open collegiate lectures to students of other colleges and received the college's authorisation. Soon, the Association of Tutors was born, as well as an Oxford-wide series of lectures that any student could attend. The lectures were to influence his choice of future research. He wrote later, We worked out among us a scheme of lectures covering the whole field (of history), and were the pioneers of the "Intercollegiate Lectures" which now prevail at both universities. The needs of this scheme threw upon me the ecclesiastical, and especially papal history, which no one else took.
Religious beliefs were also undergoing an upheaval. Many Victorian intellectuals, who had been raised in Christian households, had, in their adult life, begun to experience religious doubt and were moving in secular directions. Creighton, in contrast, was slowly solidifying his religious beliefs. While his high church views had moderated somewhat, he never had any crisis of confidence. He had no interest in the new natural sciences, and was unmoved to read Darwin, regarding his writings as too much speculation. Creighton's friend Henry Scott Holland wrote of him, "At the close of the [1860s], it seemed to us at Oxford almost incredible that a young don of any intellectual reputation for modernity should be on the Christian side." After some speculation by friends whether Creighton would commit to taking holy orders, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Oxford in 1870. He preached in first sermon in April 1871.
Creighton spent many vacations in Europe. He fell in love with Italy, its scenery, its culture, and its people. This led naturally to a fascination with Renaissance Italy, which became his scholarly interest. He became an admirer of Walter Pater and the aesthetic movement. His rooms in Oxford were tastefully decorated with William Morris wallpaper and blue china. The furnishings brought admiration from friends and requests to view them from acquaintances. Creighton was now leading a life that was a far cry from that of his frugal student days.
Upon his return from a vacation in Europe, in early 1871, Creighton attended a lecture by art critic John Ruskin at the Sheldonian Theatre. After the lecture, he noticed his friend, the future author Humphry Ward, talking to an unfamiliar young woman who was wearing a yellow scarf. Yellow was Creighton's favourite colour; the scarf aroused his interest enough for him to ask Ward about the woman, whose name was Louise von Glehn. Soon Ward was inviting Creighton and von Glehn to a Valentine's Day lunch hosted in his rooms in Brasenose College. In a few weeks, von Glehn found herself won over by Creighton's charm, and before she left Oxford at the end of the month, the two were engaged. They had agreed to be married the following winter; however, as Christmas approached, it was still not certain whether Merton College would waive its requirement of celibacy for its teaching fellows. On Christmas Eve, the college finally relented and elected four married fellows, one of whom was Creighton. Von Glehn and Creighton were married on 8 January 1872 in her home town of Sydenham, Kent. They spent a week honeymooning in Paris before returning to Oxford for Creighton's new teaching term.
Like many Victorian scholars, Mandell Creighton assumed that his wife would be an accessory in his academic pursuits, and that he would have the upper hand in their intellectual relationship. During their courtship, he had written to her: The nuisance of married life [is that] strive as I may or as you may, still the practical side of life must be much more prominent to me than to you. I shall have a number of things to do; whereas your sphere will be all within my reach and knowledge, mine on the other hand will not be in your reach entirely.
In the summer of 1873, the couple took their first trip together to Italy. It was during this trip that Creighton made firm his intention to study the Renaissance popes for his life's research. During these years there were additions to the family: a daughter was born to the couple in the autumn of 1872, and another in the summer of 1874. With a growing family and a clear research plan, Creighton now began to doubt the long-term viability of his Merton tutorial fellowship. He felt increasingly that his teaching duties were sapping his stamina for focused intellectual labour. Around this time an opportunity arose for a rural living in a remote parish in coastal Northumberland to which Merton held the right of appointment. Although varying counsel was offered by Louise, by Creighton's married colleagues, by his unmarried colleagues, and even by his students, his mind was made up. When, in November 1874, the college finally offered the position of vicar of the parish of Embleton, Creighton eagerly accepted.
Vicar of Embleton, 1875–1884
The village of Embleton lies on the North Sea coast in Northumberland approximately midway between Edinburgh and Newcastle upon Tyne. The vicarage—then owned by Merton College and consisting of a fortified pele tower built in the 14th century along with adjoining later additions—was a large establishment with many rooms for Creighton's growing family, their guests, and servants. The parish consisted of a handful of villages and approximately 1700 inhabitants, among whom were farmers, whinstone quarrymen, herring and haddock fishermen, women workers in fish curing yards, and railwaymen. Although the Creightons missed Oxford society and its stimulations, they gradually adapted to their new surroundings. With the help of a curate paid from his own funds, Creighton established a routine that enabled him to both carry out pastoral duty and write history. Each weekday morning, he spent four hours reading in the vicarage library. In the afternoons, Mandell, and whenever possible, Louise, visited the homes of their parishioners, listening to them, giving advice, offering prayers, conducting services for the housebound, and, on occasion, handing out home-made medical remedies. They found their parishioners to be reserved, proud, and independent, but could not help seeing them as lacking in morals. Their assessment of rampant alcoholism in Embleton, led the Creightons, no teetotallers themselves, to found the local chapter of the Church of England Temperance Society and, in the process, to displease some locals. Louise organised meetings of the Mothers' Union as well as The Girls' Friendly Society, which aimed to empower girls, encouraging them, for example, to stay in school until the age of fourteen.
Creighton's own family was growing: four more children were born during the Embleton years, and all were home schooled, mostly by Louise. Creighton, who took great interest in the parish schools, served as examiner for other schools in the region, and began to formulate some ideas on the education of children. He was elected to local government bodies such as the Board of Guardians, which enacted poor laws in the region, and to the local sanitary authority. In 1879, he accepted his first leadership position in the Church of England: he was appointed rural dean of the Deanery of Alnwick, responsible for supervision of the clergy in neighbouring parishes. Later, he was appointed examining chaplain for the Bishop of Newcastle, Ernest Roland Wilberforce, and tasked with examining candidates for holy orders.
During their ten years in Embleton, the Creightons—he in his 30s and she, for the most part, in her 20s—between them, wrote fifteen books. They both wrote history books for young people, Louise wrote an unsuccessful novel, and Mandell wrote the first two volumes of his magnum opus, The History of the Papacy in the Period of Reformation. In the Papacy volumes, Creighton proposed that the turbulence of the reformation became inevitable when the Popes obstructed the milder parliamentary reforms that had been advocated earlier. The books were well received and were commended for their even-handed approach. Lord Acton, who reviewed the books in the Academy and who was aware that the books were written over a few years in a northern vicarage far from the centres of scholarship, wrote: The history of increasing depravity and declining faith, of reforms earnestly demanded, feebly attempted, and deferred too long, is told by Mr. Creighton with a fullness of accuracy unusual in works which are the occupation of a lifetime.
Creighton also wrote dozens of book-reviews and scholarly articles. Among them were his first forays into the role of the Church of England in the life of the nation. Throughout the 19th century, the Church had suffered erosion of membership. In the mid-century, many scholars such as the educator Thomas Arnold had asserted the identity of the church and the nation; however, as the century entered its last two decades, Creighton was among a small minority continuing to do the same.
In 1884, Creighton was asked to apply for the newly created professorship of ecclesiastical history, the Dixie chair, at the University of Cambridge and a concurrent fellowship at Emmanuel College. His application proved successful, and on 9 November 1884, Creighton preached his last sermon at Embleton church. Later, he was to write, "At Embleton I spent ten years, and I have no hesitation in saying that they were the ten happiest years of my life." His parishioners, for their part, found it difficult to express their feelings openly; one woman said, "Well, if you ain't done no good, you've done no harm."
Cambridge professor, 1885–1891
After their arrival in Cambridge in late November 1884, the Creightons were swamped with invitations to social engagements. Interaction with academic society after ten years led to new friendships, especially for Louise. One such new acquaintance, Beatrice Webb, was to become Louise's firm lifelong friend. Although Creighton had already corresponded with fellow historian Lord Acton, he soon met him in person, as he did other Cambridge notables, such as Robertson Smith, the Hebrew and Arabic scholar, and Alfred Marshall, the economist.
Around this time a dispute arose over the scope of the bachelor's honours examination, or the tripos, in History and Theology. The History tripos had been created by historian John Seeley who held that history was really political history, an essential part of the training of public servants, and stated tersely, "history is the school of statesmanship." Opposing him, reformers such as historian George Walter Prothero, and Henry Melvill Gwatkin, Creighton's successor to the Dixie chair, advocated a broader and more scientific approach. In spring 1885, the board of historical studies in Cambridge met to consider reforms. Although Creighton did not take a direct part in the discussions, he sided with the reformers, and a compromise was reached that emphasized the reading of primary sources in the students' historical subjects of interest.
Creighton lectured twice a week at the university, preparing extensively, but lecturing extemporaneously. He also preached in the Emmanuel College Chapel. A colleague said of his preaching style, "He did not care for eloquence, indeed he despised it; what he aimed at was instruction, and for this he always looked more to principles than facts." Creighton lectured more informally to undergraduates at Emmanuel College once a week. He supported Cambridge's two new women's colleges, Newnham and Girton, and taught informal weekly classes at Newnham. Two students from those classes, Mary Bateson and Alice Gardner, later became professional historians; both were mentored by Creighton early in their careers.
In spring 1885, Creighton accepted an offer from the Prime Minister, William Gladstone, of a residentiary canonry at Worcester Cathedral. As the residency requirement of three months could be met during Cambridge vacations, the Creighton family settled into an annual routine of six moves between Cambridge and Worcester, a distance of over 100 miles. The Worcester experience led Creighton to consider how the relationship of competition between a cathedral and its diocesan parish churches could be turned into one of cooperation, a subject on which he would write scholarly articles. By providing an introduction to the grim realities of city life, Worcester, moreover, awakened Creighton's social consciousness. He joined the Worcester Diocesan Penitentiary Association and was moved by the plight of prison inmates. In a sermon at the Sanitary Congress of Worcester in 1889, he spoke about the effect of a harsh physical life on the moral life, the unwholesome air of the factory, the crowded workshop, the ill-ventilated room, all those things rob the body of its vigour, how they must also act upon the soul! ... uncleanliness, hatred, variance, drunkenness, revelling. Do not these things, think you, come largely from, and are they not greatly affected by, the physical conditions under which life is lived?
At the 250th anniversary of Harvard University in November 1886, Creighton, accompanied by Louise, represented Emmanuel College—founder John Harvard's alma mater. During the extended visit, they met prominent American men of letters, including the historian of the American West, Francis Parkman; supreme court justice, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.; and poet and critic James Russell Lowell. On 8 November 1886, Creighton received an honorary degree from Harvard.
In February 1887, volumes III and IV of Creighton's History of the Papacy were published by Longmans. These volumes narrowed the focus to specific popes, chiefly, Sixtus IV, Alexander VI, and Julius II. In his characteristic approach of maintaining historiographical balance and considering individuals to be very much mired in their historical eras, Creighton did not single out anyone for especial condemnation, even Alexander VI, whose great disrepute Creighton felt was "largely due to the fact that he did not add hypocrisy to his other vices." Earlier, in 1885, Creighton had agreed to become the first editor of a new journal, the English Historical Review. Now, he requested Acton to review his two volumes for the journal. The review Acton wrote was not only hostile, but, in Creighton's view, also obscure. In the following weeks, there were contentious exchanges between the two men, polarising eventually into their two views of history, Acton's normative approach versus Creighton's more relativist one. It was in one of these exchanges that Acton penned three sentences, one of which was to become an oft-quoted epigram. "Historical responsibility," wrote Acton, "has to make up for the want of legal responsibility. Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority." Acton's attack, however, did lead Creighton to rethink his own position somewhat. In an 1895 paper, he would write that the papacy, "which had been established for the promotion of morality" had in fact "provided the means for the utmost immorality."
Bishop of Peterborough, 1891–1896
In December 1890, Creighton received a letter from Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, offering an appointment to a residentiary canonry of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in exchange for his appointment at Worcester. Since a Windsor appointment indicated the personal preference of the British sovereign, and since the Creightons were wary of court culture, the letter gave them pause. However, after some hesitation, Creighton accepted. No sooner had he and his family reconciled to moving back and forth between their Cambridge home and Windsor Castle six times a year than Creighton received another letter from Salisbury. The new letter offered appointment as Bishop of Peterborough, an office that had become available upon the translation of its incumbent William Connor Magee to York. Creighton was chosen because his love for ritual had created an impression among others that he had a high church outlook. The Peterborough diocese had many high churchmen, and it was felt that Creighton would be a good fit. In fact, Creighton was doctrinally quite broad church; his moderate views would later make him popular with Queen Victoria.
For Creighton, the Peterborough appointment, which he felt duty-bound to accept, meant the effective end of his academic life. There is indication that the Creightons were depressed at the prospect of leaving Cambridge. In the case of Louise, the depression was to last long. Creighton felt that his life from then on would become one of offering easy comfort to others. In a letter to an old college friend, he wrote, "No man could have less desire than I for the office of bishop. Nothing save the cowardliness of shirking from responsibility and the dread of selfishness led me to submit"
A few weeks before Creighton's consecration as bishop at Westminster Abbey in late April 1891, he fell ill with muscular rheumatism. Soon after his enthronement at Peterborough Cathedral in mid-May 1891, he fell ill again, this time with influenza. Each time, the recovery was prolonged. The Peterborough diocese, then comprising 676 parishes and including Leicester and Northampton, offered a vast ecclesiastical challenge. Creighton met it in the manner he had employed in Embleton: he proceeded to visit every corner. Travelling by train to distant parishes, staying overnight with the parish priests, and conducting services in their churches, Creighton spent very little time at home with his family during the first year. However, his immersion among the clergy, treatment of them as equals, and dispatch in attending to their concerns, gradually increased his popularity. The experience also helped him to work out his doctrinal stance. Although he was personally liberal, he came firmly to believe that to be English was to be Anglican, and led him to regard dissenters as having lost their way, and Roman Catholics as disloyal.
Creighton also became determined to better understand the working-classes of his diocese. The Leicester boot-and-shoe trade strike of 1895, which began in March as a lock-out of 120,000 workers by employers, gave him just such an opportunity. Creighton wrote an open letter to his clergy, impressed them of the gravity of the situation, and urged them to work impartially to facilitate communication between the opposing sides. According to biographer James Covert, "Creighton's tactic was to serve as conduit for all bargaining parties, sharing information and feelings derived from his local clergy, who, being on the spot, possessed insights and sympathies that needed to be known and expressed." By late April, a compromise was reached for which Creighton reaped much praise as well as a growing reputation as a statesman.
A year earlier, in 1894, the fifth and last volume of Creighton's History of Papacy in the Period of Reformation was published by Longman. The book was subtitled The German Revolt, 1517–1527 and covered the history up to the Sack of Rome in 1527. Creighton had found little time to devote to its writing, and critics generally expressed disappointment in the outcome. Although he had originally planned to continue the history up to the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563, Creighton did not now feel up to the task. As the volumes did not cover the period claimed in their title, the publisher, in 1897, brought out a second edition titled, A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome, 1378–1527 reflecting the reduced scope. Creighton, nonetheless, remained a popular lecturer. During his Peterborough years, he gave many lectures, most published later in book form, their titles reflecting his diverse intellectual interests. Among his addresses were the Hulsean Lectures at Cambridge in the winter of 1893–94 on "Persecution and Tolerance", the 1895 Rede Lecture at Cambridge on "The Early Renaissance in England", the 1896 Romanes Lecture at Oxford on "The English National Character", and his 1896 address at Westminster Abbey on "Saint Edward the Confessor."
In 1896, Creighton represented the Church of England at the coronation of Czar Nicholas II in Moscow. He was chosen after the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward White Benson, begged off going to the event citing ill-health, and after the same excuse was offered for Randall Davidson, the Bishop of Winchester, who as Prelate of the Order of the Garter was the official stand in. Creighton's selection as ostensible third in line led to much speculation and controversy in church circles. A lover of pageantry, Creighton wore a bishop's coronation cope, borrowed from Westminster Abbey, and carried his own mitre and pastoral staff for the event. On his return, he wrote a glowing account of the coronation in Cornhill Magazine, which, after gaining the attention of Queen Victoria, elicited a letter from her requesting several copies for the royal family.
Bishop of London, 1897–1901
On 28 October 1896, a few days after the death of the Archbishop Benson, Creighton received a letter from the British prime minister Lord Salisbury offering appointment as Bishop of London. There were rumours at the time that the offer had come with the promise of an eventual archbishopric of Canterbury. In January 1897, Creighton was translated to the See of London in an enthronement ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral.
Among other prelates, Creighton was sometimes regarded with suspicion, even considered too scholarly or frivolous. However, his star had risen rapidly in government and court circles, in part due to his worldliness. Although ecclesiastical high office had been thrust upon him and disrupted his academic career, Creighton now felt comfortable about the prospects of rising to its pinnacle, holding out hope for a return to scholarly endeavours at the end.
One of Creighton's first efforts after becoming Bishop of London was to support the passage of the Voluntary School Bill of 1897. Almost thirty years earlier, the Elementary Education Act of 1870 had established non-denominational elementary schools, also called board schools, which were funded by local taxes. Religious schools, also called "voluntary schools" had, however, not received this support. The bill asked for extension of taxpayer support to the voluntary schools. In March 1897, Creighton addressed the House of Lords in support of the bill, which was eventually passed by both Houses of Parliament. Creighton felt strongly that all religious instruction be denominational. In a letter to the London district school boards, he wrote, "We only ask that the wishes of the parents be consulted about [religious] education of their children, and that every child in England should receive instruction in the religious beliefs of the denomination to which his parents belong."
By 1898, Creighton was increasingly occupied with a debate over ritual practice in the Diocese of London, and, more generally, in the Church of England. On his arrival in London, he had discovered that low church clergy in his diocese were taking exception to the ritual practices of some high churchmen, practices which indicated Roman Catholic influence. The controversy had begun in the wake of the Oxford Movement, which had created a Catholic revival within the Anglican church, prominent among which were the Anglo-Catholics. One of the radical low churchmen, the evangelical cleric John Kensit, had protested that Creighton himself had on occasion worn a cope and carried a mitre. Kensit requested that Creighton take a more definite public stance against high church rituals, such as the use of candles and incense. Creighton, who preferred to work behind the scenes, did engage many high church clergy. Although he seemed to subscribe to a broad branch theory, that the real Catholic Church was a collection of national churches which included the Church of England, the Church of Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, he was firm about asserting Anglican doctrine—that liturgical practice, beyond that involving what he termed "permissible liberty," conform to that in the Book of Common Prayer. In a circular letter to his clergy, he wrote:It is absolutely necessary that nothing should be done which affects the due performance of the Church as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer, and that any additional services which are used should conform entirely to the spirit and intention of the Prayer Book. However, this still did not seem to satisfy Kensit and his more vocal evangelical supporters, who threatened to create more public disruption. Eventually, the Church of England's two archbishops, of Canterbury and York, held a hearing in Lambeth Palace, and, in August 1899, ruled against the use of candles and incense, a seeming victory for the low church forces. The wider doctrinal conflict, though, was to continue beyond both the Victorian and Edwardian eras.
Throughout this time, Creighton conducted the endless business that came with his large diocese. In one year, he was recorded to have given 294 formal sermons and addresses. He made trips to Windsor Castle and Sandringham to conduct services for Queen Victoria. In 1897, he organised a special service of thanksgiving outside St Paul's in commemoration of her Diamond Jubilee. His prominent office, moreover, brought other responsibilities. He was appointed to the Privy Council; he became a trustee of the British Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, and a host of other organisations.
Creighton's health was now worrying his family and friends. Starting in 1898, he had begun to experience bouts of stomach pain. By 1899, these had increased in severity, and by the summer of 1900, his doctors were suspecting a stomach tumour. Creighton was operated on twice in December of that year, however, the surgeries were not successful. In early January he experienced two severe stomach haemorrhages and his condition rapidly declined. Mandell Creighton died on Monday, 14 January 1901, aged 57. A nearby road, Creighton Avenue, laid out in 1900, was named after him /
Legacy
On Thursday, 17 January 1901, after an elaborate funeral in St Paul's Cathedral attended by royalty, politicians, academics, and ordinary people, Creighton's body was interred in the crypt by the Archbishop of Canterbury. It was the first time in 280 years that a Bishop of London had been buried in St Paul's. Obituaries in contemporary newspapers and scholarly journals hailed him as one of England's great historians and a prelate of remarkable integrity. The Quarterly Review remarked, "It is certainly rare to find so much intellectual force and so high a standard of conduct combined in one man."
A memorial to Creighton can also be found in Peterborough Cathedral just north of the sanctuary in the form of a substantial mosaic depicting his effigy, details of his life and the mottos "I determined not to know anything among you save Jesus Christ" and "He tried to write true history."
Today, Creighton is better known as a historian than as a church official. Creighton's work is seen as part of an era in British historiography. Many of the milestones of Creighton's academic life, such as founding of the English Historical Review in 1886, with himself as the first editor, are those of the era as well. According to historian Philippa Levine:The Review was the culmination of a series of related developments central to the asserting of the primacy of the professional historian. In 1884 a highly distinguished trio of men had all been rewarded with academic preferment: Mandell Creighton became the first Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Cambridge, E. A. Freeman succeeded his friend Stubbs in the Regius Professorship of Modern History at Oxford and the legal historian Frederick Maitland became reader in English Law at Cambridge. The following year the reform of the Historical Tripos in Cambridge and the division of Oxford's arts faculty into the three areas of literae humaniores, oriental languages and modern history declared that history had finally won academic respect as an autonomous area of study.
Creighton is considered to be one of the first British historians with a distinctly European outlook. Of his magnum opus, History of the Papacy in the Period of the Reformation, R. J. W. Evans writes, "(It) constitutes one of the first great attempts to introduce the British to explicitly modern and European history." Overall, Creighton and his peers, left a heterogeneous legacy. On the one hand, Creighton was a painstakingly balanced scholar; even his critic Lord Acton would use "sovereign impartiality" to describe Creighton's strength. Creighton saw himself as someone interested in actions, in contrast to Acton, whom he considered to be interested in ideas. Although Creighton did not personally consider the popes to be guiltless (for example, amidst writing the third papacy volume, he wrote, in a letter to a friend, that working on the Borgias was like "spending one's day in a low police court"), Creighton was emphatic that public men be judged for their public and not private actions. In an essay, "Historical ethics", published after his death, he wrote, "I like to stand upon clear grounds which can be proved and estimated. I do not like to wrap myself in the garb of outraged dignity because men in the past did things contrary to the principles which I think soundest in the present." On the other hand, Creighton's historical outlook, as well as that of his historian peers, bore the cultural and social stamp of their position. According to historians Robert Harrison, Aled Jones, and Peter Lambert, "Their emphasis on the Englishness of Britain's key institutions, for instance, effectively excluded non-English ethnic groups from the 'chief part,' as Creighton had put it, of history's subject."
The emphasis on concreteness and reality would remain a feature of his career as a prelate. Creighton saw the Church of England not as an abstract entity existing independently in space and time, but as rooted in England, its people, and their history. In the words of Kenneth Robbins, "It was an unashamed acknowledgment on (Creighton's) part that the form, structure, ethos and doctrine of that church had been fashioned in the circumstances of English history." Similarly, Creighton saw the living church as an embodiment of the present-day yearnings of the English people. "(The) general trend of the Church", he wrote, "must be regulated by (the English people's) wishes. The Church cannot go too far from them." Consequently, Creighton could imbue the church with Victorian self-assessments and aspirations. "The function of the Church of England", he was comfortable saying, "was to be a church of free men. The Church of Rome was the church of decadent peoples: it lives only in the past, and has no future ... The Church of England has before it the conquest of the world." As a natural corollary of this outlook, Creighton was explicitly against the separation of church and state. In his way of thinking, church and state were two aspects of the nation as seen from two vantage points. Any attempt at legislating a separation would, in addition, have caused social disruptions in late-Victorian Britain: many higher clergy had ties of education and friendship with prominent public men.
During his lifetime Creighton received honorary doctorates from many institutions, among them Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, and Trinity College, Dublin. A few years after his death, the Creighton lecture was established at King's College, London. The lecture series celebrated its centenary in 2007.
Creighton was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1897.
Character
Creighton was a man of complex, sometimes baffling, intelligence. The philosopher Edward Caird, a fellow at Merton during Creighton's student days there, said of him, "Creighton possesses common sense in a degree which amounts to genius." Later, at Cambridge, some colleagues were perplexed by his personality. When teaching or transacting academic business, he displayed a shrewd, canny intelligence. However, at social gatherings, much to the delight of the students present, he was continually outrageous and flippant. His relationship with Louise was not easily characterised. In the months after the Peterborough appointment, husband and wife would frequently quarrel, sometimes bitterly, as a niece would later recall. But the couple could also be surprisingly demonstrative for their times: during this same period, a nephew caught sight of Louise locked in passionate embrace with the bishop in the latter's study. Creighton could be stern with his seven children, on one occasion tying a daughter to a table's leg with a rope to aid her in recognising her folly. However, he could also romp around the house with them, engage in horseplay, and make up nonsensical stories—all of which, many years later, they would consider the highlights of their childhood. He was the father of seven: Beatrice in 1872, Lucia in 1874, Cuthbert in 1876, Walter in 1878, Mary in 1880, Oswin in 1883 and, finally, Gemma, born in 1887.
Throughout his life, Creighton went on long walks (his "rambles," as he liked to call them). When the children grew older, the family's outdoor pastime of choice became field hockey. Many visiting clergy at Fulham Palace found themselves unable to refuse Creighton's enthusiastic invitations to join in. The Creightons were inveterate travellers, spending many vacations in Italy. During their six years in Peterborough, for instance, they made nine foreign trips. Creighton was also a lifelong chain smoker. When author Samuel Butler, no sympathiser of churchmen, received a letter in 1893 inviting him to visit the Creighton family in Peterborough, he was immediately put at ease when he discovered some tobacco thoughtlessly left in the envelope by the Bishop of Peterborough.
Controversy seemed to trail him during his prelacies. He loved pageantry, creating speculation that he had high church views. However, when a high church priest protested that incense was needed for curing souls, Creighton burst out, "And you think that souls like herring cannot be cured without smoke?" His moderate views—equally opposed to radical evangelicals and conservative Anglo-Catholics—endeared him to Queen Victoria. Creighton's work ethic, though, was anything but moderate. He seldom refused offers of additional responsibility, confessing more than once to both an abiding fatalism about being saddled with more responsibility and guilt about shirking from it. Perhaps recognising this, a canon of St Paul's, while welcoming Creighton to the diocese of London in 1897, ominously remarked, "It is a frightful burden to lay on you: I hope you will use up everybody except yourself."
Works
References
Sources
Further reading
Paul, Herbert (1906), 'Bishop Creighton', Stray Leaves, London : John Lane, The Bodley Head, pp. 11 – 37
External links
Robert Evans (Oxford), Lecture: The Creighton Century, British Historians and Europe (1907–2007), King's College London. Video Link: November 2007.
1843 births
1901 deaths
People from Carlisle, Cumbria
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
English historians
Bishops of Peterborough
Bishops of London
Deans of the Chapel Royal
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
19th-century Church of England bishops
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
People educated at Carlisle Grammar School
People educated at Durham School
Presidents of the Oxford Union
People from Embleton, Northumberland | [
-0.198137566447258,
0.6420005559921265,
-1.0702522993087769,
-0.8683224320411682,
-0.3827381730079651,
1.1329680681228638,
0.9705214500427246,
-0.16986222565174103,
-0.21546150743961334,
-0.027128729969263077,
-0.34186384081840515,
0.3989785313606262,
-0.08810140192508698,
0.5143530368804932,
-0.038578812032938004,
0.046058595180511475,
-0.5322989821434021,
-0.058116376399993896,
-0.2540377378463745,
-0.6000345349311829,
-0.13806480169296265,
-0.2750296890735626,
0.30453240871429443,
0.06008052080869675,
-0.33773767948150635,
0.045218437910079956,
-0.021548571065068245,
-0.6459605097770691,
-0.15238414704799652,
-0.38408514857292175,
0.5875641107559204,
0.6058267951011658,
0.44331467151641846,
0.012357901781797409,
-0.5439009666442871,
-0.24253061413764954,
-0.32954853773117065,
-0.4589329659938812,
0.23366740345954895,
0.3625490069389343,
-0.260749876499176,
-0.046484366059303284,
0.22642114758491516,
0.3718622326850891,
-0.13377833366394043,
0.08238580077886581,
-2.0934295654296875,
0.13389915227890015,
-0.780026376247406,
-0.5602259039878845,
0.03061581775546074,
-0.05878070741891861,
0.6945099830627441,
-0.015746625140309334,
0.006785548757761717,
0.1956160068511963,
-0.2757556736469269,
0.3521616756916046,
0.5124070644378662,
-0.4384412169456482,
0.23052801191806793,
-0.2194938361644745,
0.845434308052063,
-0.00013568603026214987,
0.3487721085548401,
-0.21814097464084625,
-0.8508270978927612,
0.17155687510967255,
-0.6664801239967346,
-0.1647653877735138,
-0.3591216802597046,
-0.23305098712444305,
0.3210902512073517,
0.5025177001953125,
0.3099348545074463,
-0.5008698105812073,
-0.0066292607225477695,
0.3093961179256439,
0.21253067255020142,
-0.09457185864448547,
-0.12581120431423187,
0.06758540868759155,
0.43572333455085754,
0.4536498486995697,
0.013766691088676453,
-0.014353206381201744,
-0.28515854477882385,
0.4458777904510498,
-0.4939192831516266,
0.28512394428253174,
-0.3778446614742279,
-0.07204365730285645,
-0.18205706775188446,
-0.28760820627212524,
-0.32771992683410645,
0.353831946849823,
0.2190280705690384,
0.19843314588069916,
-0.42079958319664,
-0.31362274289131165,
-0.20811918377876282,
0.45129334926605225,
0.4439437985420227,
-0.17543832957744598,
-0.397407203912735,
0.16653700172901154,
-0.6340275406837463,
0.019317368045449257,
0.17983666062355042,
0.12224039435386658,
-0.8669538497924805,
0.2600348889827728,
-0.5162414908409119,
0.5545656085014343,
-0.020077534019947052,
0.06411084532737732,
0.19095979630947113,
-0.7590078711509705,
-0.4388505816459656,
-0.42364513874053955,
-0.4243854880332947,
0.38512635231018066,
0.2666512727737427,
-0.1058054193854332,
-0.9768096208572388,
-0.11778601258993149,
0.03951896354556084,
0.39098864793777466,
-0.4358500838279724,
0.2732824385166168,
0.21654702723026276,
1.3981281518936157,
-0.17208506166934967,
-0.2777892053127289,
-0.3824027180671692,
-0.28811022639274597,
0.18828780949115753,
-0.19956204295158386,
0.11950064450502396,
0.6397531032562256,
-0.1777981072664261,
-0.2674329876899719,
-0.4403274953365326,
0.09596223384141922,
0.6802207231521606,
0.04797210916876793,
-0.22391833364963531,
-0.23208744823932648,
0.04415605962276459,
0.35673677921295166,
-0.14092382788658142,
0.3434757888317108,
0.08710045367479324,
-0.5014035105705261,
-0.17646707594394684,
0.36721521615982056,
0.5005476474761963,
0.28451111912727356,
0.027771959081292152,
0.22044874727725983,
-0.09300237894058228,
-0.4248324930667877,
-0.22815920412540436,
-0.34654197096824646,
0.12057027965784073,
0.038550350815057755,
0.49081656336784363,
-0.627590537071228,
-0.19759927690029144,
-0.4088914096355438,
-0.5870127081871033,
-0.4580048620700836,
0.5103187561035156,
0.20566226541996002,
-0.08445832133293152,
0.42680805921554565,
0.9434919357299805,
0.35596126317977905,
0.39550748467445374,
-0.5935602784156799,
-0.9831634759902954,
-0.3201029300689697,
0.2747872769832611,
0.2910769581794739,
0.3108406662940979,
0.2819267809391022,
0.5588814616203308,
0.12694497406482697,
0.6452719569206238,
0.18711449205875397,
-0.8194478154182434,
-0.7511065602302551,
0.10637696832418442,
-0.19780512154102325,
1.2772778272628784,
0.6498532295227051,
-0.06147322803735733,
-0.19435115158557892,
0.21274733543395996,
0.8229096531867981,
-0.03962334245443344,
-0.037745822221040726,
-0.6232983469963074,
-0.25955089926719666,
0.05569378659129143,
0.46993541717529297,
0.2113671749830246,
0.3305499851703644,
0.24691241979599,
0.4620340168476105,
0.14721572399139404,
-0.5179122686386108,
-0.05714025720953941,
0.7955290079116821,
-0.22700904309749603,
-0.6245323419570923,
-0.007378134410828352,
-0.3892020583152771,
0.5060105323791504,
-0.8816149830818176,
0.4814930856227875,
0.5223503112792969,
0.32351866364479065,
0.7095513939857483,
-0.013419702649116516,
0.7741629481315613,
-0.4326896369457245,
0.39400526881217957,
-0.26147744059562683,
-1.030155897140503,
-0.05264940485358238,
0.7576687335968018,
0.3359543979167938,
-0.4632951319217682,
0.5701432824134827,
-0.006839379668235779,
-0.0636734813451767,
-0.23230236768722534,
-0.16568540036678314,
-0.5021413564682007,
0.1872350573539734,
-0.11754471808671951,
-0.5462836027145386,
0.6868696212768555,
0.19439314305782318,
0.3950873613357544,
0.21180638670921326,
-0.45705530047416687,
-0.29169130325317383,
0.29728516936302185,
0.11186441034078598,
0.518108069896698,
0.302008718252182,
0.35280942916870117,
0.015394541434943676,
0.3111687898635864,
0.46737030148506165,
0.3894154727458954,
0.28452086448669434,
0.8019580245018005,
-0.23001237213611603,
0.11960816383361816,
-0.5172777771949768,
0.36280807852745056,
-0.1232793852686882,
-0.5710752606391907,
0.2072736918926239,
-0.5172552466392517,
0.36485445499420166,
-0.6513844132423401,
-0.18548747897148132,
-0.3645162880420685,
-0.05420501530170441,
0.2603070139884949,
0.1730104684829712,
-0.14663024246692657,
0.010658075101673603,
0.05778232216835022,
-0.5420205593109131,
-0.027439376339316368,
0.00919213518500328,
0.5807087421417236,
-0.5106830596923828,
0.2527596354484558,
-0.17236727476119995,
0.07646606117486954,
-0.300678014755249,
-0.8016750812530518,
0.07105178385972977,
-0.37054839730262756,
-0.34522441029548645,
0.9803357124328613,
0.23023734986782074,
-0.005118568893522024,
-0.18343928456306458,
0.41146376729011536,
-0.45609310269355774,
-1.0378568172454834,
-0.2890271544456482,
-0.1473761796951294,
-0.5682353377342224,
0.13586023449897766,
0.22587896883487701,
0.4430333077907562,
0.5126547813415527,
0.37005844712257385,
-0.3990310728549957,
-0.11552806943655014,
-5.321381092071533,
-0.13554514944553375,
0.13215941190719604,
-0.48905694484710693,
0.6579543352127075,
0.3257870376110077,
0.1515454202890396,
-0.563014030456543,
-0.03867745026946068,
-0.29286643862724304,
0.7013614773750305,
0.06038890779018402,
-0.16564208269119263,
0.794520914554596,
1.1576074361801147,
0.48656004667282104,
0.8331687450408936,
0.0006186327082104981,
0.42660951614379883,
-0.08795144408941269,
-0.03515266254544258,
-0.2291230857372284,
0.28607091307640076,
0.5466236472129822,
0.002553514903411269,
0.44380515813827515,
0.12102150171995163,
0.1264582723379135,
-0.7103152871131897,
-0.5547412037849426,
0.45466604828834534,
0.1640653759241104,
-0.26833903789520264,
-0.03595580533146858,
-0.4682231843471527,
-0.17548713088035583,
0.13531148433685303,
0.8200457692146301,
-0.11716216057538986,
0.021602749824523926,
0.03821361064910889,
-0.12290661782026291,
-0.8796003460884094,
0.07428032159805298,
-0.023920515552163124,
-0.4659577012062073,
-0.9919499158859253,
0.11808666586875916,
0.0356936976313591,
0.5096954703330994,
-0.12232057750225067,
0.4230540096759796,
0.19293294847011566,
0.09474661946296692,
-0.02528172917664051,
0.19674769043922424,
0.22226829826831818,
-0.13233493268489838,
-0.8123855590820312,
-0.11801305413246155,
0.5525968074798584,
-0.6821083426475525,
-0.20613336563110352,
0.07764053344726562,
-0.3796881139278412,
-0.4484589397907257,
-0.01501554623246193,
-0.004792117979377508,
0.2975504994392395,
-0.26296332478523254,
-0.40601950883865356,
0.8227859735488892,
0.16321790218353271,
-0.9821202754974365,
-0.3334168791770935,
-0.3991396427154541,
0.0046078539453446865,
0.2616512179374695,
-0.6214728355407715,
-0.035446375608444214,
0.03288912773132324,
-0.5059213042259216,
0.3310725688934326,
1.0357810258865356,
0.7819539904594421,
-0.05643223226070404,
-0.41697177290916443,
0.05339802801609039,
-0.2958507537841797,
-0.3431299924850464,
-0.12073329091072083,
-0.3479233682155609,
-0.04792138189077377,
0.6493920087814331,
0.5749894380569458,
0.10662546008825302,
0.16837270557880402,
0.35542771220207214,
0.6052823662757874,
0.29943686723709106,
-0.27902859449386597,
-0.1483105570077896,
0.03984639421105385,
-0.0578787699341774,
0.05382426828145981,
0.17718201875686646,
-0.20138804614543915,
0.404125452041626,
0.12308019399642944,
0.32031288743019104,
0.23142829537391663,
0.47383585572242737,
-0.37640607357025146,
-0.012892467901110649,
-0.3399113416671753,
-0.12297508865594864,
0.27891629934310913,
0.40964967012405396,
0.6382466554641724,
0.45940327644348145,
-0.11564671248197556,
0.18082749843597412,
-0.3460432291030884,
0.06578231602907181,
-0.1902107298374176,
0.2437112033367157,
0.463430792093277,
-0.23978255689144135,
-1.045761227607727,
-0.30012333393096924,
-0.202157124876976,
0.26545631885528564,
0.44215863943099976,
0.051871612668037415,
-0.16225726902484894,
-0.35698822140693665,
-0.29423603415489197,
-0.33100879192352295,
-0.32959240674972534,
0.39047449827194214,
0.1680142730474472,
-0.2327597737312317,
0.05613280460238457,
0.25389376282691956,
0.19833889603614807,
0.016659706830978394,
0.5097509622573853,
0.014197266660630703,
-0.06354575604200363,
0.557367205619812,
-0.15131856501102448,
0.11451387405395508,
0.3998187482357025,
-0.7975181341171265,
0.16318108141422272,
0.11360178887844086,
-0.1825409084558487,
0.21146219968795776,
-0.88886958360672,
-0.15892943739891052,
-0.9874904155731201,
0.15015850961208344,
-0.6933250427246094,
-0.3039194345474243,
0.5692878365516663,
0.22270798683166504,
-0.44017714262008667,
-0.09166896343231201,
-0.4727291762828827,
0.6555356979370117,
-0.21853148937225342,
-0.46049878001213074,
-0.35018059611320496,
-0.15085332095623016,
0.4785240888595581,
-0.10608626902103424,
0.47937867045402527,
0.15560588240623474,
-0.31034350395202637,
-0.10075733810663223,
-0.022436514496803284,
0.03964442014694214,
-0.5882081985473633,
-0.07311464101076126,
0.9787028431892395,
0.20223893225193024,
-1.0039697885513306,
-0.7743275165557861,
0.05372513830661774,
-0.5012508630752563,
-0.027132753282785416,
-0.7688252925872803,
0.38820457458496094,
0.992274284362793,
0.016878250986337662,
-0.09345196932554245,
0.8074796199798584,
-0.5543540120124817,
0.4959827959537506,
-0.5186306834220886,
0.32401037216186523,
-0.026542214676737785,
0.036692749708890915,
0.18432313203811646,
0.3592112958431244,
-1.1767874956130981,
0.10191099345684052,
-0.07222501933574677,
-0.3856532573699951,
0.9642401337623596,
-0.3986794054508209,
-0.3844195306301117,
-0.0277072936296463,
0.5475452542304993,
-0.09622374922037125,
-0.4575289785861969,
0.01007079053670168,
0.2762703001499176,
-0.19257444143295288,
-0.5450655817985535,
-0.2949771285057068,
-0.3417554795742035,
-0.13221612572669983,
0.044332172721624374,
-0.3351592421531677,
0.05723460763692856,
0.02408106066286564,
-0.4441085457801819,
0.8836098313331604,
-0.04306037724018097,
-0.28037577867507935,
-0.3237376809120178,
-0.2436593621969223,
0.7503215074539185,
0.17982009053230286,
0.02785840630531311,
0.22999902069568634,
0.22224871814250946,
-0.2865302860736847,
-0.39454665780067444,
0.7213805913925171,
1.091191053390503,
0.12556348741054535,
0.12349747121334076,
-0.5199548602104187,
0.030250195413827896,
0.2729213833808899,
-0.045878130942583084,
0.12124965339899063,
0.18796475231647491,
-0.06024986878037453,
-0.022557467222213745,
-0.5565337538719177,
-0.14339546859264374,
0.23268461227416992,
-0.1612575799226761,
-0.1143297627568245,
-0.0663459375500679,
0.05847565829753876,
-0.04862469807267189,
0.3136487901210785,
-0.07392095774412155,
0.6317980885505676,
0.056244008243083954,
0.4925190508365631,
0.3576880097389221,
0.4819364845752716,
-0.15729914605617523,
0.4690340459346771,
-0.15724875032901764,
-0.837332010269165,
-0.09660802781581879,
-0.8583641648292542,
0.05839594081044197,
-0.1906585395336151,
-0.03562100976705551,
0.16514705121517181,
-0.644909679889679,
0.9583213925361633,
-0.13045679032802582,
-0.7753638625144958,
-0.1752036213874817,
0.5491585731506348,
-0.7115041017532349,
-0.521623969078064,
-0.6145218014717102,
-0.15591345727443695,
-0.1725272685289383,
-0.22368429601192474,
-0.1540454775094986,
-0.7237245440483093,
-0.373766154050827,
0.26257163286209106,
0.34426960349082947,
-0.5053618550300598,
-0.038898173719644547,
-0.6178942918777466,
0.41813668608665466,
-0.5753689408302307,
-0.545242965221405,
-0.25657179951667786,
0.5872846841812134,
0.47455641627311707,
-0.484104186296463,
0.8827993273735046,
0.025452470406889915,
-0.6640008687973022,
-0.11893486231565475,
-0.7097105979919434,
-0.27665257453918457,
0.5381249189376831,
-0.06588391214609146,
0.3982856571674347,
0.5834202766418457,
-0.6471209526062012,
-0.44765767455101013,
0.31332486867904663,
-0.6680470705032349,
-0.5422118306159973,
0.03250882029533386,
-0.24666813015937805,
0.5127467513084412,
0.2939930260181427,
-0.1531103551387787,
0.37499794363975525,
0.4646720588207245,
0.375412255525589,
-0.08361930400133133,
-0.35130277276039124,
0.18264256417751312,
0.23396408557891846,
-0.5825466513633728,
-0.21175682544708252,
0.830583393573761,
0.013525239191949368,
-0.07393547892570496,
0.10210343450307846,
-0.40076377987861633,
-0.07418228685855865,
0.43774548172950745,
-0.32715851068496704,
1.0895086526870728,
-0.13246415555477142,
0.448455810546875,
-0.638558566570282,
0.15259435772895813,
-0.18845626711845398,
0.28519394993782043,
-0.46369537711143494,
0.5020460486412048,
0.6981175541877747,
0.4546530842781067,
0.24424906075000763,
-0.16587777435779572,
0.21701501309871674,
0.2682194411754608,
0.7941181659698486,
-0.12195630371570587,
-0.9892416000366211,
-0.35290050506591797,
-0.1773601621389389,
-0.100923553109169,
0.7971937656402588,
-0.05775497853755951,
0.03272954002022743,
-0.22460907697677612,
0.16222475469112396,
-0.3983095586299896,
0.07469227910041809,
0.5176389217376709,
0.4065789580345154,
-0.38169485330581665,
-0.16339249908924103,
0.15386687219142914,
0.2513512670993805,
0.22629567980766296,
0.8545692563056946,
0.18893295526504517,
0.06349742412567139,
-0.0495745949447155,
-0.5914682149887085,
0.1054081991314888,
-0.0013372725807130337,
-0.6517547369003296,
0.6973207592964172,
-0.41222548484802246,
-0.3531329929828644,
0.4487832188606262,
-0.1223527193069458,
-0.5699270367622375,
0.6242712140083313,
-0.17950990796089172,
-0.3615880608558655,
-0.010614440776407719,
-0.8854939341545105,
0.5472159385681152,
-0.17303737998008728,
0.7765002846717834,
0.7648377418518066,
-0.5160717964172363,
-0.2915281653404236,
0.6339994668960571,
-0.20351673662662506,
0.11860298365354538,
-0.3115582764148712,
-0.14420871436595917,
0.2616470754146576,
0.32275286316871643,
-1.3298124074935913,
0.3140663504600525,
0.18335533142089844,
0.41680899262428284,
-0.591015636920929,
0.15024030208587646,
-0.47292324900627136,
-0.16363124549388885,
0.30372169613838196,
0.039468444883823395,
0.10089456290006638,
0.23715533316135406,
0.5146480202674866,
0.02324048802256584,
-0.018292130902409554,
-0.29991427063941956,
0.22618307173252106,
-0.014777635224163532,
0.5411764979362488,
-0.21884635090827942,
-0.6590072512626648,
0.6202163696289062,
-0.3213387429714203,
-0.0016356754349544644,
-0.7216768860816956,
-0.4635656476020813,
-0.09780313074588776,
-0.11445503681898117,
0.2576037645339966,
0.5796369314193726,
0.06736329197883606,
-0.5825990438461304,
0.2559371590614319,
0.22298528254032135,
-0.19590754806995392,
0.13259807229042053,
-0.4293466806411743,
-0.3188246786594391,
0.18888410925865173,
-0.4907410144805908,
0.24053503572940826,
0.7694491147994995,
0.16289876401424408,
-0.12136436998844147,
0.27147427201271057,
-0.9347092509269714,
0.7329080104827881,
-0.3783226013183594,
-0.07131915539503098,
0.01453634724020958,
0.8726672530174255,
0.1761964112520218
]
|
214726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocissa | Urocissa | Urocissa is a genus of birds in the Corvidae, a family that contains the crows, jays, and magpies.
The genus was established by German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1850. The type species was subsequently designated as the red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythroryncha). The name Urocissa combines the Ancient Greek oura meaning "tail" and kissa meaning "magpie" .
The genus contains five species:
Notes
References
External links
Bird genera
Taxa named by Jean Cabanis | [
-0.1519118696451187,
0.4139084219932556,
-0.7993006706237793,
-0.2675495743751526,
-0.2796604633331299,
1.160753607749939,
0.35768696665763855,
0.41533735394477844,
-0.44380566477775574,
-0.4618135690689087,
0.06944017857313156,
0.02566780336201191,
-0.598270058631897,
-0.12136795371770859,
-0.3325676918029785,
0.35501229763031006,
0.16290831565856934,
0.44074416160583496,
0.007300242781639099,
-0.5460571050643921,
0.17817963659763336,
-0.603229284286499,
0.22481660544872284,
-0.6374992728233337,
0.08692339062690735,
0.2860060930252075,
-0.016584016382694244,
0.7439168095588684,
0.38813456892967224,
0.04447086900472641,
-0.21461717784404755,
1.0904016494750977,
0.7551476359367371,
0.3522445559501648,
-0.18598641455173492,
-0.007411291357129812,
0.0918852761387825,
-0.5154576897621155,
0.1409977376461029,
-0.8108524084091187,
0.20955874025821686,
-0.3663088083267212,
0.3543548583984375,
-0.18277578055858612,
-0.4052205979824066,
-0.30514442920684814,
-1.1330899000167847,
0.8141000866889954,
-0.4719301164150238,
0.21022993326187134,
-0.22413130104541779,
0.25906461477279663,
0.30884110927581787,
0.4903404712677002,
-0.0985276997089386,
0.41062840819358826,
-0.9593058228492737,
-0.17800551652908325,
-0.13955402374267578,
-0.39924123883247375,
-0.09751099348068237,
0.1891424059867859,
0.1944373995065689,
0.5215632915496826,
0.41115331649780273,
0.05094972997903824,
0.301299124956131,
0.05587473511695862,
-0.4120039641857147,
-0.03905019909143448,
-0.459800124168396,
-0.713175356388092,
-0.2465209811925888,
0.669752299785614,
-0.6708108186721802,
-0.3871676027774811,
-0.11118811368942261,
-0.07171318680047989,
0.5801718831062317,
0.11765087395906448,
0.6378952860832214,
0.3582366108894348,
0.6089694499969482,
-0.19055220484733582,
0.3505699932575226,
-0.1760091483592987,
-0.8704222440719604,
-0.0007357839494943619,
-0.5679630637168884,
0.17448027431964874,
-0.5179526209831238,
-0.1802302747964859,
0.301079124212265,
0.4924525320529938,
-0.5755401253700256,
-0.1310511827468872,
0.0379091314971447,
-0.13975001871585846,
0.20744259655475616,
-0.5069705247879028,
-0.9215484261512756,
0.18452084064483643,
0.6497554183006287,
-0.19773490726947784,
-0.6027085185050964,
-0.06897402554750443,
-0.5428624749183655,
-0.4058488607406616,
-0.010754503309726715,
0.42784571647644043,
-0.7752849459648132,
0.5925891399383545,
0.16040544211864471,
0.14311932027339935,
0.25724324584007263,
0.501835823059082,
0.276507169008255,
-0.007509285118430853,
0.0660950168967247,
-0.5019201636314392,
0.20142623782157898,
0.6987038850784302,
0.24429050087928772,
0.536896824836731,
-0.27180030941963196,
0.6278915405273438,
0.3865373432636261,
-0.06648298352956772,
-0.3039989471435547,
0.38861554861068726,
0.351640909910202,
0.9894960522651672,
-0.34829771518707275,
0.14036674797534943,
-0.020804908126592636,
-0.16631120443344116,
-0.5342721939086914,
0.00621583079919219,
1.1291064023971558,
1.0218015909194946,
-0.784224271774292,
-0.43433624505996704,
-0.044244445860385895,
0.17179155349731445,
0.06305041909217834,
0.00836565624922514,
0.11888480931520462,
-0.11364433914422989,
-0.4340890944004059,
0.00339145609177649,
-0.29090651869773865,
-0.2825321555137634,
0.2926270365715027,
-0.38839974999427795,
-0.4482945501804352,
-0.4733268618583679,
1.0427172183990479,
-0.5323303937911987,
0.597226083278656,
0.005651095882058144,
-0.023074612021446228,
0.2500980794429779,
-0.6789337396621704,
-0.17526766657829285,
-0.45031246542930603,
-0.09667684882879257,
-0.29456281661987305,
0.35292673110961914,
0.00019158521899953485,
0.21650955080986023,
-0.25197964906692505,
0.04687512293457985,
0.4476485252380371,
0.4509756863117218,
-0.05685509741306305,
-0.1888510137796402,
0.40176016092300415,
-0.15280526876449585,
0.5588440299034119,
0.5009036064147949,
-0.5014200806617737,
-0.04450439661741257,
-0.6004540920257568,
-0.01964864693582058,
-0.04147149622440338,
0.0552058219909668,
-0.02452320046722889,
-0.2786450982093811,
0.09858477115631104,
-0.3636268079280853,
-0.8269500732421875,
-0.26250821352005005,
-0.24987778067588806,
0.16655047237873077,
0.21896062791347504,
-0.028809435665607452,
-0.4813043475151062,
0.2987493872642517,
0.2779606282711029,
-0.09941981732845306,
-1.0403437614440918,
-0.04641735926270485,
0.5619816184043884,
-0.1020069271326065,
-0.9277783632278442,
0.43687307834625244,
-0.5062260627746582,
0.554734468460083,
-0.028028544038534164,
0.4684200882911682,
-0.30824562907218933,
-0.2714586555957794,
-0.0609063059091568,
0.6113575100898743,
0.10266418755054474,
0.09166151285171509,
-0.8508872985839844,
0.4135984182357788,
0.28031444549560547,
-0.42054393887519836,
0.6449549794197083,
-0.34131166338920593,
0.18927325308322906,
-0.06086390092968941,
0.052613478153944016,
0.31737202405929565,
0.6225600838661194,
0.007760437671095133,
0.4357399642467499,
-0.7482699751853943,
0.12353645265102386,
-0.10671183466911316,
0.2119154930114746,
-0.32476362586021423,
-0.12543919682502747,
-0.041145969182252884,
0.3392826020717621,
-0.74846351146698,
0.6102285385131836,
-0.6577115058898926,
0.24750885367393494,
-0.04197944700717926,
-0.05246694013476372,
0.3534174859523773,
0.5436376333236694,
-0.5221832990646362,
0.01715637370944023,
-0.15899553894996643,
-0.31833121180534363,
0.29564833641052246,
0.04172288626432419,
0.43252384662628174,
0.21877719461917877,
-0.4126800000667572,
-0.29923194646835327,
0.26326999068260193,
0.524432361125946,
0.2655867040157318,
0.2994752824306488,
0.05222821235656738,
-0.5379207134246826,
0.4640636742115021,
0.28543099761009216,
0.2026352882385254,
0.2578163146972656,
-0.47378677129745483,
0.2022888958454132,
-0.03646565601229668,
0.8020769953727722,
-0.00774037791416049,
0.4123421311378479,
-0.45802831649780273,
-0.41526418924331665,
0.09352164715528488,
-0.34087368845939636,
-0.668967604637146,
-0.7518537044525146,
-0.2647208869457245,
-0.529230535030365,
-0.6198170185089111,
-0.42108088731765747,
0.5654121041297913,
-0.02725226618349552,
-0.14893481135368347,
0.19122625887393951,
-0.3698318898677826,
0.8744618892669678,
-1.159272313117981,
-0.22117623686790466,
-0.7880809903144836,
-0.4018974006175995,
0.6085898876190186,
0.04446195438504219,
0.14102819561958313,
-0.510444164276123,
-0.12922368943691254,
-0.1244591772556305,
1.0767098665237427,
0.26878681778907776,
-0.7259343266487122,
-0.15520450472831726,
0.32479971647262573,
0.6106720566749573,
-0.029607487842440605,
0.28329700231552124,
0.15318334102630615,
0.7290919423103333,
0.13136471807956696,
-5.449419975280762,
0.17317214608192444,
-0.01058138720691204,
-0.48623213171958923,
-0.19220592081546783,
0.5879309177398682,
0.05239998176693916,
-0.5545998215675354,
-0.1741715967655182,
-0.035490237176418304,
0.8675990700721741,
0.14646412432193756,
-0.26496779918670654,
0.30331072211265564,
0.5978901982307434,
0.3305347263813019,
-0.7709882855415344,
-0.32757019996643066,
0.08762601017951965,
0.14626602828502655,
0.19973298907279968,
0.4030144214630127,
-0.2576355040073395,
0.5509807467460632,
-0.4168488383293152,
-0.40409472584724426,
0.1519903987646103,
-0.5683833956718445,
-0.5479183197021484,
-0.12435682862997055,
0.02833438292145729,
-0.064562126994133,
-0.3708803355693817,
0.34683409333229065,
-0.5605996251106262,
-0.22658425569534302,
0.29349085688591003,
0.14542481303215027,
-0.23728394508361816,
0.023715298622846603,
-0.4251820147037506,
0.042878370732069016,
0.29893726110458374,
-0.5146483778953552,
0.3468978703022003,
-0.10261207073926926,
-0.5632365942001343,
-0.1558862328529358,
-0.041946541517972946,
0.693923830986023,
0.0638839602470398,
-0.32026034593582153,
0.08593013882637024,
0.5092207193374634,
0.2235943228006363,
-0.16802306473255157,
0.28477564454078674,
0.4030369818210602,
-0.28756991028785706,
0.31913405656814575,
0.46518248319625854,
-0.1894834041595459,
0.08707720041275024,
-0.6976925730705261,
-0.022916804999113083,
0.20054841041564941,
-0.4434734284877777,
0.6497647166252136,
0.7916951179504395,
-0.3199293315410614,
0.23465873301029205,
0.13577328622341156,
-0.4021069407463074,
-1.0080664157867432,
0.19927269220352173,
-0.648902416229248,
-0.07860257476568222,
-0.2985054552555084,
-0.510263979434967,
0.34983915090560913,
0.4729510247707367,
-0.6233638525009155,
0.620943009853363,
-0.5495977401733398,
0.006014000624418259,
-0.9748019576072693,
-0.5251569151878357,
0.30141782760620117,
-0.18110288679599762,
0.16687001287937164,
0.7898052930831909,
-0.5890102982521057,
-0.012006500735878944,
0.1498589813709259,
1.163762092590332,
0.6200867891311646,
0.16503717005252838,
-0.06333533674478531,
0.6715344190597534,
0.594386100769043,
0.5783973932266235,
0.08418110013008118,
-0.0336596816778183,
-0.10894785076379776,
0.011672786436975002,
-0.6291563510894775,
0.33635178208351135,
0.2687593698501587,
1.1097389459609985,
-0.6214430928230286,
0.39899325370788574,
-0.22264397144317627,
0.23128217458724976,
-0.6553837060928345,
0.2612259089946747,
0.27595120668411255,
0.5617870092391968,
0.3270755112171173,
0.5178357362747192,
0.27083173394203186,
-0.45577752590179443,
-0.5196967720985413,
-0.47434765100479126,
0.5278229713439941,
-0.4337954819202423,
-0.6553901433944702,
0.2079525887966156,
0.3441973924636841,
-0.7119342684745789,
-0.40518203377723694,
0.028907226398587227,
-0.19233018159866333,
-0.44963398575782776,
-0.15153762698173523,
-0.16026194393634796,
0.09731199592351913,
0.15560005605220795,
0.6229754686355591,
0.5034291744232178,
0.29145801067352295,
-0.6078785061836243,
0.17023596167564392,
-0.26843392848968506,
0.28758758306503296,
0.26518839597702026,
0.379717618227005,
-0.774375319480896,
-0.2980893850326538,
-0.1310587227344513,
0.6524026393890381,
0.04350396618247032,
-0.1875801384449005,
0.07363399863243103,
0.011507548391819,
0.21689189970493317,
-0.07976938039064407,
0.43326884508132935,
0.783704400062561,
-0.2562108039855957,
-0.1366628110408783,
-0.07932045310735703,
-0.6693371534347534,
-0.4480540156364441,
-0.620669960975647,
-0.00870821624994278,
-0.3746795356273651,
-0.08727246522903442,
-0.7956078052520752,
-0.22514672577381134,
0.17059287428855896,
0.48023539781570435,
-0.20187288522720337,
-0.3141365945339203,
-0.16187617182731628,
0.2573789954185486,
0.07193609327077866,
-0.5186705589294434,
0.24577967822551727,
-0.33399200439453125,
0.3632217347621918,
-0.5143924951553345,
0.34444695711135864,
0.0687999427318573,
-0.4087236821651459,
0.05485828220844269,
-0.7453646659851074,
0.25650766491889954,
-0.8150739073753357,
0.0734422504901886,
-0.1345067322254181,
-0.3015933334827423,
0.08581019937992096,
-0.2457597851753235,
0.24804376065731049,
-0.1506994366645813,
0.20700384676456451,
-0.27427762746810913,
0.09692540764808655,
-0.6335442662239075,
-1.0750222206115723,
-0.653506875038147,
0.22340978682041168,
-0.2873273491859436,
0.2278502881526947,
0.16314062476158142,
-0.4501364231109619,
0.9419839978218079,
0.20208926498889923,
-0.44279447197914124,
0.23115792870521545,
-0.5884004831314087,
-0.3329417109489441,
-0.33211010694503784,
1.154072880744934,
-0.11081820726394653,
0.7822468876838684,
-0.5685031414031982,
0.07673567533493042,
-0.23041388392448425,
-0.30425938963890076,
0.14140959084033966,
0.025283290073275566,
0.33811166882514954,
-0.13473407924175262,
-0.5511199831962585,
0.24496670067310333,
-0.14250896871089935,
-0.30145975947380066,
1.252569317817688,
-0.5162050127983093,
-0.17646527290344238,
0.49974343180656433,
0.2219471037387848,
-0.14374490082263947,
-0.2624216377735138,
-0.43605518341064453,
-0.28513967990875244,
-0.44101813435554504,
0.33998408913612366,
0.8020119667053223,
0.22241157293319702,
0.8188129663467407,
0.1161046028137207,
0.07269036024808884,
0.09724468737840652,
-0.049659181386232376,
-0.46193215250968933,
0.14036957919597626,
-0.8144546747207642,
-0.5691978931427002,
0.5413326621055603,
-0.27724459767341614,
-0.06612839549779892,
0.1413934826850891,
0.8876802325248718,
-0.14538928866386414,
0.016398180276155472,
0.4737682640552521,
-0.05568893626332283,
0.17028509080410004,
0.1079397201538086,
-0.15036217868328094,
-0.3474383056163788,
0.23499695956707,
-0.2349582463502884,
0.3925669491291046,
-0.4911437928676605,
0.06557484716176987,
-0.07619921863079071,
-0.355781227350235,
0.9775824546813965,
0.013586672954261303,
0.32770293951034546,
0.20711538195610046,
0.7300253510475159,
0.2855098843574524,
0.2942230701446533,
-0.5274361371994019,
0.20232117176055908,
0.14963966608047485,
-0.06855686008930206,
0.0025785970501601696,
0.25412923097610474,
0.2601589560508728,
0.19122163951396942,
-0.2178475260734558,
-0.2645503580570221,
-0.23670215904712677,
0.04139015078544617,
-0.13067680597305298,
-0.4860613942146301,
0.683605968952179,
0.3825749158859253,
-0.0016243373975157738,
0.37802988290786743,
-0.10159296542406082,
0.5114766359329224,
0.7782287001609802,
0.10292812436819077,
0.13428497314453125,
-1.3903462886810303,
0.20362111926078796,
0.3631027340888977,
-0.5727385878562927,
-0.2684728801250458,
-0.41696587204933167,
0.1337113380432129,
0.12545520067214966,
-1.0644593238830566,
0.47787541151046753,
0.25411421060562134,
-0.7829846143722534,
0.04908987879753113,
-0.055338431149721146,
-0.1953452080488205,
0.6039350032806396,
-0.22293618321418762,
-0.4421359598636627,
0.534076452255249,
0.24649553000926971,
0.3304794132709503,
0.19218328595161438,
0.5988804697990417,
0.4785514175891876,
-0.26501891016960144,
-0.011168641969561577,
-0.5545464754104614,
0.30295243859291077,
-0.06141090393066406,
0.1865222305059433,
0.3179410994052887,
0.2543967366218567,
-0.31706154346466064,
0.20347334444522858,
-0.09592418372631073,
-0.6195781230926514,
0.20202618837356567,
-0.6541124582290649,
-0.2366269826889038,
1.0036505460739136,
0.9677804112434387,
0.47615158557891846,
0.6872348785400391,
0.351625919342041,
-0.36768341064453125,
0.18403178453445435,
-0.048191171139478683,
0.2311214804649353,
-0.2975989878177643,
-0.015054235234856606,
-0.5397888422012329,
0.5077828168869019,
-0.08100812882184982,
-0.5544967651367188,
0.43795254826545715,
0.6532152891159058,
0.045104019343853,
0.4364030361175537,
-0.24185672402381897,
0.2652095854282379,
-0.40433818101882935,
-0.32455602288246155,
-0.34311580657958984,
0.005391566548496485,
-1.2957353591918945,
0.08260594308376312,
-0.20251940190792084,
-0.11852070689201355,
-0.31119072437286377,
-0.04043024405837059,
-0.07081660628318787,
0.04515739902853966,
-0.7801265120506287,
0.021084284409880638,
0.08332125842571259,
0.3986714482307434,
0.007550913840532303,
0.5505861639976501,
0.1349860429763794,
-0.1644449084997177,
-0.628939688205719,
-0.3900039792060852,
0.4707690179347992,
-0.34793537855148315,
0.4628448784351349,
0.08699104189872742,
-0.03466663882136345,
-0.3100328743457794,
-0.30601775646209717,
0.4900549650192261,
0.17511309683322906,
-0.23369200527668,
0.2951985001564026,
-0.131639301776886,
-0.040310852229595184,
-0.19472457468509674,
0.3232937753200531,
0.5681278705596924,
0.030143430456519127,
0.30741798877716064,
0.31757521629333496,
-0.41550856828689575,
-0.33282461762428284,
-0.3605169653892517,
0.41228601336479187,
-0.08581557124853134,
-0.4062258303165436,
-0.2167564481496811,
-0.7220273613929749,
0.31607240438461304,
0.060911934822797775,
0.2795467674732208,
-0.046605587005615234,
-0.1853085160255432,
0.17524144053459167,
0.3585025668144226,
0.7855413556098938,
-0.024447079747915268,
-0.051156219094991684,
-0.24870489537715912,
-0.12576819956302643,
-0.22099216282367706,
0.7037023901939392,
0.3425174355506897,
-0.013971909880638123,
0.04103058576583862,
0.34413352608680725,
0.18038973212242126,
-0.23972594738006592,
0.4893699288368225,
-0.2841539978981018,
0.35501569509506226,
-0.6558400392532349,
-0.07590647786855698,
-0.24058960378170013,
-0.837932288646698,
0.36239707469940186,
0.7814468741416931,
0.3846893310546875,
-0.2538522183895111,
0.179329052567482,
-0.22580192983150482,
0.3573249578475952,
-0.5010726451873779,
0.15101028978824615,
0.5589369535446167,
-0.4685141146183014,
-0.6389529705047607,
-0.732194721698761,
0.2846853733062744,
-0.3020339012145996,
-0.1210363358259201,
0.224884495139122,
-0.26850682497024536,
-0.2027447521686554,
0.1703946888446808,
0.2719856798648834,
-0.33539003133773804,
0.30963587760925293,
0.22041748464107513
]
|
214729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20number | Harmonic number | In mathematics, the -th harmonic number is the sum of the reciprocals of the first natural numbers:
Starting from , the sequence of harmonic numbers begins:
Harmonic numbers are related to the harmonic mean in that the -th harmonic number is also times the reciprocal of the harmonic mean of the first positive integers.
Harmonic numbers have been studied since antiquity and are important in various branches of number theory. They are sometimes loosely termed harmonic series, are closely related to the Riemann zeta function, and appear in the expressions of various special functions.
The harmonic numbers roughly approximate the natural logarithm function and thus the associated harmonic series grows without limit, albeit slowly. In 1737, Leonhard Euler used the divergence of the harmonic series to provide a new proof of the infinity of prime numbers. His work was extended into the complex plane by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, leading directly to the celebrated Riemann hypothesis about the distribution of prime numbers.
When the value of a large quantity of items has a Zipf's law distribution, the total value of the most-valuable items is proportional to the -th harmonic number. This leads to a variety of surprising conclusions regarding the long tail and the theory of network value.
Bertrand's postulate implies that, except for the case , the harmonic numbers are never integers.
Identities involving harmonic numbers
By definition, the harmonic numbers satisfy the recurrence relation
The harmonic numbers are connected to the Stirling numbers of the first kind by the relation
The functions
satisfy the property
In particular
is an integral of the logarithmic function.
The harmonic numbers satisfy the series identities
and
These two results are closely analogous to the corresponding integral results
and
Identities involving
There are several infinite summations involving harmonic numbers and powers of :
Calculation
An integral representation given by Euler is
The equality above is straightforward by the simple algebraic identity
Using the substitution , another expression for is
The th harmonic number is about as large as the natural logarithm of . The reason is that the sum is approximated by the integral
whose value is .
The values of the sequence decrease monotonically towards the limit
where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The corresponding asymptotic expansion is
where are the Bernoulli numbers.
Generating functions
A generating function for the harmonic numbers is
where ln(z) is the natural logarithm. An exponential generating function is
where Ein(z) is the entire exponential integral. The exponential integral may also be expressed as
where Γ(0, z) is the incomplete gamma function.
Arithmetic properties
The harmonic numbers have several interesting arithmetic properties. It is well-known that is an integer if and only if , a result often attributed to Taeisinger. Indeed, using 2-adic valuation, it is not difficult to prove that for the numerator of is an odd number while the denominator of is an even number. More precisely,
with some odd integers and .
As a consequence of Wolstenholme's theorem, for any prime number the numerator of is divisible by . Furthermore, Eisenstein proved that for all odd prime number it holds
where is a Fermat quotient, with the consequence that divides the numerator of if and only if is a Wieferich prime.
In 1991, Eswarathasan and Levine defined as the set of all positive integers such that the numerator of is divisible by a prime number They proved that
for all prime numbers and they defined harmonic primes to be the primes such that has exactly 3 elements.
Eswarathasan and Levine also conjectured that is a finite set for all primes and that there are infinitely many harmonic primes. Boyd verified that is finite for all prime numbers up to except 83, 127, and 397; and he gave a heuristic suggesting that the density of the harmonic primes in the set of all primes should be . Sanna showed that has zero asymptotic density, while Bing-Ling Wu and Yong-Gao Chen proved that the number of elements of not exceeding is at most , for all .
Applications
The harmonic numbers appear in several calculation formulas, such as the digamma function
This relation is also frequently used to define the extension of the harmonic numbers to non-integer n. The harmonic numbers are also frequently used to define using the limit introduced earlier:
although
converges more quickly.
In 2002, Jeffrey Lagarias proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that
is true for every integer with strict inequality if ; here denotes the sum of the divisors of .
The eigenvalues of the nonlocal problem
are given by , where by convention , and the corresponding eigenfunctions are given by the Legendre polynomials .
Generalizations
Generalized harmonic numbers
The generalized harmonic number of order m of n is given by
Other notations occasionally used include
The special case of m = 0 gives The special case of m = 1 is simply called a harmonic number and is frequently written without the m, as
The limit as is finite if , with the generalized harmonic number bounded by and converging to the Riemann zeta function
The smallest natural number k such that kn does not divide the denominator of generalized harmonic number H(k, n) nor the denominator of alternating generalized harmonic number H′(k, n) is, for n=1, 2, ... :
77, 20, 94556602, 42, 444, 20, 104, 42, 76, 20, 77, 110, 3504, 20, 903, 42, 1107, 20, 104, 42, 77, 20, 2948, 110, 136, 20, 76, 42, 903, 20, 77, 42, 268, 20, 7004, 110, 1752, 20, 19203, 42, 77, 20, 104, 42, 76, 20, 370, 110, 1107, 20, ...
The related sum occurs in the study of Bernoulli numbers; the harmonic numbers also appear in the study of Stirling numbers.
Some integrals of generalized harmonic numbers are
and
where A is Apéry's constant ζ(3),
and
Every generalized harmonic number of order m can be written as a function of harmonic numbers of order using
for example:
A generating function for the generalized harmonic numbers is
where is the polylogarithm, and . The generating function given above for is a special case of this formula.
A fractional argument for generalized harmonic numbers can be introduced as follows:
For every integer, and integer or not, we have from polygamma functions:
where is the Riemann zeta function. The relevant recurrence relation is
Some special values are
where G is Catalan's constant,
In the special case that , we get
where is the Hurwitz zeta function. This relationship is used to calculate harmonic numbers numerically.
Multiplication formulas
The multiplication theorem applies to harmonic numbers. Using polygamma functions, we obtain
or, more generally,
For generalized harmonic numbers, we have
where is the Riemann zeta function.
Hyperharmonic numbers
The next generalization was discussed by J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy in their 1995 book The Book of Numbers. Let
Then the nth hyperharmonic number of order r (r>0) is defined recursively as
In particular, is the ordinary harmonic number .
Harmonic numbers for real and complex values
The formulae given above,
are an integral and a series representation for a function that interpolates the harmonic numbers and, via analytic continuation, extends the definition to the complex plane other than the negative integers x. The interpolating function is in fact closely related to the digamma function
where is the digamma, and is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The integration process may be repeated to obtain
The Taylor series for the harmonic numbers is
which comes from the Taylor series for the digamma function ( is the Riemann zeta function).
Approximation using the Taylor series expansion
The harmonic number can be approximated using the first few terms of the Taylor series expansion:
where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
Alternative, asymptotic formulation
When seeking to approximate for a complex number , it is effective to first compute for some large integer . Use that to approximate a value for and then use the recursion relation backwards times, to unwind it to an approximation for . Furthermore, this approximation is exact in the limit as goes to infinity.
Specifically, for a fixed integer , it is the case that
If is not an integer then it is not possible to say whether this equation is true because we have not yet (in this section) defined harmonic numbers for non-integers. However, we do get a unique extension of the harmonic numbers to the non-integers by insisting that this equation continue to hold when the arbitrary integer is replaced by an arbitrary complex number .
Swapping the order of the two sides of this equation and then subtracting them from gives
This infinite series converges for all complex numbers except the negative integers, which fail because trying to use the recursion relation backwards through the value involves a division by zero. By this construction, the function that defines the harmonic number for complex values is the unique function that simultaneously satisfies (1) , (2) for all complex numbers except the non-positive integers, and (3) for all complex values .
Note that this last formula can be used to show that
where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant or, more generally, for every we have:
Special values for fractional arguments
There are the following special analytic values for fractional arguments between 0 and 1, given by the integral
More values may be generated from the recurrence relation
or from the reflection relation
For example:
For positive integers p and q with p < q, we have:
Relation to the Riemann zeta function
Some derivatives of fractional harmonic numbers are given by
And using Maclaurin series, we have for x < 1 that
For fractional arguments between 0 and 1 and for a > 1,
See also
Watterson estimator
Tajima's D
Coupon collector's problem
Jeep problem
Riemann zeta function
List of sums of reciprocals
False discovery rate#Benjamini–Yekutieli procedure
Notes
References
Ed Sandifer, How Euler Did It — Estimating the Basel problem (2003)
External links
Number theory | [
-0.2605862617492676,
-0.02722349390387535,
0.05682210251688957,
-0.03390571475028992,
-0.49626922607421875,
0.3316420912742615,
-0.16847027838230133,
-0.42108353972435,
0.11195140331983566,
-0.7348085641860962,
0.135630264878273,
0.6954613924026489,
-0.13168521225452423,
0.4088079035282135,
-0.25324931740760803,
0.5058622360229492,
0.4404899775981903,
-0.011347170919179916,
-0.8934970498085022,
-0.32810431718826294,
0.4305668771266937,
0.37655913829803467,
0.6906917691230774,
-0.5822778344154358,
0.24475817382335663,
-0.00433866772800684,
0.09858828037977219,
0.19074219465255737,
0.15375304222106934,
0.2504221200942993,
-0.42473864555358887,
0.29884961247444153,
-0.01162553858011961,
-0.026915168389678,
-0.19371576607227325,
-0.10659705102443695,
0.13438212871551514,
-0.2798154950141907,
0.3554900586605072,
-0.17183254659175873,
0.30569982528686523,
-0.7771682739257812,
0.3197750151157379,
0.28226643800735474,
-1.1829447746276855,
-0.3326990306377411,
-1.4396958351135254,
0.6590209603309631,
0.02072696015238762,
-0.13240362703800201,
-0.6348348259925842,
-0.02804836630821228,
0.3834235966205597,
0.5379162430763245,
-0.05897782742977142,
0.8257152438163757,
-0.4208846688270569,
-0.36757150292396545,
0.27852025628089905,
-0.1651064157485962,
-0.046798333525657654,
0.03514638543128967,
0.3349838852882385,
-0.06943304091691971,
0.29296064376831055,
1.0192316770553589,
0.047919001430273056,
-0.06364232301712036,
-0.4912075400352478,
0.007646847050637007,
-0.23678435385227203,
-0.26836615800857544,
-0.7946531772613525,
0.701494038105011,
-0.5703003406524658,
0.06341009587049484,
-0.010182087309658527,
-0.09362182766199112,
0.05387049540877342,
0.7122253775596619,
-0.35983774065971375,
0.33906635642051697,
0.7440087795257568,
-0.5737448930740356,
0.17189398407936096,
-0.0637529268860817,
-0.19961395859718323,
0.20404624938964844,
-0.877897322177887,
0.045877255499362946,
0.262004017829895,
-0.6942062377929688,
-0.16158899664878845,
0.045227449387311935,
-0.18602128326892853,
0.6110943555831909,
0.9518731236457825,
-0.5424401164054871,
0.18263189494609833,
0.3535499572753906,
0.04385078698396683,
-0.08000771701335907,
0.27869993448257446,
-0.5939962267875671,
-0.2974950671195984,
-0.5811969041824341,
0.014567668549716473,
-0.46897974610328674,
0.11922252178192139,
-0.3790684938430786,
-0.8867523074150085,
0.39114314317703247,
0.6367530822753906,
-0.1576828956604004,
-0.02116011455655098,
0.08666038513183594,
-0.0632048100233078,
0.3751808702945709,
0.023397214710712433,
-0.08029206842184067,
-0.1436641812324524,
0.3996565639972687,
-0.16709116101264954,
0.5244290232658386,
-0.005517609417438507,
0.19589705765247345,
0.12752021849155426,
0.8602868914604187,
-0.8289700746536255,
-0.7563126087188721,
0.18343156576156616,
0.9593502879142761,
0.720962405204773,
-0.0653240978717804,
0.14399230480194092,
-1.0557570457458496,
-0.28273406624794006,
-0.5896721482276917,
-0.6144229769706726,
-0.035846080631017685,
-0.3130004405975342,
-0.6237385272979736,
-0.284829705953598,
-0.6758077144622803,
0.17570248246192932,
-0.40156522393226624,
-0.1227864921092987,
-0.15867100656032562,
0.43305614590644836,
0.26967206597328186,
0.028519153594970703,
0.4717716872692108,
-0.6169975996017456,
-0.2498100996017456,
-0.4157927930355072,
-0.4671778678894043,
0.2865196764469147,
0.5799639821052551,
-0.3609885275363922,
0.29648029804229736,
0.03214200213551521,
-0.38582858443260193,
0.2536035478115082,
-0.7481662631034851,
-0.0830022543668747,
-0.8194902539253235,
0.7732551693916321,
0.7032605409622192,
-0.3275613486766815,
0.030883748084306717,
-0.32046133279800415,
-0.4277440905570984,
0.4252377450466156,
0.24472704529762268,
-0.3425167500972748,
-0.47686049342155457,
0.09025125205516815,
-0.5808660984039307,
0.5195019841194153,
-0.033016402274370193,
-1.0278048515319824,
0.16317129135131836,
0.1996011584997177,
-0.20545564591884613,
0.2582426965236664,
-0.15238504111766815,
-0.12854769825935364,
0.20475248992443085,
0.22504103183746338,
0.016705788671970367,
0.045885395258665085,
0.0942123606801033,
0.06841003149747849,
-0.8469634652137756,
0.6020160913467407,
0.11225069314241409,
-0.8613925576210022,
0.048040326684713364,
-0.2783516049385071,
0.01712447963654995,
-0.3643507957458496,
0.16699554026126862,
0.3899996876716614,
0.20497967302799225,
0.003657992696389556,
0.42825788259506226,
-0.17106688022613525,
0.0027624221984297037,
-0.012770196422934532,
0.4201489984989166,
0.012365271337330341,
0.03638480231165886,
0.6035770773887634,
-0.46670839190483093,
0.27360618114471436,
-0.057301849126815796,
-0.5209075808525085,
0.26575568318367004,
-0.05031187832355499,
0.6174333095550537,
0.4550810158252716,
-0.17339222133159637,
0.5066245794296265,
0.24323798716068268,
-0.37171313166618347,
0.7883886098861694,
0.3052445352077484,
0.487181693315506,
0.39475810527801514,
-0.09181603789329529,
0.07372316718101501,
-0.49900123476982117,
0.5369617342948914,
0.12250801920890808,
0.21528419852256775,
0.529506266117096,
-0.09895861893892288,
-0.2540474534034729,
0.5711356997489929,
-0.5757722854614258,
0.08659078925848007,
0.289224773645401,
-0.9007179141044617,
-0.2787564992904663,
0.027561448514461517,
0.18595130741596222,
-0.4038788378238678,
-0.6054096221923828,
-0.2127084732055664,
-0.28937196731567383,
-0.25142985582351685,
0.0020560030825436115,
0.29328006505966187,
-0.2011289894580841,
-0.21984532475471497,
-0.15923552215099335,
0.15375827252864838,
0.019240472465753555,
0.7102406024932861,
0.4085286855697632,
-0.12131317704916,
-0.4591009318828583,
0.6554701328277588,
-0.5762564539909363,
-0.3789312243461609,
-0.3304499685764313,
-0.9266284704208374,
-0.3867010772228241,
1.0149685144424438,
0.16921323537826538,
-0.10614321380853653,
-0.3381996154785156,
-0.5730161666870117,
0.5345640182495117,
-0.7362724542617798,
-0.770282506942749,
-0.6978405714035034,
-0.44581735134124756,
-1.1853725910186768,
-0.6409239768981934,
0.23411855101585388,
0.5013457536697388,
0.0938352644443512,
-0.7114400267601013,
-0.3614808917045593,
-0.1191125214099884,
-0.052270177751779556,
-0.4058268666267395,
0.5024617314338684,
-0.6480597257614136,
-0.9511770606040955,
0.1204817146062851,
-0.032689712941646576,
-0.30393752455711365,
0.9209617972373962,
0.08842071890830994,
0.23941338062286377,
-0.4111938178539276,
0.059242431074380875,
-0.4931330680847168,
-0.5698685050010681,
-0.02600010670721531,
-0.3978107273578644,
-0.21133700013160706,
-0.36737558245658875,
-0.2752639353275299,
-0.0468328520655632,
0.4093228280544281,
-5.321919918060303,
-0.16900840401649475,
-0.5649356245994568,
-0.3154136538505554,
-0.1410379707813263,
0.3350621163845062,
0.1380135864019394,
0.006765885278582573,
-0.4988689422607422,
-0.08662993460893631,
0.07387515902519226,
-0.520248293876648,
-0.41323184967041016,
0.48972389101982117,
0.15561825037002563,
-0.32399389147758484,
0.3928239047527313,
0.07120997458696365,
0.2652062475681305,
1.0052359104156494,
0.4033256471157074,
-0.08989181369543076,
-0.46983370184898376,
0.21442504227161407,
0.21501974761486053,
-0.11168740689754486,
0.06932444125413895,
0.22791609168052673,
-0.7726612687110901,
-0.1594272404909134,
-0.5024513006210327,
-0.15770481526851654,
-0.1384720504283905,
-0.18642844259738922,
0.012301330454647541,
0.3735054135322571,
0.477276474237442,
-0.6144396066665649,
0.4910155236721039,
-0.46673068404197693,
-0.33680230379104614,
0.8660098910331726,
-0.072600819170475,
-0.29864320158958435,
0.32015037536621094,
0.005145934410393238,
-0.22638331353664398,
0.002653825096786022,
-0.3236566185951233,
0.3939644694328308,
-0.4735308587551117,
0.20662307739257812,
0.3195505440235138,
-0.7945804595947266,
0.027562981471419334,
0.005518491379916668,
0.15524834394454956,
-0.08885051310062408,
-0.36428070068359375,
0.37547510862350464,
0.6403010487556458,
-0.21103085577487946,
0.35577353835105896,
0.09535732120275497,
-0.748227059841156,
0.0839066132903099,
-0.7369473576545715,
-0.15697436034679413,
0.5654413104057312,
0.28768908977508545,
-0.1086331233382225,
-0.06139371916651726,
-0.02192455530166626,
-0.003698637941852212,
0.08092670142650604,
-0.14210672676563263,
0.1478424370288849,
0.4965125620365143,
0.21226221323013306,
0.5527175664901733,
-0.14941690862178802,
-0.6613540649414062,
-0.2864914536476135,
0.4760266840457916,
0.15050601959228516,
0.16017460823059082,
-0.6111712455749512,
0.10143505036830902,
-0.3432341516017914,
0.08012225478887558,
0.6745437383651733,
-0.3442694842815399,
0.4937809407711029,
0.3998495638370514,
0.39174503087997437,
0.1411975920200348,
0.5444360375404358,
0.1795676052570343,
0.433331698179245,
-0.3310375213623047,
0.7737731337547302,
0.23213449120521545,
0.08803881704807281,
0.21118390560150146,
-0.3065960109233856,
-0.13297833502292633,
-0.6397255659103394,
0.7013688087463379,
0.4217534363269806,
-0.25570082664489746,
-0.36115360260009766,
-0.10425812751054764,
-0.3087424039840698,
-0.2729034423828125,
0.26850250363349915,
-0.14410017430782318,
-0.3315677344799042,
0.7410054802894592,
0.8074449896812439,
-0.06092589721083641,
0.04350102320313454,
-0.011595289222896099,
-0.5618156790733337,
-0.4413670599460602,
-0.3035372197628021,
0.1050858423113823,
-0.24653565883636475,
0.6352562308311462,
-0.5218410491943359,
-0.3309779465198517,
-0.26727932691574097,
0.5910127758979797,
-0.10545725375413895,
0.5211477279663086,
0.1564446985721588,
0.08895909786224365,
-0.020546535030007362,
-0.16663959622383118,
0.05175772309303284,
-0.4576013386249542,
0.9958776831626892,
0.43082138895988464,
0.0213692095130682,
-0.6067232489585876,
0.5061502456665039,
0.3022441267967224,
-0.049913614988327026,
-0.4782852232456207,
-0.6791571378707886,
0.5290201306343079,
0.3000912368297577,
-0.22044281661510468,
1.404698133468628,
-0.16080185770988464,
0.2838003635406494,
0.310232549905777,
-0.22067567706108093,
0.41980302333831787,
-0.08793960511684418,
-0.49971792101860046,
0.04292070120573044,
0.13560913503170013,
0.07747898250818253,
-0.3248021602630615,
0.17177152633666992,
-0.08389855176210403,
-0.8413211107254028,
-0.09592819213867188,
0.20175831019878387,
0.7119097113609314,
0.6281209588050842,
0.16533075273036957,
0.3794199824333191,
-0.42991015315055847,
0.31327110528945923,
-0.36908861994743347,
0.17201079428195953,
0.21247296035289764,
0.22956354916095734,
-0.6001301407814026,
-0.06537504494190216,
-0.5774133205413818,
-0.7406819462776184,
0.7986207604408264,
1.0228618383407593,
0.06046972796320915,
0.006908867973834276,
-0.24891464412212372,
-0.506450891494751,
-0.2369851917028427,
0.42327114939689636,
-0.5385901927947998,
-0.011682453565299511,
-0.38592979311943054,
0.08129234611988068,
-0.1727590411901474,
0.5994912385940552,
0.5362902879714966,
-0.5301877856254578,
-0.650935173034668,
0.26481229066848755,
0.5123820304870605,
-0.7410174608230591,
0.130693256855011,
0.8316208720207214,
-0.41966062784194946,
0.1036832183599472,
-0.14632192254066467,
-0.7666311264038086,
0.5897884368896484,
-0.2460077852010727,
-1.035545825958252,
-0.42397814989089966,
-1.0403873920440674,
-0.09771120548248291,
0.06322182714939117,
0.734983503818512,
-0.48467159271240234,
-0.222278892993927,
-0.8371890783309937,
0.2892186939716339,
-0.21990762650966644,
0.039691708981990814,
0.40285927057266235,
0.23669475317001343,
-0.4820054769515991,
-0.4252479076385498,
-0.20869356393814087,
0.4996839165687561,
-0.19629652798175812,
0.11946924030780792,
0.16872538626194,
-0.41787177324295044,
-0.3520391583442688,
-0.18500414490699768,
-0.9434569478034973,
-0.6499835848808289,
0.3769597113132477,
-0.9346347451210022,
-0.24430684745311737,
0.47220465540885925,
0.4233801066875458,
0.31723111867904663,
-0.10648385435342789,
0.1761377900838852,
-0.6117392778396606,
0.6604623794555664,
-0.36407652497291565,
-0.19156129658222198,
0.4038408696651459,
0.1229996383190155,
0.28526607155799866,
-0.7751785516738892,
-0.4536689519882202,
0.229980006814003,
0.2331126481294632,
0.572893500328064,
-0.7045103311538696,
0.4649008512496948,
0.6577155590057373,
-0.11203722655773163,
-0.1549108624458313,
-0.16111686825752258,
0.0014521365519613028,
0.5086232423782349,
0.7154988646507263,
-0.23031389713287354,
-0.15429173409938812,
0.9999274015426636,
-0.24392519891262054,
0.21012653410434723,
-0.2312665730714798,
0.25667932629585266,
0.49777066707611084,
0.7131264805793762,
0.19082042574882507,
0.07134062796831131,
1.0064209699630737,
-0.5200956463813782,
-0.1465260237455368,
0.25247395038604736,
0.02516147866845131,
0.3244244158267975,
-0.8863308429718018,
0.16939812898635864,
0.17742522060871124,
-0.061065394431352615,
0.0673307329416275,
0.1713123917579651,
0.6108876466751099,
-0.48130857944488525,
-0.18939922749996185,
0.313804566860199,
0.6770829558372498,
-0.15551349520683289,
0.5701680183410645,
0.6774375438690186,
0.6466343998908997,
0.12449247390031815,
-0.0007488090195693076,
-0.28403037786483765,
-0.256169855594635,
-0.24389182031154633,
-0.2688303291797638,
-0.0785822719335556,
0.2292635142803192,
0.5640801787376404,
0.11231029778718948,
-0.5580887794494629,
-0.4266034662723541,
0.3336111903190613,
0.15032298862934113,
-0.17630106210708618,
0.37684953212738037,
-0.14195623993873596,
-0.010114417411386967,
1.1710429191589355,
-0.14660747349262238,
0.22225089371204376,
0.48605474829673767,
-0.43283554911613464,
-0.037854693830013275,
0.4285374879837036,
-0.23744900524616241,
-0.6642903685569763,
0.11198963969945908,
-0.28898683190345764,
0.06091008707880974,
-0.05701050907373428,
-0.06567691266536713,
0.9285993576049805,
0.5742040872573853,
-0.6765012741088867,
0.21876740455627441,
-0.04311514273285866,
-0.34659743309020996,
-0.05457288399338722,
-0.1807614415884018,
0.10809659212827682,
0.4551456868648529,
0.842634916305542,
0.4968838691711426,
0.0019848207011818886,
0.6955152750015259,
0.45299991965293884,
0.6648275852203369,
-0.028649725019931793,
-0.39317476749420166,
-0.2597378194332123,
0.7132722735404968,
0.7640471458435059,
0.03432406112551689,
0.15015928447246552,
-0.38764435052871704,
-0.19976632297039032,
0.15704436600208282,
0.20131881535053253,
-0.2384524941444397,
0.48401567339897156,
0.7326516509056091,
0.17918066680431366,
0.8394886255264282,
0.441201776266098,
-0.37681299448013306,
-0.6237744092941284,
0.3120117783546448,
0.9831401705741882,
-0.3113883137702942,
-0.1555808186531067,
-0.2474268227815628,
-0.04431069642305374,
0.8799041509628296,
-0.6319019198417664,
0.05804942920804024,
0.2778104841709137,
-0.29635047912597656,
0.14591772854328156,
0.30479151010513306,
-0.5796857476234436,
0.16969844698905945,
0.23810060322284698,
0.08048740029335022,
-0.5234755277633667,
-0.5817033052444458,
-0.4220718443393707,
-0.15942251682281494,
0.3779939115047455,
-0.3314380943775177,
-0.652606189250946,
0.4329434633255005,
0.986980140209198,
-0.6518387198448181,
-0.7134947180747986,
-0.46012943983078003,
-0.20583513379096985,
-0.14726696908473969,
-0.8224197626113892,
0.9637261629104614,
0.4384535849094391,
-0.26438090205192566,
0.44957777857780457,
-0.22627650201320648,
0.4371231496334076,
-0.1382598876953125,
-0.39518868923187256,
0.10102590173482895,
-0.16953490674495697,
0.45080476999282837,
-0.7059212923049927,
0.4023193120956421,
0.5286861062049866,
0.3547906279563904,
0.33912837505340576,
0.5587724447250366,
-0.4988340437412262,
-0.3789188265800476,
0.28992703557014465,
0.16591285169124603,
-0.09542694687843323,
-0.23209717869758606,
-0.4383907914161682,
0.0014395487960428,
-0.0819058045744896,
0.4569284915924072,
-0.1326034516096115,
-0.041429076343774796,
0.26568466424942017,
-0.07987798750400543,
0.24236728250980377,
0.1737704873085022,
-0.46354228258132935,
0.6322556138038635,
-0.2521948218345642,
0.06336101144552231,
-0.3431880474090576,
-0.64035964012146,
0.4978238344192505,
-0.0007910490385256708,
0.21348969638347626,
-0.3032694160938263,
-0.16472767293453217,
0.21672369539737701,
-0.4123491048812866,
0.9061254858970642,
-0.20748573541641235,
0.656359076499939,
-0.49531295895576477,
-0.7566495537757874,
-0.579759418964386,
0.4059142470359802,
0.4361572563648224,
0.18038491904735565,
-0.17275384068489075,
0.07427234947681427,
-0.2500331997871399,
-0.5910851359367371,
0.25030237436294556,
-0.4059908390045166,
-0.04627631604671478,
0.4357703626155853
]
|
214730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Hallam | Henry Hallam | Henry Hallam (9 July 1777 – 21 January 1859) was an English historian. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, he practised as a barrister on the Oxford circuit for some years before turning to history. His major works were View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (1818), The Constitutional History of England (1827), and Introduction to the Literature of Europe, in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1837). Although he took no part in politics himself, he was well acquainted with the band of authors and politicians who led the Whig party. In an 1828 review of Constitutional History, Robert Southey claimed that the work was biased in favour of the Whigs.
Hallam was a fellow of the Royal Society, and a trustee of the British Museum. In 1830 he received the gold medal for history founded by George IV.
Life
The only son of Rev John Hallam, canon of Windsor and dean of Bristol, Henry Hallam was born on 9 July 1777 and educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1799. Called to the Bar, he practised for some years on the Oxford circuit; but his tastes were literary, and when, on his father's death in 1812, he inherited a small estate in Lincolnshire, he gave himself up to study. He had become connected with the brilliant band of authors and politicians who led the Whig party, a connection to which he owed his appointment to the well-paid and easy post of commissioner of stamps; but took no part in politics himself. He was, however, an active supporter of many popular movements—particularly of that which ended in the abolition of the slave trade; and he was attached to the political principles of the Whigs.
Hallam's earliest literary work was undertaken in connection with the Whig periodical, the Edinburgh Review, where his review of Walter Scott's Dryden attracted attention. His first major work, View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (two volumes), was published in 1818, and was followed nine years later by The Constitutional History of England (1827, two volumes). Introduction to the Literature of Europe, in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (four volumes) appeared in 1837. A volume of supplemental notes to his Middle Ages was published in 1843, and in 1852 Literary Essays and Characters: Selected from "An Introduction to the Literature of Europe" was published. These works represent nearly all of Hallam's career.
Hallam was a fellow of the Royal Society, and a trustee of the British Museum. In 1830 he received the gold medal for history founded by George IV.
Historical works
Hallam described his work Middle Ages as a series of historical dissertations for the period from the 5th to the 15th century. The work consists of nine long chapters: the histories of France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and of the Greek and Saracenic empires, fill five chapters. Others deal with major institutional features of medieval society: the feudal system, the ecclesiastical system, and the political system of England. The last chapter sketches society, commerce, manners, and literature in the Middle Ages.
The Constitutional History of England (1827) took up the subject at the point at which it had been dropped in Middle Ages, namely the accession of Henry VII, and carried it down to the accession of George III. Hallam stopped here because he was unwilling to touch on issues of contemporary politics which seemed to him to run back through the whole period of the reign of George III, but this did not prevent him from being accused of bias. The Quarterly Review for 1828 contains a hostile article on the Constitutional History, written by Robert Southey, full of reproach: the work, he said, is the "production of a decided partisan". It was his distant treatment of Charles I, Thomas Cranmer and William Laud that provoked the indignation of Southey.
Hallam, like Thomas Babington Macaulay, ultimately referred political questions to the standard of Whig constitutionalism. But he was conscientious with his materials, and it was this which made the Constitutional History one of the standard textbooks of English politics.
Literary history works
The 4-volume Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries (1837–1839) continues a topic broached in the View of the Middle Ages. In the first chapter Hallam sketches the state of literature in Europe down to the end of the 14th century: the extinction of ancient learning which followed the fall of the Roman empire and the rise of Christianity; the preservation of the Latin language in the services of the church; and the revival of letters after the 7th century. For the first century and a half of his period he is mainly occupied with a review of classical learning, taking short decennial periods and noticing works which they produced. For the period 1520–1550 there are separate chapters on ancient literature, theology, science, speculative philosophy and jurisprudence, the literature of taste and other miscellaneous literature; and the subdivisions of subjects is carried further in later periods. Thus poetry, the drama and polite literature form the subjects of separate chapters. An author may be mentioned in many chapters: William Shakespeare, Hugo Grotius, Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes appear in half a dozen different places.
The plan excluded biographical history. It is an account of the books which would make a complete library of the period, arranged according to date of publication and subject.
Death and memorials
Hallam died in London on 21 January 1859, aged 81. He has a memorial in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral in London, and there is a blue plaque at 67 Wimpole Street in London installed by the London County Council commemorating the fact that he once lived there.
Family
In 1807 Hallam married Julia Maria Elton (daughter of Sir Charles Elton). She died in 1847.
Hallam lost his children, one after another. His eldest son, the poet Arthur Henry Hallam—the "A.H.H." of Tennyson's In Memoriam A.H.H.—died in 1833 at the age of 22. In 1834 Hallam edited and published Remains, in Verse and Prose, of Arthur Henry Hallam. In 1850 his second son, Henry Fitzmaurice Hallam, also died.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
1777 births
1859 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English barristers
English legal writers
English historians
English male non-fiction writers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
People educated at Eton College
Presidents of the Royal Society of Literature
Trustees of the British Museum | [
-0.12315736711025238,
0.2658323049545288,
-0.8389096856117249,
-0.6003040671348572,
-0.029206104576587677,
0.8546164035797119,
0.8495115041732788,
-0.22054320573806763,
-0.34689512848854065,
0.029767926782369614,
-0.28051602840423584,
0.07030031085014343,
-0.31702661514282227,
0.30301761627197266,
-0.14521574974060059,
-0.0683988481760025,
-0.5583173036575317,
-0.3378250002861023,
-0.42952674627304077,
-0.5547219514846802,
-0.30203065276145935,
-0.31532642245292664,
0.4053444266319275,
-0.029033757746219635,
-0.5247082114219666,
-0.41208234429359436,
0.17306192219257355,
-0.5271350741386414,
0.06504295766353607,
-0.5462597608566284,
0.291879266500473,
0.22175118327140808,
0.19801504909992218,
0.20953281223773956,
-0.8237316608428955,
0.3387761414051056,
-0.9262844920158386,
-0.2073100209236145,
0.0023592382203787565,
0.32109612226486206,
-0.4641878306865692,
0.06433979421854019,
-0.09377706795930862,
0.3419762849807739,
-0.24169327318668365,
-0.2773231565952301,
-2.4508140087127686,
-0.13298970460891724,
-1.0335222482681274,
-0.7331913709640503,
0.2604939639568329,
0.22459404170513153,
0.9100587964057922,
0.28148093819618225,
-0.056672438979148865,
0.2701781094074249,
-0.20306192338466644,
-0.07909099012613297,
0.044193752110004425,
-0.05395130813121796,
0.2946930229663849,
-0.16923126578330994,
0.699103832244873,
0.015484861098229885,
0.22876060009002686,
-0.4774090051651001,
-0.7981531023979187,
0.0100961709395051,
-0.3067966401576996,
0.46648120880126953,
0.1265818476676941,
0.34722113609313965,
0.19572113454341888,
0.8048590421676636,
-0.015856215730309486,
-0.5004367232322693,
0.5143553614616394,
0.09572747349739075,
-0.07895007729530334,
-0.32732075452804565,
-0.14005568623542786,
-0.2783040702342987,
0.5893575549125671,
0.558204710483551,
0.0867534726858139,
0.41538968682289124,
-0.30553218722343445,
0.19463658332824707,
-0.3562801778316498,
0.03208271414041519,
-0.4068133533000946,
0.05334154888987541,
-0.22261330485343933,
0.004873826168477535,
0.2057134211063385,
0.38820165395736694,
-0.05337194353342056,
0.055147115141153336,
-0.11683227866888046,
-0.40153858065605164,
-0.13618168234825134,
0.512747049331665,
0.6975707411766052,
-0.34930574893951416,
-0.05393258482217789,
-0.15790827572345734,
-0.3554907441139221,
-0.09233962744474411,
0.5647684931755066,
-0.9692692756652832,
-0.5657522678375244,
0.20017944276332855,
-0.4150863289833069,
0.37046924233436584,
0.3241993486881256,
0.22890563309192657,
0.18373017013072968,
-0.5813291668891907,
-0.4650593101978302,
0.16393722593784332,
-0.31264978647232056,
0.6702865958213806,
0.0834580585360527,
0.0104523915797472,
-1.0219106674194336,
-0.2446995973587036,
0.08180322498083115,
0.32950082421302795,
0.08521053940057755,
0.5414273142814636,
0.19591450691223145,
1.3483821153640747,
-0.4741816520690918,
-0.5239368677139282,
-0.46867671608924866,
0.29304441809654236,
0.15559573471546173,
0.3176516890525818,
0.008971397764980793,
0.4906120300292969,
0.008644546382129192,
-0.17057646811008453,
-1.735814094543457,
0.021096142008900642,
0.4543610215187073,
-0.06624237447977066,
-0.22217874228954315,
-0.05655384436249733,
-0.02173554338514805,
0.44488802552223206,
-0.2654992938041687,
0.25359198451042175,
0.21326462924480438,
0.01609721966087818,
-0.079330675303936,
-0.04117302596569061,
0.720252275466919,
0.3583678901195526,
0.3109643757343292,
0.41998982429504395,
0.22922268509864807,
-0.48589450120925903,
-0.20247383415699005,
-0.15521883964538574,
-0.07279136031866074,
-0.031089335680007935,
0.5830792188644409,
-0.2566116154193878,
-0.2099190503358841,
-0.5432624816894531,
-0.5802627205848694,
-0.5697634816169739,
0.5473780035972595,
0.06250405311584473,
-0.08225476741790771,
0.4598480761051178,
0.3894304931163788,
0.4229843020439148,
0.7717036604881287,
-0.3108143210411072,
-0.8952345848083496,
-0.24059061706066132,
0.364051878452301,
0.16532540321350098,
0.20669879019260406,
0.577519953250885,
0.7820841670036316,
-0.09992429614067078,
0.5477874279022217,
-0.047113556414842606,
-0.2661355435848236,
-0.4413492679595947,
0.1290210634469986,
-0.44867753982543945,
0.8305612802505493,
0.3375771939754486,
-0.30782976746559143,
0.12421972304582596,
-0.15770679712295532,
1.1523640155792236,
-0.007450600154697895,
-0.052141353487968445,
-0.3720376789569855,
-0.12324520200490952,
0.30693647265434265,
1.1022164821624756,
-0.13349653780460358,
0.3133969008922577,
0.5001804232597351,
0.3255937993526459,
0.2738012969493866,
-0.3529849648475647,
-0.05465850606560707,
0.7048658728599548,
-0.2233630269765854,
-0.8591771125793457,
-0.26693254709243774,
-0.0319833904504776,
0.574615478515625,
-0.7106828689575195,
0.9469926953315735,
0.3803248703479767,
-0.03602440282702446,
0.9776821136474609,
-0.17476023733615875,
0.8308752179145813,
-0.22034920752048492,
0.6356325745582581,
-0.2999430000782013,
-1.6886322498321533,
0.03580525517463684,
0.5137529969215393,
0.29388198256492615,
-0.3593306839466095,
0.5201817154884338,
-0.3911355435848236,
-0.016789859160780907,
-0.40209057927131653,
0.08312121778726578,
-0.40195682644844055,
0.03925744816660881,
0.21299639344215393,
-0.03564677760004997,
0.6856968402862549,
0.15015001595020294,
0.47383856773376465,
0.2032848447561264,
-0.3670349717140198,
-0.2707154452800751,
0.015713946893811226,
0.35336267948150635,
0.5667297840118408,
0.3903099596500397,
0.1908177137374878,
-0.25601810216903687,
-0.35463958978652954,
0.31743860244750977,
0.3281245231628418,
0.3370407819747925,
0.6869840025901794,
-0.12282487004995346,
0.40188056230545044,
-0.22730527818202972,
0.6293885707855225,
-0.09831269085407257,
-0.17788834869861603,
0.22645018994808197,
-0.5406455993652344,
0.07419995218515396,
-0.520889937877655,
0.35379356145858765,
-0.5976746082305908,
0.0841006338596344,
-1.3005121946334839,
0.38464996218681335,
-0.03718869015574455,
0.4251976013183594,
-0.06123044341802597,
-0.4277110993862152,
-0.16720587015151978,
0.10832620412111282,
0.7136557698249817,
-0.454086035490036,
0.7010245323181152,
-0.12012087553739548,
-0.4604727029800415,
-0.13686949014663696,
-0.6103397011756897,
0.522096574306488,
-0.03562341257929802,
-0.24450577795505524,
0.9861339330673218,
-0.08241036534309387,
0.045877162367105484,
-0.050376322120428085,
0.19540128111839294,
-0.733739972114563,
-1.0908313989639282,
-0.5631502270698547,
-0.04832802340388298,
-0.7013405561447144,
0.2768091857433319,
-0.0027566119097173214,
0.5458346605300903,
0.24814032018184662,
0.1324971616268158,
-0.22182130813598633,
-0.16240756213665009,
-4.747787952423096,
-0.1426113098859787,
-0.0941796600818634,
-0.29088902473449707,
0.7470101714134216,
0.25777360796928406,
0.31041520833969116,
-0.2744937539100647,
-0.44451212882995605,
0.12126941978931427,
1.098803162574768,
-0.1256786733865738,
0.022759608924388885,
0.401511013507843,
0.8297842144966125,
0.3156335651874542,
0.6075802445411682,
0.02019462175667286,
0.3177526295185089,
0.006162999663501978,
-0.17974284291267395,
0.0726349726319313,
0.16996556520462036,
0.35853078961372375,
-0.050336942076683044,
0.124165840446949,
0.07177647948265076,
-0.13146893680095673,
-0.699174702167511,
-0.6169216632843018,
0.42213910818099976,
0.4938637316226959,
-0.5150978565216064,
-0.15960203111171722,
-0.1237233430147171,
-0.03652413934469223,
0.26358523964881897,
1.2516924142837524,
-0.612156331539154,
0.38334208726882935,
0.6283751726150513,
0.1211090162396431,
-0.9184601306915283,
0.05412862449884415,
-0.15339553356170654,
0.026858393102884293,
-1.152785301208496,
-0.07152280956506729,
0.07125561684370041,
0.4219333827495575,
-0.1471908688545227,
0.4628467857837677,
0.5862650871276855,
0.10815185308456421,
-0.3847912847995758,
0.2898196876049042,
0.3876757025718689,
-0.16541068255901337,
-0.6074488759040833,
0.010927217081189156,
0.8814765214920044,
-0.28733348846435547,
0.4554145038127899,
0.059778161346912384,
-0.35543450713157654,
-0.447138249874115,
0.20443658530712128,
-0.007642785087227821,
0.2518673837184906,
-0.30605167150497437,
-0.5436391234397888,
0.786058783531189,
0.3594802916049957,
-1.081205129623413,
-0.6139533519744873,
-0.27747946977615356,
0.27304744720458984,
0.07898958027362823,
-0.35809338092803955,
-0.3029719591140747,
0.3398369550704956,
-0.8062720894813538,
0.5030322074890137,
0.869636595249176,
0.6669402122497559,
-0.33585575222969055,
-0.5858936309814453,
0.02012472413480282,
-0.4195816218852997,
-0.4742947816848755,
-0.25993940234184265,
0.0753125250339508,
-0.24528171122074127,
0.42598390579223633,
0.5373055338859558,
-0.20891590416431427,
0.17212249338626862,
-0.23685160279273987,
0.26473426818847656,
0.03947301581501961,
-0.5937471389770508,
0.1277615875005722,
0.07964849472045898,
-0.2275092750787735,
0.1768503040075302,
0.16351085901260376,
-0.29775649309158325,
0.758514940738678,
0.5557763576507568,
0.22501666843891144,
0.29517677426338196,
0.2422313094139099,
-0.39212149381637573,
-0.16545918583869934,
-0.191725954413414,
-0.24432094395160675,
0.36795517802238464,
0.567930281162262,
0.8924113512039185,
0.3760665953159332,
-0.6100747585296631,
0.2388993799686432,
-0.5382603406906128,
-0.5749192237854004,
-0.2825661599636078,
0.13665305078029633,
0.3143409788608551,
-0.24593326449394226,
-0.9373964667320251,
-0.311569482088089,
-0.2106975018978119,
0.4175773859024048,
0.3058486878871918,
0.21556617319583893,
-0.38122987747192383,
-0.34525564312934875,
-0.48694634437561035,
-0.0803571343421936,
-0.09683071821928024,
0.3517822325229645,
-0.04788729175925255,
-0.5524718761444092,
-0.04662651568651199,
0.32478809356689453,
0.2753313481807709,
-0.32471174001693726,
0.21675357222557068,
0.43829280138015747,
-0.6574186682701111,
0.5466398596763611,
-0.1959354430437088,
-0.21390914916992188,
0.34630560874938965,
-0.4932941198348999,
0.21931061148643494,
0.047180186957120895,
-0.2208465188741684,
0.055644381791353226,
-0.4412821829319,
-0.46545523405075073,
-0.6853629350662231,
0.22100424766540527,
-0.842706561088562,
-0.12271267175674438,
0.11239945143461227,
0.37558460235595703,
-0.24758762121200562,
0.07180777937173843,
-0.28987905383110046,
0.48073163628578186,
0.13569290935993195,
-0.34412747621536255,
-0.3961610198020935,
-0.1605517566204071,
0.2543907165527344,
-0.3107638955116272,
0.24327968060970306,
0.36999067664146423,
-0.08433757722377777,
-0.15242883563041687,
-0.03772285208106041,
0.04932257905602455,
-0.6347783207893372,
-0.2244783490896225,
0.8264056444168091,
0.10720060020685196,
-0.46260160207748413,
-0.7840796709060669,
-0.01996626704931259,
-0.40031158924102783,
0.09451725333929062,
-0.5589892864227295,
0.31373801827430725,
0.8189389109611511,
0.24241697788238525,
0.2058163583278656,
0.8353421688079834,
-0.4431473910808563,
-0.21931752562522888,
-0.5824387669563293,
0.5812512040138245,
-0.15355326235294342,
-0.6400736570358276,
-0.06592942774295807,
-0.1089448407292366,
-1.2608453035354614,
-0.3771272301673889,
-0.1596834510564804,
-0.06377837061882019,
0.7786759734153748,
-0.4404423236846924,
-0.4738219082355499,
-0.24500517547130585,
0.4721611440181732,
-0.2564884424209595,
-0.10691770911216736,
0.22692131996154785,
0.32858413457870483,
-0.07795369625091553,
-0.5887079238891602,
-0.49482202529907227,
-0.01193067617714405,
-0.11966956406831741,
-0.1627233922481537,
-0.3668404817581177,
0.04067028686404228,
0.1469038724899292,
-0.335419625043869,
0.9932665824890137,
-0.038342732936143875,
0.03706479072570801,
-0.3462435007095337,
0.003733332734555006,
0.7382346391677856,
0.2803111970424652,
-0.19980724155902863,
-0.04846574738621712,
-0.22316324710845947,
-0.38858285546302795,
0.1443106085062027,
0.5062738060951233,
1.413617730140686,
0.16634400188922882,
0.1311236321926117,
-0.4990710914134979,
0.17502473294734955,
0.2979334890842438,
0.04833279177546501,
0.08379114419221878,
-0.07142692059278488,
0.16048593819141388,
0.0681857243180275,
-0.2686346173286438,
-0.3411481976509094,
0.3566412329673767,
-0.4408860206604004,
0.1174750030040741,
0.3230096995830536,
0.2693747282028198,
0.01097912061959505,
0.10573392361402512,
0.4252183437347412,
0.35625267028808594,
-0.03574478253722191,
-0.09257356077432632,
0.4881654679775238,
0.09066326171159744,
0.14745371043682098,
0.49594706296920776,
0.17825624346733093,
-1.1114075183868408,
-0.6399124264717102,
-0.9349051713943481,
0.567181408405304,
0.034983839839696884,
-0.2666691839694977,
0.6557725071907043,
-0.618123471736908,
1.018127679824829,
-0.04215545579791069,
-0.02857019752264023,
-0.24742254614830017,
0.4488428235054016,
-0.6805287599563599,
-0.4414807856082916,
-0.49801117181777954,
0.18761038780212402,
0.07898501306772232,
-0.14895614981651306,
0.04994530603289604,
-0.5769967436790466,
0.08933011442422867,
0.24411934614181519,
0.3251095712184906,
0.05075983330607414,
0.1921626478433609,
-0.6076197624206543,
0.47061780095100403,
-0.5144375562667847,
-0.5690853595733643,
-0.3758053481578827,
0.29039517045021057,
0.5836855173110962,
0.23698477447032928,
1.14260733127594,
-0.004142668563872576,
-0.7031476497650146,
-0.03875049948692322,
-0.621471643447876,
0.04612293839454651,
0.304267555475235,
-0.373639851808548,
0.48788022994995117,
0.42373430728912354,
-0.4938707649707794,
-0.4292657971382141,
0.6166011095046997,
-0.912226140499115,
-0.37426862120628357,
-0.35561710596084595,
-0.06029493734240532,
0.0892985388636589,
0.5129434466362,
-0.6059712767601013,
0.40867748856544495,
0.5126985907554626,
0.3162226378917694,
-0.022839417681097984,
-0.5451095700263977,
-0.3328636884689331,
-0.0062014758586883545,
-0.22137844562530518,
-0.244595468044281,
0.7913777232170105,
0.12282975018024445,
-0.18481162190437317,
0.025524329394102097,
-0.5758614540100098,
-0.1709107756614685,
0.15628981590270996,
-0.15471717715263367,
1.098757028579712,
0.0932266041636467,
0.3249986171722412,
-0.40882954001426697,
0.4558713734149933,
-0.44384968280792236,
0.39349260926246643,
-0.45721688866615295,
-0.09893102198839188,
0.44971033930778503,
0.547815203666687,
0.5648118257522583,
-0.8060817718505859,
0.41188696026802063,
0.4153195321559906,
0.9798038601875305,
0.028738275170326233,
-0.5857850909233093,
-1.603906273841858,
0.14693546295166016,
0.12269280850887299,
0.7413794994354248,
-0.07887120544910431,
-0.11822868138551712,
-0.41471585631370544,
0.058640554547309875,
-0.05064372345805168,
-0.10688073933124542,
0.6008197069168091,
-0.024816935881972313,
-0.474471777677536,
0.40213653445243835,
0.15408532321453094,
0.47589585185050964,
0.42719441652297974,
0.673045814037323,
0.07016380876302719,
0.07491157203912735,
-0.1402827799320221,
-0.7303969860076904,
0.1469445377588272,
0.5545142292976379,
-0.27526015043258667,
0.2759957015514374,
-0.3327176570892334,
-0.6786469221115112,
0.05439199134707451,
-0.18644796311855316,
-0.8969473838806152,
0.2917458713054657,
-0.2652452886104584,
-0.2842612564563751,
0.07031358778476715,
-1.342753291130066,
0.5220307111740112,
-0.2972482442855835,
1.0078794956207275,
0.6305201649665833,
-0.7015947103500366,
-0.28801974654197693,
0.3069380819797516,
-0.641145646572113,
0.15438008308410645,
-0.29956912994384766,
0.5348681211471558,
-0.17578448355197906,
0.23725177347660065,
-1.3664008378982544,
0.6020089983940125,
0.3296189606189728,
0.4845844507217407,
-0.4590866267681122,
0.29667428135871887,
-0.4573483467102051,
-0.19086848199367523,
0.3028160631656647,
0.19879575073719025,
-0.19454999268054962,
0.2936493754386902,
0.42554065585136414,
0.1930059939622879,
-0.09827198833227158,
-0.5635001063346863,
-0.10290546715259552,
0.016871310770511627,
0.8191083669662476,
0.13971105217933655,
-0.42764344811439514,
0.5602180361747742,
-0.02904920093715191,
-0.1176164448261261,
-0.6787817478179932,
-0.17811091244220734,
-0.034416910260915756,
-0.008721031248569489,
0.3831365704536438,
1.0924845933914185,
0.08794210851192474,
-0.4795674681663513,
0.2805292308330536,
0.46395063400268555,
0.22608798742294312,
-0.027769457548856735,
-2.907024621963501,
-0.2545243501663208,
0.2632216811180115,
-0.2856545150279999,
0.0003129741526208818,
0.8834758996963501,
-0.12108708173036575,
-0.08541101962327957,
0.8393567204475403,
-0.6979608535766602,
0.4056577682495117,
0.07038067281246185,
-0.40420448780059814,
-0.1061166524887085,
0.6562575697898865,
0.6651371121406555
]
|
214731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheol | Sheol | Sheol ( ; Šəʾōl) in the Hebrew Bible is a place of darkness to which all the dead go, both the righteous and the unrighteous, regardless of the moral choices made in life, a place of stillness and darkness cut off from life and from God. The inhabitants of Sheol are the "shades" (rephaim), entities without personality or strength. Under some circumstances they are thought to be able to be contacted by the living, as the Witch of Endor contacts the shade of Samuel for Saul, but such practices are forbidden (Deuteronomy 18:10). The word Sheol is translated as "netherworld", "grave", and "Hades" in some translations of the Hebrew Bible, but left untranslated in others.
The implications of Sheol within the texts are somewhat unclear; it can be interpreted as either a generic metaphor describing "the grave" into which all humans invariably descend, or, it may be interpreted as representing an actual state of afterlife within Israelite thought. While the Hebrew Bible appears to describe Sheol as the permanent place of the dead, in the Second Temple period (roughly 500 BCE–70 CE) a more diverse set of ideas developed. In some texts, Sheol is considered to be the home of both the righteous and the wicked, separated into respective compartments; in others, it was considered a place of punishment, meant for the wicked dead alone, and is equated with Gehenna in the Talmud. When the Hebrew scriptures were translated into Greek in ancient Alexandria around 200 BC, the word "Hades" (the Greek underworld) was substituted for Sheol. This is reflected in the New Testament where Hades is both the underworld of the dead and the personification of the evil it represents.
Judaism
The family tomb is the central concept in understanding biblical views of the afterlife. It is "not mere sentimental respect for the physical remains that is...the motivation for the practice, but rather an assumed connection between proper sepulture and the condition of happiness of the deceased in the afterlife".
The early Israelites apparently believed that the graves of family, or tribe, united into one and that this, unified collectively, is what the Biblical Hebrew term Sheol refers to: the common grave of humans. Although not well defined in the Tanakh, Sheol in this view was a subterranean underworld where the souls of the dead went after the body died. The Babylonians had a similar underworld called Aralu and the Greeks had one known as Hades. Other biblical names for Sheol were: Abaddon (ruin), found in Psalm 88:11, Job 28:22 and Proverbs 15:11; Bor (the pit), found in Isaiah 14:15, 24:22, Ezekiel 26:20; and Shakhat (corruption), found in Isaiah 38:17, Ezekiel 28:8.
Personification in the Hebrew Bible
Wojciech Kosior has argued that "Sheol" in the Hebrew Bible refers to an underworld deity.
Some additional support for this hypothesis comes from the ancient Near Eastern literary materials. It has been proposed that Sheol is the Hebrew derivative of Shuwala, an underworld goddess of Hurrian origin, attested in Hattusa in Anatolia, Emar and Ugarit in Syria, and Ur in Mesopotamia, often alongside other underworld deities such as Allani or Ugur. According to assyriologist Lluis Feliu, a connection between Sheol and Shuwala is "possible, but not certain." Edward Lipiński regards this connection as proven, but relies on the assumption that Shuwala is one and the same as Allani, which is erroneous, as they appear together as two distinct deities in texts from Ur and Hattusa.
Some scholars argue that Sheol understood anthropomorphically fits the semantic complex of the other ancient Near Eastern death deities such as Nergal, Ereshkigal or Mot.
See also
Barzakh
Biblical cosmology
Christian views on Hades
Eirene (goddess)
Hel (being)
Hellenistic Judaism
Limbo of the Patriarchs
Shalim
Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)
Tartarus
World of Darkness (Mandaeism)
Xibalba
References
Bibliography
External links
Sheol entry in Jewish Encyclopedia
Hebrew words and phrases
Jewish underworld
Jewish theology
Religious cosmologies | [
0.14302170276641846,
0.22571906447410583,
-0.7062852382659912,
-0.6693969368934631,
-0.00663423677906394,
0.7601847052574158,
0.7306942939758301,
0.23585841059684753,
-0.13238370418548584,
-0.1250380426645279,
-0.8193322420120239,
-0.3219316899776459,
-0.015918990597128868,
0.5571032166481018,
-0.2720199525356293,
0.06554270535707474,
0.4721890985965729,
0.5501098036766052,
0.2236994206905365,
-0.39132237434387207,
0.2715666890144348,
-0.10323406010866165,
0.07334853708744049,
-0.10050073266029358,
0.5118314623832703,
-0.43025070428848267,
0.04117988422513008,
0.14070770144462585,
0.03623073920607567,
-0.06957337260246277,
-0.08909189701080322,
0.09421492367982864,
0.20553220808506012,
-0.5970125794410706,
0.6145291328430176,
0.3523167669773102,
0.05951990932226181,
-0.13707509636878967,
-0.15390413999557495,
-0.00846822652965784,
-0.34727731347084045,
-0.14616113901138306,
0.48715701699256897,
0.14498549699783325,
-0.5953120589256287,
-0.06971117854118347,
-0.8278617858886719,
0.6404932737350464,
-0.5851386785507202,
-0.075933076441288,
-0.2877621054649353,
0.05367210507392883,
0.28784045577049255,
0.04383208602666855,
0.20675374567508698,
0.3039339482784271,
-0.3793637454509735,
0.07171222567558289,
0.6121890544891357,
-0.14297790825366974,
1.1367642879486084,
-0.29508963227272034,
0.726668119430542,
0.09194689244031906,
0.09013612568378448,
0.42531415820121765,
-0.3452489972114563,
-0.06011796370148659,
-0.01266062818467617,
-0.41464096307754517,
0.0749603882431984,
-0.01340029202401638,
-0.4995092749595642,
0.15411712229251862,
-0.7338338494300842,
0.07045908272266388,
-0.3434072732925415,
-0.7068988084793091,
0.3239067494869232,
0.4941725730895996,
-0.35243651270866394,
0.02709684707224369,
0.5200009942054749,
0.49851131439208984,
-0.0015114765847101808,
0.03639356046915054,
-0.19899442791938782,
0.5539413690567017,
-0.07894078642129898,
-0.014614681713283062,
0.043261051177978516,
-0.04306596890091896,
0.10471028834581375,
-0.02972164936363697,
-0.9471853971481323,
-0.03363317623734474,
0.9143688678741455,
-0.08204497396945953,
-0.2822790741920471,
-0.13325411081314087,
-0.25075963139533997,
0.22295933961868286,
0.4458383321762085,
-0.6546542048454285,
0.02528342977166176,
0.06817487627267838,
0.04625534266233444,
-0.05713759735226631,
0.6696873903274536,
-0.07729749381542206,
-0.40179866552352905,
0.6936553716659546,
-0.12358250468969345,
0.31724536418914795,
-0.32778364419937134,
0.1128450483083725,
-0.4329865276813507,
-0.5499576330184937,
0.06897313892841339,
0.19477985799312592,
0.2449481040239334,
0.020811235532164574,
0.590385377407074,
0.014572937041521072,
-0.08939674496650696,
-0.2695995271205902,
0.0003882903838530183,
0.7193759083747864,
-1.0089268684387207,
0.3031708002090454,
0.5284217000007629,
0.3432811498641968,
0.36991700530052185,
-0.024495437741279602,
-0.37855327129364014,
-0.16984957456588745,
0.013511590659618378,
-0.03034408763051033,
0.5355827808380127,
0.06491991132497787,
-1.2871246337890625,
-0.28021106123924255,
-0.5770886540412903,
-0.1452602744102478,
-0.011260238476097584,
-0.517245888710022,
-0.019958944991230965,
-0.22207826375961304,
-0.6945331692695618,
0.027903690934181213,
0.394176721572876,
0.416494220495224,
-0.010009976103901863,
-0.47157710790634155,
-0.19167986512184143,
-0.12198733538389206,
-0.38696447014808655,
0.5581541657447815,
-0.3350696861743927,
-0.10991420596837997,
-0.4972705543041229,
0.3621117174625397,
0.3333990275859833,
-0.21562708914279938,
-0.017673106864094734,
0.09465672820806503,
0.4377167224884033,
-0.3332940340042114,
0.06296036392450333,
0.2905209958553314,
-0.2547094523906708,
-0.004073970019817352,
0.5231584310531616,
-0.5914368629455566,
-0.5956265330314636,
-0.25194722414016724,
0.49323415756225586,
-0.22395245730876923,
-0.0505797304213047,
-0.2927330732345581,
-0.706067681312561,
-0.0745929703116417,
-0.2544170618057251,
-0.03915412351489067,
-0.1458030492067337,
-0.2973765730857849,
-0.05103553086519241,
0.27422070503234863,
-0.5514811277389526,
-0.06897410750389099,
-0.7163414359092712,
-0.3694259524345398,
0.07672380656003952,
0.5436022281646729,
0.6152008175849915,
-1.0156394243240356,
-0.4455461800098419,
0.7584116458892822,
-0.5077759027481079,
0.4900130033493042,
-0.3930901885032654,
0.12602832913398743,
0.19775334000587463,
-0.08663924038410187,
-0.26324331760406494,
0.8086228966712952,
-0.03581719100475311,
0.845201313495636,
0.4293982982635498,
-0.17927129566669464,
0.30953630805015564,
-0.8554911017417908,
0.1673702597618103,
0.2409363090991974,
0.27550047636032104,
0.05381288379430771,
-0.24866034090518951,
-0.2719436585903168,
0.8012263774871826,
-0.12804514169692993,
0.37072911858558655,
-0.23152121901512146,
-0.07664109766483307,
-0.5727560520172119,
-0.22333118319511414,
0.11835459619760513,
-0.12278717011213303,
0.06073860824108124,
-0.05664335936307907,
-0.4394383132457733,
0.5121687054634094,
-0.13282042741775513,
0.18996475636959076,
-0.030747218057513237,
-0.5577830672264099,
0.003343193558976054,
0.3173074424266815,
-0.056165486574172974,
0.685453474521637,
-0.527063250541687,
-0.02733084186911583,
-0.2349647879600525,
0.19078418612480164,
-0.13215379416942596,
0.4185353219509125,
-0.11593908816576004,
0.22178639471530914,
-0.0958620235323906,
-0.45945486426353455,
0.3592671751976013,
-0.19258035719394684,
0.5299292802810669,
0.22755713760852814,
-0.05756915733218193,
0.4693754017353058,
-0.25475797057151794,
-0.20077583193778992,
0.543572723865509,
0.9121589660644531,
0.04197929799556732,
-0.14088717103004456,
0.5621042847633362,
0.33070361614227295,
-0.3330998122692108,
0.08945875614881516,
-0.24888959527015686,
-0.4347391426563263,
-0.13638585805892944,
0.6294308304786682,
0.48770999908447266,
0.5189864039421082,
-0.26188603043556213,
-0.22057022154331207,
0.21050812304019928,
-0.7453757524490356,
-0.22972382605075836,
0.9172951579093933,
0.06459865719079971,
-0.24697929620742798,
0.1883953958749771,
0.5282838940620422,
0.06413490325212479,
0.2228662222623825,
-0.4905276298522949,
0.16345147788524628,
-0.23649060726165771,
0.42006996273994446,
0.001968613127246499,
0.00010992176976287737,
-0.0473102442920208,
-0.25729596614837646,
0.6411946415901184,
0.2840162217617035,
-0.31498250365257263,
0.3626737594604492,
0.04282902926206589,
-0.1998251974582672,
-0.12133713066577911,
0.08685669302940369,
-0.019604772329330444,
-0.07762978225946426,
-0.19166770577430725,
-0.3087330162525177,
0.25330400466918945,
-0.34484395384788513,
0.3588365912437439,
-0.3787337839603424,
0.552336573600769,
-5.8998894691467285,
-0.06853727996349335,
-0.09179690480232239,
-0.3087064325809479,
0.2569304406642914,
-0.021770717576146126,
0.48867887258529663,
-0.17743587493896484,
-0.16550923883914948,
-0.298554003238678,
-0.003701366949826479,
-0.2757757306098938,
0.33646777272224426,
0.1271854192018509,
0.11271532624959946,
-0.05749475955963135,
-0.13979089260101318,
-0.2913639545440674,
-0.570834219455719,
0.01853972300887108,
-0.4410068392753601,
-0.1856764405965805,
-0.7199230790138245,
0.33910608291625977,
-0.026684466749429703,
0.20533640682697296,
-0.0011418481590226293,
0.06458287686109543,
-0.8731367588043213,
0.026710812002420425,
-0.3075169324874878,
-0.7334980964660645,
-0.4308983385562897,
-0.11418338865041733,
-0.05634373798966408,
0.32566946744918823,
0.7679779529571533,
-0.2008487582206726,
0.43184417486190796,
-0.021579423919320107,
-0.2820162773132324,
-0.043105512857437134,
-0.11463216692209244,
-0.10420172661542892,
0.49237972497940063,
0.06961291283369064,
-0.7690110802650452,
-0.2680034637451172,
0.0032891323789954185,
0.7309005260467529,
0.21650123596191406,
-0.3720431923866272,
-0.01751052401959896,
-0.19977203011512756,
0.23845508694648743,
0.44053909182548523,
-0.3181483745574951,
-0.10121346265077591,
0.16212888062000275,
-0.1703706830739975,
0.40747228264808655,
-0.599406361579895,
-0.02148064598441124,
-0.22202672064304352,
0.41983699798583984,
-0.09361660480499268,
-0.27551785111427307,
-0.06247464939951897,
0.10308430343866348,
0.4580073356628418,
0.47867316007614136,
-0.3519914448261261,
0.23545503616333008,
-1.080176591873169,
-0.2504394054412842,
0.13752804696559906,
-0.4067399203777313,
-0.34300947189331055,
-0.10688462108373642,
-0.04301547259092331,
0.17818501591682434,
-0.22294360399246216,
0.6627033352851868,
0.1363433450460434,
0.22322754561901093,
-0.7166166305541992,
0.16275566816329956,
-0.13769549131393433,
-0.048215847462415695,
-0.16743212938308716,
0.4974104166030884,
-0.4471054673194885,
0.044528622180223465,
-0.13159258663654327,
0.009397891350090504,
0.9078766107559204,
-0.07845141738653183,
-0.05239710211753845,
0.8510347008705139,
0.12710514664649963,
0.3231961131095886,
0.0035872869193553925,
0.46892890334129333,
0.010350451804697514,
0.0181881096214056,
0.2767382860183716,
-0.5875463485717773,
0.6244237422943115,
0.0893743708729744,
-0.21390041708946228,
-0.3117000162601471,
0.053099971264600754,
0.1044548749923706,
-0.5390499830245972,
0.49820634722709656,
0.1818312406539917,
0.2405424416065216,
0.7951757907867432,
0.4068743884563446,
0.4953880310058594,
-0.29132401943206787,
-0.030505402013659477,
-0.31098249554634094,
-0.4920893907546997,
0.17888902127742767,
-0.24655704200267792,
0.24784652888774872,
0.2271941900253296,
-0.23905432224273682,
0.30005335807800293,
0.5182293653488159,
0.4256693124771118,
0.055642735213041306,
-0.06571033596992493,
-0.12061871588230133,
-0.4594690799713135,
-0.4217555820941925,
-0.6608994007110596,
-0.0042109619826078415,
0.19363461434841156,
-0.15911038219928741,
-0.2401055097579956,
0.02038589119911194,
0.08139334619045258,
0.5951284766197205,
0.4884241223335266,
-0.29397401213645935,
-0.4828225076198578,
-0.5521438717842102,
0.06301568448543549,
0.2345612794160843,
-0.04912720248103142,
0.5461523532867432,
0.05245938152074814,
-0.14752617478370667,
-0.23361769318580627,
0.15288516879081726,
0.3647192120552063,
-0.5826579928398132,
-0.2547864317893982,
-0.34574761986732483,
-0.2576773762702942,
-1.0398117303848267,
-0.05869854614138603,
-0.3743492066860199,
-0.15634572505950928,
0.5071854591369629,
-0.10435754060745239,
-0.4382157325744629,
0.21225203573703766,
-0.22241505980491638,
-0.54049152135849,
-0.18419869244098663,
0.3599276542663574,
0.49203330278396606,
0.07367264479398727,
-0.3430076837539673,
-0.10636916011571884,
-0.0047807954251766205,
-0.5889034867286682,
-0.20874761044979095,
-0.14954225718975067,
-0.1391621232032776,
-0.003454752266407013,
0.5335904359817505,
0.22353321313858032,
-0.09508911520242691,
-0.3897339701652527,
-0.5770254731178284,
-0.08732582628726959,
0.2433711588382721,
-0.46600374579429626,
-0.3521493971347809,
0.5950395464897156,
-0.21560384333133698,
-0.015816839411854744,
0.11128638684749603,
0.5214120149612427,
-0.021939953789114952,
-0.08716946095228195,
0.1981372833251953,
0.22789311408996582,
-0.5133399963378906,
-0.01577356830239296,
0.3601296842098236,
-0.9599756002426147,
0.6016185283660889,
0.5308027267456055,
-0.2670622169971466,
0.2718520760536194,
-0.44823989272117615,
-0.25757402181625366,
-0.2776905298233032,
0.4558275043964386,
-0.19479350745677948,
-0.24531178176403046,
0.29019492864608765,
-0.032312240451574326,
0.006591764744371176,
-0.6328397989273071,
0.44866815209388733,
-0.5863540172576904,
0.2007940411567688,
0.38851791620254517,
-0.4550272524356842,
0.08601352572441101,
-0.20864246785640717,
-0.5690211057662964,
0.4721023440361023,
0.22508907318115234,
0.30388110876083374,
0.4881494641304016,
0.2800820469856262,
0.14506380259990692,
-0.2360432744026184,
-0.06962446868419647,
0.08075080066919327,
-0.5347170829772949,
-0.23981361091136932,
0.7775039076805115,
0.4450143575668335,
0.25835078954696655,
0.12013713270425797,
-0.17375698685646057,
-0.03534477949142456,
0.3691422641277313,
-0.7109222412109375,
-0.8011032938957214,
0.08700099587440491,
-0.01801108568906784,
0.44444260001182556,
0.04290199652314186,
0.3601037263870239,
-0.6665526032447815,
0.9024879932403564,
-0.06602950394153595,
0.23442912101745605,
0.01718929596245289,
0.15632787346839905,
0.15444286167621613,
-0.1874186247587204,
-0.5378341674804688,
-0.08231030404567719,
0.3736098110675812,
-0.04418597370386124,
0.0561605766415596,
-0.2680668532848358,
-0.12437529116868973,
-0.06729894131422043,
-0.7052971124649048,
0.08131124079227448,
-0.19487522542476654,
0.34748056530952454,
0.08712762594223022,
-0.23781271278858185,
0.19282589852809906,
-0.42235252261161804,
-0.5025128126144409,
-0.19949643313884735,
-0.09334266185760498,
-0.7150571346282959,
-0.629686176776886,
-0.39537879824638367,
0.2911863625049591,
0.31115594506263733,
-0.5656471848487854,
0.2023627907037735,
0.2423839271068573,
0.04245181754231453,
-0.15626434981822968,
-0.34794387221336365,
0.31628140807151794,
0.24738457798957825,
0.6640374064445496,
-0.0357620045542717,
0.3799925148487091,
-0.02081581950187683,
0.3697550892829895,
0.37780749797821045,
-0.6004840135574341,
-0.6492488980293274,
-0.2348562628030777,
0.10874638706445694,
-0.16541153192520142,
0.3185511529445648,
-0.09099514782428741,
0.3276490569114685,
-0.001706566195935011,
0.0180034339427948,
0.5265750288963318,
0.6236631274223328,
0.23622289299964905,
0.31559091806411743,
0.5184627771377563,
-0.4205719530582428,
-0.057844553142786026,
0.33811429142951965,
-0.3398447632789612,
0.15778830647468567,
0.32342395186424255,
0.18120597302913666,
-0.3504916727542877,
0.596333384513855,
0.5678369998931885,
-0.01088701095432043,
0.4955834746360779,
0.36503317952156067,
0.5264886021614075,
0.13504590094089508,
-0.18497100472450256,
0.4878028929233551,
-0.45920705795288086,
-0.16022859513759613,
0.04468725994229317,
-0.11793104559183121,
0.06380559504032135,
-0.31367936730384827,
-0.7078778147697449,
-0.33726975321769714,
0.16941991448402405,
0.4824948012828827,
0.6327699422836304,
-0.03676532953977585,
0.06891215592622757,
0.1312389075756073,
0.6557489037513733,
0.35282811522483826,
0.21072308719158173,
0.37342485785484314,
0.040886323899030685,
-0.02744501829147339,
-0.16775673627853394,
0.7856682538986206,
-0.27211564779281616,
0.18041567504405975,
0.6836183667182922,
0.4281020164489746,
-0.09440945088863373,
-0.7181190252304077,
0.14060544967651367,
0.06399720162153244,
0.2869998812675476,
0.5177285671234131,
-0.1776314228773117,
-0.2389845848083496,
-0.3116123080253601,
-0.6119547486305237,
-1.2737207412719727,
-0.6406336426734924,
-0.4374387562274933,
0.47741806507110596,
0.6409948468208313,
-0.7905493378639221,
-0.5172454714775085,
0.43368491530418396,
0.5608546137809753,
0.724481463432312,
0.5590034127235413,
-0.058884963393211365,
0.31798747181892395,
0.5522573590278625,
-0.35072705149650574,
0.16003437340259552,
-0.5887069702148438,
-0.31383153796195984,
-0.00908596906810999,
0.46832987666130066,
-0.3867330551147461,
-0.6269922256469727,
0.3542836308479309,
0.3951418995857239,
0.4598251283168793,
0.21894408762454987,
-0.11354734748601913,
0.2650277316570282,
-0.10319872200489044,
-0.09523787349462509,
0.5805966258049011,
-0.11292153596878052,
0.046135250478982925,
0.008957533165812492,
0.21308739483356476,
0.14883746206760406,
0.13054600358009338,
-0.44359785318374634,
0.6807607412338257,
-0.19498330354690552,
-0.17890843749046326,
-0.7911455631256104,
0.5796552896499634,
0.6892051696777344,
-0.08803040534257889,
0.3074806332588196,
0.11182661354541779,
-0.1616448312997818,
-0.08047901839017868,
0.3655846118927002,
0.05878978222608566,
0.3673671782016754,
-0.12143386155366898,
0.021212035790085793,
-0.05659468099474907,
-0.8702691197395325,
0.5487846732139587,
-0.5712497234344482,
-0.04690886661410332,
0.3063891530036926,
-0.2275172621011734,
-0.4298533499240875,
0.47311460971832275,
0.23435059189796448,
-0.7284795045852661,
-0.20787762105464935,
0.13863281905651093,
-0.041691359132528305,
-0.03905964642763138,
0.2089892476797104,
0.3443923890590668,
0.28547224402427673,
-0.48882657289505005,
-0.033536143600940704,
-0.2832421064376831,
-0.6588340997695923,
-0.13644330203533173,
-0.008145137690007687,
0.1063205674290657,
-0.8610668182373047,
-0.8985233306884766,
-0.2639814615249634,
0.4991501271724701,
0.09010949730873108,
-0.3640739619731903,
0.33987942337989807,
0.2653297483921051,
-0.08602839708328247,
-0.10283011198043823,
0.1847834438085556,
-0.20020346343517303,
0.2822525203227997,
-0.092023104429245
]
|
214734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother%20Jonathan | Brother Jonathan | Brother Jonathan is the personification of New England. He was also used as an emblem of the U.S. in general, and can be an allegory of capitalism. His too-short pants, too-tight waistcoat and old-fashioned style reflect his taste for inexpensive, second-hand products and efficient use of means.
Brother Jonathan soon became a stock fictional character, developed as a good-natured parody of all New England during the early American Republic. He was widely popularized by the weekly newspaper Brother Jonathan and the humor magazine Yankee Notions.
Brother Jonathan was usually depicted in editorial cartoons and patriotic posters outside New England as a long-winded New Englander who dressed in striped trousers, somber black coat and stove-pipe hat. Inside New England, "Brother Jonathan" was depicted as an enterprising and active businessman who blithely boasted of Yankee conquests for the Universal Yankee Nation.
After 1865, the garb of Brother Jonathan was emulated by Uncle Sam, a common personification of the continental government of the United States.
History
The term dates at least to the 17th century, when it was applied to Puritan roundheads during the English Civil War. It came to include residents of colonial New England, who were mostly Puritans in support of the Parliamentarians during the war. It probably is derived from the Biblical words spoken by David after the death of his friend Jonathan, "I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan" (2 Samuel 1:26). As Kenneth Hopper and William Hopper put it, "Used as a term of abuse for their ... Puritan opponents by Royalists during the English Civil War, it was applied by British officers to the rebellious colonists during the American Revolution".
A popular folk tale about the origin of the term holds that the character is derived from Jonathan Trumbull (1710–85), Governor of the State of Connecticut, which was the main source of supplies for the Northern and Middle Departments during the American Revolutionary War. It is said that George Washington uttered the words, "We must consult Brother Jonathan," when asked how he could win the war. That origin is doubtful, however, as neither man made reference to the story during his lifetime and the first appearance of the story has been traced to the mid-19th century, long after their deaths.
The character was adopted by citizens of New England from 1783 to 1815, when Brother Jonathan became a nickname for any Yankee sailor, similar to the way that G.I. is used to describe members of the U.S. Army.
The term "Uncle Sam" is thought to date approximately to the War of 1812. Uncle Sam appeared in newspapers from 1813 to 1815, and in 1816 he appeared in a book.
The weekly newspaper Brother Jonathan was first published in 1842, issued out of New York, and it exposed North America to the character named "Brother Jonathan". Yankee Notions, or Whittlings of Jonathan's Jack-Knife was a high-quality humor magazine, first published in 1852, that used the stock character to lampoon Yankee acquisitiveness and other peculiarities. It, too, was issued out of New York, which was a rival with neighboring New England before the Civil War. It was a popular periodical with a large circulation, and people both inside and outside New England enjoyed it as good-natured entertainment. Such jokes were often copied in newspapers as far away as California, where natives encountered Yankee ships and peddlers, inspiring Yankee impersonations in comedy burlesques. Brother Jonathan: or, the New Englanders was also the title of a book released in three volumes by John Neal. It was published in Edinburgh, illustrating the impact that the crafty New England character had on British literature.
Jules Verne included in his 1864 novel The Adventures of Captain Hatteras () a chapter entitled "John Bull and Jonathan", in which British and American members of a polar expedition confront each other, each seeking to claim the newly-discovered island of New America. The land is named by Captain Altamont, an American explorer, who is first to set foot on it. A deleted chapter, "John Bull and Jonathan", had Hatteras and Altamont dueling for the privilege of claiming the land for their respective countries.
Around the same time, the New England-based Know Nothing Party, which Yankee Notions also lampooned, was divided into two camps—the moderate Jonathans and the radical Sams. Eventually, Uncle Sam came to replace Brother Jonathan, and the victors applied "Yankee" to all of the country by the end of the century, after the "Yankee" section had won the American Civil War. Likewise, "Uncle Sam" was applied to the Federal government. Uncle Sam came to represent the United States as a whole over the course of the late 19th century, supplanting Brother Jonathan.
According to an article in the 1893 The Lutheran Witness, Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam were different names for the same person:
"When we meet him in politics we call him Uncle Sam; when we meet him in society we call him Brother Jonathan. Here of late Uncle Sam alias Brother Jonathan has been doing a powerful lot of complaining, hardly doing anything else."
Legacy
The phrase "We must consult Brother Jonathan" appears on the graduation certificates of Yale University's Trumbull College, also named for Trumbull.
Some members of the Jonathan Club, a private social club headquartered in downtown Los Angeles, believe their club was named after Jonathan Trumbull or "Brother Jonathan". However, the club was formed in 1895, and the true inspiration for its name is lost to history.
See also
John Bull
Marianne
Johnny Reb
Uncle Sam
Columbia
Yankee
References
External links
1862 Harper's Weekly Brother Jonathan Cartoon
The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan - complete 1827 text w. illustrations
New England
National personifications | [
-0.8578269481658936,
0.5542532205581665,
-0.4659755527973175,
-0.5068817138671875,
0.28946933150291443,
0.31738942861557007,
1.2959831953048706,
0.754147469997406,
-1.0160095691680908,
-0.5348865389823914,
-0.4699174463748932,
-0.058966826647520065,
0.2992890775203705,
0.39087721705436707,
-0.2317371666431427,
0.2551284730434418,
0.35642144083976746,
0.9187917113304138,
0.07065948098897934,
-0.3985457420349121,
-0.5882155895233154,
0.12664486467838287,
0.38968220353126526,
0.26831501722335815,
0.09157916903495789,
0.18036307394504547,
0.1545192450284958,
-0.5592255592346191,
0.039245832711458206,
-0.15519247949123383,
-0.0030750029254704714,
0.3077109158039093,
0.28353336453437805,
-0.9305069446563721,
0.2529352605342865,
-0.3496103584766388,
0.03477102518081665,
-0.13883882761001587,
-0.46961507201194763,
-0.08393188565969467,
0.08303525298833847,
-0.6677731275558472,
0.45218878984451294,
-0.0683753490447998,
-0.4984157979488373,
-0.06979827582836151,
-1.9914036989212036,
0.2132604867219925,
-0.4969664216041565,
-0.04223641753196716,
0.06863347440958023,
-0.11197169870138168,
0.0775379091501236,
0.8425899147987366,
-0.23913022875785828,
0.3453987240791321,
-0.793931245803833,
0.573073148727417,
0.25524890422821045,
-0.3675718903541565,
0.2780435085296631,
-0.035319529473781586,
0.3663252592086792,
0.16764239966869354,
-0.41538503766059875,
0.18573132157325745,
-0.24956654012203217,
0.17255476117134094,
-0.4502524435520172,
-0.15357671678066254,
0.020367655903100967,
-0.347427636384964,
-0.1933954656124115,
0.16188421845436096,
0.07369055598974228,
-0.2633761167526245,
-0.11105581372976303,
-0.14566896855831146,
0.024023130536079407,
0.36198922991752625,
-1.0604268312454224,
0.46490567922592163,
0.23680813610553741,
0.4577503800392151,
-0.012333289720118046,
0.7876648902893066,
0.5377383828163147,
-0.05291871726512909,
0.051303017884492874,
0.4930383563041687,
-0.11009865999221802,
-0.2478354424238205,
0.04048997536301613,
0.5189347863197327,
0.13627101480960846,
-0.5945400595664978,
0.12811554968357086,
-0.3596372604370117,
0.12546411156654358,
0.09351193904876709,
-0.023494761437177658,
-0.0478362962603569,
1.0254195928573608,
-0.11203187704086304,
-0.18453232944011688,
-0.17361664772033691,
-0.4534440040588379,
0.07565242797136307,
-0.6597968935966492,
-1.5090014934539795,
-0.030561884865164757,
-0.04546644538640976,
-0.05739782750606537,
0.1458429992198944,
-0.19846928119659424,
0.41071516275405884,
0.5698755979537964,
-1.4186233282089233,
-0.45430728793144226,
-0.5466292500495911,
0.25475943088531494,
0.7525243759155273,
0.2335582822561264,
-0.19749484956264496,
0.07734589278697968,
0.05001566931605339,
0.3732737600803375,
0.6010619401931763,
-0.05354882404208183,
-0.21078908443450928,
-0.1664728969335556,
0.9864568710327148,
0.48379915952682495,
-0.4292636513710022,
-0.2874138355255127,
0.07706911116838455,
-0.3151053786277771,
0.4699513912200928,
-0.006994352210313082,
0.008056196384131908,
-1.0073539018630981,
-0.430025577545166,
-1.7264325618743896,
-0.031597454100847244,
0.796284556388855,
-0.4220089316368103,
0.01030326820909977,
-0.11551813036203384,
0.15883009135723114,
0.40237540006637573,
0.07826616615056992,
0.1296195238828659,
0.3776397407054901,
0.03297462686896324,
-0.4592434763908386,
0.16502182185649872,
0.4872050881385803,
0.22986824810504913,
0.5039477944374084,
0.34331852197647095,
-0.44521278142929077,
0.0029015776235610247,
0.20189836621284485,
-0.16080017387866974,
0.03647955507040024,
0.4637562334537506,
0.19437453150749207,
-0.538138210773468,
-0.19196130335330963,
-0.22217589616775513,
-0.29151129722595215,
-0.28607118129730225,
0.3664434552192688,
-0.4982595443725586,
-0.2478702962398529,
-0.4223720133304596,
0.6489344239234924,
-0.33862683176994324,
0.11397459357976913,
-0.9175891876220703,
-0.6207858920097351,
0.36202022433280945,
0.3942948579788208,
-0.5276893377304077,
-0.44393086433410645,
0.07260459661483765,
0.048092857003211975,
0.7946789264678955,
0.03570600226521492,
0.11831047385931015,
-0.28354600071907043,
-0.2572433650493622,
0.18629200756549835,
-0.2601888179779053,
0.6031875014305115,
0.22246353328227997,
-0.3564629554748535,
0.5230599641799927,
0.478781521320343,
0.4704267680644989,
-0.37105241417884827,
-0.5111246705055237,
0.06533853709697723,
0.4026208817958832,
-0.859710156917572,
2.04886794090271,
0.01609582081437111,
0.5987114906311035,
0.8660865426063538,
0.07011337578296661,
0.1760130077600479,
-0.4485543966293335,
0.05169862136244774,
0.27557381987571716,
-0.4443475008010864,
-0.22460101544857025,
0.1921730786561966,
-0.4976670742034912,
0.1523994356393814,
-0.5940046310424805,
0.4891544282436371,
-0.5834208726882935,
0.14545892179012299,
0.5068140625953674,
0.31992122530937195,
0.7015858888626099,
-0.4236891269683838,
-0.17068520188331604,
0.49773120880126953,
-0.0007363512995652854,
0.23392441868782043,
-0.4967978000640869,
-0.3107058107852936,
-0.08852279186248779,
-0.6056568622589111,
-0.8356974720954895,
0.36735108494758606,
-0.5286772847175598,
0.46257326006889343,
-0.06061321869492531,
0.16520580649375916,
0.01848028041422367,
-0.46821317076683044,
-0.0732545554637909,
0.049667201936244965,
-0.05061938613653183,
-0.008282379247248173,
-0.40760260820388794,
0.13901174068450928,
-0.32168152928352356,
0.3216654360294342,
0.053685445338487625,
0.12379621714353561,
-0.254069983959198,
1.0105950832366943,
0.2519043982028961,
0.06898091733455658,
0.7018181681632996,
-0.1371343731880188,
0.21373997628688812,
-0.12969014048576355,
0.04387632757425308,
0.13635782897472382,
0.06668269634246826,
0.09992105513811111,
-0.10612434148788452,
0.19340601563453674,
-0.06388650834560394,
0.296190083026886,
0.1032133400440216,
0.42598292231559753,
-0.2192462533712387,
-0.45336276292800903,
-2.0002405643463135,
0.5724220275878906,
-0.08101662993431091,
0.38405194878578186,
0.3321942090988159,
-0.28256770968437195,
-0.2483149766921997,
-0.37120363116264343,
0.7019072771072388,
-0.3655443489551544,
-0.33994707465171814,
-0.051010265946388245,
-0.4999600648880005,
0.2907313108444214,
-0.6054174900054932,
0.10635441541671753,
0.23174387216567993,
-0.12818346917629242,
-0.4115360975265503,
0.21415111422538757,
0.034922659397125244,
-0.06677623838186264,
0.3396280109882355,
0.8228487968444824,
-0.9303490519523621,
-0.27353397011756897,
-0.1381922960281372,
0.04409291222691536,
-0.422675758600235,
-0.13637001812458038,
0.11647523939609528,
0.3746899366378784,
0.1585807204246521,
0.08886473625898361,
0.18190498650074005,
-4.934197425842285,
-0.07754487544298172,
0.10431767255067825,
-0.1676948219537735,
0.7140061259269714,
0.03128623962402344,
0.4534030854701996,
-0.3193153738975525,
-0.1162286102771759,
0.22165527939796448,
0.22877967357635498,
-0.24483278393745422,
0.1845272332429886,
-0.09903506189584732,
0.3910611569881439,
-0.16662466526031494,
0.3012564778327942,
-0.24188874661922455,
0.32989758253097534,
0.13960523903369904,
0.129339799284935,
0.15559014678001404,
0.16047507524490356,
0.15576761960983276,
0.09316660463809967,
0.5763558745384216,
-0.6116792559623718,
-0.008127224631607533,
-0.20747482776641846,
-0.2199120819568634,
0.1290779858827591,
-0.10181748121976852,
0.11534099280834198,
-0.8505516052246094,
-0.7162023186683655,
-0.3032311797142029,
0.824846625328064,
0.16094763576984406,
1.0894622802734375,
-0.41862085461616516,
-0.22459697723388672,
0.35167545080184937,
-0.46714168787002563,
0.11071863770484924,
0.36795568466186523,
-0.19353511929512024,
-0.5561473965644836,
0.002630925038829446,
0.15726858377456665,
0.5852346420288086,
-0.0375034399330616,
0.17773717641830444,
0.5273228883743286,
0.43720877170562744,
0.9654778838157654,
-0.7088723182678223,
0.22849871218204498,
-0.16034922003746033,
-0.47035619616508484,
-0.2634475827217102,
0.6534005403518677,
0.08735796064138412,
-0.19760872423648834,
0.14169597625732422,
0.5075265169143677,
-0.9335948824882507,
-0.42616981267929077,
0.08983413130044937,
0.031765617430210114,
-0.2500334680080414,
0.027707720175385475,
-0.1809387505054474,
0.26602351665496826,
-1.1134731769561768,
0.001379757304675877,
-0.13498416543006897,
-0.48819634318351746,
0.18758317828178406,
0.21403998136520386,
-0.16522753238677979,
-0.5431209206581116,
-0.12030977755784988,
-0.4272356331348419,
0.23036301136016846,
0.32434603571891785,
0.05505363270640373,
-0.6765769124031067,
0.2160416841506958,
-0.5302826762199402,
-0.5715482831001282,
-0.13254229724407196,
0.016966331750154495,
0.03716211020946503,
0.16778318583965302,
-0.20762640237808228,
0.3734787404537201,
-0.04395275563001633,
-0.19670219719409943,
0.4712487459182739,
0.23384244740009308,
0.3079025447368622,
-0.07960278540849686,
-0.02632196433842182,
-0.1216951459646225,
0.09870732575654984,
0.035312771797180176,
-0.4140387773513794,
0.22230733931064606,
0.33818164467811584,
0.452106237411499,
-0.2756330072879791,
-0.20817619562149048,
-0.5319570899009705,
0.05388152226805687,
0.028457174077630043,
0.05818213149905205,
-0.6141867637634277,
0.21162480115890503,
0.5446363091468811,
0.5937134027481079,
0.5342320203781128,
0.10537979006767273,
0.15652669966220856,
0.3699226379394531,
0.24440187215805054,
-0.11211737990379333,
-0.359591543674469,
-0.40928637981414795,
-0.06172483414411545,
0.49359291791915894,
0.18999901413917542,
-0.27979451417922974,
0.2191067785024643,
-0.21372176706790924,
-0.4148641526699066,
0.004710709676146507,
-0.41575780510902405,
-0.995623767375946,
-0.5684317946434021,
-0.2680797278881073,
0.04320739954710007,
-0.020357033237814903,
-0.14562298357486725,
0.6235434412956238,
0.6467474102973938,
0.16900944709777832,
0.2769925594329834,
-0.06548811495304108,
-0.5283685326576233,
0.9221314787864685,
0.1781538426876068,
-0.32128673791885376,
0.7952389717102051,
-0.39050596952438354,
-0.12155087292194366,
0.3927370011806488,
-0.02121899090707302,
0.4590815007686615,
-0.6057336330413818,
0.7699375152587891,
-0.37629443407058716,
-0.33414360880851746,
-0.7436326146125793,
0.16867032647132874,
0.1072477325797081,
0.05366496369242668,
-0.06994295865297318,
-0.508260190486908,
-0.3275270164012909,
0.0959305390715599,
0.38774511218070984,
0.04399498552083969,
-0.8190115690231323,
0.0177700724452734,
0.62916100025177,
0.37443768978118896,
-0.13474349677562714,
0.6327958703041077,
0.3707561790943146,
0.31938230991363525,
0.01044163666665554,
-0.0012713281903415918,
-0.2105531394481659,
0.26984667778015137,
0.9175973534584045,
-0.0783391073346138,
0.1674996316432953,
-0.7290560603141785,
-0.3612794280052185,
-0.11365845054388046,
-0.09807813167572021,
0.3040955662727356,
-0.04667554423213005,
0.6845403909683228,
-0.7505629658699036,
-0.2637558579444885,
0.252273291349411,
-0.1385236531496048,
0.3230207860469818,
-0.05108288675546646,
0.3579709827899933,
0.2642758786678314,
-0.9865559935569763,
0.09388651698827744,
0.28681322932243347,
-0.7328068614006042,
0.4687351882457733,
-0.1297752857208252,
-0.21554091572761536,
0.3427155315876007,
0.34199202060699463,
-0.10967862606048584,
0.09782743453979492,
0.4479615092277527,
0.17883272469043732,
-0.5031542778015137,
0.2233838587999344,
-0.49195602536201477,
-0.1525195688009262,
-0.7955207228660583,
0.10534213483333588,
0.08815067261457443,
-0.2387368232011795,
-0.3450731635093689,
-0.2854965627193451,
0.1480339765548706,
0.0825069323182106,
-0.21823245286941528,
0.6194007992744446,
-0.46587562561035156,
0.5966213345527649,
-0.23116032779216766,
-0.1786821335554123,
0.10881626605987549,
-0.2868990898132324,
0.11558511853218079,
0.04313720390200615,
-0.05553372949361801,
-0.07444509118795395,
0.4515845477581024,
0.521430253982544,
1.2221943140029907,
-0.10603196918964386,
-0.9671928286552429,
-0.17901423573493958,
0.18157990276813507,
0.171217143535614,
-0.42246726155281067,
-0.11249293386936188,
0.3223709762096405,
-0.1469060629606247,
-0.36590638756752014,
0.2590726315975189,
-0.18647566437721252,
0.8939700722694397,
-0.4049092233181,
-0.11740859597921371,
0.06250597536563873,
0.20017217099666595,
-0.1516442596912384,
-0.3697297275066376,
-0.5190868973731995,
-0.2697860300540924,
0.23634985089302063,
-0.11778543889522552,
0.09117446839809418,
-0.4078283905982971,
0.40577855706214905,
-0.1715136617422104,
-0.4177434742450714,
-0.7991572618484497,
-0.47167646884918213,
-0.04980262741446495,
-0.12670674920082092,
-0.6843827962875366,
0.23139220476150513,
0.11450647562742233,
-0.10904638469219208,
0.5921781063079834,
-0.24656985700130463,
0.307131290435791,
0.29269176721572876,
-0.13225165009498596,
0.25769925117492676,
0.5042357444763184,
-0.7988366484642029,
0.16656146943569183,
-0.1114531084895134,
0.1865786463022232,
0.2761058807373047,
-0.5885640978813171,
-0.10525175929069519,
0.07493973523378372,
0.7639036774635315,
-0.09921345114707947,
0.5704019069671631,
-0.03830849751830101,
0.01698806881904602,
0.15749549865722656,
0.04089554771780968,
-0.45501238107681274,
0.6934400200843811,
0.6202317476272583,
-0.3266054391860962,
-0.14131884276866913,
0.27241331338882446,
-0.06167330965399742,
0.149730384349823,
0.2908969223499298,
-0.19977328181266785,
0.41773292422294617,
0.15653561055660248,
0.000002529733365008724,
0.7202879786491394,
-0.09220656007528305,
-0.10962793976068497,
0.7696089744567871,
-0.6211053729057312,
0.005557976197451353,
-0.01989753730595112,
0.09910542517900467,
-0.5926051139831543,
0.3664674758911133,
0.039510149508714676,
-0.032915908843278885,
1.3569027185440063,
-0.2007693350315094,
-0.3967052400112152,
0.11785494536161423,
0.4545036554336548,
0.275993674993515,
-0.026139939203858376,
-0.7451916337013245,
0.11109599471092224,
-0.47551336884498596,
-0.5112013816833496,
0.10316652804613113,
0.05662849172949791,
-1.2605361938476562,
0.8650363683700562,
0.0008740675984881818,
0.9441019296646118,
-0.6468604803085327,
-0.08895530551671982,
0.05654844641685486,
0.20855611562728882,
0.03747764974832535,
0.1700107455253601,
-0.007992659695446491,
-0.27031177282333374,
0.27972981333732605,
0.14521344006061554,
0.47545647621154785,
0.11585191637277603,
0.5320571064949036,
-0.3622156083583832,
0.26846128702163696,
-0.4402126669883728,
-0.14201731979846954,
-1.6848565340042114,
-0.043661948293447495,
-0.3276030123233795,
0.5216274857521057,
-0.16048194468021393,
0.1464747190475464,
-0.4294334650039673,
-0.03774455562233925,
-0.13363105058670044,
-0.42910122871398926,
0.05401158332824707,
0.457255095243454,
0.4742862582206726,
-0.030134301632642746,
-0.04291340708732605,
-0.07049787044525146,
0.8653699159622192,
0.1582643985748291,
-0.048735473304986954,
0.2042350023984909,
-0.38147488236427307,
-0.14977769553661346,
-0.337550550699234,
-0.2678559422492981,
0.2739054262638092,
0.09148682653903961,
0.145949125289917,
0.12375111132860184,
0.8188738822937012,
-0.8089650869369507,
0.18964993953704834,
0.5210081934928894,
-0.29387223720550537,
0.09077110141515732,
-0.10821792483329773,
-0.40317603945732117,
0.3979278802871704,
-0.49590063095092773,
0.8477523326873779,
-0.1739964336156845,
0.18436340987682343,
0.07831377536058426,
0.1507781594991684,
0.2845655083656311,
-0.03859014809131622,
-0.49332544207572937,
-0.031269371509552,
0.013522145338356495,
-0.08264347910881042,
-0.8504815101623535,
0.28226152062416077,
0.673639178276062,
0.09230060875415802,
-0.18838472664356232,
-0.1983361542224884,
-0.18407505750656128,
-0.0528126060962677,
0.19901806116104126,
-0.017180869355797768,
-0.3271428942680359,
0.10058391839265823,
0.35828688740730286,
0.3198918402194977,
-0.004415829665958881,
0.7159162163734436,
-0.39095017313957214,
-0.4501841962337494,
0.022687379270792007,
0.340395450592041,
-0.7008337378501892,
-0.016439544036984444,
0.20176441967487335,
-0.12448462098836899,
0.0961356982588768,
0.20004117488861084,
0.26487576961517334,
-0.2763529121875763,
0.26163598895072937,
0.6367900371551514,
0.10372545570135117,
-0.5110294222831726,
0.028395073488354683,
0.11549215018749237,
-0.024624397978186607,
0.50694340467453,
-3.7487337589263916,
0.03418421372771263,
0.08242681622505188,
-0.3740101754665375,
0.23045189678668976,
0.6192020177841187,
0.432261198759079,
-0.5851693153381348,
0.2084035575389862,
-0.3414212167263031,
0.5067185759544373,
0.30446726083755493,
0.23849472403526306,
0.037625014781951904,
0.7735434770584106,
0.6759101152420044
]
|
214737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult%20education | Adult education | Adult education, distinct from child education, is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self-educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. It can mean any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling, encompassing basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner. and to ensure the fulfillment of an individual.
In particular, adult education reflects a specific philosophy about learning and teaching based on the assumption that adults can and want to learn, that they are able and willing to take responsibility for the learning, and that the learning itself should respond to their needs.
Driven by what one needs or wants to learn, the available opportunities, and the manner in which one learns, adult learning is affected by demographics, globalization and technology. The oldest man to enroll in primary school in Kenya is one Kimani Ng’ang’a Maruge who was an 84 year old from Kariobangi Nairobi.
The learning happens in many ways and in many contexts just as all adults' lives differ.
Adult learning can be in any of the three contexts, i.e.:
Formal – Structured learning that typically takes place in an education or training institution, usually with a set curriculum and carries credentials;
Non-formal – Learning that is organized by educational institutions but non credential. Non-formal learning opportunities may be provided in the workplace and through the activities of civil society organizations and groups;
Informal education – Learning that goes on all the time, resulting from daily life activities related to work, family, community or leisure (e.g. community baking class).
The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work argues that adult learning is an important channel to help readjust workers' skills to fit in the future of work and suggests ways to improve its effectiveness.
Characteristics
Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways given that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated, unless required to participate by an employer. The practice of adult education is referred to as andragogy to distinguish it from the traditional school-based education for children - pedagogy. Unlike children, adults are seen as more self-directed rather than relying on others for help.
Adults are mature and therefore have knowledge and have gained life experiences which provide them a foundation of learning. An adult's readiness to learn is linked to their need to have the information. Their orientation to learn is problem-centered rather than subject-centered. Their motivation to learn is internal.
Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge they gain will help them further their goals. For example, during the 1990s, many adults, including mostly office workers, enrolled in computer training courses. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Because the abstractions governing the user's interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers.
The purpose of adult education in the form of college or university is distinct. In these institutions, the aim is typically related to personal growth and development as well as occupation and career preparedness. Adult education that focuses specifically on the workplace is often referred to as human resource development. Another goal might be to not only sustain the democratic society, but to even challenge and improve its social structure.
A common problem in adult education in the US is the lack of professional development opportunities for adult educators. Most adult educators come from other professions and are not well trained to deal with adult learning issues. Most of the positions available in this field are only part-time without any benefits or stability since they are usually funded by government grants that might last for only a couple of years.
However, in some countries, which contain the advanced systems of adult education, professional development is available through post-secondary institutions and provide professional development through their ministry of education or school boards and through nongovernmental organizations. In addition, there are programs about adult education for existing and aspiring practitioners offered, at various academic levels, by universities, colleges, and professional organizations.
Adult educators have long maintained commitments to racial justice and other forms of social justice struggle. which included extensive work at Freedom Schools during the Civil Rights Movement. Contemporary commitments to racial justice in Adult Education include initiatives in the workplace and beyond
Objectives
The primary purpose of adult education is to provide a second chance for those who are poor in society or who have lost access to education for other reasons in order to achieve social justice and equal access to education. Therefore, adult education is often a social policy of the government. Continuing education can help adults maintain certifications, fulfill job requirements and stay up to date on new developments in their field. Also, the purpose of adult education can be vocational, social, recreational or for self-development. One of its goals may be to help adult learners satisfy their personal needs and achieve their professional goals. With the development of economy and the progress of society, the requirement of human quality has been raised. In the 1960s, the proposition of "lifelong education" was put forward, which led to the change of contemporary educational concepts. Therefore, its ultimate goal might be to achieve human fulfillment. The goal might also be to achieve an institution's needs. For example, this might include improving its operational effectiveness and productivity. A larger scale goal of adult education may be the growth of society by enabling its citizens to keep up with societal change and maintain good social order.
One fast-growing sector of adult education is English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), also referred to as English as a Second Language (ESL) or English Language Learners (ELL). These courses are key in assisting immigrants with not only the acquisition of the English language, but the acclimation process to the culture of the United States as well as other English speaking countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
Theories
Eduard C. Lindeman's theories
Eduard C. Lindeman was the first expert who gave a systematic account of adult education. In his theory of education, education is regarded as a lifelong process. He pointed out that due to the constant development and change of social life and the surrounding environment, knowledge, and information are in a cycle of constant transmission, supplement and update, which requires people to keep learning to adapt to the changes in the outside world. At the same time, he believes that adult learners should not only learn for the needs of work and survival, but also have the opportunity to enrich themselves. He insists that adult education is an inspiring life-changing tool. Adult education should not only help people improve their skills and abilities in work, but also guide people to find happiness outside work.
Otherwise, Lindeman also proposed that the most valuable resource for adult learners is the learner's experience. He believes that the purpose of adult education is to give meaning to all kinds of experience. Experience can enhance learners' autonomous learning and cognitive ability.
In addition, Lindeman believes that adult education is an important means of improving society. The basic function of adult education is to promote the physical and mental development of adult learners. He argues that adult education is a powerful tool for social activists. Through adult education, the personal code of conduct and cultural knowledge of adult learners should be improved to gradually improve the social atmosphere and order.
Andragogy
The principles of andragogy flow directly from an understanding of the characteristics of adults as learners and can be recognized when we understand the characteristics of adults, and see the way those characteristics influence how adults learn best. Teachers who follow the principles of andragogy when choosing materials for training and when designing program delivery, find that their learners progress more quickly, and are more successful in reaching their goals.
Malcolm Knowles introduces andragogy as the central theory of adult learning in the 1970s, defining andragogy as “the art and science of helping adults learn. Knowles's andragogy theory helps adults use their experiences to create new learning from previous understandings. Knowles believes that preparation for learning is related to the relevance of learning to adult life, and that they bring an ever-expanding experience that can serve as a learning resource.
Andragogy proposes the following six main assumptions about adults as learners:
1) As a person matures, his or her self-concept moves from that of a dependent personality toward one of a self-directing human being；
2) An adult has rich experiences that accumulated through family responsibilities, work-related activities, and prior education；
3) The readiness of an adult to learn is closely connected to the developmental tasks of his or her social role；
4) As a person matures, he or she refers to immediacy application of knowledge rather than the future application of knowledge which used to have occurred in his or her childhood；
5) An adult is motivated to involve in any form of learning based on his or her internal drives rather than external ones；
6) Adults need to know why they need to learn something.
Further, Knowles suggests that these characteristics should be taken into consideration when designing programs for adults as well as facilitating their learning process.
Also, Knowles proposes a model of self-directed learning. In Knowles's view, self-directed learning is a process. Individuals will actively diagnose their learning needs, propose learning goals, select and implement appropriate learning strategies, and evaluate learning results. This learning model makes them think that they are the masters of learning, thus encouraging the confidence of adult learners to learn actively.
Challenges and motivating factors
Adults have many responsibilities that they must balance against the demands of learning. Because of these responsibilities, adults have barriers and challenges against participating in learning and continuing their education. The barriers can be classified into three groups including institutional, situational, and dispositional.
Some situational barriers include the lack of time balancing career and family demands, the higher cost of education, and transportation. Dispositional barrier include a lack of confidence, embarrassment, and a fear of failure. Institutional barriers include challenges that the college provides in relation to admission, admission requirements, and financial aid requirements from the education facility. Distance and/or online learning can address some problems with adult education that cause these barriers.
Understanding what motivates adult learners and what their barriers are, can assist in enrolling more adult learners. When adult learners clearly know the benefits of their continuing education, such as getting promotions or better job performance, they are more likely to be motivated to attend. When teachers are aware of the student's characteristics, they can develop lessons that address both the strengths and the needs of each student. Adults that are motivated, have confidence, and positive self-esteem are more likely to develop into lifelong learners.
In fast-developing countries, the qualifications of adults fall far behind those of young people, and may no longer match the requirements of a developed economy. This implies strong potential demand for the education and training of adults. This demand needs to be met through flexible modes of study which are suitable for adults, avenues of access that recognize informal prior learning, and the supports necessary for adults with limited formal education to succeed in further study.
Characteristics of non-participating adults in education
Previous research findings suggest that as adults get older, they are less likely to participate in AE (Adult Education). The International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), nationally representative samples of adults aged 16–65 in 23 OECD countries, has found that older age groups had lower participation rates than younger age groups Particularly, adults aged 16 to 25 were on average about three times more likely to participate than older adults aged 56 to 65.
Eurobarometer survey, national representative samples of adult aged 15 to 65 of European Union countries, also revealed that adults in the three youngest age groups examined (ages 15–24, ages 25–39, and ages 40–54) were more likely to participate in AE than age group of 55+. Moreover, the Eurobarometer survey shows that participation rate declined from younger to older adults. Participation rate of European countries was 59% for adults aged 15–24. The rate began to decline 38% for adults aged 25–39 and it also fell down to 31% for adults aged 40–54. Participation rate was 17% for adults above 55. Reason of why older adults' participation declined relates mainly to lack of promotion and support. When people get old, their chances to take promotion for any AE programs are reduced.
In many OECD and European countries, employers often support their workers to attend in AE programs since they consider that workers with higher-educated and skilled are crucial indicators of development for companies. Therefore, older adults cannot get promotions from their employers because of the gradual loss of seniority, learning ability and performance. Since older adults are rarely offered a promotion from their employers, and the cost would be an obstacle for participation, they are unable to take the courses even if they wanted to take part in programmes. Moreover, lack of motivation and unavailability of learning opportunities could be additional reasons of older adults' low-participation).
Findings of previous research are quite mixed when participation in AE comes to gender. According to the IALS, there is no a statistically significant difference between men and women in AE. However, the average participation rate of men was a bit higher than women. It was 38.7% for men and 37.9% for women. The Eurobarometer survey shows a similar result to the IALS data. Specifically the average participation of males was 35%; while, it was 30% for females. Women's low participation is mainly resulted from family burdens and lack of financial support. However, an opposite tendency can be observed in the US. A study based on National Household Education Survey [NCES] in 2001 revealed that although gender difference did not exist much, females were more likely to participate in AE than males in the US. The participation rate was 49% for women and 43% for men.
Educational attainment is determined as the most important factor in predicting participation in AE. It is known that those with higher levels of educational attainment participate more in AE programs.
The IALS showed that there was a clear relationship between previous educational attainment and participation in AE. The data found those with low educational background were less likely to participate in OECD countries. Specifically, the participation rate was 57.6% for adults who completed college or university education; while, it was 15.5% for adults who did not complete high school.
The Eurobarometer survey also showed that 87% of low-educated people belonged to the non-participant group. Reason of low or non-participation of the less-educated can be explained from perspectives of individual and employers. Individual point illustrated that low self-confidence regarding the learning, which mainly derived from previous bad educational experiences, could be a major obstacle for the less-educated. Apart from low self-confidence, those less-educated might not perceive their need of participation or might actually not have a need to participate. Yet, employers' view was apparent that they tended to support high-educated because they were more trainable than the low-educated. Therefore, the participation of the less-educated was low since they could not get promotions from their employers.
At last, adults who come from a better socio-economic background tend to participate more in AE programs. The OECD data showed that higher the parent' educational level could produce the higher participation rate.
Summarizing above findings, people, those are young and men, with high levels of education, high-status of jobs are more likely to take part in any form of education and training. On the contrary, typical non-participants tend to be women, older, less educated, and coming from poor socio-economic backgrounds. In addition, less-skilled, unemployed, immigrants, language minorities, and rural residents are less likely to participate in AE programmes.
Deterring factors for participation in education
Deterrents are characteristics that explain why adults respond in negative manners to participate in education and learning.
Deterrents faced by adults are multifaceted, including both external and internal factors. However, cost and time have been remained as the most frequently reported deterrents. Large sampled (nationwide and international) surveys on barriers to participation such as a study of National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the US, IALS and Eurobarometer indicated that time and cost were the main deterrents for adults. Moreover, some empirical studies discovered time and cost as the most cited deterrents through studying various groups of adults. Cost includes tuition fee of a programme as well as extra expenditures for learning such as clothes, food, transportation and other school necessities (textbooks and stationaries). It is well known that adults less educated, low-skilled and unemployed are less likely to participate in education/learning. For the unemployed, it is obvious that cost can hinder their participation in education. And those lacking education and skills must be paid low salaries. In this way, cost could be the most influential deterrent. Even employed adults seem not wanting to invest money for a course, but they could attend if their employers supported them financially. For the time barrier, most adults involved in the above mentioned studies reported that they could not participate in educational activities due to lack of time. Adults tended to say that they were busy with their daily routines. Apart from cost and time deterrents, family and job commitments are other most commonly cited deterrents. The large sampled surveys and empirical studies as mentioned earlier revealed that adults tended to report family and job responsibilities as deterrents and rated right after the cost and time deterrents. However, Milana suggested that busy workload and family responsibilities can be associated with the time barrier, otherwise time barrier itself is a vague concept. Adults feel they do not have time to learn because they are busy at work and home. Thus, the time barrier should be considered in line with family and job commitments.
After above-mentioned deterrents, another mostly reported deterrent is irrelevant and inadequate supplies of trainings/activities. In other words, AE programs and courses do not always suit the needs of adult learners. It, therefore, is also important for educational planners to recognize that AE opportunities available may not always suit the learner's need.
Deterrents related to an individual's internal issues tend to be reported in lowest rate. For example, the IALS showed that the least deterrent was lack of self-confidence. Also, the Eurobarometer survey indicated that adults’ perception of being too old to learn was the least significant deterrent.
Moreover, perceived deterrents are differentiated into social groups. Johnstone and Rivera found that older adults faced more dispositional barriers such as low self-confidence and too late for being learners. Also, younger adults and women were more experienced with situational barriers such as cost and child care arrangements. Among the less educated, one's low-confidence regarding the learning ability could be the main deterrent.
Benefits
Adult education can have many benefits ranging from better health and personal well-being to greater social inclusion. It can also support the function of democratic systems and provide greater opportunities for finding new or better employment. Adult education has been shown to have a positive impact on the economy.
Adult education provides opportunities for personal growth, goal fulfillment and socialization. Chris McAllister's research of semi-structured interviews with older adult learners shows a motivation to communicate with people and to get out of the house to keep mentally active. Researchers have documented the social aspects of older adult education.
Friendship was described as important aspects of adult learning and the classroom was seen as an important part of their social network.
The development of social networks and support was found to be a key motivation of adult learners. As editor of a book entitled Adult Education and Health, Leona English claims that including health education as part of adult education makes for a healthier community.
When surveying adult education programs in Japan, Nojima found that classes focusing on hobbies and very specific recreational activities were by far the most popular. The author noted that more time, money and resources needed to be in place so participants would be able to take advantage of these types of activities. Withnall explored the influences on later life learning in various parts in the U.K. Results were similar in that later in life education afforded these older adults opportunities to socialize.
Some experts claim that adult education has a long-term impact on the economy and that there is a correlation between innovation and learning at the workplace.
Monitoring
Global Reports on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE)
Global Reports on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) are a series of reports that monitor progress on Adult Learning and Education (ALE), promote action, identify trends in the field of ALE, and explore solutions to challenges. GRALE play a key role in meeting UNESCO's commitment to monitor and report on countries’ implementation of the Belém Framework for Action. This Framework was adopted by 144 UNESCO Member States at the Sixth International Conference on Adult Learning and Education (CONFINTEA VI), which was held in Belém, Brazil, in 2009. In the Belém Framework for Action, countries agreed to improve ALE across five areas of action: policy; governance; financing; participation, inclusion and equity; and quality.
Adult and youth literacy rate
According to the most recent estimates, the global youth literacy rate is 91%, meaning 102 million youth lack basic literacy skills. In low-income countries, one in three young people still cannot read.
The adult literacy rate is 86%, which means 750 million adults lack basic literacy skills. There are 92 literate women for every 100 literate men globally, and in low-income countries, as few as 77 literate women for every 100 literate men. The literacy rate is expected to continue to grow steadily in countries in all income groups.
At the global level, the youth literacy rate is expected to reach 94% by 2030 and the adult literacy rate 90%. In low-income countries, less than 70% of adults and slightly more than 80% of youth aged 15 to 24 years are projected to have basic literacy skills by 2030.
See also
By geographic region
Education in Africa
Adult Education in China
Adult Education in Australia
Adult Education in the United Kingdom
Adult Education in Wales
Other information
Educators
Anna J. Cooper
Historical
Chautauqua
Organizations
, New York, U.S.
UPCEA (University Professional and Continuing Education Association) - adult and online education non-profit association
Citations
Sources
External links
The Council for Adult and Experiential Learning (USA)
UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL)
National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy (NCSALL U.S.)
BBC Adult Learners resources
The Profession and Practice of Adult Education: An Introduction
Educational stages | [
0.4526330232620239,
0.3465234339237213,
-0.39693740010261536,
0.48332923650741577,
0.4007413983345032,
0.19545070827007294,
0.562627375125885,
0.41116535663604736,
0.08790134638547897,
-0.7244612574577332,
-0.3738781213760376,
0.8945367932319641,
0.4821420907974243,
-0.3790152072906494,
-0.2081139087677002,
0.03492145985364914,
0.6612025499343872,
0.17864413559436798,
0.09372738003730774,
0.06839945912361145,
-0.8351660966873169,
-0.20999379456043243,
0.17718850076198578,
-0.09226594120264053,
0.3495510518550873,
-0.0059260097332298756,
0.6922444105148315,
0.10385597497224808,
-0.36203715205192566,
-0.512566089630127,
-0.011871758848428726,
-0.254718154668808,
0.44369837641716003,
-0.17725208401679993,
-0.2225692868232727,
0.24665766954421997,
0.06862779706716537,
-0.3719661831855774,
-0.11538318544626236,
-0.7080804705619812,
0.035600870847702026,
0.08022988587617874,
-0.20534467697143555,
-0.08772841840982437,
-0.16813889145851135,
-0.7330699563026428,
-1.369081735610962,
0.028282515704631805,
-0.6396032571792603,
0.06398537755012512,
-0.8240296840667725,
0.439027339220047,
0.31465330719947815,
0.023284409195184708,
-0.04367709532380104,
0.4202421307563782,
0.015395465306937695,
-0.2577846944332123,
0.0921097993850708,
-0.03291930630803108,
0.5152425765991211,
0.3220891058444977,
-0.027541037648916245,
0.4675159752368927,
0.20202946662902832,
-0.3148042857646942,
-0.10403843224048615,
0.001787792076356709,
-0.5350548028945923,
-0.9024228453636169,
-0.4325154423713684,
-0.34136196970939636,
-0.2972896695137024,
0.07592758536338806,
-0.3447648882865906,
-0.44556498527526855,
0.3295617997646332,
-0.26249322295188904,
-0.17137371003627777,
-0.47646766901016235,
-0.42716285586357117,
0.6217124462127686,
0.09219136089086533,
-0.14723464846611023,
0.29663556814193726,
0.375435471534729,
0.28089919686317444,
0.4798700511455536,
0.1981014609336853,
0.26936542987823486,
0.10213106125593185,
-0.2745864987373352,
0.06716509163379669,
0.23187705874443054,
0.40236523747444153,
-0.023677054792642593,
0.4037027955055237,
-0.010099719278514385,
-0.031137220561504364,
-0.00409420533105731,
0.10199086368083954,
0.06201668456196785,
0.23467665910720825,
0.14433398842811584,
-0.09645422548055649,
-0.15402241051197052,
0.6165329217910767,
-0.5080705285072327,
-0.14294977486133575,
0.003909471910446882,
-0.6039301753044128,
0.0922681987285614,
-0.38058099150657654,
0.24126306176185608,
-0.13312585651874542,
0.2843293249607086,
0.1678139716386795,
0.27043616771698,
-0.8317718505859375,
0.20068003237247467,
-0.33880457282066345,
0.22629304230213165,
0.08592445403337479,
0.22687354683876038,
-0.4368191361427307,
0.47855082154273987,
0.19339989125728607,
0.60701584815979,
-0.36322328448295593,
-0.3448500633239746,
0.21107293665409088,
0.1470445692539215,
-0.27584442496299744,
-0.046175409108400345,
-0.11818917840719223,
-0.041467323899269104,
0.37676724791526794,
-0.3764455020427704,
0.31356820464134216,
0.5493065714836121,
-0.6439912915229797,
-0.5108804106712341,
0.07456237822771072,
-0.4283685088157654,
-0.1521816998720169,
-0.48084932565689087,
0.40047886967658997,
-0.16827361285686493,
-0.3958215117454529,
0.26444360613822937,
0.04005848988890648,
0.07155904918909073,
-0.6172784566879272,
-0.2041521668434143,
0.23978234827518463,
0.054826270788908005,
0.48104819655418396,
0.10938175767660141,
-0.27517858147621155,
0.057061608880758286,
0.14578667283058167,
0.28991660475730896,
-0.46822893619537354,
-0.15433552861213684,
0.033966150134801865,
-0.24339371919631958,
-0.22511325776576996,
0.34447181224823,
0.26553410291671753,
0.07023210823535919,
-0.19332709908485413,
0.013539489358663559,
0.22164684534072876,
-0.44568130373954773,
-0.2842935621738434,
-0.1284841001033783,
0.10403452068567276,
0.2583562731742859,
0.3626749515533447,
-0.12311634421348572,
-0.42786458134651184,
0.3183533847332001,
0.07249688357114792,
0.060684654861688614,
-0.15436899662017822,
-0.6623630523681641,
0.19424286484718323,
-0.19658833742141724,
-0.26251763105392456,
0.03703288733959198,
-0.2815713882446289,
-0.5256391167640686,
0.2551613450050354,
-0.5823832750320435,
0.7189728021621704,
-0.43173667788505554,
-0.1925724446773529,
1.3612444400787354,
-0.5881640315055847,
-0.3386217951774597,
0.11432059109210968,
-0.2902194857597351,
-0.18331317603588104,
-0.003312718588858843,
-0.8580853939056396,
0.15260201692581177,
0.01104802917689085,
0.19738075137138367,
-0.22086311876773834,
-0.2536899745464325,
-0.10772478580474854,
-0.360738068819046,
0.22012673318386078,
0.054483797401189804,
0.10215619206428528,
-0.046934228390455246,
-0.5383620262145996,
0.5164927244186401,
-0.1847056746482849,
-0.33476969599723816,
0.5246681571006775,
-0.6343439221382141,
0.39663439989089966,
0.483397513628006,
-0.12113581597805023,
0.0641193613409996,
0.3193480372428894,
0.36655792593955994,
0.5146054029464722,
-0.6803977489471436,
0.35619056224823,
0.2639737129211426,
0.5140126347541809,
-0.20624291896820068,
-0.06968176364898682,
0.5833067297935486,
-0.46045905351638794,
-0.1892443746328354,
0.0688621923327446,
-0.3971787989139557,
-0.37346404790878296,
-0.24345114827156067,
-0.21174809336662292,
0.29479852318763733,
0.6098906993865967,
-0.003207095665857196,
-0.5471062064170837,
0.6193972826004028,
-0.506433367729187,
0.031198909506201744,
0.08415665477514267,
-0.01462489552795887,
0.31322115659713745,
-0.05658229440450668,
-0.501396894454956,
-0.36912092566490173,
-0.3750266134738922,
-0.0312528982758522,
0.37222814559936523,
-0.22650554776191711,
0.0372442863881588,
-0.0447571724653244,
0.2274187058210373,
0.07891964167356491,
0.24523909389972687,
-0.19798333942890167,
0.03931165114045143,
-0.5214022994041443,
-0.12024824321269989,
0.24413728713989258,
0.3395266830921173,
0.25270819664001465,
-0.297422856092453,
-0.29774147272109985,
-0.283621221780777,
-0.4593181610107422,
0.6386902332305908,
0.11893472820520401,
-0.1797141581773758,
-0.2994534969329834,
0.009915403090417385,
0.43969523906707764,
0.15740960836410522,
-0.1046520471572876,
-0.09377261251211166,
-0.18974678218364716,
0.03203292936086655,
-0.1620865762233734,
-0.2485160231590271,
0.3119342029094696,
0.01563297212123871,
0.2833203673362732,
-0.10494332015514374,
-0.0056449552066624165,
0.7615142464637756,
0.23905286192893982,
-0.14564083516597748,
0.009989671409130096,
0.2837063670158386,
-0.00428248755633831,
0.26517900824546814,
0.1301226168870926,
-0.15995579957962036,
0.2884092628955841,
0.12113089859485626,
-0.08764461427927017,
0.04654989764094353,
-0.23507222533226013,
-6.126009464263916,
-0.0815131664276123,
-0.7805235981941223,
-0.3569183051586151,
0.03251628577709198,
-0.10987313091754913,
0.35448482632637024,
-0.22940674424171448,
-0.3082464635372162,
0.15229593217372894,
-0.1555878221988678,
0.05467144772410393,
0.29674458503723145,
0.7177078723907471,
0.380944162607193,
0.26492035388946533,
0.23049969971179962,
-0.26752981543540955,
-0.31976932287216187,
0.39369872212409973,
0.21214859187602997,
-0.2341882884502411,
-0.1460067331790924,
0.8859667778015137,
0.08803096413612366,
-0.2430104911327362,
-0.08919161558151245,
0.20280721783638,
-0.421364426612854,
-0.18056516349315643,
0.49648237228393555,
-0.5432454943656921,
-0.09569277614355087,
0.1527210921049118,
0.32916194200515747,
0.5522663593292236,
0.5579405426979065,
0.5754528641700745,
0.41900983452796936,
-0.23486608266830444,
0.0743715912103653,
-0.16982343792915344,
-0.04637301340699196,
-0.28201085329055786,
-0.07683196663856506,
0.29603421688079834,
0.05326468124985695,
-0.14683736860752106,
-0.513921856880188,
0.47945457696914673,
-0.17373506724834442,
0.6829827427864075,
0.18730925023555756,
-0.003988630138337612,
-0.14753831923007965,
-0.1462894231081009,
0.28196266293525696,
-0.0034368715714663267,
-0.17757274210453033,
-0.0979374349117279,
-0.2085607647895813,
-0.12535899877548218,
-0.42813119292259216,
-0.5629358291625977,
-0.3165803849697113,
0.042619477957487106,
-0.6961209774017334,
-0.455386221408844,
0.11894587427377701,
0.3139132857322693,
-0.2909243106842041,
0.1493392139673233,
0.36394351720809937,
-0.43778660893440247,
0.13914816081523895,
-0.5330872535705566,
-0.12044461816549301,
0.13430237770080566,
0.061613522469997406,
-0.34394267201423645,
-0.07269065082073212,
-0.1919679492712021,
0.3098283112049103,
0.21136291325092316,
0.4079875349998474,
-0.03499540314078331,
-0.05824834108352661,
0.11598492413759232,
-0.05433373153209686,
-0.04867132380604744,
1.0578454732894897,
0.16766351461410522,
0.06954289972782135,
0.16816261410713196,
0.5548186302185059,
0.18846021592617035,
0.22112739086151123,
-0.0329895056784153,
0.5071800351142883,
-0.5951453447341919,
0.25115278363227844,
-0.041349224746227264,
-0.0031873174011707306,
-0.19757047295570374,
-0.2506602108478546,
-0.15265676379203796,
-0.033441442996263504,
-0.3381042778491974,
1.089812994003296,
-0.7421602606773376,
-0.0501280203461647,
0.1001545786857605,
-0.7128639817237854,
-0.3486880660057068,
-0.29980024695396423,
-0.07280508428812027,
-0.27637526392936707,
0.2519465386867523,
0.3498496413230896,
0.08304329216480255,
-0.27692970633506775,
0.01833977736532688,
0.23573316633701324,
-0.1868049055337906,
-0.6287170052528381,
-0.47226327657699585,
0.37429654598236084,
0.6161109805107117,
-0.005120790097862482,
0.10182289034128189,
0.7565240263938904,
0.10573112964630127,
-0.2983214259147644,
-0.1326141655445099,
-0.185901939868927,
-0.1753237098455429,
-0.12978611886501312,
-0.019457446411252022,
-0.416512131690979,
-0.30407074093818665,
0.17087696492671967,
-0.017452115193009377,
0.6486480832099915,
-0.029202695935964584,
0.9704532623291016,
-0.2211921662092209,
-0.33750852942466736,
0.018672799691557884,
-0.3549739420413971,
0.19115911424160004,
0.2675640881061554,
-0.13418298959732056,
0.08146747946739197,
0.4158826470375061,
0.2561827003955841,
0.14923256635665894,
-0.04591216519474983,
-0.1082492470741272,
-0.1157204657793045,
-0.22947444021701813,
0.2249966561794281,
-0.3179580271244049,
-0.8458349108695984,
-0.2296825647354126,
0.019481457769870758,
0.6730455756187439,
-0.8548755049705505,
-0.2743898332118988,
-0.15922825038433075,
0.28233423829078674,
0.6369394659996033,
-0.4160131514072418,
-0.12997722625732422,
-0.3299108147621155,
0.33642786741256714,
-0.3715466260910034,
-0.1089734211564064,
0.15221290290355682,
-0.35340288281440735,
-0.7027340531349182,
0.20749686658382416,
-1.1306380033493042,
-0.20382259786128998,
-0.4136594235897064,
0.20392151176929474,
-0.07480834424495697,
0.15542466938495636,
-0.08650313317775726,
-0.4498540759086609,
-0.441948264837265,
0.1790139079093933,
-0.4336469769477844,
0.3738537132740021,
0.2445710152387619,
0.03746345266699791,
-0.3125816881656647,
0.21722880005836487,
0.3280499279499054,
0.15347076952457428,
0.18018899857997894,
-0.1814323216676712,
-0.23962214589118958,
-0.6057310700416565,
0.12752947211265564,
0.07538775354623795,
-0.5036161541938782,
-0.22715993225574493,
-0.43605655431747437,
-0.22039249539375305,
0.6218748092651367,
-0.9194328188896179,
-0.3194839060306549,
0.124021515250206,
0.3263452351093292,
-0.228178471326828,
-0.058141205459833145,
-0.1357250064611435,
-0.2984936535358429,
-0.23450137674808502,
0.127632737159729,
0.6522722840309143,
0.11954937875270844,
-0.5786184668540955,
-0.12621651589870453,
-0.24819514155387878,
-0.21237993240356445,
0.4573437571525574,
-0.5067270398139954,
-0.14205384254455566,
0.21384532749652863,
0.01534674409776926,
0.14993922412395477,
0.5722352266311646,
-0.17285168170928955,
0.046383291482925415,
-0.3242098093032837,
-0.42721766233444214,
0.5749985575675964,
0.363490492105484,
-0.17795853316783905,
0.02005384862422943,
0.7082898616790771,
-0.10650806874036789,
-0.2779976725578308,
0.15542082488536835,
0.4762093126773834,
0.13350363075733185,
-0.20282436907291412,
-0.5018526315689087,
0.6022634506225586,
0.3805898427963257,
-0.4628467261791229,
-0.07255035638809204,
-0.006231761071830988,
0.083446204662323,
-0.03423888981342316,
-0.134214386343956,
0.03371087834239006,
0.38725221157073975,
0.45196446776390076,
0.08426490426063538,
-0.5612449049949646,
-0.44365158677101135,
0.027685783803462982,
0.4132130444049835,
0.11945481598377228,
-0.22554351389408112,
0.20084935426712036,
-0.08603108674287796,
-0.29119357466697693,
0.4242466688156128,
-0.4121321141719818,
0.3052366077899933,
0.46513357758522034,
0.7082688212394714,
-0.20237593352794647,
-0.10424444079399109,
-0.26517122983932495,
-0.23330697417259216,
-0.0932542085647583,
-0.06452913582324982,
-0.1442154198884964,
0.29535484313964844,
-0.6145627498626709,
0.24202877283096313,
-0.22349508106708527,
0.5137166380882263,
-0.036934442818164825,
-0.4976768493652344,
0.05862884595990181,
0.1078093945980072,
-0.5754091739654541,
-0.4447561502456665,
0.3906124532222748,
-0.4043838083744049,
0.2169702649116516,
0.526305079460144,
0.29868021607398987,
0.30705758929252625,
0.05233370140194893,
-0.09430538862943649,
0.6228156685829163,
0.15901441872119904,
-0.5756951570510864,
0.16959746181964874,
0.21190837025642395,
-0.13341809809207916,
-0.1431320458650589,
-0.4385467767715454,
-0.036692772060632706,
0.2110755443572998,
-0.1067349836230278,
0.5748582482337952,
0.5023583769798279,
-0.24519477784633636,
-0.02216324396431446,
-0.23296692967414856,
-0.451150506734848,
0.41533875465393066,
0.1881752461194992,
-0.05421924963593483,
0.1439506709575653,
0.43325528502464294,
-0.4901653230190277,
0.35189369320869446,
0.09387590736150742,
0.009256252087652683,
-0.11030826717615128,
0.2762201726436615,
0.3505444824695587,
0.2690946161746979,
0.2871604263782501,
0.2315780073404312,
0.9906109571456909,
-0.11996433883905411,
-0.31128817796707153,
0.12205804139375687,
-0.6580040454864502,
0.08768909424543381,
0.618132472038269,
1.2656453847885132,
0.20689959824085236,
0.3536786139011383,
0.3457462787628174,
0.15603917837142944,
0.3689767122268677,
0.26723822951316833,
0.5169438719749451,
-0.49278074502944946,
-0.09514810144901276,
0.24158480763435364,
-0.6342526078224182,
0.6518124938011169,
-0.3124021887779236,
0.03556527942419052,
-0.4373045265674591,
0.3279629349708557,
-0.146693155169487,
-0.21301688253879547,
-0.05395243316888809,
-0.3359324336051941,
0.11532313376665115,
0.6766711473464966,
-0.612679660320282,
0.41057392954826355,
-0.1453768014907837,
0.9100516438484192,
-0.36769840121269226,
0.2664182782173157,
0.3200414776802063,
0.13474315404891968,
0.4961461126804352,
-0.22041338682174683,
-0.12164777517318726,
0.07852490991353989,
-0.31441444158554077,
0.2419157475233078,
0.07267536222934723,
0.2891296446323395,
-0.07591541856527328,
0.21840345859527588,
-0.22296245396137238,
-0.3815487027168274,
-0.6852951049804688,
0.23701462149620056,
0.1356482207775116,
0.21310751140117645,
0.27248725295066833,
-0.6179991364479065,
0.069706492125988,
-0.12611383199691772,
-0.4856712818145752,
0.2682205140590668,
0.10778291523456573,
-0.3704143166542053,
0.2963345944881439,
-0.07645995169878006,
0.9185303449630737,
0.02465643174946308,
0.11792369931936264,
-0.26104116439819336,
0.3082761764526367,
-0.12243571132421494,
-0.015286089852452278,
-0.7224399447441101,
-0.09976524859666824,
-0.0806616023182869,
-0.3634364604949951,
-0.523543119430542,
0.37391752004623413,
0.8707660436630249,
0.2295815497636795,
0.33195942640304565,
-0.044263411313295364,
0.770994246006012,
0.6211389899253845,
0.22157666087150574,
-0.17687033116817474,
-0.05811982601881027,
-0.06913531571626663,
0.34962376952171326,
0.16732800006866455,
0.24285826086997986,
0.07144735008478165,
-0.3487032353878021,
0.4062604606151581,
-0.19653257727622986,
0.16379961371421814,
-0.10208646953105927,
0.37390464544296265,
-0.7696527242660522,
-0.16335688531398773,
-0.2855371832847595,
0.8921847939491272,
-0.2568392753601074,
-0.14430442452430725,
0.4596175253391266,
0.3878636956214905,
0.5999258160591125,
-0.31119397282600403,
-0.25348174571990967,
-0.13229615986347198,
0.5676964521408081,
0.6214287877082825,
-0.4837580919265747,
0.22887228429317474,
0.04704985022544861,
-0.14052465558052063,
-0.6076160073280334,
-0.39072316884994507,
-0.2868884801864624,
-0.5571345090866089,
0.03383919596672058,
0.3337390422821045,
-0.2857637107372284,
-0.24183966219425201,
0.07352040708065033,
-0.46408596634864807,
-0.3116258978843689,
0.3617774546146393
]
|
214739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissa%20%28genus%29 | Cissa (genus) | Cissa is a genus of relatively short-tailed magpies, sometimes known as hunting cissas, that reside in the forests of tropical and subtropical southeast Asia and adjacent regions. The four species are quite similar with bright red bills, a mainly green plumage, black mask, and rufous wings. Due to excess exposure to sunlight (and, possibly, a low-carotenoid diet), they often appear rather turquoise (instead of green) in captivity. They are carnivorous, and mainly feed on arthropods and small vertebrates.
The genus was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826 with the common green magpie (Cissa chinensis) as the type species. The name Cissa is from the Ancient Greek kissa meaning a "jay" or "magpie".
The genus Cissa contains four species:
References
Bird genera
Taxa named by Friedrich Boie | [
-0.10742559283971786,
0.0379919670522213,
-0.31893691420555115,
-0.17002800107002258,
0.13777141273021698,
0.33973491191864014,
0.5015271306037903,
0.24017475545406342,
-0.44323664903640747,
-0.28091365098953247,
-0.26863032579421997,
-0.4172686040401459,
-0.7834786176681519,
-0.17458193004131317,
-0.16530656814575195,
0.48609215021133423,
0.08313053846359253,
0.499946266412735,
-0.02269306406378746,
-0.6554717421531677,
-0.07072269171476364,
-1.0084617137908936,
0.38233670592308044,
-0.6083030700683594,
0.8326376676559448,
0.38633644580841064,
0.36197447776794434,
1.2202509641647339,
0.7817507386207581,
0.017591016367077827,
0.4608990550041199,
0.389424204826355,
0.34452635049819946,
0.16388919949531555,
-0.22783616185188293,
0.46907302737236023,
-0.28347185254096985,
-0.5463651418685913,
0.1941567361354828,
-0.7269975543022156,
0.3523770570755005,
-0.007512134965509176,
-0.4965348243713379,
0.3210764229297638,
-0.16901293396949768,
-0.4955652058124542,
-0.9228380918502808,
0.49472710490226746,
-0.7280201315879822,
0.036167845129966736,
-0.3610675632953644,
0.31194043159484863,
-0.08536549657583237,
0.3257852792739868,
0.4114335775375366,
0.41045695543289185,
-1.0647224187850952,
-0.17017678916454315,
-0.30101799964904785,
-0.5299285054206848,
-0.386319100856781,
0.3188994228839874,
0.11921057850122452,
0.2023991346359253,
-0.03071744553744793,
-0.004153941757977009,
0.588462769985199,
0.26123639941215515,
0.10605534166097641,
0.00558007275685668,
-0.1564997434616089,
-0.06992466747760773,
-0.2820039987564087,
0.5926018953323364,
-0.35969656705856323,
0.08477915823459625,
-0.08189160376787186,
0.03363668546080589,
0.5251904726028442,
0.1370805948972702,
0.39020562171936035,
0.21451294422149658,
0.8555921912193298,
-0.25896599888801575,
0.453734427690506,
0.25115910172462463,
-0.7400210499763489,
0.038195762783288956,
-0.22556698322296143,
0.27858081459999084,
-0.3636492192745209,
-0.033566828817129135,
0.24028149247169495,
0.37069061398506165,
0.354352742433548,
-0.32723891735076904,
-0.16502471268177032,
-0.42441731691360474,
0.6267395615577698,
0.13076786696910858,
-0.46866080164909363,
0.12319231778383255,
0.14397354423999786,
-0.26001986861228943,
-0.2671363353729248,
-0.13625843822956085,
-0.16460676491260529,
-0.2812868356704712,
-0.11742810904979706,
0.2405029982328415,
-0.8012142181396484,
-0.3907504677772522,
0.562675952911377,
0.043904341757297516,
0.1358097344636917,
1.1769577264785767,
0.054161231964826584,
-0.2879611849784851,
-0.060074929147958755,
0.17759761214256287,
0.3879219889640808,
0.7276507616043091,
-0.48617759346961975,
0.34340548515319824,
-0.03399893641471863,
0.3026273548603058,
0.2673645317554474,
0.33771443367004395,
-0.3189161419868469,
0.7980371117591858,
0.4268367290496826,
0.42800986766815186,
-0.08281949162483215,
0.0711168721318245,
-0.09338529407978058,
-0.30132243037223816,
-0.027943676337599754,
-0.1403997242450714,
0.19529469311237335,
0.7751461267471313,
-1.0265114307403564,
-0.06497965008020401,
-0.3136309087276459,
-0.06310667842626572,
0.4144613444805145,
0.5004410147666931,
-0.1121819019317627,
-0.5823642611503601,
-0.3517441749572754,
-0.5124449133872986,
0.013799930922687054,
0.033390630036592484,
-0.040932152420282364,
-0.13791756331920624,
-0.7774617075920105,
-0.24229159951210022,
0.8149731159210205,
-0.5105198621749878,
0.02658998966217041,
-0.09662827849388123,
0.09398622810840607,
-0.335879385471344,
-0.610121488571167,
-0.12422572821378708,
-0.01656438782811165,
0.3019182085990906,
-0.018439149484038353,
0.49571719765663147,
-0.3137330412864685,
0.35215193033218384,
0.0826382040977478,
0.1599113494157791,
0.2281181812286377,
-0.42363521456718445,
-0.17248684167861938,
-0.08749086409807205,
-0.48891279101371765,
0.06718017160892487,
0.6688883304595947,
0.2407909780740738,
-0.7278934717178345,
0.35432201623916626,
-0.21783019602298737,
-0.17425130307674408,
-0.08127716928720474,
0.32065367698669434,
0.5265622138977051,
0.11499834060668945,
-0.22255770862102509,
-0.21243175864219666,
-0.4375293254852295,
-0.30116426944732666,
0.02197619527578354,
-0.18930946290493011,
0.41362982988357544,
0.11955518275499344,
0.40251073241233826,
0.6722145676612854,
-0.5203255414962769,
0.14368079602718353,
-0.6915833950042725,
-0.06663692742586136,
0.49300047755241394,
-0.17766988277435303,
-1.2729713916778564,
0.2547794580459595,
-0.3424862325191498,
0.624845564365387,
0.6583683490753174,
0.33992916345596313,
-0.19524532556533813,
-0.6676321625709534,
-0.5671815872192383,
0.14283575117588043,
0.20165862143039703,
0.023546792566776276,
-0.773587703704834,
0.36040619015693665,
0.3463537395000458,
-0.17943403124809265,
0.570865273475647,
-0.10926475375890732,
-0.10743103176355362,
0.33911260962486267,
-0.18733221292495728,
0.48679959774017334,
1.0712124109268188,
-0.2410411685705185,
0.3908359408378601,
-0.6629494428634644,
0.19627512991428375,
-0.10190697759389877,
0.4453941881656647,
-0.9518826603889465,
-0.2665214240550995,
0.2016664445400238,
-0.08529723435640335,
-1.0303184986114502,
0.05935041978955269,
-0.12459840625524521,
-0.08266553282737732,
0.4456585943698883,
0.2481337934732437,
-0.3181837201118469,
0.15301848948001862,
-0.2879026532173157,
-0.18512555956840515,
0.14865128695964813,
-0.09864583611488342,
0.09909332543611526,
0.3068489730358124,
1.2906575202941895,
0.29427433013916016,
-0.6776159405708313,
-0.14349783957004547,
0.6378015875816345,
0.20000217854976654,
0.34857192635536194,
0.2588232755661011,
-0.3042701184749603,
-0.22609250247478485,
0.24177682399749756,
-0.1935398280620575,
0.23410680890083313,
-0.2238200157880783,
-0.5376551151275635,
0.26097339391708374,
0.018151214346289635,
0.5869805216789246,
0.3526773154735565,
0.0842539593577385,
-0.584553062915802,
-0.3459325432777405,
0.25738173723220825,
-0.34919464588165283,
-0.3864898085594177,
0.08384986221790314,
-0.5536041259765625,
-0.15888668596744537,
-0.6914562582969666,
0.07263066619634628,
0.7307654619216919,
0.44168519973754883,
-0.2614780068397522,
-0.28188928961753845,
-0.4156489670276642,
0.24229127168655396,
-0.7005724906921387,
0.12194641679525375,
-0.7448323965072632,
0.283506840467453,
0.34468093514442444,
-0.09392952919006348,
0.5334972739219666,
-0.5946235060691833,
-0.1650259643793106,
-0.4029054045677185,
0.9589740037918091,
0.7519835829734802,
-0.7972580790519714,
-0.682251513004303,
0.36383289098739624,
0.11792795360088348,
0.18173320591449738,
0.024777311831712723,
0.06002992019057274,
0.12460729479789734,
0.1660483479499817,
-5.487752437591553,
0.3822092115879059,
-0.27780652046203613,
-0.10477490723133087,
-0.030927300453186035,
0.04300665855407715,
0.23905430734157562,
-0.5696905851364136,
-0.22103072702884674,
0.27195945382118225,
0.8095411658287048,
-0.05693488568067551,
0.03245881572365761,
-0.3433527648448944,
0.07129063457250595,
0.12303773313760757,
-1.053816556930542,
-0.11131267994642258,
0.0029477248899638653,
-0.07008156180381775,
-0.15425099432468414,
0.17418628931045532,
0.20479272305965424,
0.2994585931301117,
-0.2802899181842804,
0.25144824385643005,
-0.36455604434013367,
-0.8506776690483093,
-0.36753132939338684,
-0.10326346009969711,
-0.5692518949508667,
-0.19711920619010925,
-0.10025949031114578,
-0.19327226281166077,
-0.4502317011356354,
-0.09292104840278625,
0.6463479399681091,
0.5848327875137329,
-0.590570330619812,
0.19543196260929108,
-0.10290804505348206,
-0.40194961428642273,
0.40634405612945557,
-0.07814586162567139,
0.34296923875808716,
-0.1535896509885788,
-0.39841142296791077,
-0.38542690873146057,
-0.17803029716014862,
0.553250253200531,
0.17929723858833313,
-0.6264599561691284,
-0.2371063232421875,
0.013724817894399166,
0.10935776680707932,
0.0324263721704483,
0.6120567917823792,
-0.22891101241111755,
-0.6054819226264954,
0.20622164011001587,
0.6703175902366638,
0.12159178406000137,
0.05191430076956749,
-0.4601553678512573,
-0.014256501570343971,
0.7611985802650452,
-0.25738030672073364,
0.7158253192901611,
0.3191761076450348,
-0.016599804162979126,
-0.013137688860297203,
0.6109131574630737,
-0.29622504115104675,
-0.9921694993972778,
0.08251964300870895,
-0.1328677237033844,
-0.2058064490556717,
-0.3700134754180908,
-0.03383740037679672,
0.2930777370929718,
0.6414273977279663,
-0.3850378692150116,
0.37804168462753296,
-0.12300404161214828,
0.24558605253696442,
-1.2157599925994873,
-0.7296913862228394,
0.1315004527568817,
-0.3195161819458008,
0.0509251169860363,
0.695855975151062,
-0.6947331428527832,
0.33308854699134827,
0.383697509765625,
0.8168562054634094,
0.7019423842430115,
0.25341805815696716,
0.15743765234947205,
0.24982419610023499,
-0.2403671145439148,
0.7228328585624695,
-0.010841691866517067,
-0.3356107175350189,
-0.1705346405506134,
0.02860173210501671,
-0.4321563243865967,
0.08800425380468369,
0.9319788813591003,
0.7908374071121216,
-0.5322104692459106,
1.1845741271972656,
-0.6438016891479492,
-0.06139880046248436,
-0.04349014163017273,
0.3306400179862976,
0.13313031196594238,
-0.11301624774932861,
0.09012681245803833,
0.5097549557685852,
-0.03347158432006836,
-0.37079718708992004,
0.02237103320658207,
-0.36823388934135437,
0.40815964341163635,
-0.7658950090408325,
-0.793929934501648,
-0.17221252620220184,
0.4867616891860962,
-0.6281006336212158,
-0.5712686777114868,
-0.09686361998319626,
-0.18386204540729523,
-0.4276379644870758,
-0.5104569792747498,
0.021791530773043633,
-0.11451911181211472,
0.00011081826960435137,
0.031955279409885406,
0.8277126550674438,
-0.21823063492774963,
-0.46142464876174927,
0.28374406695365906,
-0.41644802689552307,
0.20060844719409943,
0.5990137457847595,
0.5251325964927673,
-0.5383569598197937,
-0.49803978204727173,
-0.1301877498626709,
0.17203664779663086,
0.3328759968280792,
-0.4412650763988495,
-0.00947066955268383,
-0.08674827963113785,
-0.3150787055492401,
-0.5009917616844177,
0.5175784826278687,
0.5224527716636658,
0.6222667098045349,
-0.3111538887023926,
-0.054843753576278687,
-0.33272865414619446,
-1.0518385171890259,
0.06799978017807007,
0.14716604351997375,
0.26142147183418274,
-0.03302912041544914,
-0.28022050857543945,
-0.20238739252090454,
0.574828028678894,
0.4727563261985779,
-0.6017991900444031,
-0.6470429301261902,
-0.18453556299209595,
0.015697568655014038,
-0.49069124460220337,
-0.5274730324745178,
-0.1511266976594925,
-0.42441698908805847,
0.4030190110206604,
-0.7350966334342957,
0.1399168223142624,
-0.06248457729816437,
-0.4355168044567108,
0.7348743081092834,
-0.69175124168396,
0.09677224606275558,
-0.46488282084465027,
0.048750393092632294,
-0.043031975626945496,
0.32915741205215454,
0.2086235135793686,
0.3510812819004059,
0.2776016294956207,
-0.07112084329128265,
-0.19029265642166138,
-0.24023430049419403,
0.2551545798778534,
-0.38579750061035156,
-1.0183088779449463,
-0.06410326063632965,
0.33829450607299805,
0.26956456899642944,
0.4177146255970001,
-0.1698342114686966,
-0.45709145069122314,
0.5412533283233643,
-0.0457877591252327,
-0.5510268807411194,
-0.5669298768043518,
-0.241774782538414,
-0.6857475638389587,
-0.15223802626132965,
0.6693158149719238,
-0.291202574968338,
0.26037997007369995,
-0.040004193782806396,
0.08431833237409592,
-0.21360425651073456,
0.16197727620601654,
-0.0359111987054348,
-0.06988529860973358,
0.030959023162722588,
-0.469722718000412,
-0.3860008120536804,
0.7476592063903809,
0.9750552773475647,
-0.058343514800071716,
0.9639491438865662,
-0.4103753864765167,
-0.2295304387807846,
-0.21000640094280243,
0.21130703389644623,
-0.4328135550022125,
-0.3100581765174866,
-0.07194758206605911,
-0.18235138058662415,
-0.34542879462242126,
0.5620056986808777,
0.8941990733146667,
-0.07593561708927155,
0.9535748362541199,
0.37471240758895874,
0.017337527126073837,
0.03897847235202789,
0.15114042162895203,
-0.4093793034553528,
-0.5854864716529846,
-0.20030908286571503,
-0.24970470368862152,
0.23993757367134094,
0.4863477647304535,
0.4364330470561981,
0.8013701438903809,
1.1678282022476196,
0.14230681955814362,
-0.2836059629917145,
0.42161867022514343,
0.09038151055574417,
-0.05374198034405708,
0.08092738687992096,
0.27121466398239136,
-0.13701823353767395,
0.07859734445810318,
-0.1982971578836441,
-0.03772370144724846,
-0.8736884593963623,
0.12618212401866913,
0.5823416113853455,
-0.2257576435804367,
0.46819883584976196,
0.10629764944314957,
0.3336503803730011,
0.37949904799461365,
0.12614484131336212,
0.07532810419797897,
-0.311296284198761,
-0.7569835782051086,
-0.18951120972633362,
-0.14638960361480713,
-0.46226605772972107,
-0.39714670181274414,
0.3923632502555847,
0.2728727459907532,
0.04617999121546745,
-0.2183857411146164,
-0.12750165164470673,
-0.326311320066452,
0.322907418012619,
0.07843899726867676,
-0.5352526903152466,
0.5007962584495544,
0.08651793003082275,
-0.04902197793126106,
0.09922745823860168,
-0.15634749829769135,
0.122923344373703,
-0.2695752680301666,
0.17190566658973694,
0.24212394654750824,
-0.6675015091896057,
0.10840005427598953,
0.1302643120288849,
-0.5148588418960571,
0.16368629038333893,
-0.6693571209907532,
0.11711933463811874,
-0.2969881594181061,
-0.7410560846328735,
0.06988511234521866,
0.7894442677497864,
-0.24861373007297516,
0.22106246650218964,
-0.06505003571510315,
-0.032191477715969086,
0.4926013648509979,
-0.6666926741600037,
-0.24316522479057312,
0.4132876694202423,
0.5131956338882446,
0.43415364623069763,
0.8802909255027771,
0.8448783755302429,
0.1671075075864792,
-0.33785948157310486,
0.526419997215271,
-0.6529794931411743,
-0.07826472073793411,
-0.1009647473692894,
0.6123123168945312,
0.14344555139541626,
-0.09219806641340256,
-0.3822299838066101,
0.6367189288139343,
0.12967343628406525,
-0.2843169569969177,
0.0007322595920413733,
-0.4525626301765442,
0.05285801365971565,
0.8323379158973694,
1.0786114931106567,
0.5309559106826782,
0.1970054656267166,
-0.045377545058727264,
-0.10680815577507019,
-0.11411980539560318,
-0.12729758024215698,
0.02781725488603115,
0.964606761932373,
0.07168729603290558,
0.11276278644800186,
0.07295506447553635,
-0.021794747561216354,
-0.5188287496566772,
0.37536802887916565,
0.522548496723175,
0.084254190325737,
0.1626347154378891,
-0.49333250522613525,
-0.2032262682914734,
0.054157037287950516,
0.14742876589298248,
-0.37798255681991577,
0.24069459736347198,
-0.5374811887741089,
0.17920881509780884,
-0.21261075139045715,
-0.10524556040763855,
0.05959787219762802,
-0.10595133155584335,
-0.3010116219520569,
-0.11897266656160355,
-0.264873743057251,
-0.09587033838033676,
0.6607956886291504,
0.47026526927948,
-0.016920778900384903,
0.5035318732261658,
0.2799522876739502,
-0.09806906431913376,
-0.5654759407043457,
-0.18050417304039001,
0.549152135848999,
-0.31492623686790466,
0.37822622060775757,
-0.5916762351989746,
0.14620819687843323,
-0.35188987851142883,
-0.39099013805389404,
-0.039874400943517685,
0.0892685130238533,
-0.6299013495445251,
0.22424842417240143,
0.10029374063014984,
0.051717184484004974,
-0.681361734867096,
0.017743520438671112,
0.9215047359466553,
0.1597418636083603,
-0.017427468672394753,
-0.04350544139742851,
-0.7336228489875793,
-0.4452708959579468,
-0.16807395219802856,
0.4755159318447113,
0.3069833517074585,
-0.3448605537414551,
0.01661449857056141,
-0.36730319261550903,
0.6283987164497375,
0.32730939984321594,
0.25487062335014343,
-0.09102962166070938,
-0.36944353580474854,
0.3699477016925812,
0.4092932343482971,
0.25158217549324036,
-0.22079527378082275,
-0.28650206327438354,
-0.7072858214378357,
0.22904366254806519,
-0.9265890121459961,
0.569193959236145,
0.6187322735786438,
-0.0010086519178003073,
-0.20092642307281494,
0.1076030358672142,
0.26070117950439453,
-1.034134864807129,
0.9853799939155579,
0.17749519646167755,
0.4989927411079407,
-0.2369755059480667,
0.19255124032497406,
-0.25000956654548645,
-0.3218950033187866,
0.33259811997413635,
0.545785129070282,
0.05159563571214676,
-0.3836587071418762,
0.3889075219631195,
0.09744001924991608,
0.34517723321914673,
-0.5307447910308838,
0.39752456545829773,
0.30239948630332947,
-0.055852051824331284,
-0.505156934261322,
-1.1044564247131348,
0.44298437237739563,
-0.35973942279815674,
-0.42770448327064514,
0.033390749245882034,
-0.5109249949455261,
-0.28597626090049744,
0.27372175455093384,
-0.020837517455220222,
-0.17221127450466156,
0.11493407934904099,
-0.5370730757713318
]
|
214743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Tiger%20Shark | USS Tiger Shark | No ship of the United States Navy has ever borne the name USS Tiger Shark or Tigershark, but the name is popular for fictional submarines (although real submarines have been named USS Shark).
USS Tiger Shark is the setting for the 1951 movie, "Submarine Command" starring William Holden as a submarine captain haunted by a life and death decision made during wartime.
USS Tiger Shark is the setting for the sixteenth episode of the second season (1958) of the syndicated television anthology series The Silent Service.
The 1959 sci-fi movie The Atomic Submarine is about a submarine named Tiger Shark.
USS Tigershark is featured in the 1995 episode of the television series JAG.
USS Tiger Shark is the setting for the 2002 suspense/horror movie Below.
See also
List of fictional ships
Ice Station Zebra (film), with a fictional U.S. Navy submarine named USS Tigerfish
Tigershark | [
-0.1417786031961441,
0.04952092096209526,
-1.1349254846572876,
-0.008607598952949047,
-0.030359281226992607,
0.27490466833114624,
0.48690351843833923,
0.38045021891593933,
-0.5287455916404724,
0.08082733303308487,
-0.24688629806041718,
0.2417883574962616,
-0.14022035896778107,
0.906714141368866,
0.21482132375240326,
0.5774905681610107,
0.34617048501968384,
0.7872042655944824,
-0.09579361975193024,
-0.020749038085341454,
-0.9040361642837524,
-0.3707786798477173,
0.46693873405456543,
-0.23306459188461304,
0.0826423242688179,
0.332520455121994,
0.3191649615764618,
0.4053797721862793,
0.4605211317539215,
0.22278335690498352,
0.38458988070487976,
0.4124659597873688,
-0.16093295812606812,
0.5597183704376221,
-0.08333440124988556,
-0.2214432954788208,
-0.8168115019798279,
-0.252011775970459,
-0.15524320304393768,
-0.29528531432151794,
-0.29821401834487915,
-0.05780651047825813,
0.6211872696876526,
0.4674423336982727,
-0.332236111164093,
-0.1734728217124939,
-1.0983141660690308,
0.15168412029743195,
0.3780410587787628,
0.38355425000190735,
-0.08619904518127441,
0.09047570079565048,
0.221173956990242,
-0.053946077823638916,
0.04556173086166382,
0.8564504981040955,
-0.517956554889679,
0.2680732011795044,
-0.3682369887828827,
-0.8406621217727661,
0.5007944107055664,
0.171030655503273,
0.3398759365081787,
0.22062578797340393,
0.11896859109401703,
0.7277112007141113,
0.03287673741579056,
0.5329908728599548,
-0.32441574335098267,
-0.423580139875412,
-0.04228264093399048,
-0.2028651088476181,
0.19926129281520844,
0.5024645924568176,
-0.5405526161193848,
-0.14144165813922882,
-0.100262850522995,
-0.08214683830738068,
0.5290905833244324,
0.31117159128189087,
0.46926605701446533,
0.5556178092956543,
0.42691999673843384,
0.3969978988170624,
-0.5080810189247131,
-0.14635464549064636,
-0.3962738811969757,
0.11933714896440506,
-0.2386517971754074,
0.8708646297454834,
-0.3684653639793396,
-0.17764213681221008,
0.6782721281051636,
0.9546998739242554,
-0.4409100115299225,
0.09286262094974518,
-0.6797922849655151,
0.43069738149642944,
0.7137396335601807,
0.5286945700645447,
-0.6417635679244995,
-0.061647843569517136,
0.414885938167572,
0.639171838760376,
-0.5312784910202026,
-0.3221166729927063,
-0.3513456881046295,
-0.5106979012489319,
-0.6430140733718872,
-0.0284193754196167,
-0.6147772669792175,
-0.0070449369959533215,
-0.12438791245222092,
-0.1413576453924179,
-0.6960012912750244,
0.07261885702610016,
0.1664922535419464,
-0.6900345683097839,
-0.3552359640598297,
-0.6707481741905212,
0.3689056932926178,
0.4377356469631195,
-0.2826486825942993,
-0.012726405635476112,
0.3833574056625366,
0.10876848548650742,
0.3096575140953064,
0.4434713125228882,
-0.8486359119415283,
0.02480241470038891,
-0.09314192831516266,
1.2428057193756104,
-0.375951886177063,
0.35723355412483215,
-0.5976200699806213,
-0.06258463859558105,
0.16486068069934845,
0.26520562171936035,
0.31953275203704834,
0.49052587151527405,
-1.1331024169921875,
-0.2941196858882904,
-0.837002158164978,
-0.002030137227848172,
0.7412300109863281,
-0.31931427121162415,
0.3625567555427551,
0.2512669861316681,
-0.49911394715309143,
-0.4079534709453583,
-0.02385988086462021,
-0.3861599862575531,
-0.18977473676204681,
0.3572107255458832,
-0.3960539400577545,
-0.15236377716064453,
0.17775645852088928,
-0.782116174697876,
0.7615188360214233,
0.21478673815727234,
-0.27109724283218384,
-0.008275697007775307,
-0.6254606246948242,
0.12636543810367584,
0.30204319953918457,
-0.3255981206893921,
0.35176628828048706,
-0.06588427722454071,
-0.5193136930465698,
-0.2535715699195862,
-0.00048456579679623246,
0.44520071148872375,
0.5874945521354675,
0.06853318214416504,
0.2935710847377777,
-0.12451013922691345,
-0.24823099374771118,
0.07206574082374573,
0.7560828924179077,
-0.8492230176925659,
-0.5689345002174377,
0.143538236618042,
0.15966472029685974,
-0.13552461564540863,
0.07342611998319626,
-0.17400075495243073,
-0.10328725725412369,
-0.09245876222848892,
0.07266860455274582,
-0.18327823281288147,
-0.7441130876541138,
-0.5559697151184082,
0.2356444001197815,
0.1173257976770401,
1.209943413734436,
-0.30446577072143555,
-0.4765036404132843,
0.08215775340795517,
0.2891644537448883,
0.17235654592514038,
0.05779973044991493,
-0.08086379617452621,
-0.06297072768211365,
-0.07226423919200897,
-1.2386565208435059,
0.2509540915489197,
0.5345741510391235,
-0.27462396025657654,
-0.028716765344142914,
0.43834689259529114,
0.2318880558013916,
-0.7051960825920105,
0.10778214037418365,
-0.46501705050468445,
0.1543033868074417,
0.07093282043933868,
-0.2517216205596924,
-0.2529323101043701,
-0.22720694541931152,
-0.5073395371437073,
0.6890512704849243,
-0.08381040394306183,
-0.18389740586280823,
-0.1534833163022995,
-0.10847651958465576,
0.6105231046676636,
-0.24369819462299347,
0.0860232412815094,
0.1076711043715477,
-0.2777259349822998,
0.28328442573547363,
0.051050446927547455,
-0.11642635613679886,
-0.5263192057609558,
-0.03991534188389778,
-0.34021079540252686,
0.14876015484333038,
-0.3362283706665039,
0.6482736468315125,
-0.3441143333911896,
0.36145323514938354,
0.21963199973106384,
-0.6082656979560852,
0.508910596370697,
0.5929509401321411,
-0.6180812120437622,
0.3322954773902893,
-0.18932963907718658,
-0.19086280465126038,
-0.736548900604248,
0.4336676597595215,
0.5447252988815308,
0.38825076818466187,
-0.7247748970985413,
-0.0624052956700325,
-0.03348487243056297,
-0.5434890389442444,
-0.3094021677970886,
0.010799409821629524,
-0.3812147378921509,
-0.24633900821208954,
0.4762989580631256,
-0.4386441707611084,
0.07634389400482178,
0.035810716450214386,
0.11702045053243637,
-0.40062806010246277,
0.03217776492238045,
0.9389200806617737,
0.44251394271850586,
-0.08674637228250504,
0.2529884874820709,
-0.1647367626428604,
-0.6433308124542236,
0.013285929337143898,
-0.03227762505412102,
-0.22126442193984985,
0.221872940659523,
-0.1927364617586136,
-0.373447984457016,
0.5775901079177856,
0.5190893411636353,
-0.020151712000370026,
-1.0348577499389648,
-0.4486360549926758,
-0.7377916574478149,
0.04735487699508667,
-0.4540320634841919,
-0.48853209614753723,
-0.2125643491744995,
-0.4077785909175873,
-0.33943089842796326,
-0.5085622072219849,
0.460001140832901,
-0.5231112241744995,
-0.01831178180873394,
-0.34337130188941956,
0.3055177628993988,
0.36650219559669495,
-0.3201424479484558,
-0.0015361871337518096,
-0.18276482820510864,
-0.26103639602661133,
-0.30655616521835327,
0.3591078519821167,
-0.16631074249744415,
-0.08716890960931778,
0.44768813252449036,
-5.386414527893066,
-0.29031902551651,
-0.5710775256156921,
0.13136550784111023,
-0.17311768233776093,
0.06870037317276001,
0.42527249455451965,
-0.3947049081325531,
0.14677321910858154,
-0.397988498210907,
0.33741214871406555,
0.6314510703086853,
0.18798694014549255,
-0.08768709748983383,
0.1181962788105011,
0.254719078540802,
0.9856162071228027,
-0.25735488533973694,
0.3479326069355011,
0.06973127275705338,
0.18124401569366455,
0.5472807288169861,
-0.14462965726852417,
0.40099281072616577,
-0.058796074241399765,
0.8469304442405701,
-0.682397723197937,
0.0950814038515091,
-0.14105668663978577,
-0.15910740196704865,
-0.053041063249111176,
-0.1698494851589203,
-0.4907170236110687,
-0.02080516144633293,
-0.11816752701997757,
-0.21721290051937103,
-0.08745370805263519,
-0.15855006873607635,
0.10567359626293182,
-0.3384528160095215,
-0.6839456558227539,
0.16347898542881012,
0.052171491086483,
0.06615856289863586,
0.5486115217208862,
-0.5311727523803711,
0.09036894142627716,
-0.051580775529146194,
0.44742700457572937,
0.9818781018257141,
-0.476150780916214,
0.07088088989257812,
0.5821316242218018,
0.7787746787071228,
0.6144372224807739,
-0.21729324758052826,
-0.020263059064745903,
0.12405416369438171,
-0.09343738853931427,
0.14747078716754913,
0.2959817349910736,
-0.4884517788887024,
-0.22707535326480865,
-0.5018328428268433,
0.18821395933628082,
-0.4081535041332245,
0.04488575831055641,
-0.6221208572387695,
-0.12159004807472229,
0.24120071530342102,
-0.6482656002044678,
1.0549885034561157,
-0.13960880041122437,
-0.7788684368133545,
0.5397892594337463,
-0.2802901566028595,
-0.6242982745170593,
0.3251802921295166,
-0.1679963320493698,
0.15304221212863922,
-0.6197834014892578,
-0.10879726707935333,
-0.8551890254020691,
0.612170934677124,
-0.2614628076553345,
-1.3185038566589355,
-0.17156974971294403,
0.19791465997695923,
-0.21436913311481476,
-0.2675802707672119,
0.13610075414180756,
-0.44891878962516785,
0.5606433749198914,
-0.1905885636806488,
0.2968096137046814,
0.40765076875686646,
-0.17032767832279205,
0.3917064070701599,
0.3856200873851776,
-0.07070004194974899,
0.5159528255462646,
-0.4890616536140442,
-0.02467495948076248,
-0.5420421957969666,
0.16475899517536163,
-0.4772035777568817,
0.34451690316200256,
0.03228732571005821,
0.834571361541748,
-0.0841851532459259,
-0.0865597128868103,
-0.777901291847229,
-0.2617964446544647,
-0.2512640357017517,
0.7513880133628845,
0.13700920343399048,
0.4476979374885559,
0.5396414995193481,
0.35117030143737793,
0.57688307762146,
-0.211856871843338,
0.7824571132659912,
-0.5956886410713196,
0.2543632388114929,
-0.02411375194787979,
-1.0120843648910522,
0.5587276816368103,
-0.7400312423706055,
-0.04050036892294884,
0.1523926705121994,
0.2306855022907257,
0.48906853795051575,
0.3350062072277069,
0.25274422764778137,
0.05593390762805939,
-0.4801724851131439,
0.12095443159341812,
-0.7379328608512878,
-0.13216067850589752,
-0.3464844822883606,
-0.3199382722377777,
0.25890231132507324,
-0.45987486839294434,
0.16327141225337982,
0.5880383253097534,
0.7086196541786194,
0.32035091519355774,
-0.08477538079023361,
0.32367217540740967,
1.0623228549957275,
-0.9157015681266785,
-0.657146692276001,
0.19474299252033234,
-0.7524775862693787,
-0.19858981668949127,
-0.25495392084121704,
0.731454074382782,
0.4835556447505951,
-0.2932615280151367,
0.39748093485832214,
0.41499730944633484,
-0.017634496092796326,
-0.33378472924232483,
-0.32393673062324524,
0.31325823068618774,
0.1356261968612671,
-0.00903512816876173,
-0.7393680214881897,
0.3429867923259735,
0.6171883344650269,
-0.2261296808719635,
-0.33765023946762085,
-0.5014819502830505,
0.1027313843369484,
0.2948972284793854,
-0.12903858721256256,
-0.4861914813518524,
-0.1390557736158371,
-0.06858154386281967,
0.15630684792995453,
0.39791813492774963,
0.024000059813261032,
-0.2751021683216095,
0.8183927536010742,
0.3987736403942108,
0.2516170144081116,
-0.2248472273349762,
0.23204906284809113,
-0.43533438444137573,
0.40648841857910156,
-0.250436931848526,
0.18399567902088165,
0.4982268810272217,
-0.20351462066173553,
-0.7724096775054932,
0.48754170536994934,
-0.22465209662914276,
0.24688409268856049,
0.44430071115493774,
-0.9148619771003723,
0.5547314286231995,
0.7121305465698242,
-0.9587810039520264,
0.27130141854286194,
0.009781956672668457,
-0.449714332818985,
0.6723336577415466,
-0.012228645384311676,
0.11971156299114227,
0.007540564984083176,
0.030023129656910896,
-1.1250165700912476,
0.1215830147266388,
0.5856298804283142,
-0.07633838057518005,
0.20568914711475372,
0.015233420766890049,
-0.1602722853422165,
-0.13622450828552246,
-0.6540210247039795,
-0.38950973749160767,
-0.4808797836303711,
-0.1954534649848938,
-0.5501559376716614,
-0.35072410106658936,
0.4831027090549469,
0.23753637075424194,
-0.4330568015575409,
0.802377462387085,
-0.21185405552387238,
-0.4662681519985199,
-0.18087947368621826,
-0.14468878507614136,
-0.16640056669712067,
0.3485581576824188,
-0.23956088721752167,
0.3658994734287262,
0.3405810296535492,
0.041707925498485565,
-0.14283683896064758,
0.4894401729106903,
1.098679542541504,
0.13864775002002716,
-0.06645972281694412,
-0.2129068821668625,
0.10674462467432022,
0.6142400503158569,
-0.10105938464403152,
-0.6606530547142029,
0.28815504908561707,
0.16454452276229858,
-0.8647260665893555,
-0.6282543540000916,
-0.7041170597076416,
0.9314281940460205,
-0.4343567192554474,
0.2690419852733612,
-0.09325113147497177,
-0.08823252469301224,
0.21549026668071747,
-0.22550836205482483,
0.3530394732952118,
-1.3930450677871704,
0.08291471004486084,
0.6191841959953308,
0.39201512932777405,
-0.43508830666542053,
-0.14328253269195557,
0.28562507033348083,
0.11525163799524307,
-0.1409984529018402,
0.48515796661376953,
0.8601706027984619,
0.4977220594882965,
-0.20993417501449585,
0.6791220903396606,
-0.34740447998046875,
-0.26316118240356445,
-0.46271762251853943,
0.4128454327583313,
-0.10439401119947433,
0.42404377460479736,
-0.02253143861889839,
-1.002706527709961,
-0.051638584583997726,
-0.6411973237991333,
0.20898814499378204,
-0.3309241235256195,
0.039125848561525345,
-0.48490071296691895,
0.0954335406422615,
-0.3009192645549774,
-0.042890314012765884,
-0.12502184510231018,
0.0018416432430967689,
0.12877129018306732,
-0.029109615832567215,
0.24254709482192993,
-0.21537154912948608,
0.5064765214920044,
-0.3617287576198578,
1.0371599197387695,
-0.14159584045410156,
-0.12534549832344055,
0.4225366413593292,
0.383832722902298,
-0.18808142840862274,
0.15420325100421906,
0.42295509576797485,
0.005335370544344187,
-0.01796581596136093,
-0.21707966923713684,
0.03763216733932495,
0.6994845867156982,
-0.6980778574943542,
0.3644709289073944,
0.6193983554840088,
-0.4695110321044922,
-0.08905887603759766,
0.0029031161684542894,
-0.28584524989128113,
-0.5481469035148621,
0.28974950313568115,
0.10263405740261078,
-0.7268136143684387,
0.3325073719024658,
-0.8355697393417358,
-0.3212074041366577,
0.889356791973114,
0.8216300010681152,
0.16165758669376373,
-0.22902359068393707,
-0.1269923597574234,
0.31732073426246643,
-0.5933923721313477,
0.234579935669899,
0.6933947205543518,
-0.6058400273323059,
-0.4669952094554901,
0.7882459759712219,
0.22291994094848633,
-0.10727796703577042,
-0.19491511583328247,
-0.38965529203414917,
-0.33505937457084656,
0.3819364905357361,
0.16546905040740967,
-0.010258067399263382,
0.06259021908044815,
0.33123505115509033,
0.08872302621603012,
-0.12484784424304962,
0.15019258856773376,
0.2796486020088196,
0.3582289218902588,
-0.18559390306472778,
-0.01859125867486,
-0.5436049699783325,
-0.14671754837036133,
-0.3255169987678528,
-0.008999094367027283,
0.17605537176132202,
0.3897067904472351,
0.08913037180900574,
-0.5915931463241577,
0.31198832392692566,
-0.023475758731365204,
-0.02728946879506111,
0.336896151304245,
-0.3523758053779602,
0.3634716868400574,
0.24416545033454895,
-0.3548438847064972,
0.004928990267217159,
0.6882166862487793,
0.3313239812850952,
0.028985975310206413,
0.04034793749451637,
-0.033018872141838074,
-0.1302701234817505,
-0.638012707233429,
0.4921046197414398,
-0.1894017457962036,
-0.5054657459259033,
0.5195109248161316,
0.4608387053012848,
-0.3177601397037506,
0.4391002357006073,
0.18647092580795288,
0.2996542155742645,
0.6757310628890991,
-0.2786559760570526,
-0.4473190903663635,
-0.014971654862165451,
0.26911285519599915,
-0.5039823055267334,
-0.1701498031616211,
0.7731145024299622,
0.22283481061458588,
0.3822631239891052,
-0.08097335696220398,
0.2126992642879486,
0.032058097422122955,
0.8875913023948669,
-0.4455990493297577,
0.0974796712398529,
-1.017119288444519,
0.2660960853099823,
-0.9658272862434387,
0.011566481553018093,
0.30942654609680176,
-0.3881515860557556,
-0.23201565444469452,
-0.03260340914130211,
-0.15330961346626282,
0.06457570195198059,
0.9077022671699524,
-0.8980734348297119,
-0.5890246629714966,
-0.5230870246887207,
0.0776972696185112,
-0.5026118755340576,
-0.15656740963459015,
0.6481906771659851,
-0.6172535419464111,
-0.31916189193725586,
0.04614482820034027,
0.05813775584101677,
-0.5907078385353088,
0.006863889284431934,
0.00003175822348566726,
0.30037835240364075,
-0.3504723310470581,
0.4436286985874176,
-0.12468970566987991,
-0.7823721170425415,
0.5536206960678101,
0.6688269972801208,
0.8611443638801575,
0.019092313945293427,
0.17781591415405273,
0.010360642336308956,
0.6066800355911255,
-0.20840251445770264,
-0.18163296580314636,
-0.2793935537338257,
-0.16674543917179108,
-0.7125562429428101,
0.20264534652233124,
0.6206416487693787,
0.46307340264320374,
-0.027807466685771942,
0.30962494015693665,
0.2188778817653656,
0.510127604007721,
0.39138898253440857,
0.6037815809249878,
-0.48893415927886963,
0.0279635488986969,
0.046748045831918716
]
|
214745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Henderson%20%28baritone%29 | Roy Henderson (baritone) | Roy Galbraith Henderson CBE (4 July 1899 – 16 March 2000) was a leading English baritone in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. He later became a teacher of singing, his most notable student being Kathleen Ferrier.
Early life and influences
Born in Edinburgh, (Scotland), Henderson moved to Nottingham, (England), at an early age when his Scottish father, a prominent Congregational minister, was appointed to a church there and later became Principal of Paton Congregational College in the city. He was educated at Nottingham High School, where he became captain of cricket. He sang in his father's church choir (his first solo was as First Malefactor in Stainer's The Crucifixion), and in school concerts, but was mainly active in sports. Henderson served in the First World War in the Artists Rifles. In the regimental concert party were other well-known baritones, including Charles James Mott, Percy Heming and Clay Thomas. Henderson was deeply impressed by Mott, who was later killed in the war.
Musical studies and early career
Henderson began study at the Royal Academy of Music in 1920, on the advice of the bass Robert Radford. He studied hard under Thomas Meux (singing) and John Blackwood McEwen (composition). He sang in Messiah once, in 1923, and vowed never to do so again. He made his first broadcast for the BBC (the first of very many) in 1924. In 1925, while he was still studying, he had the wonderful opportunity to sing in Delius's A Mass of Life at the Queen's Hall for the Royal Philharmonic Society, and was able to prepare the work and sing it from memory with the greatest success, within three weeks. The performance, on 2 April, was with Miriam Licette, Astra Desmond and Walter Widdop, conducted by Paul von Klenau. He was awarded the Worshipful Company of Musicians' medal as most distinguished student of the year, and so his name as a professional singer was immediately made. He was married in 1926.
Distinction in opera and British music
He then began to obtain many engagements both in opera and in oratorio. He had seasons at Covent Garden, including Wagner roles, in 1928 and 1929. In 1929 at the Delius Festival under Sir Thomas Beecham, Henderson distinguished himself and was acclaimed by Delius as the unequalled interpreter of Zarathustra in A Mass of Life. His performances of Delius's Sea Drift (a part created by Frederic Austin) were also considered masterly. Beecham had recorded this work with the baritone Dennis Noble in 1928, but this was not issued owing to unsatisfactory acoustics. In 1929 the Decca record company was established by (Sir) Edward Lewis, and in May 1929 Henderson was recruited to record the work as one of Decca's first issues. There is also a recording of Songs of Sunset from the 1934 Leeds Festival under Beecham.
He also became very distinguished in works by Ralph Vaughan Williams, including A Sea Symphony, Dona Nobis Pacem, Sancta Civitas and Five Tudor Portraits; in those of Edward Elgar, especially The Dream of Gerontius, The Kingdom, and The Apostles; in Bach's St Matthew Passion and St John Passion; and in Mendelssohn's Elijah. He took part in first performances of many British works, including composers Vaughan Williams, Dyson, Cyril Scott, E. J. Moeran, Arthur Bliss and Patrick Hadley. He gave the first performance of Bliss' Serenade for Orchestra and Voice, under Malcolm Sargent, at the Queen's Hall during the first Courtauld-Sargent series, 1929–1930. He gave the premiere of Delius's Idyll: Once I walked through a populous city at the Queen's Hall Promenade Concerts in October 1933 with Dora Labette, under Sir Henry Wood. For the Royal Philharmonic Society he performed Moeran's Nocturne (for baritone, chorus and orchestra) under Adrian Boult in 1936, and Dona Nobis Pacem and the Sea Symphony (with Isobel Baillie) under Ralph Vaughan Williams at the composer's 70th birthday concert in November 1942.
From 1930 to 1937, he was chorus master of the Nottingham Harmonic Society under Sir Hamilton Harty, from whom he learned many lasting lessons. He also conducted the Huddersfield Glee and Madrigal Society, the Bournemouth Municipal Choir and the Nottingham Oriana Choir, one of the very few which sang only from memory. Over these years, he was also attempting to fulfil very many singing engagements at major concerts and festivals, and teaching in both London and Nottingham, and in the flush of his early success, he became over-extended in his work. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in around 1932.
In 1934, he took part with Kate Winter, Linda Seymour and Parry Jones in the recording of Stravinsky's Les noces, under the composer's direction
In 1936 he was the baritone soloist in the premiere performance (and the first of very few in the composer's lifetime) of Constant Lambert's Summer's Last Will and Testament, under Lambert's direction.
Glyndebourne and Mozart
He did not return to opera until 1934, when he participated in the first ventures at Glyndebourne. He sang on the opening night and appeared in every season until 1939, also singing on the last night before the outbreak of war in 1939. He sang the role of the Count in The Marriage of Figaro, Masetto in Don Giovanni, Guglielmo in Così fan tutte, and Papageno in The Magic Flute, under the direction of Fritz Busch, who commended him highly. He also took the role of Peachum in The Beggar's Opera. His Count is preserved in the Busch (Glyndebourne 1936) HMV recording of The Marriage of Figaro. His Masetto is in the Busch (Glyndebourne, c.1937-8) Don Giovanni. For these years, Glyndebourne became his artistic home. Henderson was an outstanding Mozart singer.
He recorded the first complete Purcell Dido and Aeneas with Nancy Evans and the Boyd Neel ensemble conducted by Clarence Raybould before 1936. In 1938, Henderson was one of the original 16 soloists in Vaughan Williams's Serenade to Music (his is the solo line to the words 'Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds'). In March 1940, he was involved in the Glyndebourne Company revival of The Beggar's Opera, directed by John Gielgud, at the Haymarket Theatre in London.
In his later career, he specialized more in recitals, and delivered a fine collection of English songs at the first Edinburgh Festival in 1947.
Kathleen Ferrier
Henderson became a Professor at the Royal Academy of Music in 1940. He first met Kathleen Ferrier when both sang in a performance of Elijah at Runcorn on 23 December 1942. A few weeks later, she came to him at the Royal Academy asking for lessons. (Dr Hutchinson of Newcastle upon Tyne had previously taught her.) Their relationship as pupil and teacher lasted for seven years. He began her coaching in Bach, Handel and Brahms, and steered her away from Verdi. He prepared her for her first The Dream of Gerontius in Leeds in November 1944 (insisting that she sing it from memory), and in that year they had also studied the Four Serious Songs of Brahms. He sent her to Professor Carl Ebert (producer of the pre-war Glyndebourne Mozart), on his return to Glyndebourne after the war, and to Hans Oppenheim when she was preparing lieder recitals with Bruno Walter. Walter thoroughly introduced her to the work of Mahler. Henderson is the conductor of the recording of the Pergolesi Stabat Mater with Ferrier and Joan Taylor, the Nottingham Oriana Choir and the Boyd Neel String Orchestra (Decca AK 1517–1521). He wrote an account of his teaching of Kathleen Ferrier in the memoir edited by Neville Cardus. He was also the teacher of Hervey Alan, Jennifer Vyvyan, Norma Procter and Rae Woodland.
Henderson retired from the stage in 1952, and devoted nearly all of his time to teaching and writing music.
In 1991, he made a BBC Radio 4 broadcast in conversation with Richard Baker and Sir Keith Falkner. In July 1999 he celebrated his 100th birthday. An album was released for the occasion, entitled Roy Henderson: A Centenary Recital. He died eight months later, in March 2000, in Bromley, Kent.
References
Further reading
D. Brook, Singers of To-day, Second (Revised) edition (Rockliff, London 1958), p. 110-117.
R.D. Darrell, The Gramophone Shop Encyclopedia of Recorded Music (New York 1936).
R. Elkin, Queen's Hall, 1893-1941 (Rider & Co, London 1944).
R. Elkin, Royal Philharmonic, The Annals of the R.P.S. (Rider & Co, London 1946).
E. Fenby, Delius as I Knew Him (Bell, London 1936).
R. Henderson, Per Ardua..., in N. Cardus (ed.), Kathleen Ferrier 1912-1953, A Memoir (Hamish Hamilton, London 1954), 36–58.
H. Rosenthal and J. Warrack, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (OUP, London 1974 reprint), p. 176.
English operatic baritones
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Decca Records artists
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
British Army personnel of World War I
English centenarians
Men centenarians
1899 births
2000 deaths
People educated at Nottingham High School
Musicians from Edinburgh
People from Nottingham
Artists' Rifles soldiers
20th-century British male opera singers | [
-0.3338332176208496,
-0.05642736703157425,
-0.17751967906951904,
-0.7952843904495239,
-0.37097588181495667,
0.6048306226730347,
0.4653933346271515,
-0.2018299400806427,
-0.207785502076149,
0.13284140825271606,
-0.418070524930954,
0.4711324870586395,
-0.4508458077907562,
0.04548340290784836,
-0.07386095076799393,
1.0156116485595703,
0.25192001461982727,
-0.23780716955661774,
-0.358995258808136,
-0.8757559061050415,
-0.2349785417318344,
-0.6731829643249512,
0.2358326017856598,
0.7227705121040344,
-0.23934900760650635,
0.3938763737678528,
-0.3519410789012909,
-0.07139811664819717,
0.49575075507164,
0.035774655640125275,
0.11170139908790588,
0.802651047706604,
0.5446924567222595,
-0.026252953335642815,
-0.37074509263038635,
0.018590398132801056,
-0.3811715841293335,
-0.5652529001235962,
-0.2074318677186966,
0.22416165471076965,
-0.3900851905345917,
0.02884945645928383,
1.2407162189483643,
-0.29650938510894775,
-0.27220070362091064,
-0.6571923494338989,
-1.9634608030319214,
-0.028860604390501976,
-0.06343869864940643,
-0.8132721781730652,
-0.28613123297691345,
0.7779927253723145,
-0.1384609341621399,
0.19439978897571564,
0.025055404752492905,
-0.21543826162815094,
-0.08346416056156158,
0.07154370844364166,
-0.1788226217031479,
-0.6298184394836426,
-0.09364336729049683,
-0.05438252538442612,
0.2736772298812866,
-0.5184176564216614,
0.5778501629829407,
0.5413030385971069,
-0.7145702838897705,
0.2010817527770996,
-0.3012735843658447,
0.024197295308113098,
-0.12003324925899506,
0.7401422262191772,
0.33629003167152405,
-0.2253524214029312,
-0.09865527600049973,
0.1455562710762024,
0.22647403180599213,
-0.12027093768119812,
0.22434023022651672,
0.27326083183288574,
0.1607331484556198,
-0.45286670327186584,
0.5064235329627991,
0.6013177037239075,
-0.4544232487678528,
0.06308567523956299,
-0.3478117287158966,
0.6620216965675354,
-0.10448762029409409,
0.08762072026729584,
-0.642853856086731,
-0.6918540000915527,
0.14208297431468964,
0.4472412168979645,
-0.3788662850856781,
0.6554335951805115,
0.5535956621170044,
-0.12022487074136734,
0.020892251282930374,
-0.4850320816040039,
0.41738957166671753,
0.1688753217458725,
0.2588861882686615,
-0.7165327668190002,
-0.7745828628540039,
0.43297630548477173,
0.07235656678676605,
-0.04067254066467285,
-0.23745937645435333,
0.4940510094165802,
-1.295926809310913,
-0.36101946234703064,
-0.1978251039981842,
0.19745048880577087,
0.2989046275615692,
0.2917872965335846,
0.10419671982526779,
-0.17625778913497925,
-0.5826203227043152,
0.028748156502842903,
0.3244824707508087,
0.26164770126342773,
-0.6112086176872253,
0.2981591522693634,
-0.9301463961601257,
0.17609785497188568,
0.003954501356929541,
0.43547260761260986,
0.0741126611828804,
0.39754217863082886,
0.044204290956258774,
1.0163897275924683,
-0.4314768314361572,
-0.28200840950012207,
0.03341053053736687,
-0.025529051199555397,
-0.2973189949989319,
-0.24050214886665344,
-0.39500853419303894,
0.12235324084758759,
-0.37179476022720337,
0.11614812910556793,
-0.9532532691955566,
-0.5048080682754517,
1.0698179006576538,
0.13977423310279846,
-0.42671480774879456,
-0.010638207197189331,
0.24278438091278076,
-0.09560368210077286,
0.44463083148002625,
0.06793995946645737,
0.1201535239815712,
-0.4861617386341095,
-0.5396733283996582,
0.12251900881528854,
0.6201691627502441,
-0.1860031634569168,
0.833709716796875,
-0.4095911979675293,
0.5558456778526306,
-0.2328241616487503,
0.10510587692260742,
0.3167755901813507,
0.524524986743927,
-0.499751478433609,
-0.08239392191171646,
-0.8426000475883484,
-0.4492892920970917,
0.07445942610502243,
-0.5006377100944519,
-0.1307586282491684,
0.41996267437934875,
-0.0024941004812717438,
-0.28711238503456116,
0.022705627605319023,
0.40050235390663147,
0.8767823576927185,
0.1836254596710205,
-0.954364001750946,
-1.0692040920257568,
-0.27553051710128784,
0.724635660648346,
-0.7512636780738831,
0.8597195148468018,
0.8346916437149048,
0.5235506892204285,
0.11248636245727539,
0.9348669648170471,
0.02827211655676365,
-0.4387790858745575,
-0.6680632829666138,
-0.03552936017513275,
-0.3840939402580261,
0.574891209602356,
0.38185322284698486,
-0.07877597212791443,
-0.2793247103691101,
0.3723585605621338,
0.49844086170196533,
-0.0063454280607402325,
0.45489680767059326,
0.31597700715065,
-0.14458124339580536,
0.42391183972358704,
0.18398989737033844,
0.4262845516204834,
0.0929863229393959,
0.5268843173980713,
0.20161475241184235,
0.24283525347709656,
-0.5192521810531616,
-0.3410067558288574,
0.3413395881652832,
-0.318620502948761,
-0.8971302509307861,
-0.8130843043327332,
-0.18105843663215637,
0.5294490456581116,
-0.9049110412597656,
0.34954404830932617,
0.899771511554718,
-0.2425898164510727,
0.3030756115913391,
0.22816960513591766,
1.2149014472961426,
0.006243790965527296,
-0.05245843157172203,
-0.3757798969745636,
0.3896176815032959,
0.03701980039477348,
0.5171743035316467,
-0.03475148603320122,
-0.2442764788866043,
0.2105335146188736,
-0.23420396447181702,
0.023531503975391388,
-0.12953676283359528,
0.21157483756542206,
-0.1758277863264084,
0.29884880781173706,
0.018316393718123436,
-1.0020548105239868,
0.43667030334472656,
0.08258558809757233,
0.202679842710495,
-0.19418488442897797,
-0.06048823520541191,
0.27883201837539673,
0.2889896035194397,
0.24417869746685028,
0.5890864729881287,
0.33201342821121216,
0.38270747661590576,
0.47116705775260925,
0.03789486736059189,
0.1701991856098175,
-0.25208795070648193,
0.15864680707454681,
0.24646951258182526,
-0.20955562591552734,
0.20482298731803894,
0.17486220598220825,
-0.09863978624343872,
-0.013720027171075344,
-0.2836751937866211,
-0.0806768611073494,
-0.06986706703901291,
0.5305735468864441,
-0.8514509797096252,
-0.19228121638298035,
-0.18455776572227478,
-0.011734255589544773,
0.6337605714797974,
0.4004667401313782,
-0.0640820786356926,
-0.48697832226753235,
-0.3189747929573059,
-0.22488290071487427,
-0.726603627204895,
0.7511520385742188,
0.780128538608551,
-0.8723393082618713,
-0.07183149456977844,
-0.5576575994491577,
0.6148327589035034,
-0.38793545961380005,
-0.19262249767780304,
0.384456992149353,
-0.6470590233802795,
-0.19398528337478638,
0.8575155735015869,
-0.32019150257110596,
0.4953990876674652,
-0.3143298625946045,
0.1466321498155594,
0.2257462739944458,
-0.2966044247150421,
0.016418002545833588,
-0.12270857393741608,
-0.12033310532569885,
0.21322372555732727,
-0.14126119017601013,
0.2148934304714203,
0.2833366394042969,
-0.43710771203041077,
-0.4682581424713135,
0.07637177407741547,
-4.909383296966553,
-0.2421870082616806,
0.28381064534187317,
-0.5948089957237244,
0.7232694029808044,
0.4712916612625122,
0.43305739760398865,
-0.7793226838111877,
0.13003385066986084,
-0.4289968013763428,
0.2247762382030487,
-0.3825664520263672,
-0.1687507927417755,
0.5060914158821106,
0.5510513782501221,
0.003667970420792699,
0.545015275478363,
-0.31053149700164795,
0.548909068107605,
0.4274847209453583,
0.7179534435272217,
0.02700917050242424,
0.15036769211292267,
-0.1844625473022461,
0.17361539602279663,
0.2129373848438263,
-0.2541036009788513,
0.2889452874660492,
-1.0833908319473267,
-0.3364001214504242,
-0.024327285587787628,
0.27875056862831116,
-0.5430611371994019,
-0.12881478667259216,
-0.4513039290904999,
-0.1141996905207634,
0.407292902469635,
0.034170541912317276,
0.524587094783783,
-0.13733534514904022,
-0.47735586762428284,
-0.20444700121879578,
-0.5782806277275085,
-0.06964792311191559,
-0.25372669100761414,
-0.5303299427032471,
-0.29424524307250977,
-0.37756866216659546,
0.14344583451747894,
1.046196460723877,
0.11304327100515366,
-0.07721604406833649,
0.4278769791126251,
-0.6198689341545105,
-0.33627405762672424,
-0.3665330708026886,
0.15137159824371338,
0.576077938079834,
-0.05830194056034088,
1.0628259181976318,
0.41651859879493713,
-0.2535771131515503,
-0.3318496644496918,
-0.2431054562330246,
-0.26175034046173096,
0.49735572934150696,
-0.01399979367852211,
0.1975954920053482,
0.5452219247817993,
0.003973919898271561,
0.3382313847541809,
1.003509521484375,
-0.05859724432229996,
-0.6666969060897827,
-0.28464141488075256,
-0.6543761491775513,
0.7273330688476562,
-0.08693018555641174,
-0.4492231607437134,
0.1262679100036621,
0.003239769721403718,
-0.6215322613716125,
-0.23042908310890198,
0.6612382531166077,
0.4419533610343933,
-0.26657187938690186,
-0.5447678565979004,
0.5258468985557556,
0.20977528393268585,
-0.8008818626403809,
0.5264520645141602,
-0.6854329109191895,
0.04857894778251648,
0.5658860206604004,
0.37094682455062866,
0.456913024187088,
-0.149356409907341,
0.6215865612030029,
0.2962038815021515,
-0.1371196061372757,
-0.6819115281105042,
-0.690718948841095,
-0.021809661760926247,
-0.16190873086452484,
0.06503929197788239,
-0.4373392164707184,
-0.06791836023330688,
-0.17624236643314362,
0.2679792046546936,
0.138759583234787,
0.5189915895462036,
0.1282777488231659,
-0.5318320989608765,
-0.03556850552558899,
0.32653576135635376,
-0.2483266294002533,
0.45605969429016113,
0.8728863596916199,
0.4914324879646301,
0.3372887372970581,
0.23320560157299042,
0.18315434455871582,
0.2955247759819031,
0.21919117867946625,
-0.06399264186620712,
0.13608108460903168,
0.04096198454499245,
0.17772279679775238,
-0.9592518210411072,
-0.08238213509321213,
0.05009917914867401,
0.7443301677703857,
0.4887683391571045,
0.25193241238594055,
0.28034114837646484,
-0.19588027894496918,
-0.5591899156570435,
0.14410339295864105,
0.037432633340358734,
0.018991660326719284,
0.09507185220718384,
-0.05200875177979469,
-0.6704595685005188,
0.5118016600608826,
0.02080157771706581,
-0.1755906194448471,
0.11440830677747726,
-0.42666342854499817,
-0.29402485489845276,
0.6445101499557495,
0.44416284561157227,
0.24572813510894775,
0.7102381587028503,
-1.1927144527435303,
-0.2446960210800171,
0.014777240343391895,
-0.4008415639400482,
-0.060872308909893036,
-0.09630883485078812,
-0.6239308714866638,
0.30086860060691833,
-0.010457698255777359,
-1.0039427280426025,
0.29325002431869507,
0.44043830037117004,
0.3084328770637512,
-0.391440749168396,
-0.7076879739761353,
-0.16328901052474976,
0.9303871393203735,
0.15731553733348846,
-0.3879595100879669,
0.09036530554294586,
-0.10482993721961975,
0.5665268301963806,
0.2723912298679352,
0.15826238691806793,
-1.093103289604187,
-0.1671013981103897,
-0.25984492897987366,
0.2462317794561386,
0.11040165275335312,
-1.3862935304641724,
0.15108026564121246,
0.8183664679527283,
0.0780993103981018,
-1.3185325860977173,
-0.39384689927101135,
-0.22360685467720032,
0.21607275307178497,
-0.5964692831039429,
-0.652434229850769,
0.23314940929412842,
0.6356874704360962,
-0.42947277426719666,
0.20562085509300232,
-0.3063080310821533,
-0.49130189418792725,
0.21889428794384003,
-0.8175606727600098,
0.13027675449848175,
0.05913614481687546,
-0.42684823274612427,
-0.49660831689834595,
0.16456645727157593,
-1.2741297483444214,
0.4066014289855957,
0.18431784212589264,
-0.7897903919219971,
1.065274953842163,
0.2688983976840973,
-0.61797034740448,
-0.10849858820438385,
0.1318640559911728,
-0.546718955039978,
0.354744553565979,
-0.17072296142578125,
-0.18659727275371552,
-0.5188839435577393,
-0.47002363204956055,
-0.6575819849967957,
-0.5120577812194824,
-0.35564592480659485,
0.2946707010269165,
-1.007154107093811,
-0.8515825271606445,
-0.08209092170000076,
-0.5924490094184875,
0.9971270561218262,
-0.793685257434845,
-0.060820214450359344,
0.12190067023038864,
0.03656625747680664,
-0.0973588153719902,
-0.4358043074607849,
0.35033100843429565,
-0.32144999504089355,
0.3006311058998108,
0.2688317596912384,
0.4096599817276001,
0.579703152179718,
1.5696918964385986,
0.27013543248176575,
-0.27172383666038513,
0.005822480656206608,
-0.034024253487586975,
0.5162091255187988,
-0.2688193917274475,
-0.11714532226324081,
0.2520560920238495,
0.558908224105835,
-0.4142804443836212,
-0.4325053095817566,
-0.07840798795223236,
0.49844738841056824,
-0.5705689787864685,
0.25440263748168945,
-0.30396679043769836,
0.1207556426525116,
0.35807129740715027,
0.4504076838493347,
0.48910191655158997,
0.19006332755088806,
0.013322015292942524,
0.04589882493019104,
0.29290321469306946,
0.11467192322015762,
0.1642533540725708,
0.16846570372581482,
-0.1368633359670639,
-1.140899419784546,
0.17149223387241364,
-0.04875379428267479,
0.6889140009880066,
-0.16322796046733856,
0.20075993239879608,
0.6306778192520142,
-0.8326420187950134,
0.32560792565345764,
0.14695152640342712,
-0.4818941652774811,
0.13729523122310638,
0.585179328918457,
-0.488161563873291,
-1.001845121383667,
-0.6693754196166992,
-0.6633259057998657,
-0.20556573569774628,
0.243421271443367,
0.009844395332038403,
-0.5249966382980347,
0.03598657250404358,
-0.4270602762699127,
-0.1875225305557251,
-0.048664677888154984,
-0.003905773162841797,
-0.35300424695014954,
0.41625598073005676,
-0.45200660824775696,
-0.758325457572937,
-0.28267475962638855,
0.8088219165802002,
0.14922185242176056,
0.05111520364880562,
0.7380708456039429,
0.05385179445147514,
-0.09746841341257095,
-0.852447509765625,
-0.3217986226081848,
0.010086064226925373,
0.41218629479408264,
-0.5294797420501709,
-0.0818183496594429,
1.1941479444503784,
-0.5717533826828003,
0.1471417248249054,
1.085943579673767,
-0.09695044159889221,
-0.13964900374412537,
0.19038495421409607,
0.23464785516262054,
0.12487845122814178,
0.4364984333515167,
0.539036214351654,
-0.16468621790409088,
0.2133234292268753,
-0.006867435295134783,
-0.09220294654369354,
0.49042534828186035,
0.419523149728775,
-0.1277516484260559,
-0.4625910520553589,
-0.1929486095905304,
0.58660888671875,
-0.21818271279335022,
-0.4313884973526001,
0.6450275778770447,
-0.16727040708065033,
-0.24345187842845917,
0.11729194968938828,
-0.3763844072818756,
0.04165325313806534,
0.5292205810546875,
0.4424543082714081,
-0.13771261274814606,
0.6052997708320618,
-0.2145681232213974,
0.5193818807601929,
-0.5475550293922424,
-0.42757609486579895,
0.365231454372406,
0.5201089382171631,
0.16575555503368378,
-0.8518708944320679,
0.17634044587612152,
0.20819398760795593,
0.8877171874046326,
-0.1457461714744568,
0.13734076917171478,
0.3306678831577301,
0.001610948471352458,
-0.2556840777397156,
1.6599732637405396,
-0.28955361247062683,
-0.7061387300491333,
0.3423455059528351,
0.0012080026790499687,
-0.45984435081481934,
0.16020803153514862,
0.5272210240364075,
-0.24687540531158447,
-0.42001938819885254,
-0.8523900508880615,
0.4320680499076843,
0.46745604276657104,
-0.3543626666069031,
0.3762991726398468,
0.11819636821746826,
-0.23582324385643005,
0.2903238832950592,
-0.6991957426071167,
0.7898554801940918,
-0.70814448595047,
-0.4379630982875824,
0.7271994352340698,
-0.2733798027038574,
-0.45075130462646484,
-0.5618747472763062,
-0.36766695976257324,
-0.1013028472661972,
0.38206207752227783,
-0.6478763222694397,
-0.23922540247440338,
0.030921243131160736,
-0.39469829201698303,
-0.5194308161735535,
-0.3084225654602051,
0.8431752324104309,
0.5145279765129089,
-0.18404577672481537,
0.6101334095001221,
0.6199395656585693,
0.16797667741775513,
0.548485517501831,
0.08498915284872055,
-0.32329729199409485,
-0.5148950815200806,
0.1281520426273346,
-0.694648802280426,
0.007593080867081881,
0.40078598260879517,
0.6028637886047363,
-0.4980293810367584,
0.7933743596076965,
0.08635316789150238,
0.20807714760303497,
0.5048837065696716,
0.31704479455947876,
-0.7867137789726257,
-0.4734635651111603,
0.0690576359629631,
0.16994036734104156,
0.183233842253685,
-0.34558549523353577,
0.19064010679721832,
0.7578955888748169,
0.08554472029209137,
-0.31521859765052795,
-0.9230673909187317,
0.502528965473175,
0.12679792940616608,
0.19601655006408691,
-0.8557470440864563,
-0.25140702724456787,
0.0416087731719017,
-0.5554062128067017,
0.5825508832931519,
0.08305680006742477,
0.21580877900123596,
-0.30307772755622864,
0.35873061418533325,
-0.25015103816986084,
0.07334382832050323,
0.4322383403778076,
-0.06577052921056747,
-0.6466002464294434,
0.2674887180328369,
-0.5176882743835449,
-0.17163413763046265,
0.48456862568855286,
-0.19781963527202606,
-0.29376524686813354,
0.6156253218650818,
-1.0211559534072876,
0.03162890672683716,
-0.6181321740150452,
0.2943984270095825,
0.32539892196655273,
0.3406204283237457,
-0.2169475257396698
]
|
214753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Seattle | Chief Seattle | Chief Seattle ( – June 7, 1866) was a Suquamish and Duwamish chief. A leading figure among his people, he pursued a path of accommodation to white settlers, forming a personal relationship with "Doc" Maynard. The city of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington, was named after him. A widely publicized speech arguing in favor of ecological responsibility and respect of Native Americans' land rights had been attributed to him.
The name Seattle is an Anglicization of the modern Duwamish conventional spelling Si'ahl, equivalent to the modern Lushootseed spelling siʔaɫ and also rendered as Sealth, Seathl or See-ahth.
Biography
Seattle's mother Sholeetsa was Dkhw'Duw'Absh (Duwamish) and his father Shweabe was chief of the Dkhw'Suqw'Absh (the Suquamish tribe). Seattle was born some time between 1780 and 1786 on the Black River near Kent, Washington. One source cites his mother's name as Wood-sho-lit-sa. The Duwamish tradition is that Seattle was born at his mother's village of stukw on the Black River, in what is now the city of Kent, Washington, and that Seattle grew up speaking both the Duwamish and Suquamish dialects of Lushootseed. Because Native descent among the Salish peoples was not solely patrilineal, Seattle inherited his position as chief of the Duwamish Tribe from his maternal uncle.
Seattle earned his reputation at a young age as a leader and a warrior, ambushing and defeating groups of tribal enemy raiders coming up the Green River from the Cascade foothills. In 1847, he helped lead a Suquamish attack upon the Chimakum people near Port Townsend, which effectively wiped out the Chimakum in an act of genocide.
Like many of his contemporaries, he owned slaves captured during his raids. He was tall and broad, standing nearly tall; Hudson's Bay Company traders gave him the nickname Le Gros (The Big Guy). He was also known as an orator; and when he addressed an audience, his voice is said to have carried from his camp to the Stevens Hotel at First and Marion, a distance of .
Chief Seattle took wives from the village of Tola'ltu just southeast of Duwamish Head on Elliott Bay (now part of West Seattle). His first wife La-Dalia died after bearing a daughter. He had three sons and four daughters with his second wife, Olahl. The most famous of his children was his first, Kikisoblu or Princess Angeline. Seattle was converted to Christianity by French missionaries, and was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church, with the baptismal name Noah, probably in 1848 near Olympia, Washington.
For all his skill, Seattle was gradually losing ground to the more powerful Patkanim of the Snohomish when white settlers started showing up in force around 1850. (In later years, Seattle claimed to have seen the ships of the Vancouver Expedition as they explored Puget Sound in 1792.) When his people were driven from their traditional clamming grounds, Seattle met Doc Maynard in Olympia; they formed a friendly relationship useful to both. Persuading the settlers at the white settlement of Duwamps to rename their town Seattle, Maynard established their support for Chief Seattle's people and negotiated relatively peaceful relations with the tribes.
Seattle kept his people out of the Battle of Seattle in 1856. Afterwards, he was unwilling to lead his tribe to the reservation established, since mixing Duwamish and Snohomish was likely to lead to bloodshed. Maynard persuaded the government of the necessity of allowing Seattle to remove to his father's longhouse on Agate Passage, 'Old Man House' or Tsu-suc-cub. Seattle frequented the town named after him, and had his photograph taken by E. M. Sammis in 1865. He died June 7, 1866, on the Suquamish reservation at Port Madison, Washington.
The speech or "letter"
The speech or "letter" attributed to Chief Seattle has been widely cited as a "powerful, bittersweet plea for respect of Native American rights and environmental values".
But this document, which has achieved widespread fame thanks to its promotion in the environmental movement, is of doubtful authenticity. Although Chief Seattle evidently gave a speech expressing such feelings in 1854 to Isaac Stevens, the Governor of Washington Territories at the time, it was not documented until nearly a quarter century later by Dr. Henry Smith. Smith who stated in the October 29, 1887 edition of the Seattle Sunday Star that his documentation of the speech was based on notes he took at the time. The speech was delivered in Seattle's native Lushotseed language, translated into Chinook jargon, and then into English.
Legacy
Seattle's grave site is at the Suquamish Tribal Cemetery.
In 1890, a group of Seattle pioneers led by Arthur Armstrong Denny set up a monument over his grave, with the inscription "SEATTLE Chief of the Suqampsh and Allied Tribes, Died June 7, 1866. The Firm Friend of the Whites, and for Him the City of Seattle was Named by Its Founders" On the reverse is the inscription "Baptismal name, Noah Sealth, Age probably 80 years." The site was restored and a native sculpture added in 1976 and again in 2011.
Soundgarden, a Seattle rock band, covered the Black Sabbath song, "Into the Void" replacing the lyrics with the words from Chief Seattle's speech.
The Suquamish Tribe honors Chief Seattle every year in the third week of August at "Chief Seattle Days".
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates the life of Seattle on June 7 in its Calendar of Saints. The liturgical color for the day is white.
The city of Seattle, and numerous related features, are named after Seattle.
A B-17E Flying Fortress, SN# 41-2656 named Chief Seattle, a so-called "presentation aircraft", was funded by bonds purchased by the citizens of Seattle. Flying with the 435th Bombardment Squadron out of Port Moresby, it was lost with its 10-man crew on August 14, 1942.
The Chief Sealth Trail in southern Seattle is named after Chief Seattle.
See also
Battle of Seattle (1856)
Chief Sealth International High School
History of Seattle before 1900
Suquamish Museum and Cultural Center
Notes
Additional references
Lakw'alas (Thomas R. Speer), The Life of Seattle, 'Chief Seattle', Duwamish Tribal Services board of directors, for the Duwamish Tribe, July 22, 2004.
Murray Morgan, Skid Road, 1951, 1960, and other reprints, .
William C. ("Bill") Speidel, Doc Maynard, The Man Who Invented Seattle, Nettle Creek Publishing Company, Seattle, 1978.
Chief Seattle bio, Chief Seattle Arts, accessed online 2009-02-23.
External links
Suquamish Museum & Cultural Center
Chief Seattle and Chief Joseph: From Indians to Icons - University of Washington Library
Chief Seattle grave (The Traveling Twins videoclip)
Native American leaders
Duwamish tribe
1780s births
1866 deaths
Date of birth unknown
Native American environmentalists
Native American history of Washington (state)
History of indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
History of King County, Washington
History of Seattle
Native American Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
18th-century Native Americans
19th-century Native Americans
19th-century men
Native American slave owners
Genocide perpetrators | [
-0.08701985329389572,
0.7929033637046814,
-0.29312437772750854,
-0.35310009121894836,
-0.24063275754451752,
0.4258171617984772,
1.4949305057525635,
-0.4636542797088623,
-0.17130626738071442,
-0.6191148161888123,
0.05273653566837311,
-0.02412301115691662,
-0.5645114183425903,
0.47173774242401123,
-0.5911703109741211,
-0.06746093928813934,
0.17256909608840942,
0.2892570495605469,
0.15363426506519318,
-0.016407156363129616,
-0.32090476155281067,
0.015396027825772762,
0.48045581579208374,
-0.024353675544261932,
0.46288204193115234,
0.7238691449165344,
0.026681778952479362,
-0.36227113008499146,
-0.16680246591567993,
0.41455844044685364,
0.0857720598578453,
0.17099601030349731,
0.21853476762771606,
-0.45504602789878845,
-0.5912604331970215,
0.006577198393642902,
-0.00972046796232462,
-0.6891868710517883,
-0.3822234869003296,
0.07209300249814987,
-0.3188934922218323,
0.03260060399770737,
0.11904005706310272,
-0.05123163014650345,
-0.12105283886194229,
0.13119444251060486,
-1.4784364700317383,
-0.11170341819524765,
-0.6271749138832092,
-0.3601418733596802,
-0.8648985028266907,
-0.3863539397716522,
0.25292444229125977,
-0.047262366861104965,
0.009202554821968079,
-0.14967814087867737,
-0.5584394335746765,
0.14499787986278534,
-0.020214136689901352,
-0.018647491931915283,
0.1973353773355484,
0.10628138482570648,
0.4980023503303528,
0.13307136297225952,
0.23300060629844666,
-0.035839907824993134,
0.13913686573505402,
0.4006999135017395,
0.4790720045566559,
0.09896335750818253,
0.03654344379901886,
0.19282761216163635,
0.18337884545326233,
0.5271260142326355,
0.12275093793869019,
-0.10508227348327637,
0.047351084649562836,
-0.16812416911125183,
0.18126749992370605,
0.6016107797622681,
-0.8178638815879822,
-0.21243418753147125,
1.2720050811767578,
-0.14176194369792938,
-0.24689282476902008,
0.1670648157596588,
-0.049491725862026215,
0.29968422651290894,
-0.09635259956121445,
0.37908756732940674,
-0.449552446603775,
-0.038081176578998566,
0.315294474363327,
-0.2582647502422333,
-0.3352484107017517,
-0.009639977477490902,
0.19712074100971222,
0.5128106474876404,
-0.12916579842567444,
-0.004285015631467104,
-0.3735944926738739,
-0.0036705927923321724,
0.8933787941932678,
0.6229453682899475,
-0.40597599744796753,
-0.37570720911026,
0.1486450731754303,
0.17419369518756866,
-0.4155677855014801,
-0.2366936206817627,
0.17998939752578735,
-0.08793198317289352,
0.20429885387420654,
-0.20212924480438232,
0.5480217337608337,
0.8479887843132019,
0.2803722620010376,
-0.18070004880428314,
-0.28436917066574097,
-0.8778905272483826,
0.20354220271110535,
0.17662271857261658,
0.20881925523281097,
-0.41998201608657837,
-0.47941580414772034,
0.22012834250926971,
0.6925225853919983,
-0.029205817729234695,
-0.2506486177444458,
-0.15182651579380035,
-0.19887638092041016,
0.6491249203681946,
-0.177285298705101,
-0.16235175728797913,
-0.03342624753713608,
-0.41973766684532166,
-0.469302237033844,
0.10985571146011353,
-0.11369741708040237,
-0.06819260865449905,
-0.5488232970237732,
-0.20456740260124207,
-0.19579467177391052,
0.025356879457831383,
0.3443291187286377,
0.08279628306627274,
0.1164613738656044,
0.1858125478029251,
-0.1295752078294754,
0.15701042115688324,
-0.3714030981063843,
0.06308484077453613,
0.35629090666770935,
0.1588624268770218,
0.18930959701538086,
0.0672612190246582,
0.15733465552330017,
0.037972744554281235,
0.8897178769111633,
0.26383328437805176,
-0.11463461816310883,
0.6129060387611389,
0.25363922119140625,
-0.04878118261694908,
0.6077749729156494,
-0.17989987134933472,
-0.3022492825984955,
-0.7161199450492859,
0.3514447808265686,
-0.30372077226638794,
0.25681209564208984,
0.09876658767461777,
-0.351962685585022,
0.28750520944595337,
-0.26328936219215393,
-0.4046119749546051,
0.7529152035713196,
0.003967911470681429,
-0.09951923787593842,
-0.4650367200374603,
-0.6330623030662537,
-0.4375414550304413,
-0.022427912801504135,
0.2733568549156189,
0.1795835793018341,
0.2841387987136841,
0.47992342710494995,
0.23646213114261627,
0.39999714493751526,
-0.6551833152770996,
0.29873746633529663,
-0.7352097034454346,
0.1624721884727478,
-0.4135192036628723,
0.7951025366783142,
0.6073009371757507,
-0.365604966878891,
0.878282904624939,
0.3944180905818939,
0.3442815840244293,
0.5364553332328796,
0.03644939139485359,
0.549787163734436,
-0.3596055507659912,
-0.2051563262939453,
0.36281895637512207,
0.15577708184719086,
0.17187611758708954,
0.359564870595932,
0.4417594075202942,
0.06095806509256363,
-0.5190169215202332,
-0.16676145792007446,
0.23061181604862213,
-0.7085609436035156,
-0.393526166677475,
0.31040647625923157,
0.2309204339981079,
0.819320559501648,
-0.8227437734603882,
0.9046381115913391,
0.05383392423391342,
0.0995803102850914,
0.5448878407478333,
0.105267234146595,
0.4613051116466522,
-0.05810078978538513,
-0.396188884973526,
-0.23845933377742767,
-0.020108848810195923,
0.09436117112636566,
0.2008560448884964,
0.17019052803516388,
-0.42313599586486816,
0.36021390557289124,
-0.11409465223550797,
0.009788981638848782,
-0.33677512407302856,
0.5656271576881409,
-0.2842039167881012,
-0.019631443545222282,
-0.20921926200389862,
-0.56160968542099,
0.21717405319213867,
0.7304015159606934,
0.19665639102458954,
0.2021852433681488,
-0.5185678005218506,
-0.3017929196357727,
0.1001448780298233,
0.26081302762031555,
0.04762804135680199,
0.5854752659797668,
0.032080937176942825,
0.37066999077796936,
-0.06087682396173477,
-0.5103691816329956,
-0.775219202041626,
0.3111351430416107,
0.19494114816188812,
0.2900919020175934,
0.43312573432922363,
-0.7687903046607971,
0.06052756309509277,
0.2446756362915039,
-0.2665645182132721,
-0.07033371925354004,
-0.2817454934120178,
0.21301709115505219,
0.44161146879196167,
0.46214330196380615,
0.22661042213439941,
0.1338522732257843,
-0.34081146121025085,
0.5569477677345276,
0.13085748255252838,
-0.22707141935825348,
0.37235331535339355,
-0.2038639634847641,
-0.58413165807724,
0.5793611407279968,
0.765135645866394,
-0.5112460255622864,
-0.23484915494918823,
-0.022559167817234993,
-1.2074224948883057,
0.23898917436599731,
-0.15051120519638062,
-0.4165942072868347,
0.025104522705078125,
-0.2619902193546295,
-0.1663016676902771,
-0.22468626499176025,
-0.048913586884737015,
-0.628031313419342,
0.28525981307029724,
-0.20449256896972656,
0.06447220593690872,
0.48695892095565796,
-0.15899790823459625,
-0.6572876572608948,
0.06035381928086281,
0.00032682696473784745,
0.0878274068236351,
0.060428377240896225,
-0.44814711809158325,
-0.05243678390979767,
-0.30776771903038025,
-5.788339614868164,
-0.671576738357544,
0.09955041855573654,
-0.03210446238517761,
-0.05698632821440697,
-0.1423283815383911,
0.020893605425953865,
-0.02312445268034935,
0.47521185874938965,
0.5189646482467651,
0.05917187035083771,
0.17470887303352356,
-0.08812882006168365,
-0.1738555133342743,
0.4802246391773224,
0.1579742729663849,
0.3991236388683319,
-0.13910706341266632,
0.10375994443893433,
-0.18250876665115356,
0.12149263918399811,
0.3490803837776184,
0.038282062858343124,
-0.009578944183886051,
0.2756137549877167,
0.3966524302959442,
-0.23368613421916962,
0.19658714532852173,
-0.8123895525932312,
-0.9512330889701843,
0.10531867295503616,
0.7518123984336853,
0.20057988166809082,
-0.15505258738994598,
-0.16494831442832947,
-0.3421686291694641,
0.4678269624710083,
0.6704282164573669,
-0.30530670285224915,
-0.4650088846683502,
0.14845183491706848,
-0.4206866919994354,
-0.43391257524490356,
-0.4547693133354187,
0.745154857635498,
-0.14807690680027008,
-0.17031385004520416,
-0.016633369028568268,
-0.2603372037410736,
0.38919898867607117,
0.2542293965816498,
0.2885577380657196,
0.679013192653656,
0.25448232889175415,
0.2663617730140686,
-0.04131941869854927,
0.5143505930900574,
0.2733820378780365,
-0.8004739880561829,
0.2175646722316742,
0.6238770484924316,
-0.5533103942871094,
-0.04417005553841591,
-0.11726200580596924,
0.203154057264328,
-0.2924633324146271,
-0.028372054919600487,
0.371870219707489,
0.020053373649716377,
-0.4381440579891205,
0.270856648683548,
0.6291584968566895,
0.22958433628082275,
-0.8806183338165283,
0.4597693383693695,
-0.4597245454788208,
-0.2891279458999634,
0.5280112028121948,
-0.2243088036775589,
-0.33412766456604004,
-0.31745338439941406,
-0.02156425267457962,
-0.021455110982060432,
0.6549574732780457,
0.17636597156524658,
-0.01156192272901535,
0.11367519944906235,
0.3017878532409668,
-0.19793254137039185,
0.12311971187591553,
0.08689308166503906,
0.132523313164711,
-0.2589299976825714,
0.2277441769838333,
0.33610329031944275,
-0.16300681233406067,
-0.18325895071029663,
0.24168677628040314,
0.4676039516925812,
-0.3619351387023926,
0.054671041667461395,
-0.05200519785284996,
-0.44938036799430847,
-0.359014093875885,
0.0996934100985527,
0.2241755723953247,
-0.7413877844810486,
-0.23769783973693848,
1.2008744478225708,
-0.13234321773052216,
0.2545621693134308,
-0.18169355392456055,
-0.418539822101593,
0.23477497696876526,
0.21481043100357056,
-0.2942582368850708,
-0.29238420724868774,
0.3967559039592743,
1.1039525270462036,
0.34434524178504944,
-0.03733537346124649,
0.010165129788219929,
-0.17760241031646729,
0.7662582397460938,
0.36059990525245667,
-0.09342224150896072,
0.23420357704162598,
-0.04416215047240257,
-0.7366893291473389,
0.660151481628418,
0.32716426253318787,
-0.24922417104244232,
-0.15192779898643494,
-0.26228663325309753,
-0.4897426664829254,
0.19653509557247162,
-0.3677598536014557,
-0.6424866318702698,
-0.04255898669362068,
-0.3196260929107666,
-0.31029391288757324,
-0.1415252834558487,
-0.2611074447631836,
0.44276538491249084,
-0.019761167466640472,
0.16622038185596466,
0.14938801527023315,
-0.15778733789920807,
-0.4589596092700958,
0.5593876838684082,
-0.09817568957805634,
-0.41345736384391785,
0.2725917100906372,
-0.2408882975578308,
-0.20538945496082306,
-0.0023391961585730314,
0.5376404523849487,
0.265874445438385,
-0.55415940284729,
0.37463462352752686,
-0.0968889519572258,
-0.5805252194404602,
-0.5184947848320007,
0.01768990233540535,
0.3891158401966095,
-0.47594746947288513,
-1.0397579669952393,
0.10358161479234695,
-0.18450945615768433,
0.09537108242511749,
0.4645545184612274,
-0.708272397518158,
-0.9799050688743591,
0.16723552346229553,
0.6321933269500732,
0.018395239487290382,
-0.4298558533191681,
0.5341253876686096,
0.29563790559768677,
-0.6016191840171814,
0.02731655165553093,
-0.01780693046748638,
-0.5055173635482788,
0.05908157303929329,
-0.01440880075097084,
-0.021562844514846802,
-0.2197944074869156,
-0.3968777060508728,
0.16288219392299652,
0.5995182394981384,
-0.23385828733444214,
-0.4514268636703491,
0.016767088323831558,
0.533469021320343,
-0.0395125187933445,
-0.47673457860946655,
0.3084760904312134,
-0.013582057319581509,
-0.5239417552947998,
-0.4504654109477997,
0.05784432962536812,
-0.08140554279088974,
0.2542898654937744,
-0.03751387447118759,
-0.5268712043762207,
-0.9227210283279419,
0.38200587034225464,
0.3051258325576782,
-0.45347800850868225,
0.19131310284137726,
0.0935196727514267,
-0.2621879577636719,
-0.08105966448783875,
0.24045471847057343,
0.2481311559677124,
-0.49344465136528015,
0.5610871911048889,
0.09995443373918533,
0.05293802544474602,
-0.791958749294281,
-0.062186818569898605,
-0.08897257596254349,
0.04025649651885033,
-0.35668742656707764,
-0.021923953667283058,
0.12200574576854706,
-0.011675898917019367,
0.22241859138011932,
0.2955475151538849,
-0.813435971736908,
0.18171456456184387,
0.0374232642352581,
-0.5109318494796753,
0.5250431895256042,
0.27172499895095825,
-0.009821001440286636,
0.02266611158847809,
-0.18514996767044067,
0.23974692821502686,
0.22423769533634186,
0.6093142032623291,
1.3704166412353516,
0.0460309162735939,
-0.5061893463134766,
0.1508426070213318,
0.13691048324108124,
-0.013102789409458637,
-0.2695142924785614,
-0.20780067145824432,
0.219046488404274,
0.39826375246047974,
-0.5962905883789062,
-0.11884196102619171,
-1.03612220287323,
0.8077778816223145,
-0.37621361017227173,
0.16791079938411713,
-0.16479118168354034,
-0.04046627879142761,
-0.34460362792015076,
0.11680541932582855,
0.5628637075424194,
0.20270873606204987,
0.05222896486520767,
-0.18264053761959076,
0.31082040071487427,
-0.37969228625297546,
0.18551433086395264,
-0.1014619842171669,
-0.789626955986023,
-0.5084397196769714,
-0.6428908705711365,
-0.3773476481437683,
-0.05049384385347366,
-0.08387129008769989,
-0.1792675256729126,
-0.2204286903142929,
0.22283485531806946,
0.39767569303512573,
-0.16986863315105438,
-0.44786447286605835,
-0.028355784714221954,
-0.6942838430404663,
-0.03743861988186836,
0.09127788245677948,
-0.39425981044769287,
-0.03402530401945114,
0.04108511283993721,
-0.3657117187976837,
0.1786973774433136,
-0.2894623279571533,
0.22738054394721985,
0.15242397785186768,
0.41513708233833313,
-0.4322478175163269,
-0.04191814363002777,
0.1389443278312683,
0.9797067046165466,
-0.12359517812728882,
0.6231787800788879,
-0.20588642358779907,
0.2826173007488251,
0.013568639755249023,
-0.3166925013065338,
0.18293534219264984,
-0.050767891108989716,
-0.10598354041576385,
0.036591023206710815,
-0.26823627948760986,
-0.3338760435581207,
0.34944871068000793,
0.4170784652233124,
0.45685243606567383,
0.3538479506969452,
-1.3530964851379395,
0.4282309114933014,
0.8957111239433289,
-0.3928297758102417,
-0.47246053814888,
-0.29801079630851746,
-0.09303753077983856,
-0.40073055028915405,
0.47819700837135315,
0.5502063632011414,
0.471034973859787,
0.08915774524211884,
-0.43567603826522827,
-0.4003988802433014,
-0.40840810537338257,
0.6380167007446289,
-0.02878803201019764,
0.008765919134020805,
-0.48195141553878784,
-0.2357644885778427,
-0.27120736241340637,
0.09533591568470001,
-0.03933543711900711,
0.06551589071750641,
-0.5999068021774292,
0.5680838227272034,
0.24649949371814728,
0.7866044044494629,
-0.3643154799938202,
-0.022341176867485046,
0.5786397457122803,
-0.25011393427848816,
0.35276708006858826,
0.246055468916893,
0.48852619528770447,
-0.03642655164003372,
0.14450976252555847,
0.13036410510540009,
0.14313997328281403,
-0.5700244307518005,
-0.2585057020187378,
-0.07895699888467789,
0.11636766791343689,
-0.2971245348453522,
0.15780390799045563,
0.03690874204039574,
-0.3899959921836853,
-1.24825119972229,
0.6752457022666931,
0.5220844149589539,
-0.08752509206533432,
-0.47476130723953247,
-0.17246904969215393,
-0.8474081158638,
-0.11476664245128632,
0.1253538727760315,
0.42004984617233276,
-0.2877141833305359,
-0.25637122988700867,
0.399014949798584,
0.1579449325799942,
0.4195218086242676,
0.5874142050743103,
0.2379252314567566,
0.074284128844738,
-0.4109620749950409,
-0.11799173057079315,
0.15749524533748627,
-0.0105581134557724,
-0.45360174775123596,
-0.2729765474796295,
0.3436840772628784,
0.17088477313518524,
1.2321733236312866,
-0.18110714852809906,
-0.3959185481071472,
0.5684995055198669,
-0.07901545614004135,
-0.10649129748344421,
-0.049474578350782394,
-0.11138942092657089,
0.17271524667739868,
-0.12944231927394867,
0.3797549605369568,
0.4073050320148468,
0.5219660401344299,
0.1555815190076828,
0.2275514155626297,
0.47784245014190674,
-0.31849682331085205,
0.3438538610935211,
0.8277503848075867,
-0.14481429755687714,
-0.24448320269584656,
-0.7297684550285339,
0.1490110158920288,
-0.6156786680221558,
0.22052937746047974,
-0.6508704423904419,
0.08899533003568649,
-0.5747997760772705,
0.2008882761001587,
0.4676521420478821,
-0.6612023115158081,
-0.3995744287967682,
-0.3494890630245209,
-0.4700637757778168,
-0.5073015689849854,
0.2864013910293579,
-0.056228794157505035,
-0.12918837368488312,
-0.46091073751449585,
-0.3128030598163605,
-0.20000597834587097,
-0.2841159999370575,
0.4914141297340393,
0.07946661114692688,
-0.7790640592575073,
-0.37987565994262695,
-0.11706244200468063,
-0.11204420775175095,
-0.4076114296913147,
-0.14650997519493103,
0.8406274318695068,
0.5265567898750305,
-0.8835731744766235,
0.13410881161689758,
-0.3959554433822632,
0.36037203669548035,
0.27632930874824524,
0.01056613028049469,
0.35669848322868347,
-0.13668856024742126,
-0.5391769409179688,
-0.2817464768886566,
0.10330069065093994,
0.385672390460968,
0.02761039510369301,
-0.248029425740242,
-0.48886898159980774,
0.6686866283416748,
0.5948432087898254,
0.43829411268234253,
-0.2875880300998688,
0.0829022228717804,
-0.1800582855939865
]
|
214755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20stock | Rolling stock | The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles, including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars. Passenger vehicles can be un-powered, or self-propelled, single or multiple units. A connected series of railway vehicles is a train (this term applied to a locomotive is a common misnomer).
In North America, Australia and other countries, the term consist ( ) is used to refer to the rolling stock in a train.
In the United States, the term rolling stock has been expanded from the older broadly defined "trains" to include wheeled vehicles used by businesses on roadways.
The word stock in the term is used in a sense of inventory. Rolling stock is considered to be a liquid asset, or close to it, since the value of the vehicle can be readily estimated and then shipped to the buyer without much cost or delay. The term contrasts with fixed stock (infrastructure), which is a collective term for the track, signals, stations, other buildings, electric wires, etc., necessary to operate a railway.
See also
List of railway vehicles
References
External links
Rail transport | [
0.5254930853843689,
0.1767256259918213,
-0.16626647114753723,
0.42143353819847107,
0.252976655960083,
0.3722071647644043,
-0.18667884171009064,
0.4747583568096161,
-0.30115869641304016,
-0.4387567639350891,
-0.39561474323272705,
0.4849461019039154,
0.2771148085594177,
0.8717219233512878,
-0.08308396488428116,
0.509915828704834,
0.010081981308758259,
-0.04128558188676834,
0.3486873507499695,
0.06849813461303711,
-0.4615311026573181,
0.07110229879617691,
0.4537769556045532,
-0.23653262853622437,
0.021598050370812416,
-0.5567383170127869,
0.049974068999290466,
0.4015328586101532,
0.048266973346471786,
-0.21099568903446198,
0.1033480241894722,
0.3063165545463562,
-0.26720085740089417,
0.6401118636131287,
-0.034633006900548935,
-0.716198205947876,
-0.14196503162384033,
-0.4019503891468048,
-0.12439785152673721,
-0.655124306678772,
-0.3448130190372467,
-0.06247464194893837,
0.19437579810619354,
0.2928275763988495,
-0.1637747436761856,
0.27841126918792725,
-0.87830650806427,
-0.01983175426721573,
-0.12506133317947388,
0.1052849218249321,
-0.11580996960401535,
0.5721554756164551,
0.26439568400382996,
0.7623421549797058,
0.1668492704629898,
0.474535197019577,
-0.3650902807712555,
0.0886671245098114,
0.23503747582435608,
-0.6201208829879761,
0.2563549876213074,
0.42651456594467163,
-0.16985584795475006,
0.7141246199607849,
0.7237736582756042,
-0.12293799221515656,
-0.1964958757162094,
0.12825611233711243,
-0.5459672212600708,
-0.49837908148765564,
-0.5633893609046936,
-0.9322941303253174,
0.42698031663894653,
0.05113612487912178,
-0.04507100582122803,
-0.3297998607158661,
-0.32779842615127563,
-0.17651981115341187,
-0.17549218237400055,
0.1274046152830124,
-0.31016805768013,
1.1824320554733276,
0.028004446998238564,
0.5948266386985779,
0.397780179977417,
0.5595321655273438,
-0.839448869228363,
0.34645876288414,
-0.34980589151382446,
0.5121115446090698,
-0.2162628471851349,
0.4040513336658478,
0.5203964114189148,
0.03965219855308533,
-0.6327774524688721,
-0.16511712968349457,
0.09289725869894028,
-0.1445794254541397,
0.5165390372276306,
0.4799065887928009,
-0.47224172949790955,
-0.21578407287597656,
0.43900784850120544,
-0.21773368120193481,
-0.27524039149284363,
-0.06598807126283646,
-0.2639331817626953,
0.21629348397254944,
-0.0011352538131177425,
-0.28194254636764526,
-0.27319619059562683,
-0.23734338581562042,
-0.3117481470108032,
0.24168890714645386,
-0.37247174978256226,
-0.24833820760250092,
-0.25859352946281433,
-0.26956501603126526,
0.1474732756614685,
-0.0857078805565834,
0.2254147231578827,
0.02929728478193283,
0.05050186067819595,
-0.22390314936637878,
-0.25660064816474915,
0.12873181700706482,
0.4441223442554474,
0.39647093415260315,
-0.4580671191215515,
0.03331958130002022,
0.26996615529060364,
1.359555721282959,
-0.6657856702804565,
0.2687399685382843,
-0.49526873230934143,
0.17753277719020844,
0.10090410709381104,
-0.012696354649960995,
0.6531051993370056,
0.24095413088798523,
-1.383416771888733,
-0.5510914921760559,
0.26274922490119934,
-0.4879089295864105,
-0.06715056300163269,
-0.41661474108695984,
0.1621464043855667,
-0.2266772985458374,
-0.6919952034950256,
-0.3077113628387451,
0.195389524102211,
-0.21225541830062866,
-0.44190773367881775,
0.3976466655731201,
-0.4513196647167206,
0.14238953590393066,
0.48101091384887695,
-0.3707740306854248,
-0.22613564133644104,
0.08936798572540283,
-0.6367296576499939,
0.06251616030931473,
-0.17202699184417725,
0.0434139110147953,
-0.1067124679684639,
-0.22965940833091736,
0.3055168092250824,
0.22875913977622986,
-0.0732315182685852,
-0.20266982913017273,
-0.22543403506278992,
-0.4835188686847687,
0.01605355367064476,
0.10797823220491409,
-0.30880796909332275,
0.32421696186065674,
-0.08070583641529083,
0.08060178905725479,
0.7175462245941162,
0.025720776990056038,
-0.48149368166923523,
0.7624191045761108,
0.6444514989852905,
0.35270315408706665,
-0.2936607003211975,
-0.3053472638130188,
0.1806362122297287,
-0.2142571061849594,
-0.07254569977521896,
-0.5072788000106812,
-0.5075726509094238,
-0.4083717167377472,
-0.15561610460281372,
-0.5932703018188477,
0.6902810335159302,
-0.28379443287849426,
-0.3879547119140625,
0.23315496742725372,
-0.41076287627220154,
0.4148114323616028,
0.5126266479492188,
-0.2065615952014923,
-0.17262789607048035,
-0.6299663782119751,
0.0056203859858214855,
0.2200239598751068,
0.6880824565887451,
0.24133796989917755,
-0.2836433947086334,
-0.4461388885974884,
0.1840924620628357,
-0.18571022152900696,
0.6472879648208618,
-0.6009520292282104,
0.7533000111579895,
0.11256314069032669,
-0.15261328220367432,
0.17296208441257477,
0.1844683289527893,
-0.7540233135223389,
1.1259706020355225,
-0.12708915770053864,
-0.3618050813674927,
0.24961264431476593,
-0.9552544355392456,
0.1527889519929886,
0.0036872602067887783,
0.1524324268102646,
0.5624832510948181,
-0.743924617767334,
0.33708783984184265,
-0.014873433858156204,
-0.25126194953918457,
-0.051085129380226135,
-0.10870131850242615,
0.38715484738349915,
-0.03278714045882225,
0.29747840762138367,
0.11485743522644043,
0.09086906909942627,
0.5021164417266846,
0.34470516443252563,
-0.6867965459823608,
-0.072813980281353,
0.30425402522087097,
-0.5392303466796875,
0.09036849439144135,
0.2761416435241699,
-0.5946012139320374,
-0.24036090075969696,
0.2094201296567917,
0.06785684078931808,
0.5755343437194824,
0.20635360479354858,
-0.5364969968795776,
-0.5090303421020508,
-0.011586065404117107,
0.22330951690673828,
0.21491892635822296,
0.06889825314283371,
-0.12829214334487915,
-0.484828919172287,
-0.5720068216323853,
-0.24813009798526764,
-0.12039627879858017,
-0.16703450679779053,
-0.4382733702659607,
-0.1172165498137474,
0.12224027514457703,
0.7034241557121277,
0.4349009394645691,
0.17153462767601013,
-0.38677534461021423,
-0.011298424564301968,
-0.02723020687699318,
-0.5419427156448364,
0.6347629427909851,
0.2183220088481903,
-0.3864983916282654,
0.2832673490047455,
0.02563346177339554,
-0.0003697603242471814,
0.4817497730255127,
-0.7115833163261414,
0.005111883394420147,
-0.3861517012119293,
0.022534653544425964,
0.19710128009319305,
0.05562988296151161,
-0.18449240922927856,
-0.046677760779857635,
0.0693158358335495,
-0.4067935049533844,
0.22979429364204407,
0.5563787221908569,
0.4723970293998718,
0.040875762701034546,
0.10206835716962814,
0.1212778314948082,
-0.2943415343761444,
-0.5766240954399109,
-0.022516241297125816,
-0.0612320750951767,
-0.3535632789134979,
0.09791462123394012,
0.15131740272045135,
-0.3051137328147888,
-0.09871990233659744,
-5.7093071937561035,
-0.21174615621566772,
-0.3746708035469055,
-0.5404303073883057,
0.4917186498641968,
0.15151779353618622,
0.26084089279174805,
0.037660863250494,
-0.06253164261579514,
-0.153126522898674,
-0.2586371600627899,
0.4727507531642914,
-0.009210005402565002,
0.19683793187141418,
0.3395134508609772,
0.5220411419868469,
0.9216513633728027,
0.26509061455726624,
0.26959478855133057,
0.07363667339086533,
-0.512154221534729,
-0.6090163588523865,
-0.14675335586071014,
0.7680201530456543,
-0.08522031456232071,
-0.034164804965257645,
-0.7129088640213013,
0.08903252333402634,
-0.2932611107826233,
0.5966914296150208,
0.24918240308761597,
-0.5423395037651062,
-0.1099843829870224,
-0.22600559890270233,
0.5318782329559326,
-0.47498831152915955,
0.33735984563827515,
0.16828113794326782,
0.10036087781190872,
-0.22807760536670685,
-0.2678433358669281,
0.7828305959701538,
0.08152122050523758,
-0.24518604576587677,
-0.0005247455555945635,
-0.3979622423648834,
-0.49941226840019226,
-0.2682579755783081,
0.0003005161415785551,
0.6605377197265625,
-0.37100648880004883,
0.7956518530845642,
1.039944052696228,
-0.285342276096344,
0.5933459401130676,
0.460552453994751,
0.39983057975769043,
0.06583929806947708,
0.0033652586862444878,
-0.06002699211239815,
0.024051418527960777,
-0.12247000634670258,
-0.4410390555858612,
0.04997265711426735,
-0.4164533317089081,
-0.2998380959033966,
-0.6257537603378296,
-0.2326006144285202,
0.5586605072021484,
-0.26685473322868347,
-0.6680081486701965,
-0.00433348910883069,
0.8163206577301025,
-0.4388146996498108,
0.2460165172815323,
-0.7538512945175171,
0.0621337965130806,
0.09524314105510712,
0.3626372218132019,
0.3475830852985382,
-0.3867594599723816,
-0.0729687511920929,
-0.38575366139411926,
-0.43090465664863586,
0.2960183918476105,
-0.24055154621601105,
-0.3013531565666199,
-0.00698163453489542,
0.34978365898132324,
-0.11227325350046158,
1.334741473197937,
-0.11239255219697952,
0.5541931390762329,
0.052791815251111984,
0.5419751405715942,
-0.006348511204123497,
0.08720212429761887,
0.3936997652053833,
0.24510499835014343,
-0.7854991555213928,
0.4224471151828766,
-0.2238709032535553,
-0.013217216357588768,
-0.025323936715722084,
-0.3920028805732727,
-0.30084845423698425,
-0.18887630105018616,
0.29109206795692444,
1.0154166221618652,
0.43705445528030396,
0.2031123787164688,
0.270761638879776,
-0.16235467791557312,
-1.0642191171646118,
0.26335471868515015,
0.46420079469680786,
-0.8806599378585815,
0.5849548578262329,
0.49673619866371155,
-0.2982265055179596,
0.36162877082824707,
-0.1265581250190735,
-0.6862783432006836,
-0.5672956109046936,
0.01992974616587162,
0.13517460227012634,
0.4398994743824005,
0.15543240308761597,
0.23149678111076355,
-0.47980549931526184,
0.4814937710762024,
0.30560970306396484,
0.051589448004961014,
-0.05456122010946274,
-0.28016626834869385,
-0.07939936965703964,
0.10333769768476486,
-0.20322413742542267,
-0.05142376944422722,
-0.6799802184104919,
-0.054277826100587845,
-0.3959153890609741,
0.08767703920602798,
-0.23975592851638794,
0.8347817659378052,
0.4491981565952301,
-0.3677327334880829,
0.3076302707195282,
0.2820098400115967,
-0.11273844540119171,
0.09844885766506195,
-0.7515820264816284,
-0.2963068187236786,
0.20073509216308594,
-0.2761283814907074,
-0.22830036282539368,
0.3026193082332611,
-0.14446192979812622,
-0.2847883701324463,
-0.5815709829330444,
0.5054000020027161,
0.14225661754608154,
-0.68394535779953,
-0.49170348048210144,
0.032729797065258026,
0.27605879306793213,
-0.11747586727142334,
-0.9810497760772705,
0.3820730149745941,
0.6252245903015137,
-0.20180176198482513,
-0.7605005502700806,
-0.10761022567749023,
-0.34991273283958435,
0.1531473696231842,
0.3127943277359009,
0.09226606041193008,
-0.3230600357055664,
-0.019371841102838516,
0.14646974205970764,
0.07896824181079865,
0.06849142163991928,
-0.056866250932216644,
0.45464691519737244,
-0.1129067912697792,
-0.2693163752555847,
-0.14855650067329407,
0.8854737877845764,
-0.3649598956108093,
0.24122354388237,
0.1672612875699997,
-0.11232956498861313,
0.6756857633590698,
0.41157183051109314,
-0.21030376851558685,
-0.11705438792705536,
-0.0072626215405762196,
-0.2655915319919586,
0.10002197325229645,
-0.9280304908752441,
0.11736658960580826,
0.25468191504478455,
-0.6588963866233826,
-0.22909855842590332,
0.2679124176502228,
-0.10330738127231598,
0.6133814454078674,
-0.013433977961540222,
-0.010432588867843151,
0.25758469104766846,
-0.35572347044944763,
-0.23033395409584045,
0.02479715086519718,
0.40419623255729675,
-0.5595037937164307,
-0.056716613471508026,
0.3769262433052063,
-0.5078398585319519,
-0.6386716961860657,
-0.22539174556732178,
0.17772692441940308,
0.29151469469070435,
-0.5773789286613464,
-0.1824965626001358,
-0.1814216524362564,
0.5554898977279663,
0.12584549188613892,
-0.9328061938285828,
0.10807542502880096,
0.07494284957647324,
-0.1658990979194641,
-0.44732823967933655,
0.051089052110910416,
0.20502790808677673,
0.12844286859035492,
0.1674744337797165,
-0.01062239520251751,
-0.18202298879623413,
0.5209725499153137,
-0.20059385895729065,
0.6105964779853821,
0.9388712644577026,
-0.165540874004364,
-0.256878137588501,
-0.04169848933815956,
0.4113122820854187,
0.943123996257782,
-0.6151186227798462,
-0.3050542175769806,
0.2868771255016327,
0.47092753648757935,
-0.5278130173683167,
-1.2216569185256958,
-0.003030044725164771,
0.2346944957971573,
-0.13736078143119812,
-0.21101880073547363,
-0.49137449264526367,
0.14658509194850922,
0.5730807185173035,
-0.2347150295972824,
-0.5524575114250183,
-0.11672370880842209,
-0.213218092918396,
0.10870861262083054,
0.17066870629787445,
-0.2819530665874481,
0.16426914930343628,
0.373468279838562,
-0.20040613412857056,
0.5435941219329834,
0.6460495591163635,
0.4439898729324341,
0.10248606652021408,
0.8268992304801941,
-0.09089550375938416,
-0.2796099781990051,
-0.35726848244667053,
0.13608844578266144,
0.2967572510242462,
-0.6338229179382324,
-0.03423784673213959,
0.13451580703258514,
-0.1983988881111145,
-0.05554969236254692,
-0.12269776314496994,
0.8028779029846191,
-0.23419120907783508,
-0.6915143728256226,
-0.12007328122854233,
0.22131727635860443,
-0.4550764262676239,
0.0820203423500061,
0.20808792114257812,
-0.39267173409461975,
-0.04025851935148239,
0.11938314139842987,
0.2563140094280243,
0.19316349923610687,
0.6647136211395264,
-0.5914157629013062,
0.8731980323791504,
0.37728455662727356,
-0.9284351468086243,
0.4585590362548828,
0.0012793103232979774,
-0.053486037999391556,
-0.45544639229774475,
0.4412396252155304,
-0.5521718859672546,
0.03708044812083244,
0.07233196496963501,
-0.19330070912837982,
1.0275318622589111,
0.17896777391433716,
-0.33128172159194946,
0.6650354266166687,
-0.2828517258167267,
0.35334354639053345,
0.5247734189033508,
0.2685782015323639,
-0.01205748226493597,
-0.013699815608561039,
-0.6258658766746521,
0.05838565528392792,
0.8624297976493835,
-0.5179004073143005,
-0.5083539485931396,
0.1039891317486763,
0.3663550615310669,
0.5741927027702332,
0.12094943225383759,
-0.2940301299095154,
0.6343417763710022,
-0.1795591115951538,
-0.10642583668231964,
0.2656482756137848,
-0.39423102140426636,
0.04499051347374916,
0.6636940240859985,
0.43781861662864685,
0.0981297641992569,
-0.08048015832901001,
-0.019000547006726265,
-0.4524601697921753,
0.6904829740524292,
0.08801194280385971,
-0.10489282757043839,
-0.9093780517578125,
0.5108979344367981,
-0.0575181283056736,
0.05416720733046532,
0.5130496621131897,
0.3561939001083374,
0.03734269365668297,
-0.6737130284309387,
0.017006227746605873,
-0.09512203186750412,
-0.15596435964107513,
-0.2762885093688965,
0.05764281749725342,
0.929977297782898,
0.1699930727481842,
-0.16596895456314087,
0.16999991238117218,
-0.07307177782058716,
0.40723955631256104,
-1.172394871711731,
-0.20671185851097107,
0.13674040138721466,
0.1927570253610611,
0.9437395930290222,
-0.5232599973678589,
0.0656096488237381,
-0.08816787600517273,
0.4296260178089142,
0.6439984440803528,
0.45475703477859497,
0.07543902099132538,
0.26221781969070435,
-0.19193115830421448,
-0.2718248665332794,
-0.21754008531570435,
-0.8245080709457397,
-0.16071408987045288,
-0.5255435109138489,
-0.3659359812736511,
0.30806586146354675,
-0.1354774534702301,
0.10084542632102966,
-0.022341253235936165,
-0.5523548722267151,
0.3044210970401764,
-0.14771926403045654,
-0.3745516538619995,
-0.40448641777038574,
-0.2239042967557907,
0.462045818567276,
0.06035320833325386,
0.15479929745197296,
-0.09306248277425766,
0.5545511245727539,
0.06828290969133377,
0.15388360619544983,
-0.8020117282867432,
-0.22803612053394318,
-0.4521333575248718,
0.3623318374156952,
-0.3415023684501648,
0.3030863404273987,
0.48103389143943787,
-0.712515652179718,
0.0652393102645874,
0.08137147128582001,
-0.3987765312194824,
0.24536928534507751,
0.8040485382080078,
-0.4823639988899231,
0.13945548236370087,
-0.3986459970474243,
-0.03293726593255997,
0.1149616539478302,
0.19556185603141785,
0.47938695549964905,
-0.017529500648379326,
-0.1351040154695511,
0.10564392060041428,
0.20770473778247833,
-0.5094293355941772,
0.47596055269241333,
-0.11893243342638016,
0.2302527278661728,
-0.7247380614280701,
0.163534477353096,
-0.1556558459997177,
0.007857422344386578,
0.12980423867702484,
-0.14029987156391144,
-0.17555750906467438,
0.09263531863689423,
0.4342086911201477,
-0.010388380847871304,
0.050290048122406006,
-0.13896112143993378,
-0.36937618255615234,
-0.02892538346350193,
-0.5450334548950195,
0.02162254974246025,
-1.0553998947143555,
0.41371479630470276,
0.3635258972644806,
-0.43952861428260803,
0.7497840523719788,
0.15913598239421844,
0.4540509581565857,
-0.060017235577106476,
0.3792736232280731,
-0.8226377367973328,
-0.2523363530635834,
-0.41305118799209595
]
|
214761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach%20%28bus%29 | Coach (bus) | A coach (or motorcoach) is a bus used for longer-distance service, in contrast to transit buses that are typically used within a single metropolitan region. Often used for touring, intercity, and international bus service, coaches are also used for private charter for various purposes. Coaches are also related and fall under a specific category / specific type of RV's.
Deriving the name from horse-drawn carriages and stagecoaches that carried passengers, luggage, and mail, modern motor coaches are almost always high-floor buses, with separate luggage hold mounted below the passenger compartment. In contrast to transit buses, motor coaches typically feature forward-facing seating, with no provision for standing. Other accommodations may include onboard restrooms, televisions, and overhead luggage space.
History
Background
Horse-drawn chariots and carriages ("coaches") were used by the wealthy and powerful where the roads were of a high enough standard from possibly 3000 BC. In Hungary, during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus in the 15th century, the wheelwrights of Kocs began to build a horse-drawn vehicle with steel-spring suspension. This "cart of Kocs" as the Hungarians called it () soon became popular all over Europe. The imperial post service employed the first horse-drawn mail coaches in Europe since Roman times in 1650, and as they started in the town of Kocs, the use of these mail coaches gave rise to the term "coach". Stagecoaches (drawn by horses) were used for transport between cities from about 1500 in Great Britain until displaced by the arrival of the railways.
One of the earliest motorized vehicles was the charabanc, which was used for short journeys and excursions until the early years of the 20th century. The first "motor coaches" were purchased by operators of those horse-drawn vehicles in the early 20th century by operators such as Royal Blue Coach Services, who purchased their first charabanc in 1913 and were running 72 coaches by 1926.
Features
Coaches, as they hold passengers for significant periods of time on long journeys, are designed for comfort. They vary considerably in quality from country to country and within countries. Higher specification vehicles include luxury seats and air conditioning. Coaches typically have only a single, narrow door, but sometimes they have two doors, as an increased loading time is acceptable due to infrequent stops. Some characteristics include:
Comfortable seats that may include a folding table, armrests, and recliner. Comfort is considered to be an important feature in coaches.
Luggage racks above the seats where passengers can access their carry-on baggage during the journey
Baggage holds, accessed from outside the vehicle, often under the main floor or at the rear, where passengers' luggage can be stowed away from the seating area
Passenger service units, mounted overhead, on which personal reading lights and air conditioning ducts can be controlled and used by individual passengers with little disturbance to other passengers
On-board rest rooms fitted with chemical toilets, hand basins and hand sanitizer.
On some coaches, on-board entertainment including movies may be shown to passengers
On-board refreshment service or vending machines
Wheelchair accommodation, possibly including a wheelchair lift for access
Curtains, useful on overnight services
Onboard Wi-Fi access
Onboard AC power
Manufacture
Coaches, like buses, may be fully built by integrated manufacturers, or a separate chassis consisting of only an engine, wheels and basic frame may be delivered to a coachwork factory for a body to be added. A few coaches are built with monocoque bodies without a chassis frame. Integrated manufacturers (most of whom also supply chassis) include Autosan, Scania, Fuso, and Alexander Dennis. Major coachwork providers (some of whom can build their own chassis) include Van Hool, Neoplan, Marcopolo, Irizar, MCI, Prevost, Volvo and Designline.
Regulations
In some European countries following the 1958 type certification treaty, coach (that is vehicle of type M2 or M3) type certification is regulated by regulation number 107 from the UNECE. In the U.S., commercial drivers of motorcoaches are regulated by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA).
Image gallery
Modern coaches
A representative selection of vehicles currently (or recently) in use in different parts of the world.
Vintage coaches
A selection of vehicles in use in different parts of the world in the past.
See also
Intercity bus driver
Intercity bus service
Carriage
Coach (carriage)
Coach (rail)
Coach transport in the United Kingdom
Double-decker bus
Family Motor Coach Association
List of buses
Motor bus
Multi-axle bus
Sleeper bus
Side loader bus
Transit bus
References
Anderson, R. C. A. and Frankis, G. (1970). History of Royal Blue Express Services. David & Charles.
External links
BBC Time Shift: The Modern Age of Coach Travel
Buses by type | [
0.09772800654172897,
-0.38015422224998474,
-0.0051320274360477924,
0.4151941239833832,
-0.12040983885526657,
0.19006229937076569,
0.4376099109649658,
0.2772050201892853,
-0.11197052896022797,
-0.7225106954574585,
-0.3836793303489685,
0.2003779262304306,
0.105887770652771,
0.23916688561439514,
0.07770412415266037,
0.26292645931243896,
0.39774805307388306,
0.20148521661758423,
-0.2741793394088745,
-0.36034175753593445,
-0.09023788571357727,
-0.16169995069503784,
0.1764208823442459,
-0.4290284514427185,
-0.05509394779801369,
-0.055451590567827225,
0.04923873394727707,
0.5573984384536743,
-0.2304353266954422,
-0.10751879960298538,
0.34153667092323303,
0.04908839613199234,
0.2587035298347473,
0.2008737325668335,
0.21756866574287415,
-0.5617114901542664,
0.5888687968254089,
-0.7441136240959167,
-0.09483638405799866,
-0.6112321615219116,
-0.3826037347316742,
0.10999606549739838,
-0.027752608060836792,
0.2802629768848419,
0.1767730414867401,
-0.14329086244106293,
-1.35565984249115,
-0.3081744313240051,
-0.23450134694576263,
-0.17712843418121338,
-0.8129022717475891,
0.5362900495529175,
0.32201603055000305,
1.1076887845993042,
0.026492159813642502,
0.5329209566116333,
-0.18278071284294128,
-0.37159302830696106,
0.20746953785419464,
-0.7013271450996399,
0.49303138256073,
0.5028440356254578,
-0.06254150718450546,
0.6026236414909363,
0.08727424591779709,
0.17954865097999573,
-0.0017768789548426867,
0.16261279582977295,
-0.363169401884079,
-0.5205204486846924,
-0.47338801622390747,
-0.27258169651031494,
0.3785034418106079,
0.18433696031570435,
-0.3081342577934265,
-0.12974174320697784,
0.2641103267669678,
-0.6966550350189209,
-0.07464871555566788,
-0.35586220026016235,
-0.3051891624927521,
0.7771084308624268,
0.08479239046573639,
0.3472844064235687,
0.03736124560236931,
0.34844154119491577,
-0.745609700679779,
-0.02254890650510788,
-0.15666650235652924,
0.36184123158454895,
-0.158101886510849,
0.13455194234848022,
0.5993972420692444,
0.24746477603912354,
-0.2997613847255707,
-0.40456056594848633,
0.13708367943763733,
-0.12945106625556946,
0.41521167755126953,
0.16063688695430756,
-0.2894968092441559,
-0.23139311373233795,
0.30047276616096497,
-0.2181105762720108,
-0.22511839866638184,
-0.31456488370895386,
-0.41582271456718445,
0.20488804578781128,
0.15369728207588196,
0.5961641669273376,
-0.4660402834415436,
-0.03825179859995842,
-0.10798446834087372,
-0.06157606840133667,
0.1113254576921463,
0.04189937189221382,
-0.0534319207072258,
0.07101929187774658,
-0.333051860332489,
-0.3277987837791443,
-0.1436263620853424,
0.11061980575323105,
0.20498605072498322,
-0.42835691571235657,
-0.26707470417022705,
0.16915228962898254,
0.5314849615097046,
0.3061031997203827,
-0.1868949681520462,
0.06900499761104584,
0.37813714146614075,
0.6727217435836792,
-0.25614264607429504,
0.1794101893901825,
-0.39647790789604187,
0.19287654757499695,
0.06190459802746773,
0.345328152179718,
0.2852153480052948,
-0.06951230764389038,
-0.8053032159805298,
-0.29181018471717834,
0.10667984187602997,
-0.23115845024585724,
0.8218437433242798,
0.11208492517471313,
0.5650686621665955,
-0.15929704904556274,
-0.5410348773002625,
-0.29057005047798157,
-0.01539428997784853,
0.4460271894931793,
-0.23542623221874237,
0.4643448293209076,
-0.2071131020784378,
0.47035542130470276,
0.23067353665828705,
-0.4128413498401642,
-0.10215558856725693,
0.07413915544748306,
-0.29216521978378296,
0.373203307390213,
-0.31383663415908813,
-0.12091760337352753,
-0.2940303385257721,
-0.19099301099777222,
-0.22056816518306732,
0.06010454520583153,
0.3147013783454895,
0.012227198109030724,
-0.30107414722442627,
-0.25912535190582275,
-0.09452639520168304,
-0.36847469210624695,
-0.06767541915178299,
0.249257892370224,
0.43786540627479553,
-0.16034047305583954,
0.5652633905410767,
-0.33398786187171936,
-0.4038808345794678,
0.6566908359527588,
0.48900657892227173,
0.1852947622537613,
0.09990474581718445,
-0.73623126745224,
0.2076144963502884,
0.13836944103240967,
-0.08880048990249634,
-0.5499786138534546,
-0.4342429041862488,
-0.6266945600509644,
0.24764187633991241,
-0.3424466848373413,
0.8390322327613831,
-0.2090853452682495,
-0.6818031668663025,
0.6106528043746948,
-0.07403189688920975,
0.37536391615867615,
0.31747281551361084,
-0.001257417956367135,
-0.04298066720366478,
-0.4738953709602356,
0.0028516349848359823,
0.4420871436595917,
0.611123263835907,
-0.13052861392498016,
-0.3397528827190399,
-0.2510703504085541,
0.39973583817481995,
-0.6192265152931213,
0.06758596003055573,
-0.12948039174079895,
0.4203404188156128,
0.014210479333996773,
0.09775405377149582,
0.2660771608352661,
0.25660228729248047,
-0.3868449926376343,
1.3632372617721558,
-0.4334592819213867,
-0.7023521065711975,
0.4588223397731781,
-0.5724648237228394,
0.3856523036956787,
0.17292536795139313,
0.41864585876464844,
0.6365260481834412,
-0.17202112078666687,
0.2473689466714859,
0.2811909019947052,
-0.21362586319446564,
-0.18279370665550232,
-0.49289751052856445,
0.2591021955013275,
0.29502204060554504,
-0.08113154768943787,
0.6358088850975037,
-0.2883968949317932,
0.042127929627895355,
0.2285609245300293,
-0.34958916902542114,
-0.036292705684900284,
0.251459538936615,
-0.2627013623714447,
-0.38194510340690613,
0.3945578932762146,
-0.07818566262722015,
-0.36284077167510986,
0.25004106760025024,
0.10534918308258057,
0.48905521631240845,
0.06152096018195152,
0.049540285021066666,
0.05824045091867447,
0.13709144294261932,
0.20141460001468658,
0.3097226619720459,
0.36645984649658203,
-0.46652019023895264,
0.17795352637767792,
-0.09303455799818039,
0.18607787787914276,
-0.31702879071235657,
-0.1941039264202118,
-0.59229975938797,
-0.0036052362993359566,
0.08880288153886795,
0.3721247613430023,
-0.09322210401296616,
-0.028094129636883736,
-0.4989318549633026,
-0.1281445473432541,
-0.08788889646530151,
0.1689344346523285,
0.3454965054988861,
0.4614969491958618,
0.277890145778656,
-0.20011144876480103,
-0.22025154531002045,
0.3424951136112213,
0.8136208653450012,
-0.5600627660751343,
-0.035561397671699524,
-0.611039400100708,
0.28356245160102844,
0.49378687143325806,
-0.6111806035041809,
-0.35913288593292236,
-0.06637801975011826,
0.15213167667388916,
0.03068731538951397,
0.36146315932273865,
0.41000258922576904,
0.05510169267654419,
-0.06566757708787918,
0.18633140623569489,
0.012661673128604889,
-0.4065597653388977,
-0.25310733914375305,
-0.011388354003429413,
-0.1359562873840332,
-0.2766641676425934,
0.20875822007656097,
-0.14048980176448822,
-0.3363468050956726,
-0.1292298436164856,
-5.907262802124023,
0.08097925782203674,
-0.44354718923568726,
-0.49440881609916687,
0.4740235507488251,
-0.5270111560821533,
0.24460913240909576,
-0.48692643642425537,
-0.30324363708496094,
-0.08247620612382889,
0.21091586351394653,
0.11059360951185226,
0.2365500032901764,
0.30254682898521423,
0.4591323435306549,
0.2900480628013611,
0.5545015931129456,
0.08161699026823044,
0.23126117885112762,
-0.08264050632715225,
0.23079709708690643,
-0.3859078288078308,
-0.031674303114414215,
0.40622860193252563,
0.07311533391475677,
-0.10969675332307816,
-0.16835731267929077,
0.03566078469157219,
-0.5360663533210754,
0.17846223711967468,
0.5981631875038147,
-0.18784283101558685,
-0.3856774568557739,
-0.22030207514762878,
0.24340209364891052,
-0.25485557317733765,
0.7714276909828186,
-0.14500826597213745,
0.29936936497688293,
-0.471611350774765,
-0.3883194923400879,
0.539131224155426,
0.3815644085407257,
-0.49459773302078247,
-0.11741217970848083,
-0.09004981815814972,
-0.4780178964138031,
-0.18488341569900513,
-0.1862168163061142,
0.6856997013092041,
-0.010802281089127064,
0.31411224603652954,
0.7495293021202087,
0.24310292303562164,
0.32431653141975403,
-0.40997329354286194,
0.06457409262657166,
0.012914898805320263,
0.15992869436740875,
0.03684090077877045,
0.6061901450157166,
-0.21614249050617218,
-0.8585678339004517,
-0.649214506149292,
-0.12991571426391602,
-0.012148500420153141,
-0.2646823525428772,
-0.480241060256958,
0.80762779712677,
0.056028757244348526,
-0.9542515277862549,
-0.3229663670063019,
0.5965058207511902,
-0.5528671741485596,
0.7070505619049072,
-0.5885099172592163,
-0.03855768218636513,
-0.168674498796463,
0.3986387252807617,
0.12838399410247803,
-0.2154345065355301,
-0.2367628961801529,
-0.545907199382782,
-0.4284345805644989,
0.3884630501270294,
-0.5959834456443787,
-0.1478184461593628,
0.27661076188087463,
-0.12017421424388885,
-0.3421778380870819,
1.2373883724212646,
-0.20523017644882202,
0.40308383107185364,
0.3226126432418823,
0.16574519872665405,
0.1859131157398224,
0.025136683136224747,
0.20035453140735626,
0.0879654809832573,
-0.9621101021766663,
0.24610339105129242,
-0.25983187556266785,
-0.15316666662693024,
-0.10099878162145615,
0.17524586617946625,
-0.2549726068973541,
-0.5942643880844116,
0.1297566443681717,
0.9559964537620544,
0.35821372270584106,
0.0789887011051178,
0.2154303640127182,
-0.5371962785720825,
-1.0611534118652344,
0.08403093367815018,
0.291474312543869,
-0.30283862352371216,
0.38406577706336975,
0.48654404282569885,
-0.08288487046957016,
0.012114125303924084,
0.3853192925453186,
-0.030807100236415863,
-0.17050792276859283,
-0.31951555609703064,
0.43200740218162537,
-0.012153354473412037,
0.1858951598405838,
0.3827703595161438,
-0.26285406947135925,
0.6173750758171082,
0.49075695872306824,
0.14733736217021942,
-0.13245508074760437,
-0.6984485983848572,
-0.47560763359069824,
-0.12740826606750488,
0.13720165193080902,
-0.1501288115978241,
-0.5962377190589905,
-0.14341813325881958,
-0.2854975163936615,
-0.27188873291015625,
-0.19633576273918152,
0.5126717686653137,
0.6083299517631531,
-0.2649584114551544,
0.21362599730491638,
-0.08995920419692993,
-0.021539505571126938,
0.30342990159988403,
-0.4804450273513794,
-0.35682395100593567,
0.3291223347187042,
0.1585940271615982,
-0.7347550392150879,
0.18778793513774872,
-0.008958256803452969,
-0.060830000787973404,
-0.3844631314277649,
0.05134202912449837,
-0.40793418884277344,
-0.4798761308193207,
-0.2643353044986725,
-0.3023168444633484,
0.2944416105747223,
0.06550175696611404,
-1.1778360605239868,
0.31597062945365906,
0.45510026812553406,
-0.3007783889770508,
-0.6896467208862305,
-0.49455341696739197,
-0.14611433446407318,
0.42989474534988403,
0.14585593342781067,
0.31007954478263855,
-0.018494218587875366,
-0.2912754714488983,
-0.0825362503528595,
0.09427329897880554,
-0.4204574525356293,
-0.045291319489479065,
0.032660987228155136,
0.4474743604660034,
-0.1764143705368042,
-0.6134714484214783,
0.20294274389743805,
-0.2144937962293625,
-0.2701447308063507,
0.3166568875312805,
0.35875678062438965,
0.07022511214017868,
0.5000318288803101,
0.12253603339195251,
-0.24765130877494812,
0.19369496405124664,
0.3989005982875824,
-0.10162363201379776,
-0.3911578357219696,
-0.016942229121923447,
-0.015212355181574821,
-0.7234405875205994,
0.49275657534599304,
0.12131820619106293,
-0.3659680187702179,
0.3887428939342499,
-0.17284736037254333,
-0.15564723312854767,
0.16858211159706116,
-0.5283581614494324,
-0.320565789937973,
0.19963985681533813,
0.15008041262626648,
-0.737370491027832,
0.39947354793548584,
-0.1532072126865387,
-0.609624981880188,
-0.25514906644821167,
-0.23637428879737854,
-0.3338063657283783,
-0.19686931371688843,
-0.7386695146560669,
-0.44792959094047546,
-0.22687849402427673,
0.5275014042854309,
0.11885523051023483,
-1.1002191305160522,
0.2756594121456146,
0.09530817717313766,
0.05584604665637016,
-0.36546340584754944,
-0.4054434299468994,
-0.0814790353178978,
0.13389535248279572,
0.1158750057220459,
-0.1103404313325882,
0.04887913167476654,
0.3131881058216095,
0.10154329985380173,
0.24328835308551788,
1.0486851930618286,
0.048463087528944016,
-0.40669727325439453,
-0.1710861325263977,
0.4282231330871582,
0.07708349078893661,
-0.4764845073223114,
-0.2845834493637085,
-0.01754882000386715,
0.3622102439403534,
-0.5341693758964539,
-0.6320435404777527,
-0.03715987130999565,
0.8150065541267395,
0.14837083220481873,
-0.4643658995628357,
-0.08836788684129715,
0.24702344834804535,
0.9287983179092407,
0.1592429131269455,
-0.09634949266910553,
0.3979414403438568,
-0.2500428557395935,
-0.06488140672445297,
-0.29810386896133423,
-0.029120616614818573,
-0.018737465143203735,
0.5245711803436279,
-0.5933996438980103,
0.3722277879714966,
0.13661819696426392,
0.5205989480018616,
0.4786122739315033,
0.5731715559959412,
-0.46096643805503845,
-0.0823320522904396,
-0.9645618796348572,
0.40771791338920593,
0.4096653163433075,
0.0037379509303718805,
0.23760640621185303,
-0.2947247326374054,
-0.06763064861297607,
-0.14805881679058075,
-0.3110518455505371,
0.21041665971279144,
-0.2527143955230713,
-0.6965363025665283,
0.21171852946281433,
0.09472740441560745,
-0.28443247079849243,
-0.323975533246994,
0.7401115298271179,
-0.44965872168540955,
0.3164195418357849,
0.2935574948787689,
0.5470581650733948,
0.10228606313467026,
0.2344287484884262,
-0.47144657373428345,
0.756388247013092,
0.24771219491958618,
-0.8363715410232544,
0.01605192758142948,
0.24748575687408447,
0.05945800244808197,
-0.6272698640823364,
0.5689498782157898,
-0.5036190748214722,
0.1925649493932724,
-0.2134658545255661,
0.4898543059825897,
1.4691476821899414,
-0.00980087835341692,
0.00013325295003596693,
0.10474225878715515,
-0.17419469356536865,
0.022640550509095192,
0.40986815094947815,
0.46167677640914917,
0.33640992641448975,
0.10560373216867447,
-0.301408588886261,
-0.022314632311463356,
0.600454568862915,
-0.22742705047130585,
-0.6571318507194519,
0.22388558089733124,
0.2300865352153778,
0.6114256978034973,
-0.17515383660793304,
-0.3020596504211426,
0.43681180477142334,
0.0756252259016037,
-0.1120467558503151,
0.5234976410865784,
0.015076889656484127,
-0.7253777980804443,
-0.052225057035684586,
0.06885141879320145,
-0.07366833835840225,
-0.12456797063350677,
0.1946014165878296,
-0.130480095744133,
0.4693947434425354,
0.6447182297706604,
0.34888163208961487,
-0.2560693323612213,
0.3048957586288452,
-0.1844833791255951,
0.26867371797561646,
0.47964349389076233,
0.40347984433174133,
-0.32246822118759155,
-0.44939109683036804,
-0.15549613535404205,
-0.13874492049217224,
-0.13235537707805634,
-0.4695538878440857,
0.2613072097301483,
0.08132672309875488,
0.6773858666419983,
-0.6651166677474976,
-0.3179880678653717,
-0.5459935069084167,
0.35930335521698,
-1.0586216449737549,
-0.19748669862747192,
0.38359254598617554,
-0.4603167176246643,
1.0146150588989258,
-0.4240740239620209,
-0.00579817546531558,
0.13940665125846863,
-0.004357832949608564,
0.5543574094772339,
0.5252447128295898,
-0.04714572802186012,
0.3740607500076294,
-0.19237224757671356,
-0.30058950185775757,
-0.13448858261108398,
-0.9903354048728943,
-0.08506924659013748,
-0.15427617728710175,
-0.28647011518478394,
0.5170540809631348,
-0.12232226878404617,
0.3755589723587036,
0.03287225589156151,
-0.19187961518764496,
0.18554405868053436,
-0.12636588513851166,
0.0426659993827343,
-0.2602172791957855,
-0.25116828083992004,
0.5718751549720764,
0.2804006040096283,
0.0774349644780159,
0.10282465815544128,
0.25370633602142334,
0.3030024766921997,
0.004875029902905226,
-0.4927580952644348,
-0.15036703646183014,
-0.43988367915153503,
-0.03017578274011612,
-0.29602327942848206,
0.29363030195236206,
0.5173787474632263,
-0.37175941467285156,
-0.154899001121521,
-0.2503947615623474,
0.6051443219184875,
0.8776549696922302,
0.6181638836860657,
-0.41154083609580994,
-0.1183479055762291,
-0.3048461973667145,
0.45262080430984497,
0.6097627878189087,
0.6581979990005493,
0.333609014749527,
-0.0035517034120857716,
-0.2647104561328888,
0.3371250629425049,
0.06638672947883606,
-0.4037046730518341,
0.43902483582496643,
0.08518727123737335,
0.142578586935997,
-0.7432546019554138,
-0.01785663701593876,
-0.22828717529773712,
0.17150931060314178,
0.5127550363540649,
-0.1189621239900589,
0.14566056430339813,
0.39200854301452637,
0.09485678374767303,
-0.43091243505477905,
0.30760514736175537,
0.305632084608078,
-0.7076971530914307,
-0.23321151733398438,
-0.29933425784111023,
-0.08822599053382874,
-0.9400506019592285,
0.18822605907917023,
0.34432628750801086,
-0.45752090215682983,
0.5020071268081665,
0.024265136569738388,
0.3354340195655823,
0.3202640116214752,
0.22154051065444946,
-0.8872180581092834,
-0.4221774637699127,
0.033556826412677765
]
|
214763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Elk | Black Elk | Heȟáka Sápa, commonly known as Black Elk (December 1, 1863 – August 19, 1950), was a wičháša wakȟáŋ ("medicine man, holy man"), heyoka of the Oglala Lakota people and educator about his culture. He was a second cousin of the war leader Crazy Horse and fought with him in the Battle of Little Bighorn. He survived the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. He toured and performed in Europe as part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.
Black Elk is best known for relating his religious views, visions, and events from his life to poet John Neihardt. Neihardt published these in his book Black Elk Speaks in 1932. This book has since been published in numerous editions, most recently in 2008. Near the end of his life, he recorded the seven sacred rites of the Sioux to ethnologist Joseph Epes Brown which were published in 1947 in the book The Sacred Pipe. There has been great interest in these works among members of the American Indian Movement since the 1970s, and by others who have wanted to learn more about Native American religions.
Black Elk converted to Catholicism, becoming a catechist, but he also continued to practice Lakota ceremonies. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City opened an official cause for his beatification within the Roman Catholic Church in 2016. His grandson, George Looks Twice said, "He was comfortable praying with this pipe and his rosary, and participated in Mass and Lakota ceremonies on a regular basis".
Childhood
Black Elk was born into an Oglala Lakota family in December 1863 along the Little Powder River (at a site thought to be in the present-day state of Wyoming). According to the Lakota way of measuring time (referred to as Winter counts), Black Elk was born in "the Winter When the Four Crows Were Killed on Tongue River".
Vision
When Black Elk was nine years old, he was suddenly taken ill; he lay prone and unresponsive for several days. During this time he had a great vision in which he was visited by the Thunder Beings (Wakinyan)"...spirits were represented as kind and loving, full of years and wisdom, like revered human grandfathers." When he was seventeen, Black Elk told a medicine man, Black Road, about the vision in detail. Black Road and the other medicine men of the village were "astonished by the greatness of the vision."
Black Elk had learned many things in his vision to help heal his people. He had come from a long line of medicine men and healers in his family; his father was a medicine man, as were his paternal uncles. Late in his life as an elder, he told Neihardt about his vision. He also envisioned a great tree that symbolized the life of the earth and all people. Neihardt later published these accounts in Black Elk Speaks. Since the late twentieth century, Neihardt's books have received renewed attention, largely from non-Lakota. An annotated edition was published by the State University of New York in 2008.
In one of his visions, Black Elk describes being taken to the center of the earth, and to the central mountain of the world. Mythologist Joseph Campbell notes that an "axis mundi, the central point, the pole around which all revolves ... the point where stillness and movement are together..." is a theme in several other religions, as well. Campbell viewed Black Elk's statement as one key to understanding worldwide religious myth and symbols in general.
From DeMallie's book:
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Black Elk was present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and described his experience to John Neihardt:
Buffalo Bill's Wild West
In 1887, Black Elk traveled to England with Buffalo Bill's Wild West, an experience he described in chapter twenty of Black Elk Speaks. On May 11, 1887, the troupe put on a command performance for Queen Victoria, whom they called "Grandmother England." Black Elk was among the crowd at her Golden Jubilee.
In spring 1888, Buffalo Bill's Wild West set sail for the United States. Black Elk became separated from the group and the ship left without him, stranding him with three other Lakota. They subsequently joined another wild west show and he spent the next year touring in Germany, France, and Italy. When Buffalo Bill arrived in Paris in May 1889, Black Elk obtained a ticket to return home to Pine Ridge, arriving in autumn of 1889. During his sojourn in Europe, Black Elk was given an "abundant opportunity to study the white man's way of life," and he learned to speak rudimentary English.
Wounded Knee Massacre
Black Elk participated in the fighting at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. While on horseback, he charged soldiers and helped to rescue some of the wounded. He arrived after many of Spotted Elk's (Big Foot's) band of people had been shot, and he was grazed by a bullet to his hip.
Later years
For at least a decade, beginning in 1934, Black Elk returned to work related to his performances earlier in life with Buffalo Bill. He organized an Indian show to be held at the Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion in the sacred Black Hills. But, unlike the Wild West shows, used to glorify Native American warfare, Black Elk created a show to teach tourists about Lakota culture and traditional sacred rituals, including the Sun Dance.
Black Elk's first wife Katie converted to Roman Catholicism, and they had their three children baptized as Catholics. After Katie's death, in 1904 Black Elk, then in his 40s, converted to Catholicism. He also became a catechist, teaching others about Christianity. He married again and had more children with his second wife; they were also baptized and reared as Catholic. He said his children "had to live in this world." In August 2016, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City opened an official cause for his beatification within the Roman Catholic Church.
Family
Black Elk married his first wife, Katie War Bonnet, in 1892. She converted to Catholicism, and all three of their children were baptized as Catholics.
His son, Benjamin Black Elk (1899–1973), became known as the "Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore", posing in the 1950s and 1960s for tourists at the memorial. Benjamin played an uncredited role in the 1962 film How the West Was Won.
After Katie's death in 1903, Black Elk became a Catholic the next year in 1904, when he was in his 40s. He was christened with the name of Nicholas and later served as a catechist in the church. After this, other medicine men, including his nephew Fools Crow, referred to him both as Black Elk and Nicholas Black Elk.
The widower Black Elk married again in 1905 to Anna Brings White, a widow with two daughters. Together they had three more children, whom they also had baptized as Catholic. The couple were together until her death in 1941.
In the early 1930s, Black Elk spoke with John Neihardt and Joseph Epes Brown, which led to the publication of Neihardt's books. His son Ben translated Black Elk's stories into English as he spoke. Neihardt's daughter Enid recorded these accounts. She later arranged them in chronological order for Neihardt's use. Thus the process had many steps and more people than Black Elk and Neihardt were involved in the recounting and recording.
After Black Elk spoke with Neihardt over the course of several days, Neihardt asked why Black Elk had "put aside" his old religion and baptized his children. According to [Neihardt's daughter] Hilda, Black Elk replied, "My children had to live in this world." In her 1995 memoir, Hilda Neihardt wrote that just before his death, Black Elk took his pipe and told his daughter Lucy Looks Twice, "The only thing I really believe is the pipe religion."
Legacy
Since the 1970s, the book Black Elk Speaks has become popular with those interested in Native Americans in the United States. With the rise of Native American activism, there was increasing interest among many in Native American religions. Within the American Indian Movement, especially among non-Natives and urban descendants who had not been raised in a traditional culture, Black Elk Speaks was an important source for those who were now seeking religious and spiritual inspiration. However, some critics believe John Neihardt, as the author and editor, may have exaggerated or altered some parts of the story to make it more accessible and marketable to the intended white audience of the 1930s, or because he did not fully understand the Lakota context.
Some sought out Black Elk's nephew Frank Fools Crow, also a medicine man, for information on Native traditions.
On August 11, 2016, the US Board on Geographic Names officially renamed Harney Peak, the highest point in South Dakota, Black Elk Peak in honor of Nicholas Black Elk and in recognition of the significance of the mountain to Native Americans.
On October 21, 2017, the cause for canonization for Nicholas Black Elk was formally opened by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City, South Dakota, paving the way for the possibility of him eventually being recognized as a saint. Black Elk's conversion to Roman Catholicism has confused many, both Indigenous and Catholic. Biographer Jon M. Sweeney addressed this duality in 2020, explaining, "Nick didn't see reason to disconnect from his vision life after converting to Catholicism.... Was Black Elk a true Lakota in the second half of his life? Yes.... Was he also a real Christian? Yes." He is now designated as a "Servant of God", a title indicating that his life and works are being investigated by the Pope and the Catholic Church for possible canonization. His work to share the Gospel with Native and non-Native people and harmonize the faith with Lakota culture were noted at the Mass.
Books of Black Elk's accounts
Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux (as told to John G. Neihardt), Bison Books, 2004 (originally published in 1932) : Black Elk Speaks
The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk's Teachings Given to John G. Neihardt, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie, University of Nebraska Press; new edition, 1985. .
The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux (as told to Joseph Epes Brown), MJF Books, 1997
Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian (as told to Joseph Epes Brown), World Wisdom, 2007
Books about Black Elk
Nicholas Black Elk: Medicine Man, Catechist, Saint, by Jon M. Sweeney, Liturgical Press.
Black Elk: Holy Man of the Oglala, by Michael F. Steltenkamp, University of Oklahoma Press; 1993
Nicholas Black Elk: Medicine Man, Missionary, Mystic, by Michael F. Steltenkamp, University of Oklahoma Press; 2009.
The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk's Teachings Given to John G. Neihardt, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie; 1985
Black Elk and Flaming Rainbow: Personal Memories of the Lakota Holy Man, by Hilda Neihardt, University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
Black Elk's Religion: The Sun Dance and Lakota Catholicism, by Clyde Holler, Syracuse University Press; 1995
Black Elk: Colonialism and Lakota Catholicism, by Damian Costello, Orbis Books; 2005
Black Elk Reader, edited by Clyde Holler, Syracuse University Press; 2000
Black Elk, Lakota Visionary, by Harry Oldmeadow, World Wisdom; 2018
See also
References
External links
"Writings of Black Elk" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
1863 births
1950 deaths
20th-century American writers
Catholics from South Dakota
Folk healers
Lakota people
Native American leaders
Native American Roman Catholics
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America
American Servants of God
20th-century venerated Christians | [
0.3201031982898712,
1.1267859935760498,
-0.8589847087860107,
-0.3165251314640045,
-0.1467462182044983,
0.42699041962623596,
1.4592316150665283,
0.19927409291267395,
-0.15472371876239777,
-0.4490945637226105,
-0.01508451160043478,
0.4087523818016052,
-0.43410107493400574,
0.13991402089595795,
-0.30585768818855286,
-0.07179086655378342,
0.3955361545085907,
0.17091840505599976,
-0.06015976518392563,
-0.13125772774219513,
-0.09242220968008041,
-0.31872716546058655,
0.09900093078613281,
0.5275375843048096,
0.46559640765190125,
0.9966726899147034,
-0.021473143249750137,
-0.47923383116722107,
-0.22821664810180664,
0.2527829706668854,
0.11000485718250275,
0.4354008436203003,
0.6270052194595337,
-0.5947932004928589,
-0.4558504521846771,
0.32225853204727173,
-0.5883813500404358,
-0.5195223093032837,
0.08062290400266647,
0.6850821375846863,
-0.30559197068214417,
0.05839679762721062,
-0.0996386930346489,
0.19135527312755585,
-0.4205077588558197,
0.0669066533446312,
-1.537063717842102,
0.5347581505775452,
-0.09875112771987915,
-0.19147907197475433,
-0.6010273694992065,
-0.416389524936676,
0.22647877037525177,
0.09337037801742554,
-0.1346164494752884,
0.3171553611755371,
-0.4132019579410553,
0.4040076732635498,
-0.02572731301188469,
-0.42914605140686035,
0.19188231229782104,
0.021436527371406555,
0.5756273865699768,
0.10901648551225662,
-0.43765315413475037,
-0.26538020372390747,
0.15684254467487335,
0.4941464364528656,
0.26837408542633057,
0.07019249349832535,
-0.2622898519039154,
0.24348725378513336,
-0.14024636149406433,
0.3110690116882324,
0.36948975920677185,
-0.3940492570400238,
-0.1850031465291977,
-0.06240394338965416,
0.1019229143857956,
0.41103029251098633,
-0.40451666712760925,
-0.15401571989059448,
0.9158461689949036,
0.24870918691158295,
-0.6709921956062317,
0.3347737789154053,
-0.035281527787446976,
0.0627526268362999,
-0.18930259346961975,
-0.1940016895532608,
-0.7197754979133606,
-0.5215827822685242,
0.02784128673374653,
-0.2607639729976654,
-0.5290634632110596,
0.5056818127632141,
0.09077513217926025,
-0.014032605104148388,
-0.015188024379312992,
-0.224594384431839,
0.06239701434969902,
-0.47614815831184387,
1.035251259803772,
0.40656858682632446,
-0.778612494468689,
-0.0973329022526741,
-0.17009933292865753,
-0.02863662876188755,
-0.19006797671318054,
-0.6486137509346008,
-0.3160037696361542,
0.013510236516594887,
0.21868880093097687,
-0.44888755679130554,
0.5626252889633179,
1.0514309406280518,
-0.00874039251357317,
-0.5485571622848511,
-0.05437740311026573,
-0.20484931766986847,
-0.16189834475517273,
0.4311344623565674,
0.19039349257946014,
0.09765788912773132,
-0.5608018636703491,
-0.0013084550155326724,
0.23761320114135742,
-0.10051722079515457,
-0.5569263696670532,
-0.2410743236541748,
0.0285921823233366,
0.5982703566551208,
0.13252782821655273,
-0.5539129972457886,
-0.04583907872438431,
-0.10872621089220047,
-0.2752024233341217,
0.17390359938144684,
-0.2607066333293915,
-0.05698686093091965,
-1.1552810668945312,
-0.4335610270500183,
-0.2603941559791565,
-0.10159219801425934,
0.3568306565284729,
0.1702401489019394,
-0.09524798393249512,
0.084194615483284,
-0.024599798023700714,
-0.06674553453922272,
-0.41176098585128784,
-0.558966338634491,
0.7301458716392517,
0.12090674787759781,
0.14278563857078552,
0.5281085968017578,
-0.46647095680236816,
0.36996200680732727,
0.3430514931678772,
-0.35115283727645874,
0.2844977378845215,
0.16874414682388306,
0.03197202458977699,
-0.2846817970275879,
0.6693775057792664,
0.12720747292041779,
0.12536737322807312,
-0.783743143081665,
-0.44087785482406616,
0.20483209192752838,
0.46693098545074463,
-0.049274321645498276,
0.07004934549331665,
-0.05736119672656059,
-0.4394837021827698,
0.03745175525546074,
0.1114552766084671,
0.07547800242900848,
0.10508103668689728,
0.08487788587808609,
-0.7628213763237,
0.11591901630163193,
0.12664178013801575,
0.006119048688560724,
-0.35191288590431213,
-0.036426905542612076,
-0.13853773474693298,
0.01756502129137516,
0.6435685157775879,
-0.28666952252388,
-0.1721021831035614,
-0.31670790910720825,
0.1784934252500534,
-0.317948579788208,
1.4398518800735474,
0.0310712531208992,
-0.23894532024860382,
0.6868720650672913,
0.2104290872812271,
-0.09976501017808914,
0.3797765374183655,
-0.11170640587806702,
0.28365057706832886,
-0.8284633755683899,
-0.5642571449279785,
0.44016656279563904,
-0.1852458119392395,
0.22828449308872223,
0.7105640769004822,
0.06654416769742966,
0.2260330319404602,
-0.38993412256240845,
-0.19281558692455292,
0.3058197498321533,
-0.3274151682853699,
0.26398488879203796,
0.23332229256629944,
0.295758992433548,
0.7030078768730164,
-0.6516937017440796,
0.4423750042915344,
-0.1353139579296112,
-0.2375553548336029,
0.08602386713027954,
0.2833290696144104,
0.35408103466033936,
0.14185331761837006,
-0.0013992622261866927,
0.5629317164421082,
-0.3876587450504303,
0.29581302404403687,
-0.025352206081151962,
0.8038156628608704,
-0.0789969190955162,
-0.03800732269883156,
-0.3093918561935425,
0.31083592772483826,
-0.12917214632034302,
0.4264761507511139,
-0.5133979320526123,
0.10262250155210495,
0.05174563452601433,
-0.4994505047798157,
-0.498435378074646,
0.1363908350467682,
-0.13818879425525665,
0.12718914449214935,
-0.33879733085632324,
-0.44933387637138367,
0.36883246898651123,
0.32825911045074463,
0.6229897141456604,
0.5640169382095337,
0.29547277092933655,
0.05646664276719093,
-0.23102328181266785,
-0.2694147527217865,
-0.2747645676136017,
0.6059390306472778,
-0.10786757618188858,
0.5919656753540039,
0.003982935566455126,
-0.33097752928733826,
0.3787820041179657,
0.21767786145210266,
-0.7024204730987549,
-0.024401556700468063,
0.3390669524669647,
0.12927065789699554,
0.234686940908432,
0.7400076389312744,
0.19771398603916168,
0.40539276599884033,
-0.19976837933063507,
0.4618741571903229,
-0.4768710732460022,
0.36184829473495483,
0.2696261405944824,
-0.2033860981464386,
-0.6240520477294922,
0.30740904808044434,
0.6073731184005737,
-0.2196977585554123,
0.01145444717258215,
0.12243804335594177,
-0.561437726020813,
-0.10047148913145065,
-0.011594176292419434,
-0.2670707404613495,
0.24305573105812073,
0.05000976473093033,
1.0620983839035034,
-0.13194532692432404,
-0.43760156631469727,
-0.2549223005771637,
0.2977048456668854,
-0.17758014798164368,
0.39466506242752075,
0.5141576528549194,
-0.4824118912220001,
-0.4097346067428589,
0.25892898440361023,
0.31510692834854126,
0.18196842074394226,
0.3741067945957184,
0.12663911283016205,
-0.2061283141374588,
-0.1867903470993042,
-5.616682529449463,
0.25697919726371765,
0.05519969388842583,
-0.612127959728241,
-0.10243774205446243,
0.03161492943763733,
0.35474082827568054,
0.19717592000961304,
0.39867860078811646,
0.37588003277778625,
0.10197118669748306,
0.6088029146194458,
-0.013623736798763275,
-0.10920803248882294,
0.2527833580970764,
0.22292371094226837,
-0.1578911393880844,
-0.1783098727464676,
0.12408747524023056,
0.2093421220779419,
0.28402355313301086,
0.33082759380340576,
-0.7052444219589233,
0.36746710538864136,
-0.3985859453678131,
0.33021000027656555,
-0.5737155675888062,
-0.13867008686065674,
-0.61415034532547,
-1.0521131753921509,
0.0017624229658395052,
-0.10836052894592285,
-0.1786058396100998,
-0.3818356692790985,
-0.4468730688095093,
-0.4331907331943512,
0.3088855743408203,
0.5627902746200562,
-0.3732645511627197,
0.15565913915634155,
0.185555562376976,
-0.43418627977371216,
-0.42197445034980774,
-0.21953153610229492,
1.0491276979446411,
0.006170995067805052,
-0.4078216254711151,
-0.5361234545707703,
0.07250602543354034,
0.20864899456501007,
-0.14757868647575378,
0.1557299643754959,
0.25356727838516235,
-0.1715421825647354,
0.7142001986503601,
0.28790438175201416,
0.1290723979473114,
0.8412144780158997,
-0.7000604271888733,
0.5545928478240967,
0.40483421087265015,
-0.5479388236999512,
-0.5109714865684509,
-0.2311166524887085,
-0.09643501043319702,
0.05839074030518532,
0.08703521639108658,
-0.21872863173484802,
-0.1486988067626953,
-0.13186383247375488,
0.21578353643417358,
0.7411960363388062,
-0.321625292301178,
-1.3454365730285645,
0.2612440288066864,
-0.4978373944759369,
-0.21331217885017395,
0.544966995716095,
-0.622321605682373,
0.19455628097057343,
0.19057554006576538,
0.03364907205104828,
0.48571649193763733,
0.2712979316711426,
0.3672788143157959,
0.8281878232955933,
-0.5335624814033508,
0.20440973341464996,
-0.49602586030960083,
0.26459214091300964,
0.27540162205696106,
0.218804270029068,
-0.30523908138275146,
0.5054142475128174,
0.3777163326740265,
-0.4125688672065735,
0.21422609686851501,
-0.00871962308883667,
0.20112451910972595,
0.03187916427850723,
0.4810064435005188,
0.04077248275279999,
0.11775138974189758,
-0.3090963363647461,
-0.2004496157169342,
0.5331933498382568,
-0.3680024743080139,
-0.02391890250146389,
1.5185904502868652,
-0.12354817986488342,
-0.19115430116653442,
0.05584680661559105,
0.22379742562770844,
0.14597666263580322,
0.21896813809871674,
-0.01727711223065853,
0.28323855996131897,
0.381914883852005,
1.1217063665390015,
0.0762486457824707,
-0.023625139147043228,
0.23355337977409363,
-0.5752261281013489,
-0.18747840821743011,
0.8452078700065613,
-0.4254785180091858,
0.2209545373916626,
-0.15206287801265717,
-0.850353479385376,
-0.04112003371119499,
-0.1375977098941803,
-0.5826779007911682,
0.3584902286529541,
0.443354994058609,
-0.4307451844215393,
0.3192562460899353,
-0.4663916826248169,
-0.6368086338043213,
-0.10006163269281387,
-0.3202005922794342,
-0.627666175365448,
-0.2977818548679352,
0.11613063514232635,
0.8509436845779419,
0.20065855979919434,
0.27212202548980713,
-0.42411789298057556,
-0.24253787100315094,
-0.3018544018268585,
0.47650063037872314,
-0.2784176766872406,
0.12632723152637482,
0.08429159969091415,
0.24957481026649475,
-0.3429393172264099,
0.19432084262371063,
0.11447355896234512,
0.24761417508125305,
-0.09200627356767654,
0.15674172341823578,
0.038807936012744904,
-0.5897380113601685,
-0.7051782608032227,
-0.05118044093251228,
-0.29261016845703125,
-0.3314863443374634,
-0.33385327458381653,
-0.2718762457370758,
-0.2936076521873474,
0.5183682441711426,
0.3583764433860779,
-0.7928107380867004,
-0.769736111164093,
0.4881458282470703,
0.2957483232021332,
-0.4774013161659241,
-0.252553254365921,
0.34568747878074646,
0.007898688316345215,
0.2743712067604065,
-0.06323403120040894,
-0.33259981870651245,
-0.5670201182365417,
-0.2988806962966919,
0.04936873912811279,
-0.374225914478302,
-0.2606716454029083,
-0.13938388228416443,
0.08260029554367065,
0.5802836418151855,
0.13873136043548584,
-0.7316328883171082,
-0.15408824384212494,
0.9353496432304382,
0.046205684542655945,
-0.31609800457954407,
-0.10880877822637558,
-0.8357282876968384,
-0.16774627566337585,
-0.12314470112323761,
0.7362661957740784,
-0.2694457173347473,
0.30696213245391846,
0.2149955779314041,
0.002190931234508753,
-0.8238681554794312,
0.39726686477661133,
-0.16574296355247498,
-0.3201393187046051,
-0.040176451206207275,
0.35429295897483826,
-0.4796201288700104,
-0.3202596604824066,
0.5504490733146667,
0.27386558055877686,
-0.09116758406162262,
0.0844566747546196,
0.327918142080307,
-0.173226460814476,
-0.6953102350234985,
-0.1556585431098938,
-0.008040813729166985,
-0.248416006565094,
-0.04145422205328941,
0.11140041798353195,
0.34435489773750305,
-0.18643222749233246,
0.0477934367954731,
0.4428706765174866,
-0.40200871229171753,
-0.048115167766809464,
0.23528032004833221,
-0.8176811933517456,
0.8206755518913269,
-0.178972065448761,
0.061759404838085175,
0.005673745181411505,
-0.16427738964557648,
0.5582899451255798,
-0.03556924685835838,
0.2754865288734436,
1.4622646570205688,
0.16655272245407104,
-0.19647161662578583,
0.11122172325849533,
0.18688704073429108,
-0.32863888144493103,
-0.24112553894519806,
-0.1564902365207672,
-0.17948439717292786,
0.06438122689723969,
-0.5284907221794128,
0.03973338380455971,
-0.6266000866889954,
0.7415817379951477,
-0.12703034281730652,
-0.12920738756656647,
0.4705662727355957,
-0.23231415450572968,
-0.31110507249832153,
-0.0005580237484537065,
0.2755530774593353,
-0.04281655326485634,
-0.1509343832731247,
-0.4720923602581024,
0.3162553608417511,
-0.4660162329673767,
0.05105172470211983,
-0.1485794186592102,
-1.0805585384368896,
-0.1359676569700241,
-0.4378327429294586,
-0.10924593359231949,
0.08947481960058212,
-0.05854000151157379,
-0.1692444235086441,
-0.7052016258239746,
-0.08401187509298325,
-0.09606778621673584,
-0.15430887043476105,
-0.6356791853904724,
-0.08077406883239746,
-0.03489214554429054,
0.5043429136276245,
0.3004915416240692,
-0.44477197527885437,
0.5387504696846008,
-0.012378775514662266,
-0.10713382810354233,
-0.31678128242492676,
-0.7055742740631104,
0.8413508534431458,
0.4873756170272827,
0.7063931226730347,
-0.2760685980319977,
0.2590930163860321,
0.42208132147789,
0.7917823791503906,
0.16096843779087067,
0.30913883447647095,
-0.48771780729293823,
0.43678539991378784,
0.42199185490608215,
0.23125599324703217,
-0.22319310903549194,
-0.07764381170272827,
0.0909591019153595,
0.04716932773590088,
-0.4143693149089813,
0.053068969398736954,
0.1602395623922348,
0.3707379400730133,
0.13048161566257477,
0.4136655032634735,
-0.6608842015266418,
0.17331118881702423,
0.15735399723052979,
-0.3223806321620941,
-0.17526379227638245,
-0.42947128415107727,
0.21695594489574432,
-0.3182602822780609,
0.4608759880065918,
0.20020826160907745,
0.6285313963890076,
0.0945792868733406,
-0.39925670623779297,
0.008841978386044502,
-0.3045589029788971,
0.6480942368507385,
0.05567702278494835,
-0.4125312566757202,
0.12319277971982956,
-0.030915722250938416,
-0.2011731117963791,
0.33242830634117126,
0.01157742366194725,
-0.025102773681282997,
-0.6527406573295593,
0.25837260484695435,
0.255985826253891,
0.423500120639801,
-0.5379340052604675,
0.12856893241405487,
0.3684345483779907,
-0.3792755901813507,
0.35226377844810486,
0.1202184408903122,
0.5473995208740234,
-0.019505148753523827,
0.2095966339111328,
0.023778477683663368,
-0.19440427422523499,
-0.5106697678565979,
0.2126379758119583,
0.2540399730205536,
0.37485721707344055,
-0.08551935851573944,
-0.3543075919151306,
0.14994944632053375,
-0.21097688376903534,
-0.8005011081695557,
0.5539883375167847,
0.13198772072792053,
0.1103968396782875,
-0.09858643263578415,
-0.9054596424102783,
-1.4820115566253662,
-0.2047940492630005,
0.09631448239088058,
-0.17805811762809753,
-0.2626199722290039,
-0.1754303127527237,
-0.056096628308296204,
0.14576897025108337,
0.542778491973877,
0.4389623999595642,
0.33956605195999146,
0.38605207204818726,
0.13593938946723938,
0.09011820703744888,
-0.5138257741928101,
0.14030060172080994,
-0.5057101845741272,
0.8061434626579285,
-0.07300596684217453,
0.09582995623350143,
0.890963613986969,
-0.5026094913482666,
-0.1717049926519394,
0.2301480621099472,
-0.208042711019516,
0.08341804146766663,
-0.18364880979061127,
0.23354272544384003,
0.30565717816352844,
-0.2964622974395752,
0.9208007454872131,
-0.005363609176129103,
0.3004758656024933,
-0.19466674327850342,
-0.10670886933803558,
0.2880015969276428,
-0.30554115772247314,
0.043798718601465225,
0.21384736895561218,
-0.4804762601852417,
-0.18654705584049225,
-0.6158162951469421,
0.4552572965621948,
-0.4461056590080261,
0.23325613141059875,
-0.24797524511814117,
-0.08126448094844818,
-0.09793025255203247,
0.012904439121484756,
0.6112155914306641,
-0.2915208041667938,
-0.5173949599266052,
-0.5800746083259583,
-0.29124918580055237,
-0.9631592035293579,
0.3941848576068878,
0.26178839802742004,
-0.40085268020629883,
-0.296519011259079,
-0.002647957531735301,
-0.2708785831928253,
-0.38281577825546265,
0.7965651154518127,
0.03462296724319458,
-0.6898062825202942,
-0.39308756589889526,
-0.058673787862062454,
-0.002239906694740057,
-1.016019344329834,
0.23139755427837372,
1.2583308219909668,
0.2849413752555847,
-0.8262292146682739,
0.40666070580482483,
-0.34965530037879944,
-0.025125542655587196,
0.30055081844329834,
0.08139845728874207,
0.34175118803977966,
0.1408228725194931,
-0.8903483152389526,
-0.2904149293899536,
0.5769191980361938,
-0.1363452821969986,
-0.306412935256958,
0.0688929408788681,
-0.8536695241928101,
0.1635102480649948,
0.6838584542274475,
0.2248954474925995,
0.021065063774585724,
0.024680357426404953,
-0.6621657013893127
]
|
214764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach | Stagecoach | A stagecoach is a four-wheeled public transport coach used to carry paying passengers and light packages on journeys long enough to need a change of horses. It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses.
Widely used before steam-powered rail transport was available, a stagecoach made long scheduled trips using stage stations or posts where the stagecoach's horses would be replaced by fresh horses. The business of running stagecoaches or the act of journeying in them was known as staging.
Familiar images of the stagecoach are that of a Royal Mail coach passing through a turnpike gate, a Dickensian passenger coach covered in snow pulling up at a coaching inn, and a highwayman demanding a coach to "stand and deliver". The yard of ale drinking glass is associated by legend with stagecoach drivers, though it was mainly used for drinking feats and special toasts.
Description
The stagecoach was a closed four-wheeled vehicle drawn by horses or hard-going mules. It was used as a public conveyance on an established route usually to a regular schedule. Spent horses were replaced with fresh horses at stage stations, posts, or relays.
In addition to the stage driver or coachman who guided the vehicle, a shotgun messenger armed with a coach gun might travel as a guard beside him.
A simplified and lightened vehicle known as a stage wagon, mud-coach, or mud-wagon, was used in the United States under difficult conditions. A canvas-topped wagon had a lower center of gravity, and it could not be loaded on the roof with heavy freight or passengers as an enclosed coach so often was. It was a similar style of passenger conveyance to the Berline coach.
Speed
Up until the late 18th century, a stagecoach traveled at an average speed of about , with the average daily mileage covered being around , but with improvements to the roads and the development of steel springs, the speed increased, so that by 1836 the scheduled coach left London at 19:30, travelled through the night (without lights) and arrived in Liverpool at 16:50 the next day, a distance of about , doubling the overall average speed to about , including stops to change horses.
History
Origins
The first crude depiction of a coach was in an English manuscript from the 13th century. The first recorded stagecoach route in Britain started in 1610 and ran from Edinburgh to Leith. This was followed by a steady proliferation of other routes around the island. By the mid 17th century, a basic stagecoach infrastructure had been put in place. A string of coaching inns operated as stopping points for travellers on the route between London and Liverpool. The stagecoach would depart every Monday and Thursday and took roughly ten days to make the journey during the summer months. Stagecoaches also became widely adopted for travel in and around London by mid-century and generally travelled at a few miles per hour. Shakespeare's first plays were performed at coaching inns such as The George Inn, Southwark.
By the end of the 17th century stagecoach routes ran up and down the three main roads in England. The London-York route was advertised in 1698:
The novelty of this method of transport excited much controversy at the time. One pamphleteer denounced the stagecoach as a "great evil [...] mischievous to trade and destructive to the public health". Another writer, however, argued that:
The speed of travel remained constant until the mid-18th century. Reforms of the turnpike trusts, new methods of road building and the improved construction of coaches led to a sustained rise in the comfort and speed of the average journey - from an average journey length of 2 days for the Cambridge-London route in 1750 to a length of under 7 hours in 1820.
Robert Hooke helped in the construction of some of the first spring-suspended coaches in the 1660s and spoked wheels with iron rim brakes were introduced, improving the characteristics of the coach.
In 1754, a Manchester-based company began a new service called the "Flying Coach". It was advertised with the following announcement - "However incredible it may appear, this coach will actually (barring accidents) arrive in London in four days and a half after leaving Manchester." A similar service was begun from Liverpool three years later, using coaches with steel spring suspension. This coach took an unprecedented three days to reach London with an average speed of
.
Royal Mail stagecoaches
Even more dramatic improvements were made by John Palmer at the British Post Office. The postal delivery service in Britain had existed in the same form for about 150 years—from its introduction in 1635, mounted carriers had ridden between "posts" where the postmaster would remove the letters for the local area before handing the remaining letters and any additions to the next rider. The riders were frequent targets for robbers, and the system was inefficient.
Palmer made much use of the "flying" stagecoach services between cities in the course of his business, and noted that it seemed far more efficient than the system of mail delivery then in operation. His travel from Bath to London took a single day to the mail's three days. It occurred to him that this stagecoach service could be developed into a national mail delivery service, so in 1782 he suggested to the Post Office in London that they take up the idea. He met resistance from officials who believed that the existing system could not be improved, but eventually the Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Pitt, allowed him to carry out an experimental run between Bristol and London. Under the old system the journey had taken up to 38 hours. The stagecoach, funded by Palmer, left Bristol at 4 pm on 2 August 1784 and arrived in London just 16 hours later.
Impressed by the trial run, Pitt authorised the creation of new routes. Within the month the service had been extended from London to Norwich, Nottingham, Liverpool and Manchester, and by the end of 1785 services to the following major towns and cities of England and Wales had also been linked: Leeds, Dover, Portsmouth, Poole, Exeter, Gloucester, Worcester, Holyhead and Carlisle. A service to Edinburgh was added the next year, and Palmer was rewarded by being made Surveyor and Comptroller General of the Post Office. By 1797 there were forty-two routes.
Improved coach design
The period from 1800 to 1830 saw great improvements in the design of coaches, notably by John Besant in 1792 and 1795. His coach had a greatly improved turning capacity and braking system, and a novel feature that prevented the wheels from falling off while the coach was in motion. Besant, with his partner John Vidler, enjoyed a monopoly on the supply of stagecoaches to the Royal Mail and a virtual monopoly on their upkeep and servicing for the following few decades.
Steel springs had been used in suspensions for vehicles since 1695. Coachbuilder Obadiah Elliott obtained a patent covering the use of elliptic springs - which were not his invention. His patent lasted 14 years delaying development because Elliott allowed no others to license and use his patent. Elliott mounted each wheel with two durable elliptic steel leaf springs on each side and the body of the carriage was fixed directly to the springs attached to the axles. After the expiry of his patent most British horse carriages were equipped with elliptic springs; wooden springs in the case of light one-horse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles.
Improved roads
Steady improvements in road construction were also made at this time, most importantly the widespread implementation of Macadam roads up and down the country. The speed of coaches in this period rose from around (including stops for provisioning) to and greatly increased the level of mobility in the country, both for people and for mail. Each route had an average of four coaches operating on it at one time - two for both directions and a further two spares in case of a breakdown en route. Joseph Ballard described the stagecoach service between Manchester and Liverpool in 1815 as having price competition between coaches, with timely service and clean accommodations at inns.
Decline and evolution
The development of railways in the 1830s spelled the end for stagecoaches and mail coaches. The first rail delivery between Liverpool and Manchester took place on 11 November 1830. By the early 1840s most London-based coaches had been withdrawn from service.
Some stagecoaches remained in use for commercial or recreational purposes. They came to be known as road coaches and were used by their enterprising (or nostalgic) owners to provide scheduled passenger services where rail had not yet reached and also on certain routes at certain times of the year for the pleasure of an (often amateur) coachman and his daring passengers.
Competitive display and sport
While stagecoaches vanished as rail penetrated the countryside the 1860s did see the start of a coaching revival spurred on by the popularity of Four-in-hand driving as a sporting pursuit (the Four-In-Hand Driving Club was founded in 1856 and the Coaching Club in 1871).
New coaches often known as Park Drags began to be built to order. Some owners would parade their vehicles and magnificently dressed passengers in fashionable locations. Other owners would take more enthusiastic suitably-dressed passengers and indulge in competitive driving. Very similar in design to stagecoaches their vehicles were lighter and sportier.
These owners were (often very expert) amateur gentlemen-coachmen, occasionally gentlewomen. A professional coachman might accompany them to avert disaster. Professionals called these vehicles 'butterflies'. They only appeared in summer.
Spread elsewhere
Australia
Cobb & Co was established in Melbourne in 1853 and grew to service Australia's mainland eastern states and South Australia.
Continental Europe
The diligence, a solidly built coach with four or more horses, was the French analogue for public conveyance, especially in France, with minor varieties in Germany such as the Stellwagen and Eilwagen. The diligence from Le Havre to Paris was described by a fastidious English visitor of 1803 with a thoroughness that distinguished it from its English contemporary, the stage coach.
A more uncouth clumsy machine can scarcely be imagined. In the front is a cabriolet fixed to the body of the coach, for the accommodation of three passengers, who are protected from the rain above, by the projecting roof of the coach, and in front by two heavy curtains of leather, well oiled, and smelling somewhat offensively, fastened to the roof. The inside, which is capacious, and lofty, and will hold six people in great comfort is lined with leather padded, and surrounded with little pockets, in which travellers deposit their bread, snuff, night caps, and pocket handkerchiefs, which generally enjoy each others company, in the same delicate depository. From the roof depends a large net work which is generally crouded with hats, swords, and band boxes, the whole is convenient, and when all parties are seated and arranged, the accommodations are by no means unpleasant.
Upon the roof, on the outside, is the imperial, which is generally filled with six or seven persons more, and a heap of luggage, which latter also occupies the basket, and generally presents a pile, half as high again as the coach, which is secured by ropes and chains, tightened by a large iron windlass, which also constitutes another appendage of this moving mass. The body of the carriage rests upon large thongs of leather, fastened to heavy blocks of wood, instead of springs, and the whole is drawn by seven horses.
The English visitor noted the small, sturdy Norman horses "running away with our cumbrous machine, at the rate of six or seven miles an hour". At this speed stagecoaches could compete with canal boats, but they were rendered obsolete in Europe wherever the rail network expanded in the 19th century. Where the rail network did not reach, the diligence was not fully superseded until the arrival of the autobus.
In France, between 1765 and 1780, the turgotines, big mail coaches named for their originator, Louis XVI's economist minister Turgot, and improved roads, where a coach could travel at full gallop across levels, combined with more staging posts at shorter intervals, cut the time required to travel across the country sometimes by half.
New Zealand
A Cobb & Co (Australia) proprietor arrived in New Zealand on 4th October 1861, thus beginning Cobb & Co. (New Zealand) stagecoach operation.
United States
Beginning in the 18th century crude wagons began to be used to carry passengers between cities and towns, first within New England by 1744, then between New York and Philadelphia by 1756. Travel time was reduced on this later run from three days to two in 1766 with an improved coach called the Flying Machine. The first mail coaches appeared in the later 18th century carrying passengers and the mails, replacing the earlier post riders on the main roads. Coachmen carried letters, packages, and money, often transacting business or delivering messages for their customers. By 1829 Boston was the hub of 77 stagecoach lines; by 1832 there were 106. Coaches with iron or steel springs were uncomfortable and had short useful lives. Two men in Concord, New Hampshire, developed what became a popular solution. They built their first Concord stagecoach in 1827 employing long leather straps under their stagecoaches which gave a swinging motion.
In his 1861 book Roughing It, Mark Twain described the Concord stage's ride as like "a cradle on wheels". Around twenty years later in 1880 John Pleasant Gray recorded after travelling from Tucson to Tombstone on J.D. Kinnear's mail and express line: The horses were changed three times on the trip, normally completed in 17 hours.
Southern Africa
The railway network in South Africa was extended from Mafeking through Bechuanaland and reached Bulawayo in 1897. Prior to its arrival, a network of stagecoach routes existed.
In popular culture
Stories that prominently involve a stagecoach include:
Wells Fargo, a 1937 film starring Joel McCrea
Stagecoach, a 1939 film starring John Wayne
Black Bart, a 1948 film starring Dan Duryea
Dakota Incident, a 1956 film starring Dale Robertson
The Magnificent Seven, a 1960 film starring Yul Brynner
Stage to Thunder Rock , a 1964 film starring Barry Sullivan
The Tall T, a 1957 film starring Randolph Scott
Stagecoach, a 1966 film starring Bing Crosby
Hombre, a 1967 film starring Paul Newman
Stagecoach, a 1986 film starring Kris Kristofferson
The Hateful Eight, a 2015 film by Quentin Tarantino
Westbound, 1959 film starring Randolph Scott
Gunsight Ridge, a 1957 film starring Joel McCrea
Arizona Bound, a 1941 film starring Buck Jones
Riding Shotgun, a 1954 film starring Randolph Scott
Winds of the Wasteland, a 1936 film starring John Wayne
Stagecoach to Denver, a 1946 film starring Allan Lane
A Ticket to Tomahawk, a 1950 musical comedy starring Dan Dailey in which stagecoach interests try to stop establishment of rail service.
See also
Carriage
Celerity
Charabanc
Charley Parkhurst
Coach (carriage)
Cobb and Co
Cobb & Co. (New Zealand)
Horsebus
Horse harness
Jarbidge Stage Robbery
Mail robbery
Riding shotgun
Roman traveling carriage
Stage Coaches Act 1788
Stage Coaches Act 1790
Turnpike road
Wagonette
Wells Fargo & Co.
Wickenburg Massacre
Notes
References
External links
United States
Sherman & Smiths Railroad, Steam boat & Stage route map of New England, New-York, and Canada
The Overland Trail:Stage Coach Vocabulary- Last Updated 19 April 1998
Stagecoach Westward - Frontier Travel, Expansion, United States
Stagecoaches: TombstoneTimes.com
Felix Riesenberg, Jr., The Golden Road The Story Of Californias Spanish Mission Trail, Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1962
Stagecoach History: Stage Lines to California
Wild West Tales: Stories by R. Michael Wilson; Stagecoach
Robert Glass Cleland, A history of California: the American period, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1922 Chapter XXIV, The Overland Mail and the Pony Express, pp. 359-368
United Kingdom
The Stage Coaches of Britain. Anvil. Text based on Stagecoach by John Richards (1976).
Australia
Cobb & Co Heritage Trail.
Carriages
Wagons
Animal-powered vehicles
History of road transport
Horse transportation
Public transport
Western (genre) staples and terminology | [
-0.19934113323688507,
-0.10137924551963806,
-0.0767933651804924,
0.1262311190366745,
0.018978523090481758,
0.26136013865470886,
0.15318207442760468,
0.20389558374881744,
0.031565502285957336,
0.18262259662151337,
-0.23482613265514374,
0.26056036353111267,
0.025403451174497604,
0.03073817864060402,
-0.2079027146100998,
-0.1769082248210907,
0.11524825543165207,
0.23190025985240936,
-0.10007870197296143,
-0.47787925601005554,
0.23775288462638855,
0.32422205805778503,
-0.05553504824638367,
-0.3925328552722931,
-0.21933388710021973,
0.03842642158269882,
0.05313362926244736,
0.21143381297588348,
-0.33424657583236694,
-0.12873539328575134,
0.19545254111289978,
0.525789737701416,
-0.39593398571014404,
0.2195129692554474,
-0.2084880918264389,
-0.7112523317337036,
0.16920502483844757,
-0.5011451840400696,
-0.19308875501155853,
-0.6614912748336792,
-0.10590951144695282,
-0.2666066586971283,
0.32557591795921326,
0.30274632573127747,
-0.1552978754043579,
-0.3767344653606415,
-1.3194506168365479,
-0.08349037915468216,
-0.4249924123287201,
-0.2219187319278717,
-0.32133257389068604,
0.5100337862968445,
-0.05505480617284775,
0.7209646701812744,
0.17289859056472778,
0.6244670152664185,
-0.5238723158836365,
-0.41370269656181335,
0.3298245072364807,
-0.3704855144023895,
0.6155727505683899,
0.3661119043827057,
0.08302947133779526,
0.36641591787338257,
-0.04963091388344765,
-0.1062537431716919,
0.08927280455827713,
0.7222669720649719,
-0.1509084552526474,
-0.381887286901474,
-0.26111945509910583,
-0.4919193387031555,
0.11180820316076279,
0.31519174575805664,
-0.25572070479393005,
-0.4153025448322296,
0.11022278666496277,
-0.21557117998600006,
0.05932103097438812,
-0.0839921087026596,
0.2858688235282898,
0.6089301109313965,
0.27594050765037537,
0.33618679642677307,
0.12441529333591461,
0.4079776108264923,
-0.7052791118621826,
0.03703070804476738,
-0.05686437338590622,
0.4287969172000885,
-0.2132776528596878,
0.5317225456237793,
0.5767147541046143,
0.21011346578598022,
-0.728087842464447,
-0.07877388596534729,
-0.15866343677043915,
0.20381376147270203,
0.5802273750305176,
0.08661364763975143,
-0.33965617418289185,
-0.21428632736206055,
0.5049658417701721,
-0.7697151899337769,
-0.14453677833080292,
0.22006194293498993,
-0.07857260853052139,
-0.07371202856302261,
-0.2090459167957306,
0.4031732380390167,
-0.42773476243019104,
-0.5680596232414246,
-0.052773453295230865,
0.3871167004108429,
0.1130409762263298,
-0.09491025656461716,
-0.22469042241573334,
-0.1880098581314087,
-0.28715184330940247,
-0.40981417894363403,
0.09289351850748062,
0.4459070861339569,
0.1108212023973465,
-0.027945643290877342,
0.24551057815551758,
0.27313998341560364,
0.2566152811050415,
0.6410218477249146,
-0.34075310826301575,
0.20813563466072083,
0.5323675870895386,
0.9150038361549377,
-0.5380833148956299,
0.19469816982746124,
-0.4452263414859772,
0.48975083231925964,
0.26460763812065125,
0.16970939934253693,
0.2644367814064026,
-0.028017576783895493,
-1.0594792366027832,
-0.02032073400914669,
-0.14118389785289764,
-0.10599417984485626,
0.28984636068344116,
0.24253425002098083,
0.49477002024650574,
-0.2765097916126251,
-0.5394175052642822,
-0.6514456868171692,
-0.043110206723213196,
0.008436950854957104,
-0.1905326545238495,
0.18013083934783936,
0.024387408047914505,
0.3680402934551239,
-0.0780734047293663,
-0.4382852017879486,
-0.2950607240200043,
-0.2440524399280548,
-0.21290269494056702,
0.2106553018093109,
-0.014485308900475502,
-0.10304415971040726,
-0.25781962275505066,
-0.09537573158740997,
-0.019687436521053314,
0.028536414727568626,
0.06018101051449776,
-0.04329407215118408,
-0.3273583650588989,
0.12037575989961624,
-0.12889038026332855,
-0.3603297472000122,
-0.2793658673763275,
0.17953404784202576,
0.7938418984413147,
0.4430963695049286,
0.41999155282974243,
0.006466266233474016,
-0.3538648188114166,
0.5344023704528809,
0.7154823541641235,
-0.11255085468292236,
0.24140244722366333,
-0.22506216168403625,
-0.19535787403583527,
0.2833246886730194,
-0.46899130940437317,
-0.7056151628494263,
-0.8513701558113098,
-0.32862389087677,
0.13941501080989838,
-0.3109631836414337,
0.655098021030426,
-0.5050448775291443,
-0.7917264103889465,
0.5881986618041992,
0.2811864912509918,
0.15670911967754364,
-0.02792118862271309,
0.2748391926288605,
-0.09412859380245209,
-0.36508408188819885,
-0.11457314342260361,
0.6267275810241699,
0.5978468656539917,
-0.04439890757203102,
0.11764099448919296,
-0.3592042326927185,
0.41459333896636963,
-0.3891735076904297,
0.24578814208507538,
-0.054056283086538315,
-0.04840897396206856,
0.33889490365982056,
0.367021381855011,
0.3412073254585266,
0.3170471489429474,
-0.3262735903263092,
1.172890543937683,
-0.11157575994729996,
-0.15177352726459503,
0.3459376394748688,
-0.18595269322395325,
0.42746293544769287,
-0.15761075913906097,
0.307888001203537,
0.4042523205280304,
-0.39588046073913574,
-0.17542511224746704,
-0.04260536655783653,
-0.18179142475128174,
-0.09437062591314316,
-0.13394707441329956,
0.11443638801574707,
-0.046048298478126526,
-0.1945514678955078,
0.08288980275392532,
0.3161969780921936,
0.384176105260849,
0.1329820156097412,
-0.41263845562934875,
0.16627970337867737,
-0.03786434605717659,
0.1821865439414978,
-0.3666081726551056,
0.4216497540473938,
-0.2514069080352783,
-0.6134070754051208,
0.5935333371162415,
-0.012850244529545307,
0.22448350489139557,
0.09528318792581558,
0.435139000415802,
-0.3068462014198303,
-0.1342439502477646,
0.29329559206962585,
0.31855520606040955,
0.3149671256542206,
-0.40862804651260376,
0.09328562021255493,
-0.06194634363055229,
0.3222966492176056,
-0.2351876050233841,
-0.00633293017745018,
-0.6533313393592834,
-0.3126258850097656,
0.13366809487342834,
0.4659036099910736,
0.639237105846405,
0.019366497173905373,
-0.4633581042289734,
-0.0204424187541008,
0.29923826456069946,
-0.321537047624588,
0.4137612581253052,
0.40282395482063293,
0.1408807784318924,
-0.24686643481254578,
-0.22729270160198212,
0.3169998228549957,
0.5668253898620605,
-0.6112222671508789,
-0.06986049562692642,
-0.7109606266021729,
0.3667174279689789,
0.37506335973739624,
-0.2220870554447174,
-0.3041704297065735,
0.19197607040405273,
0.38131415843963623,
0.31697091460227966,
0.5959122180938721,
0.45198124647140503,
0.36816495656967163,
-0.08585485816001892,
0.3835587799549103,
0.25917649269104004,
-0.4657200574874878,
-0.031731896102428436,
0.24760942161083221,
-0.07788804918527603,
-0.3408938944339752,
0.4629530608654022,
-0.21337424218654633,
-0.5821759104728699,
-0.4303275942802429,
-5.94479513168335,
-0.0328005850315094,
-0.3539413511753082,
-0.685554563999176,
0.6739551424980164,
-0.4534000754356384,
0.661259114742279,
-0.3964815139770508,
-0.19543172419071198,
-0.02203327603638172,
0.31944140791893005,
0.40196722745895386,
-0.17665451765060425,
-0.27943000197410583,
0.20420071482658386,
0.527820885181427,
0.54103684425354,
0.12426285445690155,
0.4799192249774933,
0.0690496414899826,
0.20227736234664917,
-0.4401317536830902,
0.12937116622924805,
0.35668841004371643,
-0.3836252689361572,
-0.0053168670274317265,
0.1704811453819275,
0.1387706696987152,
-0.08779682964086533,
0.011401579715311527,
0.44324982166290283,
-0.4119325876235962,
0.0017787395045161247,
-0.24504372477531433,
0.39486321806907654,
-0.18878605961799622,
0.880923867225647,
-0.1996837556362152,
0.4149503707885742,
-0.16223980486392975,
-0.5886054039001465,
0.5235363245010376,
0.6943498849868774,
-0.334530770778656,
0.21556784212589264,
-0.7407336831092834,
0.12812061607837677,
0.05871956795454025,
-0.1718476414680481,
0.6525471806526184,
0.17001672089099884,
0.24270009994506836,
0.4393685758113861,
-0.08817894756793976,
0.42183834314346313,
-0.2834930121898651,
-0.5077863931655884,
-0.10709895938634872,
0.37445512413978577,
0.4354267716407776,
0.2014489471912384,
-0.24785014986991882,
-0.7264614701271057,
-0.3121342957019806,
-0.14891162514686584,
0.2266792356967926,
-0.4034190773963928,
-0.2959333658218384,
0.8008915185928345,
0.026273267343640327,
-0.47342076897621155,
-0.24739384651184082,
0.46007493138313293,
-0.4399498701095581,
0.7534453868865967,
-0.5593048930168152,
0.5427594184875488,
0.16037456691265106,
-0.1251484751701355,
0.1322687268257141,
0.22308194637298584,
-0.012329473160207272,
-0.38719743490219116,
-0.5399689674377441,
0.4117467403411865,
-0.45541635155677795,
-0.25705286860466003,
0.20056600868701935,
-0.2527591288089752,
-0.5543472766876221,
1.1783148050308228,
-0.14750131964683533,
0.19871748983860016,
0.8980852961540222,
0.08781927824020386,
0.021223273128271103,
-0.3800235986709595,
0.04808429256081581,
-0.08276280015707016,
-0.7914248704910278,
0.27180176973342896,
-0.06134101003408432,
0.3058755695819855,
-0.544799268245697,
-0.07586406171321869,
-0.37369200587272644,
-0.6173598170280457,
0.02096768096089363,
0.6709460616111755,
0.14470772445201874,
-0.018427874892950058,
0.0917377769947052,
-0.4868340790271759,
-0.8045954704284668,
0.035088326781988144,
0.396835595369339,
-0.038766294717788696,
0.19446612894535065,
0.318544864654541,
0.09205570816993713,
0.24249809980392456,
0.5066738724708557,
-0.1949155181646347,
-0.5180294513702393,
-0.16917301714420319,
0.3406147360801697,
-0.00882712472230196,
0.125152125954628,
0.47824627161026,
-0.15181688964366913,
0.5156574249267578,
0.07761561125516891,
0.023860018700361252,
0.20866680145263672,
-0.5761440396308899,
-0.14691507816314697,
-0.5696632266044617,
0.20402736961841583,
-0.0300429817289114,
-0.12700717151165009,
-0.41445988416671753,
-0.6736217737197876,
-0.3508302569389343,
0.059363096952438354,
0.7070143222808838,
0.1620449274778366,
-0.37018048763275146,
0.05732918903231621,
-0.1802772432565689,
0.5838162899017334,
-0.16245755553245544,
-0.4001341462135315,
-0.41370078921318054,
-0.07754013687372208,
0.2027837634086609,
-0.45040464401245117,
0.0037747223395854235,
-0.04048456996679306,
0.04810048267245293,
-0.4594091475009918,
0.14325030148029327,
-0.5390892028808594,
-0.13482317328453064,
0.12856070697307587,
-0.15966004133224487,
0.19227975606918335,
-0.3896676301956177,
-0.9606369137763977,
-0.1434473842382431,
0.6616060733795166,
-0.3146064281463623,
-0.49890464544296265,
-0.07412361353635788,
-0.03325292840600014,
0.7057247757911682,
0.6854760646820068,
-0.0745527520775795,
-0.006208243314176798,
-0.3621121346950531,
-0.7659670114517212,
0.1883920133113861,
-0.03427845612168312,
-0.31692826747894287,
0.16547679901123047,
0.4645978510379791,
-0.24166181683540344,
-0.15206804871559143,
0.31927043199539185,
0.1875998079776764,
-0.21261149644851685,
0.16677771508693695,
0.2818569242954254,
0.10244322568178177,
0.41698330640792847,
-0.3586139678955078,
-0.002732184948399663,
-0.27805396914482117,
0.0909329503774643,
0.047347985208034515,
-0.42832550406455994,
-0.1757143884897232,
-0.0104261115193367,
-0.2804924547672272,
-0.20347057282924652,
0.013531963340938091,
-0.3756082057952881,
0.2731272876262665,
-0.4125629961490631,
-0.32905176281929016,
0.5955342650413513,
-0.04282232001423836,
-0.497840017080307,
0.47884851694107056,
0.39481842517852783,
-0.5773102641105652,
0.44201940298080444,
0.23882199823856354,
-0.43394461274147034,
-0.3541177809238434,
-0.5318899750709534,
-0.32671254873275757,
-0.4050317108631134,
-0.7661701440811157,
-0.24644267559051514,
-0.4436332881450653,
0.48310306668281555,
0.0690564215183258,
-1.2166155576705933,
0.7354519367218018,
0.0674087330698967,
-0.2781692147254944,
-0.4698038697242737,
-0.2871229946613312,
0.20070093870162964,
0.30246415734291077,
0.5495930314064026,
0.20016780495643616,
-0.013391843996942043,
-0.022772278636693954,
0.38366398215293884,
0.1703166961669922,
1.0568530559539795,
0.15155179798603058,
-0.5983226895332336,
-0.30784401297569275,
0.3268435597419739,
0.4233713448047638,
-0.30874210596084595,
-0.39410993456840515,
-0.05120958387851715,
0.5314125418663025,
-0.066162109375,
-0.5770436525344849,
0.3089042901992798,
0.5070547461509705,
-0.10424501448869705,
0.14274203777313232,
0.0010020120535045862,
-0.007757515646517277,
0.45189398527145386,
0.33537593483924866,
0.20937278866767883,
0.40798187255859375,
-0.3553692400455475,
0.1069326251745224,
0.09001079946756363,
-0.17124032974243164,
-0.32651302218437195,
0.3012672960758209,
-0.22119353711605072,
0.3997795581817627,
0.06593909114599228,
0.4223332703113556,
0.5022381544113159,
0.2531583905220032,
0.2626093029975891,
-0.019450249150395393,
-0.8391839861869812,
0.2542155086994171,
0.6712608933448792,
-0.10830672830343246,
0.22345517575740814,
-0.35795846581459045,
-0.07807628810405731,
-0.30821263790130615,
-0.4960675835609436,
0.1957964301109314,
-0.3016843795776367,
-0.20474277436733246,
-0.07762061059474945,
-0.02608703076839447,
-0.17918694019317627,
-0.40120184421539307,
0.5971231460571289,
-0.29206904768943787,
0.31989043951034546,
0.13177263736724854,
0.16155895590782166,
-0.2698719799518585,
0.3466760814189911,
-0.45447179675102234,
0.7589864730834961,
0.144727885723114,
-0.4142971336841583,
-0.15675584971904755,
0.3717973530292511,
0.014577937312424183,
-0.3551486134529114,
0.6046779155731201,
-0.7588462233543396,
0.21378964185714722,
-0.4354553818702698,
-0.002363215433433652,
0.8908798694610596,
0.16678665578365326,
-0.3732652962207794,
0.4016674757003784,
-0.467948317527771,
-0.1197764053940773,
0.5211369395256042,
0.2147955447435379,
0.46763670444488525,
0.19969013333320618,
-0.40138763189315796,
-0.049228835850954056,
0.564420223236084,
-0.7640401124954224,
-0.5543431043624878,
-0.12042956799268723,
0.18869103491306305,
0.38472896814346313,
0.10253626853227615,
-0.17836953699588776,
0.25512048602104187,
0.02881782315671444,
-0.04119971767067909,
0.7666184306144714,
-0.43141669034957886,
-0.3449981212615967,
0.1766114979982376,
-0.022090325132012367,
-0.24419617652893066,
-0.2980981171131134,
0.054699067026376724,
-0.10959514230489731,
0.7509143352508545,
0.5382038354873657,
0.04763736203312874,
-0.14128169417381287,
0.33683323860168457,
0.42450636625289917,
0.16528917849063873,
0.41649943590164185,
0.09693153947591782,
0.08002491295337677,
-0.333119660615921,
-0.3433123528957367,
0.14113135635852814,
-0.07603892683982849,
-0.3663354814052582,
0.9169631600379944,
0.3730258643627167,
0.8514657616615295,
-0.6229208707809448,
-0.4155993163585663,
-0.10361280292272568,
0.1766730099916458,
-0.6724482178688049,
-0.41522321105003357,
0.3666304051876068,
-0.28456979990005493,
0.5588709712028503,
-0.457269549369812,
0.005696189124137163,
-0.06611921638250351,
0.16462700068950653,
0.45530781149864197,
0.7721865773200989,
0.15380874276161194,
0.1851879507303238,
-0.2649933397769928,
-0.4577428996562958,
-0.08647491037845612,
-1.1786266565322876,
-0.11657209694385529,
-0.5990737676620483,
-0.8964588642120361,
-0.039442941546440125,
-0.287227064371109,
-0.16877897083759308,
-0.11015883088111877,
-0.31256306171417236,
-0.15310630202293396,
-0.2976491451263428,
-0.5321812033653259,
-0.7923516631126404,
-0.2168978601694107,
0.3550322651863098,
-0.196551114320755,
-0.012001194059848785,
0.1121935173869133,
0.5007172226905823,
0.10657753795385361,
-0.017844561487436295,
-0.15651293098926544,
0.4929415285587311,
-0.3716619312763214,
0.21960030496120453,
-0.44277700781822205,
0.2331443876028061,
0.4822447896003723,
-0.5662990212440491,
0.35246214270591736,
-0.3336730897426605,
0.039872657507658005,
0.37062200903892517,
0.7794529795646667,
-0.4679657518863678,
0.13698136806488037,
-0.054689664393663406,
-0.0011578202247619629,
0.4392390847206116,
0.35655277967453003,
-0.22372625768184662,
-0.19408780336380005,
0.2156267613172531,
0.2588106691837311,
0.03710809350013733,
-0.5754029154777527,
0.753576397895813,
0.48409539461135864,
0.03891528770327568,
-0.9919447302818298,
-0.22009111940860748,
-0.25425368547439575,
0.09010692685842514,
0.5673778653144836,
-0.10873804241418839,
0.08075395226478577,
0.192586287856102,
0.36595404148101807,
-0.04054052010178566,
0.27118638157844543,
0.23927214741706848,
-0.7940183281898499,
-0.3409363329410553,
-0.37953564524650574,
-0.13184484839439392,
-1.1776126623153687,
0.34078821539878845,
-0.13740508258342743,
-0.3637455403804779,
0.5448634028434753,
-0.1767529547214508,
0.2504424452781677,
0.3545582890510559,
0.3960627019405365,
-0.8851388692855835,
-0.35436904430389404,
-0.44995078444480896
]
|
214765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Caledonian%20crow | New Caledonian crow | The New Caledonian crow (Corvus moneduloides) is a medium-sized member of the family Corvidae, native to New Caledonia. The bird is often referred to as the 'qua-qua' due to its distinctive call. It eats a wide range of food, including many types of invertebrates, eggs, nestlings, small mammals, snails, nuts and seeds. The New Caledonian crow sometimes captures grubs in nooks or crevices by poking a twig at the grub to agitate it into biting the twig, which the crow then withdraws with the grub still attached. This method of feeding indicates the New Caledonian crow is capable of tool use. They are also able to make hooks. This species is also capable of solving a number of sophisticated cognitive tests which suggest that it is particularly intelligent. As a result of these findings, the New Caledonian crow has become a model species for scientists trying to understand the impact of tool use and manufacture on the evolution of intelligence.
Description
The New Caledonian crow is a moderate-sized crow, (40 cm in length), similar in size to the house crow, but less slender-looking. The bird has an all-black appearance with a rich gloss to its feathers of purple, dark blue and some green in good light. The beak, feet and legs are all black. The beak is moderate in size but is unusual in that the tip of the lower mandible is angled upwards, making it somewhat chisel-like in profile. It has been suggested that this beak morphology evolved due to the selective pressure of needing to hold a tool straight.
The vocalization is described as a soft "waa-waa" or "wak-wak", and sometimes as a hoarse "qua-qua" or "waaaark". Across New Caledonia, the bird is often referred to as a 'qua-qua' due to its distinctive call.
Distribution and habitat
The bird is endemic to the islands of New Caledonia in the Pacific, living in primary forest. It inhabits only the main island, Grande Terre, and one of the Loyalty Islands, Maré Island.
Ecology and behavior
The New Caledonian crow eats a wide range of food, including many types of insects and other invertebrates (some caught in flight with great agility, including night-flying insects which it catches at dusk), eggs and nestlings, small mammals, snails (which it drops from a height onto hard stones), and various nuts and seeds.
This species is known for using plant material to create stick and leaf tools to capture prey hiding in cracks and crevices. These tools can have naturally occurring barbs, or are sometimes fashioned into hooks by the birds. The tool is inserted into the crack or crevice in the log or branch, and the prey is agitated into biting the tool. The crow then withdraws the tool with prey still attached, and devours the prey. Grubs caught in this way have been shown to be an integral part of the crows' diet. The New Caledonian crow appears to fill the ecological niche of the woodpeckers and the woodpecker finch of the Galapagos, since the latter and New Caledonia lack woodpeckers. The feeding method of the woodpecker finch differs in that it stabs at grubs and levers them slowly out of the log using a small twig.
The nest of the New Caledonian crow is built high in a tree with usually 2–3 eggs laid from September to November.
Tool use and manufacture
This species uses stick tools in the wild by finding small twigs and probing them into holes in logs to extract insects and larvae. New Caledonian crows are also able to manufacture tools by breaking twigs off bushes and trimming them to produce functional stick tools. Tool manufacture is rare in comparison to simple tool use and indicates a higher level of cognitive function. The crows can also make leaf tools by tearing rectangular strips off the edges of Pandanus spp. leaves. The creation of such leaf tools allows these crows to exploit naturally occurring hooks – the barbs running along the edges of these leaves can be used as hooks if the tool is held such that the barbs point towards the crows’ head. Other naturally occurring hooks are also incorporated within tools, such as the thorns that grow on vine species in New Caledonia. These crows create hooks by crafting both wood and ferns into hooks. This is done by trimming the junctions between two branches or fern stolons into a tick shape (i.e. one junction has a long piece of wood/stolon attached, one junction has a small piece of wood /stolon attached) and then removing material from this junction to create a functioning hook. This imposition of three-dimensional form onto a natural material resembles carving.
This species has a particular method for crafting tools:
The New Caledonian crow is the only non-primate species for which there is evidence of cumulative cultural evolution in tool manufacture. That is, this species appear to have invented new tools by modifying existing ones, then passing these innovations to other individuals in the cultural group. Gavin R. Hunt and colleagues at the University of Auckland studied tools the crows make out of pandanus (or screw pine) leaves. Observations of the distribution of 5,500 leaf counterparts or stencils left behind by the cutting process suggest that the narrow and the stepped tools are more advanced versions of the wide tool type. "The geographical distribution of each tool type on the island suggests a unique origin, rather than multiple independent inventions". This implies that the inventions, which involve a delicate change in the manufacturing process, were being passed from one individual to another.
The New Caledonian crow also spontaneously makes tools from materials it does not encounter in the wild. In 2002, researcher Alex Kacelnik and colleagues at the University of Oxford observed of a couple of New Caledonian crows called Betty and Abel:
This observation was further investigated in a series of studies. Out of ten successful retrievals, Betty bent the wire into a hook nine times. Abel retrieved the food once, without bending the wire. The process would usually start with Betty trying to get the food bucket with the straight wire, but then she would make a hook from it bending it in different ways, usually by snagging one end of the wire under something, and then using the bent hook to pick up the tray.
Clearly, Betty's creation of hooks cannot be attributed to the shaping or reinforcement of trial-and-error behavior. In 2004, Hunt observed the crows in the wild also making hooks, but the adaptation to the new material of the wire was clearly novel and appeared purposeful. Intentional tool manufacture, even if it is generalizing a prior experience to a novel context, is rare in the animal world.
These crows also use tools to investigate potentially dangerous objects, such as a rubber snake or a flashing LED bike light.
Meta- and compound tools
Meta-tool use is using one tool on another tool to achieve the objective of the task. It is generally considered to be a behaviour requiring more complex cognitive ability than the use of just a single tool. Studies show that New Caledonian crows are capable of meta-tool use, at a level rivalling the best performances seen in primates.
One such study involved putting food in a box out of the crows' reach. The crows were given a stick that was too short to reach the food. However, this short stick could be used to retrieve a longer stick from another box, which could then be used to retrieve the food. This complex behaviour involved the crow realising that a tool could be used on non-food objects, and suppressing the urge to go directly for the food. It was solved by six of seven birds on the first attempt. This behaviour had previously only been observed in primates.
In a study conducted at the Max Planck Society crows have been shown to create compound tools from 2–4 short branches that could be slotted together.
Mirror use
New Caledonian crows have shown they are able to process information from mirrors, a cognitive ability possessed by only a small number of species. By using a mirror, wild-caught New Caledonian crows are able to find objects they cannot see with a direct line of sight. However, the crows were unable to recognise themselves in the mirror - other corvids have tested positive for this capability.
References
External links
Oxford University crow research web site, including photos and movies
From National Geographic: A video of the New Caledonian Crow making a hook out of wire (August 8, 2002)
Tool use in crows is a combination of natural ability and schooling by other crows – LiveScience.com (October 31, 2006)
BBC news website item about the New Caledonian Crow, includes video footage of tool use (August 16, 2007)
Crow bends wire on purpose to lift bucket from glass tube (Nat'l Geo link no longer contains video).—YouTube
Corvus
Crow, New Caledonian
Tool-using animals
Birds described in 1830 | [
0.3702121675014496,
-0.1380045861005783,
-0.7528362274169922,
-0.3537434935569763,
-0.053699709475040436,
0.11969282478094101,
0.31578850746154785,
-0.2304345816373825,
-0.4578781723976135,
-0.38377347588539124,
0.10591605305671692,
0.2233339101076126,
-0.2280053198337555,
0.19130884110927582,
0.034583862870931625,
0.5836358070373535,
-0.17394326627254486,
-0.029343919828534126,
0.3673601448535919,
-0.4277016222476959,
-0.7512205243110657,
-0.5130205154418945,
0.1307574212551117,
-0.45297643542289734,
0.023843292146921158,
0.41688960790634155,
0.6198418736457825,
0.4167437255382538,
0.12147609889507294,
0.0649060606956482,
0.22752265632152557,
0.655818521976471,
0.2598375976085663,
0.523485541343689,
-0.15412011742591858,
-0.37009379267692566,
0.37631940841674805,
-0.7147449851036072,
-0.08581573516130447,
-0.5328289270401001,
-0.05463726446032524,
-0.32533183693885803,
0.28931131958961487,
0.35646852850914,
-0.26339346170425415,
-0.653132975101471,
-1.0092687606811523,
0.6913633346557617,
-0.46820107102394104,
0.07147594541311264,
-0.2433999478816986,
0.3867558538913727,
0.5796318054199219,
0.6596740484237671,
0.05268087238073349,
0.1277870386838913,
-0.8445402979850769,
-0.4312766194343567,
0.2590447962284088,
-0.2122347354888916,
-0.33379262685775757,
0.3415711522102356,
-0.30918750166893005,
0.38847431540489197,
0.5108625292778015,
0.5364096760749817,
0.5388449430465698,
0.3054731786251068,
-0.2500377893447876,
0.041252501308918,
-0.38109564781188965,
-0.2615179717540741,
0.04955054447054863,
0.5439550280570984,
-0.34344878792762756,
-0.00026427439297549427,
-0.049787286669015884,
0.45182347297668457,
0.5478420853614807,
0.17885009944438934,
-0.2122262418270111,
0.22147813439369202,
0.2547813355922699,
-0.5807159543037415,
0.22712531685829163,
0.3074440658092499,
-0.7159054279327393,
-0.18000401556491852,
-0.27380236983299255,
0.223370760679245,
-0.5966832637786865,
-0.3827783167362213,
-0.06536266207695007,
0.27886447310447693,
-0.20788556337356567,
-0.3433537483215332,
-0.2845976948738098,
-0.01908712461590767,
0.701007068157196,
0.16554200649261475,
-0.5067201852798462,
-0.4388592839241028,
1.1551600694656372,
0.021492986008524895,
-0.698634922504425,
-0.6976656913757324,
-0.6630374193191528,
-0.3485741913318634,
-0.024058623239398003,
0.25707918405532837,
-0.6580736637115479,
-0.06304818391799927,
0.023176953196525574,
-0.16686302423477173,
0.19557678699493408,
1.0559344291687012,
0.29465439915657043,
-0.1370609998703003,
-0.41490694880485535,
-0.10561642050743103,
0.2904316186904907,
0.43830373883247375,
-0.37999486923217773,
0.9537038803100586,
0.036064956337213516,
0.9993972778320312,
0.6984289884567261,
0.393018513917923,
-0.3991260528564453,
-0.08656974881887436,
0.28421854972839355,
1.0636327266693115,
-0.4383709132671356,
0.23890085518360138,
-0.1948004812002182,
-0.22726593911647797,
-0.3919503092765808,
0.12303533405065536,
0.6233718395233154,
0.34029245376586914,
-0.9876328706741333,
-0.4454572796821594,
-0.2438860386610031,
-0.007334438152611256,
0.12109740823507309,
0.7044395208358765,
0.04105139523744583,
-0.3873870074748993,
0.04756033420562744,
-0.10678888112306595,
0.039779942482709885,
-0.16287092864513397,
0.06002897769212723,
0.21179233491420746,
-0.6753302812576294,
-0.7073472738265991,
0.8589810729026794,
-0.41204068064689636,
0.9524297714233398,
0.3189123570919037,
-0.16570605337619781,
0.312630295753479,
-0.19928061962127686,
-0.17134949564933777,
0.2779458165168762,
-0.3378422260284424,
-0.13958214223384857,
0.05598798394203186,
0.06308123469352722,
0.3400782346725464,
-0.30500829219818115,
0.45940542221069336,
0.2457195222377777,
0.25180742144584656,
-0.3328436315059662,
-0.4629195034503937,
-0.019342010840773582,
-0.30633118748664856,
0.5108572244644165,
-0.13034464418888092,
-0.8980421423912048,
0.27416959404945374,
0.008229602128267288,
-0.3183627724647522,
-0.1465732604265213,
0.4865444004535675,
-0.17320498824119568,
0.2594219446182251,
0.1612653136253357,
-0.015894940122961998,
-0.13396437466144562,
-0.29754242300987244,
-0.11154482513666153,
-0.5638095736503601,
0.5186920166015625,
0.028575420379638672,
0.5149334073066711,
1.2836508750915527,
-0.12157941609621048,
0.49128487706184387,
-0.6003742218017578,
-0.1563575714826584,
0.9946308732032776,
0.5246416926383972,
-0.9262804388999939,
0.49201467633247375,
-0.105879046022892,
0.363811194896698,
0.8644095063209534,
0.3609238266944885,
-0.35094374418258667,
-0.10325136035680771,
-0.1015973910689354,
0.4301868975162506,
-0.062449391931295395,
0.1297723799943924,
0.0801708996295929,
0.11547519266605377,
0.03801988810300827,
0.06310328096151352,
0.8227197527885437,
-0.15969803929328918,
0.13192109763622284,
0.2827649712562561,
0.5470343828201294,
0.33732327818870544,
0.9990115165710449,
-0.5805646181106567,
0.05672305449843407,
-0.2419741302728653,
-0.27565187215805054,
0.29481062293052673,
0.43793046474456787,
-0.20758691430091858,
-0.167958065867424,
-0.333665132522583,
-0.04793398827314377,
-1.073608160018921,
0.15364766120910645,
0.06868897378444672,
0.5349591374397278,
0.060297891497612,
-0.10756652802228928,
0.5195119380950928,
0.8539297580718994,
0.0450875349342823,
-0.29737260937690735,
0.67967689037323,
-0.470077782869339,
0.5383323431015015,
0.4923328757286072,
0.49778658151626587,
0.6989243030548096,
-0.41897836327552795,
-0.04193279519677162,
-0.01679033599793911,
-0.3230532109737396,
0.07336245477199554,
0.7039642930030823,
-0.20696605741977692,
0.07373853027820587,
-0.12854237854480743,
0.2701784074306488,
0.20230720937252045,
0.014967110008001328,
-0.44391557574272156,
-0.3048456907272339,
-0.1255037486553192,
0.4298492968082428,
0.11415928602218628,
0.3812572956085205,
0.133724644780159,
-0.357997328042984,
-0.022444110363721848,
-0.5399609804153442,
-0.3888208270072937,
-0.6655961275100708,
-0.12323933839797974,
-0.49341869354248047,
-0.26080796122550964,
-0.13343341648578644,
0.8172179460525513,
-0.12647658586502075,
-0.7985395789146423,
-0.05906981602311134,
0.24064795672893524,
0.43614912033081055,
-0.8010155558586121,
-0.1574712097644806,
-0.5255568623542786,
-0.07999085634946823,
-0.6193450689315796,
-0.45240238308906555,
0.41895589232444763,
-0.4255130887031555,
-0.44299694895744324,
0.005367809906601906,
0.7608495354652405,
0.44393718242645264,
-0.7196047306060791,
0.10093329101800919,
-0.007987487129867077,
0.5240474939346313,
0.14363078773021698,
0.4701118469238281,
-0.44427725672721863,
0.25082048773765564,
0.11562776565551758,
-5.433870315551758,
0.2946931719779968,
0.21368947625160217,
-0.2182599902153015,
-0.09467469155788422,
0.07077746093273163,
0.2975271940231323,
-0.14163239300251007,
0.3658082187175751,
0.3698224127292633,
0.45407164096832275,
0.2929261028766632,
-0.40076613426208496,
0.308002769947052,
0.26365870237350464,
0.3517404794692993,
-0.3825654983520508,
0.3496731221675873,
0.0869288444519043,
0.0573221854865551,
0.002986577805131674,
0.5696747899055481,
-0.02839948609471321,
0.22940361499786377,
0.44869711995124817,
-0.06191544234752655,
-0.23835636675357819,
-0.5901838541030884,
-0.6077131032943726,
-0.5744410157203674,
-0.29802292585372925,
0.35039421916007996,
0.13201412558555603,
-0.19638954102993011,
-0.14301124215126038,
-0.02140762098133564,
0.3312115967273712,
0.5836820602416992,
-0.13642744719982147,
-0.1167556643486023,
-0.31200429797172546,
0.08672098815441132,
0.3216383457183838,
-0.19429755210876465,
0.6892696619033813,
-0.3971799910068512,
-0.18424375355243683,
-0.33435237407684326,
-0.49696338176727295,
1.0091947317123413,
-0.30596861243247986,
-0.14814071357250214,
0.5068458914756775,
0.7690331339836121,
0.2027580589056015,
-0.15256574749946594,
-0.13429217040538788,
-0.06256972998380661,
-0.9854202270507812,
0.3859063684940338,
0.2774490714073181,
-0.3100641071796417,
-0.6160845756530762,
-0.6277174949645996,
0.03119301050901413,
-0.11765993386507034,
-0.7954207062721252,
0.05101152881979942,
0.4816299080848694,
-0.2506955862045288,
-0.5981281995773315,
0.42590025067329407,
-0.22987684607505798,
-0.833310067653656,
0.547516942024231,
-0.8111369013786316,
-0.4957226812839508,
0.3027469515800476,
-0.41548681259155273,
-0.37870195508003235,
0.4551275372505188,
-0.30749014019966125,
-0.28402841091156006,
0.35358551144599915,
0.06931528449058533,
-0.8158326148986816,
-0.6251475811004639,
-0.20989352464675903,
0.16975846886634827,
-0.10023609548807144,
0.39813417196273804,
0.04489675164222717,
0.05045386403799057,
0.2880774140357971,
0.6332273483276367,
0.4031526744365692,
0.34958329796791077,
-0.4450536072254181,
0.5583364367485046,
-0.1339515596628189,
1.0852885246276855,
-0.10698431730270386,
-0.31452861428260803,
-0.16919054090976715,
0.3184027671813965,
-0.5579987168312073,
0.3157321512699127,
0.7194713354110718,
0.7036452293395996,
0.0545145720243454,
0.00444606551900506,
-0.746088445186615,
-0.6001229882240295,
-0.013627164997160435,
0.32278746366500854,
0.09239688515663147,
-0.029103392735123634,
-0.17788934707641602,
0.7016865015029907,
0.6772262454032898,
-0.023712901398539543,
-0.34983736276626587,
-0.4864999055862427,
-0.12427069246768951,
-0.08172689378261566,
-0.6355079412460327,
-0.22359545528888702,
0.3028307557106018,
-0.9326886534690857,
-0.5392728447914124,
-0.02490060217678547,
-0.11418439447879791,
-0.5355296730995178,
-0.5767769813537598,
0.42014867067337036,
0.3571445047855377,
-0.031360335648059845,
0.01766180247068405,
0.7777952551841736,
-0.2700156569480896,
-0.9244869351387024,
-0.35403066873550415,
-0.20726929605007172,
0.36261501908302307,
0.6372352242469788,
0.4967867136001587,
-0.07161226868629456,
-0.29212307929992676,
-0.7577773928642273,
0.8143622875213623,
0.25340425968170166,
-0.4461779296398163,
0.5038867592811584,
-0.1046675592660904,
-0.18956376612186432,
0.09171469509601593,
0.7516779899597168,
0.16423186659812927,
0.20667457580566406,
-0.5926968455314636,
0.10614138841629028,
-0.44168028235435486,
-0.057200800627470016,
0.3941613733768463,
0.37994834780693054,
-0.5022884011268616,
-0.98175048828125,
-0.31829947233200073,
-0.17696839570999146,
0.2802242934703827,
0.6747477650642395,
-0.18116448819637299,
-1.0718778371810913,
-0.10482744127511978,
0.1817687600851059,
-0.1995890587568283,
-0.6932512521743774,
0.3123011887073517,
-0.10022470355033875,
0.20641089975833893,
-0.002443985315039754,
0.33532074093818665,
-0.23110513389110565,
0.1948651373386383,
0.7095175981521606,
-0.5466850996017456,
0.16083171963691711,
-0.1294783055782318,
0.06198326125741005,
-0.13318276405334473,
0.7248263955116272,
0.3682060241699219,
0.1880471259355545,
0.24471141397953033,
0.002114497823640704,
-0.7581762075424194,
-0.09304419904947281,
0.045658860355615616,
-0.14406058192253113,
-1.082495093345642,
-0.07150394469499588,
0.2155328392982483,
0.31009727716445923,
0.3219738006591797,
0.19943168759346008,
-0.2303614765405655,
0.7265583872795105,
-0.1958630383014679,
-0.624807596206665,
-0.13138946890830994,
-0.47517889738082886,
-0.7331289649009705,
-0.1697712540626526,
0.5999290943145752,
-0.5963431596755981,
0.3259325325489044,
0.005981294438242912,
-0.2717176079750061,
-0.05868470296263695,
-0.11924786120653152,
-0.12360391020774841,
-0.3592250943183899,
0.10009264945983887,
-0.4139677882194519,
-0.6405169367790222,
0.4323745369911194,
0.00679486570879817,
-0.1981363594532013,
0.6778762936592102,
-0.8267828226089478,
-0.10655283182859421,
-0.07815727591514587,
-0.025006236508488655,
-0.3483063578605652,
-0.8016581535339355,
0.2557171583175659,
-0.3787577152252197,
0.05105742812156677,
0.8730428814888,
0.8767448663711548,
0.399649977684021,
1.3933454751968384,
0.501184344291687,
-0.3538731038570404,
0.054151274263858795,
0.34014686942100525,
-0.021828889846801758,
0.07271527498960495,
-1.0301342010498047,
-0.2853390574455261,
-0.04123682528734207,
0.02369849570095539,
-0.1883350908756256,
-0.09058719128370285,
0.6153907179832458,
-0.3943815231323242,
-0.417553573846817,
0.4845069348812103,
-0.12334775179624557,
0.15652109682559967,
0.35805466771125793,
-0.005746081937104464,
-0.325594961643219,
0.3543778657913208,
0.1665741354227066,
0.20220066606998444,
-0.8443753123283386,
0.16236542165279388,
0.2206687480211258,
-0.5428656935691833,
-0.050928134471178055,
-0.5472632050514221,
0.4647565186023712,
0.11969631165266037,
0.42066696286201477,
-0.06258396804332733,
-0.40650874376296997,
-0.1842077374458313,
-0.020502641797065735,
0.06272130459547043,
0.06824734807014465,
0.23266170918941498,
0.3721740245819092,
-0.08549259603023529,
-0.03439682722091675,
-0.08016114681959152,
-0.8049605488777161,
0.07200106978416443,
-0.16293247044086456,
-0.08569691330194473,
-0.8193409442901611,
-0.3808137774467468,
0.045581113547086716,
0.02451983466744423,
0.309535950422287,
0.24954217672348022,
-0.35387104749679565,
-0.018340107053518295,
0.33848661184310913,
0.37274882197380066,
-0.7473810911178589,
0.6406460404396057,
0.1529911607503891,
-0.4270319938659668,
0.18936572968959808,
0.015753421932458878,
-0.005212737247347832,
-0.1462375521659851,
0.18345069885253906,
0.4028307795524597,
0.3541899621486664,
-0.19476643204689026,
-0.24015167355537415,
0.5889308452606201,
0.053152795881032944,
0.9653429985046387,
0.47615963220596313,
-0.6045488715171814,
0.2869473099708557,
0.37116140127182007,
0.253937304019928,
-0.04563888907432556,
0.9553529024124146,
0.7250880599021912,
-0.07998652756214142,
0.24977031350135803,
-1.0118671655654907,
0.04566314071416855,
0.46295276284217834,
0.06467010080814362,
0.3226865231990814,
0.47185370326042175,
-0.6355112195014954,
-0.27448704838752747,
-0.5503640174865723,
0.25560107827186584,
0.3126138150691986,
-0.07611941546201706,
-0.5508476495742798,
1.2286583185195923,
1.1208559274673462,
0.6328285336494446,
0.4544236958026886,
-0.022504756227135658,
0.09551209211349487,
-0.4722629487514496,
-0.014412786811590195,
-0.15341059863567352,
0.320080041885376,
0.023843945935368538,
0.1105174720287323,
0.04489151015877724,
-0.14267854392528534,
-0.8826192617416382,
0.1687338948249817,
0.46414947509765625,
-0.19479960203170776,
-0.32718437910079956,
0.3813228905200958,
0.04317862167954445,
-0.622212290763855,
-0.13402096927165985,
-0.6502445936203003,
0.07985278218984604,
-0.7233071327209473,
0.1567937582731247,
-0.014391002245247364,
-0.886597752571106,
-0.13654060661792755,
-0.4361468255519867,
0.17013031244277954,
-0.05159521475434303,
-0.04530264064669609,
-0.40900129079818726,
0.06326921284198761,
0.21363992989063263,
-0.17779198288917542,
0.2576864957809448,
-0.33610427379608154,
-0.036692969501018524,
-0.3931259214878082,
-0.14831481873989105,
-0.03931741043925285,
-0.23938632011413574,
0.37420225143432617,
-0.3368069529533386,
-0.007021518889814615,
0.11945018917322159,
-0.3736683428287506,
0.15133263170719147,
0.10584229230880737,
-0.8404927253723145,
0.12772707641124725,
-0.22024598717689514,
-0.5719668865203857,
-0.28804248571395874,
0.5245592594146729,
0.6749829649925232,
0.14548742771148682,
-0.16729997098445892,
0.10478968173265457,
0.06914202123880386,
-0.3356185257434845,
-0.14402063190937042,
0.66024249792099,
0.21323369443416595,
-0.8663365840911865,
0.2889639735221863,
-0.9122185111045837,
0.2637311816215515,
0.402700811624527,
0.6446294188499451,
-0.1777346283197403,
0.08266191929578781,
0.3787683844566345,
0.43719974160194397,
0.3591175079345703,
-0.46539822220802307,
-0.40639907121658325,
-0.07924359291791916,
-0.7751647233963013,
-0.8905709981918335,
0.6420015096664429,
0.067435123026371,
-0.03478577733039856,
-0.5082412362098694,
-0.07199648022651672,
0.15436993539333344,
-0.8410087823867798,
0.3304482102394104,
-0.14098845422267914,
0.03372209146618843,
-0.3439633846282959,
0.23205269873142242,
-0.3769475221633911,
-0.5260372161865234,
-0.0030181289184838533,
0.9555959105491638,
0.5566132068634033,
0.024967825040221214,
-0.12087539583444595,
-0.21989081799983978,
0.28551536798477173,
0.29169005155563354,
0.20655085146427155,
0.29432690143585205,
-0.23206238448619843,
-0.7790980339050293,
-0.6760551929473877,
-0.16621769964694977,
0.22641941905021667,
-0.29956844449043274,
-0.03333890438079834,
-0.39336228370666504,
-0.25472480058670044,
0.24532592296600342,
0.021682417020201683,
-0.6752064228057861,
0.8413629531860352,
-0.259776771068573
]
|
214775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20matrix | Transition matrix | Transition matrix may refer to:
The matrix associated with a change of basis for a vector space.
Stochastic matrix, a square matrix used to describe the transitions of a Markov chain.
State-transition matrix, a matrix whose product with the state vector at an initial time gives at a later time . | [
-0.25377756357192993,
-0.31995993852615356,
-0.029863625764846802,
0.0433720201253891,
-0.22277408838272095,
0.414061963558197,
-0.3668968975543976,
-0.3934438228607178,
-0.04375339671969414,
-0.702668309211731,
-0.27276068925857544,
0.2946786880493164,
-0.30522820353507996,
0.26560795307159424,
0.14468631148338318,
-0.024190759286284447,
0.28971028327941895,
0.193475142121315,
0.035800736397504807,
-0.39567404985427856,
-0.06680294871330261,
0.4580248296260834,
0.2819565534591675,
-0.36637628078460693,
0.23832888901233673,
-0.4191860258579254,
0.3156946897506714,
0.08896167576313019,
0.02168004959821701,
0.4470217227935791,
-0.5601974725723267,
0.7217322587966919,
-0.18618769943714142,
0.07742580026388168,
0.5231319069862366,
0.15843869745731354,
0.17979520559310913,
-0.06377845257520676,
0.13004516065120697,
-0.7340419888496399,
0.06422122567892075,
-0.22974063456058502,
0.07407087832689285,
0.3325096368789673,
-0.34874510765075684,
-0.6835005283355713,
-1.780279517173767,
-0.2747355103492737,
-0.450425386428833,
-0.4270634651184082,
-0.4809904992580414,
0.34821343421936035,
0.34055671095848083,
0.5732249617576599,
-0.32942652702331543,
0.24880608916282654,
-0.6588364839553833,
-0.32714414596557617,
0.6610448956489563,
0.0690964013338089,
0.5471725463867188,
-0.08617786318063736,
-0.006576336920261383,
0.3053104281425476,
0.14020463824272156,
0.4266152083873749,
0.10778410732746124,
-0.03970424830913544,
-0.3609677851200104,
-0.5697659850120544,
-0.6141273379325867,
-0.24891570210456848,
-0.3346146047115326,
0.290628582239151,
-0.7043513655662537,
0.13794343173503876,
0.133393332362175,
0.18437117338180542,
-0.31534022092819214,
-0.05542086437344551,
-0.18118686974048615,
0.6326497197151184,
0.7372029423713684,
-0.4681762158870697,
0.7291856408119202,
-0.2014715075492859,
-0.5327603816986084,
0.26242637634277344,
-0.5176392793655396,
0.6222606897354126,
-0.01005930919200182,
-0.3559103012084961,
0.2818617820739746,
0.28814002871513367,
0.40221861004829407,
0.495617151260376,
-0.10850147902965546,
-0.2692136764526367,
0.8202970623970032,
0.2857770621776581,
-0.45156559348106384,
-0.04578061029314995,
-0.07206522673368454,
-0.311975359916687,
-0.18942363560199738,
-0.9595815539360046,
-0.42542773485183716,
-0.3799758553504944,
-0.16258551180362701,
-0.21499022841453552,
-0.790023148059845,
0.3324088752269745,
0.3609752357006073,
-0.609355092048645,
0.17774060368537903,
0.6213540434837341,
-0.20147506892681122,
-0.04708610102534294,
-0.19050416350364685,
0.6292943358421326,
-0.061138857156038284,
0.9129167199134827,
0.1360923945903778,
0.12069342285394669,
-0.13212181627750397,
0.3130834996700287,
0.6990190148353577,
1.0548522472381592,
-0.8163854479789734,
-0.5157462954521179,
0.03198713809251785,
0.7745329141616821,
0.4306570291519165,
0.45618292689323425,
-0.29204273223876953,
-0.48788395524024963,
0.1866733878850937,
-0.09142108261585236,
-0.19245918095111847,
-0.22288186848163605,
-0.3644261360168457,
-0.15531562268733978,
-0.08680109679698944,
-0.3278777301311493,
0.8322049975395203,
-0.19694961607456207,
-0.04424669221043587,
-0.5683698058128357,
0.15170566737651825,
0.056533534079790115,
-0.006312005687505007,
0.5479139089584351,
-0.46976447105407715,
0.12393037229776382,
-0.541377067565918,
-0.07383666932582855,
0.3304009735584259,
0.1936904639005661,
-0.5474657416343689,
0.45745396614074707,
0.3804149627685547,
-0.04541686177253723,
-0.1272803544998169,
-0.7169144749641418,
0.31803590059280396,
-0.8806441426277161,
0.5972711443901062,
0.0532182939350605,
0.3264124393463135,
-0.13000714778900146,
-0.24637383222579956,
-0.16994120180606842,
-0.31375402212142944,
0.24106551706790924,
-0.06583911180496216,
-0.0035137326922267675,
0.5440934896469116,
-0.028158312663435936,
0.8538938760757446,
-0.21856200695037842,
-0.710300624370575,
0.17494390904903412,
0.13732068240642548,
-0.3131701946258545,
0.08327313512563705,
-0.17233899235725403,
0.4427269697189331,
0.2252003401517868,
0.808292806148529,
0.19870825111865997,
-0.2818816304206848,
0.35866299271583557,
-0.3568418323993683,
-1.1040486097335815,
1.196212887763977,
-0.010330415330827236,
-0.7457531690597534,
0.6097010970115662,
-0.4032198190689087,
0.36130082607269287,
-0.04284845292568207,
0.012066955678164959,
0.40072450041770935,
-0.005810670554637909,
0.3872116208076477,
0.3690962791442871,
0.04955628514289856,
0.15850713849067688,
-0.38606250286102295,
0.4797552525997162,
0.33221086859703064,
0.34668678045272827,
0.24112743139266968,
-0.006499768700450659,
0.6162378787994385,
-0.4508156478404999,
-0.39547842741012573,
0.21701101958751678,
0.1633078157901764,
0.24836359918117523,
1.2861590385437012,
0.06967524439096451,
-0.06082914397120476,
0.41710010170936584,
0.12361714243888855,
0.5718244314193726,
0.443988174200058,
0.17446327209472656,
0.8664311766624451,
-0.8409873843193054,
-0.2271462380886078,
-0.017564814537763596,
0.08241056650876999,
0.2495177835226059,
-0.3184761106967926,
0.2149430364370346,
0.38682377338409424,
-0.6615131497383118,
-0.18724513053894043,
-0.4783092141151428,
0.11691153049468994,
0.75221186876297,
-0.1615046262741089,
-0.2655590772628784,
-0.15157127380371094,
-0.17004463076591492,
-0.2199748456478119,
-0.03501727804541588,
-0.5282433032989502,
-0.23131155967712402,
-0.4241757094860077,
0.30967292189598083,
0.050947193056344986,
-0.7167667150497437,
-0.5758496522903442,
0.07529626786708832,
-0.24605807662010193,
-0.09592129290103912,
0.19205230474472046,
0.6323209404945374,
0.00328255002386868,
0.13787946105003357,
0.17750176787376404,
-0.10526622086763382,
-0.3379247188568115,
-0.2586258053779602,
-0.8447957038879395,
0.0966699942946434,
0.3042258024215698,
0.4396228492259979,
0.5394583344459534,
-0.5988675951957703,
-0.36674970388412476,
-0.2431776225566864,
-0.6696500778198242,
-1.1107187271118164,
-0.25680604577064514,
0.3408792316913605,
-0.9062054753303528,
-0.3477146625518799,
0.0999317541718483,
0.5231952667236328,
0.20001287758350372,
-0.03819354623556137,
-0.3403158187866211,
-0.41374626755714417,
-0.22857666015625,
-0.0035653961822390556,
0.20551669597625732,
-0.5884762406349182,
-0.3068709373474121,
0.4556283950805664,
-0.17421166598796844,
-0.15128882229328156,
0.3700816333293915,
0.6610499620437622,
0.08781943470239639,
-0.0785522609949112,
0.05825977399945259,
0.10863364487886429,
-0.5915243029594421,
0.15532781183719635,
-0.13671815395355225,
-0.21787016093730927,
0.05566171556711197,
-0.239424929022789,
-0.5421662926673889,
0.4309117794036865,
-5.50873327255249,
0.06467573344707489,
0.2759484648704529,
-0.02717888355255127,
0.043358687311410904,
0.04898625239729881,
0.39153167605400085,
0.1321522444486618,
-0.2718079090118408,
0.191740483045578,
-0.14201650023460388,
-0.1272621601819992,
-0.6428000926971436,
0.6185840368270874,
0.46816128492355347,
-0.06904484331607819,
0.7077808976173401,
0.3038788437843323,
0.20702657103538513,
0.49830690026283264,
-0.6120744347572327,
-0.4352031648159027,
-0.20029515027999878,
0.08584732562303543,
-0.44849130511283875,
0.1679026335477829,
-0.28585171699523926,
0.3352400064468384,
-0.7046787142753601,
-0.5065755248069763,
-0.1548353135585785,
-0.3538247346878052,
-0.043573204427957535,
-0.33824750781059265,
-0.048036325722932816,
0.6428048014640808,
0.11250309646129608,
-0.04975385591387749,
0.08563626557588577,
-0.8238849639892578,
-0.1898476928472519,
1.052318811416626,
0.06339067220687866,
-0.2811732292175293,
0.24690234661102295,
-0.0539773628115654,
-0.029211288318037987,
0.059494223445653915,
-0.3183218538761139,
0.8778021335601807,
-0.38829463720321655,
-0.22507905960083008,
0.400216281414032,
-0.34750133752822876,
-0.016727248206734657,
0.09939184784889221,
0.46611925959587097,
0.09968779981136322,
-0.7355007529258728,
0.5115048885345459,
0.5030486583709717,
-0.9687071442604065,
0.17134356498718262,
-0.5149369835853577,
-0.48571017384529114,
-0.5212720036506653,
-1.1208962202072144,
-0.3556102514266968,
0.5481264591217041,
0.3221973478794098,
-0.4191330373287201,
-0.02495914325118065,
0.011020827107131481,
-0.563181459903717,
0.13051103055477142,
-1.000579595565796,
0.3494919240474701,
-0.35437414050102234,
0.07831251621246338,
-0.4569215476512909,
-0.2415022999048233,
-0.20578308403491974,
-0.07590388506650925,
0.0873945876955986,
0.0705747976899147,
0.47996339201927185,
0.15880118310451508,
-0.1887519806623459,
-0.5558701157569885,
-0.2932065427303314,
0.8950455784797668,
0.18839742243289948,
0.5338348150253296,
0.3385419249534607,
0.15498170256614685,
0.062220554798841476,
0.4656292200088501,
-0.4388802647590637,
0.1525687575340271,
-0.339024156332016,
1.0462136268615723,
-0.48902058601379395,
-0.25364014506340027,
-0.511526346206665,
-0.19972090423107147,
0.41882407665252686,
-0.868294358253479,
0.7771407961845398,
0.4982587397098541,
0.11763595789670944,
-0.13060754537582397,
0.3898187577724457,
-0.6187194585800171,
-0.38937169313430786,
0.29452258348464966,
0.46318817138671875,
-0.9845328330993652,
0.021102238446474075,
0.7508625388145447,
0.16719597578048706,
0.15120182931423187,
0.083891861140728,
0.0617523156106472,
-0.08570129424333572,
-0.02847624570131302,
-0.31340527534484863,
-0.02196948044002056,
0.4926961064338684,
-0.13863226771354675,
-0.5198067426681519,
0.47217217087745667,
0.3569956123828888,
-0.5976851582527161,
-0.0057738120667636395,
0.07332228124141693,
-0.671051561832428,
0.18829940259456635,
0.6034342050552368,
0.4075709283351898,
-0.24074585735797882,
0.6886632442474365,
0.2515360116958618,
0.08023975789546967,
-0.5345564484596252,
0.45153599977493286,
0.2571534812450409,
-0.3057602047920227,
0.05609525740146637,
-0.44307413697242737,
0.3965878486633301,
0.4161240756511688,
-0.7873206734657288,
0.37524643540382385,
-0.6169933080673218,
0.2939072847366333,
-0.05519532784819603,
-0.03176034241914749,
0.10842873901128769,
0.519806981086731,
-0.7472323179244995,
0.24205739796161652,
0.39201757311820984,
-0.5685105323791504,
-0.2261996567249298,
-0.3688426613807678,
0.198871910572052,
-0.44352424144744873,
-0.37420856952667236,
0.025194117799401283,
0.6543867588043213,
-0.15915222465991974,
-0.3369608223438263,
-0.3689989745616913,
-0.7276974320411682,
0.4941214621067047,
0.007034819107502699,
0.2497149556875229,
0.27610182762145996,
0.31176573038101196,
-0.3391079008579254,
0.1522442102432251,
-0.1381717026233673,
-0.43207472562789917,
0.2187708467245102,
0.9807397127151489,
-0.22678740322589874,
-0.01696007139980793,
0.31327757239341736,
-0.6646901369094849,
-0.4592715799808502,
0.3529413640499115,
0.1391814798116684,
-0.25708720088005066,
-0.26344358921051025,
0.025653842836618423,
-0.4208972454071045,
0.22956740856170654,
0.8538753390312195,
-0.15778566896915436,
-0.5195456147193909,
0.22508640587329865,
0.7396013140678406,
-0.3584749102592468,
1.0243462324142456,
0.2942975163459778,
-0.393657386302948,
-0.3183239698410034,
0.1667843908071518,
-0.10669244080781937,
-0.22800567746162415,
-0.22576110064983368,
-0.7721641659736633,
-0.7543503642082214,
-0.6251840591430664,
-0.17643821239471436,
0.19679905474185944,
0.16392937302589417,
-0.9496134519577026,
-0.022610655054450035,
-0.13947050273418427,
0.2611570954322815,
-0.4566617012023926,
0.23532962799072266,
0.45854902267456055,
0.17107343673706055,
-0.17459896206855774,
0.16742293536663055,
-0.44177940487861633,
0.595133900642395,
-0.08880481868982315,
-0.014268304221332073,
-0.3032751679420471,
-0.19109544157981873,
-0.15221214294433594,
-0.18196050822734833,
-0.9709069728851318,
-0.7575649619102478,
0.18733274936676025,
-0.485516756772995,
-0.4839082360267639,
-0.22300191223621368,
0.842227041721344,
0.33488962054252625,
-0.6796995997428894,
0.4665374755859375,
-0.062462955713272095,
0.47786012291908264,
-0.42687180638313293,
-0.15682227909564972,
0.340119868516922,
0.2041388601064682,
-0.09166645258665085,
-0.29860734939575195,
-0.07741626352071762,
0.7331604361534119,
0.5587796568870544,
0.005433339159935713,
-0.49209848046302795,
0.20544302463531494,
0.5115087032318115,
0.18291988968849182,
-0.694389820098877,
-0.24941055476665497,
-0.19542627036571503,
0.2805015444755554,
0.241826131939888,
0.1520363688468933,
0.6476766467094421,
0.5035824179649353,
-0.3282051980495453,
-0.12112531810998917,
-0.35643258690834045,
0.12207972258329391,
0.47953930497169495,
0.5713643431663513,
-0.36377713084220886,
0.13805066049098969,
0.2939620614051819,
0.2996826469898224,
-0.02930278331041336,
-0.27266138792037964,
-0.029791535809636116,
0.3290809690952301,
-0.21374888718128204,
0.5868927836418152,
0.17697486281394958,
0.5616715550422668,
0.07799521088600159,
-0.24074199795722961,
0.2911078631877899,
-0.6986626386642456,
0.08157440274953842,
-0.06796523928642273,
0.4456298053264618,
-0.5593457221984863,
0.34315770864486694,
0.3674326539039612,
0.44409090280532837,
-0.03825169801712036,
-0.09614770114421844,
-0.5675221681594849,
0.4140201508998871,
-0.10502386093139648,
0.038011278957128525,
0.1821790486574173,
0.05068526789546013,
0.32311996817588806,
-0.46498358249664307,
-0.23396320641040802,
0.0445912629365921,
0.4949796497821808,
0.210199773311615,
0.20574621856212616,
0.19432133436203003,
-0.22309602797031403,
-0.04930741712450981,
0.7078461050987244,
-0.47000792622566223,
0.5332390666007996,
0.06126551330089569,
-0.11139082163572311,
0.22205284237861633,
0.32009100914001465,
-0.3848404288291931,
-0.46317237615585327,
0.3459623157978058,
-0.3640786409378052,
0.03559214249253273,
-0.09747578948736191,
0.04245989769697189,
0.7015206217765808,
0.4291200637817383,
-0.42315196990966797,
0.13652828335762024,
0.04599015787243843,
0.07437314093112946,
0.6935577988624573,
-0.36152321100234985,
-0.5149692296981812,
0.3102816045284271,
0.6594029664993286,
1.0336259603500366,
-0.26589226722717285,
0.4219159781932831,
0.18750567734241486,
-0.3763289451599121,
-0.03516663610935211,
-0.1025380864739418,
-0.13061517477035522,
0.38460272550582886,
0.43229541182518005,
-0.34043437242507935,
0.0575832724571228,
0.015496864914894104,
0.03957926481962204,
-0.1878555566072464,
0.6135134100914001,
-0.32424989342689514,
-0.06704947352409363,
-0.25846537947654724,
0.23165924847126007,
0.5691302418708801,
-0.13506968319416046,
-0.49635544419288635,
0.09324172884225845,
-0.22707495093345642,
0.7567102909088135,
-0.13873514533042908,
0.09046002477407455,
-0.08205877989530563,
0.20443940162658691,
0.7026494145393372,
-0.15285271406173706,
0.05919821560382843,
0.45494216680526733,
-0.7773223519325256,
0.09887697547674179,
0.3089076280593872,
-0.4984297752380371,
0.02807030640542507,
0.5993717908859253,
0.3258180618286133,
0.08134394884109497,
-0.908740222454071,
-0.06874682754278183,
-0.29898902773857117,
0.1594742089509964,
0.14585016667842865,
-0.31296399235725403,
0.23105312883853912,
0.5423566699028015,
-0.38310661911964417,
-0.2596648335456848,
0.24384379386901855,
-0.14884887635707855,
0.6387553215026855,
-0.786604106426239,
1.4086302518844604,
0.38116219639778137,
0.21564769744873047,
0.23778477311134338,
0.2072279006242752,
-0.022514110431075096,
0.5875031352043152,
-0.2951216697692871,
0.09356313198804855,
-0.6931213736534119,
0.5423629879951477,
-0.8988960981369019,
0.4549608826637268,
0.7787435054779053,
-0.4123483896255493,
-0.22113414108753204,
0.41829928755760193,
-0.25478971004486084,
0.42214372754096985,
0.3801546096801758,
0.1384265273809433,
-0.5004028081893921,
0.12441246211528778,
-0.2990383207798004,
-0.1077178344130516,
0.38756832480430603,
0.10735315084457397,
-0.6192798614501953,
-0.332828551530838,
0.6148760914802551,
0.26635992527008057,
0.10374893248081207,
0.10390453785657883,
-0.24556401371955872,
0.15846973657608032,
-0.4311334490776062,
0.6298311948776245,
-0.1669912040233612,
0.13423913717269897,
0.008944199420511723,
0.29472973942756653,
1.031527042388916,
-0.4534595310688019,
-0.302620530128479,
-0.10121548175811768,
0.0959620252251625,
0.4609093964099884,
-0.9635088443756104,
0.1908404529094696,
-0.006952645257115364,
-0.3135435879230499,
-0.9083089828491211,
0.31913790106773376,
0.11214479804039001,
-0.7103279232978821,
-0.2020895928144455,
-0.09361345320940018,
-0.34939128160476685,
0.6312845945358276,
-0.17470841109752655,
-0.8307792544364929,
-0.6670094132423401,
0.4050774574279785
]
|
214783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Red%20Violin | The Red Violin | The Red Violin () is a 1998 drama film directed by François Girard and starring Samuel L. Jackson, Carlo Cecchi and Sylvia Chang. It spans four centuries and five countries as it tells the story of a mysterious red-coloured violin and its many owners. The instrument, made in Cremona in 1681 with a future forecast by tarot cards, makes its way to Montreal in 1997, where an appraiser identifies it and it goes to auction. The film was an international co-production among companies in Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
The screenplay was written by Don McKellar, who also acts, and Girard, inspired by a historic 1720 Stradivarius violin nicknamed the "Red Mendelssohn". The film was shot in Austria, Canada, China, England and Italy and features a soundtrack by John Corigliano, with solos performed by violinist Joshua Bell.
After premiering in the Venice Film Festival, it received some positive reviews from critics and grossed $10 million in the U.S. box office. It received numerous honours, including the Academy Award for Best Original Score and eight Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture. The film also nominated for Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film, but lost to All About My Mother.
Plot
Cremona, 1681 (Language: Italian)
Nicolò Bussotti is a violin-maker whose wife, Anna Rudolfi, is pregnant. Anna asks her servant Cesca to foretell her unborn child's future. Cesca cannot determine the future of someone not born, but she does offer to read Anna's future using tarot cards. The first, The Moon, signifies that Anna will live a long life.
In the meantime, Nicolò has fashioned a new violin. He is about to varnish it when he finds that both she and the child have died. Distraught, Nicolò returns to his shop and varnishes the violin with a red color. The violin then makes its way to an orphanage in Austria.
Vienna, 1793 (Language: German and French)
Cesca turns over the second card, The Hanged Man, which means disease and suffering for those around Anna.
At the orphanage, the violin comes into the possession of Kaspar Weiss, a young but brilliant violin prodigy. The monks at the orphanage ask a violin instructor, Poussin, to adopt the boy to further his development. Poussin brings Weiss and the violin to Vienna. They learn that Prince Mannsfeld is visiting Vienna and is looking for a prodigy to accompany him back to Prussia, promising a generous reward. Poussin puts Weiss through a strict practice regimen. However, the regimen and the "Poussin Meter" (a primitive metronome) take a toll on Weiss' heart defect. On the day of the recital, as he starts playing, Weiss's heart gives out from the stress and he collapses, dead.
Weiss is buried at the orphanage he grew up in. When Poussin inquires about the violin, the monks explain that they buried it with Weiss. The violin is later stolen by grave robbers travelling in a gypsy procession, who take it to England.
Oxford, late 1890s (Language: English and Romani)
Cesca's third card is The Devil and she explains that Anna will meet a handsome and intelligent man who will seduce her.
Lord Frederick Pope comes across the gypsy procession setting up camp on his estate, as a gypsy woman plays the violin. He offers his hospitality in exchange for the violin. Frederick finds great praise in his public concerts with the violin as well as his compositions, with his lover Victoria Byrd serving as his carnal muse. Victoria, a writer, announces to Frederick that she needs to travel to Russia to research a novel she is working on.
While Victoria is absent, Frederick loses his inspiration to compose and degenerates. When Victoria does not receive his letters for a full week, she resolves to return immediately. But when she arrives, she finds him in the arms of a new muse, the gypsy violinist woman. In a moment of rage, Victoria shoots the violin, grazing its neck and detaching its strings and tailpiece, before storming out.
Frederick's final letter to Victoria states that he will be committing suicide and that he is leaving his entire estate to her. The violin ends up in the hands of Frederick's Chinese servant, who returns to Shanghai and sells it to an antiques dealer, who repairs the damage. The instrument is sold to a young woman with her daughter during the 1930s.
Shanghai, late 1960s (Language: Mandarin)
Cesca predicts the fourth card, Justice, means tough times ahead, featuring a trial and persecution, where Anna shall be guilty.
In the chaos of China's Cultural Revolution, any ideas or items deemed "bourgeois" are denounced and should be destroyed. One target for public denunciation and self-criticism is a music teacher named Zhou Yuan, who is berated for his fondness for Western classical music. A political officer, Xiang Pei, successfully defends Zhou. Xiang then returns to her residence and retrieves the Red Violin, given as a gift from her mother. Several Red Guards raid Xiang's apartment after learning of its existence, finding nothing.
Xiang arrives at Zhou's house and pleads with him to take the violin to keep it safe. He relents and vows to keep it hidden, while Xiang leaves to face possible prosecution from Communist Party officials. Years later, Chinese police enter Zhou's home to find his dead body amid a "sanctuary" of dozens of musical instruments. Upon this discovery, the present-day Chinese government ships these items to Montreal for appraisal and sale at auction.
Montréal, 1997 (Language: English and French)
The final card, Death, Cesca sees not as predicting death, but, due to its upside-down positioning, as rebirth.
Charles Morritz arrives in Montreal as an appraiser for the violins sent by the Chinese government. Almost immediately, he notices the Red Violin and believes it may be the legendary last violin of Nicolò Bussotti. He has restorer Evan Williams perform some work on it, while sending samples of the varnish to a lab at the University of Montreal. At the same time, he purchases a copy of the Red Violin from a private collection in London, the closest copy to the original available.
When the results of the varnish tests arrive, Morritz is shocked to learn that the violin's varnish contains human blood. Nicolò had carried his wife's body to his shop after her death and slit her wrist to collect blood for making the red varnish. He admits to the auction manager, Leroux, that it is the Red Violin.
As he prepares to fly home, Morritz stops by the auction house "Duval's", with the London copy in hand. As the auction for the previous lot ends, Morritz switches the Red Violin for the London copy, which is sold for $2.4 million. Morritz calls his wife at home in New York City and asks to speak to his daughter, telling her he has a special present for her upon his return.
Cast
Cremona
Carlo Cecchi – Nicolò Bussotti
Irene Grazioli – Anna Rudolfi Bussotti
Anita Laurenzi – Cesca
Samuele Amighetti – Boy
Vienna
Christoph Koncz – Kaspar Weiss
Jean-Luc Bideau – Georges Poussin
Clotilde Mollet – Antoinette Poussin
Arthur Denberg – Prince Mannsfeld
Oxford
Jason Flemyng – Frederick Pope
Greta Scacchi – Victoria Byrd
Eva Marie Bryer – Sara
Joshua Bell – Orchestra member: First violin (cameo)
Shanghai
Sylvia Chang – Xiang Pei (& Xiang Pei's mother)
Tao Hong – Chen Gang
Liu Zifeng – Zhou Yuan
Han Xiaofei – Ming
Wang Xiaoshuai – one of the four police officers (cameo)
Montreal
Samuel L. Jackson – Charles Morritz
Colm Feore – Auctioneer
Monique Mercure – Madame Leroux
Don McKellar – Evan Williams
Ireneusz Bogajewicz – Ruselsky
Julian Richings – Nicolas Olsberg
Marvin Mill – Limousine Driver
Russell Yuen – Older Ming
Sandra Oh – Madame Ming
Rémy Girard – Customs Agent
Production
Development
The film was inspired by one of the violins of Antonio Stradivari, the 1721 Red Mendelssohn, which features a unique red stripe on its top right side. By the time the film was made, the Red Mendelssohn was owned by Elizabeth Pitcairn, heiress to the PPG fortune, whose grandfather purchased it for her 16th birthday for $1.7 million at auction at Christie's London. Despite rumours and the film, the Red Mendelssohn is varnished with burgundy rather than blood. Stradivarius used red varnish on numerous other violins from 1704 to 1720, the so-called "golden period", and other red-coloured violins besides the Red Mendelssohn survive.
Director François Girard opted to make a film about a violin due to his belief that "Making film is making music". The concept of a history of a violin was the starting point, with Girard not initially realizing the project would call for five languages or an unusually large budget. His screenplay, written with Don McKellar, sees the eponymous instrument travel over greater distances, while the years separating each segment become shorter. This suggests a musical structure, though Girard said this was not planned and only developed as he and McKellar continued to write.
Girard and McKellar proposed their story and project to various Hollywood companies, but were unwilling to give up creative control, or to limit the number of languages spoken in the film, as U.S. companies requested. As a result, they produced the film with Rhombus Media.
Filming
The film is an international co-production, allowing for a larger budget to be accumulated from various sources, making The Red Violin one of the most costly Canadian films produced to date. Its final budget was $15 million. Girard and McKellar employed a few crew members from their previous film, Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould (1993), including cinematographer Alain Dostie, editor Gaétan Huot and actor Colm Feore.
The co-production also allowed for shooting in Canada, China and around Europe, including the cities of Vienna, Shanghai and Montreal. Girard, McKellar and producer Niv Fichman went location scouting at the beginning of production, visiting Prague and Hong Kong and meeting writers who helped correct foreign-language dialogue. Ultimately, they decided they needed to film in Vienna and Shanghai to properly depict those cities. Lord Frederick Pope's estate was Chicheley Hall while his concert were filmed at Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford University. In Cremona, Italy, Girard visited violin-making schools and met some people who made the instruments, recruiting some as extras.
The most challenging part was securing permission from the government of China to simulate the Cultural Revolution in Shanghai, with Fichman travelling to China seven times before the government allowed shooting, which took place only five days later. Shooting in Shanghai took place on Hong Zhen Old Street in the Hongkou District. Hundreds of Chinese police, with guns, closed the streets where shooting took place, due to the 450 extras loudly calling for revolution. Fichman claimed "there was the possibility that we were going to cause a riot". The action in the Montreal segments was the most complex, which Girard said put the greatest strain on himself and the cast. Filming completed after six months, with shooting on 60 of those days.
Music
Girard had no formal musical background; his main experience working with music was as a film director. The film score was written by composer John Corigliano, with every violin solo in the film performed by violinist Joshua Bell. The conductor was Esa-Pekka Salonen. The score is mainly of the Chaconne genre, while the ostensibly Romani music was also actually written by Corigliano. Bell said he was eager to join the film crew, citing his enthusiasm for Corigliano's work and his use of form. Corigliano, looking for a romantic musical performance, also referred to Bell as the ideal choice for a musician, calling him "an aristocrat as a violinist". Girard stated Bell and Corigliano were involved from the outset, and reviewed every version of the screenplay as it was in development.
Much of the score had to be written before principal photography, which is rare in film. Since the violin movements seen in the film had to match Corigliano's music, real-life child prodigy Christoph Koncz was cast. However, Girard tied up two musicians to actor Jason Flemyng to help him give his performance as a violinist, the "Octopus" method. After shooting completed, Corigliano finished "Anna's theme".
Release
The Red Violin premiered at the Venice Film Festival on September 2, 1998, where it received standing applause. It opened in the Toronto International Film Festival in September 1998. It was also screened in international film festivals in London and Tokyo.
Odeon Films gave The Red Violin a wider release in Canada on 13 November 1998. A limited release followed in the United Kingdom on 9 April 1999. and the film opened in the United States on 11 June 1999, distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment.
Reception
Box office
By February 1999, The Red Violin had grossed $2 million in Canada, surpassing the previous year's winner of the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture, The Sweet Hereafter. By August 1999, the film grossed $6 million in the United States, which Lions Gate Entertainment declared "a huge success for a specialty film". It was the distributor's most successful Canadian film of the year.
The film finished its run having made US$10 million in the United States. In Canada, it finished with a gross of $3,378,800, making it one of most seen English Canadian films in national box-office history. It was not a major hit overseas.
Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 74% based on 40 reviews, and an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus states: "A symphony of storytelling whose lulls lead to satisfying crescendos, The Red Violin weaves a centuries-long saga with the journey of a single instrument." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Canadian Maclean's critic Brian D. Johnson, referencing Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould, wrote "The Red Violin amounts to more than Five Short Films About a Fiddle", crediting Corigliano's music for supplying intensity and the story for making the eponymous violin into its own interesting character. Roger Ebert called the film "heedlessly ambitious", possessing "the kind of sweep and vision that we identify with elegant features from decades ago". For The Guardian, Jonathan Romney wrote that "as flawed movies go, it's elegant, entertaining and quite breathtakingly ambitious". Stephen Holden wrote in The New York Times that the film did not live up to its score. Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, with Lisa Schwarzbaum writing the fictional violin surpassed all real fiddles in colourful pedigree, and finding the storytelling interesting. The Washington Post critic Stephen Hunter assessed the score to be the strongest element of the film, and the story to be intriguing and occasionally "macabre". Xan Brooks' The Independent review compared the production design unfavourably to a BBC work for students. Laura Kelly of the Sun-Sentinel called the film "praise-worthy". In The San Francisco Gate, Bob Graham accepted the film's ambition and judged Samuel L. Jackson to be cool in the role, in a very different way than in Pulp Fiction (1994). In National Review, Jay Nordlinger praised Corigliano's soundtrack but criticized Girard's direction and film.
In Queen's Quarterly, Maurice Yacowar analyzed the film as presenting the characters of Kaspar, Xian, Peng and Morritz as manifestations of different aspects of Bussotti's passions, while the characters of Poussin and bidder Ruselsky wanted to use the instrument to further their own interests. Yacowar concluded the film "explores passions directed outwards". In the Canadian Journal of Film Studies, Brenda Longfellow criticized the film for materialism and depicting "the sacrifice of a woman on the altar of art". In 2002, readers of Playback voted The Red Violin the third best Canadian film ever.
Accolades
Composer John Corigliano was previously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score for the 1980 film Altered States before winning for The Red Violin. He won over American Beauty, which he had considered the front-runner before the ceremony.
At the Genie Awards, Don McKellar was effectively competing against himself as a screenwriter of both Last Night and The Red Violin. The Red Violin dominated the awards, with eight wins. The film also competed in the 1st Jutra Awards, launched to honour the Cinema of Quebec. Due to the international production and amount of English, numerous English Canadians accepted awards.
The Red Violin was also nominated for Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score, but lost to South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.
Legacy
Corigliano adapted his score into a concert, Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (The Red Violin), performed in Baltimore, Dallas and Atlanta from 2003 to 2004. In 2005, it was performed at the San Francisco Ballet. He later wrote another adaptation, The Red Violin: Chaconne for Violin and Orchestra.
After the film's release, the Red Mendelssohn owner Elizabeth Pitcairn also learned its Chaconne, which she called "spooky", adding "that's when the violin can tell its own story; that's when it can actually speak". Pitcairn brought the "Red Violin" to the Prince George Symphony Orchestra in 2012.
References
Bibliography
External links
Best Picture Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
British anthology films
British drama films
British films
Canadian anthology films
Canadian drama films
Canadian films
Cremona
Culture in Vienna
1990s English-language films
English-language Canadian films
Film4 Productions films
Films about classical music and musicians
Films about the Cultural Revolution
Films about violins and violinists
Films scored by John Corigliano
Films set in Austria
Films set in Italy
Films set in Montreal
Films set in Oxford
Films set in Shanghai
Films set in the 1680s
Films set in the 1790s
Films set in the 1890s
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in 1997
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Montreal
Films shot in Oxfordshire
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
1990s French-language films
1990s German-language films
Italian anthology films
Italian films
1990s Italian-language films
1990s Mandarin-language films
New Line Cinema films
Tarot in fiction
Films directed by François Girard
Canadian epic films
Best Film Prix Iris winners
British multilingual films
Canadian multilingual films
Italian multilingual films | [
-0.9441578388214111,
0.14456820487976074,
-0.04579072818160057,
-0.23831228911876678,
-0.2518208622932434,
0.352234810590744,
0.3522004187107086,
-0.5520896315574646,
-0.44114041328430176,
-0.09481348097324371,
-0.058513056486845016,
0.45209863781929016,
-0.24026116728782654,
0.34599441289901733,
0.38905441761016846,
0.3802861273288727,
0.396659255027771,
0.20553143322467804,
0.06323552876710892,
-0.9555216431617737,
-0.26844072341918945,
-0.3894801735877991,
0.36588338017463684,
0.2216055989265442,
-0.25571388006210327,
0.3116099536418915,
-0.48239317536354065,
0.3625680208206177,
0.26772749423980713,
0.47192245721817017,
0.15108683705329895,
0.4409515857696533,
0.4896915555000305,
-0.24540704488754272,
0.008656138554215431,
0.3200119733810425,
-0.48815473914146423,
-0.18771815299987793,
0.06952115148305893,
-0.26341456174850464,
0.06919988244771957,
0.0815889835357666,
-0.1405418962240219,
0.21324850618839264,
-0.04228492081165314,
-0.299004465341568,
-1.4767730236053467,
0.47693854570388794,
0.11412268131971359,
0.07624047249555588,
0.09278581291437149,
0.05990298092365265,
0.35589951276779175,
0.17857041954994202,
-0.12039095908403397,
0.3634541928768158,
-0.49189817905426025,
0.26122865080833435,
0.11412504315376282,
-0.35375985503196716,
-0.1645480841398239,
-0.02123020775616169,
0.6931217312812805,
0.14083552360534668,
-0.18125592172145844,
0.41465210914611816,
-0.05880565941333771,
0.17031872272491455,
-0.06734248995780945,
-0.3141045868396759,
0.6788637638092041,
0.09388918429613113,
-0.04392428323626518,
-0.48521721363067627,
0.24188177287578583,
-0.8534141778945923,
0.4795898199081421,
0.12204810231924057,
-0.4822072982788086,
0.45275041460990906,
0.1955052614212036,
-0.21616210043430328,
1.010190725326538,
0.5271026492118835,
0.02417740970849991,
0.05402844771742821,
-0.3644327223300934,
0.4786328971385956,
-0.03127264231443405,
-0.3331111669540405,
-0.7025031447410583,
-0.788076639175415,
0.2163059264421463,
0.24794864654541016,
-0.27709710597991943,
0.22389772534370422,
0.2829161584377289,
-0.2953122556209564,
0.07628998905420303,
0.31915581226348877,
0.33935633301734924,
0.3603118360042572,
0.021800728514790535,
-0.7499679923057556,
-1.137577772140503,
0.19169220328330994,
-0.030030975118279457,
-0.08341796696186066,
0.2299482524394989,
0.06960911303758621,
-0.3475671410560608,
0.0032416004687547684,
-0.24675066769123077,
0.12959502637386322,
-0.28457531332969666,
0.48132628202438354,
0.33504778146743774,
-0.1595579832792282,
0.008817820809781551,
0.4933708906173706,
0.4801270663738251,
0.20763207972049713,
0.06510750204324722,
0.944715678691864,
0.027640799060463905,
0.2987312376499176,
0.558691143989563,
0.3982194662094116,
-0.3773348927497864,
-0.18052169680595398,
0.5853557586669922,
0.4981946349143982,
-0.102628193795681,
0.29888302087783813,
-0.3037888705730438,
-0.2034105807542801,
0.32547256350517273,
0.18238535523414612,
-0.685401976108551,
-0.043827123939991,
-0.9495903849601746,
-0.12097879499197006,
-0.4251735210418701,
-0.2533835470676422,
0.5823836326599121,
0.24223990738391876,
-0.4515380561351776,
-0.26721563935279846,
0.31321462988853455,
-0.8156123161315918,
0.09309836477041245,
-0.0026989392936229706,
0.06780724227428436,
-0.3975130617618561,
-0.7582479119300842,
0.6943981051445007,
0.14138206839561462,
-0.28988900780677795,
0.32689931988716125,
-0.04334378242492676,
0.5921242833137512,
0.021164294332265854,
0.2515644431114197,
0.11652597039937973,
-0.3067014217376709,
-0.05773957446217537,
0.13965709507465363,
0.20635661482810974,
-0.31706544756889343,
0.009708421304821968,
-0.18355132639408112,
0.492564857006073,
0.61395663022995,
-0.49149078130722046,
-0.008511464111506939,
0.24663516879081726,
-0.24187731742858887,
0.7554959058761597,
0.01199563778936863,
-0.1631057858467102,
-0.6766747832298279,
0.33621567487716675,
-0.008654609322547913,
-0.4306696951389313,
-0.010235090740025043,
0.6740036606788635,
0.026761731132864952,
0.14899161458015442,
-0.014127629809081554,
0.3770447075366974,
-0.551735520362854,
-0.2949691414833069,
0.047638993710279465,
0.05690697953104973,
0.9864330291748047,
0.04248307645320892,
-0.6069878935813904,
0.4000910222530365,
-0.23655089735984802,
0.3122134506702423,
-0.5754779577255249,
-0.4373044967651367,
1.1274248361587524,
-0.051972806453704834,
0.139917254447937,
-0.013270203955471516,
-0.29943031072616577,
0.38073137402534485,
0.6426801681518555,
0.33872559666633606,
0.13798245787620544,
0.11672216653823853,
0.060187630355358124,
0.4815998077392578,
0.3881424367427826,
0.34089532494544983,
-0.7205525040626526,
-0.4819328486919403,
0.3713058829307556,
0.38922250270843506,
0.26578202843666077,
0.17101086676120758,
-0.4010346829891205,
0.4884127080440521,
-0.3129867911338806,
1.1890989542007446,
0.38104405999183655,
0.41622841358184814,
0.12121512740850449,
-0.1692788004875183,
-0.3484860956668854,
0.35043054819107056,
-0.04145239293575287,
0.09290855377912521,
-0.22898535430431366,
-0.277182012796402,
0.09590785950422287,
-0.2876397669315338,
0.449410080909729,
-0.16639389097690582,
1.1048922538757324,
0.16570501029491425,
-0.3735404908657074,
0.32514333724975586,
0.336884081363678,
0.05501746013760567,
0.4177820384502411,
-0.014522040262818336,
-0.03784003108739853,
-0.27416104078292847,
0.07185430824756622,
0.9419995546340942,
-0.16914695501327515,
0.06715072691440582,
0.37226104736328125,
-0.49055665731430054,
0.6606086492538452,
-0.21195277571678162,
0.30765727162361145,
-0.13075415790081024,
0.5859014391899109,
0.10131637006998062,
0.2047286331653595,
0.10276944190263748,
-0.0012591384584084153,
0.08329474180936813,
-0.5764687657356262,
-0.3178158402442932,
0.7592189908027649,
0.47449684143066406,
-0.30126142501831055,
-0.04267532005906105,
0.24250896275043488,
0.5426493287086487,
-0.1983635276556015,
-0.08808409422636032,
-0.19329676032066345,
0.35789060592651367,
-0.28858843445777893,
-0.3743065893650055,
0.08683159202337265,
-0.12308292090892792,
0.3942212760448456,
0.008690292946994305,
-0.3767545223236084,
0.5217942595481873,
-0.17895328998565674,
0.04392852634191513,
0.18272414803504944,
-0.6197949051856995,
-0.08977077901363373,
0.33658385276794434,
-0.014443672262132168,
-0.3468834459781647,
-0.445918470621109,
-0.651502251625061,
-0.2194606214761734,
0.5006056427955627,
0.3941310942173004,
0.10352477431297302,
-0.36145660281181335,
0.6317019462585449,
0.05104372277855873,
-0.029252853244543076,
0.2033577710390091,
0.4227876663208008,
0.09019150584936142,
0.17067177593708038,
-5.7588653564453125,
-0.023305650800466537,
0.2998868525028229,
0.047348178923130035,
0.2606794834136963,
-0.16835863888263702,
0.3989301323890686,
-0.4268248975276947,
0.17108015716075897,
-0.2280944585800171,
-0.3520762026309967,
0.2731786072254181,
-0.4176817238330841,
0.14814439415931702,
-0.14372168481349945,
-0.43412813544273376,
-0.7858014702796936,
-0.6697418093681335,
0.024885650724172592,
0.1335860639810562,
-0.7254965901374817,
0.42503997683525085,
-0.32637104392051697,
0.22303541004657745,
-0.3558180332183838,
0.5661376714706421,
-0.6201620101928711,
-0.05590370297431946,
-1.1398240327835083,
-0.24670840799808502,
-0.48439928889274597,
0.0031788572669029236,
-0.10197427868843079,
-0.31766700744628906,
-0.4316665828227997,
-0.3483131527900696,
0.19002249836921692,
0.05938921123743057,
0.343834787607193,
0.1807466447353363,
-0.6879996061325073,
-0.007564305327832699,
-0.19890326261520386,
-0.1770026981830597,
0.5448939204216003,
0.002739179180935025,
-0.42945417761802673,
-0.49051275849342346,
0.2849712073802948,
0.2933228611946106,
0.2551347315311432,
-0.27382054924964905,
0.492952436208725,
0.07919415831565857,
0.5822997093200684,
-0.306564599275589,
0.10918830335140228,
0.3953545093536377,
0.5758565068244934,
0.35238412022590637,
0.3005109131336212,
-0.19680629670619965,
-0.35260486602783203,
-0.17642617225646973,
-0.2710534930229187,
-0.3168680965900421,
0.5515339970588684,
-0.1347639560699463,
0.02424229495227337,
0.40296950936317444,
0.38358643651008606,
0.5408251285552979,
-0.10106748342514038,
-1.0172185897827148,
-0.15663598477840424,
-0.54778653383255,
-0.7075347304344177,
-0.07975883036851883,
-0.3672656714916229,
0.4185888469219208,
-0.19398222863674164,
-0.43498578667640686,
0.5144861936569214,
-0.22288240492343903,
0.06665673106908798,
0.05490488186478615,
0.10238461196422577,
-0.007642130367457867,
0.34983426332473755,
0.08316490054130554,
0.3319947123527527,
-0.6095659732818604,
-0.3824664354324341,
0.5905857086181641,
-0.3579792082309723,
0.01914094015955925,
0.7152901887893677,
0.47506994009017944,
0.04006470367312431,
0.1824265569448471,
0.17100204527378082,
-0.6170991659164429,
-0.20110969245433807,
-0.45111849904060364,
-0.5318368673324585,
-0.3078010380268097,
-0.022979293018579483,
0.7284204363822937,
0.514657735824585,
-0.4592999219894409,
0.0939820408821106,
-0.1154557541012764,
0.4387654662132263,
-0.40243375301361084,
0.778904914855957,
-0.4765748977661133,
0.056142475455999374,
0.46437928080558777,
0.011908156797289848,
0.08246689289808273,
0.1325547844171524,
0.14406858384609222,
-0.1148257926106453,
-0.13043713569641113,
0.26009601354599,
0.6605105400085449,
-0.17987015843391418,
-0.045919086784124374,
-0.5110329389572144,
0.013135506771504879,
-0.4116371273994446,
0.02606172114610672,
-0.24432498216629028,
0.34266167879104614,
0.9051316380500793,
-0.6464268565177917,
-0.5920398235321045,
0.28521737456321716,
0.31615009903907776,
0.13133874535560608,
0.19441857933998108,
-0.5516775250434875,
-0.7135618329048157,
0.466232031583786,
0.09840676188468933,
-0.05818108096718788,
0.026994293555617332,
-0.5427901148796082,
-0.533553957939148,
0.2474353313446045,
0.11409536749124527,
0.3721897006034851,
0.7866137027740479,
-0.06272367388010025,
-0.005673045292496681,
-0.08321011066436768,
-0.1820748746395111,
-0.04259273037314415,
-0.22369706630706787,
0.22557508945465088,
0.499077707529068,
0.299780011177063,
-0.8912448883056641,
-0.17231588065624237,
-0.09838508069515228,
-0.10869016498327255,
0.00015580051694996655,
-0.7417058348655701,
0.03944675624370575,
0.7102318406105042,
-0.07719024270772934,
-0.12462139129638672,
0.2833957374095917,
0.26844772696495056,
0.47262126207351685,
0.18960992991924286,
-0.5683007836341858,
-0.02033179998397827,
0.018367454409599304,
-0.24645021557807922,
0.3320024907588959,
0.32100149989128113,
-0.6511759161949158,
0.3125157058238983,
-0.12816116213798523,
-0.41444727778434753,
-0.6787816882133484,
-0.3653213083744049,
-0.15142546594142914,
0.1879236251115799,
0.3286402225494385,
0.455309122800827,
0.00022159353829920292,
0.3346504867076874,
-0.7445535063743591,
-0.8134235739707947,
-0.5038688778877258,
-0.3901956379413605,
0.048196401447057724,
-0.03190026804804802,
0.6118558645248413,
0.5066759586334229,
-0.1496499925851822,
-0.24824325740337372,
0.31574153900146484,
-0.4765707552433014,
0.31685972213745117,
0.6245627403259277,
-1.2499241828918457,
0.22396649420261383,
-0.11564218997955322,
-1.1874569654464722,
0.3285110294818878,
-0.0416799932718277,
-0.32293394207954407,
0.17632628977298737,
0.40946370363235474,
-0.5429813861846924,
-0.4636310040950775,
0.11538567394018173,
-0.26323390007019043,
-0.2326097935438156,
-0.42223572731018066,
-0.2801513075828552,
-0.8284059166908264,
-0.20706678926944733,
0.06218431890010834,
-0.5325878858566284,
0.3390220105648041,
-0.24708420038223267,
-0.4010046422481537,
0.002631506649777293,
-0.09618687629699707,
0.07597188651561737,
-0.2590579688549042,
0.2337649017572403,
-0.48472049832344055,
0.1837863326072693,
-0.339738130569458,
0.3072546720504761,
0.6979569792747498,
0.5974158048629761,
0.12004845589399338,
-0.3191052973270416,
0.365325927734375,
0.6169508695602417,
-0.17100469768047333,
-0.6337828040122986,
-0.057337842881679535,
0.42037662863731384,
-0.0166538804769516,
0.214167058467865,
-0.0419110432267189,
-0.3689155578613281,
0.7683202624320984,
-0.49271008372306824,
0.38622915744781494,
0.004144760780036449,
0.05336698889732361,
0.48808157444000244,
-0.22927407920360565,
0.11284338682889938,
-0.39322182536125183,
-0.23496466875076294,
-0.1204427108168602,
0.18302929401397705,
0.09892912954092026,
-0.7241820096969604,
-0.024505553767085075,
-0.13354018330574036,
-0.3217092752456665,
-0.31827017664909363,
0.06046510115265846,
0.4723220765590668,
-0.4712457060813904,
0.49456119537353516,
-0.8423148393630981,
-0.28501150012016296,
-0.8839784860610962,
-0.570800244808197,
-0.4979996681213379,
0.4428757429122925,
0.12447293847799301,
-0.004803433548659086,
-0.41015008091926575,
-0.026273440569639206,
0.15064497292041779,
-0.2836967408657074,
-0.032241396605968475,
-0.08883003145456314,
-0.7088096737861633,
0.06120668724179268,
0.05048985034227371,
0.5294865965843201,
0.6506462693214417,
-0.278512179851532,
0.01959995925426483,
0.6340055465698242,
-0.6983376741409302,
0.09117954224348068,
-0.25061753392219543,
0.7312575578689575,
0.4859878718852997,
0.09383753687143326,
-0.10427294671535492,
0.18421128392219543,
-0.03393412381410599,
-0.33556121587753296,
-0.570936381816864,
0.2730908691883087,
0.1253100335597992,
-0.2530462145805359,
-0.38837167620658875,
0.23147737979888916,
-0.23251454532146454,
0.2241031527519226,
0.5057519674301147,
0.21473915874958038,
-0.22778959572315216,
-0.14321884512901306,
0.6054668426513672,
-0.13215258717536926,
0.25944334268569946,
-0.13044336438179016,
-0.9053502678871155,
0.5870698690414429,
-0.054015837609767914,
0.37479081749916077,
0.3385855555534363,
0.29416564106941223,
0.20461182296276093,
-0.20933957397937775,
-0.13478314876556396,
0.46205389499664307,
-0.19584323465824127,
0.07798342406749725,
0.3747045397758484,
-0.5706720352172852,
0.4235558807849884,
0.20086783170700073,
0.197495236992836,
0.2317231446504593,
-0.5541520714759827,
0.15060707926750183,
0.5185359120368958,
0.2029997706413269,
0.06585730612277985,
-0.3430120348930359,
0.06562478095293045,
-0.10561292618513107,
0.541254460811615,
0.5422353744506836,
0.14557357132434845,
-0.16827279329299927,
0.46523961424827576,
0.7360694408416748,
0.2775297462940216,
-0.14942187070846558,
-0.09162721782922745,
0.3008716404438019,
-0.20257216691970825,
-0.4407118558883667,
0.8523744940757751,
0.5395161509513855,
-0.1509237140417099,
0.7049199342727661,
-0.09623299539089203,
-0.7321276664733887,
-0.45402902364730835,
-0.24721801280975342,
-0.4157178997993469,
-0.12945713102817535,
-0.04215666651725769,
-0.14596551656723022,
0.7470473647117615,
0.05195782706141472,
-0.3649454414844513,
-0.05139777809381485,
0.02012092061340809,
0.798962414264679,
-0.6731806993484497,
0.4343184530735016,
-0.32389843463897705,
-0.3522995114326477,
-0.11646226793527603,
-0.4743489623069763,
-0.0721304640173912,
-0.6468426585197449,
0.14574506878852844,
-0.7405161261558533,
0.2030133157968521,
-0.4575745165348053,
0.2725605368614197,
0.18477526307106018,
-0.4847208559513092,
-0.5491122603416443,
-0.19244852662086487,
0.5290288925170898,
-0.2591610848903656,
0.7380002737045288,
0.02395819127559662,
0.4916142523288727,
0.07784776389598846,
0.2837983965873718,
-0.631325900554657,
0.10179556161165237,
-0.8357319831848145,
0.10348626971244812,
-0.5086032748222351,
-0.0007004000362940133,
0.037990134209394455,
-0.1891244500875473,
-0.14286071062088013,
0.25009652972221375,
-0.32070350646972656,
-0.38892197608947754,
0.37770742177963257,
0.32222840189933777,
0.21271158754825592,
-0.42962267994880676,
-0.5094125866889954,
-0.80032879114151,
0.3817383050918579,
-0.008375721052289009,
-0.6776168942451477,
0.1485711634159088,
-0.12871956825256348,
0.00972708035260439,
-0.32181259989738464,
0.01965189166367054,
-0.2584569752216339,
0.6031771302223206,
-0.2801901698112488,
-0.15123972296714783,
0.016993166878819466,
-0.39545726776123047,
0.4045838713645935,
0.20990653336048126,
0.1974455565214157,
-0.46821582317352295,
0.20062600076198578,
0.2852776050567627,
-0.008543253876268864,
-0.23055581748485565,
-0.17214523255825043,
0.19096793234348297,
-0.3173031210899353,
-0.48824095726013184,
0.03897527977824211,
0.4441927969455719,
-0.030757499858736992,
-0.5115780830383301,
0.37970781326293945,
-0.775631844997406,
-0.23128221929073334,
0.3320058286190033,
0.2595921754837036,
-0.018047872930765152,
0.4103727340698242,
-0.02795368619263172
]
|
214793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Media%20Consumers%27%20Rights%20Act | Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act | The Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act (DMCRA) was a proposed law in the United States that directly challenges portions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and would intensify Federal Trade Commission efforts to mandate proper labeling for copy-protected CDs to ensure consumer protection from deceptive labeling practices. It would also allow manufacturers to innovate in hardware designs and allow consumers to treat CDs as they have historically been able to treat them.
The DMCRA bill was introduced to the United States House of Representatives on January 7, 2003 as by Rick Boucher. The bill was co-sponsored by John Doolittle, Spencer Bachus and Patrick J. Kennedy.
The bill was reintroduced into Congress once again on March 9, 2005 as , the 'Digital Media Consumers Rights Act of 2005'. The 2005 bill's original co-sponsors were John Doolittle, and Joe Barton.
Some provisions of the bill were incorporated into the FAIR USE Act of 2007.
Official summary of the bill
The authors of the bill have summarized it as follows:
The Digital Media Consumers’ Rights Act (DMCRA) restores the historical balance in copyright law and ensures the proper labeling of "copy-protected compact discs".
1) Restores the Historic Balance in U.S. Copyright Law
Reaffirms Fair Use. The DMCRA provides that it is not a violation of Section 1201 of Title 17 (the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, or DMCA) to circumvent a technological measure in connection with gaining access to or using a work if the circumvention does not result in an infringement of the copyright in the work. For example, under the bill a user may circumvent an access control on an electronic book he purchased for the purpose of reading it on a different electronic reader. However, if he were to upload the book onto the Internet for distribution to others, he would be liable for both a Section 1201 circumvention violation and for copyright infringement.
Reestablishes Betamax Standard. The DMCRA also would specify that it is not a violation of Section 1201 of the DMCA to manufacture, distribute, or make non-infringing use of a hardware or software product capable of enabling significant non-infringing use of a copyrighted work. By re-establishing the principle set forth in Sony v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984), this provision is intended to ensure that consumers will have access to hardware and software products by which to engage in the activities authorized by the legislation. For example, a blind person could develop a means to listen in audio form to an electronic book which had been purchased in text form.
Restores Valid Scientific Research. The bill amends the DMCA to permit researchers to produce the software tools necessary to carry out "scientific research into technological protection measures." Current law allows circumvention for encryption research under specified circumstances. The bill will enable circumvention for research on technological measures other than encryption. The bill also permits a researcher to develop the tools necessary for such circumvention.
2) Ensures Proper Labeling of "Copy-Protected Compact Discs"
Major record companies have begun adding technology to CDs that would block people from making copies. In many cases the technology has also prevented playback on computers, DVD players, or even some standard CD players. It has become apparent that even the limited introduction of these discs into the United States market has caused consumer and increased burdens on retailers and manufacturers. Consumers are accustomed to the functionality of industry standard Compact Discs and should be aware of any reduced playability or recording functionality of non-standard "copy-protected compact discs" before they make the decision to purchase such items. For that reason, the bill directs the Federal Trade Commission to ensure that adequate labeling occurs for the benefit of consumers.
See also
BALANCE Act
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
FAIR USE Act
Intellectual property legislation pending in the United States Congress
External links
Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act of 2005 bill (PDF)
Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act of 2003 bill - hosted on Library of Congress website
Digital Media Consumers’ Rights Act Section-by-Section Description - hosted on Rep. Rick Boucher's website
Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act of 2003 Hearing (PDF) - transcript of the May 12, 2004 hearing before the House Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection
Re-striking the balance from DMCA to DMCRA: A short analysis of the May 2004 Hearing on the Digital Media Consumers’ Rights Act - written by Rik Lambers for www.indicare.org
United States proposed federal intellectual property legislation
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Proposed legislation of the 108th United States Congress
Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress | [
0.6846873760223389,
0.22059573233127594,
0.008423198014497757,
0.34303295612335205,
0.1424492597579956,
-0.6063632369041443,
-0.4409339725971222,
-0.3237777054309845,
-0.21170751750469208,
0.001351446146145463,
-0.5180583000183105,
0.7590013146400452,
-0.05269596725702286,
0.3731582760810852,
-0.6146524548530579,
0.551166296005249,
0.13391414284706116,
0.2564792037010193,
0.22621384263038635,
-0.5607324838638306,
-0.4628407061100006,
-0.15716323256492615,
-0.09794314205646515,
-0.22368194162845612,
0.223998561501503,
-0.08656778186559677,
0.4117869436740875,
-0.03848351910710335,
-0.9165297150611877,
-0.059714458882808685,
0.3173951506614685,
0.49258941411972046,
-0.4036894142627716,
0.20397040247917175,
0.18221303820610046,
0.08644667267799377,
-0.5432206988334656,
-0.5799499750137329,
-0.327380508184433,
-0.5734277963638306,
0.1495840698480606,
0.04395085573196411,
-0.1569059193134308,
0.25476011633872986,
0.2062767744064331,
0.5438956022262573,
-1.4241578578948975,
-0.0260003712028265,
-0.2763952314853668,
-0.009493245743215084,
-0.21727243065834045,
0.24716246128082275,
-0.343996524810791,
0.15467748045921326,
0.4260626435279846,
0.041535358875989914,
-0.5245374441146851,
-0.6784366369247437,
0.11172472685575485,
-0.0860215276479721,
0.4698202311992645,
-0.34433871507644653,
-0.22830194234848022,
-0.29864680767059326,
0.7133172154426575,
-0.3335190713405609,
0.046514641493558884,
0.3169845938682556,
-0.7924064993858337,
-0.5852504372596741,
-0.20451094210147858,
-0.6626786589622498,
-0.07706167548894882,
-0.14058078825473785,
-0.5807627439498901,
0.2264263927936554,
0.2456779181957245,
-0.030244264751672745,
0.34701722860336304,
-0.13132192194461823,
0.22961056232452393,
0.8638936877250671,
0.3839090168476105,
-0.22323168814182281,
0.18982280790805817,
-0.1903732270002365,
-0.43946266174316406,
0.12033489346504211,
-0.43945956230163574,
0.5465503334999084,
-0.012523251585662365,
-0.06194649636745453,
0.6103240847587585,
0.5476648807525635,
-0.1857088953256607,
0.08093462884426117,
-0.07509344071149826,
-0.18863865733146667,
0.24331261217594147,
0.46314913034439087,
-0.21351777017116547,
0.39689797163009644,
0.4543225169181824,
0.024889834225177765,
-0.04943237081170082,
-0.0875869020819664,
-0.03179820254445076,
-0.32185935974121094,
-0.003919640555977821,
-0.18976236879825592,
0.16488806903362274,
0.7923299670219421,
0.004372125491499901,
0.13862454891204834,
-0.06994901597499847,
0.6701594591140747,
0.12908342480659485,
0.24529893696308136,
-0.0004523427633102983,
0.5426318049430847,
0.7042369246482849,
0.8979859948158264,
-0.309105783700943,
0.06380874663591385,
0.44911009073257446,
0.03015734627842903,
0.7773401141166687,
0.2989516854286194,
-0.5502415895462036,
-0.38183319568634033,
0.1576855480670929,
0.5990156531333923,
-0.16817767918109894,
0.1282639056444168,
-0.19326148927211761,
0.6104266047477722,
0.43182048201560974,
-0.40223804116249084,
0.8373399376869202,
-0.20679864287376404,
-0.2733587920665741,
-0.6723722815513611,
-0.6883989572525024,
-0.6097694039344788,
-0.24956975877285004,
-0.2795633375644684,
0.3335360884666443,
0.25015467405319214,
-0.7585358619689941,
0.04850044101476669,
0.4664599299430847,
-0.28933948278427124,
-0.09276346117258072,
0.06784255057573318,
-0.17510886490345,
-0.016628747805953026,
0.2771247923374176,
-0.10801951587200165,
-0.22690391540527344,
0.414620965719223,
0.03777463361620903,
-0.1951143443584442,
-0.6635141372680664,
0.1703721284866333,
0.04360634833574295,
-0.3280382752418518,
-0.39544713497161865,
0.6532363295555115,
0.3318052291870117,
-0.18668344616889954,
-0.5047693848609924,
0.05852864682674408,
-0.2823733687400818,
-0.7681944966316223,
0.352053165435791,
0.0878421813249588,
0.13411250710487366,
0.3698235750198364,
0.17756614089012146,
0.5702934861183167,
-0.8817561864852905,
0.016258593648672104,
0.0285196490585804,
0.19823771715164185,
-0.157147616147995,
0.3254609704017639,
0.8916868567466736,
-0.1453637033700943,
0.10594896972179413,
-0.17522384226322174,
-0.6585006713867188,
-0.31720954179763794,
0.4645676910877228,
-0.7138569355010986,
0.959159255027771,
0.17166604101657867,
-0.000012658593732339796,
1.086193323135376,
0.2346077561378479,
0.05055294558405876,
-0.004739732015877962,
0.5323998928070068,
0.38098764419555664,
-0.6418766975402832,
-0.3178885281085968,
0.25133949518203735,
-0.2386617213487625,
-0.58065265417099,
-0.139646977186203,
0.05344599112868309,
0.5764841437339783,
0.11620637029409409,
0.30698493123054504,
-0.017397884279489517,
0.08801157027482986,
-0.38415852189064026,
-0.2498660534620285,
0.5587766766548157,
-0.08734985440969467,
-0.299837589263916,
0.29491448402404785,
0.08703124523162842,
0.3744332790374756,
0.38896915316581726,
-0.2264436036348343,
0.9134268164634705,
-0.3797801733016968,
0.4324024021625519,
0.4172319173812866,
-0.645311713218689,
0.1707565039396286,
0.1867750585079193,
0.0030920286662876606,
-0.5607056021690369,
0.18360747396945953,
0.029919689521193504,
-0.360528826713562,
-0.28374436497688293,
0.05251095071434975,
0.029884105548262596,
-0.08360478281974792,
-0.2535049617290497,
-0.036591362208127975,
0.17092463374137878,
-0.2518322467803955,
0.16968975961208344,
0.0255106370896101,
0.5742092728614807,
-0.16180843114852905,
0.25937843322753906,
0.39623379707336426,
0.5406075119972229,
-0.3056142330169678,
-0.3690420091152191,
-0.22978562116622925,
0.7098484039306641,
-0.4829631447792053,
-0.3104743957519531,
0.14765240252017975,
-0.5964736342430115,
0.16053859889507294,
-0.023681674152612686,
-0.030248047783970833,
0.18169289827346802,
-0.26358896493911743,
-0.7788958549499512,
-0.19593071937561035,
-0.02260196954011917,
-0.2503584921360016,
0.24747735261917114,
0.0514712892472744,
-0.146399587392807,
-0.37441563606262207,
0.010234464891254902,
-0.4718317985534668,
-0.2707286775112152,
0.6737130880355835,
0.5988463163375854,
-0.19280117750167847,
-0.6325182914733887,
0.18382786214351654,
0.269724577665329,
0.7529551386833191,
-0.46753281354904175,
-0.3244852125644684,
0.12409032136201859,
0.3805338442325592,
-0.8172450661659241,
-0.4989638328552246,
0.1362738460302353,
-0.23429694771766663,
0.1977994441986084,
-0.08304598927497864,
0.11319033056497574,
0.5627480745315552,
0.6925826668739319,
-0.2853128910064697,
0.29284241795539856,
0.28704360127449036,
0.1037282794713974,
-0.44959011673927307,
0.005474528763443232,
-0.36546987295150757,
-0.07039416581392288,
0.4093625247478485,
-0.35975053906440735,
-0.4307498633861542,
0.07119967043399811,
-5.797729015350342,
-0.049392711371183395,
-0.2820296287536621,
0.3475698232650757,
-0.3996979296207428,
0.4975719451904297,
0.6732414364814758,
-0.34955891966819763,
0.0728924572467804,
-0.19462420046329498,
0.03522511571645737,
0.6513699293136597,
0.2993977665901184,
0.4524994194507599,
0.4982307255268097,
-0.11604437977075577,
0.4899546504020691,
-0.34070369601249695,
0.23865188658237457,
0.14916056394577026,
0.04350026324391365,
-0.3166158199310303,
-0.12163939327001572,
-0.11323723942041397,
-0.25083354115486145,
0.010125773958861828,
-0.08934622257947922,
0.0807260051369667,
-0.4221055209636688,
-0.4885057508945465,
0.20141209661960602,
0.07077248394489288,
-0.5576663613319397,
0.09479746967554092,
0.1511383205652237,
0.24877555668354034,
0.591616153717041,
0.4368134140968323,
-0.4500688314437866,
-0.5346522927284241,
0.22611993551254272,
-0.21340319514274597,
0.03955283761024475,
0.3107088804244995,
0.42412686347961426,
0.3233206868171692,
-0.17414866387844086,
0.05719476193189621,
-0.4538536071777344,
0.777029812335968,
0.036028195172548294,
-0.10844472795724869,
0.3591388761997223,
0.38232389092445374,
0.035570427775382996,
0.15680992603302002,
0.5908473134040833,
-0.3678991198539734,
-0.30693691968917847,
0.1412799209356308,
0.4559673070907593,
-0.5168206691741943,
0.009067501872777939,
-0.491315096616745,
-0.1721172034740448,
-0.2141723334789276,
-0.6940961480140686,
-0.9749250411987305,
0.7555750608444214,
0.4657100737094879,
-0.0947115570306778,
0.25869742035865784,
-0.1125316247344017,
-0.7676768898963928,
0.2717437446117401,
-0.3172050714492798,
0.2475871592760086,
-0.09483523666858673,
-0.42410409450531006,
0.11541586369276047,
0.5056620240211487,
-0.23050238192081451,
-0.21849055588245392,
-0.3934556841850281,
-0.03260442614555359,
-0.5686402320861816,
0.2016971856355667,
0.6813437938690186,
-0.015139129012823105,
-0.18428447842597961,
0.6356837749481201,
-0.19750092923641205,
-0.33327993750572205,
0.35423192381858826,
-0.18722756206989288,
-0.0295981764793396,
0.1824573129415512,
0.8185871243476868,
0.21412941813468933,
0.12055303156375885,
0.12408566474914551,
-0.566333532333374,
-0.1422194093465805,
-1.1055513620376587,
-0.4368850290775299,
0.08785180747509003,
-0.2013874053955078,
-0.28307315707206726,
0.2754068076610565,
-0.42867472767829895,
0.017556989565491676,
-0.1511778086423874,
-0.1772257685661316,
-0.2833736836910248,
0.07693333923816681,
-0.304325670003891,
-0.030012283474206924,
0.33188050985336304,
0.3216312825679779,
-0.4338028132915497,
0.7087889909744263,
0.16251130402088165,
-0.5487596988677979,
-0.10174336284399033,
-0.40427905321121216,
-0.42290493845939636,
0.05350804701447487,
0.5500699281692505,
-0.5303269028663635,
0.07307293266057968,
0.27384695410728455,
0.23324111104011536,
-0.11811772733926773,
-0.20457790791988373,
0.2045753300189972,
0.20153900980949402,
-0.6844889521598816,
0.5839025378227234,
0.012182856909930706,
0.1535128504037857,
0.016583077609539032,
-0.3956638276576996,
0.3133794367313385,
-0.018399620428681374,
0.9350695610046387,
-0.11889730393886566,
0.22086162865161896,
0.04057836905121803,
-0.5577807426452637,
-0.06311723589897156,
-0.05749131739139557,
-0.10175316780805588,
0.4466134309768677,
0.08114993572235107,
0.08888839930295944,
-0.15311294794082642,
0.6724328398704529,
0.1499340534210205,
0.3413242697715759,
-1.1487433910369873,
-0.10092353820800781,
-0.1960541009902954,
-0.6236333847045898,
-0.32874372601509094,
0.7646377086639404,
0.028526950627565384,
-0.7129871845245361,
-0.06308948993682861,
-0.3414755165576935,
0.4187021553516388,
-0.21139033138751984,
-0.15972821414470673,
-0.8360259532928467,
0.07398265600204468,
0.386091411113739,
-0.16278772056102753,
0.3431812822818756,
0.12927961349487305,
-0.06027388200163841,
-0.08624208718538284,
0.310316801071167,
-0.5816000699996948,
-0.6265279650688171,
-0.05027671158313751,
0.2238968163728714,
-0.41214719414711,
-0.33013132214546204,
0.07759041339159012,
-0.5318384766578674,
-0.6549133658409119,
0.3212837278842926,
-0.08454924076795578,
0.434855192899704,
0.0023406047839671373,
0.12248342484235764,
-0.5772302746772766,
0.043776966631412506,
0.10169584304094315,
0.019753137603402138,
-0.7790175676345825,
0.13023661077022552,
0.4642888903617859,
-0.5263926386833191,
0.3314206600189209,
-0.2027965635061264,
-0.617620050907135,
0.0029902183450758457,
0.1566438525915146,
-0.8006814122200012,
0.6029999852180481,
-0.2014780044555664,
-0.30616167187690735,
-0.16530640423297882,
0.3774637281894684,
-0.13843883574008942,
-0.12177054584026337,
-0.07302306592464447,
-0.2795468270778656,
-0.43810930848121643,
-0.20843741297721863,
0.3524715006351471,
-0.2064933329820633,
0.2656516432762146,
0.38049545884132385,
-0.42193055152893066,
0.25564858317375183,
0.14800900220870972,
-0.518912136554718,
0.19506888091564178,
0.014243023470044136,
-0.19823965430259705,
-0.41713738441467285,
0.24698960781097412,
0.36396142840385437,
-0.7032556533813477,
-0.21305103600025177,
-0.4755290448665619,
0.6005270481109619,
-0.2442970871925354,
0.5539438724517822,
0.544673502445221,
0.354044646024704,
-0.3790053725242615,
-0.5350134372711182,
-0.08797439932823181,
0.5351768136024475,
0.4462336599826813,
0.37781667709350586,
-0.9380691051483154,
0.6331755518913269,
0.09775470942258835,
0.4113551676273346,
-0.6273195147514343,
0.15102232992649078,
1.3842769861221313,
-0.2570611536502838,
0.08751236647367477,
-0.4567721486091614,
0.15734797716140747,
0.36752849817276,
-0.059925977140665054,
-0.021414505317807198,
-0.21285393834114075,
-0.36665308475494385,
0.2507713735103607,
0.381082147359848,
0.08033471554517746,
-0.39969611167907715,
-0.29577139019966125,
-0.5028168559074402,
0.1262468546628952,
-0.003237792057916522,
0.36268559098243713,
0.9621245265007019,
0.5428729057312012,
-0.3711465001106262,
0.27667057514190674,
-0.3351494073867798,
0.06355156749486923,
-0.38923823833465576,
-0.21400217711925507,
-0.2456609308719635,
-0.19237200915813446,
-0.557363748550415,
0.17966005206108093,
-0.297573983669281,
0.4637683033943176,
0.3933055102825165,
-0.14614084362983704,
-1.4815527200698853,
-0.3870026767253876,
0.32497474551200867,
-0.004171881824731827,
0.14657287299633026,
-0.23064157366752625,
-0.4905354380607605,
0.23090879619121552,
-0.45528408885002136,
0.3215201199054718,
-0.49741029739379883,
-0.37446457147598267,
0.15971912443637848,
0.5464951992034912,
-0.3020974397659302,
0.7728189826011658,
0.2703488767147064,
0.45314106345176697,
-0.05943766608834267,
-0.17368264496326447,
-0.2522923946380615,
0.08212953805923462,
-0.26794132590293884,
0.5060117244720459,
0.8530212044715881,
-0.2373305857181549,
0.08764404058456421,
0.8104062676429749,
-0.25384825468063354,
0.7681521773338318,
0.2579842209815979,
-0.07172629982233047,
-0.12983493506908417,
0.6285091042518616,
-0.1555768996477127,
-0.13878962397575378,
0.22009402513504028,
-0.16978098452091217,
0.22613975405693054,
0.637283205986023,
0.024191802367568016,
0.40915629267692566,
-0.20999237895011902,
-0.24451987445354462,
1.0093858242034912,
0.31306639313697815,
-0.1203259602189064,
0.0006792492349632084,
-0.22812174260616302,
-0.5264008641242981,
0.35003796219825745,
0.7841987609863281,
0.058917418122291565,
-0.13533422350883484,
0.1766975373029709,
-0.0663088858127594,
0.330846905708313,
-0.016263803467154503,
0.018046805635094643,
-0.005375262349843979,
0.44132906198501587,
0.16286619007587433,
0.03916212171316147,
0.0181598961353302,
-0.3295869827270508,
0.4279804527759552,
0.18213465809822083,
0.40524938702583313,
-0.26185017824172974,
-0.09789678454399109,
-0.29766759276390076,
-0.22112992405891418,
0.7436964511871338,
-0.15631234645843506,
0.33133354783058167,
-0.11176072061061859,
-0.4193234443664551,
0.262716680765152,
0.40114444494247437,
0.05354681611061096,
-0.05911877751350403,
0.3805137574672699,
-0.4375612735748291,
-0.4369625151157379,
0.24698345363140106,
0.12302025407552719,
-0.3581729829311371,
0.7796763777732849,
-0.2561473548412323,
0.02710181102156639,
0.3099946081638336,
-0.027636384591460228,
-0.10457289218902588,
0.1279299259185791,
-0.5433684587478638,
0.03177119791507721,
-0.030171267688274384,
-0.38000017404556274,
0.2551298439502716,
0.2104761153459549,
-0.35718029737472534,
-0.8257343173027039,
-0.38555264472961426,
-0.3267659842967987,
0.22323787212371826,
-0.9987304210662842,
0.4402330815792084,
-0.2403845340013504,
1.005126953125,
-0.09563212096691132,
0.33489447832107544,
0.0014970917254686356,
0.25312668085098267,
-0.3235739469528198,
-0.025008227676153183,
-0.45587629079818726,
0.3364429771900177,
-0.8670008778572083,
0.081383615732193,
-0.306144654750824,
0.31848591566085815,
0.22719042003154755,
0.525447428226471,
-0.15570670366287231,
0.14571131765842438,
-0.2071593999862671,
0.07317410409450531,
0.7085884809494019,
-0.11486594378948212,
0.22682654857635498,
-0.053887493908405304,
0.029837576672434807,
0.07179001718759537,
-0.1157192587852478,
-0.09612525999546051,
-0.022381262853741646,
0.4393022060394287,
0.5210610032081604,
0.8625786304473877,
-0.2427842617034912,
0.4804772138595581,
-0.28354209661483765,
-0.3741336762905121,
-0.5132685899734497,
0.5408602356910706,
-0.6157127022743225,
-0.1806044578552246,
-0.36308470368385315,
0.5093573331832886,
0.1092781350016594,
-0.5777919888496399,
-0.043612170964479446,
-0.18930169939994812,
0.6479753255844116,
-0.384046345949173,
-0.299532413482666,
-0.21731919050216675,
0.021172083914279938,
0.06966441124677658,
-0.21198196709156036,
0.25071045756340027,
-0.21575182676315308,
-0.40384504199028015,
0.15726472437381744,
-0.16719858348369598,
-0.30212268233299255,
0.014289128594100475,
0.2854083180427551,
-0.14554420113563538,
-0.4551609456539154,
-0.29986801743507385
]
|
214794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show%20No%20Mercy | Show No Mercy | Show No Mercy is the debut studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on December 3, 1983, by Metal Blade Records. Brian Slagel signed the band to the label after watching them perform the song "Phantom of the Opera" by Iron Maiden. The band self-financed their full-length debut, combining the savings of vocalist Tom Araya, who was employed as a respiratory therapist, and money borrowed from guitarist Kerry King's father. Touring extensively promoting the album, the band brought close friends and family members along the trip, who helped backstage with lighting and sound.
Although the album was criticized for its poor production quality, it became Metal Blade's highest-selling release, producing the songs "The Antichrist", "Die by the Sword" and "Black Magic", which were played at Slayer's live shows regularly.
Recording
Slayer was the opening act for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in Los Angeles, performing eight songs—six being covers. While performing an Iron Maiden cover, the band was spotted by Brian Slagel, a former music journalist who had recently founded Metal Blade Records. Slagel met with the band backstage and asked if they would like to be featured on the label's upcoming Metal Massacre III compilation; the band agreed. The band's appearance on the compilation created underground buzz, which led to Slagel signing the band with Metal Blade Records. Recorded in Los Angeles, California, Show No Mercy was financed by vocalist Tom Araya, who used his earnings as a respiratory therapist, and money borrowed from guitarist Kerry King's father. King says the album is "fuckin' Iron Maiden here and there". Vocalist Araya asserts Venom, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, and Mercyful Fate were big influences on the record, as guitarist King was into the Satanic image.
Gene Hoglan, later known as the drummer for bands like Dark Angel and Death, provided backing vocals on the song "Evil Has No Boundaries". "Back at the time it was Jeff [Hanneman] and Kerry doing the 'Evil!' You know, it didn't sound too heavy and I mentioned to like Tom or Jeff or somebody like, 'You know you guys should consider...maybe consider doing like big gang vocals on that, make it sound evil like demons and stuff,' and they were like 'Good idea.' But how about now, we got about eight dudes sitting around in the studio, and now everybody jumped up and yelled 'EVIL!!!' So I was like 'Cool' because I'm like, 'I wanna sing on this record somehow, that's how I can do it,' totally unplanned you know?! Sure enough they were like, 'Fuck we have the time, let's do it.' So I was like 'Yeah, I got to sing on it!'" On recording the drums, Slagel wanted drummer Dave Lombardo to play without using cymbals due to the amount of noise they made, as he was unsure if he could siphon the noise out, which he eventually did.
The band used Satanic themes in both lyrics and live performances to gain notice among the metal community. The back cover featured 'side 666' and inverted crosses, with Hanneman playing his guitar. Due to the imagery and lyrical content, Slayer received mail from the Parents Music Resource Center telling the band to stop releasing records. Araya comments, "Back then you had that PMRC, who literally took everything to heart. When in actuality you're trying to create an image. You're trying to scare people on purpose." The album produced the songs "The Antichrist", "Die by the Sword", and "Black Magic", which are played at Slayer's live shows regularly.
Touring
The band went on their first tour of the United States after the album's release—Slagel gave the band a list of addresses and contact numbers of the venues. Araya was still working at the hospital, and called the members saying, "Today's the day. Are we gonna do this?" The band knew if they did not tour now, they never would. So they set out taking Araya's Camaro and U-Haul. During the first leg of the tour, Slayer had no manager; Doug Goodman, who had met the band when he was first in line for their first show in Northern California (opening for Lȧȧz Rockit) took a vacation from his job at a grocery store to help out on the tour, eventually becoming the band's "tour guide". Goodman now tour manages acts such as Green Day and Beck.
Kevin Reed, a friend of the band, set up the drums and lighting when touring with the band. Reed's father, Lawrence R. Reed, drew the Minotaur with a sword on the album's cover. Araya's younger brother, Johnny Araya, who was thirteen or fourteen at the time, was a roadie who set up the back line and sound. The band hardly made enough money to sustain themselves, only buying the "essentials" such as food, gas, and beer. Araya asserts, "We basically used whatever money we got to get from point A to point B. When we got back, Brian was like, 'So, where's the money?' And we were like, 'What money?' At that time, we didn't realize that you had to ask for money up front. I think he got a lot of money sent directly to him, and we were supposed to pick up the rest."
The band performed in a hotel in Winnipeg, where the basement was the club. Araya comments, "We stayed there for like four or five days, I think. We saw Verbal Abuse play there. Then we played a place in Boston called the Lizard Lounge. In fact, a car had run into the front of the building, and it was all boarded up, but we still played there." When one of the guitarists broke a string Araya would hand them the bass, Hanneman stating, "We'd argue about it, too—like, 'I wanna play bass for a while!'"
Reception
Although the band did not have enough time to sell any records while touring, the album became Metal Blade Records' highest selling release. Five thousand copies was the label's average. Show No Mercy went on to sell between 15,500 and 20,000 copies in the United States; it also went on to sell more than 15,000 overseas, as Metal Blade had worldwide rights. The success of the album led to Slagel wanting the band to release a new record and an extended play.
Show No Mercy was met with polarized opinions when it was issued, but in some recent reviews it came to be considered a classic album. In 1984, Dave Dickson of Kerrang! crushed the album defining it "pure, unadulterated junk", while Bernard Doe of Metal Forces called the record "one of the heaviest, fastest, most awesome albums of all time!" The German magazine Rock Hard gave Show No Mercy a positive review, which remarked how Slayer were "actually the hardest and fastest" in comparison with their contemporaries Metallica and Exciter, and defined their music as "heavy metal punk." AllMusic reviewer Jeremy Ulrey had mixed feelings towards the album, saying that even though the musicianship and production were "amateurish" compared to Slayer's later releases, the album remains "solid, if inessential, part of the Slayer legacy". Users voted 4/5 at AllMusic. Sputnikmusic staff member Hernan M. Campbell described the album as "fast, heavy, and mean, inducing an inescapable atmosphere of utter atrocity." He noted that the "lo-fi" production quality gives the album a "classic" feeling.
Canadian journalist Martin Popoff praised Show No Mercy for being as "seminal" as Metallica's Kill 'Em All "in defining state-of-the-art speed metal" and for inspiring new bands to "expand the limits of metal." However, he "found the record stiff and one dimensional", with "its style laid down in stifling arrangements." Fenriz, drummer for Darkthrone, cited Show No Mercy as the inspiration for the band's "current style of fusing NWOBHM with black metal". Terry Butler of Obituary and former member of Death defined the album as "the blueprint for the beginning of death metal" and said: "When I heard Show No Mercy I wanted to play that way....It was a whole new level of mayhem. I wanted to play that way".
Track listing
The 1987 re-issue also features songs from the Haunting the Chapel EP.
Personnel
Slayer
Tom Araya – bass, vocals
Kerry King – guitars
Jeff Hanneman – guitars
Dave Lombardo – drums
Production
Brian Slagel – executive production
Bill Metoyer – engineering, mixing
Charts
References
Slayer albums
1983 debut albums
Metal Blade Records albums | [
0.36984628438949585,
0.24874740839004517,
-0.45791736245155334,
0.006060334388166666,
-0.6594327092170715,
0.5396884083747864,
1.1877031326293945,
-0.3476492762565613,
0.43293023109436035,
-0.6242189407348633,
0.7054021954536438,
0.7266308665275574,
-0.6976956129074097,
0.26424556970596313,
0.24784016609191895,
0.236206516623497,
0.0334717221558094,
-0.007095037028193474,
-0.04208971932530403,
-0.37022751569747925,
0.2496509850025177,
-0.24862617254257202,
0.5509021282196045,
0.04080233722925186,
-0.29554882645606995,
0.5318126082420349,
0.03669202700257301,
-0.12381056696176529,
-0.1969793289899826,
0.30883651971817017,
0.32187139987945557,
-0.056480079889297485,
-0.06527005136013031,
-0.3595743775367737,
-0.12992535531520844,
0.5205997824668884,
-0.04146163910627365,
0.09813789278268814,
-0.47598522901535034,
-0.149425208568573,
0.048273686319589615,
-0.22013506293296814,
0.12334048748016357,
0.16985450685024261,
0.34061285853385925,
-0.08831339329481125,
-0.22851665318012238,
0.5751303434371948,
-0.628957211971283,
0.49650248885154724,
0.09210361540317535,
0.11777213960886002,
0.04582302272319794,
0.604941189289093,
-0.046934761106967926,
-0.20558586716651917,
-0.21857117116451263,
0.22760917246341705,
-0.6445237398147583,
-0.6744846701622009,
0.035940542817115784,
-0.10033978521823883,
0.7260118722915649,
-0.14511410892009735,
-0.11212564259767532,
0.27804845571517944,
0.2859259247779846,
1.1318249702453613,
0.018087787553668022,
-1.0851259231567383,
-0.0027654487639665604,
-0.5885109305381775,
-0.06644613295793533,
0.30341991782188416,
0.8430083394050598,
-0.6373661756515503,
0.09453848749399185,
-0.21124351024627686,
0.19394470751285553,
0.6750348806381226,
0.5285593867301941,
0.5011576414108276,
0.45830467343330383,
0.6043978929519653,
-0.3739328980445862,
-0.20857501029968262,
0.26920807361602783,
0.67941814661026,
-0.24636626243591309,
0.10954955220222473,
-0.31762292981147766,
-0.4550655484199524,
0.7034460306167603,
0.036174409091472626,
-0.5377708673477173,
0.16130925714969635,
0.16075313091278076,
0.2549806833267212,
0.5221427083015442,
0.33426663279533386,
0.4444286823272705,
-0.6221040487289429,
-0.19990645349025726,
-0.7452284097671509,
-0.21550464630126953,
-0.3168196976184845,
-0.08041943609714508,
-0.43779584765434265,
0.4011348485946655,
0.22360727190971375,
-0.07954731583595276,
0.4045737385749817,
-0.4024599492549896,
-0.4910120964050293,
-0.039717916399240494,
0.7382537126541138,
0.03871164843440056,
-0.9252724647521973,
-0.34237945079803467,
-0.09118388593196869,
0.1148410364985466,
-0.20256920158863068,
0.2702498435974121,
0.8469423651695251,
-0.2601410448551178,
0.02128937467932701,
0.23714111745357513,
0.884640097618103,
-0.40750011801719666,
0.4473658800125122,
-0.028293875977396965,
0.6716026067733765,
-0.12137895822525024,
0.2990790903568268,
-0.25901854038238525,
-0.29090389609336853,
0.7253824472427368,
-0.425197571516037,
-0.5104284286499023,
-0.051173288375139236,
-0.8996810913085938,
-0.25126075744628906,
-0.5164506435394287,
-0.1536778211593628,
0.7581138014793396,
-0.18547335267066956,
0.18314383924007416,
0.15247654914855957,
-0.33042052388191223,
-0.3630443513393402,
0.10243923217058182,
0.10436375439167023,
0.15369608998298645,
-0.07807625085115433,
-0.010241144336760044,
-0.0028569381684064865,
0.44050952792167664,
0.19566167891025543,
-0.23455184698104858,
0.00648196367546916,
0.5579574108123779,
0.6147280931472778,
-0.22671721875667572,
0.12602241337299347,
0.15175475180149078,
0.16317477822303772,
-0.2349301278591156,
-0.6894280314445496,
0.2916262745857239,
-0.25749701261520386,
-0.36751362681388855,
0.15924271941184998,
-0.4632991552352905,
0.18930217623710632,
-0.07449638843536377,
0.0766531378030777,
0.6210242509841919,
0.5282372236251831,
0.04870167374610901,
-0.06172686070203781,
-0.28978243470191956,
0.012449026107788086,
0.4680957794189453,
-0.2884710431098938,
0.03130653128027916,
-0.11814143508672714,
0.4588641822338104,
0.10470311343669891,
0.24478596448898315,
0.32334813475608826,
-1.0665671825408936,
0.2570061683654785,
0.8753282427787781,
0.1000395193696022,
1.1087417602539062,
0.1988830268383026,
-0.6453047394752502,
0.8425315618515015,
-0.9699282646179199,
0.7256835103034973,
-0.012111821211874485,
-0.39409130811691284,
0.6450679898262024,
-0.39188268780708313,
-0.6806094646453857,
0.38682839274406433,
0.018303724005818367,
-0.48458459973335266,
-0.037039998918771744,
0.5368742346763611,
-0.17300532758235931,
-0.7761374711990356,
-0.13109317421913147,
0.7438064217567444,
-0.37595096230506897,
-0.05834494158625603,
0.27376797795295715,
-0.24832485616207123,
0.7103433012962341,
-0.5744843482971191,
0.5768380761146545,
0.22338414192199707,
-0.07626545429229736,
-0.10735292732715607,
-0.43250423669815063,
0.45452195405960083,
-0.00593095226213336,
0.36604633927345276,
0.027571793645620346,
-0.10177221894264221,
0.08158421516418457,
0.9388749003410339,
-0.057187650352716446,
0.4828927516937256,
0.6135196685791016,
0.23475319147109985,
0.5561965107917786,
-0.3927895128726959,
-0.03755199536681175,
-0.46392616629600525,
0.7055719494819641,
-0.1691899299621582,
-0.10961397737264633,
0.118943952023983,
0.27866747975349426,
0.3572515845298767,
0.448550283908844,
0.07544652372598648,
-0.3371336758136749,
0.02835853025317192,
-0.12193524837493896,
0.7902352809906006,
0.46745434403419495,
0.2992847263813019,
-0.38040825724601746,
0.33200693130493164,
0.09772902727127075,
-0.05738391727209091,
-0.1906813681125641,
-0.1291593611240387,
-0.2072707861661911,
-0.4870845377445221,
0.473922461271286,
0.07961462438106537,
0.697429895401001,
-0.7759255170822144,
-0.43405720591545105,
0.02094482257962227,
0.4256030023097992,
-0.08698435127735138,
-0.029445504769682884,
0.07402881234884262,
-1.0275095701217651,
0.4207824468612671,
-0.33466416597366333,
0.37310704588890076,
-0.10627393424510956,
0.25410670042037964,
-0.24067392945289612,
-0.5666077136993408,
0.3350123465061188,
0.6715419292449951,
0.8511655330657959,
-0.668016254901886,
0.013678506948053837,
0.21988900005817413,
0.5335248112678528,
-1.1204278469085693,
-0.6621667146682739,
-0.25147223472595215,
0.057363592088222504,
0.1916019171476364,
-0.27513089776039124,
-0.5050749182701111,
0.18417231738567352,
-0.38185280561447144,
0.19011719524860382,
-0.2868754267692566,
0.4308203160762787,
0.042017970234155655,
-0.0375886894762516,
-0.8325603008270264,
0.13801585137844086,
0.04522610083222389,
0.3908068537712097,
-0.13804833590984344,
0.5057982206344604,
-0.5324503183364868,
-5.57990026473999,
0.06386218965053558,
0.3719271421432495,
-0.16271838545799255,
0.3476009666919708,
-0.24437293410301208,
0.7309166789054871,
-0.5366477370262146,
-0.24535292387008667,
-0.5822588205337524,
-0.32581374049186707,
0.5100191831588745,
0.10999838262796402,
-0.01544184610247612,
0.02137262374162674,
-0.06603951007127762,
0.5623709559440613,
-0.2914339303970337,
0.06777062267065048,
0.2776912748813629,
0.289174884557724,
-0.35938215255737305,
-0.23375992476940155,
0.27421075105667114,
0.03272240236401558,
0.948616087436676,
-0.6640327572822571,
0.4598744511604309,
-0.09056082367897034,
0.21584536135196686,
0.13923993706703186,
-0.4674629867076874,
-0.4873207211494446,
-0.6925270557403564,
-0.6862930059432983,
-0.032056570053100586,
0.52507084608078,
-0.15893442928791046,
0.1165366917848587,
-0.4034666121006012,
-0.3381890058517456,
-0.44539928436279297,
0.03647664189338684,
-0.4719838500022888,
0.40176618099212646,
-0.1061767190694809,
-0.8098397850990295,
-0.25088340044021606,
0.07889141887426376,
0.7043339014053345,
-0.11942136287689209,
-0.2819175124168396,
0.2302134931087494,
0.3151357173919678,
-0.19167247414588928,
0.10802775621414185,
-0.5638443231582642,
0.32847192883491516,
0.11408146470785141,
1.0792511701583862,
0.08722661435604095,
-0.5938329100608826,
-0.3162785768508911,
-0.043061718344688416,
0.1444527804851532,
-0.051457908004522324,
0.3362525701522827,
-0.3716820776462555,
0.17648199200630188,
0.4798292815685272,
0.5138531923294067,
0.8547030091285706,
-0.05738893523812294,
-1.0127475261688232,
-0.007596211042255163,
-1.0343605279922485,
-0.46834853291511536,
-0.34482884407043457,
-0.6240365505218506,
0.43523934483528137,
0.3646114468574524,
-0.15166033804416656,
0.1524496227502823,
-0.05970846489071846,
-0.19486495852470398,
0.40379565954208374,
-0.05057988315820694,
0.24736255407333374,
-0.195378378033638,
-0.19670815765857697,
-0.15147794783115387,
-0.4834232032299042,
-0.007345030549913645,
-0.13863150775432587,
-0.20508378744125366,
0.013245449401438236,
0.7681170105934143,
0.3771686255931854,
0.10203588008880615,
0.5067793726921082,
0.224104106426239,
0.04263567551970482,
0.6179631352424622,
-0.7732937932014465,
-0.712688148021698,
-0.5070469379425049,
-0.1725652813911438,
0.46415749192237854,
0.39449912309646606,
-0.34725841879844666,
-0.17057538032531738,
-0.39566245675086975,
-0.3202399015426636,
-0.3269127607345581,
0.3472462296485901,
0.31989163160324097,
-0.1286947876214981,
0.4368414878845215,
0.343813955783844,
-0.24546511471271515,
0.39870351552963257,
0.21836122870445251,
-0.492427259683609,
-0.7429971694946289,
-0.2006569653749466,
0.12080574780702591,
0.12146808952093124,
0.5770083069801331,
0.2951250672340393,
0.0381280854344368,
-0.4120095670223236,
0.38097909092903137,
-0.11614420264959335,
0.2596253454685211,
0.056413207203149796,
-0.2827996611595154,
-0.21611736714839935,
-0.25165122747421265,
-0.09101860970258713,
-0.1103970929980278,
-0.06696110963821411,
-0.03165899217128754,
-0.611322283744812,
0.44360318779945374,
0.33447086811065674,
0.33702582120895386,
0.23724056780338287,
-0.4715372920036316,
-0.40753865242004395,
0.36797866225242615,
0.3627123534679413,
-0.19072970747947693,
0.6271657347679138,
-0.24436713755130768,
-0.08984553813934326,
0.32323646545410156,
0.6016319990158081,
-0.16186201572418213,
-0.5800513625144958,
-0.6280014514923096,
-0.2599334120750427,
-0.42831262946128845,
-1.0413271188735962,
-0.4950920045375824,
-0.22767728567123413,
0.16608642041683197,
0.03086514212191105,
-1.0270079374313354,
-0.6196277737617493,
-0.3711077868938446,
-0.32878345251083374,
-0.24462619423866272,
0.4561924636363983,
0.058160994201898575,
0.42166027426719666,
0.032062798738479614,
-0.3217025101184845,
-0.6930459141731262,
0.1904160976409912,
-0.11876402795314789,
0.033346980810165405,
-0.08913429826498032,
-0.2679097652435303,
-0.30673304200172424,
0.5666742324829102,
-0.77808678150177,
-0.8576419353485107,
-0.22222866117954254,
0.1399330347776413,
0.0013185779098421335,
-0.30254021286964417,
-0.456924170255661,
0.2934838533401489,
-0.33703362941741943,
-0.11678740382194519,
-0.5722882747650146,
0.3195909857749939,
-0.1260862648487091,
0.10426180809736252,
-0.11900532990694046,
0.41660815477371216,
0.2976246178150177,
0.04371259734034538,
-0.21519823372364044,
0.41013845801353455,
-0.06299609690904617,
0.19054311513900757,
-0.012780947610735893,
-0.683708906173706,
-0.051456693559885025,
-0.3567372262477875,
-0.4609316885471344,
-0.18604689836502075,
1.0618703365325928,
0.03047001361846924,
-0.5544417500495911,
-0.1426960527896881,
-0.10290553420782089,
-0.8080532550811768,
-0.29209843277931213,
0.014986244961619377,
-0.05180225893855095,
-0.738502562046051,
0.1440613716840744,
-0.7003120183944702,
0.2715088129043579,
0.26523518562316895,
-0.5859892964363098,
0.18249450623989105,
0.08252350240945816,
-0.4712109863758087,
0.5922960638999939,
-0.21006657183170319,
-0.26662954688072205,
-0.019066222012043,
0.3683086037635803,
-0.2369137853384018,
0.531992495059967,
-0.18083108961582184,
0.03904180973768234,
0.20158074796199799,
0.804939329624176,
0.3575971722602844,
-0.537872850894928,
0.6459485292434692,
-0.3934788107872009,
-0.4263134300708771,
-0.6857839822769165,
-0.01792950928211212,
0.3052451014518738,
-0.919655442237854,
-0.06738118082284927,
-0.3099505305290222,
-0.5199103355407715,
0.977009117603302,
-0.6769129037857056,
0.2635383903980255,
-0.4104822874069214,
-0.2951335310935974,
0.3582989573478699,
0.025868361815810204,
0.29227742552757263,
-0.4612405002117157,
0.26385271549224854,
0.10548470169305801,
0.12585291266441345,
0.19628283381462097,
-0.015336311422288418,
-0.08397242426872253,
-0.09988051652908325,
-0.3790924549102783,
0.0929439514875412,
-0.11767707765102386,
0.40893304347991943,
-0.47813549637794495,
-0.09138679504394531,
-0.5703391432762146,
-0.13973742723464966,
-0.1329650580883026,
0.2972252666950226,
-0.3129505217075348,
-0.2676588296890259,
-0.12883694469928741,
-0.5592636466026306,
-0.14161275327205658,
-1.040285348892212,
0.07543691247701645,
-0.22177274525165558,
0.01479549054056406,
-0.05734255164861679,
-0.2988332509994507,
-0.08949381858110428,
0.48937520384788513,
0.24991868436336517,
-0.05665358901023865,
0.5571027994155884,
-0.08475293219089508,
0.0352664552628994,
-0.10047884285449982,
-0.2500223219394684,
-0.05735106021165848,
0.34912580251693726,
-0.03988580033183098,
-0.3856029212474823,
-0.4066672921180725,
-0.033896271139383316,
0.13011756539344788,
0.12966981530189514,
-0.2502893805503845,
0.8225056529045105,
0.21424947679042816,
0.19323141872882843,
0.5155185461044312,
0.7263136506080627,
-0.643179178237915,
0.24142469465732574,
0.7346022129058838,
-0.0535380095243454,
-0.5234816670417786,
-0.333402544260025,
-0.08468159288167953,
0.2366412729024887,
0.3969804048538208,
0.3060484528541565,
-0.2998291254043579,
-0.2495010942220688,
-0.4463343620300293,
0.23458418250083923,
0.1854855716228485,
0.3110365867614746,
0.8169770836830139,
-0.519111692905426,
-0.11262018978595734,
0.18150749802589417,
-0.49960049986839294,
0.11992540955543518,
0.2207684963941574,
0.09929367154836655,
-0.30281054973602295,
0.5393179059028625,
0.037832025438547134,
-0.7455362677574158,
-0.04319135099649429,
0.015571295283734798,
-0.22370527684688568,
0.2101995348930359,
-0.007777863647788763,
-0.11254788935184479,
0.9700422883033752,
0.04608563706278801,
0.2908979058265686,
-0.4647240936756134,
0.1609479933977127,
0.40144383907318115,
0.0049366941675543785,
-0.11641237139701843,
0.11170655488967896,
-0.10123252868652344,
-0.2006514072418213,
-0.2700142562389374,
-0.1338535100221634,
-0.19647902250289917,
0.40622183680534363,
0.2061365842819214,
-0.15823431313037872,
0.5769602060317993,
-0.0961427390575409,
-0.1499929279088974,
-0.2858770489692688,
-0.3002811074256897,
-0.06641240417957306,
0.29395776987075806,
-0.42721906304359436,
0.10111550241708755,
0.4016297459602356,
0.7163111567497253,
0.07307408004999161,
0.7812147736549377,
-0.10315725207328796,
-0.3446941673755646,
-0.3910474181175232,
-0.05684511363506317,
-0.252546101808548,
-0.6078190207481384,
0.45146021246910095,
0.06525757163763046,
0.16284683346748352,
-0.3053925037384033,
0.135519340634346,
-0.5238220691680908,
0.22376519441604614,
-0.6309612989425659,
0.2841692268848419,
0.12836608290672302,
-0.06098642200231552,
-0.1363270878791809,
0.48844772577285767,
0.7819493412971497,
-0.022116484120488167,
0.6401057839393616,
0.3575487434864044,
0.147014781832695,
0.11379154771566391,
0.23453520238399506,
-0.368131160736084,
0.32014593482017517,
-0.7002121210098267,
0.0244775228202343,
-0.9818384647369385,
0.4557812213897705,
0.141756072640419,
0.07921259850263596,
0.22754791378974915,
0.3306935131549835,
-0.3516806960105896,
-0.8142133355140686,
0.60648512840271,
-0.4162251055240631,
-0.18025721609592438,
-0.23841577768325806,
-0.31865155696868896,
0.43601009249687195,
0.20909661054611206,
1.0205488204956055,
0.10968172550201416,
-0.10123950242996216,
0.5882227420806885,
-0.2950287461280823,
0.003108395030722022,
0.6796057820320129,
0.24712753295898438,
-0.36186540126800537,
0.26634877920150757,
-0.10714641958475113,
-0.12860038876533508,
0.1139218881726265,
0.2524352967739105,
0.12413489818572998,
0.16755275428295135,
-0.5209253430366516,
0.639242947101593,
-0.4838128983974457,
-0.38984960317611694,
0.18750573694705963,
0.020200539380311966,
-0.27480050921440125,
-0.05926930531859398,
-0.9928878545761108,
-0.5644703507423401,
0.9554927945137024,
0.4673146605491638,
0.12647108733654022,
0.42435935139656067,
-0.6954007744789124,
-0.25351953506469727,
-0.033242836594581604,
0.6971645951271057,
0.07265614718198776,
0.1304774433374405,
-0.7156084775924683
]
|
214795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%20Awaits | Hell Awaits | Hell Awaits is the second studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released in March 1985 by Metal Blade Records. The band's 1983 debut Show No Mercy became Metal Blade Records' highest-selling release, and as a result, producer Brian Slagel desired to release a second Slayer album. To that end, Slagel financed a recording budget (Show No Mercy was paid for by band members) and recruited several experienced producers to help in the studio.
The lyrical themes on Hell Awaits include hell and Satan, as with their debut; the intro of the title track played backwards reveals the repeated phrase "join us". Musically, the album features the band's most progressive and diverse work compared to their previous releases, and according to Kerry King, he and Jeff Hanneman were very into Mercyful Fate at the time, which then led to the longer and more progressive songs. Defined as "influential to future extreme metal acts", the most popular songs from Hell Awaits were re-recorded by various underground metal bands and have appeared on several tribute albums.
Recording
Slayer's previous album, Show No Mercy, became Metal Blade Records' highest selling release, selling 40,000 copies worldwide; the success led producer Brian Slagel to want to record another album with them. Slagel hired producer Ron Fair, who worked for Chrysalis Records, and had seen the band perform live and enjoyed their performance. On seeing Slayer in the studio, Fair stated, "Wow, these guys are really angry", as he was inexperienced working with heavy metal musicians. Slagel financed the album, in stark contrast to Show No Mercy, which was financed by singer Tom Araya, who used his earnings as a respiratory therapist, and a loan from guitarist Kerry King's father.
The budget organized by Slagel allowed for professional assistance. Bernie Grundman provided audio mastering, Eddy Schreyer worked on remastering, and Bill Metoyer, who worked on the band's earlier release Haunting the Chapel, acted as sound engineer. The recording featured audio effects such as the intro to "Hell Awaits", a reversed recording of a demonic-sounding voice repeating "Join us", ending with "Welcome back". Still, Araya later stated the album had poor production quality: "Nowadays, production-wise, it's so under par. But for what it was at the time, those are amazing records to me. I guess we could go in and redo it. But why ruin it?"
Drummer Dave Lombardo, on the other hand, asserts the album was professionally done compared to Show No Mercy: "I didn't have to overdub the cymbals, and we had a really good engineer." Lombardo's favorite song is "At Dawn They Sleep", "because it was kind of slow and grungy, but then it had that double-bass part at the end." While recording the track, neither guitarists King or Jeff Hanneman who wrote the lyrics were in the studio—only Araya and Slagel. On reading the lyrics, which featured a misspelled word, Araya sang it as it was spelled, although it's not a real word. The song "Hardening of the Arteries" on the album ends with a very similar section that makes up the beginning of the song "Hell Awaits" and is also one of the only Slayer songs to fade out on a continuous riff.
Touring
To promote Hell Awaits, Slayer embarked on the Combat Tour with Venom and Exodus. Exodus guitarist Gary Holt commented, "We immediately bonded with the Slayer guys. It was two bands of friends playing with one band of heroes, you know? We were just star-struck."
Inside Venom's tour bus (the first time Slayer had been in one) the band members got drunk with Venom, while listening to Hell Awaits. Araya entered the bus "hammered out of his mind", according to Lombardo, saying "I gotta take a piss! Where's the bathroom in this thing?" Venom singer Conrad "Cronos" Lant responded, saying "Right here—right here in my mouth!" Araya took it almost literally and urinated on his hair. Cronos got up and punched him in the face, the two blamed each other all night, and Araya continued the tour with a black eye. Araya will not discuss the incident other than saying that he was drunk and it was a very disrespectful thing to do.
Reception
Although it did not enter any charts, Hell Awaits was hailed upon its release as Slayer's most progressive recording, featuring much darker thrash-oriented style, with unusual arrangements such as varying tempos, and dissonant nuances that "paved the way to a wholly distinctive sound all their own", according to AllMusic reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia. Rivadavia awarded the album four out of five stars, saying that it was "incredibly ahead of its time" and referred to it as "a mandatory item in the band's remarkable discography". It has sold over 1,000,000 records worldwide according to Brian Slagel.
In the book Legends of Rock Guitar, Hell Awaits was defined as "a psychotic exploration into the depths of Satanism and physical torture". The book, a chronology of the great guitarists of rock which includes both Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman, observed the band's evolution in comparison with their previous album, Show No Mercy, saying, "The musicianship is improved, as is lead singer Tom Araya's voice, making the band sound less like hacks and more like metal fiends. The sludgy riffs, which were pure [Black] Sabbath, are offset by some of King's and Hanneman's faster solos, giving Slayer entrée into the speed metal realm."
Influence
Musicians such as singer Phil Anselmo and drummer Gene Hoglan cite Hell Awaits as an influence. Anselmo—known for his work with Pantera, Down, and Superjoint Ritual—explained in an interview with D. X. Ferris, author of the book about the album Reign in Blood, that "Hell Awaits just holds the entire thing. Every bit of everything to do with heavy music. [Slayer] are gods, the best band from California, for sure." Norwegian musician Frode Sivertsen (also known as "E. N. Death"), former member of the black metal band Gehenna, says the song "Hell Awaits" and Slayer's music in general has influenced him as a musician, ranking the album in his top five. Dimebag Darrell of Pantera and Damageplan picked "At Dawn They Sleep" among his 12 Favorite Tunes in the March 1993 issue of Guitar World, stating that Slayer taught him "how to play with guts and aggression".
Defined as "influential to future extreme metal acts", the most popular songs from Hell Awaits were re-recorded by various underground metal bands, and have appeared in several tribute albums, such as Slatanic Slaughter II and Gateway to Hell 1 & 2. The song "Hell Awaits" has been covered by Cradle of Filth and Incantation, "Kill Again" by Angelcorpse, "Praise of Death" by Sinister, "At Dawn They Sleep" by Six Feet Under, and "Necrophiliac" by Sadistic Intent, Benediction and Fleshcrawl.
Track listing
† The Metal Classics version features two additional songs taken from Haunting the Chapel. The version of Show No Mercy from the same series (CD ZORRO 7) includes the remaining two tracks from the EP.
Personnel
Slayer
Tom Araya – bass, vocals
Kerry King – guitars
Jeff Hanneman – guitars
Dave Lombardo – drums
Production
Carolyn Collins – assistant engineering
Ron Fair – engineering
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Albert Cuellar – artwork
Brian James – layout design
Bill Metoyer – engineering
Lowell Katz – photography
Brian Slagel – production
Slayer – production
Charts
References
1985 albums
Slayer albums
Metal Blade Records albums | [
0.3030838370323181,
0.5513941645622253,
-0.2454187124967575,
0.007988602854311466,
-0.21784016489982605,
0.48648521304130554,
1.0761226415634155,
-0.2991631031036377,
0.09155262261629105,
-0.3204982876777649,
0.5814657807350159,
0.7156124711036682,
-0.4156532883644104,
0.3579109013080597,
0.4811151921749115,
-0.05116340517997742,
0.3113594055175781,
-0.19489635527133942,
-0.03359326720237732,
-0.9226140379905701,
0.3924626111984253,
-0.1730068475008011,
0.6319463849067688,
0.10062151402235031,
-0.17769759893417358,
0.3967091739177704,
-0.5812399983406067,
0.29676705598831177,
-0.22130049765110016,
0.05754110962152481,
-0.13156551122665405,
0.08144254237413406,
-0.16129834949970245,
-0.7106640338897705,
0.25526028871536255,
0.49134203791618347,
-0.01657092198729515,
-0.2174362689256668,
-0.29980331659317017,
-0.08081237971782684,
0.1842518448829651,
0.023617282509803772,
0.2594124376773834,
0.4292767345905304,
0.09152515232563019,
-0.23731614649295807,
-0.39109867811203003,
-0.04465775936841965,
-0.3294627368450165,
0.005907386541366577,
0.263693243265152,
0.396306574344635,
-0.3897588849067688,
0.5426555275917053,
0.0573672279715538,
0.050815608352422714,
-0.04998692497611046,
0.3665945827960968,
-0.2606421709060669,
-0.1376802623271942,
0.007601752877235413,
-0.36649101972579956,
0.6039788722991943,
-0.06538310647010803,
-0.17072735726833344,
0.6806602478027344,
0.035434190183877945,
0.7546727657318115,
0.044739123433828354,
-0.7747613787651062,
0.07889697700738907,
-0.39458855986595154,
-0.0632331445813179,
0.2034931629896164,
0.4800693094730377,
-0.6513027548789978,
-0.2730025351047516,
0.161451518535614,
-0.10554427653551102,
0.730454683303833,
0.0796470120549202,
0.3350768983364105,
0.8748034238815308,
0.5877004265785217,
0.18377278745174408,
-0.20244307816028595,
0.10603556782007217,
0.8174179196357727,
0.11041025072336197,
0.20093287527561188,
-0.2196686565876007,
-0.826874852180481,
0.3656251132488251,
0.32738736271858215,
-0.25784581899642944,
-0.09636083245277405,
0.40939050912857056,
0.521324098110199,
-0.13108082115650177,
0.4244871139526367,
0.34922197461128235,
0.009175832383334637,
-0.20837345719337463,
-0.9844480156898499,
0.07888465374708176,
-0.6950454115867615,
-0.5035349130630493,
-0.6083783507347107,
0.6023960113525391,
0.26427844166755676,
-0.26029855012893677,
0.6297696232795715,
-0.1541016846895218,
-0.007548988796770573,
-0.3064616620540619,
0.7395034432411194,
-0.17888084053993225,
-0.6812373995780945,
-0.33673205971717834,
0.08353639394044876,
0.48244866728782654,
-0.09870944172143936,
0.3964719772338867,
1.0990904569625854,
-0.42629575729370117,
0.19776733219623566,
0.3367266058921814,
0.45545676350593567,
-0.5322830080986023,
0.2566737234592438,
-0.09812305122613907,
0.6812514066696167,
-0.08973512798547745,
0.2034861296415329,
-0.19372691214084625,
0.1554127335548401,
0.47990596294403076,
-0.17642490565776825,
-0.28649377822875977,
0.5652058124542236,
-1.0822968482971191,
-0.5023393034934998,
-0.3283303678035736,
-0.42946457862854004,
0.5106144547462463,
-0.18667976558208466,
-0.14037936925888062,
-0.4218193292617798,
-0.31265661120414734,
-0.46081456542015076,
0.21182240545749664,
-0.13539491593837738,
-0.248148575425148,
-0.1621786206960678,
-0.26744768023490906,
-0.04070147126913071,
0.736280083656311,
0.15121415257453918,
0.2492767572402954,
-0.3241175711154938,
0.2109283059835434,
0.747847855091095,
-0.035680197179317474,
0.22849300503730774,
-0.18020345270633698,
0.2773444652557373,
0.016030531376600266,
-0.6197527050971985,
0.44720467925071716,
-0.25614118576049805,
-0.6930741667747498,
0.3318234086036682,
-0.07817681133747101,
-0.020228371024131775,
-0.0012086101341992617,
-0.07102763652801514,
1.1994338035583496,
0.6372209191322327,
-0.17402154207229614,
-0.049771178513765335,
-0.13118262588977814,
-0.2064412236213684,
0.0020220885053277016,
-0.4773837625980377,
-0.013471055775880814,
-0.28125301003456116,
0.3439733386039734,
0.17953632771968842,
0.1895189732313156,
0.4642208516597748,
-1.170533537864685,
0.03663736581802368,
0.3836018741130829,
0.009667465463280678,
1.0114222764968872,
-0.21859478950500488,
-0.3130802810192108,
0.09898265451192856,
-0.6108077168464661,
0.7925084829330444,
-0.048036959022283554,
-0.49195873737335205,
0.7712409496307373,
0.2379884272813797,
-0.7097828984260559,
0.364457368850708,
-0.01157646719366312,
-0.3043769299983978,
0.043140240013599396,
0.3880844712257385,
-0.19056178629398346,
-0.41951784491539,
-0.07504723966121674,
0.5968672037124634,
-0.49884510040283203,
-0.12425588071346283,
-0.23494546115398407,
-0.028602031990885735,
0.34148067235946655,
-0.557837724685669,
0.5370728373527527,
0.507188618183136,
-0.18823637068271637,
-0.09341542422771454,
-0.6291157007217407,
0.5476301908493042,
-0.07997335493564606,
-0.13847778737545013,
0.13674472272396088,
-0.5262652039527893,
0.14361567795276642,
0.922645628452301,
-0.2642502188682556,
0.28371596336364746,
0.18503208458423615,
0.42183053493499756,
0.38881802558898926,
-0.4546033442020416,
-0.08095879852771759,
-0.3307639956474304,
0.8130480647087097,
-0.012791513465344906,
-0.28509095311164856,
0.3233945369720459,
0.42932671308517456,
0.1663794368505478,
0.5387107729911804,
0.061502836644649506,
-0.512575089931488,
0.10871430486440659,
-0.4205256402492523,
0.49307090044021606,
0.012317161075770855,
0.3491045832633972,
-0.1536255031824112,
0.12288183718919754,
-0.09152819216251373,
0.23799917101860046,
0.14811722934246063,
-0.24265706539154053,
0.09438251703977585,
-0.16353709995746613,
0.5468378663063049,
0.16549800336360931,
0.6228192448616028,
-0.6230459213256836,
-0.3113715350627899,
-0.11640780419111252,
0.45650455355644226,
0.4708094000816345,
-0.318378210067749,
-0.13506971299648285,
-0.7560285925865173,
0.660023033618927,
-0.39418038725852966,
0.06988363713026047,
-0.10616284608840942,
-0.019600195810198784,
-0.17079249024391174,
-0.4238924980163574,
0.4491181969642639,
0.4760805368423462,
0.4727626144886017,
-0.41238483786582947,
-0.2084856480360031,
0.07555466890335083,
0.7585662007331848,
-0.8343062400817871,
-0.3322222828865051,
-0.3777177333831787,
-0.051442258059978485,
-0.11645455658435822,
-0.2725890874862671,
0.23554353415966034,
-0.059659723192453384,
-0.47637808322906494,
0.5325353741645813,
-0.37687698006629944,
0.4430599510669708,
-0.04215261712670326,
-0.3446637690067291,
-0.7871874570846558,
-0.519331157207489,
0.005027806852012873,
0.1947232335805893,
-0.4250320494174957,
0.33304259181022644,
-0.40427476167678833,
-5.5359086990356445,
0.04256221652030945,
0.520723819732666,
-0.09863383322954178,
0.3805028200149536,
0.4256241023540497,
0.07128441333770752,
-0.4617067575454712,
-0.18330566585063934,
-0.4744023382663727,
-0.5016588568687439,
0.1419256031513214,
0.29009708762168884,
0.24182537198066711,
-0.3191721737384796,
-0.2853097915649414,
0.050900425761938095,
-0.00280992453917861,
-0.34368380904197693,
-0.47913557291030884,
-0.1894659399986267,
-0.063328318297863,
-0.3818358778953552,
0.13164523243904114,
-0.03198899328708649,
1.0808677673339844,
-0.47482314705848694,
0.20546342432498932,
-0.005171647295355797,
0.10184789448976517,
0.10198818892240524,
-0.668052613735199,
-0.01946253515779972,
-0.39320841431617737,
-0.8008564710617065,
0.24327223002910614,
0.3971095085144043,
-0.2685489356517792,
0.5992022156715393,
0.07607516646385193,
-0.3387640118598938,
-0.3390451967716217,
0.03994577378034592,
-0.45103299617767334,
0.5327483415603638,
-0.477891206741333,
-0.7996793389320374,
-0.21417342126369476,
0.09852169454097748,
0.7377931475639343,
-0.17750616371631622,
-0.16039085388183594,
0.09475966542959213,
0.27528804540634155,
-0.21950560808181763,
0.21900717914104462,
-0.2849728763103485,
0.4112904369831085,
0.3105570077896118,
0.9967520833015442,
0.20246127247810364,
-1.025542974472046,
-0.5123110413551331,
0.1369461864233017,
0.26255667209625244,
0.22101382911205292,
0.08797843754291534,
-0.3141004145145416,
0.25938481092453003,
0.36111658811569214,
0.3813484311103821,
0.15225307643413544,
0.18247827887535095,
-1.1214137077331543,
-0.07838190346956253,
-0.7503408789634705,
-0.5012164115905762,
-0.3698950409889221,
-0.4659467041492462,
0.26360970735549927,
0.5758004784584045,
0.3311239778995514,
0.09439647942781448,
-0.027347099035978317,
0.2325604259967804,
0.20011071860790253,
-0.27673906087875366,
0.11660532653331757,
-0.2539018392562866,
-0.18843601644039154,
-0.07011935859918594,
-0.609122097492218,
-0.07709027081727982,
-0.24544869363307953,
-0.044725410640239716,
0.7158924341201782,
0.4852089285850525,
0.1761983335018158,
0.41484859585762024,
0.42902836203575134,
0.36113643646240234,
-0.6211011409759521,
0.605200469493866,
-0.11880287528038025,
-0.9668910503387451,
-0.5006229877471924,
0.21644484996795654,
0.6892673969268799,
0.47043225169181824,
-0.27359655499458313,
-0.04909062013030052,
-0.42968031764030457,
-0.175054132938385,
-0.310669869184494,
0.10321128368377686,
0.04842269420623779,
-0.4488571882247925,
0.5882971286773682,
0.40206006169319153,
-0.1378582864999771,
0.07887223362922668,
-0.03689906746149063,
-0.15092770755290985,
-0.4743331968784332,
-0.3063147962093353,
0.3342914581298828,
0.6193200945854187,
0.36911740899086,
0.26814600825309753,
0.0753193125128746,
-0.17456766963005066,
0.16537261009216309,
-0.01159344706684351,
0.1867154985666275,
-0.12210999429225922,
-0.5869536995887756,
-0.4437621235847473,
-0.37355056405067444,
0.013674991205334663,
0.015935882925987244,
-0.03221104294061661,
0.06138041242957115,
-0.19033917784690857,
0.22490093111991882,
0.12704691290855408,
0.5337017774581909,
0.2375626266002655,
-0.8248752951622009,
-0.22270336747169495,
0.5100629329681396,
0.13842183351516724,
0.26583173871040344,
0.7363218665122986,
-0.44601812958717346,
-0.33697283267974854,
0.4674326777458191,
0.5174118876457214,
-0.15972451865673065,
-0.669753909111023,
-0.5118379592895508,
0.06550850719213486,
-0.6946706771850586,
-1.0116703510284424,
-0.3340935707092285,
-0.3957665264606476,
0.20102283358573914,
-0.027639418840408325,
-1.3270912170410156,
-0.9803791642189026,
-0.0818859413266182,
-0.3896452784538269,
-0.20317409932613373,
0.5711096525192261,
0.043289899826049805,
0.4975649118423462,
0.21814793348312378,
-0.04874582588672638,
-0.25554949045181274,
0.2580532431602478,
-0.4793916642665863,
-0.010422870516777039,
0.05761941522359848,
-0.3642902076244354,
-0.16268551349639893,
0.7280598878860474,
-0.7266371846199036,
-0.8239436149597168,
-0.42014214396476746,
-0.015517430379986763,
-0.06974269449710846,
-0.08684835582971573,
-0.1626981943845749,
0.3849669396877289,
-0.22749093174934387,
-0.043771013617515564,
-0.6886324882507324,
0.1228322759270668,
-0.14679382741451263,
0.18429039418697357,
-0.23802831768989563,
0.38724732398986816,
0.1424085944890976,
0.24733605980873108,
-0.0901024267077446,
0.5421842336654663,
-0.13131044805049896,
0.6071950793266296,
0.10806459188461304,
-0.3985545039176941,
0.29266586899757385,
-0.3634345233440399,
-0.18456517159938812,
-0.2730419933795929,
1.0696635246276855,
0.10419543832540512,
-0.3174557387828827,
0.1603144109249115,
-0.2130231261253357,
-1.013848066329956,
-0.22221136093139648,
-0.1179029569029808,
-0.10521289706230164,
-0.45195499062538147,
-0.07917646318674088,
-1.2565042972564697,
-0.07316593825817108,
0.2623600661754608,
-0.5658441781997681,
-0.09834912419319153,
0.2645392119884491,
-0.40406516194343567,
0.49350589513778687,
-0.09434434026479721,
-0.2980839014053345,
0.009856079705059528,
0.17934635281562805,
0.06048479676246643,
-0.03255464881658554,
-0.4441225528717041,
0.25960448384284973,
0.2930651307106018,
0.6947124600410461,
0.7923466563224792,
-0.9503002166748047,
-0.13851681351661682,
0.05907216668128967,
-0.39779090881347656,
-0.6687434315681458,
-0.4812988340854645,
0.022030726075172424,
-0.6353097558021545,
-0.04597492143511772,
-0.25480687618255615,
-0.42113545536994934,
1.053550362586975,
-0.41713809967041016,
0.2601747512817383,
-0.2393215149641037,
-0.5017393827438354,
0.07852481305599213,
-0.12547238171100616,
-0.0656454786658287,
-0.38942158222198486,
0.3687981963157654,
0.4387856423854828,
0.369246244430542,
0.05980496481060982,
-0.08081761002540588,
0.04869283735752106,
-0.6021190285682678,
-0.21306602656841278,
0.33524978160858154,
0.3162318468093872,
-0.06985518336296082,
-0.23511934280395508,
0.04695126414299011,
-0.20420004427433014,
-0.5052493810653687,
0.0875697135925293,
0.1624978482723236,
-0.1352708637714386,
0.13187602162361145,
-0.5759243965148926,
-0.36346635222435,
0.034026503562927246,
-1.0190614461898804,
-0.3383919894695282,
-0.5401651263237,
0.339103102684021,
0.19784070551395416,
-0.2751190960407257,
-0.39912348985671997,
0.625576376914978,
0.6702221035957336,
0.33638668060302734,
0.4483433663845062,
0.3449494540691376,
0.0623701773583889,
0.0806441456079483,
-0.43518924713134766,
-0.20283932983875275,
0.3381115198135376,
-0.01930065266788006,
-0.6688524484634399,
-0.34751832485198975,
-0.13156482577323914,
0.038758378475904465,
0.2989956736564636,
-0.7542951107025146,
0.7062758803367615,
0.5400511622428894,
0.29871129989624023,
0.05910168215632439,
0.775305986404419,
-0.24610547721385956,
0.35748955607414246,
0.7563203573226929,
-0.24890467524528503,
-0.42371848225593567,
0.019095098599791527,
0.08233620971441269,
0.35948774218559265,
0.6834196448326111,
0.44401636719703674,
-0.105868861079216,
-0.0996444821357727,
-0.6109545230865479,
0.5930413603782654,
0.32629579305648804,
0.025959625840187073,
0.6860479116439819,
-0.35905152559280396,
-0.19534003734588623,
0.29915061593055725,
-0.6262899041175842,
0.2896678149700165,
0.1319369375705719,
-0.2675352096557617,
-0.5943009257316589,
0.8080666065216064,
0.20950599014759064,
-0.13160517811775208,
0.15607492625713348,
0.030862906947731972,
-0.5836629271507263,
0.32069724798202515,
0.1602943241596222,
-0.12950538098812103,
0.5789099335670471,
0.4316615164279938,
-0.06371980160474777,
0.04892749711871147,
-0.1445111334323883,
-0.12086252868175507,
0.3257223665714264,
-0.3136725425720215,
0.5096185207366943,
0.09154245257377625,
-0.38261112570762634,
-0.24870635569095612,
-0.39981234073638916,
0.17448826134204865,
0.283111572265625,
0.5069887042045593,
-0.13597115874290466,
0.09420523047447205,
-0.2891056537628174,
-0.2595355808734894,
-0.22285419702529907,
-0.5595385432243347,
0.06376853585243225,
0.2500230073928833,
-0.27772408723831177,
-0.12899218499660492,
0.2110038846731186,
0.5634187459945679,
0.08103342354297638,
0.5538565516471863,
-0.2097197026014328,
-0.009875372983515263,
-0.7378067374229431,
0.16442474722862244,
-0.17325007915496826,
-0.12725281715393066,
0.7813992500305176,
0.24514277279376984,
0.18865549564361572,
-0.2084764987230301,
0.12098744511604309,
-0.3053636848926544,
0.1808476597070694,
-0.49707841873168945,
-0.00967224407941103,
-0.21553568542003632,
0.32922977209091187,
-0.3265610933303833,
0.5689150094985962,
0.2907346487045288,
-0.010845891200006008,
0.5811307430267334,
0.33037564158439636,
-0.15398608148097992,
0.3206539750099182,
0.2709844708442688,
-0.5509610772132874,
0.4510881304740906,
-0.8251256346702576,
0.1833518147468567,
-0.9986692667007446,
0.27712923288345337,
0.21715183556079865,
0.39686036109924316,
0.05515437200665474,
0.6131282448768616,
-0.23217879235744476,
-0.6889013648033142,
0.428203284740448,
-0.31218162178993225,
0.022440500557422638,
-0.17455457150936127,
-0.3488013744354248,
0.4463350176811218,
0.03812652453780174,
1.3771159648895264,
0.2977105975151062,
0.0183237474411726,
0.5422573685646057,
-0.6451609134674072,
-0.1591581255197525,
0.680231511592865,
0.23075273633003235,
-0.3916018307209015,
0.2712952196598053,
-0.016069471836090088,
-0.07393073290586472,
-0.253734827041626,
0.15722577273845673,
-0.02374817244708538,
0.7504773139953613,
-0.7111793756484985,
0.6050971150398254,
-0.32281559705734253,
-0.3960877060890198,
0.16681399941444397,
-0.13430741429328918,
-0.3760460317134857,
-0.43851861357688904,
-1.4132517576217651,
-0.4793292284011841,
1.0321481227874756,
0.4584735035896301,
-0.1364707350730896,
0.5010164976119995,
-0.6150888800621033,
-0.4271785318851471,
0.34447938203811646,
0.6711108684539795,
-0.06834778189659119,
-0.11673551797866821,
-0.853384256362915
]
|
214796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie%20Borden | Lizzie Borden | Lizzie Andrew Borden (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman tried and acquitted of the August 4, 1892, axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts.
No one else was charged in the murders, and despite ostracism from other residents, Borden spent the remainder of her life in Fall River. She died of pneumonia at age 66, just days before the death of her sister, Emma.
The murders and trial received widespread publicity throughout the United States, and along with Borden herself, they remain a topic in American popular culture to the present day. They have been depicted in numerous films, theatrical productions, literary works, and folk rhymes and are still very well-known in the Fall River area.
Early life
Lizzie Andrew Borden was born July 19, 1860, in Fall River, Massachusetts, to Sarah Anthony Borden (née Morse; 1823–1863) and Andrew Jackson Borden (1822–1892). Her father, who was of English and Welsh descent, grew up in very modest surroundings and struggled financially as a young man, despite being the descendant of wealthy and influential local residents. He eventually prospered in the manufacture and sale of furniture and caskets, then became a successful property developer. He was a director of several textile mills and owned considerable commercial property; he was also president of the Union Savings Bank and a director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Co. At his death his estate was valued at $300,000 ().
Despite his wealth, Andrew was known for his frugality. For instance, the Borden home lacked indoor plumbing although that was a common accommodation for wealthy people at the time. It was in an affluent area, but the wealthiest residents of Fall River, including Andrew's cousins, generally lived in the more fashionable neighborhood, "The Hill", which was farther from the industrial areas of the city.
Borden and her older sister, Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927) had a relatively religious upbringing and attended Central Congregational Church. As a young woman she was very involved in church activities, including teaching Sunday school to children of recent immigrants to the United States. She was involved in Christian organizations such as the Christian Endeavor Society, for which she served as secretary-treasurer, and contemporary social movements such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). She was also a member of the Ladies' Fruit and Flower Mission.
Three years after the death of Lizzie Borden's mother Sarah, Andrew married Abby Durfee Gray (1828–1892). Lizzie stated that she called her stepmother "Mrs. Borden" and demurred on whether they had a cordial relationship; she believed that Abby had married her father for his wealth. Bridget Sullivan (whom they called Maggie), the Bordens' 25-year-old live-in maid who had immigrated to the U.S. from Ireland, testified that Lizzie and Emma rarely ate meals with their parents. In May 1892, Andrew killed multiple pigeons in his barn with a hatchet, believing they were attracting local children to hunt them. Lizzie had recently built a roost for the pigeons, and it has been commonly recounted that she was upset over his killing of them, though the veracity of this has been disputed. A family argument in July 1892 prompted both sisters to take extended "vacations" in New Bedford. After returning to Fall River, a week before the murders, Lizzie chose to stay in a local rooming house for four days before returning to the family residence.
Tension had been growing within the family in the months before the murders, especially over Andrew's gifts of real estate to various branches of Abby's family. After their stepmother's sister received a house, the sisters had demanded and received a rental property (the home they had lived in until their mother died) which they purchased from their father for $1; a few weeks before the murders, they sold the property back to their father for $5,000 (). The night before the murders, John Vinnicum Morse, the brother of Lizzie's and Emma's deceased mother, visited and was invited to stay for a few days to discuss business matters with Andrew. Some writers have speculated that their conversation, particularly about property transfer, may have aggravated an already tense situation.
For several days before the murders, the entire household had been violently ill. A family friend later speculated that mutton left on the stove to use in meals over several days was the cause, but Abby had feared poisoning, as Andrew had not been a popular man.
Murders
August 4, 1892
John Morse arrived in the evening of August 3 and slept in the guest room that night. After breakfast the next morning, at which Andrew, Abby, Lizzie, Morse and the Bordens' maid Bridget "Maggie" Sullivan were present, Andrew and Morse went to the sitting room, where they chatted for nearly an hour. Morse left around 8:48 A.M. to buy a pair of oxen and visit his niece in Fall River, planning to return to the Borden home for lunch at noon. Andrew left for his morning walk sometime after 9 A.M.
Although the cleaning of the guest room was one of Lizzie's and Emma's regular chores, Abby went upstairs some time between 9:00 A.M. and 10:30 A.M. to make the bed. According to the forensic investigation, Abby was facing her killer at the time of the attack. She was first struck on the side of the head with a hatchet which cut her just above the ear, causing her to turn and fall face down on the floor, creating contusions on her nose and forehead. Her killer then struck her multiple times, delivering seventeen more direct hits to the back of her head, killing her.
When Andrew returned at around 10:30 A.M., his key failed to open the door, so he knocked for attention. Sullivan went to unlock the door; finding it jammed, she uttered a curse. She would later testify that she heard Lizzie laughing immediately after this; she did not see Lizzie, but stated that the laughter was coming from the top of the stairs. This was considered significant as Abby was already dead by this time, and her body would have been visible to anyone on the home's second floor. Lizzie later denied being upstairs and testified that her father had asked her where Abby was, and she had replied that a messenger had delivered Abby a summons to visit a sick friend.
Lizzie stated that she had then removed Andrew's boots and helped him into his slippers before he lay down on the sofa for a nap (an anomaly contradicted by the crime-scene photos, which show Andrew wearing boots). She then informed Sullivan of a department store sale and permitted her to go, but Sullivan felt unwell and went to take a nap in her bedroom instead.
Sullivan testified that she was in her third-floor room, resting from cleaning windows, when just before 11:10 A.M. she heard Lizzie call from downstairs, "Maggie, come quick! Father's dead. Somebody came in and killed him." Andrew was slumped on a couch in the downstairs sitting room, struck ten or eleven times with a hatchet-like weapon. One of his eyes had been split cleanly in two, suggesting that he had been asleep when attacked. His still-bleeding wounds suggested a very recent attack. Dr. Bowen, the family's physician, arrived from his home across the street to determine that both victims had died. Detectives estimated his death had occurred at approximately 11:00 A.M.
Investigation
Lizzie Borden's initial answers to the police officers' questions were at times strange and contradictory. Initially she reported hearing a groan, or a scraping noise, or a distress call, before entering the house. Two hours later she told police she had heard nothing and entered the house not realizing that anything was wrong. When asked where her stepmother was, she recounted Abby receiving a note asking her to visit a sick friend. She also stated that she thought Abby had returned and asked if someone could go upstairs and look for her. Sullivan and a neighbor, Mrs. Churchill, were half-way up the stairs, their eyes level with the floor, when they looked into the guest room and saw Abby lying face down on the floor. Most of the officers who interviewed Borden reported that they disliked her attitude; some said she was too calm and poised. Despite her "attitude" and changing alibis, nobody bothered to check her for bloodstains. Police did search her room, but it was a cursory inspection; at the trial they admitted to not doing a proper search because Borden was not feeling well. They were subsequently criticized for their lack of diligence.
In the basement, police found two hatchets, two axes, and a hatchet-head with a broken handle. The hatchet-head was suspected of being the murder weapon as the break in the handle appeared fresh and the ash and dust on the head, unlike that on the other bladed tools, appeared to have been deliberately applied to make it look as if it had been in the basement for some time. However, none of these tools were removed from the house. Because of the mysterious illness that had stricken the household before the murders, the family's milk and Andrew's and Abby's stomachs (removed during autopsies performed in the Borden dining room) were tested for poison; none was found. Residents suspected Lizzie of purchasing 'hydrocyanic acid in a diluted form' from the local drugstore. She defended that she inquired about the acid, so she could clean her furs (despite the local medical examiner's testimony that it did not have antiseptic properties).
Lizzie and Emma's friend, Alice Russell, decided to stay with them the night following the murders while Morse spent the night in the attic guest room (contrary to later accounts that he slept in the murder-site guest room). Police were stationed around the house on the night of August 4, during which an officer said he had seen Borden enter the cellar with Russell, carrying a kerosene lamp and a slop pail. He stated he saw both women exit the cellar, after which Borden returned alone; though he was unable to see what she was doing, he stated it appeared she was bent over the sink.
On August 5, Morse left the house and was mobbed by hundreds of people; police had to escort him back to the house. On August 6, police conducted a more thorough search of the house, inspecting the sisters' clothing and confiscating the broken-handled hatchet-head. That evening a police officer and the mayor visited the Bordens, and Lizzie was informed that she was a suspect in the murders. The next morning, Russell entered the kitchen to find Borden tearing up a dress. She explained that she was planning to put it on the fire because it was covered in paint. It was never determined whether it was the dress she had been wearing on the day of the murders.
Inquest
Borden appeared at the inquest hearing on August 8. Her request to have her family attorney present was refused under a state statute providing that an inquest must be held in private. She had been prescribed regular doses of morphine to calm her nerves, and it is possible that her testimony was affected by this. Her behavior was erratic, and she often refused to answer a question even if the answer would be beneficial to her. She often contradicted herself and provided alternating accounts of the morning in question, such as saying she was in the kitchen reading a magazine when her father arrived home, then saying she was in the dining room doing some ironing, and then saying she was coming down the stairs. She also said she removed her father's boots and put slippers on him, while police photographs clearly showed him wearing his boots.
The district attorney was very aggressive and confrontational. On August 11, Borden was served with a warrant of arrest and jailed. The inquest testimony, the basis for the modern debate regarding her guilt or innocence, was later ruled inadmissible at her trial in June 1893. Contemporaneous newspaper articles noted that Borden possessed a "stolid demeanor" and "bit her lips, flushed, and bent toward Attorney Adams;" it was also reported that the testimony provided in the inquest had "caused a change of opinion among her friends who have heretofore strongly maintained her innocence." The inquest received significant press attention nationwide, including an extensive three-page write-up in The Boston Globe. A grand jury began hearing evidence on November 7, and Borden was indicted on December 2.
Trial and acquittal
Borden's trial took place in New Bedford starting on June 5, 1893. Prosecuting attorneys were Hosea M. Knowlton and future United States Supreme Court Justice William H. Moody; defending were Andrew V. Jennings, Melvin O. Adams, and former Massachusetts governor George D. Robinson. Five days before the trial's commencement, on June 1, another axe murder occurred in Fall River. This time the victim was Bertha Manchester, who was found hacked to death in her kitchen. The similarities between the Manchester and Bordens' murders were striking and noted by jurors. However, Jose Correa de Mello, a Portuguese immigrant, was later convicted of Manchester's murder in 1894, and was determined not to have been in the vicinity of Fall River at the time of the Borden murders.
A prominent point of discussion in the trial (or press coverage of it) was the hatchet-head found in the basement, which was not convincingly demonstrated by the prosecution to be the murder weapon. Prosecutors argued that the killer had removed the handle because it would have been covered in blood. One officer testified that a hatchet handle was found near the hatchet-head, but another officer contradicted this. Though no bloody clothing was found at the scene, Russell testified that on August 8, 1892, she had witnessed Borden burn a dress in the kitchen stove, saying it had been ruined when she brushed against wet paint. During the course of the trial, defense never attempted to challenge this statement.
Lizzie Borden's presence at the home was also a point of dispute during the trial; according to testimony, Sullivan entered the second floor of the home at around 10:58 A.M. and left Lizzie and her father downstairs. Lizzie told several people that at this time, she went into the barn and was not in the house for "20 minutes or possibly a half an hour". Hyman Lubinsky testified for the defense that he saw Lizzie Borden leaving the barn at 11:03 A.M. and Charles Gardner confirmed the time. At 11:10 A.M., Lizzie called Sullivan downstairs, told her Andrew had been murdered, and ordered her not to enter the room; instead, Borden sent her to get a doctor.
Both victims' heads had been removed during autopsy and the skulls were admitted as evidence during the trial and presented on June 5, 1893. Upon seeing them in the courtroom, Borden fainted. Evidence was excluded that Borden had sought to purchase prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) purportedly for cleaning a sealskin cloak, from a local druggist on the day before the murders. The judge ruled that the incident was too remote in time to have any connection.
The presiding Associate Justice, Justin Dewey (who had been appointed by Robinson when he was governor), delivered a lengthy summary that supported the defense as his charge to the jury before it was sent to deliberate on June 20, 1893. After an hour and a half of deliberation, the jury acquitted Borden of the murders. Upon exiting the courthouse, she told reporters she was "the happiest woman in the world".
The trial has been compared to the later trials of Bruno Hauptmann, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and O.J. Simpson as a landmark in publicity and public interest in the history of American legal proceedings.
Speculation
Although acquitted at trial, Borden remains the prime suspect in her father's and stepmother's murders. Writer Victoria Lincoln proposed in 1967 that Borden might have committed the murders while in a fugue state. Another prominent suggestion was that she was physically and sexually abused by her father, which drove her to kill him. There is little evidence to support this, but incest is not a topic that would have been discussed at the time, and the methods for collecting physical evidence would have been quite different in 1892. This belief was intimated in local papers at the time of the murders, and was revisited by scholar Marcia Carlisle in a 1992 essay.
Mystery author Ed McBain, in his 1984 novel Lizzie, suggested that Borden committed the murders after being caught in a tryst with Sullivan. McBain elaborated on his speculation in a 1999 interview, speculating that Abby had caught Lizzie and Sullivan together and had reacted with horror and disgust, and that Lizzie had killed Abby with a candlestick. When Andrew returned she had confessed to him, but killed him in a rage with a hatchet when he reacted exactly as Abby had. McBain further speculates that Sullivan disposed of the hatchet somewhere afterwards. In her later years, Borden was rumored to be gay, but there was no such speculation about Sullivan, who found other employment after the murders and later married a man she met while working as a maid in Butte, Montana. She died in Butte in 1948, where she allegedly gave a death-bed confession to her sister, stating that she had changed her testimony on the stand in order to protect Borden.
Another significant suspect is John Morse, Lizzie's maternal uncle, who rarely met with the family after his sister died, but had slept in the house the night before the murders; according to law enforcement, Morse had provided an "absurdly perfect and overdetailed alibi for the death of Abby Borden". He was considered a suspect by police for a period.
Others noted as potential suspects in the crimes include Sullivan, possibly in retaliation for being ordered to clean the windows on a hot day; the day of the murders was unusually hot—and at the time she was still recovering from the mystery illness that had struck the household. A "William Borden", suspected to be Andrew's illegitimate son, was noted as a possible suspect by writer Arnold Brown, who surmised in his book Lizzie Borden: The Legend, the Truth, the Final Chapter that William had tried and failed to extort money from his father. However, author Leonard Rebello did extensive research on the William Borden in Brown's book and was able to prove he was not Andrew Borden's son. Although Emma had an alibi at Fairhaven, (about from Fall River), crime writer Frank Spiering proposed in his 1984 book Lizzie that she might have secretly visited the residence to kill her parents before returning to Fairhaven to receive the telegram informing her of the murders.
Later life
After the trial, the Borden sisters moved into a large, modern house in The Hill neighborhood in Fall River. Around this time, Lizzie began using the name Lizbeth A. Borden. At their new house, which Lizbeth dubbed "Maplecroft", they had a staff that included live-in maids, a housekeeper, and a coachman. Because Abby was ruled to have died before Andrew, her estate went first to Andrew and then, at his death, passed to his daughters as part of his estate. A considerable settlement, however, was paid to settle claims by Abby's family.
Despite the acquittal, Borden was ostracized by Fall River society. Her name was again brought into the public eye when she was accused of shoplifting in 1897 in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1905, shortly after an argument over a party that Lizbeth had given for actress Nance O'Neil, Emma moved out of the house and never saw her sister again.
Death
Borden was ill in her last year following the removal of her gallbladder; she died of pneumonia on June 1, 1927, in Fall River. Funeral details were not published and few attended. Nine days later, Emma died from chronic nephritis at the age of 76 in a nursing home in Newmarket, New Hampshire, having moved to this location in 1923 both for health reasons and to avoid renewed publicity following the publication of another book about the murders. The sisters, neither of whom had ever married, were buried side by side in the family plot in Oak Grove Cemetery.
At the time of her death, Borden was worth over $250,000 (). She owned a house on the corner of French Street and Belmont Street, several office buildings, shares in several utilities, two cars and a large amount of jewelry. She left $30,000 () to the Fall River Animal Rescue League and $500 ($ in ) in trust for perpetual care of her father's grave. Her closest friend and a cousin each received $6,000 ($ today)—substantial sums at the time of the estate's distribution in 1927—and numerous friends and family members each received between $1,000 ($ in ) and $5,000 ($ in ).
In culture
Scholar Ann Schofield notes that "Borden's story has tended to take one or the other of two fictional forms: the tragic romance and the feminist quest ... As the story of Lizzie Borden has been created and re-created through rhyme and fiction it has taken on the qualities of a popular American myth or legend that effectively links the present to the past."
The Borden house is now a museum, and operates a bed and breakfast with 1890s styling. Pieces of evidence used in the trial, including the axehead, are preserved at the Fall River Historical Society.
Folkrhyme
The case was memorialized in a popular skipping-rope rhyme.
Folklore says that the rhyme was made up by an anonymous writer as a tune to sell newspapers. Others attribute it to the ubiquitous, but anonymous, "Mother Goose".
In reality, Borden's stepmother suffered 18 or 19 blows; her father suffered 11 blows.
The rhyme has a less well-known second verse:
Depictions
Borden has been depicted in music, radio, film, theater, and television, often in association with the murders of which she was acquitted.
Among the earlier portrayals on stage was John Colton and Carleton Miles's 1933 play Nine Pine Street, in which Lillian Gish played Effie Holden, a character who is based on Borden. The play was not a success and ran for only 28 performances. In 1947 Lillian De La Torre wrote a one-act play, Goodbye, Miss Lizzie Borden.
Other retellings include New Faces of 1952, a 1952 Broadway musical with a number titled "Lizzie Borden" which depicts the crimes, as well as Agnes De Mille's ballet Fall River Legend (1948) and the Jack Beeson opera Lizzie Borden (1965), both works being based on Borden and the murders of her father and stepmother. Other plays based on Borden include Blood Relations (1980), a Canadian production written by Sharon Pollock that recounts events leading up to the murders, which was made into a television movie in Calgary. Lizzie Borden, another musical adaptation, was also made starring Tony nominee Alison Fraser.
On the April 13, 1955, episode of Playbill, Ruth Springford played Lizzie in the television play "Lizzie Borden Took an Axe".
Carmen Matthews played Lizzie Borden in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents season 1 episode "The Older Sister", with Joan Lorring as Emma and Hitchcock's daughter Pat as the servant Margaret. The episode aired on January 22, 1956, and takes place in 1893, with a determined woman reporter trying to interview the sisters one year after the murders and end with the revelation that Emma committed the murders.
A March 24, 1957, episode of Omnibus presented two different adaptations of the Lizzie Borden story: the first a play, "The Trial of Lizzie Borden", with Katharine Bard as Lizzie; the second a production of the Fall River Legend ballet with Nora Kaye as "The Accused". In 1959, The Legend of Lizzie by Reginald Lawrence attracted praise for Anne Meacham in the title role, but still closed after just two performances.
The folk singing group The Chad Mitchell Trio recorded the black comedy song "Lizzie Borden" for its live 1961 album Mighty Day on Campus. Released as a single, it reached #44 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1962.
ABC commissioned The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975), a television film starring Elizabeth Montgomery as Lizzie Borden, Katherine Helmond as Emma Borden, and Fionnula Flanagan as Bridget Sullivan; it was later discovered after Montgomery died that she and Borden were in fact sixth cousins once removed, both descending from 17th-century Massachusetts resident John Luther. Rhonda McClure, the genealogist who documented the Montgomery-Borden connection, said: "I wonder how Elizabeth would have felt if she knew she was playing her own cousin."
In 1993, Borden appeared in the Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror IV", where she is among the members of the Jury of the Damned, alongside other infamous historical villains such as Benedict Arnold, John Wilkes Booth, and Edward Teach, among others.
Borden appears as one of the attractions on Captain Spaulding's Murder Ride from the 2003 Film House of 1000 Corpses
Lifetime produced Lizzie Borden Took an Ax (2014), a speculative television film with Christina Ricci portraying Borden, which was followed by The Lizzie Borden Chronicles (2015), a limited series and a sequel to the television film which presents a fictionalized account of Borden's life after the trial. A feature film, Lizzie (2018), with Chloë Sevigny as Borden and Kristen Stewart as Bridget Sullivan, depicts a lesbian tryst between Borden and Sullivan which leads to the murders.
In 2015, Supernatural aired an episode entitled "Thin Lizzie". In the episode, Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) investigate the "Lizzie Borden House" after several people are murdered with an ax. They originally suspect that the ghost of Lizzie Borden is the one who is responsible for the murders, but they then discover that she isn't the murderer .
The events of the murders and the trial, with actors portraying the people who were involved in them, have been reenacted on a number of documentary programs. In 1936, the radio program Unsolved Mysteries broadcast a 15-minute dramatization titled "The Lizzie Borden Case", which presented a possible scenario in which the murders were committed during a botched robbery attempt by a tramp, who then escaped. Television recreations have included episodes of Biography, Second Verdict, History's Mysteries, Case Reopened (1999), and Mysteries Decoded (2019).
In literature
Borden has been depicted in several literary works, including:
"The Fall River Axe Murders", a short story by Angela Carter, was published in her collection Black Venus (1985).
Another Borden-inspired story by Carter was "Lizzie's Tiger", in which Borden, imagined as a four-year-old, has an extraordinary encounter at the circus. The story was published in 1993 (posthumously) in the collection American Ghosts and Old World Wonders.
Miss Lizzie, a 1989 novel by Walter Satterthwait, takes place thirty years after the murders and recounts an unlikely friendship between Borden and a child, and the suspicions that arise from a murder.
Australian author Sarah Schmidt's 2017 novel See What I Have Done tells the story of the murders and their aftermath from the points of view of Lizzie and Emma Borden, Bridget Sullivan, and an imagined stranger. It won the MUD Literary Prize for a debut novel.
In Cherie Priest's novel Maplecroft, the story of Lizzie Borden is used to anchor a tale of Lovecraftian horror, of eldritch beasts rising from the sea. In this novel, Andrew Borden and his wife are depicted as having been possessed by these stinking, rotting creatures".
In Agatha Christie's novel Sleeping Murder, the main character Miss Marple says that murder "was not proven in the case of Madeleine Smith and Lizzie was acquittedbut many people believe both of those women were guilty.".
See also
A. J. Borden Building
Corky Row Historic District
List of unsolved murders
Notes
References
Works cited
King, Florence. WASP, Where is Thy Sting? Chapter 15, "One WASP's Family, or the Ties That Bind." Stein & Day, 1977, (1990 Reprint Edition).
Masterton, William L. Lizzie Didn't Do It! Boston: Branden Publishing Company, 2000, .
Pearson, Edmund Lester. Studies in Murder Ohio State University Press, 1924.
Radin, Edward D. Lizzie Borden: The Untold Story Simon and Schuster, 1961.
Further reading
Asher, Robert, Lawrence B. Goodheart and Alan Rogers. Murder on Trial: 1620–2002 New York: State University of New York Press, 2005, .
Davidson, Avram. "The Deed of the Deft-Footed Dragon" in several collections, most recently The Other Nineteenth Century, ed. Grania Davis and Henry Wessels. New York; TOR, 2001.
de Mille, Agnes. Lizzie Borden: A Dance of Death. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1968.
Martins, Michael and Dennis Binette. Parallel Lives: A Social History of Lizzie A. Borden and Her Fall River. Fall River: Fall River Historical Society, 2011. 1,138 pages with much previously unavailable information including letters written by Lizzie Borden while in jail and photographs of her in later life. Parallel Lives Official Website
Robertson, Cara. The Trial of Lizzie Borden. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2019.
Sullivan, Robert. Goodbye Lizzie Borden. Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press, 1974. .
Jordan, Jim d, "The Fall River Murders and the Trial of Lizzie Borden Vols. I & II. https://www.amazon.com/Fall-River-Murders-Lizzie-Borden/dp/B08XN9G96F/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=Vol. I, https://www.amazon.com/Fall-River-Murders-Lizzie-Borden/dp/B08XN7J1TZ/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= Vol. II
External links
The Lizzie Andrew Borden Virtual Museum & Library
Tattered Fabric: Fall River's Lizzie Borden
The Fall River Tragedy: A History of the Borden Murders (1893), full text detailing crimes
Lizzie Borden Moot Court, with tribunal made up of U.S. Supreme Court justices and Stanford University Law School professors. September 16, 1997
1860 births
1927 deaths
1892 crimes
19th-century American women
20th-century American women
American folklore
American people of English descent
American people of Welsh descent
Axe murder
Cornell family
Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
People acquitted of murder
People from Fall River, Massachusetts
Woman's Christian Temperance Union people | [
-0.14030738174915314,
0.023239629343152046,
-0.5429131984710693,
-0.1678190529346466,
0.3468776047229767,
0.757960855960846,
1.1060562133789062,
-0.4680696129798889,
-0.48985958099365234,
-0.11456245183944702,
0.46511146426200867,
0.033477939665317535,
-0.43444982171058655,
0.48541033267974854,
-0.7182289958000183,
0.24970030784606934,
0.018502434715628624,
0.271259605884552,
-0.002280463930219412,
-0.34660398960113525,
0.13130265474319458,
-0.7817601561546326,
0.41683703660964966,
0.4429808259010315,
0.16543342173099518,
0.5632627606391907,
0.3920070230960846,
-0.10738696157932281,
-0.25889384746551514,
0.07887881994247437,
0.1713043749332428,
0.011591699905693531,
0.9329324960708618,
-0.5141075849533081,
-0.4761520028114319,
0.21561400592327118,
-0.5581136345863342,
-0.04162050783634186,
0.09170302003622055,
0.16084812581539154,
-0.6199876070022583,
0.1312040090560913,
-0.3023499548435211,
-0.2187923640012741,
0.1661967933177948,
0.06343422830104828,
-1.5991177558898926,
0.25393766164779663,
-0.3156130313873291,
-0.5143851041793823,
-0.30674174427986145,
0.19159577786922455,
0.5175740718841553,
0.46409401297569275,
-0.0637102946639061,
0.2033505141735077,
-0.3894493281841278,
-0.5521807074546814,
0.3780674338340759,
-0.4697191119194031,
0.5600759387016296,
0.08265960961580276,
0.9475704431533813,
-0.1299329549074173,
0.003119661705568433,
0.5656242966651917,
0.07969272881746292,
0.6412439346313477,
-0.1291791945695877,
-0.29813897609710693,
0.48025354743003845,
0.1658361405134201,
0.2321472018957138,
0.45902636647224426,
-0.07448892295360565,
-0.09539484977722168,
0.02528274990618229,
-0.8829504251480103,
0.18888169527053833,
0.1364181488752365,
-0.05437472090125084,
0.025496721267700195,
0.34048300981521606,
0.5646644234657288,
0.04608379676938057,
0.11111180484294891,
-0.6518390774726868,
-0.02744828723371029,
-0.037157829850912094,
0.5724897384643555,
-0.14813320338726044,
0.5881417393684387,
-0.17077258229255676,
0.10967636853456497,
-0.13741622865200043,
-0.034914780408144,
-0.17542573809623718,
0.21648520231246948,
-0.08855646103620529,
-0.16065867245197296,
0.11006481200456619,
-0.3059212863445282,
0.41548824310302734,
0.43150508403778076,
0.2702895998954773,
0.09713402390480042,
0.4198340177536011,
0.16042646765708923,
0.23501291871070862,
-0.46101951599121094,
-0.1453149914741516,
-0.09252028912305832,
0.030409175902605057,
-0.2388140708208084,
-0.2827182114124298,
0.4810255169868469,
0.3788534104824066,
-0.6760046482086182,
-0.4438784718513489,
-0.5439479351043701,
-0.2957511842250824,
-0.1721557080745697,
-0.18355341255664825,
0.06575493514537811,
-0.3462781310081482,
-0.3899710774421692,
0.08893493562936783,
0.2610142230987549,
-0.3266628086566925,
0.39762166142463684,
0.35564976930618286,
0.47939881682395935,
0.1930369883775711,
-0.3416596055030823,
0.05275801569223404,
-0.5645434260368347,
-0.2155226320028305,
-0.009452414698898792,
-0.1885949969291687,
0.19479812681674957,
-0.5144098997116089,
-0.03853653371334076,
0.03477953001856804,
-0.27788999676704407,
0.4239030182361603,
-0.6907107830047607,
0.2573015093803406,
0.22224771976470947,
-0.38410669565200806,
0.326612651348114,
-0.011301623657345772,
0.6048088669776917,
-0.226182758808136,
-0.9268361330032349,
-0.5140553116798401,
0.17914725840091705,
0.8521276116371155,
-0.24803751707077026,
-0.08628986775875092,
0.5183609127998352,
-0.22500692307949066,
0.4936363697052002,
-0.3722863495349884,
0.2364952266216278,
0.15079477429389954,
-0.022902756929397583,
0.3561302125453949,
-0.4779718220233917,
-0.3823838233947754,
0.01044823881238699,
-0.40432581305503845,
0.17222139239311218,
0.4448821544647217,
-0.3648224472999573,
-0.6716166138648987,
0.16562257707118988,
-0.5384771823883057,
-0.40246066451072693,
-0.06257262080907822,
-0.5109582543373108,
-0.2522311210632324,
0.2084566205739975,
-0.12486422061920166,
0.303116112947464,
-0.33671995997428894,
0.011540230363607407,
0.18617625534534454,
-0.05792656168341637,
0.0875263437628746,
-0.053793903440237045,
-0.14666016399860382,
-0.488277792930603,
0.2874067425727844,
0.3635999262332916,
1.1033998727798462,
0.3245565891265869,
-0.676199197769165,
1.1699268817901611,
-0.31013962626457214,
0.33691275119781494,
0.06965243071317673,
-0.20007482171058655,
0.1691598743200302,
-0.5239062905311584,
-0.34347277879714966,
0.14890426397323608,
0.1984509825706482,
0.3967788815498352,
-0.19181542098522186,
0.8482752442359924,
0.0013097762130200863,
-0.8867735266685486,
0.16602948307991028,
0.6326917409896851,
-0.0472637303173542,
-0.18316392600536346,
-0.08364073187112808,
-0.09970289468765259,
0.9194186925888062,
-0.6687348484992981,
0.08498113602399826,
-0.040105804800987244,
-0.18084807693958282,
0.17499276995658875,
0.2761760652065277,
0.5154482126235962,
-0.7482088804244995,
0.5418152213096619,
-0.07506835460662842,
-0.18536677956581116,
0.25011658668518066,
0.6904785633087158,
0.670298159122467,
-0.023461541160941124,
0.08318410068750381,
0.20457537472248077,
-0.4415159523487091,
-0.12465853244066238,
0.09084168076515198,
-0.3988451659679413,
0.4079507291316986,
0.554646909236908,
0.11172885447740555,
-0.04999322444200516,
0.01102068554610014,
-0.02694554626941681,
-0.06848721951246262,
-0.24261845648288727,
0.3001324236392975,
0.05868234112858772,
0.4257168173789978,
0.2499970644712448,
0.14108912646770477,
0.48794081807136536,
0.5589849352836609,
-0.19787120819091797,
-0.0505443811416626,
-0.3177257478237152,
0.22604931890964508,
0.27677586674690247,
0.4580825865268707,
-0.1654822677373886,
-0.1323569416999817,
0.3395325243473053,
0.2135271579027176,
0.11660690605640411,
-0.5063483715057373,
-0.366939902305603,
0.6247393488883972,
0.5350296497344971,
0.4713852107524872,
0.09819253534078598,
0.11539758741855621,
0.4529899060726166,
0.3503326177597046,
0.05876418948173523,
0.022245487198233604,
0.1098940297961235,
-0.5962104201316833,
-0.6832965016365051,
-0.2634764611721039,
0.35560011863708496,
0.2908549904823303,
-0.7388335466384888,
0.32347410917282104,
-0.6587875485420227,
0.23078013956546783,
-0.3013759255409241,
-0.7595005035400391,
0.16195814311504364,
-0.07462871074676514,
0.4465063512325287,
-0.5623573064804077,
-0.19383442401885986,
-0.11518196016550064,
0.6408069729804993,
-0.44763344526290894,
0.08399148285388947,
0.3667546510696411,
-0.2887502908706665,
-0.4344276785850525,
0.08425247669219971,
-0.2549772262573242,
-0.044490959495306015,
0.506923496723175,
0.13409027457237244,
0.06081564724445343,
-0.10416103154420853,
-5.724160194396973,
0.24276244640350342,
-0.3921617269515991,
-0.45509591698646545,
0.11040940880775452,
-0.07896042615175247,
0.34125205874443054,
-0.10885711759328842,
0.22354504466056824,
-0.047265149652957916,
0.7667315006256104,
-0.04390321299433708,
0.26713529229164124,
-0.09253767132759094,
0.03283550217747688,
-0.17572233080863953,
0.6919947862625122,
-0.6702418923377991,
0.168131023645401,
0.33302992582321167,
0.4587590992450714,
-0.5872417688369751,
-0.3046460747718811,
0.08204492181539536,
0.11630168557167053,
0.11474987119436264,
-0.28432604670524597,
-0.08780413120985031,
-0.29420235753059387,
-0.4287974238395691,
0.3138781487941742,
-0.2955740988254547,
-0.36732202768325806,
-0.6044186949729919,
-0.18223725259304047,
-0.022518526762723923,
0.25528520345687866,
0.22104811668395996,
-0.18800607323646545,
-0.18490704894065857,
0.13159726560115814,
-0.23432926833629608,
-0.6409457325935364,
0.08574382960796356,
0.2507445216178894,
-0.14267703890800476,
-0.5072140097618103,
0.061594441533088684,
-0.4444063603878021,
0.15332695841789246,
0.10162896662950516,
0.045067254453897476,
0.5924474596977234,
0.2832774519920349,
0.03092183731496334,
-0.43145230412483215,
-0.666236937046051,
-0.2360386997461319,
-0.8560330271720886,
-0.28945496678352356,
0.2986864447593689,
-0.3077014982700348,
0.3781627118587494,
-0.373531699180603,
-0.47881823778152466,
-0.3647889196872711,
0.19541627168655396,
0.18440739810466766,
-0.08833315223455429,
-0.012051813304424286,
0.48845136165618896,
0.6644690632820129,
0.4718174338340759,
-1.2947628498077393,
0.5675000548362732,
0.037766650319099426,
-0.007468522526323795,
-0.360675573348999,
-0.6583487391471863,
-0.39103764295578003,
0.26214733719825745,
-0.416096955537796,
0.8343315720558167,
0.8691829442977905,
0.750984787940979,
-0.2520669996738434,
-0.5379462242126465,
0.37713611125946045,
-0.4160008728504181,
-0.009297607466578484,
-0.47626379132270813,
0.4189901351928711,
-0.03304099291563034,
0.3663197457790375,
-0.03851385414600372,
0.09392072260379791,
0.10813770443201065,
-0.14497879147529602,
0.10799870640039444,
0.15975360572338104,
0.34574922919273376,
0.16869540512561798,
-0.015702009201049805,
-0.6923927068710327,
0.4739982783794403,
-0.30275630950927734,
-0.10864149034023285,
0.40684351325035095,
0.3889910876750946,
-0.3747537434101105,
-0.20189355313777924,
-0.3233238160610199,
-0.17289277911186218,
-0.05509433150291443,
0.17322219908237457,
-0.8041024208068848,
0.2454192340373993,
0.0731099396944046,
0.31416040658950806,
0.060531046241521835,
-0.255886971950531,
0.3748219907283783,
-0.13048137724399567,
0.34359052777290344,
0.221186101436615,
-0.8959517478942871,
0.3712350130081177,
0.046931538730859756,
-0.47940054535865784,
0.21106433868408203,
-0.6786390542984009,
0.26050668954849243,
-0.6121679544448853,
-0.12503895163536072,
-0.5372288227081299,
-0.061120450496673584,
-0.17046377062797546,
-0.5115337371826172,
-0.3314208984375,
0.06680649518966675,
0.3978073000907898,
0.022693369537591934,
-0.15703526139259338,
0.2897917926311493,
0.5502896904945374,
0.2843147814273834,
0.13810189068317413,
-0.0968412384390831,
-0.9560725688934326,
0.03908092901110649,
-0.5722398161888123,
-0.17858675122261047,
0.18638092279434204,
-0.2120475172996521,
-0.1497086137533188,
-0.03859054297208786,
0.3826651871204376,
0.42484337091445923,
-0.5147088766098022,
0.44357460737228394,
-0.339691162109375,
0.10529469698667526,
-0.6438822746276855,
-0.23906587064266205,
-0.38675132393836975,
0.09733318537473679,
-0.3786160349845886,
0.42164361476898193,
-0.22774015367031097,
0.3815687596797943,
-0.03992815315723419,
-0.665961503982544,
-0.0016381976893171668,
0.5030567049980164,
0.5062943696975708,
-0.00723718386143446,
-0.5323315858840942,
-0.33207806944847107,
0.04998902603983879,
0.16303762793540955,
-0.30590155720710754,
-0.30502966046333313,
-0.619989275932312,
0.33274102210998535,
0.6956316232681274,
0.33798643946647644,
-0.13480804860591888,
-0.4689957797527313,
-0.24509696662425995,
-0.43175041675567627,
0.021006446331739426,
-0.8843054175376892,
0.4799494743347168,
0.7500036954879761,
-0.4783306419849396,
-0.12582236528396606,
0.4507357180118561,
0.07823259383440018,
-0.05204097554087639,
-0.3000347316265106,
-0.47424447536468506,
0.5091527700424194,
0.058912795037031174,
0.034583453088998795,
-0.29353195428848267,
-1.2160917520523071,
-0.1193610206246376,
0.2386316955089569,
-0.33861345052719116,
0.42900487780570984,
-0.25058621168136597,
-0.3811653256416321,
0.587503969669342,
0.8137406706809998,
0.028643982484936714,
-0.030151190236210823,
0.5898017287254333,
0.30015742778778076,
-0.08900243788957596,
-0.2987668216228485,
-0.5256215929985046,
-0.13991276919841766,
-0.3682042062282562,
-0.0019946787506341934,
-0.5771557092666626,
0.8371737003326416,
-0.4191363453865051,
-0.534701943397522,
0.9179653525352478,
0.12602221965789795,
-0.3003866970539093,
0.1465822458267212,
-0.0685487762093544,
0.5337850451469421,
-0.12979523837566376,
-0.45917895436286926,
0.33210060000419617,
0.12103484570980072,
-0.3290024697780609,
0.2316494584083557,
0.5682784914970398,
1.0469399690628052,
0.33159688115119934,
-0.022430142387747765,
0.27716994285583496,
0.34073755145072937,
-0.0943187028169632,
0.09010918438434601,
0.010630394332110882,
0.533513069152832,
0.05380009487271309,
-0.13697417080402374,
-0.164621502161026,
-0.20449262857437134,
0.754395604133606,
-0.22378848493099213,
-0.05904410779476166,
-0.3417466878890991,
0.3931257724761963,
-0.13785004615783691,
-0.22449392080307007,
0.6561627388000488,
0.2359941154718399,
-0.13770049810409546,
-0.18039610981941223,
0.2602531909942627,
-0.3465433716773987,
0.029194455593824387,
0.1544937938451767,
-0.0074915457516908646,
-0.4724881052970886,
-0.24362312257289886,
-0.13182464241981506,
0.22719459235668182,
-0.5568544268608093,
0.2639453113079071,
-0.13619545102119446,
-0.04995907470583916,
0.07249492406845093,
-0.20825548470020294,
-0.6817881464958191,
-0.2514552175998688,
-0.5484908223152161,
-0.6160503029823303,
-0.23483340442180634,
-0.365404337644577,
0.19982284307479858,
0.09461519122123718,
-0.4681979715824127,
-0.10541299730539322,
-0.6437602043151855,
0.5040778517723083,
0.3214350640773773,
-0.25084930658340454,
-0.486960768699646,
0.8923293352127075,
-0.08840976655483246,
0.8251070380210876,
0.10390707105398178,
-0.1934601217508316,
-0.572394609451294,
0.3879878520965576,
0.17309363186359406,
-0.4746479392051697,
-0.38038578629493713,
-0.2123277336359024,
0.09268078207969666,
-0.18056270480155945,
-0.056622445583343506,
0.450726717710495,
0.1950690895318985,
-0.19398681819438934,
0.7141828536987305,
0.317233145236969,
-0.690163791179657,
0.07005379348993301,
0.26660704612731934,
-0.08992350101470947,
-0.7375369071960449,
0.06455186754465103,
-0.3395112454891205,
0.2688664495944977,
0.9442288875579834,
-0.08447246998548508,
0.5206928849220276,
1.022879958152771,
0.2016565203666687,
0.2940275967121124,
-0.9274382591247559,
0.5543066263198853,
-0.14413775503635406,
-0.6534801125526428,
-0.20454120635986328,
0.5410127639770508,
0.15883445739746094,
-0.15525025129318237,
-0.008810739032924175,
-0.5494328737258911,
0.005689031444489956,
0.2663688063621521,
0.4169869124889374,
0.4854618012905121,
-0.3696509301662445,
0.3688800632953644,
0.17194263637065887,
-0.2438039779663086,
0.281167596578598,
0.22011439502239227,
0.23350396752357483,
-0.35908272862434387,
0.48613181710243225,
-0.1302253156900406,
0.44954028725624084,
-0.052394721657037735,
0.297397255897522,
-0.09471563249826431,
0.44081681966781616,
-0.026636337861418724,
-0.6140070557594299,
-0.24192757904529572,
-0.44708752632141113,
-0.5840468406677246,
1.3249541521072388,
-0.3810596168041229,
-0.49485060572624207,
-0.6284618973731995,
0.012493198737502098,
-0.07606662064790726,
-0.7157246470451355,
0.19408409297466278,
0.5190977454185486,
-0.33875179290771484,
-0.2778729200363159,
0.2528775930404663,
0.19373050332069397,
0.5004821419715881,
0.5405723452568054,
0.012430496513843536,
0.01469879038631916,
-0.3568743169307709,
-0.23006106913089752,
-0.09481693804264069,
-0.24536055326461792,
-0.4597351849079132,
-0.09349209070205688,
-0.25113970041275024,
0.23583512008190155,
0.437439501285553,
0.45502346754074097,
-0.7081998586654663,
0.7264713048934937,
-0.13836823403835297,
0.30596065521240234,
0.3490370810031891,
0.3914906978607178,
0.3512108325958252,
-0.17975370585918427,
1.1259273290634155,
0.5484793186187744,
0.5397716760635376,
-0.15698030591011047,
0.3471930921077728,
-0.10867573320865631,
-0.1287899911403656,
-0.6128990650177002,
0.5720674991607666,
-0.06713028997182846,
0.07611382752656937,
-0.35556501150131226,
0.729672908782959,
-0.2950070798397064,
-0.3407380282878876,
-0.5304978489875793,
-0.21513298153877258,
-0.3149026930332184,
0.3839408755302429,
0.7628034949302673,
-0.17507611215114594,
-0.46622419357299805,
-0.24222879111766815,
0.2514874041080475,
-0.18552972376346588,
-0.005451148841530085,
0.09805623441934586,
-0.4383310079574585,
-0.0014369924319908023,
-0.15332861244678497,
-0.3489130139350891,
-0.30105772614479065,
0.3889787197113037,
0.06356394290924072,
-0.03883202373981476,
-0.0036071306094527245,
0.06690485030412674,
0.07390815019607544,
-0.2919205129146576,
-0.10673948377370834,
0.1728721708059311,
0.09029509127140045,
-0.3004235625267029,
0.4913853108882904,
-0.22034351527690887,
-0.15246857702732086,
-0.13171067833900452,
0.8724433779716492,
0.6024916768074036,
-0.3008764088153839,
-0.39771074056625366,
0.08848922699689865,
0.23937758803367615,
-0.3129606544971466,
0.07457650452852249,
-0.1994565725326538,
-0.3425810635089874,
0.6271759271621704,
-0.25672242045402527,
0.04774316027760506,
-0.27142655849456787,
0.5268831253051758,
-0.5790406465530396
]
|
214798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade%20of%20Aggression | Decade of Aggression | Decade of Aggression is a double live album by Slayer, released on October 22, 1991, through Def American Records (later renamed to American Recordings) and produced by Rick Rubin. The album was recorded in three separate places on three separate dates. Its working title was Decade of Decadence until Mötley Crüe registered the name. Three of the album's tracks were included in the box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse. The album's reception was generally positive, with Entertainment Weekly and Robert Christgau both giving the album a positive rating. The album reached number 55 in the Billboard 200 and also charted on two other charts.
Conception
While touring on the Clash of the Titans tour to promote the 1990 studio album Seasons in the Abyss, separate sections of the Decade of Aggression album were recorded on October 14, 1990, March 8, 1991, and July 13, 1991, however, AllMusic said that Rick Rubin's production "seems to be in terms of shaping the live sound to make it sound like this is all one gig." Although it had a working title of Decade of Decadence, it would be released as Decade of Aggression after Mötley Crüe copyrighted the name on their 1991 greatest hits album. It was released through Def American Recordings on October 22, 1991.
The release was intended to give them time to decide what their next album's style would be. Text in the book The Great Rock Discography said that it was released after the band had gained popularity, saying "Slayer had finally made it into the metal big league and summing up the first blood-soaked chapter of their career, the group duly released the live double set." It was also released to commemorate their 10th anniversary.
The album does not feature an overdub of guitars. In The Rough Guide To Rock, it was said to be "intense" and "put studio favorites through the live shredder in a brutal and definitive manner." Most of the tracks were a selection from South of Heaven, Reign in Blood, and Seasons in the Abyss. The album's total duration is one hour, twenty-five minutes, and twenty-eight seconds (85:28). Three of the album's tracks were included in the box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse.
The album booklet includes a photo gallery with pictures dating back to 1982. The majority of the photos come from Kevin Estrada, who has said:
Reception
Thom Jurek, a staff writer for AllMusic, gave the album a rating of three out of five stars. Jurek gave notice to the album's sound quality, telling readers that it does not "capture the sheer overblown intensity of the unit in a concert setting," but that it comes closer than one may imagine. Jurek also gave note to how Rick Rubin made the two-discs sound like it were recorded at one gig, writing "Producer Rick Rubin stays out of the way; his production seems to be in terms of shaping the live sound to make it sound like this is all one gig." Entertainment Weeklys David Browne said that it was an "accurate aural snapshots of what it's like to be part of a crowd craning to see the action on a stage that seems two miles away." Browne also said that "they're perfect examples of the sad current state of the once-proud live rock album." Robert Christgau gave the album a star ("Honorable Mention is a worthy effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well like."), saying, "praise the Lord—I can hardly understand a word they're singing (Hell Awaits)." Joel McIver, author of The Bloody Reign of Slayer said that it was regarded as one of the best live albums released by a heavy metal band.
The album charted on three different charts. On November 9, 1991, it peaked at number 55 on the Billboard 200. On January 13, 1992, the album entered the Media Control Charts. It peaked at number 35. It maintained a number on the chart until February 2, 1992, giving it a total of three weeks on the chart.
On December 2, 1991 it entered the UK Album Charts, peaking at number 29. It stayed on the chart for two weeks.
Track listing
Standard edition
Disc one
All songs recorded at the Lakeland Civic Center in Lakeland, Florida on July 13, 1991.
Disc two
Tracks 3–6 and 8–10 recorded at the Orange Pavilion, San Bernardino, California, March 8, 1991.
Tracks 1, 2 and 7 recorded at the Wembley Arena, London, England, October 14, 1990.
Japanese edition and 1992 reissue limited edition
Disc one track listing remains the same.
Disc two track listing 1–6 remains the same.
Track 7 recorded at the Orange Pavilion, San Bernardino, California, March 8, 1991.
Track 8 recorded at the Wembley Arena, London, England, October 14, 1990.
Credits
The album's credits and personnel can be obtained from AllMusic.
Slayer
Tom Araya – bass, vocals
Kerry King – guitars
Jeff Hanneman – guitars
Dave Lombardo – drums
Production
Rick Rubin – producer
Greg Bess – engineer
Mike Carver – engineer
Jim Champagne – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
Patricia Chavarria – production coordination
Bill Dawes – remixing
Kevin Estrada – photography
Doug Field – engineer
Richard Kimball – executive producer
Phil Kneebone – engineer
Michael Lavine – photography
Mark Leialoha – photography
Brendan O'Brien – mixing, mixing engineer
Rick Sales – design
Chuck Smith – guitar technician
Alex Solca – photography
Tim Summerhayes – engineer
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Peter Yianilos – engineer
Roland Young – assistant engineer
Charts
Notes
References
Albums produced by Rick Rubin
American Recordings (record label) albums
1991 live albums
Slayer live albums
Live thrash metal albums | [
0.29701557755470276,
-0.09981561452150345,
-0.4616595506668091,
-0.06848489493131638,
-0.5161387920379639,
0.11978243291378021,
0.703436017036438,
-0.566650927066803,
0.3524836003780365,
-0.47829118371009827,
0.6417696475982666,
0.747657299041748,
-0.22526989877223969,
-0.1017298549413681,
-0.09874460101127625,
0.5562508702278137,
-0.04800180345773697,
-0.2761082947254181,
0.21327145397663116,
-0.18970856070518494,
0.05393817275762558,
-0.07507803291082382,
0.4218563437461853,
0.2571071982383728,
-0.20038172602653503,
0.34895583987236023,
0.062217794358730316,
-0.35156381130218506,
-0.2591172158718109,
0.4523434340953827,
0.24862609803676605,
0.11644849181175232,
-0.200053408741951,
-0.34128040075302124,
0.17366592586040497,
0.4251536428928375,
0.19225434958934784,
0.0267953984439373,
0.32473722100257874,
-0.13182643055915833,
0.3786858022212982,
-0.4818730652332306,
0.11652911454439163,
0.5577281713485718,
-0.2338397055864334,
0.14961789548397064,
-0.8577814102172852,
0.5168537497520447,
-0.41537150740623474,
0.24334390461444855,
0.021141204982995987,
0.23272310197353363,
0.4609438180923462,
0.24107280373573303,
-0.007004035636782646,
-0.10504617542028427,
0.009298871271312237,
-0.13080333173274994,
-0.25850293040275574,
-0.663217306137085,
0.2826503813266754,
0.2709469497203827,
0.19007869064807892,
-0.744326114654541,
-0.13470275700092316,
-0.3039666712284088,
0.19252443313598633,
0.9806711673736572,
0.06581240892410278,
-1.1426562070846558,
-0.33249494433403015,
-0.08951294422149658,
-0.03877494856715202,
-0.02812904864549637,
0.4201279580593109,
-0.5527889132499695,
0.15321718156337738,
-0.2384389191865921,
0.14426842331886292,
0.5807139873504639,
0.13123714923858643,
0.0449189655482769,
0.7663180232048035,
0.2440819889307022,
0.0706927552819252,
-0.12236852943897247,
0.2685566246509552,
0.24920548498630524,
-0.8108192086219788,
-0.2785317897796631,
-0.22857849299907684,
-0.49209484457969666,
0.7826449275016785,
0.5218871235847473,
-0.05283575877547264,
0.34567010402679443,
0.3740530014038086,
0.1033388003706932,
0.8144146203994751,
0.30599313974380493,
0.34978681802749634,
0.04761519655585289,
-0.1893680989742279,
-0.8808330297470093,
-0.4336237609386444,
-0.5874665379524231,
0.11246118694543839,
-0.6532875895500183,
0.6540651917457581,
-0.26000818610191345,
0.10950525850057602,
0.4647618234157562,
-0.331180214881897,
-0.07530298829078674,
0.2563362419605255,
1.1624562740325928,
-0.3520887792110443,
-0.38199812173843384,
-0.5250847935676575,
0.09497552365064621,
-0.09292732179164886,
0.277080774307251,
-0.06055326387286186,
1.0023736953735352,
-0.5059719085693359,
0.20334625244140625,
0.3057086765766144,
0.4206951856613159,
-0.1386132538318634,
-0.3712759017944336,
-0.43434903025627136,
0.48279452323913574,
-0.13548298180103302,
0.02665175497531891,
-0.22687315940856934,
-0.22250761091709137,
0.8985347151756287,
-0.11387202143669128,
-0.17759117484092712,
0.021696148440241814,
-0.1558181792497635,
-0.3347736895084381,
-0.5806488394737244,
-0.5664737820625305,
0.2361122965812683,
0.049726322293281555,
0.05693921819329262,
0.048935193568468094,
0.07208897173404694,
-0.2748684585094452,
0.48576825857162476,
0.12223582714796066,
-0.12651845812797546,
-0.2040017545223236,
-0.15430133044719696,
0.11751805245876312,
0.19893355667591095,
-0.2998199462890625,
-0.21268492937088013,
-0.12863396108150482,
0.2636774182319641,
0.38809269666671753,
-0.3090380132198334,
0.16307222843170166,
0.14448247849941254,
-0.11846248060464859,
-0.13684266805648804,
-0.32805386185646057,
0.15656059980392456,
-0.657461941242218,
-0.261056512594223,
0.32055139541625977,
-0.23136304318904877,
0.351321816444397,
-0.11596999317407608,
0.5814111232757568,
0.8938701748847961,
0.46088895201683044,
0.12003357708454132,
-0.07193239778280258,
-0.2453984171152115,
-0.1989598572254181,
0.362612247467041,
-0.3703707456588745,
0.5664141774177551,
0.2472122311592102,
0.3401113450527191,
0.03030705265700817,
0.025740481913089752,
0.2503563463687897,
-0.4453231692314148,
0.046904049813747406,
-0.13592469692230225,
-0.3475179076194763,
1.0943260192871094,
0.015260729938745499,
-0.3566790521144867,
0.234431192278862,
-0.10530499368906021,
0.6919590830802917,
-0.3958747982978821,
-0.3543351888656616,
0.9763291478157043,
-0.1215263307094574,
-0.1374066174030304,
-0.21970830857753754,
-0.21796518564224243,
-0.6433498859405518,
0.03507038205862045,
0.5948346257209778,
0.02245769463479519,
-0.5113447904586792,
0.03910958021879196,
0.6276019215583801,
-0.19853317737579346,
0.4030594825744629,
0.03575542941689491,
0.283180832862854,
0.18089541792869568,
-0.5224311947822571,
0.7603437900543213,
0.5460906624794006,
0.1346893608570099,
0.10345539450645447,
-0.0039597912691533566,
0.43643975257873535,
0.19152958691120148,
-0.14735154807567596,
0.25204998254776,
-0.1394268274307251,
-0.30822545289993286,
0.6965400576591492,
-0.27883318066596985,
-0.11840105056762695,
0.2675632834434509,
0.28311431407928467,
0.6021417379379272,
-0.03658274561166763,
-0.1619746834039688,
-0.6930272579193115,
0.7503529191017151,
-0.09033506363630295,
-0.041293948888778687,
0.4161466360092163,
0.20907998085021973,
0.3256354033946991,
0.7300829291343689,
0.5528815984725952,
-0.6891553997993469,
-0.24858137965202332,
0.01672579161822796,
0.7335448265075684,
0.211909681558609,
0.1224273070693016,
-0.055418163537979126,
0.12031601369380951,
0.11718416213989258,
-0.2048461139202118,
0.077742800116539,
-0.002090838737785816,
-0.006382274907082319,
-0.5231375694274902,
0.1345464587211609,
-0.15913039445877075,
0.4946986436843872,
-0.3582190275192261,
-0.32985207438468933,
-0.04920206591486931,
0.14217166602611542,
-0.587664783000946,
-0.06334871053695679,
0.29408445954322815,
-0.18302910029888153,
0.38478684425354004,
-0.5134809613227844,
0.011977882124483585,
-0.48811790347099304,
0.0921463593840599,
0.13326606154441833,
-0.49107638001441956,
0.517245888710022,
0.426224946975708,
0.6223922371864319,
-0.6109787821769714,
-0.21104255318641663,
0.06935051083564758,
0.3049585223197937,
-1.054006814956665,
0.010506817139685154,
-0.3729100227355957,
0.2773788869380951,
0.06803716719150543,
-0.015001293271780014,
-0.0554429292678833,
-0.05622916668653488,
-0.3872618079185486,
0.15989546477794647,
-0.14034228026866913,
0.44890740513801575,
0.5430070757865906,
-0.1258516013622284,
-0.5546373128890991,
-0.16517455875873566,
-0.20025713741779327,
0.5123557448387146,
-0.48653021454811096,
0.0527411587536335,
-0.5136715769767761,
-5.928521156311035,
-0.05772877112030983,
0.05003676190972328,
0.19768975675106049,
0.11683544516563416,
-0.10702840238809586,
0.465594083070755,
-0.32440483570098877,
-0.39661166071891785,
-0.26869139075279236,
-0.22924061119556427,
0.07263734191656113,
-0.11673951148986816,
0.04558247700333595,
0.0032456223852932453,
-0.49898451566696167,
0.3131692409515381,
-0.013023820705711842,
0.050959933549165726,
0.0961969718337059,
-0.24727335572242737,
-0.13872231543064117,
-0.6896165609359741,
0.33414626121520996,
0.2434934377670288,
0.5948227643966675,
-0.21869227290153503,
0.4148096740245819,
-0.12263379245996475,
0.1339998096227646,
-0.2656383514404297,
0.10018616914749146,
-0.056339602917432785,
-0.1573420912027359,
-0.16092494130134583,
0.4800841808319092,
0.11325126886367798,
-0.25827357172966003,
0.18686361610889435,
-0.44446316361427307,
0.16812174022197723,
0.12247239053249359,
0.22599247097969055,
-0.7465839385986328,
0.4225645363330841,
0.17539963126182556,
-0.2495279759168625,
-0.20768381655216217,
-0.2942693531513214,
0.6286410093307495,
0.03766794130206108,
-0.31862014532089233,
-0.1409432291984558,
0.21598409116268158,
0.09092714637517929,
-0.4976824223995209,
0.15357258915901184,
0.1278374046087265,
0.20999056100845337,
0.17170314490795135,
0.6091018319129944,
-0.7125586271286011,
-0.28489410877227783,
-0.30116522312164307,
0.10329761356115341,
-0.33331099152565,
-0.10343356430530548,
-0.2111305594444275,
0.5872955918312073,
0.3404528498649597,
0.3718337416648865,
0.27206286787986755,
-0.0831916406750679,
-0.959575355052948,
-0.22825226187705994,
-0.4760661721229553,
-0.33851784467697144,
0.1898694485425949,
-0.5890262126922607,
0.4781312346458435,
0.1065828949213028,
0.22735078632831573,
-0.35490450263023376,
0.36230581998825073,
-0.0855758935213089,
-0.07028791308403015,
0.0373503752052784,
0.14813779294490814,
-0.17658990621566772,
0.05502011999487877,
-0.17698977887630463,
-0.8051498532295227,
-0.49802491068840027,
-0.0213692057877779,
-0.11480140686035156,
0.12728552520275116,
0.19545888900756836,
0.5768224596977234,
0.506445586681366,
0.12374096363782883,
0.6191359162330627,
-0.2171175479888916,
0.7389807105064392,
-0.6072689890861511,
-0.5060986280441284,
-0.3709549903869629,
-0.2519303262233734,
0.29946526885032654,
0.7081714868545532,
-0.36287662386894226,
-0.10454780608415604,
-0.2590988576412201,
-0.46319323778152466,
-0.3325822353363037,
0.6096600890159607,
0.18129314482212067,
-0.04371386393904686,
0.5858378410339355,
0.7758761644363403,
0.05560176819562912,
-0.027593892067670822,
-0.08387207984924316,
-0.43933597207069397,
-0.17815183103084564,
-0.08501864224672318,
0.2031496912240982,
-0.3614348769187927,
0.2909202575683594,
0.012509297579526901,
0.074209064245224,
0.6066371202468872,
-0.028635216876864433,
-0.14521680772304535,
0.5107195377349854,
0.3581843972206116,
-0.6236791610717773,
0.013017658144235611,
-0.455542653799057,
-0.22527427971363068,
-0.13153012096881866,
0.07184357196092606,
-0.19093440473079681,
-0.015063593164086342,
0.10300631076097488,
-0.23225198686122894,
0.3436776399612427,
-0.07051289081573486,
-0.879888653755188,
-0.21408745646476746,
0.5608087778091431,
0.40001118183135986,
0.48323190212249756,
0.44320815801620483,
-0.3389250338077545,
0.08576247096061707,
0.735741913318634,
0.637145459651947,
0.008002028800547123,
-0.459632933139801,
-0.394807368516922,
-0.03699834272265434,
-0.14628398418426514,
-0.3805711567401886,
-0.5626197457313538,
0.08166186511516571,
-0.11346575617790222,
-0.029379630461335182,
-0.9786421656608582,
-0.8529843091964722,
0.035029537975788116,
-0.1778162121772766,
-0.3610767126083374,
-0.07393789291381836,
-0.14509832859039307,
0.6428027153015137,
0.19222290813922882,
0.010976229794323444,
-0.6172130107879639,
0.34855833649635315,
-0.38278311491012573,
0.12811246514320374,
0.1771346628665924,
-0.5113683342933655,
0.03381429985165596,
0.45670539140701294,
-0.5753852725028992,
-0.7675866484642029,
-0.3449373245239258,
-0.07780174165964127,
0.41652417182922363,
0.08907831460237503,
-0.060115743428468704,
0.05996665731072426,
-0.4882758855819702,
-0.1297491043806076,
-0.6591984629631042,
0.07713379710912704,
0.1855161488056183,
-0.20166756212711334,
-0.015881793573498726,
0.48490390181541443,
0.19472149014472961,
0.24777516722679138,
0.2691102921962738,
0.6671454310417175,
-0.25994592905044556,
0.13238772749900818,
0.1668895184993744,
-0.5074916481971741,
-0.06282927840948105,
-0.18983770906925201,
-0.4952007830142975,
-0.7683972716331482,
0.23326058685779572,
0.5562598705291748,
0.24207830429077148,
-0.08598655462265015,
-0.5137792229652405,
-0.6180388331413269,
-0.2795144319534302,
0.10600870102643967,
-0.0689815953373909,
-0.7404729127883911,
0.00142490875441581,
-0.7078902125358582,
-0.13659930229187012,
0.1450895071029663,
-0.5427439212799072,
-0.07751227170228958,
-0.06189810857176781,
0.16307564079761505,
0.5936803221702576,
0.047316305339336395,
-0.0942666083574295,
0.18679489195346832,
0.1846446692943573,
-0.10035020112991333,
0.18645277619361877,
-0.0878344252705574,
0.35907500982284546,
0.2200203537940979,
0.6907833814620972,
-0.00006805787415942177,
-0.32978564500808716,
0.11877008527517319,
-0.3804713487625122,
-0.2745957672595978,
-0.21703840792179108,
-0.3259259760379791,
-0.24177289009094238,
-1.0869988203048706,
-0.16520173847675323,
-0.3775361478328705,
-0.6687524318695068,
0.8895421624183655,
-0.8513532280921936,
0.02107599377632141,
-0.17155137658119202,
-0.4682062864303589,
-0.4895888566970825,
-0.28481096029281616,
0.0959162712097168,
-0.3620184063911438,
0.34226202964782715,
0.3345041275024414,
0.09103772789239883,
0.10600774735212326,
0.06169122830033302,
-0.10591791570186615,
0.03600138798356056,
-0.37905353307724,
0.25404608249664307,
0.19799567759037018,
0.404455304145813,
-0.2708839476108551,
-0.23344364762306213,
-0.17892318964004517,
-0.15856632590293884,
-0.41866058111190796,
0.022725455462932587,
0.32719171047210693,
-0.11723921447992325,
-0.3125248849391937,
-0.389609694480896,
0.056657757610082626,
-0.7548139691352844,
-0.627637505531311,
-0.45397526025772095,
0.4651947319507599,
-0.11857867240905762,
0.17914529144763947,
0.026914522051811218,
0.3695651888847351,
0.06802108883857727,
-0.10771960765123367,
0.6356526613235474,
0.24926228821277618,
-0.18876004219055176,
-0.42079731822013855,
-0.3685564696788788,
0.11318718641996384,
0.20296667516231537,
-0.2729889154434204,
-0.4274114668369293,
-0.16072368621826172,
-0.259525328874588,
0.3255104422569275,
0.34133267402648926,
-0.5646416544914246,
0.6291012763977051,
0.4193260669708252,
0.009400309063494205,
0.3565869927406311,
0.45962050557136536,
-0.42521849274635315,
0.470155268907547,
0.7966703176498413,
-0.020220184698700905,
-0.1919838935136795,
-0.2663406729698181,
-0.0033011557534337044,
0.18481546640396118,
0.30992767214775085,
0.21464291214942932,
0.31002140045166016,
-0.0946049764752388,
-0.4345829486846924,
0.26977959275245667,
0.29564958810806274,
0.24266694486141205,
0.6793813109397888,
0.5302666425704956,
-0.1700054109096527,
0.29492443799972534,
0.17339953780174255,
-0.26303631067276,
0.6058804988861084,
0.13202400505542755,
-0.11893339455127716,
0.5796034336090088,
0.3586399555206299,
0.018259456381201744,
0.10143520683050156,
0.4233536720275879,
-0.13006924092769623,
-0.015478762798011303,
-0.17434333264827728,
-0.17997299134731293,
0.9812539219856262,
0.4375879466533661,
0.22725389897823334,
-0.057289961725473404,
-0.06809099018573761,
-0.12549525499343872,
0.713550329208374,
-0.5391640067100525,
0.23918217420578003,
-0.3473204970359802,
0.03901457414031029,
-0.23332345485687256,
0.018377579748630524,
0.16703391075134277,
-0.004914599005132914,
0.11906418204307556,
-0.15864524245262146,
0.2707020044326782,
-0.1545826941728592,
0.20826181769371033,
-0.04013897478580475,
-0.3461821973323822,
0.3005450367927551,
-0.33143746852874756,
-0.30534398555755615,
-0.3732075095176697,
0.49612048268318176,
0.06546937674283981,
0.6193163394927979,
0.14114035665988922,
-0.5108599662780762,
0.338590532541275,
-0.5902666449546814,
0.4689745008945465,
-0.4316409230232239,
-0.23021377623081207,
0.262326717376709,
0.34721753001213074,
0.46179530024528503,
0.07184983044862747,
-0.07058309018611908,
-0.5322476029396057,
0.5075843334197998,
-0.7255215048789978,
-0.257859468460083,
-0.0872306078672409,
-0.4000813364982605,
-0.4424104690551758,
0.509189784526825,
0.23684930801391602,
-0.045351967215538025,
0.3426553010940552,
0.2985217273235321,
-0.24261397123336792,
-0.17219015955924988,
0.5462607145309448,
-0.13799944519996643,
0.5875192880630493,
-1.1269532442092896,
-0.8647357225418091,
-0.31572839617729187,
0.7764050364494324,
0.3042510747909546,
-0.27529776096343994,
-0.13310877978801727,
0.2787168323993683,
-0.7665277123451233,
-0.16248038411140442,
0.21492724120616913,
-0.2112291157245636,
-0.17712533473968506,
-0.0739898756146431,
-0.09529133141040802,
0.6319084167480469,
0.4702569246292114,
0.4893040060997009,
-0.5760661959648132,
0.13413378596305847,
0.5944072604179382,
-0.08987177908420563,
0.02984480746090412,
0.6874732971191406,
-0.20376068353652954,
-0.15296773612499237,
-0.1708396077156067,
-0.456777960062027,
-0.32307249307632446,
-0.6904173493385315,
0.10293800383806229,
0.09878373891115189,
0.7209336161613464,
-0.3360029458999634,
0.6027563214302063,
-0.11860861629247665,
0.0216499213129282,
0.04451369494199753,
-0.22444497048854828,
-0.3324316442012787,
-0.055828530341386795,
-0.8594908118247986,
-0.33431220054626465,
0.828378438949585,
-0.14458748698234558,
0.2606523036956787,
-0.2048490196466446,
-0.5184071063995361,
-0.41876715421676636,
0.130221888422966,
0.24828854203224182,
-0.2830183506011963,
0.12883833050727844,
-0.4608743190765381
]
|
214799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20Hates%20Us%20All | God Hates Us All | God Hates Us All is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on September 11, 2001 by American Recordings. It was recorded over three months at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, and includes the Grammy Award-nominated song "Disciple". Guitarist Kerry King wrote the majority of its lyrics, taking a different approach from earlier recordings by exploring topics such as religion, murder, revenge, and self-control. The band experimented, recording most of the album in C♯ tuning, with three songs in drop B and two others with seven-string guitars in B♭. It is the final album to feature drummer Paul Bostaph until 2015's Repentless, as he departed the band three months after the album's release.
The album's release was delayed due to its explicit cover artwork, which led to alternative slip covers in some retail outlets, difficulties during mixing, and a change of distributor for the band's label. Despite this, God Hates Us All received positive reviews from critics and peaked at number 28 on the Billboard 200. By 2009, it had sold over 319,000 copies in the United States.
Recording
Slayer began writing lyrics for a new album prior to their appearance at the 1999 Ozzfest. However, every three to four months the band was distracted by commitments to Ozzfest, and worldwide "Tattoo the Earth" tour with Slipknot. Guitarist Jeff Hanneman later admitted "that was the last break. Then we got our shit together." The band's longtime producer, Rick Rubin, was too busy to work with Slayer, and felt "burned out"—unable to create intense music. Araya and King had similar feelings about Rubin, and King remarked he "wanted to work with someone into the heavy-music scene, and Rubin's not anymore. I wanted somebody who knows what's hot, knows what's selling, knows the new techniques, and will keep me on my toes." Rubin recommended two producers although the first producer was not going to work out personality-wise with Hanneman. The band was pleased with producer candidate Matt Hyde's work on "Bloodline" and hired him to produce the entire album.
God Hates Us All was to be recorded in a Hollywood studio; however, the band relocated to Vancouver, British Columbia due to the availability of cheaper studio time. Hyde recommended a studio to the band—The Warehouse Studio (owned by Bryan Adams) as he had previously worked there. The studio was altered to make it "feel like home" for Slayer. This consisted of adding incense burners, candles, dimmed lights and pornography on the walls. Two banner flags of two middle fingers were also hung up. Vocalist Tom Araya says: "that was basically the attitude of Slayer in the studio. We had a red devil head on one of the speakers. We had a skull on another. That's the kind of shit we put up--spooky stuff that makes you feel at home."
Hyde used the digital audio workstation Pro Tools during the engineering, production, and audio mixing stages of the album. Slayer wanted to keep the use of computer effects to a minimum—only to include a small amount of delay and distortion. As with previous recordings, the drum tracks were recorded first. Drummer Paul Bostaph follows a simple rule suggested by Rubin when in the studio: "The perfect take is the one that felt like it was going to fall apart but never did." Seven-string guitars were used on the tracks "Scarstruck" and "Here Comes the Pain," the first time Slayer had done so. Guitarist King decided to borrow a seven string guitar from the B.C. Rich guitar company (manufacturer of his signature model, the KKV.) After writing one song King ordered a seven string with the thought that: "there's no point having one tuning for just one song." So he wrote another, going on to comment: "you don't have to be good to make up a seven-string riff."
The album features two songs on seven string guitars, four songs with guitars tuned to Drop-B and all other songs in C# Standard.
Lyrical themes
God Hates Us All explores themes such as religion, murder, revenge, and self-control. King wrote a majority of the lyrics, which he based on "street" subjects which everyone could relate to, rather than "Satan this," "Satan that," and "the usual Dungeons & Dragons shit" from the band's previous records. King told Guitar World:
The song "Threshold" is about reaching one's limit with a person in a situation where one is about to break—and are about to blow up as they get "under your skin", while "Cast Down" features a fallen angel who falls into drugs. "God Send Death" and "Deviance" take up the idea of killing people for pleasure. Both songs were written by Hanneman. Having read several books on serial killers, Hanneman came to the conclusion he could only kill someone if they really "pissed him off", and decided he was unable to kill someone he did not know just for power. He later admitted he was trying to get into that person's mind; "why do they get off on it? Without being angry, just killing for the sake of killing and getting off on it. I just wanted to get into that mindset."
While other members went to local pubs, Araya spent his free hours reading books about serial killers such Gordon Burn's Happy Like Murderers: The Story of Fred and Rosemary West. Araya was seeking inspiration and aimed at sounding convincing while singing the lyrics and avoiding sounding gimmicky. Araya sang the lyrics more "over-the-top" than done on previous albums, as King's writing style is more "aggro." This resulted in Kerrang! reviewer Jason Arnopp describing the album's lyrics as "so packed with foul and abusive language that it sounds as if D-12 and the Sopranos family were going head-to-head in a Celebrity Swearathon."
Cover art and album title
God Hates Us All was originally intended to be named Soundtrack to the Apocalypse. However, Araya suggested that the title would be better used for a box set, which the band released in 2003. The phrase God Hates Us All originates from the song "Disciple", during which the line is repeated over the chorus. The lyrics are in reference to God's allowance of acts such as suicide and terrorism while seemingly doing nothing to prevent them. A member of the heavy metal band Pantera suggested using "God Hates Us All" for a shirt design after King played the song for the band. King agreed although he thought the phrase would have more impact as the album title.
The original album cover depicts a Bible spiked with nails placed in a pentagram star shape covered in blood with the word "Slayer" burnt across it. The liner notes intersperse the lyrics between passages from the biblical Book of Job, partly crossed out with a black marker. The idea was suggested by the band's record company, although King wanted more time to develop a better cover. King's concept for the cover was to show nails in the shape of a pentagram, and have them miss keywords in Bible verses so it appeared as if it had been created by a sociopath. He later complained that the outcome was: "typical of a record company with absolutely no idea what the fuck they were going to do", and said that the cover "looked like a seventh grader defaced the Bible." A slip insert was placed in front of the covers in major retail outlets.
Reception
God Hates Us All was set for release on July 10. However, concerns regarding audio mixing, the album cover, and the band's label (American Recordings) changing distributor, caused the release date to be delayed until September 11, 2001.
The release drew a connection to the September 11 attacks, which was the second time Slayer inadvertently caused controversy towards one of their release. The music video for "Seasons in the Abyss" was filmed in Egypt and released prior to the Gulf War. In its week of release, God Hates Us All debuted at number 28 on the Billboard 200, and sold 51,000 copies. It entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number 9, and debuted at number 18 on the top Internet album chart.
As of November 11, 2009, the album has sold 319,000 copies in the United States.
God Hates us All received generally positive reviews from music critics. On Metacritic, the album has a score of 80 out of 100 based on 12 reviews. Kerrang! Jason Arnopp described the album as: "easily Slayer's most convincing collection since Seasons in the Abyss," awarding the album five out of five. Rolling Stone Rob Kemp wrote the record was "Slayer's most brutal record since 1986's immortal (or undead) Reign in Blood," describing the music as "galloping double bass-drum salvos which switch on a dime to furious double-time pummeling as ominous power chords and jagged shred solos slice and dice with Formula One precision." Kemp awarded the album three and a half out of five. AllMusic reviewer Jason Birchmeier commented: "nearly 20 years into their evolution, Slayer have abandoned the extravagancies and accessibility of their late-'80s/early-'90s work and returned to perfect the raw approach of their early years. A near flawless album," and that Araya's performance possibly makes "the most exhausting Slayer album yet."
Not all critics were impressed with the album. Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borivoj Krgin dismissively labeled the album as "another failure on the band's part to take the initiative and reinvent themselves." Krgin described King as "the weaker and less inventive of the two main songwriters" feeling the album "follows a familiar direction that almost always sounds tired and forced." Krgin also singled out Araya for criticism and called the vocalist: "a hollow shell of his former self, boasting a singing style that is monotonous, devoid of creativity and at times virtually unlistenable." Krgin awarded the record 6 out of 10, and ended the review by observing that: "Slayer's rapidly diminishing record sales is a sign that the band is in dire need of a new lease on life." The Washington Post gave it a mixed review, stating: "Of course, what Slayer says isn't supposed to be nearly as important as how it says it. The riffs are all overdriven and suffocating and that's a conscious decision. In its simplest form, a song like "Exile" could pass for Motorhead pushed through the blades of a lawn mower but that's selling Slayer short. Guitarist Kerry King actively fights the groove that naturally comes from playing heavy rock-and-roll."
The song "Disciple" received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Metal Performance" at the 44th Grammy Awards. This was the band's first nomination. Although they did not expect to win they thought it was "cool" to be nominated. The ceremony took place on February 27, 2002 with Tool winning the award for their song "Schism".
Bostaph's departure
Paul Bostaph sustained a chronic elbow injury that hindered his ability to drum and resulted in his decision to leave the band. His third-to-last performance with Slayer was recorded on War at the Warfield which Bostaph has not viewed the footage of, likening the experience to: "breaking up with a girlfriend," and saying he wants to move on with his life. Having no regrets from his time spent with the band Bostaph described the period as a high point in his career. He eventually rejoined Slayer in 2013 once again replacing Dave Lombardo.
Without a drummer and unable to finish their God Hates Us All tour Hanneman contacted original drummer Dave Lombardo and asked him if he would be willing to play for the remainder of the tour. Lombardo accepted the offer and played for the remaining 21 shows. However, he did not take on a permanent position with the band.
Following the tour, the band continued their search for a permanent drummer, and sought solicitation via demo tape and snail mail. Interested fans sent video recordings of renditions of the songs "Disciple," "God Send Death," "Stain of Mind," "Angel of Death", "Postmortem/Raining Blood," "South of Heaven," "War Ensemble," and "Seasons in the Abyss"; complete with résumés. The band listened to hundreds of demo tapes and created a "good pile" and "ungood pile" though the "ungood pile" was much larger. Those whose performances the band were pleased with were offered an audition in Dallas, San Francisco or Peoria, Illinois. Many applicants, however, were unable to attend due to flight costs. The band auditioned roughly two to three drummers a day and their top choice was one of Lombardo's recommendations: drummer Kevin Talley.
Slayer ultimately returned to Lombardo after deciding that they could not find a drummer who suited the job. He re-joined Slayer and attended music festivals worldwide to promote God Hates Us All and also recorded drums on the 2006 album Christ Illusion.
Track listing
Track listing:
Bonus Enhanced CD materials
"Darkness of Christ" (DVD Intro video)
"Bloodline" (Video)
"Raining Blood/Hell Awaits" (Live Video) (San Francisco, CA - December 7, 2001)
"Interview/B-Roll Footage
Personnel
Slayer
Tom Araya – bass, vocals
Kerry King – guitars
Jeff Hanneman – guitars
Paul Bostaph – drums
Production
Matt Hyde – production, recording engineering
Dean Maher – recording engineer
Sean Beavan – mixing
Paul Forgues – assistant engineer
Eddy Schreyer – mastering
Rick Rubin – executive producer
Louis Marino – photo illustrations, art direction, design
Rick Patrick – creative direction
Charts
References
External links
Slayer albums
2001 albums
American Recordings (record label) albums
Albums produced by Rick Rubin
Albums produced by Matt Hyde
Obscenity controversies in music
Thrash metal albums by American artists
Nu metal albums | [
0.3867909908294678,
0.6928849816322327,
-0.4142860174179077,
-0.12886850535869598,
-0.4708554446697235,
0.5962967872619629,
1.0327807664871216,
0.02185549959540367,
0.1823246330022812,
-0.5006334781646729,
0.6296436190605164,
0.5973201990127563,
-0.6545342803001404,
0.3462180495262146,
0.2297704666852951,
0.2249012440443039,
0.03986265882849693,
0.3439059555530548,
-0.15261204540729523,
-0.5567190647125244,
0.3553653061389923,
-0.44738057255744934,
0.5885109305381775,
0.4571526050567627,
-0.2973085343837738,
0.4246107041835785,
0.15811951458454132,
-0.442891925573349,
0.035319630056619644,
0.22196507453918457,
0.05659614875912666,
0.3159460127353668,
0.5221524834632874,
-0.36954811215400696,
-0.17587986588478088,
0.29867956042289734,
0.20171688497066498,
0.2583794891834259,
0.10604552924633026,
0.05834813043475151,
0.220258429646492,
-0.4024999439716339,
0.07745270431041718,
0.4138886332511902,
0.09529967606067657,
-0.28581568598747253,
-0.738278865814209,
0.6263357996940613,
-0.5022251009941101,
0.16164372861385345,
0.12768393754959106,
-0.016775988042354584,
-0.10258667171001434,
0.5486359000205994,
-0.18852883577346802,
-0.011348316445946693,
-0.24265143275260925,
0.2987630367279053,
-0.49547770619392395,
-0.3714640736579895,
-0.25779077410697937,
-0.318331778049469,
0.545688271522522,
-0.29067620635032654,
0.3487226366996765,
0.0971379205584526,
0.03674790635704994,
0.9929104447364807,
-0.41609135270118713,
-0.8324567079544067,
-0.5709697604179382,
-1.1024245023727417,
-0.35519906878471375,
-0.07046857476234436,
0.7456527948379517,
-0.22107864916324615,
0.17944376170635223,
-0.03993133828043938,
0.14022281765937805,
0.4841781258583069,
-0.054766107350587845,
0.2808597683906555,
0.6151803731918335,
0.7809442281723022,
-0.1686212718486786,
0.0419001504778862,
0.32185930013656616,
0.8579123616218567,
0.08082102239131927,
-0.05779082328081131,
-0.31758788228034973,
-0.18904894590377808,
0.8822319507598877,
-0.11889204382896423,
0.0457124337553978,
0.013819968327879906,
0.04205751791596413,
-0.09671930223703384,
0.2326613813638687,
0.04596514254808426,
0.3612881600856781,
0.04899889603257179,
0.29185447096824646,
-0.8299130201339722,
-0.642964243888855,
-0.60575270652771,
-0.05495401471853256,
-0.573546826839447,
0.932370126247406,
-0.07170414924621582,
-0.028986046090722084,
0.8035205602645874,
-0.4318818151950836,
-0.2175987809896469,
-0.3348756730556488,
0.9024658203125,
-0.21408115327358246,
-1.003642201423645,
-0.09903377294540405,
-0.11376883089542389,
-0.19663812220096588,
0.24435141682624817,
0.3146939277648926,
1.122568964958191,
-0.379549503326416,
0.6086378693580627,
0.2503873109817505,
0.445048987865448,
-0.3411712050437927,
0.22208017110824585,
-0.12533141672611237,
0.9787759780883789,
0.06936224550008774,
0.24822989106178284,
-0.27624276280403137,
-0.4621746242046356,
0.5741949081420898,
-0.08733723312616348,
-0.1353267878293991,
-0.008623369969427586,
-0.7253939509391785,
-0.8460748791694641,
-0.6008559465408325,
-0.26929333806037903,
0.3071562647819519,
-0.18835121393203735,
-0.19886618852615356,
-0.15712310373783112,
0.05552534759044647,
-0.2631881833076477,
0.1974499374628067,
-0.2593691051006317,
-0.2285258024930954,
-0.4142116606235504,
0.07875911146402359,
-0.1125049963593483,
0.6062566637992859,
-0.11914660036563873,
-0.04151056334376335,
0.15553444623947144,
0.392827570438385,
0.24675914645195007,
0.031453199684619904,
0.020009523257613182,
-0.09764289855957031,
0.1541411131620407,
-0.19531308114528656,
-0.6327263712882996,
0.06626169383525848,
-0.14854048192501068,
-0.6281076073646545,
0.06344012171030045,
-0.2786180377006531,
0.15105855464935303,
0.4668169617652893,
-0.15661117434501648,
0.8739125728607178,
0.38157162070274353,
0.22418464720249176,
0.05314056575298309,
-0.27098578214645386,
-0.3063044846057892,
0.14113165438175201,
-0.030961886048316956,
0.3273453116416931,
-0.06831517070531845,
-0.21446441113948822,
0.16150008141994476,
0.701976478099823,
0.4944669306278229,
-1.0619436502456665,
-0.240179643034935,
0.603079617023468,
0.04044866934418678,
1.1524097919464111,
-0.08196639269590378,
-0.5004689693450928,
0.5158731341362,
-0.13652224838733673,
0.6438452005386353,
-0.3230064809322357,
-0.5779269933700562,
0.5879146456718445,
0.14437530934810638,
-0.7642301321029663,
0.4966638386249542,
-0.17007435858249664,
-0.44385194778442383,
-0.19813042879104614,
0.43421173095703125,
-0.1131296157836914,
-0.4052261412143707,
-0.1604282110929489,
0.6209890246391296,
-0.4282035827636719,
0.15878747403621674,
-0.09664395451545715,
0.3904426693916321,
0.41061660647392273,
-0.6337148547172546,
0.6924301981925964,
-0.007998035289347172,
0.1655365377664566,
-0.05308689922094345,
-0.4540417790412903,
0.7203700542449951,
-0.3727978467941284,
0.2237151563167572,
0.3438948094844818,
-0.5355307459831238,
0.35499000549316406,
1.2343039512634277,
-0.08182293176651001,
0.47018927335739136,
-0.10615662485361099,
0.43934860825538635,
0.5351558923721313,
-0.39310553669929504,
0.01544728223234415,
-0.6609208583831787,
0.7045258283615112,
0.2058410793542862,
-0.3582431674003601,
-0.19387733936309814,
0.13415402173995972,
0.44485050439834595,
0.3580576181411743,
-0.12272386252880096,
-0.3265930414199829,
0.1972651183605194,
-0.058494988828897476,
0.19047562777996063,
0.4358154833316803,
0.2017575353384018,
-0.37117281556129456,
0.16100743412971497,
0.129132941365242,
0.2839725613594055,
0.3225823938846588,
-0.09329798072576523,
-0.21868734061717987,
-0.4698253571987152,
0.06443298608064651,
0.1856473833322525,
0.4369540810585022,
-0.899141252040863,
-0.32706910371780396,
0.3435094952583313,
-0.11491759121417999,
0.05111895129084587,
0.16142316162586212,
0.0795804038643837,
-0.8102624416351318,
0.5196079611778259,
0.267027884721756,
-0.25788336992263794,
-0.38921648263931274,
0.33836829662323,
-0.5678261518478394,
-0.5264509320259094,
0.14307548105716705,
0.9383646249771118,
0.18955601751804352,
-0.32146793603897095,
-0.08242955803871155,
0.05058068409562111,
0.4456692934036255,
-0.7727891802787781,
-0.4837814271450043,
-0.19728080928325653,
0.10448004305362701,
-0.04289093241095543,
-0.08508582413196564,
-0.368320107460022,
0.2126682549715042,
-0.1440664678812027,
0.30638474225997925,
-0.3380058705806732,
0.2536742389202118,
-0.050439197570085526,
-0.2043161392211914,
-0.17201988399028778,
0.05483730137348175,
0.01040100958198309,
0.24254022538661957,
-0.1431228369474411,
0.18151387572288513,
0.06247524917125702,
-5.42305850982666,
0.057527296245098114,
0.17508064210414886,
0.15999211370944977,
0.5543244481086731,
-0.04451995715498924,
0.35856080055236816,
-0.5000178217887878,
-0.3964683711528778,
-0.2435121089220047,
-0.5479268431663513,
0.44738200306892395,
0.19026438891887665,
0.28040409088134766,
0.00046383170410990715,
-0.09185925126075745,
0.49809831380844116,
-0.29873180389404297,
0.5786192417144775,
0.3190075159072876,
0.2637993395328522,
0.1030985563993454,
-0.5847226977348328,
0.317029744386673,
0.12918032705783844,
1.032283902168274,
-0.5522110462188721,
0.4410514235496521,
-0.06620887666940689,
0.3994028568267822,
-0.033962927758693695,
-0.4882122874259949,
-0.08586742728948593,
-0.4230116903781891,
-0.6632063984870911,
-0.36274459958076477,
0.13870234787464142,
-0.44116130471229553,
0.06098012253642082,
-0.5514708161354065,
0.02466503158211708,
-0.3253406584262848,
-0.28211042284965515,
-0.9453616142272949,
0.489366739988327,
0.034540314227342606,
-0.8400952219963074,
-0.8585138916969299,
0.06945231556892395,
0.47234439849853516,
0.10711450129747391,
-0.28979676961898804,
0.1981128305196762,
0.3629102408885956,
-0.16622164845466614,
0.11925943195819855,
-0.10489029437303543,
0.9728730916976929,
0.0006516127614304423,
0.35293737053871155,
0.39612239599227905,
-0.4691881239414215,
-0.5157989263534546,
0.14640893042087555,
0.26823389530181885,
-0.18831518292427063,
-0.010197713971138,
-0.46320730447769165,
0.237140953540802,
0.18214115500450134,
0.383618026971817,
0.10885172337293625,
0.127709299325943,
-1.068041205406189,
-0.07479746639728546,
-0.6463391780853271,
-0.745840847492218,
0.2569277286529541,
-0.6255622506141663,
0.08021319657564163,
0.3734486997127533,
0.0181483905762434,
0.35327771306037903,
-0.4948793649673462,
-0.1528255045413971,
0.04267735034227371,
-0.4646766781806946,
-0.04369335249066353,
0.30931776762008667,
0.18454408645629883,
0.13020355999469757,
-0.8170195817947388,
0.31773290038108826,
0.17884114384651184,
0.4393167495727539,
0.41805681586265564,
0.8430806398391724,
0.95587557554245,
0.5859179496765137,
0.5280919075012207,
0.14429745078086853,
-0.3563576638698578,
0.7313953042030334,
-0.45300525426864624,
-0.6440502405166626,
-0.4938526451587677,
0.14899303019046783,
0.49517738819122314,
0.549267053604126,
-0.422688752412796,
0.1439579427242279,
-0.3882192373275757,
-0.21698248386383057,
-0.6135678887367249,
0.15326884388923645,
-0.052241794764995575,
-0.15914855897426605,
0.35046592354774475,
0.5772560834884644,
-0.10014446824789047,
0.3528062105178833,
0.10673951357603073,
-0.3071630299091339,
-0.10281659662723541,
-0.28951141238212585,
0.205918088555336,
0.15701574087142944,
0.1190512403845787,
0.20268802344799042,
-0.19543661177158356,
-0.07322461903095245,
-0.05622078850865364,
0.3553815186023712,
0.12096405774354935,
0.40678870677948,
-0.1575372815132141,
-0.06910905241966248,
-0.3913576006889343,
-0.25431162118911743,
-0.028853120282292366,
0.052297573536634445,
-0.11900222301483154,
-0.5432049036026001,
0.4251410961151123,
-0.06548765301704407,
0.29796114563941956,
0.1191573515534401,
-0.5064155459403992,
-0.29812079668045044,
0.5472187995910645,
0.1492956429719925,
-0.0156552791595459,
0.3885703384876251,
-0.0014779967023059726,
-0.1258346438407898,
0.9558146595954895,
0.5939410328865051,
0.21383963525295258,
-0.9868851900100708,
-1.0245482921600342,
-0.024245046079158783,
-0.3636896014213562,
-1.355565071105957,
-0.5867825150489807,
0.5266522765159607,
-0.03307156637310982,
0.21874485909938812,
-1.1493340730667114,
-0.5816537737846375,
0.5063129663467407,
0.14915136992931366,
0.16915567219257355,
0.28365591168403625,
0.42262178659439087,
0.4230582118034363,
-0.10030524432659149,
-0.037452369928359985,
-0.443119615316391,
0.5587275624275208,
0.5734564065933228,
-0.20404671132564545,
-0.12280802428722382,
-0.7367295026779175,
-0.30889689922332764,
0.47584816813468933,
-0.08168119192123413,
-1.1300233602523804,
-0.5589787364006042,
-0.2862083315849304,
0.005473689176142216,
-0.4285859167575836,
-0.5030593872070312,
0.3208667039871216,
0.023340269923210144,
-0.2669914960861206,
-0.6030722856521606,
0.1358266919851303,
-0.3446309268474579,
0.054330483078956604,
-0.4755353331565857,
0.17832626402378082,
0.8918370604515076,
-0.26880550384521484,
-0.11996874213218689,
0.3402443528175354,
-0.22795987129211426,
0.5390916466712952,
0.19946447014808655,
-0.308418869972229,
0.43233370780944824,
0.03770655766129494,
-0.05319884419441223,
-0.3761559724807739,
1.2277060747146606,
0.37987077236175537,
-0.3299359381198883,
0.14240074157714844,
-0.44264957308769226,
-0.9336988925933838,
-0.31785616278648376,
-0.25832927227020264,
0.20406405627727509,
-0.7239150404930115,
0.3176846206188202,
-1.1152044534683228,
0.4120650589466095,
0.38129478693008423,
-0.4265313148498535,
-0.16866299510002136,
-0.26526105403900146,
0.021706432104110718,
1.1030104160308838,
0.24737513065338135,
0.3324732482433319,
0.047054991126060486,
0.37351274490356445,
0.18596278131008148,
0.40480098128318787,
-0.054933153092861176,
-0.01302630826830864,
0.2144445776939392,
0.3245902359485626,
0.23148871958255768,
-0.7532172203063965,
0.364443302154541,
-0.1351410448551178,
0.02278214320540428,
-0.6188070774078369,
-0.23430603742599487,
-0.06833105534315109,
-0.26575514674186707,
-0.40909284353256226,
-0.4746028780937195,
-0.6602061986923218,
0.7500016093254089,
-0.7005713582038879,
-0.30329039692878723,
-0.6492414474487305,
-0.6527962684631348,
-0.005865452345460653,
-0.2359764128923416,
0.02330588921904564,
-0.17562712728977203,
0.21340906620025635,
0.41047143936157227,
0.20895062386989594,
0.07165541499853134,
-0.11267079412937164,
-0.16670365631580353,
-0.19535614550113678,
-0.5602579712867737,
0.5375428795814514,
-0.24608832597732544,
0.0014315616572275758,
-0.07764142006635666,
-0.3110490143299103,
-0.5915839076042175,
-0.5287234783172607,
-0.17019282281398773,
-0.05227632820606232,
-0.43621358275413513,
-0.15801198780536652,
-0.0950009673833847,
-0.17501898109912872,
-0.4019315242767334,
-1.0186145305633545,
0.06310077756643295,
-0.2578541338443756,
0.1550094038248062,
0.003913909196853638,
-0.6237541437149048,
-0.2622186839580536,
0.423961341381073,
0.42822012305259705,
-0.017374731600284576,
0.31344833970069885,
-0.07256076484918594,
-0.14278501272201538,
0.040391188114881516,
-0.2774365246295929,
-0.4676852822303772,
0.4707629084587097,
-0.06641025096178055,
-0.2064414918422699,
-0.19950918853282928,
-0.09391716867685318,
0.2183700054883957,
0.0830574780702591,
-0.5034874081611633,
0.31730392575263977,
0.2827051877975464,
-0.23905141651630402,
0.5890645384788513,
0.8260593414306641,
-0.8318401575088501,
0.6490114331245422,
0.9292313456535339,
-0.6876221299171448,
-0.2654983103275299,
-0.2727371156215668,
-0.05858781188726425,
-0.04602847620844841,
0.8869799375534058,
0.3378133177757263,
-0.1388910561800003,
0.07482807338237762,
-0.34967926144599915,
0.23305539786815643,
0.48035168647766113,
0.25533053278923035,
0.4367094337940216,
-0.2559504806995392,
-0.548102855682373,
0.11002558469772339,
-0.23838087916374207,
-0.1764320582151413,
0.31486019492149353,
-0.10964686423540115,
-0.16851991415023804,
0.9607903957366943,
0.12751859426498413,
-0.3012133836746216,
-0.19439704716205597,
0.19431041181087494,
-0.2671123147010803,
0.25961703062057495,
0.045410167425870895,
-0.14091120660305023,
1.2173084020614624,
-0.08841034770011902,
-0.3421534597873688,
0.08391711115837097,
-0.41485199332237244,
0.08668214827775955,
0.24659739434719086,
-0.01827673614025116,
0.6026676297187805,
-0.10680601745843887,
0.033685337752103806,
-0.2821045219898224,
-0.020964575931429863,
-0.6176201701164246,
0.3786896765232086,
0.38458919525146484,
0.38341423869132996,
0.3049275875091553,
-0.21524348855018616,
-0.20374059677124023,
-0.5443220138549805,
-0.1650882363319397,
-0.3697947561740875,
-0.0007125695701688528,
-0.21518738567829132,
-0.25017833709716797,
0.05126364529132843,
0.7589379549026489,
0.2996048033237457,
0.2740817666053772,
-0.12352509796619415,
0.30039066076278687,
-0.6563714146614075,
-0.07712443917989731,
-0.2618618309497833,
-0.07233209908008575,
0.5862892270088196,
0.29344871640205383,
0.10527312755584717,
-0.1592927724123001,
0.24747930467128754,
-0.34740307927131653,
0.2117554098367691,
-1.0130195617675781,
0.0068341465666890144,
-0.09368687868118286,
-0.13849195837974548,
-0.09083817899227142,
0.20630227029323578,
0.8561173677444458,
-0.4134795665740967,
0.7417974472045898,
0.1293293684720993,
-0.1329173743724823,
0.13846717774868011,
0.675710916519165,
-0.7967070937156677,
-0.3063790798187256,
-0.7216914296150208,
-0.35683080554008484,
-1.0452041625976562,
0.3248601257801056,
-0.09052813798189163,
-0.22855480015277863,
0.09377778321504593,
0.15292662382125854,
-1.0056440830230713,
-0.25314095616340637,
0.3849759101867676,
-0.8269891738891602,
0.20356974005699158,
0.35166895389556885,
-0.29272526502609253,
0.4988047480583191,
-0.21502754092216492,
1.054886817932129,
-0.0562557578086853,
0.22440940141677856,
0.8520748615264893,
-0.27629420161247253,
-0.1551121175289154,
0.46975889801979065,
-0.001610886538401246,
0.01645776629447937,
-0.008483830839395523,
-0.17262953519821167,
-0.12623706459999084,
-0.1727675497531891,
0.47487199306488037,
0.23048944771289825,
0.1576547473669052,
-0.6828981637954712,
0.35720887780189514,
-0.8660860061645508,
-0.4854635000228882,
-0.17692343890666962,
-0.21031799912452698,
0.08894776552915573,
-0.3479834794998169,
-0.6796135902404785,
-0.47288039326667786,
1.03864586353302,
0.007272104267030954,
-0.06853524595499039,
0.41652151942253113,
-0.6256617903709412,
-0.1249188706278801,
0.1983482390642166,
0.8825440406799316,
-0.12392409145832062,
0.45963752269744873,
-0.2512182891368866
]
|
214801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20political%20parties%20in%20Canada | List of political parties in Canada | This article lists political parties in Canada.
Federal parties
In contrast with the political party systems of many nations, Canadian parties at the federal level are often only loosely connected with parties at the provincial level, despite having similar names. One exception is the New Democratic Party. The NDP is organizationally integrated, with most of its provincial counterparts including a shared membership.
Provincial and territorial parties
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador
Northwest Territories
From approximately 1897 to 1905, political parties were active; however, legislative government was eliminated when the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created out of the heavily populated area of NWT. Elected legislative government was re-established in 1951. Like Nunavut, NWT elects independent candidates and operates by consensus. Some candidates in recent years have asserted that they were running on behalf of a party, but territorial law does not recognize parties.
Historical parties 1897–1905
Northwest Territories Liberal Party
Northwest Territories Liberal-Conservative Party
Nova Scotia
Nunavut
The territory, established in 1999, has a legislature that runs on a consensus government model, candidates running as independents, and no parties are represented in the Legislative Assembly.
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Yukon
Municipal parties
The majority of municipal politics in Canada are non-partisan, but the municipal governments of Vancouver and Montreal operate on a party system.
Burnaby
Burnaby Citizens Association 4
Burnaby Green Party 1
There are 4 independents.
Montreal
Surrey
Safe Surrey Coalition 5
Surrey First 4
Vancouver
Canada
Political party | [
0.2731374204158783,
0.5671612024307251,
-0.6840837001800537,
0.2718521058559418,
-0.9451394081115723,
0.1841723620891571,
0.44847172498703003,
1.26933753490448,
-0.9235562682151794,
-0.4441920220851898,
0.20264427363872528,
-0.1228988915681839,
-0.10397166758775711,
0.010194933041930199,
0.25137224793434143,
0.6032428741455078,
-0.4375181496143341,
1.0152496099472046,
-0.02198141999542713,
-0.3265029489994049,
-0.0004973764298483729,
-0.11306437849998474,
0.6320135593414307,
-0.15492860972881317,
-0.14552053809165955,
0.22476688027381897,
0.9378774166107178,
0.2020544409751892,
-0.7674136757850647,
-0.3130263388156891,
-0.17156314849853516,
0.7924016714096069,
0.6834747195243835,
0.3197050392627716,
0.35425707697868347,
-0.33318161964416504,
0.4559495449066162,
-0.4043850004673004,
0.13664624094963074,
-0.4937061667442322,
-0.15035393834114075,
-0.8199795484542847,
0.2741991877555847,
0.4472862184047699,
0.96568363904953,
-0.08416622877120972,
-1.2634930610656738,
-0.07491452246904373,
-0.9575002193450928,
0.36294037103652954,
-0.1131327748298645,
-0.3624293804168701,
0.6642747521400452,
0.13390088081359863,
0.2841193377971649,
0.4603615403175354,
-0.5265876054763794,
0.3102231025695801,
-0.25325584411621094,
-0.04029974713921547,
0.40513700246810913,
0.3238331079483032,
0.3188683092594147,
-0.1935397833585739,
1.0081828832626343,
0.14195817708969116,
0.13652096688747406,
0.6221987009048462,
-0.9571802020072937,
-0.15476155281066895,
0.02659507468342781,
-0.23793533444404602,
0.38392552733421326,
0.29933682084083557,
0.7317695021629333,
0.21300582587718964,
0.2883968651294708,
0.14613689482212067,
0.5166597366333008,
-0.3856106996536255,
-0.1227979063987732,
0.26562219858169556,
0.12932568788528442,
0.24422922730445862,
0.30698084831237793,
0.464989572763443,
-0.38706475496292114,
-0.5581607818603516,
0.05117296800017357,
0.31302425265312195,
-0.9480484127998352,
-0.4551358222961426,
0.6956601738929749,
-0.02794894203543663,
-0.23253758251667023,
-0.48938003182411194,
0.08771906793117523,
-0.0494237020611763,
0.0692780464887619,
0.146150603890419,
0.5418059229850769,
-0.19900642335414886,
0.9544191956520081,
-0.29264992475509644,
-0.6293547749519348,
-0.33999499678611755,
-0.777094841003418,
0.28524965047836304,
-0.15600833296775818,
-1.0492066144943237,
-0.35579317808151245,
0.3433351516723633,
-0.14309094846248627,
0.26610806584358215,
-0.039160918444395065,
0.03985349461436272,
0.17822502553462982,
-0.3941335082054138,
0.07071150094270706,
0.008029703982174397,
-0.16038720309734344,
0.3425169289112091,
-0.460202157497406,
-0.36912649869918823,
-0.3683759868144989,
0.5082422494888306,
0.31135109066963196,
-0.7222217917442322,
0.18673919141292572,
0.5415571928024292,
0.3400733768939972,
0.6411230564117432,
-0.044586021453142166,
-0.7065476179122925,
-0.19696718454360962,
-0.6383330821990967,
0.458840548992157,
0.22363567352294922,
0.12549565732479095,
0.4660581052303314,
-0.6135900020599365,
-0.350512832403183,
-1.0518518686294556,
-0.4261784255504608,
0.4937431514263153,
0.1900213360786438,
-0.6430748701095581,
-0.41262543201446533,
-0.6788381338119507,
-0.07885374873876572,
0.08747720718383789,
-0.34658655524253845,
0.44214391708374023,
0.18348205089569092,
-0.06752484291791916,
0.5613859295845032,
0.8878760933876038,
-0.29928481578826904,
0.6250284314155579,
0.3006661534309387,
0.6645126938819885,
0.04778699949383736,
0.6891461610794067,
-0.2958853840827942,
0.4789482653141022,
0.04640103876590729,
0.18636378645896912,
0.08524565398693085,
0.4348251521587372,
0.3563932478427887,
-0.5160087943077087,
0.10992414504289627,
0.3512088656425476,
-0.6540996432304382,
0.1503012329339981,
-0.34155362844467163,
0.5177154541015625,
0.40565699338912964,
0.39133161306381226,
0.3164013624191284,
-0.5822433233261108,
-0.0012974909041076899,
0.2750808298587799,
-0.05686366558074951,
-0.3722887337207794,
0.17679095268249512,
0.11544575542211533,
0.18194180727005005,
0.09895607829093933,
0.428943932056427,
0.15515144169330597,
-0.4898125231266022,
0.5078566074371338,
-0.779332160949707,
0.9062632322311401,
-0.43035006523132324,
-0.5006417036056519,
0.24626055359840393,
-0.37894538044929504,
0.17165344953536987,
-0.6460126042366028,
-0.06532906740903854,
0.3176521956920624,
0.18250511586666107,
-0.8845329880714417,
1.3729426860809326,
-0.08290313184261322,
0.6099752187728882,
0.0941934883594513,
0.2315835803747177,
-0.0001886288373498246,
-0.22733041644096375,
0.004230193328112364,
0.6787943840026855,
0.07602878659963608,
-0.6053488254547119,
-0.35438108444213867,
0.013206053525209427,
-0.7100493907928467,
-0.016538336873054504,
0.5291483998298645,
-0.07678820937871933,
-0.009763591922819614,
0.4632156491279602,
-0.14946778118610382,
0.42957940697669983,
0.07397977262735367,
0.5036984086036682,
0.6254763603210449,
-0.45756301283836365,
1.088990330696106,
0.5306352972984314,
0.5104761719703674,
-0.5118799805641174,
-0.5332520008087158,
-0.1926211267709732,
-0.042876891791820526,
-0.06854794174432755,
0.4414054751396179,
-0.0067542786709964275,
0.4368627965450287,
-0.007459484972059727,
-0.6662187576293945,
-0.07155587524175644,
-0.2909107208251953,
-0.1989784687757492,
-0.38767892122268677,
0.37032440304756165,
0.5213424563407898,
-0.014847814105451107,
0.9469054341316223,
-0.226493701338768,
0.03505772724747658,
-0.42245495319366455,
0.2422991842031479,
0.3109634220600128,
0.5579961538314819,
-0.42208778858184814,
0.041227180510759354,
0.5222756266593933,
-0.007671897299587727,
0.2737906873226166,
-0.32665377855300903,
0.3353787958621979,
-0.19220301508903503,
-0.2976473569869995,
-0.31671014428138733,
-0.11695325374603271,
-0.6988593339920044,
-0.02474786527454853,
0.17024961113929749,
-0.16997374594211578,
-0.15167562663555145,
-1.474895715713501,
0.7142643332481384,
0.578403890132904,
-0.15190932154655457,
0.4764692783355713,
-0.6091020107269287,
-0.6162158846855164,
-0.6075302362442017,
0.7642816305160522,
-0.10795320570468903,
-0.42785200476646423,
-0.7011955976486206,
0.23182491958141327,
0.46661314368247986,
0.26678359508514404,
-0.003002155339345336,
-0.0994795486330986,
-0.2188464105129242,
-0.2198881357908249,
-0.15058572590351105,
-0.18850119411945343,
0.30664241313934326,
-0.26977917551994324,
0.5861378312110901,
0.749944269657135,
-0.425490140914917,
-0.590298593044281,
-0.10311893373727798,
0.3268948793411255,
-0.4640079140663147,
-0.2888612151145935,
0.06955412030220032,
-0.17475265264511108,
-0.004296868573874235,
-0.293039470911026,
-4.89807653427124,
0.028365734964609146,
-0.43067309260368347,
-0.6218072175979614,
0.0023154409136623144,
-0.339186429977417,
0.010139145888388157,
-0.43035584688186646,
0.00788347888737917,
-0.312812864780426,
-0.1282193660736084,
-0.1828223615884781,
-0.21109513938426971,
0.8970704674720764,
0.4967079162597656,
0.6394579410552979,
0.7095696926116943,
0.026408726349473,
0.16042745113372803,
-0.47673195600509644,
0.14542056620121002,
0.46631550788879395,
0.07244528830051422,
-0.33447030186653137,
0.4718315899372101,
0.7426574230194092,
-0.16010911762714386,
0.1853320151567459,
-0.062000423669815063,
-0.2569843828678131,
-0.24236923456192017,
0.12201563268899918,
0.11831993609666824,
-0.6566275954246521,
-0.12718075513839722,
-0.4775395691394806,
0.4315330386161804,
0.7981523871421814,
0.8064293265342712,
-0.3559930920600891,
-0.7405110001564026,
0.2807542681694031,
0.032220616936683655,
0.36993661522865295,
0.4906550645828247,
0.41030773520469666,
-0.948040246963501,
-0.16834795475006104,
-0.8408858180046082,
0.7394704818725586,
-0.4944193363189697,
-0.16623927652835846,
0.9091611504554749,
0.1884421706199646,
0.08131563663482666,
-0.23668165504932404,
0.5846146941184998,
-0.7365932464599609,
-0.22289930284023285,
0.3860447406768799,
0.07332537323236465,
-0.1721007227897644,
0.2005063146352768,
-0.8162805438041687,
-0.10141091793775558,
-0.40108203887939453,
-0.7643449902534485,
0.15823014080524445,
0.4537864029407501,
-0.09051507711410522,
-0.5388373732566833,
-0.25469598174095154,
-0.626530110836029,
-0.7010548710823059,
0.0017920183017849922,
-0.5001422166824341,
0.17156749963760376,
0.5251801609992981,
0.5229231119155884,
0.29560011625289917,
-0.498761385679245,
0.33847618103027344,
-0.4614279270172119,
0.6985658407211304,
0.1630970537662506,
0.1668378710746765,
-0.5196810364723206,
0.23688733577728271,
-0.5804974436759949,
-0.37448638677597046,
0.03042283095419407,
-0.14310067892074585,
0.582206130027771,
0.2560760974884033,
0.4621317386627197,
-0.21999843418598175,
1.082786202430725,
-0.4064463973045349,
-0.1264042854309082,
-0.9982925653457642,
0.048317041248083115,
-0.23192371428012848,
-0.23235711455345154,
-1.162169337272644,
-0.3024400472640991,
-0.6621971726417542,
-0.24637827277183533,
0.3645632565021515,
-0.2001979500055313,
-0.09536205232143402,
-0.5048317909240723,
-0.6363543272018433,
-0.5923428535461426,
-0.3348098695278168,
0.4815930426120758,
0.1246456429362297,
-0.2530447542667389,
0.7170553207397461,
0.7860831618309021,
0.6773247718811035,
0.24330486357212067,
0.09138673543930054,
0.2513670027256012,
0.02856813371181488,
-0.4462617337703705,
-0.06921590864658356,
-0.10547340661287308,
-0.2985606789588928,
-0.17453807592391968,
0.22651101648807526,
0.3743342459201813,
0.11301164329051971,
0.059911031275987625,
-0.025552483275532722,
0.30861058831214905,
-0.047329410910606384,
-0.12049523741006851,
0.366050124168396,
0.2361261397600174,
-0.8795931339263916,
0.13914822041988373,
0.42052918672561646,
-0.3887355327606201,
0.36881062388420105,
0.1238725334405899,
0.7190060615539551,
-0.33436208963394165,
0.11130287498235703,
-0.055009875446558,
0.7864617109298706,
-0.44355085492134094,
-0.5380383729934692,
0.4660564959049225,
-0.44975346326828003,
0.4548408091068268,
-0.05039328709244728,
0.13591334223747253,
0.17562568187713623,
0.1078684851527214,
-0.7578941583633423,
0.4012674391269684,
0.21449105441570282,
-0.6265440583229065,
0.5424402356147766,
0.563879668712616,
-0.6806248426437378,
-0.581547200679779,
0.11461915075778961,
-0.14526528120040894,
0.6215605735778809,
0.19510936737060547,
0.09264950454235077,
-0.7051312327384949,
0.27392277121543884,
0.5325464606285095,
-0.9066266417503357,
0.6173904538154602,
0.24596957862377167,
0.30571249127388,
0.22791948914527893,
-0.25015121698379517,
-0.03999687358736992,
0.041438255459070206,
0.39822283387184143,
0.278639018535614,
-0.06943556666374207,
-0.3906947672367096,
-0.17859748005867004,
0.19683411717414856,
0.4424387514591217,
0.9540351033210754,
0.7989649772644043,
0.1923995018005371,
-0.3485516607761383,
-0.8586604595184326,
-0.18718816339969635,
-0.042899809777736664,
0.028777536004781723,
-0.35824552178382874,
-0.3038742244243622,
0.2823742926120758,
0.5607869625091553,
-0.02941478043794632,
-0.1029469221830368,
0.048826783895492554,
-0.47355130314826965,
0.38182058930397034,
-0.2775005102157593,
-0.7929796576499939,
0.513115406036377,
-0.13941223919391632,
-0.16667979955673218,
-0.2482277899980545,
0.032351765781641006,
-0.12406180053949356,
-0.05461680144071579,
0.43585965037345886,
0.13803189992904663,
-0.6307717561721802,
-0.020022574812173843,
-0.11610583961009979,
0.25869399309158325,
-0.30697327852249146,
-0.11477036774158478,
-0.2497650682926178,
0.5270745754241943,
0.26458820700645447,
-0.4924415349960327,
-0.0808810293674469,
-0.18249979615211487,
-0.4434508979320526,
-0.2845202386379242,
-0.2718532085418701,
-0.4078322947025299,
-0.07983741164207458,
0.19319972395896912,
0.014405296184122562,
0.11091344058513641,
-0.34481483697891235,
0.3288991153240204,
0.33759430050849915,
0.5669887661933899,
1.1417217254638672,
-1.3389781713485718,
-0.11692710965871811,
0.5913873910903931,
0.5001633167266846,
-0.47177159786224365,
-0.6225944757461548,
0.04749968275427818,
0.22807136178016663,
-0.24077850580215454,
-1.0562845468521118,
-0.42554929852485657,
1.3626513481140137,
-0.040041565895080566,
-0.4384792149066925,
0.7609581351280212,
-0.04259288311004639,
0.18073153495788574,
-0.2199443131685257,
0.008196039125323296,
-0.4007703959941864,
0.5979147553443909,
0.1702076494693756,
0.04586809501051903,
-0.17786185443401337,
-0.4736829996109009,
-0.03504341468214989,
-0.20754897594451904,
-0.7758064866065979,
-0.4122703969478607,
-0.14615356922149658,
0.47958260774612427,
0.09025009721517563,
-0.4008587896823883,
0.003347716061398387,
-0.49373939633369446,
0.02132280170917511,
-0.3775380849838257,
0.18947702646255493,
0.3687640428543091,
0.40635403990745544,
-0.1897566318511963,
0.9077702164649963,
-0.7727883458137512,
-0.45174649357795715,
0.3464229106903076,
-0.32267457246780396,
-0.015010630711913109,
0.002136403229087591,
0.01758754625916481,
-0.2659037113189697,
0.16088373959064484,
0.2457757443189621,
-0.01298301387578249,
-0.05262896791100502,
0.07846027612686157,
-0.0860753133893013,
0.18440783023834229,
-0.9897105693817139,
1.3419424295425415,
-0.00572929298505187,
-0.3072936236858368,
0.12341996282339096,
-0.14487716555595398,
0.15368390083312988,
-0.683411717414856,
-0.2042062133550644,
0.28085145354270935,
0.5921651124954224,
0.1571955382823944,
-0.27318480610847473,
0.5375312566757202,
-0.07898985594511032,
-0.04258723184466362,
0.6897351145744324,
-0.9693331122398376,
0.6273395419120789,
0.03779810294508934,
0.11487062275409698,
0.06211008504033089,
0.24643276631832123,
0.5194748044013977,
0.1449986845254898,
0.3054114282131195,
0.040710050612688065,
-0.21843552589416504,
0.3974146842956543,
-0.21412143111228943,
0.283174991607666,
0.18807588517665863,
-0.6982762813568115,
0.3808896839618683,
-1.328916311264038,
-0.7794848084449768,
-0.3645763099193573,
0.05595008283853531,
-0.5699692368507385,
0.5344284772872925,
-0.2729702293872833,
0.49069398641586304,
-0.569057047367096,
-0.38352176547050476,
-0.02690693736076355,
0.3167763352394104,
-0.33851587772369385,
0.04005534574389458,
-0.1594715118408203,
0.2039172202348709,
0.5355156660079956,
-0.01779930107295513,
0.03668377548456192,
0.41915324330329895,
-0.13712844252586365,
-0.22303920984268188,
0.6982592940330505,
-0.09454254060983658,
0.776396632194519,
-1.4183940887451172,
-0.10545098781585693,
0.12204518914222717,
0.1604769229888916,
0.363481730222702,
0.07843759655952454,
0.017981573939323425,
0.3252243399620056,
-0.13113223016262054,
-0.2989329397678375,
0.015158146619796753,
-0.13236691057682037,
-0.1495627909898758,
-0.14549291133880615,
-0.10561251640319824,
-0.4307916760444641,
0.008887889795005322,
-0.4998035728931427,
-0.4218589961528778,
-0.15041415393352509,
-0.12347571551799774,
-0.5531794428825378,
0.2991958558559418,
-0.46872201561927795,
-0.6402025818824768,
0.6023457646369934,
0.011992952786386013,
-0.5098482370376587,
0.5489453673362732,
-0.04265540465712547,
0.7336670160293579,
-0.26967304944992065,
-0.38935309648513794,
0.5311821103096008,
0.21256321668624878,
-0.07608995586633682,
-0.06650429964065552,
-0.9619287252426147,
0.2353721708059311,
0.5887115001678467,
-0.0458201989531517,
-0.265706866979599,
0.21295183897018433,
0.20893654227256775,
-0.04189697280526161,
0.47574853897094727,
0.18030710518360138,
-0.4383678734302521,
0.04696595296263695,
-0.3838859796524048,
0.04410722479224205,
-0.6168644428253174,
0.511370062828064,
-0.3509550988674164,
0.541111409664154,
-0.3092806041240692,
-0.07362993061542511,
1.0560212135314941,
-0.4162598252296448,
0.01393864955753088,
0.07255004346370697,
-0.01710745319724083,
-0.9578679800033569,
0.6960620880126953,
0.9700177311897278,
-0.17174158990383148,
-0.5282572507858276,
0.0633995532989502,
0.15616357326507568,
-0.736806333065033,
0.16199623048305511,
-0.33820679783821106,
-0.6414614915847778,
-0.12418516725301743,
0.09738428145647049,
-0.39026767015457153,
0.4154280126094818,
0.43049976229667664,
0.7690045237541199,
0.3525252640247345,
-0.2912115454673767,
-0.3426797688007355,
0.0950421467423439,
0.6250079274177551,
0.021310284733772278,
-2.8191936016082764,
0.08595899492502213,
-0.015935970470309258,
0.03389180824160576,
-0.6568078398704529,
-0.00638921745121479,
0.05260265991091728,
0.23686252534389496,
-0.04739111661911011,
-0.4117506742477417,
-0.13178560137748718,
-0.3882859945297241,
0.8791017532348633,
-0.5350708961486816,
0.18699753284454346,
0.7993754744529724
]
|
214804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting | Porting | In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally designed for (e.g., different CPU, operating system, or third party library). The term is also used when software/hardware is changed to make them usable in different environments.
Software is portable when the cost of porting it to a new platform is significantly less than the cost of writing it from scratch. The lower the cost of porting software relative to its implementation cost, the more portable it is said to be.
Etymology
The term "port" is derived from the Latin portāre, meaning "to carry". When code is not compatible with a particular operating system or architecture, the code must be "carried" to the new system.
The term is not generally applied to the process of adapting software to run with less memory on the same CPU and operating system, nor is it applied to the rewriting of source code in a different language (i.e. language conversion or translation).
Software developers often claim that the software they write is portable, meaning that little effort is needed to adapt it to a new environment. The amount of effort actually needed depends on several factors, including the extent to which the original environment (the source platform) differs from the new environment (the target platform), the experience of the original authors in knowing which programming language constructs and third party library calls are unlikely to be portable, and the amount of effort invested by the original authors in only using portable constructs (platform specific constructs often provide a cheaper solution).
History
The number of significantly different CPUs and operating systems used on the desktop today is much smaller than in the past. The dominance of the x86 architecture means that most desktop software is never ported to a different CPU. In that same market, the choice of operating systems has effectively been reduced to three: Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. However, in the embedded systems and mobile markets, portability remains a significant issue, with the ARM being a widely used alternative.
International standards, such as those promulgated by the ISO, greatly facilitate porting by specifying details of the computing environment in a way that helps reduce differences between different standards-conforming platforms. Writing software that stays within the bounds specified by these standards represents a practical although nontrivial effort. Porting such a program between two standards-compliant platforms (such as POSIX.1) can be just a matter of loading the source code and recompiling it on the new platform. However, practitioners often find that various minor corrections are required, due to subtle platform differences. Most standards suffer from "gray areas" where differences in interpretation of standards lead to small variations from platform to platform.
There also exists an ever-increasing number of tools to facilitate porting, such as the GNU Compiler Collection, which provides consistent programming languages on different platforms, and Autotools, which automates the detection of minor variations in the environment and adapts the software accordingly before compilation.
The compilers for some high-level programming languages (e.g. Eiffel, Esterel) gain portability by outputting source code in another high level intermediate language (such as C) for which compilers for many platforms are generally available.
Two activities related to (but distinct from) porting are emulating and cross-compiling.
Porting compilers
Instead of translating directly into machine code, modern compilers translate to a machine independent intermediate code in order to enhance portability of the compiler and minimize design efforts.
The intermediate language defines a virtual machine that can execute all programs written in the intermediate language (a machine is defined by its language and vice versa). The intermediate code instructions are translated into equivalent machine code sequences by a code generator to create executable code. It is also possible to skip the generation of machine code by actually implementing an interpreter or JIT for the virtual machine.
The use of intermediate code enhances portability of the compiler, because only the machine dependent code (the interpreter or the code generator) of the compiler itself needs to be ported to the target machine. The remainder of the compiler can be imported as intermediate code and then further processed by the ported code generator or interpreter, thus producing the compiler software or directly executing the intermediate code on the interpreter.
The machine independent part can be developed and tested on another machine (the host machine). This greatly reduces design efforts, because the machine independent part needs to be developed only once to create portable intermediate code.
An interpreter is less complex and therefore easier to port than a code generator, because it is not able to do code optimizations due to its limited view of the program code (it only sees one instruction at a time, and you need a sequence to do optimization). Some interpreters are extremely easy to port, because they only make minimal assumptions about the instruction set of the underlying hardware. As a result, the virtual machine is even simpler than the target CPU.
Writing the compiler sources entirely in the programming language the compiler is supposed to translate, makes the following approach, better known as compiler bootstrapping, feasible on the target machine:
Port the interpreter. This needs to be coded in assembly code, using an already present assembler on the target.
Adapt the source of the code generator to the new machine.
Execute the adapted source using the interpreter with the code generator source as input. This will generate the machine code for the code generator.
The difficult part of coding the optimization routines is done using the high-level language instead of the assembly language of the target.
According to the designers of the BCPL language, interpreted code (in the BCPL case) is more compact than machine code; typically by a factor of two to one. Interpreted code however runs about ten times slower than compiled code on the same machine.
The designers of the Java programming language try to take advantage of the compactness of interpreted code, because a Java program may need to be transmitted over the Internet before execution can start on the target's Java Virtual Machine.
Porting of video games
Porting is also the term used when a video game designed to run on one platform, be it an arcade, video game console, or personal computer, is converted to run on a different platform, perhaps with some minor differences. From the beginning of video games through to the 1990s, "ports", at the time often known as "conversions", were often not true ports, but rather reworked versions of the games due to limitations of different systems. For example, the 1982 game The Hobbit, a text adventure augmented with graphic images, has significantly different graphic styles across the range of personal computers that its ports were developed for. However, many 21st century video games are developed using software (often in C++) that can output code for one or more consoles as well as for a PC without the need for actual porting (instead relying on the common porting of individual component libraries).
Porting arcade games to home systems with inferior hardware was difficult. The ported version of Pac-Man for the Atari 2600 omitted many of the visual features of the original game to compensate for the lack of ROM space and the hardware struggled when multiple ghosts appeared on the screen creating a flickering effect. The poor performance of the Atari 2600 Pac-Man is cited by some scholars as a cause of the video game crash of 1983.
Many early ports suffered significant gameplay quality issues because computers greatly differed. Richard Garriott stated in 1984 at Origins Game Fair that Origin Systems developed computer games for the Apple II series first then ported them to Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit, because the latter machines' sprites and other sophisticated features made porting from them to Apple "far more difficult, perhaps even impossible". Reviews complained of ports that suffered from "Apple conversionitis", retaining the Apple's "lousy sound and black-white-green-purple graphics"; after Garriott's statement, when Dan Bunten asked "Atari and Commodore people in the audience, are you happy with the Apple rewrites?" the audience shouted "No!" Garriott responded, "[otherwise] the Apple version will never get done. From a publisher's point of view that's not money wise".
Others worked differently. Ozark Softscape, for example, wrote M.U.L.E. for the Atari first because it preferred to develop for the most advanced computers, removing or altering features as necessary during porting. Such a policy was not always feasible; Bunten stated that "M.U.L.E. can't be done for an Apple", and that the non-Atari versions of The Seven Cities of Gold were inferior. Compute!'s Gazette wrote in 1986 that when porting from Atari to Commodore the original was usually superior. The latter's games' quality improved when developers began creating new software for it in late 1983, the magazine stated.
In porting arcade games, the terms "arcade perfect" or "arcade accurate" were often used to describe how closely the gameplay, graphics, and other assets on the ported version matched the arcade version. Many arcade ports in the early 1980s were far from arcade perfect as home consoles and computers lacked the sophisticated hardware in arcade games, but games could still approximate the gameplay. Notably, Space Invaders on the Atari VCS became the console's killer app despite its differences, while the later Pac-Man port was notorious for its deviations from the arcade version. Arcade-accurate games became more prevalent starting in the 1990s, starting with the Neo Geo system from SNK, which offered both a home console and an arcade system with more advanced versions of the home console's main hardware. This allowed near-arcade perfect games to be played at home. Further consoles such as the PlayStation and Dreamcast, also based on arcade hardware, made arcade-perfect games a reality.
A "console port" is a game that was originally made for a console before an identical version is created which can be played on a personal computer. This term has been widely used by the gaming community. The process of porting a game from a console to a PC is often regarded negatively due to the higher levels of performance that computers generally have being underutilized, partially due to console hardware being fixed throughout their run (with games being developed for console specs), while PCs become more powerful as hardware evolves, but also due to ported games sometimes being poorly optimized for PCs, or lazily ported. While broadly similar, architectural differences may exist such as the use of unified memory on a console.
See also
Console emulator
Cross-platform
Language binding
List of system quality attributes
Poshlib
Program transformation
Software portability
Source port
Write once, compile anywhere
Meaning of unported
Notes
References
Interoperability
Source code
de:Portierung | [
0.23638935387134552,
-0.05948173627257347,
-0.13200178742408752,
0.2512694299221039,
0.3505890667438507,
0.24354906380176544,
-0.008396661840379238,
0.26794636249542236,
-0.04786120727658272,
-0.49427154660224915,
-0.6729276776313782,
0.8020390868186951,
-0.3291081190109253,
0.4353744089603424,
-0.47790634632110596,
0.1167958527803421,
0.3168901205062866,
-0.13579024374485016,
0.007223023101687431,
-0.030163593590259552,
-0.46692872047424316,
0.017292896285653114,
-0.27041885256767273,
-0.2208711951971054,
-0.27927958965301514,
-0.5574946403503418,
0.12206826359033585,
0.035724937915802,
-0.6872801780700684,
-0.0025354439858347178,
0.22748157382011414,
0.1495746225118637,
-0.1563524752855301,
-0.6269735097885132,
-0.3794122338294983,
0.026506008580327034,
0.16890452802181244,
-0.08495861291885376,
-0.21049156785011292,
-0.6211860179901123,
-0.19407504796981812,
0.027483675628900528,
0.30236855149269104,
0.25059929490089417,
0.3042742908000946,
-0.19562940299510956,
-1.4894917011260986,
-0.0309930220246315,
-0.20243096351623535,
-0.2043824940919876,
-0.8072749376296997,
0.40077707171440125,
0.21821348369121552,
0.054390568286180496,
0.3063383400440216,
0.5636336207389832,
-0.2753947079181671,
-0.33333757519721985,
0.08433659374713898,
-0.5409833192825317,
0.5300585627555847,
-0.25172722339630127,
0.024725470691919327,
0.5759658217430115,
0.012777663767337799,
0.1933305263519287,
-0.09362931549549103,
-0.03533550351858139,
-0.06672792136669159,
-0.6289908289909363,
-0.14935797452926636,
-0.11431694775819778,
-0.47183337807655334,
-0.048830755054950714,
-0.2397516965866089,
-0.05730157345533371,
-0.17278511822223663,
-0.11683283746242523,
0.0649852529168129,
-0.034086983650922775,
-0.17775952816009521,
0.8773667216300964,
0.12598039209842682,
-0.3774791657924652,
1.18389892578125,
-0.5060059428215027,
-0.4404836893081665,
0.5789205431938171,
-0.5345723628997803,
0.6117058992385864,
0.39476361870765686,
-0.04602152481675148,
0.39783409237861633,
0.01657268777489662,
0.3542204797267914,
-0.06168904900550842,
0.22724583745002747,
0.3540568947792053,
0.0712270587682724,
0.6042205095291138,
-0.2187107503414154,
0.22398675978183746,
0.2785968780517578,
-0.2429797649383545,
0.12902408838272095,
-0.463681161403656,
-0.2832756042480469,
-0.36773985624313354,
0.0037456504069268703,
-0.0127065135166049,
-0.15663018822669983,
0.08189861476421356,
0.42196640372276306,
0.34121596813201904,
-0.7306097745895386,
0.09269541501998901,
-0.28443849086761475,
0.08431921154260635,
-0.24388867616653442,
0.22224010527133942,
0.17445574700832367,
1.0042088031768799,
-0.25565004348754883,
-0.28739356994628906,
-0.39994698762893677,
-0.059213992208242416,
0.608134925365448,
0.519264280796051,
-0.8076700568199158,
-0.6051452159881592,
0.4318336248397827,
1.135178565979004,
-0.09210152924060822,
0.1183433011174202,
-0.21519629657268524,
0.12394067645072937,
0.3698652982711792,
0.36058324575424194,
0.09427455067634583,
-0.22926123440265656,
-0.7529780268669128,
0.31203725934028625,
-0.5748656392097473,
-0.08242744207382202,
0.03386472165584564,
0.3538234829902649,
0.18326173722743988,
-0.4048250913619995,
-0.3526056408882141,
0.10691249370574951,
0.13503099977970123,
0.47836509346961975,
-0.6117684841156006,
0.06660564988851547,
-0.1933116763830185,
0.6999045014381409,
0.5851660370826721,
-0.11961650848388672,
-0.6854891777038574,
-0.014138681814074516,
0.22517789900302887,
0.3153660297393799,
-0.3736685812473297,
-0.28569871187210083,
0.2668817639350891,
-0.3942871391773224,
0.056426454335451126,
0.6072597503662109,
0.5896204113960266,
0.08879411220550537,
-0.28298312425613403,
0.37849101424217224,
0.2498885542154312,
-0.383976548910141,
0.11627845466136932,
0.1035303920507431,
0.6243188977241516,
0.10823561996221542,
0.5941123962402344,
0.4113028049468994,
-0.6629327535629272,
0.45949044823646545,
0.4225521683692932,
0.15373562276363373,
-0.17845875024795532,
-0.292295902967453,
0.025007028132677078,
-0.4766048491001129,
-0.26360660791397095,
0.02602539025247097,
-0.9208238124847412,
-0.7992672324180603,
-0.13665671646595,
-0.49574950337409973,
0.4190862774848938,
0.14795921742916107,
-0.6651616096496582,
1.3318841457366943,
-0.39237910509109497,
0.37894368171691895,
0.15349435806274414,
0.06454609334468842,
-0.12237595021724701,
-0.3473907709121704,
0.035490818321704865,
0.45041191577911377,
0.5323796272277832,
0.2437753975391388,
0.02174043096601963,
0.34177741408348083,
0.3826528489589691,
-0.20560534298419952,
0.23451769351959229,
-0.05929500237107277,
0.10867702960968018,
0.022872451692819595,
-0.6229178309440613,
0.04175692796707153,
0.10397715866565704,
-0.358794242143631,
0.7768974304199219,
0.1013835072517395,
-0.2100253850221634,
0.7901166081428528,
-0.23784784972667694,
0.469927042722702,
0.25358983874320984,
0.2517600655555725,
1.0022897720336914,
-0.08954548835754395,
0.3398434817790985,
0.2676508128643036,
-0.6251972913742065,
-0.39349594712257385,
-0.3577287197113037,
0.5360475778579712,
0.005868490319699049,
0.02305375225841999,
-0.23236976563930511,
0.12256111204624176,
-0.061260886490345,
0.5467207431793213,
-0.1861051470041275,
0.18410925567150116,
0.23961862921714783,
-0.11372842639684677,
-0.16044139862060547,
-0.09966013580560684,
-0.14726653695106506,
-0.11776436120271683,
0.35503703355789185,
0.714039146900177,
0.5813083648681641,
-0.773637592792511,
-0.2543124556541443,
0.09441856294870377,
-0.6482675075531006,
0.23053929209709167,
-0.19859619438648224,
0.24803370237350464,
0.006014419253915548,
-0.05497800186276436,
-0.26582714915275574,
0.05682672560214996,
0.014759916812181473,
-0.8376431465148926,
0.006635716650635004,
-0.06500905752182007,
0.004061465617269278,
0.2114485204219818,
-0.3432399034500122,
-0.20333875715732574,
-0.6443391442298889,
-0.18447692692279816,
-0.7637162804603577,
-0.6625710725784302,
0.12200683355331421,
0.18365712463855743,
-0.4777469336986542,
-0.4643746316432953,
-0.0500292032957077,
0.559677243232727,
0.12564487755298615,
-0.47307437658309937,
-0.15400640666484833,
0.05568397790193558,
-0.008087706752121449,
-0.1487295925617218,
-0.20768091082572937,
0.038461945950984955,
-0.12197722494602203,
-0.1372142732143402,
-0.23644180595874786,
0.433072954416275,
0.41917723417282104,
0.4901430606842041,
-0.22947023808956146,
0.220017671585083,
0.45635154843330383,
-0.34882763028144836,
-0.5703228116035461,
-0.1650809794664383,
0.1307765543460846,
-0.08467306196689606,
-0.43287041783332825,
-0.06490553915500641,
-0.6151403188705444,
-0.253910094499588,
-5.886578559875488,
0.23334422707557678,
-0.06025027483701706,
-0.25330325961112976,
0.32210052013397217,
0.06967958807945251,
0.3862094581127167,
-0.27774909138679504,
0.06611171364784241,
0.23464150726795197,
-0.12658163905143738,
0.1973964124917984,
-0.029973609372973442,
0.8605895638465881,
-0.10520776361227036,
0.08816800266504288,
0.692638635635376,
0.18440823256969452,
0.038107194006443024,
0.16855931282043457,
-0.21852777898311615,
-0.39741000533103943,
0.11465641111135483,
0.4282916188240051,
-0.3238042891025543,
0.018557151779532433,
-0.7986553907394409,
0.15901842713356018,
-0.30901265144348145,
0.20214517414569855,
-0.15377409756183624,
0.09031465649604797,
-0.05168728902935982,
-0.005095890257507563,
-0.2821957767009735,
0.36824503540992737,
0.5474877953529358,
0.2881409525871277,
0.1862308830022812,
-0.2934006452560425,
0.35546401143074036,
0.31674522161483765,
-0.12193076312541962,
0.016290999948978424,
0.07141108810901642,
-0.3937549591064453,
-0.1830102950334549,
0.15641435980796814,
0.11164002120494843,
0.9590616822242737,
-0.2966333329677582,
0.09964019060134888,
0.6760783791542053,
0.07144082337617874,
-0.22505982220172882,
-0.5811642408370972,
0.3255767822265625,
-0.30799180269241333,
-0.1550067663192749,
0.2610628306865692,
-0.045628126710653305,
-0.9579365253448486,
-0.15703395009040833,
-0.7961642742156982,
-0.14621654152870178,
-0.3919215500354767,
-0.8121204972267151,
-0.5058950185775757,
0.46409133076667786,
0.6705124378204346,
-0.6453976035118103,
0.6594681739807129,
0.17881588637828827,
-0.8649798035621643,
0.3991314470767975,
-0.5707026124000549,
-0.48538902401924133,
-0.2528560757637024,
0.2818511426448822,
-0.10719609260559082,
0.12291152030229568,
-0.0014076449442654848,
-0.1520281285047531,
-0.42770594358444214,
0.06012769043445587,
-0.09081227332353592,
-0.12716233730316162,
-0.049165837466716766,
-0.1209840178489685,
-0.10829523205757141,
0.942420482635498,
-0.4174657166004181,
0.33768343925476074,
-0.501076340675354,
0.20908161997795105,
0.26990798115730286,
0.17519904673099518,
0.30175378918647766,
0.2871050238609314,
-0.34018874168395996,
-0.21137495338916779,
-0.816216230392456,
-0.12604929506778717,
-0.10017130523920059,
-0.011646860279142857,
0.008111311122775078,
-0.35292279720306396,
0.1349281519651413,
0.9343063831329346,
0.45880958437919617,
-0.12561145424842834,
0.5950718522071838,
-0.44605425000190735,
-0.4100995659828186,
-0.5719216465950012,
0.5278772115707397,
-0.6497623920440674,
-0.042853426188230515,
-0.1253989040851593,
-0.5017780661582947,
0.3345809578895569,
-0.30333343148231506,
-0.19225364923477173,
0.24769169092178345,
0.13549959659576416,
-0.6148170828819275,
-0.03875663876533508,
0.40722978115081787,
0.027614716440439224,
-0.030331356450915337,
0.1782134622335434,
0.3821555972099304,
0.16915494203567505,
0.11426517367362976,
-0.07974734157323837,
-0.46494877338409424,
-0.23793751001358032,
0.6277279257774353,
-0.4301907420158386,
-0.7502747774124146,
-0.019003698602318764,
-0.1648034155368805,
-0.06852712482213974,
-0.39256641268730164,
0.19156499207019806,
0.20472578704357147,
-0.04411378502845764,
0.13678789138793945,
-0.10551309585571289,
0.13833247125148773,
-0.06479305028915405,
-0.37701931595802307,
-0.3563383221626282,
0.18818674981594086,
-0.4249219298362732,
-0.029069190844893456,
0.04632262513041496,
0.16492465138435364,
0.4671923518180847,
-0.10440964996814728,
0.12041284143924713,
0.13906586170196533,
-1.0337461233139038,
-0.23443016409873962,
-0.13351917266845703,
0.08432182669639587,
-0.27228137850761414,
-0.42516767978668213,
-0.22679288685321808,
0.41725096106529236,
-0.5730966925621033,
0.04344736784696579,
-0.7093916535377502,
-0.6629229187965393,
0.6542767286300659,
-0.08326765149831772,
0.5164267420768738,
-0.017235085368156433,
0.2605069875717163,
-0.2184930443763733,
0.36854618787765503,
-0.46314218640327454,
-0.34384626150131226,
-0.36819159984588623,
0.258009135723114,
-0.8985678553581238,
-0.2822331190109253,
0.07932276278734207,
-0.20501860976219177,
-0.8326079249382019,
0.19666379690170288,
0.3828144669532776,
0.506525993347168,
0.10052009671926498,
0.17960257828235626,
-0.4001498520374298,
-0.15474988520145416,
1.0571478605270386,
-0.40512263774871826,
-0.7505408525466919,
0.0472964271903038,
0.7292789816856384,
-0.7159765958786011,
0.42782098054885864,
0.28063705563545227,
-0.23666954040527344,
0.2258882075548172,
-0.2722790539264679,
0.2799869477748871,
0.033904992043972015,
-0.11798395961523056,
-0.5921323895454407,
-0.34503674507141113,
0.378460168838501,
-0.1955549716949463,
-0.22250546514987946,
0.3965320289134979,
-0.3639321029186249,
-0.178470179438591,
0.01606735587120056,
-0.37435561418533325,
-0.032069865614175797,
-0.20706108212471008,
0.23772934079170227,
-0.43181291222572327,
0.0591258741915226,
0.24739839136600494,
-0.2594791352748871,
0.1619982123374939,
-0.02276862971484661,
0.793389618396759,
-0.4038495421409607,
0.059596482664346695,
0.05532592535018921,
0.10342185199260712,
-0.2824106812477112,
-0.2552352845668793,
0.3113609850406647,
-0.21004077792167664,
-0.37639325857162476,
0.3705311715602875,
0.8749880790710449,
0.18679305911064148,
-0.14701804518699646,
-0.506548285484314,
-0.059221867471933365,
-0.1782960146665573,
-0.7531841993331909,
-0.46209806203842163,
0.08313359320163727,
0.3002181351184845,
-0.27750056982040405,
-0.2711106538772583,
0.03444216400384903,
0.3551390767097473,
-0.07762390375137329,
-0.3302784860134125,
-0.22706715762615204,
0.20248113572597504,
0.24661682546138763,
0.16129465401172638,
-0.14963124692440033,
-0.16495051980018616,
0.14797450602054596,
0.4596606194972992,
0.09552492946386337,
0.13171738386154175,
-0.10740070044994354,
-0.0037231065798550844,
-0.5929787158966064,
0.1036941260099411,
-0.02934865467250347,
0.6787145733833313,
0.3802846074104309,
0.4513932168483734,
-0.5041082501411438,
0.4943847060203552,
-0.4844474196434021,
0.4283214509487152,
-0.32053881883621216,
-0.09482176601886749,
-0.1277657449245453,
-0.12907344102859497,
-0.3438040018081665,
0.18078553676605225,
-0.3356723487377167,
0.8919625282287598,
-0.1409272849559784,
-0.40351632237434387,
-0.39214685559272766,
-0.4162760078907013,
0.5237355828285217,
0.1620660424232483,
0.5719935894012451,
-0.48531997203826904,
0.06967295706272125,
-0.052773185074329376,
-0.012577847577631474,
-0.015327309258282185,
-0.11572939902544022,
-0.5725886225700378,
0.3053993880748749,
0.41239622235298157,
-0.9816617965698242,
0.7893675565719604,
0.20304685831069946,
0.07604770362377167,
0.03941671550273895,
-0.5980052947998047,
0.5287770628929138,
0.46780893206596375,
0.18355697393417358,
0.2000943124294281,
0.543979287147522,
0.03464661166071892,
-0.31102851033210754,
0.2844274044036865,
-0.6922366619110107,
0.17129169404506683,
-0.09318322688341141,
0.05275750532746315,
-0.07514043897390366,
0.43716543912887573,
-0.30400604009628296,
0.21767640113830566,
0.6690614223480225,
-0.05189977213740349,
-0.14105242490768433,
-0.10364588350057602,
0.11713644862174988,
0.5228195786476135,
-0.05808751657605171,
0.1891350895166397,
-0.36031097173690796,
-0.42385879158973694,
-0.15669921040534973,
0.4190576672554016,
0.09893732517957687,
-0.18315757811069489,
0.5192585587501526,
0.30627545714378357,
0.5909916758537292,
0.11460793018341064,
0.40448668599128723,
0.036867719143629074,
0.14582559466362,
0.21168382465839386,
0.5081215500831604,
0.038988251239061356,
0.37751516699790955,
0.31068748235702515,
-0.30251675844192505,
0.5641425848007202,
0.005365271121263504,
0.09385913610458374,
-0.5314885377883911,
0.6453863978385925,
-0.05531735718250275,
0.16688206791877747,
-0.21835999190807343,
0.36349746584892273,
0.432199090719223,
0.35016927123069763,
-0.4892643690109253,
0.7640998363494873,
-0.39163440465927124,
0.9410746693611145,
-0.33397409319877625,
0.07797440886497498,
0.09735066443681717,
0.11328442394733429,
0.5622459650039673,
0.14798735082149506,
0.3876483738422394,
0.4821850657463074,
-0.17864848673343658,
0.5847086310386658,
0.5580849647521973,
0.19924959540367126,
-0.19533640146255493,
-0.19946633279323578,
-0.4624592065811157,
0.14397141337394714,
-0.14319513738155365,
-0.15136218070983887,
0.192940816283226,
0.02854543924331665,
0.014828800223767757,
-0.07847821712493896,
-0.34930703043937683,
-0.3353595733642578,
-0.8472419381141663,
-0.30559539794921875,
0.330960214138031,
0.0670354887843132,
0.1864694058895111,
0.02027975209057331,
1.1690541505813599,
0.23935198783874512,
0.09052053093910217,
-0.08382906764745712,
0.304501473903656,
-0.24089792370796204,
0.5204192399978638,
-0.6806792616844177,
0.17572571337223053,
-0.007432949263602495,
0.44498947262763977,
-0.390128493309021,
0.5465671420097351,
0.683451771736145,
0.31841015815734863,
0.14120854437351227,
0.008625238202512264,
0.11379729211330414,
0.17987938225269318,
0.3613336682319641,
-0.3179805874824524,
0.12804578244686127,
-0.09408543258905411,
0.00867732334882021,
-0.04720315337181091,
0.6342922449111938,
-0.014005563221871853,
0.031099416315555573,
-0.20733506977558136,
0.4968993663787842,
0.548354983329773,
-0.5569257140159607,
0.4573343098163605,
-0.1435256004333496,
0.20806610584259033,
-0.4456109404563904,
1.0173298120498657,
-0.34997639060020447,
0.17271943390369415,
-0.07452740520238876,
0.2498464584350586,
0.5867437720298767,
-0.06026393175125122,
-0.051493048667907715,
0.1290084719657898,
0.016590530052781105,
-0.3198344111442566,
-0.9588258266448975,
-0.07349623739719391,
-0.36841079592704773,
0.016322454437613487,
-0.39724573493003845,
0.2952575385570526,
-0.08917716145515442,
-0.6235036253929138,
-0.23742815852165222,
-0.19944386184215546,
0.03226011246442795,
0.014191672205924988,
0.11871777474880219,
-0.39442458748817444,
-0.5456715226173401,
0.3504902124404907
]
|
214807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endian | Endian | Endian may refer to:
Endianness, the order of the bytes, comprising a digital word, in computer memory
Endian Firewall, a Linux distribution of the South Tyrolean company Endian
See also
Big-endians, a fictional group in Gulliver's Travels | [
-0.28182318806648254,
0.038853805512189865,
0.24234376847743988,
0.46844545006752014,
0.1841641217470169,
0.2544344365596771,
0.015048916451632977,
0.1790732443332672,
-0.5793895721435547,
-0.0621185265481472,
-0.6810972094535828,
-0.2264375537633896,
0.02461247146129608,
0.32295849919319153,
0.17053461074829102,
-0.00894436240196228,
0.25680333375930786,
0.5786439776420593,
-0.4592454135417938,
-0.35826316475868225,
-0.2771771550178528,
0.013747859746217728,
0.08186939358711243,
-0.7343435883522034,
0.24618194997310638,
-0.11208082735538483,
-0.28702256083488464,
-0.009935455396771431,
-0.2718116343021393,
-0.23936399817466736,
-0.25120866298675537,
0.171827495098114,
-0.02246723510324955,
0.16336195170879364,
0.2347361147403717,
-0.3509608209133148,
-0.25126969814300537,
-0.040795352309942245,
-0.26775938272476196,
-0.4865938425064087,
0.05053495243191719,
-0.04708392545580864,
0.02457950823009014,
0.12604433298110962,
-0.5490871071815491,
-0.4610939025878906,
-1.7632739543914795,
0.2201749086380005,
-0.4847090542316437,
0.49674805998802185,
-0.8076555132865906,
0.26689448952674866,
-0.03047129698097706,
0.24356210231781006,
0.040436722338199615,
0.33941009640693665,
-0.4356047809123993,
-0.607393741607666,
0.47378620505332947,
-0.431357741355896,
0.5020398497581482,
-0.5405246019363403,
-0.11234993487596512,
0.04181962087750435,
-0.015178978443145752,
0.11982987076044083,
0.17070461809635162,
0.33036941289901733,
-0.46864598989486694,
-0.7722506523132324,
0.30050739645957947,
-0.245393306016922,
-0.2503473460674286,
0.1527930647134781,
-0.13618311285972595,
-0.6720032095909119,
0.22414013743400574,
-0.0027657104656100273,
-0.027610767632722855,
0.008188458159565926,
-0.583893358707428,
0.629250168800354,
0.8717314600944519,
-0.09231048822402954,
0.44851306080818176,
-0.14476704597473145,
-0.27857306599617004,
0.3022979199886322,
-0.5091701149940491,
0.2406933754682541,
0.515399158000946,
-0.7665068507194519,
0.48738253116607666,
-0.10662569850683212,
0.019071290269494057,
-0.06376191973686218,
0.13504789769649506,
0.02818203717470169,
0.17778675258159637,
0.32981470227241516,
-0.47476136684417725,
0.08625031262636185,
0.18544085323810577,
-0.17292813956737518,
-0.10279206186532974,
0.2508102357387543,
-0.057479023933410645,
-0.4109726548194885,
0.3867666721343994,
-0.052314285188913345,
-0.4460785388946533,
-0.05278240889310837,
0.13497541844844818,
0.3323551118373871,
-0.07237673550844193,
-0.0053419508039951324,
-0.028597459197044373,
0.10886447876691818,
-0.4719969630241394,
0.03171687200665474,
0.5029984712600708,
0.7504324913024902,
0.3292763829231262,
-0.2793440818786621,
0.41933029890060425,
-0.04930631443858147,
-0.005951364059001207,
0.4641815721988678,
-0.8516238331794739,
-0.16170229017734528,
0.017551487311720848,
0.5031626224517822,
-0.32147735357284546,
-0.07980000972747803,
-0.3192713260650635,
0.04558032751083374,
-0.04243047535419464,
-0.03633742034435272,
-0.0019172396278008819,
0.028429213911294937,
-0.546185314655304,
-0.4597717523574829,
-0.2854098677635193,
0.1668277382850647,
0.6163866519927979,
-0.17962224781513214,
-0.24088187515735626,
-0.27805760502815247,
-0.10380098968744278,
0.08607026934623718,
-0.09316425025463104,
0.12830094993114471,
0.06047651171684265,
0.004816882312297821,
0.38381847739219666,
0.47729435563087463,
0.23652565479278564,
0.05804454907774925,
0.09307865798473358,
-0.09059473872184753,
-0.27714967727661133,
0.38207703828811646,
-0.781092643737793,
-0.15270988643169403,
0.23413591086864471,
-0.2306654155254364,
0.5176464319229126,
0.5310626029968262,
-0.3456912040710449,
-0.07739883661270142,
-0.10815153270959854,
-0.0600595586001873,
0.7633837461471558,
0.2172255665063858,
0.03104296885430813,
0.3587020933628082,
0.6412894129753113,
0.46963462233543396,
0.215943843126297,
-0.40474602580070496,
-0.6597263813018799,
-0.00627357279881835,
-0.06519957631826401,
-0.009081856347620487,
-0.49514588713645935,
-0.14507056772708893,
-0.3812771141529083,
-0.15777243673801422,
0.028469793498516083,
-0.5802807807922363,
-0.3377375900745392,
-0.15802009403705597,
0.22075651586055756,
-0.5966772437095642,
0.9541612863540649,
-0.18642909824848175,
-0.09671296924352646,
0.8086965084075928,
-0.07646717876195908,
0.41188928484916687,
-0.33264628052711487,
0.005382837727665901,
0.5486312508583069,
-0.004812189843505621,
0.001772166695445776,
0.8259557485580444,
-0.06999240070581436,
0.30788275599479675,
0.23649580776691437,
0.26405176520347595,
0.31673571467399597,
0.015252134762704372,
0.5129876136779785,
-0.30811259150505066,
-0.012579797767102718,
0.07548828423023224,
-0.388052761554718,
0.008216863498091698,
0.1782841682434082,
-0.12844546139240265,
0.690220832824707,
-0.4577268064022064,
0.1490948647260666,
0.2478402704000473,
-0.012831282801926136,
0.7494932413101196,
0.5186379551887512,
0.10023815184831619,
0.7563356757164001,
-0.7327661514282227,
0.384380042552948,
-0.16146935522556305,
-0.15321962535381317,
-0.22033672034740448,
-0.00985036138445139,
0.111674003303051,
0.47081461548805237,
-0.5101277828216553,
0.3640246093273163,
-0.5896710157394409,
-0.198988676071167,
0.2529107630252838,
-0.12288421392440796,
0.13035744428634644,
0.7062128186225891,
0.11602839082479477,
0.1953469216823578,
-0.067112997174263,
-0.21443325281143188,
-0.07351450622081757,
-0.161441832780838,
0.47243326902389526,
0.12867411971092224,
-0.265790194272995,
0.29113203287124634,
-0.3026979863643646,
0.3311649262905121,
0.4366300106048584,
0.3896803557872772,
0.664612352848053,
-0.5969577431678772,
0.2032909244298935,
-0.16787855327129364,
-0.16427387297153473,
-0.24331602454185486,
-0.19221444427967072,
-0.28007829189300537,
-0.647367537021637,
0.625521183013916,
0.7316375970840454,
0.07882349193096161,
0.2593334913253784,
-0.6520007252693176,
0.2605237066745758,
-0.8160502314567566,
-0.9981184005737305,
0.4767795205116272,
-0.3097118139266968,
-0.06342616677284241,
-0.31398114562034607,
-0.6625601649284363,
0.1622416377067566,
0.24868741631507874,
-0.267056405544281,
0.11371877044439316,
-0.539179801940918,
-0.008824659511446953,
0.12060269713401794,
0.1887025237083435,
0.1545490175485611,
-0.2311554253101349,
-0.07294470816850662,
-0.05083351582288742,
0.21269071102142334,
0.5257452130317688,
0.3783921003341675,
0.21595722436904907,
0.12321238219738007,
0.24050645530223846,
-0.20784468948841095,
-0.541236162185669,
0.24358457326889038,
0.08461758494377136,
0.07262597233057022,
0.08584477752447128,
0.03133058175444603,
-0.19862963259220123,
0.10860104858875275,
-6.107784271240234,
0.3960492014884949,
-0.5124807953834534,
-0.05939866974949837,
-0.03287539631128311,
0.33407238125801086,
0.47884291410446167,
0.09883294999599457,
-0.15167072415351868,
-0.0501626655459404,
0.06013835594058037,
0.0647827535867691,
0.1537073850631714,
-0.057188089936971664,
0.20735633373260498,
0.06726597249507904,
-0.00889760721474886,
0.6298763155937195,
-0.22481589019298553,
-0.08454160392284393,
-0.46458402276039124,
-0.16560755670070648,
0.4133458137512207,
0.9119024276733398,
-0.05563545599579811,
-0.01349546480923891,
-0.22933177649974823,
0.046584051102399826,
-0.2291935831308365,
0.17008741199970245,
0.0380215086042881,
-0.3057935833930969,
0.03011389449238777,
-0.3458367586135864,
-0.33703848719596863,
-0.21077388525009155,
0.49496540427207947,
-0.00005736254752264358,
0.46519243717193604,
-0.4790521264076233,
-0.01920527033507824,
0.9136556386947632,
0.5994726419448853,
-0.6553013324737549,
0.1806337684392929,
0.17082451283931732,
-0.25054463744163513,
0.39404797554016113,
-0.3484950065612793,
0.40801313519477844,
0.1733347326517105,
-0.4978107511997223,
0.011653827503323555,
0.2532273828983307,
0.21138305962085724,
-0.17809565365314484,
0.5631710290908813,
-0.0917443186044693,
-0.355020672082901,
0.1300562471151352,
0.8480129837989807,
-0.4741228222846985,
-0.16596464812755585,
-0.37300950288772583,
-0.5050328373908997,
-0.30931347608566284,
-0.5324933528900146,
0.06316620856523514,
0.09539558738470078,
0.20625759661197662,
-0.4810205101966858,
-0.19908425211906433,
0.3203825056552887,
-0.7378198504447937,
-0.01496098842471838,
0.012552342377603054,
0.05368407070636749,
0.5562939047813416,
-0.13255555927753448,
0.6404693126678467,
-0.33486229181289673,
-0.14875587821006775,
-0.35735341906547546,
-0.14629881083965302,
0.14581669867038727,
-0.44575029611587524,
-0.13286541402339935,
-0.4257203936576843,
-0.151516392827034,
0.44590020179748535,
0.6614547967910767,
-0.17606419324874878,
0.00668632285669446,
-0.2709091007709503,
0.5010691285133362,
0.4736531376838684,
0.023693114519119263,
0.4346216022968292,
0.054358914494514465,
0.14121806621551514,
0.6780218482017517,
0.036749519407749176,
0.24625588953495026,
-0.9020512700080872,
-0.2856348156929016,
0.35258999466896057,
-0.4554237723350525,
0.6809408068656921,
0.7357426285743713,
-0.19328393042087555,
-0.47766491770744324,
0.24524889886379242,
-0.34848862886428833,
-0.4240501821041107,
-0.23178690671920776,
-0.032741475850343704,
-0.5641539096832275,
0.6405260562896729,
0.567274808883667,
-0.3094125986099243,
-0.34715136885643005,
0.2967985272407532,
-0.09927693754434586,
-0.17201624810695648,
0.029169263318181038,
-0.32471224665641785,
-0.2448408305644989,
0.18092650175094604,
0.5990791916847229,
-0.2611033022403717,
0.12659645080566406,
0.28926602005958557,
0.28730151057243347,
-0.018883701413869858,
-0.05869508907198906,
-0.375788152217865,
-0.29464972019195557,
0.03705690801143646,
-0.12597855925559998,
-0.81434565782547,
0.8515771627426147,
-0.5400164723396301,
0.17494340240955353,
0.1705274134874344,
0.04212666302919388,
0.14543713629245758,
-0.042882394045591354,
-0.5289930105209351,
-0.012135257944464684,
0.3823547959327698,
0.32230255007743835,
0.027968918904662132,
0.39902761578559875,
-0.12269514054059982,
-0.18519523739814758,
0.04347248375415802,
-0.2814365029335022,
0.06901779770851135,
-0.09477709978818893,
-0.08593914657831192,
0.08231969177722931,
-0.255939245223999,
-0.8561227917671204,
-0.282904714345932,
0.24282370507717133,
0.07066116482019424,
-0.1281421184539795,
-0.5007795691490173,
-0.15768353641033173,
0.18040454387664795,
-0.3531378507614136,
0.32221823930740356,
-0.3551483750343323,
0.027855323627591133,
0.45743507146835327,
0.09571655094623566,
-0.20183813571929932,
0.18948763608932495,
0.13889290392398834,
0.27061769366264343,
0.1871257871389389,
-0.12559619545936584,
0.08456253260374069,
0.15940561890602112,
0.364616721868515,
-0.6026355624198914,
0.7275380492210388,
0.2388010025024414,
-0.513333261013031,
-0.3391692638397217,
-0.5729489922523499,
0.3533855378627777,
0.379982054233551,
0.08296120166778564,
-0.269238144159317,
-0.2520219087600708,
-0.30438536405563354,
0.7739133238792419,
-0.1489398032426834,
-0.24075350165367126,
0.25272461771965027,
0.026033520698547363,
-0.5644798874855042,
-0.5480762720108032,
0.6211475729942322,
-0.5577945709228516,
0.26004475355148315,
-0.6923428773880005,
-0.11042572557926178,
0.4868570864200592,
-0.7011595964431763,
-0.5120737552642822,
-0.5022633075714111,
-0.15684525668621063,
0.1434793919324875,
-0.09454002231359482,
-0.17029030621051788,
-0.33559325337409973,
-0.4442434012889862,
-0.28017526865005493,
0.024551717564463615,
0.1339467316865921,
0.03031901828944683,
-0.03932817280292511,
-0.06312625855207443,
0.33455348014831543,
0.30732980370521545,
-0.5015293955802917,
0.6949501633644104,
0.03284146636724472,
-0.10542519390583038,
-0.5286391973495483,
-0.05122486874461174,
0.22303380072116852,
0.1783529669046402,
-0.18526385724544525,
0.05050570145249367,
-0.016035132110118866,
-0.3244263529777527,
0.3590122163295746,
0.27465003728866577,
0.34635671973228455,
-0.28102990984916687,
-0.025952016934752464,
-0.3749942183494568,
0.4269590377807617,
0.00040183571400120854,
-0.41699403524398804,
-0.5930507183074951,
0.3090319037437439,
0.2428055852651596,
-0.28418028354644775,
-0.06259207427501678,
-0.009863326326012611,
0.4854690730571747,
-0.4264783561229706,
-0.03709898516535759,
-0.4114386737346649,
0.31030377745628357,
-0.1788935363292694,
0.10071364790201187,
-0.3234201967716217,
0.022018413990736008,
0.14224043488502502,
0.10723106563091278,
0.29677778482437134,
-0.5361091494560242,
-0.2567894756793976,
0.24111707508563995,
-0.043042074888944626,
0.25622159242630005,
0.12762610614299774,
0.448702871799469,
0.02803851291537285,
-0.018245933577418327,
0.269429087638855,
-0.10462318360805511,
-0.24617169797420502,
-0.44956734776496887,
-0.35001999139785767,
-0.55074143409729,
0.41009145975112915,
0.027845658361911774,
-0.1132296472787857,
0.2639785408973694,
-0.3539947271347046,
0.21568867564201355,
-0.2077350616455078,
-0.21368175745010376,
0.4527837932109833,
-0.1305970698595047,
0.3693685531616211,
0.01758614182472229,
0.4722592830657959,
-0.11465386301279068,
-0.075359046459198,
-0.2558292746543884,
-0.12070393562316895,
-0.22707344591617584,
-0.1427994966506958,
-0.2777939438819885,
0.2342759221792221,
0.23874513804912567,
-1.1304322481155396,
0.08614863455295563,
0.3066157400608063,
-0.12483870983123779,
-0.49831029772758484,
-0.2737257182598114,
-0.36856094002723694,
0.39392828941345215,
-0.06153295189142227,
0.19970980286598206,
0.67138671875,
0.18857704102993011,
-0.07987776398658752,
0.701340913772583,
-0.7299821376800537,
0.16016794741153717,
0.17998939752578735,
0.4183938503265381,
-0.03335869684815407,
-0.06943785399198532,
-0.12948466837406158,
-0.5016423463821411,
0.4951285719871521,
-0.08619716018438339,
-0.08238783478736877,
0.14626681804656982,
0.6589387059211731,
0.7567563056945801,
-0.3494277000427246,
-0.6010773777961731,
0.38448283076286316,
-0.5715517997741699,
-0.2866133451461792,
0.11197885870933533,
-0.6051077842712402,
-0.315512478351593,
0.67628014087677,
0.5135172009468079,
0.6382572054862976,
-0.40162163972854614,
0.051865044981241226,
-0.11876524984836578,
0.29759669303894043,
0.17476408183574677,
0.2834955155849457,
-0.12031245231628418,
0.09038396924734116,
0.056047700345516205,
-0.0764910876750946,
0.1891142576932907,
-0.12236190587282181,
-0.022045597434043884,
-0.23986397683620453,
-0.5406146049499512,
-0.2910935878753662,
-0.06828358769416809,
-0.2731107473373413,
0.2626308798789978,
0.048798274248838425,
0.14309148490428925,
-0.28511229157447815,
0.3668978214263916,
-0.15591876208782196,
-0.017220275476574898,
-0.3712726831436157,
0.01451495848596096,
0.17294833064079285,
0.06456847488880157,
0.49198687076568604,
-0.03318018093705177,
0.013790576718747616,
-0.4721108376979828,
0.11013790965080261,
0.6966122984886169,
0.7669094800949097,
0.03821263834834099,
-0.45201268792152405,
-0.5052763819694519,
-0.42965492606163025,
0.4112701117992401,
-0.18446433544158936,
0.25360655784606934,
-0.29480862617492676,
0.8544191122055054,
-0.18518616259098053,
-0.21440471708774567,
0.3032144606113434,
-0.18748228251934052,
-0.5257580876350403,
-0.2755663990974426,
-0.1034899577498436,
0.21764221787452698,
-0.03646343946456909,
-0.15777720510959625,
1.0344440937042236,
0.5071783661842346,
0.2972232401371002,
0.09085651487112045,
-0.5143035054206848,
0.5320730209350586,
0.07864609360694885,
-0.23030298948287964,
0.05436670407652855,
-0.055028434842824936,
-0.11335749179124832,
-0.38603225350379944,
0.43977776169776917,
1.0588587522506714,
0.09032946825027466,
-0.2424364686012268,
0.3682628273963928,
0.1367660015821457,
0.05576896294951439,
0.3918916583061218,
-0.01658945530653,
-0.00287469825707376,
-0.5871139764785767,
-0.013545147143304348,
0.4611492455005646,
0.14539402723312378,
0.14162646234035492,
-0.1488225758075714,
0.34791651368141174,
0.32063186168670654,
-0.029492923989892006,
-0.728281557559967,
0.31557750701904297,
-0.3012695908546448,
0.06952990591526031,
-0.1527603268623352,
0.6212638020515442,
-0.41683024168014526,
-0.127004012465477,
0.11098983138799667,
-0.14943353831768036,
-0.18921858072280884,
0.014958744868636131,
-0.27305513620376587,
0.4769741892814636,
-0.19599907100200653,
0.3828945457935333,
-0.0038404702208936214,
0.7400495409965515,
0.11766614764928818,
-0.3871423304080963,
-0.8371372818946838,
0.08457895368337631,
0.23731304705142975,
-0.4221637547016144,
0.18902026116847992,
0.10724283754825592,
0.37733814120292664,
0.6545712947845459,
-0.01745542883872986,
-0.15024983882904053,
-0.036750536412000656,
0.5832189917564392
]
|
214808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Old-Time%20Gospel%20Hour | The Old-Time Gospel Hour | The Old-Time Gospel Hour is a ministry program broadcast from Thomas Road Baptist Church. The founding pastor was Jerry Falwell. It has been replaced by Thomas Road Live with Jonathan Falwell.
In popular culture
Bono of the band U2 mentions The Old-Time Gospel Hour in the 1988 live version of the song "Bullet the Blue Sky" on the album Rattle and Hum. Toward the end of the song, there is a spoken section where he says "...and I can't tell the difference between ABC News, Hill Street Blues, and a preacher on the Old-Time Gospel Hour stealing money from the sick and the old. Well the God I believe in isn't short of cash, mister."
References
External links
Television series about Christianity
Jerry Falwell Sr. | [
0.5574719309806824,
0.6687961220741272,
0.1430782973766327,
-0.33549022674560547,
-0.02481144852936268,
0.01720564253628254,
0.3254900276660919,
0.23942448198795319,
-0.08351045846939087,
-0.5246710777282715,
-0.28836560249328613,
0.6405317783355713,
-0.29431214928627014,
0.1875358372926712,
-0.3609882593154907,
0.5602030754089355,
0.3401643633842468,
0.3555814027786255,
-0.23088760673999786,
-1.0751399993896484,
0.08951061218976974,
-0.3635951280593872,
0.3617103695869446,
0.15049664676189423,
-0.41371214389801025,
0.22229823470115662,
-0.37508758902549744,
-0.07250858843326569,
0.06753924489021301,
-0.30729925632476807,
0.1013103798031807,
0.22173132002353668,
0.519282877445221,
-0.3153603672981262,
-0.06429607421159744,
-0.2078978568315506,
0.6100901365280151,
-0.8541597127914429,
-0.12690570950508118,
0.20021066069602966,
0.0693664476275444,
-0.4207482635974884,
0.4631732106208801,
0.4513295590877533,
-0.03395877778530121,
-0.003957034554332495,
-1.3431041240692139,
-0.28872865438461304,
-0.8407641053199768,
-0.2495502084493637,
-0.19515450298786163,
0.23640453815460205,
0.9531678557395935,
0.4594414234161377,
-0.3111570179462433,
0.892879068851471,
-0.15546655654907227,
0.3087639808654785,
0.48092788457870483,
-0.16086626052856445,
-0.24310120940208435,
-0.18427249789237976,
-0.13145288825035095,
-0.004742237273603678,
-0.3478001356124878,
0.19500043988227844,
-0.2949279546737671,
0.48111000657081604,
0.003575892187654972,
0.000265575828962028,
-0.2708466053009033,
-0.33343490958213806,
-0.3664790689945221,
-0.07392631471157074,
0.28051596879959106,
-0.45072296261787415,
0.30375373363494873,
-0.07959688454866409,
0.49900317192077637,
-0.1280180662870407,
-0.359638512134552,
0.5896656513214111,
0.41376832127571106,
0.048036154359579086,
0.11774220317602158,
0.19212749600410461,
-0.06241251155734062,
-0.26411429047584534,
-0.40988877415657043,
0.6942307353019714,
-0.721038281917572,
-0.5972664952278137,
0.3255996108055115,
0.516421914100647,
-0.2623958885669708,
0.05158323049545288,
0.15072520077228546,
0.18196596205234528,
0.22277459502220154,
0.4692688584327698,
0.4642375409603119,
0.00704757496714592,
0.8159928321838379,
-0.10771752893924713,
-0.22248603403568268,
0.005110702011734247,
0.004906898830085993,
-0.6675731539726257,
0.45159071683883667,
-0.021424977108836174,
-0.4087110161781311,
0.3173457384109497,
-0.3401596248149872,
0.12711870670318604,
0.5842220783233643,
-0.2833939790725708,
0.05161423236131668,
-0.32566890120506287,
-0.5313816070556641,
0.15166722238063812,
-0.39851221442222595,
1.0737618207931519,
-0.05165775492787361,
0.2108955681324005,
-0.6300567984580994,
0.5841137170791626,
0.2669958174228668,
0.7073128819465637,
-0.2958507835865021,
-0.273270845413208,
0.29089614748954773,
0.5420704483985901,
0.22871805727481842,
-0.29018914699554443,
0.09603415429592133,
0.45824187994003296,
0.4554798901081085,
-0.052597273141145706,
0.2837853729724884,
0.9679597020149231,
-0.120113305747509,
-0.6606408357620239,
-0.7421955466270447,
-0.6510523557662964,
-0.002643175423145294,
-0.20683231949806213,
-0.6140212416648865,
-0.346962034702301,
0.27266520261764526,
0.2861921191215515,
0.3342508375644684,
-0.3707427978515625,
-0.33400872349739075,
0.12480417639017105,
-0.553630530834198,
0.0800754576921463,
-0.36334654688835144,
-0.36485403776168823,
0.43848446011543274,
0.7196840047836304,
0.010479915887117386,
-0.004565308336168528,
-0.2579575479030609,
-0.2650485932826996,
-0.22039204835891724,
-0.052353885024785995,
0.21980012953281403,
-0.055442433804273605,
0.02294989302754402,
-0.6436088681221008,
-0.47370797395706177,
0.048641301691532135,
0.18748264014720917,
-0.500863254070282,
-0.5086878538131714,
-0.12622793018817902,
0.8699789643287659,
0.2704596519470215,
-0.4466363787651062,
-0.4320887327194214,
-0.6173596978187561,
-0.4195025563240051,
0.4062708020210266,
-0.48223140835762024,
0.766316294670105,
0.20001742243766785,
-0.3214363753795624,
0.44939523935317993,
0.07466129213571548,
-0.06829645484685898,
-0.30788782238960266,
-0.5167891979217529,
0.7136421799659729,
-0.640127956867218,
0.9911222457885742,
-0.1071339100599289,
-0.24713781476020813,
0.9189054369926453,
-0.24288062751293182,
0.13041448593139648,
0.4632906913757324,
-0.000746334670111537,
0.11120284348726273,
0.17550335824489594,
-0.33143460750579834,
0.41623455286026,
0.30841758847236633,
-0.38540610671043396,
0.1296631544828415,
0.4626818001270294,
0.1639041006565094,
0.02917485497891903,
0.27195435762405396,
0.5378249883651733,
-0.35444405674934387,
0.03345343843102455,
0.16417504847049713,
-0.10025539994239807,
-0.44671913981437683,
-0.23177693784236908,
1.0190229415893555,
0.026609251275658607,
-0.02301141619682312,
0.564044177532196,
-0.5457645654678345,
0.0922120064496994,
0.22667178511619568,
0.1862831562757492,
0.17500874400138855,
0.008742515929043293,
0.49704164266586304,
0.4311596155166626,
-0.26900941133499146,
-0.6035589575767517,
-0.04520057141780853,
-0.12993867695331573,
-0.1849641650915146,
-0.46036016941070557,
-0.05107184499502182,
0.0036180769093334675,
0.6667147874832153,
-0.16557425260543823,
-0.4093116223812103,
0.2871224880218506,
0.5436983108520508,
0.41672489047050476,
-0.7873506546020508,
0.7981740236282349,
-0.49989715218544006,
-0.32838138937950134,
0.34575363993644714,
-0.14144130051136017,
0.6594741940498352,
-0.20632071793079376,
-0.07411825656890869,
0.16113828122615814,
-0.21588635444641113,
-0.4890536069869995,
0.13972441852092743,
0.5477206110954285,
0.2509343922138214,
-0.48175063729286194,
0.3670031726360321,
-0.47850096225738525,
-0.055401116609573364,
-0.32231754064559937,
-0.37754499912261963,
-0.6153488159179688,
-0.017890773713588715,
0.004104098305106163,
0.05756121501326561,
0.7737165689468384,
-0.36010751128196716,
0.1268901377916336,
0.20919278264045715,
0.1862236112356186,
0.3535972833633423,
-0.01626804657280445,
-0.5610182285308838,
-0.3056287169456482,
0.1653466373682022,
0.3077998459339142,
0.36122655868530273,
0.014760020188987255,
-0.8859621286392212,
0.06371372193098068,
0.21659274399280548,
-0.27191802859306335,
-0.31474781036376953,
0.11673524230718613,
-0.15343113243579865,
0.3244635760784149,
0.2950589060783386,
0.07169151306152344,
0.7217644453048706,
0.18812702596187592,
0.5558176636695862,
-0.21600569784641266,
-0.007186098489910364,
-0.22406990826129913,
0.0020116844680160284,
0.13571518659591675,
-0.4791533350944519,
0.06588244438171387,
-0.09786243736743927,
-0.7562054991722107,
-0.4158187210559845,
-0.6741819381713867,
-5.867316722869873,
0.012431849725544453,
-0.355690598487854,
-0.4390162527561188,
0.00923825427889824,
-0.05858335644006729,
0.5910713076591492,
-0.5400658249855042,
0.12741607427597046,
0.42218127846717834,
-0.25148776173591614,
-0.27748367190361023,
0.27289557456970215,
0.0528896301984787,
0.7257932424545288,
0.3398793339729309,
0.2443593442440033,
0.015722593292593956,
0.4108191728591919,
-0.07312390208244324,
0.2172786444425583,
0.06764325499534607,
0.07911595702171326,
0.30861425399780273,
0.6017477512359619,
0.2581433057785034,
-0.20436370372772217,
0.2255365252494812,
-0.007911214604973793,
0.16300399601459503,
0.3187389671802521,
-0.13624334335327148,
0.17718370258808136,
-0.27245956659317017,
0.4264828562736511,
0.21916161477565765,
0.31314197182655334,
-0.1065874844789505,
0.21393561363220215,
-0.6750221848487854,
-0.1223050132393837,
-0.1270526796579361,
-0.13316474854946136,
-0.3959045112133026,
0.0034632887691259384,
0.3032413125038147,
-0.34242555499076843,
-0.6616280674934387,
-0.23781485855579376,
0.6690270900726318,
-0.4457339942455292,
0.2910289764404297,
0.561568558216095,
0.05833795294165611,
-0.161551371216774,
-0.4227091073989868,
-0.053061164915561676,
0.16497017443180084,
0.4834499955177307,
-0.404910683631897,
0.531067430973053,
-0.13806495070457458,
-0.26890185475349426,
-0.41996249556541443,
-0.23164501786231995,
-0.502496063709259,
-0.29637280106544495,
0.2760206460952759,
0.6168412566184998,
0.5385648608207703,
-0.37008345127105713,
0.24007607996463776,
0.25900551676750183,
-0.8698574900627136,
0.008562717586755753,
-0.019677897915244102,
-0.270224004983902,
0.3893428444862366,
-0.07849791646003723,
0.2266572266817093,
0.23975388705730438,
-0.2160065621137619,
-0.2973712682723999,
0.5381867289543152,
0.2743290066719055,
-0.5502937436103821,
-0.2159976065158844,
-0.16797590255737305,
-0.4984219968318939,
0.14280880987644196,
0.39880111813545227,
-0.3619525730609894,
-0.507473886013031,
0.5794380903244019,
0.5921112895011902,
0.8843493461608887,
0.30485042929649353,
0.7070427536964417,
0.781798779964447,
-0.08627752214670181,
0.534512996673584,
-0.10665472596883774,
0.5862341523170471,
-0.39354243874549866,
-0.05797925963997841,
-0.43818509578704834,
-0.2696913182735443,
-0.34051835536956787,
0.18334375321865082,
-0.012849432416260242,
-0.237908273935318,
-0.14519406855106354,
-0.8516886830329895,
-0.015228936448693275,
0.005528916139155626,
-0.1681116223335266,
-0.04745054244995117,
0.5073533058166504,
-0.12133869528770447,
0.14048321545124054,
0.5178253054618835,
-0.02577800303697586,
0.10432903468608856,
-0.14343351125717163,
-0.979729413986206,
-0.5816333293914795,
-0.1575605869293213,
0.30429375171661377,
-0.38524329662323,
-0.13305167853832245,
-0.10805855691432953,
0.07776644080877304,
0.4770887494087219,
0.26894012093544006,
-0.15065675973892212,
0.029088536277413368,
-0.13425761461257935,
-0.19022050499916077,
0.06060442328453064,
0.16320963203907013,
0.3245428204536438,
-0.41761869192123413,
-0.009673469699919224,
0.6344332098960876,
0.2805064916610718,
0.9491022825241089,
-0.07174714654684067,
-0.4058287441730499,
-0.7534070611000061,
0.3637189567089081,
-0.07547257095575333,
-0.09974436461925507,
0.5964800715446472,
-0.29975223541259766,
0.030697396025061607,
0.07257165759801865,
-0.005112265236675739,
-0.11253748834133148,
-0.1665719896554947,
-0.5592113137245178,
0.014050583355128765,
-0.4759146273136139,
-0.5413326621055603,
0.07446939498186111,
0.13388115167617798,
0.15897397696971893,
-0.4567263424396515,
-0.20361897349357605,
-0.16454863548278809,
0.5276889204978943,
-0.27274179458618164,
0.025569314137101173,
-0.7326265573501587,
-0.174638032913208,
1.0165700912475586,
0.2748093008995056,
0.10848046094179153,
-0.021972281858325005,
0.47594785690307617,
-0.7347018122673035,
0.13996373116970062,
-0.17272919416427612,
-0.6317766904830933,
0.07760386168956757,
0.5516297817230225,
-0.3146297037601471,
-0.386176198720932,
-0.14845748245716095,
-0.13309647142887115,
-0.022163884714245796,
0.6592280864715576,
0.14207516610622406,
0.1960078626871109,
-0.07911352068185806,
-0.06110318377614021,
-0.8748598694801331,
0.08282168954610825,
0.07245801389217377,
0.1880253255367279,
-1.0967243909835815,
0.4472353458404541,
0.2004387080669403,
-0.8952435255050659,
0.7475801706314087,
0.2965537905693054,
-0.661715567111969,
0.1353699266910553,
-0.4336613118648529,
-0.640620231628418,
0.43080294132232666,
-0.23214749991893768,
-0.17449891567230225,
0.053360410034656525,
0.17721708118915558,
-0.12419264763593674,
-0.15113075077533722,
-0.1616898775100708,
-0.20034687221050262,
0.10114968568086624,
-0.579549252986908,
0.1096571758389473,
-0.01158625353127718,
-0.660735547542572,
0.27443331480026245,
-0.58233243227005,
-0.03443806618452072,
0.5838987231254578,
-0.7014535665512085,
-0.014736752957105637,
-0.15444277226924896,
0.03851091116666794,
-0.004030177369713783,
0.3266947269439697,
0.4643494784832001,
-0.3507034182548523,
-0.011051519773900509,
-0.635529100894928,
0.25924167037010193,
0.12719477713108063,
0.6017516255378723,
0.524393618106842,
0.3623291850090027,
-0.2952910363674164,
-0.6918649673461914,
-0.3075365722179413,
0.2277308702468872,
0.5828183889389038,
0.3275255858898163,
-0.3141443431377411,
0.33136874437332153,
0.44463929533958435,
-0.4709247350692749,
0.1524670273065567,
-0.24374020099639893,
0.1229451522231102,
-1.0134702920913696,
-0.09098648279905319,
0.22957929968833923,
-0.20945081114768982,
-0.308562695980072,
0.12427575141191483,
-0.21467411518096924,
-0.5982407927513123,
0.42054781317710876,
0.2713703513145447,
1.0043926239013672,
-0.005495321936905384,
-0.5948612093925476,
0.12766960263252258,
-0.14472812414169312,
0.10819286108016968,
0.0048334477469325066,
0.025361914187669754,
0.651387631893158,
0.24230128526687622,
0.03411267325282097,
-0.38186532258987427,
-0.27436548471450806,
-0.08565004914999008,
0.2837781012058258,
0.19873616099357605,
-0.19189678132534027,
-0.19103364646434784,
-0.09872085601091385,
0.5530945062637329,
-0.736484706401825,
-0.20038194954395294,
-0.10259221494197845,
0.05903029814362526,
-0.3212586045265198,
-0.34835320711135864,
0.025860732421278954,
0.36191266775131226,
0.3889947533607483,
-0.2609727084636688,
0.4031211733818054,
0.5269354581832886,
-0.3224584460258484,
0.22274525463581085,
-0.8249083161354065,
0.03259952738881111,
0.6400690674781799,
0.06300359219312668,
-0.24302645027637482,
0.2365252524614334,
-0.2625617980957031,
-0.11399296671152115,
0.1562010794878006,
-0.3921383023262024,
-0.1943969875574112,
0.5478258728981018,
0.20362359285354614,
0.382492333650589,
1.0784448385238647,
-0.5690707564353943,
-0.22284601628780365,
-0.010379794053733349,
-0.1845768243074417,
-0.3327917158603668,
0.42844605445861816,
-0.24315045773983002,
0.10041539371013641,
0.21853920817375183,
0.16410011053085327,
-0.5250292420387268,
0.806774377822876,
0.0031487748492509127,
-0.10210202634334564,
0.13159389793872833,
-0.00897187925875187,
0.11528905481100082,
0.2716372013092041,
-0.6784620881080627,
0.5528374314308167,
-0.2449304312467575,
-0.18603549897670746,
0.15211279690265656,
-0.05103825777769089,
-0.42004454135894775,
0.49569886922836304,
0.02491481974720955,
0.1551969051361084,
0.07939235866069794,
-0.16370120644569397,
0.02894405834376812,
-0.007701232098042965,
-0.3488087058067322,
-0.19730117917060852,
0.40749260783195496,
-0.4578799307346344,
-0.03173712641000748,
0.03326208516955376,
-0.14670346677303314,
-0.8479303121566772,
0.39038199186325073,
-0.02477959357202053,
-0.151065394282341,
-0.3804413378238678,
0.252790242433548,
0.10502581298351288,
-0.03189779445528984,
-0.033028725534677505,
-0.12590375542640686,
-0.4626539647579193,
-0.09067726135253906,
-0.09642134606838226,
0.09340017288923264,
-0.39050328731536865,
-0.1453542709350586,
0.2852701246738434,
-0.37772321701049805,
-0.05991771072149277,
0.12827448546886444,
-0.3842494487762451,
-0.020360782742500305,
0.1310890018939972,
0.6189228296279907,
0.10284456610679626,
-0.017974738031625748,
0.6050840020179749,
0.28345462679862976,
-0.09933646768331528,
-0.3520624041557312,
-0.3298380970954895,
0.14125680923461914,
0.2815225422382355,
-0.272068589925766,
0.4665646255016327,
-0.3591218590736389,
-0.4536372125148773,
0.4763002395629883,
-1.0704631805419922,
-0.2819904685020447,
-0.6154731512069702,
-0.42565447092056274,
-0.39568665623664856,
-0.07442055642604828,
0.7356235980987549,
0.18979308009147644,
0.4283432066440582,
-0.04314512759447098,
0.18052436411380768,
0.13501191139221191,
-0.036342114210128784,
-0.28483057022094727,
0.05757243186235428,
-0.1861157864332199,
-0.07959159463644028,
-0.8305551409721375,
0.8721108436584473,
0.33034971356391907,
0.10500236600637436,
-0.06991101056337357,
-0.08465424180030823,
-0.4266582429409027,
0.36570802330970764,
0.9906860589981079,
-0.49033471941947937,
-0.036934901028871536,
-0.09713365137577057,
-0.15237516164779663,
0.3649222254753113,
0.3167204260826111,
0.30201414227485657,
0.04028097912669182,
-0.10628360509872437,
0.149220272898674,
0.23004183173179626,
0.07674048840999603,
0.31622064113616943,
0.05558968335390091,
-0.24371691048145294,
-0.498715877532959,
-0.13798823952674866,
-0.5687425136566162,
-0.04118029400706291,
0.11650072783231735,
0.5614291429519653,
1.1777292490005493,
-0.3272486925125122,
0.34478700160980225,
-0.4015929102897644,
0.1942795068025589,
0.31957581639289856,
-0.763107180595398,
-0.08025509119033813,
0.2759813368320465,
-0.23072780668735504,
-0.47045326232910156,
0.6201290488243103,
-0.025236258283257484,
-0.8918853402137756,
0.025493839755654335,
0.03308295086026192,
-0.11734626442193985,
-0.5674315690994263,
0.26085418462753296,
0.29411405324935913,
0.7866718173027039,
-0.40930885076522827
]
|
214810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell%20K.%20Colcord | Roswell K. Colcord | Roswell Keyes Colcord (April 25, 1839 – October 30, 1939) was an American politician. He served as the seventh Governor of Nevada from 1891 to 1895. He was a member of the Republican Party.
Biography
Colcord was born on April 25, 1839 in Searsport, Maine. He attended public schools where he studied Mechanical Engineering and he found work in a shipyard as a carpenter. He married Mary E. Hopkins on April 28, 1868, in Virginia City, Nevada, and they had three children, Stella, Harry, and Ethel.
Career
Colcord moved west to California in 1856, to Aurora, Nevada in 1860, and to Virginia City, Nevada in 1863. He became a successful mining engineer. He also set up a law practice and became one of the top attorneys in the state. He was also involved in the building of bridges and mills. He was selected as a commissioner to represent Nevada at the Paris Expedition in 1889.
Elected as governor in 1890, Colcord strengthened the state's economy and also signed the state's first admissions day bill. He was the first Nevada governor to support Women's Suffrage. During his tenure, a state board of health was established, a mechanical engineering department was initiated in the University of Nevada, and a first state board of equalization was authorized.
After his term as governor, Colcord was named Superintendent of the United States Mint's Carson City Mint, a position he held from 1898 to 1911. At that time, the Mint did not produce money, but was a shipping point for bullion.
Death
Colcord was in relatively good health at the time of his death on October 30, 1939, at the age of 100 in Carson City, Nevada. He is interred at the Lone Mountain Cemetery in Carson City, Nevada.
References
External links
Nevada State Library and Archives
Roswell K. Colcord, at The Political Graveyard
The Encyclopedia of Nevada
Nevada's First Ladies
National Governors Association
1839 births
1939 deaths
American centenarians
Governors of Nevada
Men centenarians
Nevada Republicans
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
People from Searsport, Maine
United States Mint
Republican Party state governors of the United States | [
-0.5874409079551697,
0.11873374879360199,
-0.8577966690063477,
0.08582330495119095,
0.0014566774480044842,
0.47316065430641174,
0.8099600672721863,
0.2795189917087555,
-0.3385535776615143,
-0.07180202752351761,
0.20516379177570343,
0.6123700141906738,
-0.8293410539627075,
0.7795166373252869,
-0.37351271510124207,
0.14184367656707764,
-0.033814359456300735,
0.13605231046676636,
-0.12334931641817093,
-0.13995671272277832,
-0.3086300790309906,
-0.42431390285491943,
0.32418209314346313,
0.14491744339466095,
-0.2745590806007385,
0.1663810908794403,
-0.4699539244174957,
-0.5919790267944336,
0.0870288833975792,
0.04150792956352234,
-0.049071673303842545,
0.6769123077392578,
0.44986799359321594,
-0.015553737990558147,
-1.0070419311523438,
0.3980623483657837,
-0.5738815665245056,
-0.33521413803100586,
0.45543184876441956,
0.6611523628234863,
-0.2537667453289032,
0.0892438292503357,
0.25509148836135864,
-0.08092539012432098,
-0.07009609043598175,
-0.5563334226608276,
-2.17615008354187,
0.050053730607032776,
-0.8859248161315918,
-0.74411940574646,
-0.17982259392738342,
0.1587442308664322,
0.5192057490348816,
0.3543890714645386,
-0.46093663573265076,
0.29773733019828796,
-0.030831625685095787,
-0.2981579005718231,
0.0718669518828392,
-0.4697040021419525,
0.28600022196769714,
-0.16702626645565033,
0.8383519649505615,
0.12439417093992233,
0.10623625665903091,
-0.06394393742084503,
-0.28115683794021606,
0.6106789112091064,
-0.2872961461544037,
0.16465559601783752,
0.20959323644638062,
0.8909050822257996,
0.7485542893409729,
0.36177462339401245,
0.47291111946105957,
-0.4989694654941559,
0.12766264379024506,
0.1842651069164276,
-0.2005688101053238,
-0.05478382855653763,
-0.2896459996700287,
-0.3673035204410553,
0.3932447135448456,
0.22335489094257355,
-0.09224289655685425,
0.04535115510225296,
-0.79319167137146,
0.4953601360321045,
-0.43466073274612427,
-0.02498781308531761,
-0.6914724707603455,
-0.11194613575935364,
-0.08392325043678284,
0.08124939352273941,
-0.07607764005661011,
-0.4364840090274811,
0.4753704369068146,
0.16679181158542633,
-0.46681860089302063,
-0.28816351294517517,
-0.11748696118593216,
0.10164698213338852,
0.4062698185443878,
0.14734084904193878,
-0.025758836418390274,
0.25235065817832947,
0.05972344055771828,
-0.44230687618255615,
0.04136723652482033,
-0.37635597586631775,
-0.536575436592102,
0.12141624838113785,
-0.07441060990095139,
-0.09022010117769241,
-0.7924156785011292,
0.4155835211277008,
0.10625402629375458,
-0.3082367181777954,
-0.42883625626564026,
-0.6429227590560913,
-0.4271370470523834,
0.33547934889793396,
-0.3469978868961334,
-0.11997921019792557,
-0.9322477579116821,
0.15972547233104706,
0.0917695015668869,
0.2400503158569336,
0.40851402282714844,
0.9196673035621643,
0.7105167508125305,
0.7378867268562317,
-0.33648356795310974,
-0.2744797468185425,
-0.7650353312492371,
-0.22351790964603424,
0.5265626907348633,
0.13460157811641693,
-0.19426295161247253,
0.294901579618454,
0.06907877326011658,
-0.20447109639644623,
-1.1285374164581299,
-0.09745879471302032,
0.20279085636138916,
-0.2645971179008484,
-0.19730548560619354,
0.4508906602859497,
-0.045000992715358734,
0.18166150152683258,
0.23060943186283112,
0.361039400100708,
0.3926558196544647,
-0.1899859756231308,
-0.41969913244247437,
0.8177998661994934,
0.27598121762275696,
-0.17230093479156494,
0.24658255279064178,
0.7745776176452637,
0.21399663388729095,
0.2717304527759552,
-0.08425846695899963,
-0.32574063539505005,
0.09071308374404907,
0.2986313998699188,
0.4048016369342804,
-0.616927444934845,
-0.4245182275772095,
-0.1275969296693802,
-0.32114508748054504,
-0.43817514181137085,
0.35188087821006775,
-0.31726929545402527,
0.22554703056812286,
0.1887044459581375,
0.8909206986427307,
0.21236538887023926,
0.11120548099279404,
-0.46573004126548767,
-0.9765493869781494,
-0.23454833030700684,
0.33376356959342957,
0.19124680757522583,
0.23805305361747742,
0.25636979937553406,
0.4545934200286865,
-0.625650942325592,
0.6405854821205139,
-0.5955363512039185,
-0.13919346034526825,
-0.7200151085853577,
-0.22521750628948212,
-0.05970190837979317,
1.1428844928741455,
0.329992413520813,
-0.33872076869010925,
0.10414682328701019,
0.1969374120235443,
0.3628145456314087,
-0.08697416633367538,
-0.6444591879844666,
0.18320174515247345,
-0.8943412899971008,
0.17990732192993164,
1.2429615259170532,
0.48220011591911316,
-0.2860054671764374,
0.15308231115341187,
0.8986905813217163,
0.18267583847045898,
-0.386899471282959,
-0.020487111061811447,
0.44717076420783997,
-0.08511628210544586,
-0.9842975735664368,
-0.28801289200782776,
-0.7098986506462097,
0.6679334044456482,
-0.6107521653175354,
0.562828540802002,
0.3903310000896454,
-0.260525107383728,
1.289325475692749,
0.12446951866149902,
0.7367533445358276,
-0.12177316844463348,
0.1673593372106552,
-0.5288615822792053,
-0.3868856132030487,
0.32749709486961365,
0.22489845752716064,
0.08797281980514526,
-1.10727858543396,
0.3202328085899353,
0.10887548327445984,
-0.2081013172864914,
0.010078782215714455,
0.4819546937942505,
-1.025287389755249,
-0.2925780713558197,
0.6802183389663696,
-0.2760394215583801,
0.1039121225476265,
-0.20444026589393616,
-0.026080066338181496,
-0.09206026047468185,
-0.4599386751651764,
-0.14518964290618896,
-0.27086585760116577,
0.34610459208488464,
0.607621967792511,
0.5613701343536377,
0.038956984877586365,
0.6619033813476562,
-0.15883450210094452,
0.3455815017223358,
-0.03530312702059746,
-0.02882908657193184,
0.029550591483712196,
0.06659106910228729,
0.2113145887851715,
-0.27941077947616577,
0.2132265269756317,
0.10571825504302979,
-0.00816037692129612,
-0.3676789402961731,
-0.17939035594463348,
-0.2703414261341095,
-0.3388262093067169,
0.0767526924610138,
-0.19931890070438385,
0.24914413690567017,
-0.031137432903051376,
0.6765865683555603,
0.11710046976804733,
-0.441154807806015,
0.09511160105466843,
-1.1277992725372314,
-0.6388189792633057,
0.5834872126579285,
0.771895706653595,
-0.38896533846855164,
0.25367793440818787,
0.1386999934911728,
-0.571290135383606,
-0.014751986600458622,
-0.2534467875957489,
-0.06391316652297974,
-0.033553361892700195,
-0.07341618090867996,
0.3084667921066284,
-0.5835642218589783,
0.4976884722709656,
-0.11065757274627686,
0.43255385756492615,
-0.2820160388946533,
-0.6444558501243591,
0.010789173655211926,
-0.6015602946281433,
-0.7663188576698303,
0.37347760796546936,
-0.4338981509208679,
-0.04460759460926056,
0.5791432857513428,
-0.21490086615085602,
-0.3821234405040741,
0.1777002066373825,
-5.044963836669922,
0.11242053657770157,
-0.4820052683353424,
-0.616424024105072,
0.4981602132320404,
0.13641278445720673,
-0.12238176167011261,
-0.3137768507003784,
0.0031757771503180265,
0.21224896609783173,
0.640066921710968,
-0.0015536135761067271,
-0.4627711772918701,
0.5432509183883667,
0.7189704179763794,
0.4439745843410492,
1.1417269706726074,
0.10208073258399963,
0.22752471268177032,
0.30534523725509644,
0.3019062876701355,
-0.24160422384738922,
-0.07352545112371445,
0.44239649176597595,
0.21235138177871704,
0.19960114359855652,
-0.19918662309646606,
0.26704779267311096,
-0.05247846990823746,
-0.5358376502990723,
0.6417420506477356,
0.558279275894165,
-0.7247201800346375,
-0.15203650295734406,
0.4106239676475525,
-0.34712374210357666,
0.3100818395614624,
0.6466218829154968,
-0.019803667441010475,
-0.23372744023799896,
0.33874890208244324,
0.339370995759964,
-1.295700192451477,
0.28094062209129333,
-0.046600766479969025,
-0.10318271070718765,
-0.4326191842556,
0.07952969521284103,
-0.5253497958183289,
0.593182384967804,
0.09748943895101547,
0.13065458834171295,
0.5864158272743225,
0.4808533489704132,
0.6177389621734619,
-0.16055963933467865,
0.4297652542591095,
-0.1021089032292366,
-1.0294756889343262,
-0.0625881478190422,
0.430582731962204,
-0.6422640085220337,
-0.010554216802120209,
-0.3372859060764313,
-0.3429335057735443,
-0.7462784051895142,
0.02632845938205719,
-0.22899773716926575,
-0.14865371584892273,
-0.4362027645111084,
-0.10569478571414948,
1.1990349292755127,
0.3333316743373871,
-1.127441644668579,
0.5425004959106445,
-0.19090333580970764,
-0.2734036445617676,
-0.0022432401310652494,
-0.8653212785720825,
-0.3774046301841736,
0.3657577633857727,
-0.15457235276699066,
0.4292835295200348,
1.214684009552002,
0.7964557409286499,
0.013391117565333843,
0.2683640718460083,
0.1578153818845749,
-0.9815006256103516,
-0.42126742005348206,
-0.1391146332025528,
-0.3989468812942505,
0.23027177155017853,
0.15779539942741394,
0.39384809136390686,
0.13136069476604462,
0.1847684681415558,
0.10791058093309402,
0.2532636225223541,
-0.5455426573753357,
-0.5431175827980042,
0.0904029980301857,
-0.6426568627357483,
-0.6754491925239563,
0.21306006610393524,
-0.15953980386257172,
-0.2612568438053131,
0.413541316986084,
0.7216063737869263,
0.16774648427963257,
-0.20726075768470764,
0.31579068303108215,
-0.40368303656578064,
-0.40835535526275635,
0.4497498869895935,
-0.2888990342617035,
0.324042946100235,
-0.001128178439103067,
0.7974191308021545,
0.32831132411956787,
0.4625072777271271,
0.888525664806366,
-0.08341950178146362,
0.05715583264827728,
-0.3293357491493225,
-0.035945989191532135,
0.34556257724761963,
-0.4853827655315399,
-0.43608951568603516,
0.2576957941055298,
0.03150458261370659,
0.20231831073760986,
-0.3871305584907532,
0.36960917711257935,
-0.29656121134757996,
-0.5308580994606018,
-0.13225992023944855,
-0.026627812534570694,
-0.612569272518158,
-0.3631167411804199,
0.20187535881996155,
-0.4602649211883545,
-0.419818639755249,
-0.04848005622625351,
-0.01634925790131092,
0.2708871066570282,
0.2963303029537201,
0.022126715630292892,
-0.8668923377990723,
0.4310986399650574,
-0.9255556464195251,
-0.3231392204761505,
-0.08285532146692276,
-0.6733438968658447,
0.005401718430221081,
-0.20225821435451508,
-0.3028357923030853,
-0.016004150733351707,
0.07634896039962769,
0.026593588292598724,
-0.1794421225786209,
0.48055946826934814,
-1.0202206373214722,
-0.01806735247373581,
-0.17267389595508575,
0.28685787320137024,
-0.5162584781646729,
0.29049888253211975,
-0.6249854564666748,
0.7506118416786194,
0.09474153816699982,
-0.018184848129749298,
-0.2496545910835266,
-0.09356380999088287,
0.3416067361831665,
-0.19245627522468567,
0.04894052818417549,
0.15868572890758514,
0.3887326121330261,
0.052709728479385376,
0.020888589322566986,
-0.057399362325668335,
-0.6140130162239075,
-0.35254624485969543,
0.4594462215900421,
-0.7528712153434753,
-0.45352903008461,
-0.5378993153572083,
0.3719063997268677,
0.11434703320264816,
0.3010828197002411,
-0.30999553203582764,
0.056985076516866684,
0.9187647700309753,
-0.07372849434614182,
0.07192009687423706,
0.19591659307479858,
-0.16586913168430328,
-0.2616235017776489,
-0.6665409207344055,
-0.07454530149698257,
-0.028752001002430916,
0.14238637685775757,
-0.11027739197015762,
-0.7647386789321899,
-1.049149990081787,
-0.038322191685438156,
0.43869850039482117,
-0.3885359764099121,
1.162757158279419,
-0.02995481714606285,
-0.5571575164794922,
0.08811324089765549,
0.1381310373544693,
0.061629898846149445,
0.3825327455997467,
0.638542890548706,
0.8753878474235535,
-0.6694360971450806,
-0.7275839447975159,
-0.9345248341560364,
-0.3329200744628906,
-0.06196558102965355,
-0.22416159510612488,
-0.11630725860595703,
0.02022906392812729,
-0.12064185738563538,
0.06223391368985176,
0.9706022143363953,
0.4450712502002716,
-0.8203846216201782,
-0.24120816588401794,
0.2191932648420334,
0.3504311442375183,
0.05569315701723099,
-0.06534211337566376,
0.05679944157600403,
0.30975788831710815,
-0.9573291540145874,
-0.40637341141700745,
0.20993302762508392,
1.3376333713531494,
0.4181281328201294,
0.019275205209851265,
-0.3687435984611511,
0.08793671429157257,
0.6885629296302795,
0.33315709233283997,
-0.03965163975954056,
0.09768146276473999,
0.6989743113517761,
0.2604503631591797,
-0.8282219171524048,
-0.0045783631503582,
0.7941169142723083,
-0.2517467141151428,
0.28142136335372925,
0.6574167609214783,
0.6890009045600891,
0.3393007218837738,
-0.15409508347511292,
0.24308596551418304,
-0.20725788176059723,
0.31092771887779236,
-0.07671879231929779,
-0.015633096918463707,
0.0551622211933136,
-0.2943342328071594,
0.41844698786735535,
-0.4263339042663574,
-0.6673211455345154,
-0.2921808660030365,
-0.5398897528648376,
0.22902868688106537,
-0.4002233147621155,
0.05993835628032684,
0.6925914883613586,
-0.2691018283367157,
0.2607356309890747,
-0.012905108742415905,
-0.6139821410179138,
-0.39387303590774536,
-0.05546460673213005,
0.07689865678548813,
-0.12673772871494293,
-0.6876881122589111,
-0.1269550770521164,
-0.402130663394928,
-0.20000174641609192,
-0.6913449168205261,
-0.3260989487171173,
0.6393598318099976,
-0.35662826895713806,
-0.35339537262916565,
-0.563631534576416,
0.3743451237678528,
-0.416164755821228,
0.9349178075790405,
-0.25202012062072754,
-0.42784321308135986,
-0.8754057884216309,
0.6945887804031372,
0.21125350892543793,
-0.0802251473069191,
-0.04452947899699211,
-0.36533093452453613,
-0.11408669501543045,
-0.07693803310394287,
-0.5026135444641113,
0.4852149486541748,
0.31095272302627563,
-0.01730167306959629,
0.3844902217388153,
0.30354446172714233,
-0.6329212188720703,
0.02352394163608551,
0.9046611189842224,
-0.21527189016342163,
-0.4102236330509186,
0.03278951346874237,
-0.030723752453923225,
0.20301678776741028,
0.45507749915122986,
-0.01331512350589037,
0.650927722454071,
0.7688137292861938,
-0.03389427438378334,
0.24267257750034332,
0.05715390667319298,
0.10238692909479141,
-0.15333515405654907,
-0.43045613169670105,
-0.35274121165275574,
0.5391643047332764,
0.10829238593578339,
-0.3006477355957031,
-0.3312811553478241,
-0.09509758651256561,
0.15810692310333252,
0.6170544028282166,
-0.2311840057373047,
0.7120485901832581,
0.345123291015625,
0.4352678656578064,
0.24710512161254883,
-0.13465937972068787,
-0.13130877912044525,
0.683129608631134,
-0.5132321119308472,
-0.669405996799469,
0.6570902466773987,
0.32900628447532654,
0.2645978033542633,
-0.2213563472032547,
0.036016788333654404,
-0.3327525556087494,
0.636425256729126,
0.35620561242103577,
-0.7368820905685425,
-0.9267060160636902,
0.3301030099391937,
-0.3420935273170471,
1.6774848699569702,
-0.2545587122440338,
-0.26855018734931946,
-0.1861499696969986,
-0.2562222182750702,
-0.2724355161190033,
-0.36682364344596863,
0.8764674067497253,
0.19396036863327026,
-0.31755754351615906,
0.1346190720796585,
0.6410605311393738,
0.18354617059230804,
-0.013933713547885418,
0.7256630063056946,
-0.35888153314590454,
-0.2588781714439392,
-0.0052557773888111115,
-0.6059013605117798,
0.42846620082855225,
-0.42635995149612427,
-0.5672714710235596,
0.2926787734031677,
0.06453210115432739,
-0.10677574574947357,
0.00403928617015481,
-0.04432964324951172,
-0.6552461385726929,
0.37874749302864075,
-0.4173198640346527,
-0.5845836997032166,
0.26759299635887146,
-0.21661120653152466,
0.5801711082458496,
0.21166560053825378,
0.762673556804657,
0.737541675567627,
0.6083022356033325,
-0.18830184638500214,
0.38995546102523804,
-0.21922577917575836,
0.19078883528709412,
-0.5563013553619385,
0.17974235117435455,
-0.5299334526062012,
0.5398382544517517,
-0.594153881072998,
0.43104228377342224,
-0.37948372960090637,
0.5273780226707458,
-0.6258476972579956,
0.9035860300064087,
-0.17471079528331757,
-0.011364868842065334,
0.6196895241737366,
-0.1173587366938591,
-0.21256166696548462,
-0.19354689121246338,
0.2159344106912613,
-0.09356087446212769,
-0.12134236097335815,
-0.044555529952049255,
-0.0558251291513443,
-0.15498818457126617,
0.15127596259117126,
-0.19798503816127777,
0.01570115238428116,
0.5377168655395508,
-0.09283527731895447,
-1.0921849012374878,
-0.07930806279182434,
-0.6560031175613403,
0.021099723875522614,
-0.28946128487586975,
-0.17415103316307068,
1.2013503313064575,
0.800572395324707,
-0.32857462763786316,
0.680141270160675,
-0.05747966468334198,
0.3589332103729248,
-0.3858538568019867,
-0.5376954674720764,
-0.13633815944194794,
-0.12828731536865234,
-0.7036412358283997,
0.60980224609375,
0.7395409345626831,
-0.5206259489059448,
-0.44556933641433716,
0.32495835423469543,
-0.33443188667297363,
0.8921700119972229,
-0.10077592730522156,
0.007366843055933714,
0.19244453310966492,
0.5530527234077454,
0.15678396821022034
]
|
214811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automake | Automake | In software development, GNU Automake is a programming tool to automate parts of the compilation process. It eases usual compilation problems. For example, it points to needed dependencies.
It automatically generates one or more Makefile.in from files called Makefile.am. Each Makefile.am contains, among other things, useful variable definitions for the compiled software, such as compiler and linker flags, dependencies and their versions, etc. The generated "Makefile.in"s are portable and compliant with the Makefile conventions in the GNU Coding Standards, and may be used by configure scripts to generate a working Makefile.
The Free Software Foundation maintains as one of the GNU programs, and as part of the GNU build system. It is used to build several GNU applications and libraries, such as GTK, as well as non-GNU software such as XCircuit.
Process
Automake aims to allow the programmer to write a makefile in a higher-level language, rather than having to write the whole makefile manually. In simple cases, it suffices to give:
A line that declares the name of the program to build
A list of source files
A list of command-line options to be passed to the compiler (for example, in which directories header files will be found)
A list of command-line options to be passed to the linker (which libraries the program needs and in what directories they are to be found)
Automake also takes care of automatically generating the dependency information, so that when a source file is modified, the next invocation of the make command will know which source files need to be recompiled. If the compiler allows it, Automake tries to make the dependency system dynamic: whenever a source file is compiled, that file's dependencies are updated by asking the compiler to regenerate the file's dependency list. In other words, dependency tracking is a side effect of the compilation process.
This attempts to avoid the problem with some static dependency systems, where the dependencies are detected only once when the programmer starts working on the project.
Design
Automake is written in Perl and must be used with GNU Autoconf. Automake contains the following commands:
aclocal
automake
aclocal, however, is a general-purpose program that can be useful to autoconf users. The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for example, uses aclocal even though its makefile is hand written.
Like Autoconf, Automake is not entirely backward compatible. For example, a project created with automake 1.13 will not necessarily work with automake 1.14.
See also
Configure (computing)
Make (software)
References
Sources
External links
Online version of The Goat Book aka Autobook
Combined manual for Automake and Autoconf
Autotoolset home page
Build automation
Compiling tools
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in Perl
GNU Project software
Software using the GPL license | [
0.24911142885684967,
0.13952825963497162,
-0.4435386061668396,
0.33492982387542725,
-0.054999496787786484,
-0.17838029563426971,
-0.0437285490334034,
-0.23698367178440094,
-0.03405822440981865,
-0.1404857486486435,
-0.34237366914749146,
0.9673133492469788,
-0.6251253485679626,
-0.34980884194374084,
-0.2922786772251129,
-0.08837903290987015,
0.1824813038110733,
0.10902680456638336,
-0.2021917700767517,
-0.042809031903743744,
0.02732541598379612,
0.06168196722865105,
-0.15389513969421387,
-0.5028452277183533,
-0.4580985903739929,
0.23602618277072906,
0.13324032723903656,
0.2059338241815567,
-1.1813340187072754,
-0.040221165865659714,
-0.0785742774605751,
0.316413015127182,
0.12886063754558563,
-0.6617136001586914,
-0.2687020003795624,
0.016525352373719215,
0.09247969090938568,
-0.37798988819122314,
0.09616849571466446,
-0.44321638345718384,
0.27313366532325745,
-0.04478827491402626,
0.13314127922058105,
0.3742046654224396,
-0.15493209660053253,
0.13051122426986694,
-1.5207675695419312,
-0.1565927267074585,
-0.3818669021129608,
-0.5306655168533325,
-0.6198493838310242,
0.6105968952178955,
-0.3188179135322571,
0.6303103566169739,
0.25222721695899963,
0.5470526218414307,
-0.00037648307625204325,
-0.7497959733009338,
0.026936635375022888,
0.18317291140556335,
0.40893393754959106,
0.04625910893082619,
-0.2758747935295105,
0.4987088143825531,
0.1683521270751953,
0.044881708920001984,
-0.2946202754974365,
0.5237489342689514,
-0.5587969422340393,
-0.1637905389070511,
-0.16076213121414185,
-0.5815930962562561,
-0.5027516484260559,
0.30395928025245667,
-0.2661970555782318,
-0.37311476469039917,
0.1482980102300644,
-0.07449810951948166,
0.03977811709046364,
0.09807655215263367,
0.1242043599486351,
0.7615665793418884,
0.6469137668609619,
-0.12623949348926544,
0.807975709438324,
-0.2275836020708084,
-0.40690356492996216,
0.38866379857063293,
-0.5247387290000916,
0.2567146420478821,
0.035351842641830444,
-0.6474727392196655,
0.10376887023448944,
0.4610484540462494,
0.016707846894860268,
0.31188347935676575,
0.09243901818990707,
0.2874769866466522,
-0.0050160810351371765,
0.5662596821784973,
0.2052832543849945,
0.2084944099187851,
-0.23679111897945404,
0.2679630517959595,
-0.36085423827171326,
-0.3778632879257202,
-0.44831061363220215,
-0.3709159195423126,
0.0916535034775734,
-0.110575370490551,
-0.060079965740442276,
0.24841290712356567,
-0.14292709529399872,
-0.06393200904130936,
-0.49469050765037537,
-0.2502666413784027,
-0.07505663484334946,
0.20714543759822845,
-0.1456466019153595,
0.34392401576042175,
0.44177883863449097,
1.1041158437728882,
0.3033140301704407,
-0.07723460346460342,
-0.3196870684623718,
0.19998042285442352,
0.5601871609687805,
0.8739280104637146,
-0.05577193573117256,
-0.10366848111152649,
0.3225958049297333,
0.9694149494171143,
0.030655797570943832,
-0.22587798535823822,
-0.13330870866775513,
-0.3023652732372284,
0.2043805867433548,
0.03295818343758583,
0.31820330023765564,
-0.020619506016373634,
-0.48710283637046814,
-0.29016202688217163,
-0.6109548807144165,
0.08524585515260696,
0.15570801496505737,
0.32815560698509216,
0.19461208581924438,
-0.12570250034332275,
0.0027057125698775053,
0.13009393215179443,
0.03875112161040306,
0.5277104377746582,
-0.7956699132919312,
0.31042563915252686,
-0.22829042375087738,
0.44084611535072327,
0.17860060930252075,
-0.7014357447624207,
-0.26094484329223633,
0.14722682535648346,
-0.32438379526138306,
0.2345743179321289,
-0.6872773170471191,
-0.2540760040283203,
-0.07069990038871765,
-0.4551769495010376,
0.6471325755119324,
0.6148070096969604,
0.5652309060096741,
-0.3403068482875824,
-0.7415364980697632,
0.024857819080352783,
0.47020331025123596,
-0.17813816666603088,
0.10380982607603073,
0.23806551098823547,
1.2779333591461182,
-0.04577465355396271,
0.5590278506278992,
0.31827789545059204,
-0.6778041124343872,
0.14303424954414368,
0.5085282325744629,
0.010448613204061985,
0.41979485750198364,
-0.08939360082149506,
0.2786279320716858,
-0.6103969216346741,
-0.507151186466217,
-0.2538534998893738,
-0.5994464159011841,
-0.3830220103263855,
0.1487501561641693,
-0.4595893323421478,
0.5616644620895386,
-0.011184046976268291,
-0.9861550331115723,
0.4276182949542999,
0.1395760178565979,
0.34341731667518616,
-0.26705023646354675,
-0.10975100845098495,
0.2556442320346832,
-0.5424705743789673,
-0.18548502027988434,
0.4395458996295929,
0.43850573897361755,
-0.0416138619184494,
-0.6667749881744385,
0.30594003200531006,
0.36695218086242676,
0.11915387213230133,
0.4944983720779419,
-0.33897116780281067,
-0.12356388568878174,
0.45184069871902466,
-0.5826029181480408,
0.051074590533971786,
-0.489990234375,
0.18734832108020782,
0.44960102438926697,
0.14750783145427704,
-0.3487333357334137,
0.8030396699905396,
-0.5261170268058777,
0.4833112061023712,
0.8465355038642883,
0.38116365671157837,
0.906902015209198,
-0.7237189412117004,
-0.08200400322675705,
0.06608559936285019,
-0.37311089038848877,
-0.6402301788330078,
0.0013988753780722618,
0.33500802516937256,
0.14341334998607635,
-0.3225366771221161,
0.37765786051750183,
0.34505054354667664,
-0.10050620138645172,
0.2688727378845215,
-0.3581942021846771,
0.07747391611337662,
0.341399222612381,
-0.17181727290153503,
-0.387050986289978,
0.38952529430389404,
-0.6242070198059082,
0.04033922031521797,
0.08095797896385193,
0.24431946873664856,
0.3582880198955536,
-0.8296361565589905,
-0.1077258288860321,
-0.06721020489931107,
-0.3452644944190979,
0.1199239045381546,
-0.48516497015953064,
0.5539725422859192,
-0.3762621581554413,
-0.18136096000671387,
-0.1936289519071579,
-0.06667639315128326,
0.30445972084999084,
-0.8861957788467407,
-0.2863178551197052,
-0.14775241911411285,
0.24075105786323547,
0.2988710403442383,
-0.13744120299816132,
-0.3437635004520416,
-0.14410409331321716,
-0.5463635921478271,
-0.33564239740371704,
-0.3169904053211212,
-0.4214314818382263,
0.34651079773902893,
-0.7426159381866455,
-0.39951324462890625,
-0.22116631269454956,
0.9753207564353943,
0.22009539604187012,
-0.28286096453666687,
-0.24279199540615082,
0.4938255548477173,
0.48991093039512634,
-0.6842800378799438,
-0.3206167221069336,
-0.023377256467938423,
-0.3096298575401306,
0.1144440770149231,
-0.4055071175098419,
0.8274381756782532,
0.644295334815979,
0.2584907114505768,
-0.13807493448257446,
-0.35229140520095825,
-0.13275229930877686,
-0.6674051284790039,
-0.17226943373680115,
0.0757933109998703,
-0.5744493007659912,
-0.539085328578949,
0.143207386136055,
-0.1253788322210312,
-0.46311113238334656,
0.18883810937404633,
-5.764077186584473,
-0.0864579826593399,
-0.44312673807144165,
-0.10346493870019913,
0.1430618315935135,
0.29869580268859863,
0.1257399469614029,
-0.3522714674472809,
-0.4445452094078064,
0.10411001741886139,
-0.07204719632863998,
-0.08716773986816406,
0.1532747447490692,
1.032322883605957,
0.08659370243549347,
-0.1470709592103958,
0.8073921203613281,
0.37992730736732483,
0.0908454954624176,
0.28804880380630493,
0.01059642992913723,
-0.46021395921707153,
0.08517520129680634,
0.30891671776771545,
-0.04964065924286842,
-0.3686475455760956,
-0.211819127202034,
0.36810192465782166,
-0.0242235716432333,
-0.050354961305856705,
-0.11012039333581924,
0.08727787435054779,
0.10730735957622528,
-0.39748188853263855,
-0.29193153977394104,
0.6122176647186279,
0.5572477579116821,
0.3385801613330841,
0.5354068875312805,
0.1139756441116333,
-0.005328120198100805,
0.17256931960582733,
0.8134464621543884,
-0.5675814747810364,
0.17522910237312317,
-0.012394324876368046,
-0.2113124132156372,
-0.0797789990901947,
0.0612693689763546,
0.49372097849845886,
-0.22802026569843292,
0.05327429622411728,
0.2815427780151367,
0.18761803209781647,
0.02318980172276497,
-0.6809259057044983,
0.6144680976867676,
-0.15142454206943512,
-0.15888038277626038,
0.5242098569869995,
0.48834535479545593,
-0.8287369608879089,
-0.03349043428897858,
-0.6117533445358276,
-0.4462672173976898,
-0.14499889314174652,
-0.0014567639445886016,
-0.7365500926971436,
0.27026328444480896,
0.6749829053878784,
-0.371067076921463,
0.664483368396759,
-0.1386968493461609,
-1.0409510135650635,
0.1559974104166031,
-0.026342134922742844,
0.07880429923534393,
-0.021980689838528633,
0.07232541590929031,
0.30032941699028015,
-0.32305243611335754,
-0.5186749696731567,
-0.5373466610908508,
-0.5115016102790833,
-0.17326681315898895,
-0.10496851056814194,
-0.25544941425323486,
0.7724542617797852,
-0.33883199095726013,
0.2676658630371094,
0.5449602007865906,
-0.17234520614147186,
0.34700727462768555,
-0.0355009026825428,
0.5952301025390625,
0.4215959906578064,
0.07039357721805573,
-0.04730764403939247,
0.26256534457206726,
-0.12574417889118195,
0.13229870796203613,
-0.09700069576501846,
0.1969245970249176,
-0.19900745153427124,
-0.04994279891252518,
-0.21677494049072266,
-0.40205371379852295,
0.20008531212806702,
0.38593414425849915,
0.41856008768081665,
-0.6429611444473267,
0.48013290762901306,
-0.0659106895327568,
-0.4780981242656708,
0.13457705080509186,
0.3940630257129669,
-0.17960084974765778,
0.13131481409072876,
0.39830952882766724,
-0.36332568526268005,
-0.10773641616106033,
0.23096126317977905,
-0.33952170610427856,
-0.5248087644577026,
0.1861831396818161,
-0.1298753321170807,
0.3062155842781067,
0.3595372140407562,
0.5335943698883057,
0.10245582461357117,
0.28491953015327454,
0.6540643572807312,
-0.00557522289454937,
0.09008894115686417,
-0.06571435928344727,
-0.9136676788330078,
0.005091549828648567,
0.4715762138366699,
-0.14720384776592255,
-0.9034947156906128,
0.3396531641483307,
-0.22897982597351074,
0.6089537739753723,
-0.4263763129711151,
0.7164290547370911,
0.42341434955596924,
0.2124711573123932,
-0.2653086185455322,
-0.22816114127635956,
-0.023691317066550255,
-0.1477903425693512,
-0.8226150870323181,
0.18592895567417145,
-0.17641107738018036,
-0.1062312051653862,
0.03258359432220459,
-0.0790659636259079,
-0.1782585084438324,
0.3801591396331787,
-0.6454388499259949,
0.6162159442901611,
-0.3611975610256195,
-1.050946831703186,
-0.20598174631595612,
-0.10972211509943008,
0.7862765789031982,
-0.01155830267816782,
-0.6543509364128113,
-0.37284988164901733,
0.5018442869186401,
-0.2590066194534302,
-0.25725993514060974,
-0.36876001954078674,
-0.4526544511318207,
0.6752569675445557,
-0.02140514925122261,
0.6028220653533936,
-0.14309805631637573,
0.06252434849739075,
-0.5920730829238892,
-0.15244148671627045,
0.0396457314491272,
0.07688812911510468,
0.2181561142206192,
0.22494827210903168,
-0.9815601706504822,
-0.02262927033007145,
0.813667893409729,
-0.7538884878158569,
-0.5888989567756653,
0.08222901076078415,
0.6443267464637756,
0.7649202346801758,
-0.11353734135627747,
-0.12304016947746277,
-0.3702791631221771,
0.06295546144247055,
0.7899301052093506,
-0.29725760221481323,
-0.692812442779541,
0.07198279350996017,
0.10247021168470383,
-0.16648070514202118,
0.329632043838501,
0.3626217544078827,
-0.44497278332710266,
0.25123876333236694,
0.022100379690527916,
-0.18222694098949432,
0.4564616084098816,
-0.18567383289337158,
-0.4332859218120575,
-0.32105568051338196,
-0.27943575382232666,
-0.19778618216514587,
0.04137517884373665,
0.5640601515769958,
0.13963963091373444,
-0.30281925201416016,
-0.2113679200410843,
-0.38626059889793396,
0.035396285355091095,
-0.33704692125320435,
0.26676279306411743,
-0.32518696784973145,
0.10214079171419144,
0.267326682806015,
-0.6519222259521484,
0.30835628509521484,
0.18627557158470154,
0.10742875933647156,
0.013048709370195866,
0.017558934167027473,
0.03740520030260086,
0.06513817608356476,
-0.9205323457717896,
0.04199492186307907,
0.703213632106781,
-0.38054853677749634,
-0.7912083268165588,
0.3578266501426697,
0.8953036665916443,
-0.059577811509370804,
0.00019656663062050939,
-0.3492300808429718,
0.12147143483161926,
-0.2116004228591919,
-0.47686567902565,
-0.9977444410324097,
0.2887587249279022,
0.035344213247299194,
0.2745587229728699,
-0.18759235739707947,
0.10816849023103714,
0.472922146320343,
-0.06194724887609482,
-0.562830924987793,
-0.5125136375427246,
0.2864338159561157,
0.40827974677085876,
0.32514622807502747,
-0.2318209707736969,
0.1162448301911354,
0.006243338342756033,
0.1756153404712677,
0.4591866135597229,
-0.15031565725803375,
-0.5051573514938354,
0.34052252769470215,
-0.6807510256767273,
0.2182934284210205,
0.02060049958527088,
0.387424111366272,
0.7633352875709534,
0.3741822838783264,
-0.2614401578903198,
0.1734045147895813,
-0.48216766119003296,
0.23913177847862244,
0.28775671124458313,
0.3965831696987152,
0.35008248686790466,
0.06443547457456589,
-0.41889020800590515,
0.4867986738681793,
-0.2773101329803467,
0.19144901633262634,
0.16906917095184326,
-0.06066606938838959,
0.19964756071567535,
-0.6761276125907898,
0.5554993152618408,
0.2804470956325531,
0.2874686121940613,
-0.2542620003223419,
0.2980152368545532,
0.05329275503754616,
-0.10816209018230438,
-0.4458707571029663,
-0.2764928340911865,
-0.41156652569770813,
0.46532973647117615,
0.40676286816596985,
-0.6228942275047302,
0.11008329689502716,
0.07567141205072403,
0.07411259412765503,
0.12491846084594727,
-0.3918253481388092,
0.0711357593536377,
0.05047094449400902,
0.24836483597755432,
0.14929457008838654,
1.1352784633636475,
-0.09019127488136292,
-0.10392824560403824,
0.3742601275444031,
-0.415525883436203,
0.42731988430023193,
0.3848552703857422,
0.11167396605014801,
-0.15736955404281616,
0.2647593021392822,
-0.5155124664306641,
-0.5591686367988586,
0.19890601933002472,
-0.351443886756897,
-0.020717496052384377,
0.3619458079338074,
-0.05017220973968506,
0.7246255278587341,
0.23841926455497742,
-0.10020485520362854,
0.39658424258232117,
-0.3978234529495239,
-0.29405277967453003,
0.08266324549913406,
-0.40156784653663635,
-0.0360705628991127,
0.13773135840892792,
0.5802443623542786,
0.36175471544265747,
0.19061744213104248,
0.3766479194164276,
-0.23844900727272034,
0.33409932255744934,
0.0013078362680971622,
0.20127639174461365,
-0.22496427595615387,
0.7666597962379456,
-0.12020734697580338,
-0.016282206401228905,
0.0816221758723259,
-0.07451920956373215,
0.0014827288687229156,
-0.9225544333457947,
0.37732282280921936,
0.12357889115810394,
0.43270736932754517,
-0.12010809034109116,
0.23163020610809326,
0.8434962034225464,
0.1995602250099182,
-0.2852344810962677,
0.10232966393232346,
0.167793869972229,
0.7927772402763367,
-0.1508188247680664,
0.2731676995754242,
0.38273727893829346,
-0.32674023509025574,
0.4269600212574005,
0.06635493785142899,
0.377886027097702,
0.22452369332313538,
-0.627093493938446,
0.5771735310554504,
0.39442014694213867,
-0.29006895422935486,
-0.10443856567144394,
0.24229219555854797,
-0.014727494679391384,
-0.03720950707793236,
-0.5623319149017334,
-0.13253167271614075,
0.2711024582386017,
-0.025222474709153175,
-0.3613896071910858,
0.4978823959827423,
-0.3476429879665375,
-0.16936825215816498,
-0.21017487347126007,
-0.38767337799072266,
0.13640567660331726,
-0.24240124225616455,
-0.27027803659439087,
-0.5205258131027222,
0.7944434285163879,
0.26977208256721497,
-0.16224300861358643,
0.09074235707521439,
0.1805317997932434,
-0.36925193667411804,
-0.09854218363761902,
-0.7598236799240112,
0.3419601321220398,
0.10390651971101761,
-0.10245825350284576,
-0.3715371787548065,
0.6402055621147156,
0.5351338982582092,
0.01889260858297348,
-0.014758525416254997,
0.4110335409641266,
0.12169752269983292,
0.040892694145441055,
0.40864813327789307,
-0.34307703375816345,
0.11747916042804718,
-0.23197677731513977,
0.1506822556257248,
0.13562163710594177,
0.787132203578949,
-0.35643842816352844,
0.09921649843454361,
-0.14263758063316345,
-0.11148318648338318,
-0.43014976382255554,
-0.7277624011039734,
0.1566312462091446,
0.041478853672742844,
-0.08803705871105194,
-0.5448815822601318,
0.4781198799610138,
-0.531544029712677,
-0.2015833854675293,
0.4280366599559784,
0.4240337908267975,
0.5730047821998596,
-0.19211030006408691,
-0.12837384641170502,
0.6489807367324829,
-0.42805352807044983,
-0.11137156188488007,
-1.4240641593933105,
0.45429375767707825,
-0.39723262190818787,
-0.41605275869369507,
-0.14822885394096375,
0.3937722444534302,
0.19214865565299988,
0.3129523992538452,
-0.23286759853363037,
-0.12728913128376007,
-0.09696656465530396,
0.01885814033448696,
0.3148029148578644,
-0.7641558647155762,
-0.29881551861763,
0.1886472851037979
]
|
214812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Frooks | Dorothy Frooks | Dorothy Frooks (February 12, 1896 – April 13, 1997) was an American author, publisher, military officer, lawyer, and suffragist. In 1934, she ran on the Law Preservation ticket for New York's At-large congressional district.
She worked as a writer for the New York Evening World and published the Murray Hill News in 1952. She also wrote Labor Courts Outlaw Strikes, a pamphlet calling for the establishment of a labor court.
A lawyer in Peekskill, New York, she wrote numerous fiction and nonfiction books, including The Olympic Torch, The American Heart, and an autobiography, Lady Lawyer.
Life and law career
Dorothy was born on February 12, 1896 on a farm near Saugerties, New York. She was one of the 10 children of Reginald Frooks, a successful businessman, and Rosita Siberz, an international socialite. She and her siblings were raised on 400 acre farm in the Hudson Valley, and spent their winters in the Waldorf Hotel.
She was recruited by her mother's London society friends to give street-corner speeches at the age of 11.
Frooks graduated from Hamilton Law School in Chicago and received her master's degree from New York University. By the early 1920s she was the first full-time lawyer for the Salvation Army.
Military career
Frooks served as chief yeoman in the United States Navy during World War I and as a judge advocate in the United States Army during World War II.
She served as the National Commander of the Women World War Veterans and worked with the Veterans of World War I and the Retreads, an organization for veterans who served in both world wars.
Reds
Frooks appeared as one of the "Witnesses" in Warren Beatty's 1981 film Reds, along with fellow centenarian radicals Scott Nearing and George Seldes. Frooks, Nearing and Seldes were all firsthand witnesses of the red-baiting, McCarthyism, and Cold War hysteria of the 1950s.
Death
Frooks died in 1997, at the age of 101, and was interred in Calverton National Cemetery.
References
External links
Dorothy Frooks Papers at the New-York Historical Society
1896 births
1997 deaths
American centenarians
American women journalists
American pamphleteers
Law Preservation Party politicians
20th-century American actresses
People from Saugerties, New York
Journalists from New York (state)
American suffragists
Activists from New York (state)
United States Army personnel of World War II
American women in World War II
Women in the United States Army
American military lawyers
Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army
Burials at Calverton National Cemetery
Women centenarians
Yeoman (F) personnel
20th-century American journalists | [
-0.2743813693523407,
0.5496177077293396,
-0.9192997217178345,
0.0019389732042327523,
-0.02727929875254631,
0.21116270124912262,
0.9435828924179077,
-0.12272164225578308,
-0.019658641889691353,
-0.005053262691944838,
-0.33898788690567017,
0.20313312113285065,
0.04812273383140564,
0.33264055848121643,
-0.5155486464500427,
-0.16341577470302582,
-0.45181137323379517,
0.12173120677471161,
-0.09696222096681595,
-0.17778943479061127,
-0.36953550577163696,
-0.4508632719516754,
0.3026770055294037,
-0.09465926140546799,
-0.16850875318050385,
0.35313692688941956,
0.2284580022096634,
-0.47929897904396057,
-0.018794052302837372,
0.12346816062927246,
0.018154064193367958,
0.32238295674324036,
0.6219269037246704,
-0.3459111452102661,
-0.28508681058883667,
0.2700173258781433,
-0.5615414977073669,
-0.0424528568983078,
0.2305653840303421,
0.2623754143714905,
-0.22706957161426544,
0.4386838674545288,
0.06597267091274261,
0.018255366012454033,
-0.03995314612984657,
-0.00787724182009697,
-2.220689535140991,
0.20665955543518066,
-0.6766219735145569,
-0.44911307096481323,
-0.18965105712413788,
0.11256799846887589,
0.8498762845993042,
0.13511258363723755,
-0.06424693018198013,
0.4489123523235321,
-0.5012494325637817,
-0.08100486546754837,
0.11149513721466064,
-0.36617597937583923,
0.23014433681964874,
-0.19542668759822845,
0.7882426381111145,
-0.2083190381526947,
0.33388233184814453,
0.14304564893245697,
-0.2673313617706299,
0.39164572954177856,
-0.10001964122056961,
0.0014564140001311898,
-0.37263214588165283,
0.28689682483673096,
0.7510143518447876,
0.22340641915798187,
0.2840326428413391,
-0.2989046275615692,
0.41426217555999756,
-0.06094639003276825,
0.21120156347751617,
-0.016396505758166313,
-0.23053093254566193,
0.2475850135087967,
0.4273722767829895,
0.2689429819583893,
0.10683505982160568,
-0.3049396276473999,
-0.5411918759346008,
0.31834644079208374,
-0.5483494400978088,
-0.007598071824759245,
-0.06061317026615143,
-0.25039517879486084,
-0.4067816138267517,
-0.053347986191511154,
-0.07660707086324692,
-0.07486540079116821,
0.31392136216163635,
0.2238592952489853,
-0.17188110947608948,
-0.029673248529434204,
-0.0158502459526062,
0.18697002530097961,
0.6758929491043091,
0.28244978189468384,
-0.5451290011405945,
0.1317816823720932,
0.284274160861969,
-0.693027913570404,
0.5358366966247559,
-0.24954275786876678,
-0.30364879965782166,
0.5412917137145996,
0.11783523857593536,
-0.49590325355529785,
0.014002936892211437,
0.8563505411148071,
0.2763712704181671,
-0.2542805075645447,
-0.5118491649627686,
-0.22870291769504547,
-0.35845232009887695,
0.2486291229724884,
0.14589737355709076,
-0.26174622774124146,
-0.33669787645339966,
0.03901435807347298,
0.01960732229053974,
0.12558101117610931,
-0.2079240381717682,
0.4835023283958435,
0.2053968459367752,
0.6752008199691772,
-0.28353962302207947,
-0.28827834129333496,
-0.3168804347515106,
-0.1055830642580986,
0.26332762837409973,
0.4239692986011505,
0.060063958168029785,
0.34575319290161133,
-0.03892287239432335,
0.1571018248796463,
-1.0112532377243042,
-0.004864438436925411,
0.6911594867706299,
-0.44304776191711426,
0.13485422730445862,
0.15247955918312073,
-0.31917861104011536,
-0.1409161537885666,
-0.16039350628852844,
0.18634743988513947,
0.2625974714756012,
-0.1735829859972,
-0.36447927355766296,
0.39935582876205444,
0.5955039262771606,
0.08527734875679016,
0.45328161120414734,
0.509807288646698,
0.27712762355804443,
0.27710214257240295,
-0.3932836949825287,
0.4722232222557068,
-0.32184380292892456,
0.03578893095254898,
0.14855043590068817,
0.0963517501950264,
-0.3788760304450989,
0.44055595993995667,
-0.2712863087654114,
0.04383501783013344,
0.11946513503789902,
0.01949075050652027,
-0.07054023444652557,
0.6213769912719727,
0.507525622844696,
0.2812435030937195,
0.09191074222326279,
-0.4520912170410156,
-0.5151539444923401,
-0.0057754069566726685,
-0.09506013989448547,
0.22896508872509003,
-0.07687659561634064,
0.2776080071926117,
0.5071272253990173,
-0.31011444330215454,
0.3932805061340332,
0.04179655760526657,
-0.5226993560791016,
-0.6560393571853638,
0.4134160280227661,
0.23749828338623047,
1.2825210094451904,
0.4031795859336853,
-0.32553306221961975,
0.5725122690200806,
0.18018341064453125,
0.546272337436676,
0.31215912103652954,
-0.6835480332374573,
-0.23184294998645782,
-0.30717694759368896,
-0.12205109745264053,
0.8610114455223083,
0.4368945360183716,
0.197050079703331,
0.07949506491422653,
0.7651130557060242,
0.18447530269622803,
-0.4994688630104065,
0.42371106147766113,
0.6742921471595764,
-0.4623298943042755,
-0.7239638566970825,
-0.22245274484157562,
0.2088552713394165,
0.9951633810997009,
-0.4703826606273651,
0.19782857596874237,
0.013929879292845726,
-0.11453243345022202,
0.2747343182563782,
-0.0707751214504242,
0.08469352126121521,
-0.3014439344406128,
0.1355191320180893,
0.1678878217935562,
-0.5664884448051453,
-0.16950295865535736,
0.5040162205696106,
0.09594026952981949,
-0.49562370777130127,
0.4586546719074249,
0.23830610513687134,
0.07862526923418045,
-0.0182060357183218,
0.24976330995559692,
-0.5311887860298157,
0.06085926666855812,
0.03413091227412224,
-0.1605725735425949,
0.27199244499206543,
-0.42066505551338196,
0.09403055906295776,
-0.005462250672280788,
-0.1118299588561058,
0.31081151962280273,
-0.00769578292965889,
0.6205806732177734,
0.8452652096748352,
0.2718546688556671,
0.32232367992401123,
0.09908989816904068,
0.28512391448020935,
0.052414149045944214,
0.1777380108833313,
0.8670684695243835,
0.14572225511074066,
0.23841917514801025,
0.26750391721725464,
0.20875023305416107,
0.3793164789676666,
0.17940455675125122,
-0.6111156344413757,
0.08946892619132996,
-0.7750571370124817,
-0.0806480124592781,
0.04909757897257805,
0.2799217104911804,
-0.464339941740036,
-0.22649355232715607,
-0.23606352508068085,
0.2639932334423065,
-0.2070392668247223,
-0.04994111880660057,
0.34337398409843445,
-0.8963003158569336,
-0.8828580975532532,
0.18165941536426544,
1.1060360670089722,
0.009525438770651817,
-0.16467231512069702,
0.16411630809307098,
-0.5683891773223877,
0.07533036917448044,
-0.29096299409866333,
0.10129062086343765,
0.20233498513698578,
-0.5587106347084045,
0.7456140518188477,
-0.33471351861953735,
0.04238775372505188,
-0.33891335129737854,
0.7871679067611694,
-0.5647141337394714,
-0.30108484625816345,
-0.3513146936893463,
0.40451571345329285,
-0.24518956243991852,
0.23944281041622162,
-0.21083389222621918,
0.1401098221540451,
0.645447850227356,
0.27941620349884033,
-0.13889244198799133,
0.12182144820690155,
-5.877978324890137,
0.11519196629524231,
-0.23066012561321259,
-0.595551073551178,
0.19163082540035248,
0.2635597288608551,
0.17984585464000702,
-0.17350320518016815,
-0.30718177556991577,
-0.20841901004314423,
0.2701171040534973,
-0.10141768306493759,
-0.2217772901058197,
0.2641177177429199,
0.34197568893432617,
0.12552691996097565,
0.400604784488678,
-0.28902414441108704,
0.13476327061653137,
0.40063074231147766,
0.2582021951675415,
-0.1322663575410843,
-0.06657871603965759,
0.327116996049881,
0.32206007838249207,
0.2725234031677246,
-0.08268633484840393,
0.3738238513469696,
-0.48099905252456665,
-0.14211657643318176,
0.4396754503250122,
-0.17698054015636444,
-0.2636588513851166,
0.04467088729143143,
-0.18555542826652527,
-0.3332127630710602,
0.4094151258468628,
0.4816085398197174,
-0.4943273961544037,
0.20140999555587769,
-0.19472981989383698,
0.08204198628664017,
-0.7872600555419922,
0.17813734710216522,
0.47729113698005676,
0.04615967720746994,
-0.2869042754173279,
0.10181136429309845,
-0.07709329575300217,
0.31222864985466003,
0.04034367948770523,
-0.11363938450813293,
0.4220571517944336,
0.4169689118862152,
0.008793629705905914,
-0.07484621554613113,
0.1807258576154709,
-0.3617090880870819,
-0.748233437538147,
-0.16676871478557587,
0.394929438829422,
-0.38109204173088074,
0.32313066720962524,
-0.33534473180770874,
-0.21012721955776215,
-0.5853726267814636,
0.01249026507139206,
-0.015625664964318275,
-0.16818085312843323,
-0.309038370847702,
-0.0640515685081482,
0.8753059506416321,
0.32714515924453735,
-1.5562832355499268,
0.10536119341850281,
-0.26995405554771423,
-0.04438525810837746,
-0.4363328814506531,
-0.586694061756134,
-0.14663130044937134,
0.29715844988822937,
-0.3759089708328247,
0.04767988249659538,
0.7571600675582886,
0.49962058663368225,
-0.21339267492294312,
-0.2576788365840912,
0.7397401332855225,
-0.8356441855430603,
0.06980352848768234,
-0.19771240651607513,
0.18439120054244995,
0.1529196798801422,
0.3505810797214508,
0.3445664644241333,
0.315775066614151,
0.19522662460803986,
0.06258787214756012,
0.5851720571517944,
0.17315220832824707,
-0.844916045665741,
-0.26017114520072937,
0.20396198332309723,
-0.5043403506278992,
0.13796532154083252,
0.0393574982881546,
-0.19454243779182434,
0.09502153843641281,
0.7158600687980652,
-0.5161232352256775,
-0.6482527256011963,
0.31783515214920044,
-0.062265411019325256,
-0.5892958641052246,
0.20518723130226135,
-0.43252265453338623,
0.16808898746967316,
0.1814301460981369,
0.6012740135192871,
0.19184240698814392,
0.03207115828990936,
0.7039769291877747,
0.011424517259001732,
-0.33713454008102417,
-0.07615771144628525,
-0.0954190120100975,
0.17940770089626312,
-0.543160617351532,
-0.41858619451522827,
0.24190986156463623,
-0.373731791973114,
-0.06498339027166367,
0.17387250065803528,
-0.023835506290197372,
-0.17924381792545319,
-0.33012622594833374,
-0.4898451566696167,
0.057627126574516296,
-0.5209543108940125,
0.1899220496416092,
-0.07238909602165222,
-0.2223241627216339,
-0.42761802673339844,
0.1286378800868988,
-0.02781243436038494,
-0.26779571175575256,
0.25010210275650024,
-0.023510931059718132,
-0.4824848771095276,
0.4466101825237274,
-0.4098246693611145,
-0.039134252816438675,
0.6607867479324341,
-0.1476995050907135,
-0.37316977977752686,
-0.10106652975082397,
0.14511604607105255,
0.3905017077922821,
-0.2640269994735718,
0.025277668610215187,
-0.4832287132740021,
-0.2812950611114502,
-1.0270787477493286,
-0.12212920188903809,
-0.24331563711166382,
-0.15279386937618256,
-0.12973320484161377,
-0.046072788536548615,
-0.6099864840507507,
0.21565645933151245,
0.12554305791854858,
-0.3376137316226959,
-0.21267639100551605,
0.4271685481071472,
0.20150712132453918,
0.06577320396900177,
0.15970252454280853,
-0.2240903228521347,
0.11873738467693329,
-0.134129136800766,
-0.20056095719337463,
-0.18702001869678497,
-0.6900531053543091,
-0.4822411835193634,
0.47527581453323364,
-0.2317163348197937,
0.026035809889435768,
-0.4451626241207123,
-0.43305206298828125,
-0.21403227746486664,
0.013197800144553185,
-0.3886246383190155,
0.3601852059364319,
0.634518563747406,
-0.6838223934173584,
0.4146922826766968,
0.04452310502529144,
-0.1317349225282669,
-0.009201547130942345,
-0.19116179645061493,
-0.27613651752471924,
0.0628177598118782,
-0.2208784520626068,
-0.12724028527736664,
-0.13980302214622498,
-1.400051474571228,
-0.03542177751660347,
0.002018967643380165,
0.10765288025140762,
1.0043469667434692,
-0.2875741422176361,
-0.009654803201556206,
-0.04264043644070625,
0.08633291721343994,
0.08605910837650299,
-0.07685385644435883,
0.18955443799495697,
0.2077430784702301,
-0.5438395142555237,
-0.5043814778327942,
-0.5452433824539185,
-0.5542027354240417,
-0.3365113437175751,
0.12272030860185623,
-0.40558314323425293,
0.6265901327133179,
-0.42158281803131104,
-0.005403646267950535,
0.8501896262168884,
-0.34619250893592834,
-0.4250272214412689,
0.22881551086902618,
-0.09970533102750778,
0.5743793249130249,
-0.14363515377044678,
-0.23117169737815857,
0.5007113814353943,
0.2931549549102783,
-0.5553334951400757,
0.00012850294297095388,
0.3017241060733795,
0.6468604207038879,
0.3071281909942627,
0.15718746185302734,
0.24226553738117218,
0.08811815083026886,
0.08624878525733948,
-0.2598874568939209,
-0.10889691859483719,
0.22358043491840363,
0.5478331446647644,
0.13790039718151093,
-0.40533196926116943,
-0.11883912235498428,
0.8490973114967346,
-0.7199473977088928,
-0.21410267055034637,
0.07810094207525253,
0.16452656686306,
-0.316578209400177,
0.19166122376918793,
0.19081038236618042,
-0.06688085198402405,
0.48405972123146057,
-0.0755235105752945,
0.3026902973651886,
0.03947943449020386,
-0.15041275322437286,
0.1926814764738083,
-0.45605865120887756,
-0.06292707473039627,
-0.20489177107810974,
-0.44537800550460815,
0.31802332401275635,
-0.249431774020195,
-0.00032181089045479894,
0.24206475913524628,
-0.32663068175315857,
0.1491919457912445,
-0.3790133595466614,
-0.399397611618042,
-0.28464004397392273,
-0.5799332857131958,
-0.5716405510902405,
-0.2501714825630188,
-0.3462796211242676,
0.18312308192253113,
-0.30111831426620483,
-0.5554004311561584,
-0.3252757787704468,
-0.5713391900062561,
0.5218181610107422,
-0.2482285052537918,
0.09769826382398605,
-0.10144536197185516,
0.21038055419921875,
-0.20687060058116913,
0.2827216386795044,
-0.19990071654319763,
-0.34015586972236633,
-0.3479546308517456,
0.09323323518037796,
0.3392755091190338,
-0.3518626093864441,
0.4055330753326416,
-0.4598861634731293,
-0.26263123750686646,
-0.13795408606529236,
-0.5568503141403198,
0.303609699010849,
0.01190329622477293,
-0.005915878340601921,
0.3427007794380188,
0.37857311964035034,
-0.31779444217681885,
0.056204430758953094,
0.16094167530536652,
-0.4963282346725464,
-0.37378570437431335,
-0.10494797676801682,
-0.2157573401927948,
0.2846812605857849,
0.22605907917022705,
-0.301008015871048,
-0.01150684803724289,
0.5249060988426208,
0.27782943844795227,
0.00989435613155365,
-0.4510950446128845,
0.16178566217422485,
0.12365371733903885,
-0.3425195813179016,
-0.06974183768033981,
0.5916121006011963,
0.2930383086204529,
-0.6321620345115662,
0.06691522151231766,
-0.3889780640602112,
0.06981382519006729,
0.3437848389148712,
-0.20300236344337463,
0.2947794198989868,
-0.10491517186164856,
0.06687474995851517,
-0.24335086345672607,
-0.25452834367752075,
-0.06886769831180573,
0.7570818066596985,
-0.09113410860300064,
-0.2429424524307251,
0.4512731730937958,
0.4734862744808197,
0.07303408533334732,
-0.6385591626167297,
0.40531861782073975,
-0.22782599925994873,
0.47869473695755005,
-0.24184435606002808,
-0.5751834511756897,
-0.8815609216690063,
-0.38712477684020996,
-0.6632065176963806,
0.8871660828590393,
0.0057193078100681305,
0.15046294033527374,
-0.1063552126288414,
0.12147855758666992,
-0.370659202337265,
-0.37344056367874146,
0.5819762945175171,
0.6258225440979004,
0.04609706997871399,
-0.13919155299663544,
0.6218759417533875,
0.19132742285728455,
0.738318920135498,
0.6798182725906372,
-0.4015466570854187,
0.3511698842048645,
-0.3643489181995392,
-0.3463369905948639,
-0.021438363939523697,
-0.08169601112604141,
0.0671062096953392,
0.42807069420814514,
-0.22415636479854584,
0.23057280480861664,
0.22377045452594757,
0.43915873765945435,
-0.5621804594993591,
0.45322903990745544,
-0.6520615816116333,
-0.4547513425350189,
0.322348415851593,
-0.08296561986207962,
0.643288791179657,
-0.12759943306446075,
0.9457646608352661,
0.31292322278022766,
-0.06312502175569534,
-0.3854067027568817,
0.05647948384284973,
0.083991639316082,
-0.03498728945851326,
-0.29265296459198,
0.365833044052124,
-0.0421554334461689,
0.06750363856554031,
-0.637017011642456,
0.253591924905777,
-0.2548922002315521,
0.5153272747993469,
-0.009097053669393063,
0.1630006730556488,
-0.16348029673099518,
-0.2589472830295563,
0.6793359518051147,
0.26999631524086,
-0.17258524894714355,
0.017964255064725876,
-0.07525024563074112,
0.39396870136260986,
-0.08073034137487411,
-0.10649271309375763,
-0.2805342376232147,
0.3435475826263428,
0.14709292352199554,
-0.15986822545528412,
-0.251515656709671,
-0.060743123292922974,
-0.158808171749115,
-0.26065781712532043,
-0.10420272499322891,
-0.1756501942873001,
0.014512878842651844,
0.3519911468029022,
0.4406942129135132,
0.5455653071403503,
0.2684175372123718,
-0.7317390441894531,
0.4611722528934479,
0.0584825724363327,
-0.0322088748216629,
-0.04783017188310623,
-0.8874103426933289,
0.40162360668182373,
0.15429674088954926,
-0.3656627833843231,
0.6932429075241089,
0.6877281665802002,
-0.34761032462120056,
-0.26643994450569153,
-0.1634688377380371,
-0.7862666845321655,
0.33500930666923523,
0.1726551502943039,
0.16825085878372192,
0.1427842676639557,
0.4476582705974579,
0.5136119723320007
]
|
214816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty | Faculty | Faculty may refer to:
Faculty (academic staff), the academic staff of a university (North American usage)
Faculty (division), a division within a university (usage outside of the United States)
Faculty (instrument), an instrument or warrant in canon law, especially a judicial or quasi-judicial warrant from an ecclesiastical court or tribunal
Faculty (company), a British artificial intelligence company
Aspects of intelligence ("cognitive faculties")
Senses of sight, hearing, touch, etc. ("perceptive faculties")
The Faculty, a 1998 horror/sci-fi movie by Robert Rodriguez
The Faculty (TV series), a 1996 American sitcom
The rights of a priest to celebrate or perform various liturgical functions | [
0.492299348115921,
0.10610164701938629,
-0.03376283869147301,
0.1592729389667511,
-0.03364188224077225,
0.23022207617759705,
0.2572486102581024,
0.2833966910839081,
-0.028730863705277443,
-0.28761187195777893,
-0.8642176389694214,
0.6324687600135803,
0.44940829277038574,
0.5121647715568542,
-0.11354976147413254,
0.030498184263706207,
0.6195183992385864,
0.1551484316587448,
-0.3421044647693634,
-0.10365699976682663,
-0.37067416310310364,
0.38549545407295227,
-0.1859225630760193,
-0.37188199162483215,
0.34257757663726807,
0.13495105504989624,
0.3039757311344147,
0.27050507068634033,
-0.2420886904001236,
-0.004400176927447319,
0.6860477328300476,
-0.026170294731855392,
-0.20808804035186768,
0.13410086929798126,
-0.10015975683927536,
0.22929777204990387,
0.18980123102664948,
0.01459912396967411,
-0.11962707340717316,
-0.7682207822799683,
0.06499949842691422,
-0.08343115448951721,
-0.16275466978549957,
0.2977274954319,
-1.4684135913848877,
-0.4911540448665619,
-1.5700558423995972,
0.33290067315101624,
-0.46671709418296814,
0.7803661823272705,
-0.2550424039363861,
0.12386802583932877,
0.1277751326560974,
0.004849226679652929,
-0.5192340612411499,
0.774354875087738,
-0.018072005361318588,
-0.13137230277061462,
0.22194503247737885,
-0.6127359867095947,
0.06413429230451584,
0.24417462944984436,
-0.08139839768409729,
0.7285553216934204,
0.4066603481769562,
-0.1774512082338333,
0.13788338005542755,
-0.5352224707603455,
-0.9202258586883545,
-0.6098883748054504,
-0.4555472135543823,
-0.34822022914886475,
-0.402660608291626,
0.1691228151321411,
-0.6549872159957886,
-0.34466278553009033,
0.1128769963979721,
-0.4134930670261383,
-0.04400183632969856,
-0.0017067461740225554,
-0.4005681872367859,
0.6852962970733643,
0.2339673787355423,
-0.371730774641037,
0.19349835813045502,
0.3084389567375183,
-0.6958171129226685,
-0.12979482114315033,
-0.5195830464363098,
0.3282826840877533,
0.3944687247276306,
-0.15392017364501953,
0.23151849210262299,
0.2426130324602127,
0.1856420487165451,
0.2832455635070801,
0.6429125666618347,
-0.24362997710704803,
-0.2615453600883484,
-0.007692528422921896,
-0.2924925982952118,
-0.2401786595582962,
0.6467655301094055,
-0.12912161648273468,
-0.42285627126693726,
0.006013323552906513,
-0.09778052568435669,
-0.2433883398771286,
-0.3435397446155548,
0.22592057287693024,
-0.4517301917076111,
0.24665960669517517,
-0.06431146711111069,
0.5460018515586853,
-0.616112470626831,
-0.3108314275741577,
0.10956103354692459,
0.18994110822677612,
-0.5961385369300842,
-0.1333634853363037,
-0.17924705147743225,
0.29237303137779236,
0.22377632558345795,
-0.3779110908508301,
0.13479018211364746,
-0.09589380770921707,
0.322065144777298,
0.2211015373468399,
-1.0120528936386108,
-0.5424352288246155,
0.37732231616973877,
0.5955049395561218,
-0.15241913497447968,
0.20785076916217804,
-0.4200884997844696,
0.2595022916793823,
0.14171992242336273,
-0.35986554622650146,
0.19486866891384125,
0.5280715823173523,
-1.0320971012115479,
-0.46782320737838745,
-1.007298231124878,
-0.6002551317214966,
0.235417902469635,
-0.8488485813140869,
0.37214094400405884,
-0.12863878905773163,
-0.524077296257019,
0.07097204029560089,
-0.10582858324050903,
0.36969226598739624,
-0.4297412633895874,
-0.006466398946940899,
0.6447985768318176,
0.28539934754371643,
0.543453574180603,
-0.2613995671272278,
-0.38540542125701904,
-0.02233673445880413,
-0.5695223808288574,
0.021484505385160446,
-0.3369540870189667,
-0.32201915979385376,
-0.062065839767456055,
0.1191822960972786,
0.1568133682012558,
0.09678412228822708,
-0.45888519287109375,
0.35818129777908325,
-0.1230095773935318,
-0.44366517663002014,
0.24280717968940735,
0.019575107842683792,
-0.312639057636261,
0.20177491009235382,
0.22139114141464233,
-0.5559145212173462,
0.7420171499252319,
0.08396138995885849,
-0.5248667001724243,
0.5932231545448303,
0.2838875651359558,
0.03834392875432968,
-0.40095534920692444,
-0.27862510085105896,
0.024877598509192467,
0.09167321026325226,
0.06486812233924866,
-0.11669384688138962,
-0.4222393035888672,
-0.564122200012207,
-0.16749626398086548,
-0.4750365912914276,
0.8405190110206604,
-0.306745320558548,
-0.4910207688808441,
1.0395008325576782,
-0.4412398636341095,
0.6795382499694824,
-0.06698430329561234,
0.021118303760886192,
-0.0574912428855896,
-0.3987778425216675,
-0.22059482336044312,
0.5629249811172485,
0.5524685978889465,
0.02864837273955345,
0.05397620424628258,
0.1742975264787674,
0.51200932264328,
-0.5580847263336182,
0.3490298390388489,
-0.49122557044029236,
0.39077824354171753,
0.19289889931678772,
-0.9172426462173462,
0.10501735657453537,
-0.05061013996601105,
-0.5890781879425049,
1.0328375101089478,
-0.24596728384494781,
0.35749903321266174,
0.3216805160045624,
-0.531089186668396,
-0.12597201764583588,
-0.14819622039794922,
0.3612402379512787,
0.7600025534629822,
-0.7844488024711609,
0.4194229543209076,
-0.5016229748725891,
0.0584699884057045,
-0.1252201348543167,
-0.6069123148918152,
0.1843986064195633,
0.1291283369064331,
-0.04068540781736374,
0.6096311211585999,
-0.4488522708415985,
-0.19874624907970428,
0.18560297787189484,
-0.4875331223011017,
0.16178745031356812,
0.4713037312030792,
-0.211019828915596,
-0.234173983335495,
0.20828472077846527,
-0.007641355507075787,
0.15511518716812134,
0.22672082483768463,
-0.15327046811580658,
0.024221623316407204,
-0.11253121495246887,
-0.22924141585826874,
-0.2891363203525543,
0.07165268808603287,
0.3389241099357605,
0.02809823490679264,
-0.21932217478752136,
-0.6112892031669617,
0.2422468364238739,
0.3521837890148163,
-0.2963957190513611,
-0.09414733946323395,
-0.23721575736999512,
0.03924957290291786,
-0.5099272727966309,
0.3595919907093048,
0.37981754541397095,
-0.2548583447933197,
0.36118683218955994,
-0.3697730004787445,
-0.10662554949522018,
-0.48004910349845886,
-0.4044848680496216,
0.7493765354156494,
-0.18017242848873138,
-0.4182087182998657,
-0.3625134527683258,
-0.11768045276403427,
-0.3654939532279968,
0.6741529703140259,
-0.5865243673324585,
-0.06952875852584839,
-0.43792998790740967,
-0.31017306447029114,
-0.1803538054227829,
0.12083294987678528,
0.035340871661901474,
-0.6842590570449829,
0.27297350764274597,
0.2081584930419922,
0.11823021620512009,
0.28349295258522034,
0.16529648005962372,
-0.07059887051582336,
-0.2330310344696045,
-0.06164770573377609,
-0.3557584285736084,
-0.7064361572265625,
0.3699656128883362,
0.052572764456272125,
0.16275309026241302,
0.029491698369383812,
0.09451174736022949,
-0.19166933000087738,
0.7417713403701782,
-5.7232184410095215,
-0.14156685769557953,
-0.5679723024368286,
0.0025649687740951777,
0.5623049139976501,
-0.1376187652349472,
0.5791982412338257,
-0.23738409578800201,
-0.4421033263206482,
-0.6072843670845032,
-0.0660332441329956,
0.24928411841392517,
0.3466951847076416,
0.7980756759643555,
0.56281578540802,
0.4084605276584625,
0.08861198276281357,
-0.22025085985660553,
-0.2957719564437866,
0.6357494592666626,
0.08606290817260742,
0.04567030817270279,
0.06890799105167389,
0.6136493682861328,
0.21231715381145477,
-0.23438340425491333,
-0.7488173842430115,
0.2731146216392517,
-0.2679234743118286,
-0.11980710178613663,
0.36376410722732544,
0.05333304777741432,
-0.21362730860710144,
-0.1475466638803482,
0.046066947281360626,
0.33353349566459656,
0.6760060787200928,
-0.07575804740190506,
0.15599676966667175,
-0.24570491909980774,
-0.07041019201278687,
0.19030669331550598,
0.07543627917766571,
-0.14072339236736298,
-0.16446027159690857,
-0.39167433977127075,
-0.4997550845146179,
0.37353822588920593,
-0.46399185061454773,
0.34005817770957947,
-0.919750452041626,
0.49482816457748413,
0.2987026274204254,
-0.19645847380161285,
-0.18829433619976044,
-0.3321225047111511,
0.9386914372444153,
0.2918320894241333,
-0.6494746208190918,
-0.23525109887123108,
0.03806336224079132,
-0.555109977722168,
0.028114885091781616,
-0.7232269048690796,
-0.0617520697414875,
0.025934139266610146,
-0.5322042107582092,
-0.5166146755218506,
0.6315157413482666,
0.05721842125058174,
-0.35978978872299194,
0.43452855944633484,
0.06917601078748703,
-0.8227286338806152,
0.029021181166172028,
-0.5654723644256592,
0.04594969004392624,
0.0960070937871933,
0.23515895009040833,
0.3764777183532715,
-0.030321747064590454,
0.38530611991882324,
-0.15549038350582123,
0.1896643042564392,
-0.21473416686058044,
-0.6596104502677917,
0.03223373368382454,
0.1384575366973877,
-0.17564994096755981,
-0.10837949067354202,
0.844845175743103,
0.04057531803846359,
0.6908950209617615,
0.21285037696361542,
0.1609199047088623,
-0.08912596106529236,
0.07125985622406006,
0.4215560555458069,
0.3331049978733063,
-0.3714032471179962,
0.546914279460907,
-0.22700928151607513,
0.040709178894758224,
-0.24763032793998718,
-0.11229582875967026,
-0.31409400701522827,
-0.7322896718978882,
0.6627659201622009,
1.0936071872711182,
-0.06293588131666183,
0.10496772825717926,
0.45121651887893677,
-0.053032975643873215,
-0.06196770444512367,
-0.12573756277561188,
-0.1211470365524292,
-0.35520559549331665,
0.7418895363807678,
0.2669046223163605,
-0.11180735379457474,
-0.22164802253246307,
-0.4090462923049927,
-0.1065632775425911,
-0.11877591162919998,
-0.4111342132091522,
-0.25056371092796326,
-0.09386925399303436,
-0.370989590883255,
0.27542150020599365,
0.05858844146132469,
0.5906166434288025,
0.39368265867233276,
0.24518249928951263,
0.28244855999946594,
-0.11677787452936172,
-0.003638808848336339,
0.08846521377563477,
0.2326025515794754,
-0.09025218337774277,
-0.5141628384590149,
0.6931329965591431,
-0.2418433278799057,
0.10404334962368011,
0.21514058113098145,
0.8943661451339722,
0.22069145739078522,
-0.3612387776374817,
0.5556055903434753,
0.26878851652145386,
0.6957416534423828,
0.07356337457895279,
0.17223241925239563,
-0.30722472071647644,
-0.4746628701686859,
0.00007514318713219836,
-0.10847577452659607,
-0.37020018696784973,
0.08603724837303162,
0.0652325451374054,
-0.17118340730667114,
-0.26500245928764343,
0.18646636605262756,
-0.6645691990852356,
-0.5788246393203735,
0.2816612422466278,
0.004849345423281193,
-0.4608607292175293,
0.06251668184995651,
-0.2480115443468094,
0.5708461999893188,
0.1557490974664688,
-0.2674061954021454,
-0.9463958144187927,
-0.6900594234466553,
0.17554381489753723,
0.5375120043754578,
0.1928098499774933,
0.4963398575782776,
-0.16323237121105194,
0.587546706199646,
0.7497338056564331,
-0.5817033052444458,
0.12602132558822632,
0.06336550414562225,
0.6675195693969727,
-0.008941341191530228,
-0.12308643758296967,
-0.2208842933177948,
0.11487200856208801,
-0.4010564088821411,
-0.10025442391633987,
-0.10454883426427841,
0.5616355538368225,
0.4090547561645508,
-0.0968770906329155,
-0.24121025204658508,
0.3609734773635864,
-0.004316136706620455,
-0.23894958198070526,
-0.3159758448600769,
0.39162781834602356,
0.6738149523735046,
-0.8402456641197205,
0.30915555357933044,
0.37726980447769165,
-0.35573557019233704,
0.48723217844963074,
-0.6781736016273499,
0.2717841863632202,
0.2146509736776352,
-0.7438667416572571,
0.08840418606996536,
0.24906295537948608,
0.3559911549091339,
-0.45352187752723694,
-0.30486348271369934,
0.3067760467529297,
-0.3563006520271301,
-0.6177655458450317,
-0.4385829567909241,
0.6611332893371582,
0.21833853423595428,
-0.05317563936114311,
-0.26038306951522827,
0.08409923315048218,
-0.18206852674484253,
0.2598051428794861,
-0.36910727620124817,
0.41098225116729736,
0.1924833506345749,
0.4664795696735382,
0.10204581171274185,
-0.16839133203029633,
-0.15892121195793152,
0.1497959941625595,
-0.2980586588382721,
-0.20519228279590607,
-0.2077350914478302,
0.0009048697538673878,
-0.3632400333881378,
0.517093300819397,
1.086517333984375,
-0.2224844992160797,
-0.5005544424057007,
-0.039993029087781906,
0.7727523446083069,
0.434805303812027,
-0.46799907088279724,
-0.36345192790031433,
0.27305251359939575,
0.6826354265213013,
-0.2951733469963074,
0.06306677311658859,
0.06900663673877716,
0.1586824506521225,
0.4051405191421509,
0.3155595660209656,
-0.058047033846378326,
0.2711114287376404,
0.6847182512283325,
0.2971110939979553,
-0.6361066699028015,
-0.20723746716976166,
-0.34387537837028503,
0.09520398825407028,
-0.4329681396484375,
-0.6565119028091431,
-0.20093625783920288,
0.6673014163970947,
-0.35916247963905334,
0.648791491985321,
0.43084925413131714,
0.20734183490276337,
0.319973886013031,
0.9229333996772766,
-0.0629354864358902,
-0.1951005905866623,
-0.5116105079650879,
0.17546778917312622,
-0.2985793650150299,
-0.3250799775123596,
-0.13429690897464752,
-0.07142917811870575,
-0.4275638163089752,
0.1684746891260147,
-0.6844773292541504,
0.807502806186676,
0.46005377173423767,
-0.6489713788032532,
-0.12802304327487946,
-0.08855397999286652,
-0.1676131784915924,
0.18572844564914703,
0.729301929473877,
-0.594792902469635,
-0.05127788707613945,
0.24983295798301697,
-0.004064479377120733,
0.46029049158096313,
0.4981841742992401,
-0.6312392354011536,
0.30873918533325195,
0.5923386216163635,
-0.9490405917167664,
0.5659485459327698,
0.20131756365299225,
-0.032424040138721466,
-0.21786075830459595,
-0.08876512199640274,
-0.9581208825111389,
0.2156180590391159,
0.039596475660800934,
0.4063180983066559,
0.3811687231063843,
0.10787300765514374,
-0.22476625442504883,
-0.05410684272646904,
-0.41709810495376587,
0.10300520807504654,
0.2277030199766159,
0.21969054639339447,
-0.16069740056991577,
0.23587369918823242,
-0.30903738737106323,
-0.04852064326405525,
0.11414320766925812,
0.02880641631782055,
-0.16929340362548828,
0.16724078357219696,
0.4700431227684021,
0.5542043447494507,
0.1911023110151291,
-0.07009093463420868,
0.45076167583465576,
-0.26644450426101685,
-0.629479706287384,
0.3754864037036896,
-0.46467915177345276,
-0.3013722896575928,
0.7508055567741394,
0.5270249247550964,
0.48808640241622925,
0.20652781426906586,
0.23119066655635834,
-0.5614402890205383,
0.4069388508796692,
0.5430086255073547,
0.44645512104034424,
-0.41101202368736267,
0.47795310616493225,
0.18752457201480865,
-0.47171369194984436,
0.6158106923103333,
-0.013272753916680813,
0.012912673875689507,
-0.1829264760017395,
0.5835186839103699,
-0.15574201941490173,
-0.3693159520626068,
-0.3565727174282074,
-0.5935229063034058,
0.4478672742843628,
0.6039392948150635,
0.012221689336001873,
0.03421803563833237,
0.1340867578983307,
0.4438072443008423,
-0.32885801792144775,
-0.2146843820810318,
0.2532763183116913,
-0.09481033682823181,
0.744439959526062,
-0.47526440024375916,
0.23684439063072205,
0.37886843085289,
-0.3275637626647949,
0.5778056383132935,
0.4702213704586029,
0.4352342188358307,
-0.30619725584983826,
0.1848369985818863,
-0.4797837734222412,
-0.26091498136520386,
-0.6017510294914246,
0.16884686052799225,
0.0011936997761949897,
0.1136241927742958,
0.25741252303123474,
-0.7343735694885254,
0.08829876780509949,
0.06945451349020004,
-0.6160324215888977,
0.4095444977283478,
-0.19817033410072327,
-0.39161917567253113,
0.3399941325187683,
-0.14342209696769714,
0.9456876516342163,
0.1039658933877945,
-0.11428864300251007,
-0.38295987248420715,
0.028520828112959862,
-0.06621607393026352,
-0.059072114527225494,
-0.9468272924423218,
-0.30897024273872375,
-0.05886416882276535,
0.07367086410522461,
-0.31554147601127625,
0.21732988953590393,
0.4849148392677307,
-0.569804310798645,
0.10132396221160889,
0.4079345464706421,
0.00476699648424983,
0.5202775001525879,
0.45135703682899475,
0.20005585253238678,
0.17238649725914001,
-0.3120604455471039,
0.27507975697517395,
0.19873031973838806,
0.4224754571914673,
0.7013717889785767,
0.049761343747377396,
-0.03181712329387665,
-0.02410302683711052,
0.7099485397338867,
-0.7809807062149048,
0.2012961059808731,
-0.3039351999759674,
0.19113168120384216,
-0.4995162785053253,
0.5926446914672852,
-0.06536613404750824,
-0.09247460216283798,
0.2598508596420288,
0.40350478887557983,
-0.04414965584874153,
-0.35628941655158997,
-0.1436123102903366,
-0.13120168447494507,
-0.5242007374763489,
0.1172557920217514,
-1.074389100074768,
0.39967021346092224,
0.00628945417702198,
-0.39403218030929565,
-0.47633758187294006,
0.09238563477993011,
0.3466382622718811,
-0.7591463327407837,
0.8621761202812195,
-0.3299199640750885,
-0.2194744050502777,
0.028179487213492393,
0.31436508893966675,
-0.25233981013298035,
-0.06568524986505508,
0.6756778359413147
]
|
214822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20right | Religious right | The term religious right may refer to religiously motivated right-wing or conservative movements such as:
Religious conservatism
Christian right
Jewish right
Hindu nationalism (Hindutva, Sangh Parivar)
Nippon Kaigi
See also
Islamic fundamentalism
Religious fundamentalism
Religious left
Religious rite | [
0.4244423508644104,
-0.26022282242774963,
0.02028767392039299,
0.32291024923324585,
-0.7939836382865906,
-0.2882716655731201,
-0.12889587879180908,
0.440601110458374,
-0.013432071544229984,
-0.10422459989786148,
-0.505970299243927,
0.42949002981185913,
-0.0494428351521492,
0.009232784621417522,
-0.21559011936187744,
0.6071159839630127,
0.03141069784760475,
0.1667652279138565,
-0.4584532082080841,
-0.22160354256629944,
-0.4391241669654846,
0.033850494772195816,
0.04445658251643181,
-0.08778517693281174,
0.08611404150724411,
-0.02685416489839554,
0.5201000571250916,
-0.1362583488225937,
-0.32991620898246765,
0.2560855448246002,
0.44484853744506836,
0.7302284240722656,
-0.0005136067047715187,
0.15933600068092346,
0.19827024638652802,
-0.02584374137222767,
0.3348854184150696,
-0.2519361972808838,
0.2364245504140854,
-0.247367724776268,
-0.39542680978775024,
-0.4883485734462738,
0.6732660531997681,
0.5718673467636108,
0.09902017563581467,
-0.23090870678424835,
-1.105582594871521,
0.47354015707969666,
-0.33139413595199585,
0.3860314190387726,
-0.03523601219058037,
-0.11742548644542694,
-0.20620878040790558,
0.5323952436447144,
0.11216743290424347,
0.4622690677642822,
-0.6302270293235779,
0.0317239873111248,
0.17663802206516266,
-0.9356690645217896,
0.10952682048082352,
0.010069581679999828,
0.3276349902153015,
-0.004081239923834801,
0.7221667170524597,
-0.09586825966835022,
-0.41077813506126404,
-0.35373273491859436,
-1.0293564796447754,
-0.6704546809196472,
-0.13642562925815582,
-0.5061011910438538,
-0.19595113396644592,
0.16072873771190643,
-0.32869160175323486,
-0.40231576561927795,
-0.42583388090133667,
0.36043134331703186,
-0.2825522720813751,
-0.4931485950946808,
-0.3531031012535095,
0.14664125442504883,
0.33177563548088074,
0.25983354449272156,
0.18121066689491272,
-0.3709486722946167,
0.09178289026021957,
-0.4365403652191162,
-0.01368032582104206,
0.6338198781013489,
0.4823296368122101,
0.0632912740111351,
1.035219669342041,
0.23517382144927979,
-0.48816192150115967,
-0.21090705692768097,
0.8769426941871643,
-0.2688821852207184,
-0.14287933707237244,
0.05774401128292084,
0.17178820073604584,
0.036281805485486984,
0.4083089232444763,
-0.5288380980491638,
-0.6551245450973511,
-0.040898390114307404,
-0.026758642867207527,
-0.17058497667312622,
0.17780502140522003,
0.40559327602386475,
-1.1229108572006226,
0.652349591255188,
0.21842597424983978,
0.44474098086357117,
-0.19296766817569733,
0.007180016487836838,
-0.6706354022026062,
-0.553271472454071,
0.234891876578331,
0.1577126532793045,
-0.0828438326716423,
0.7675591707229614,
-0.32550790905952454,
0.41252395510673523,
0.42236360907554626,
0.3505686819553375,
0.7816893458366394,
0.581038236618042,
-0.7933622002601624,
0.0026231706142425537,
0.7305138111114502,
0.22418954968452454,
-0.0570991225540638,
-0.3976205587387085,
-0.14551781117916107,
0.1562236100435257,
0.7509805560112,
-0.06145849823951721,
0.6149457693099976,
0.5773131251335144,
-0.5294765830039978,
-1.0427639484405518,
-0.04389282688498497,
-0.6624675393104553,
0.7583854794502258,
-0.432242751121521,
0.03315429762005806,
-0.43796011805534363,
-0.38806647062301636,
-0.31514641642570496,
-0.05465785413980484,
0.1382630616426468,
0.06616424024105072,
-0.12527169287204742,
0.1354345679283142,
0.10204200446605682,
0.9171901345252991,
-0.20004647970199585,
0.13992610573768616,
0.3847566843032837,
-0.0012416308745741844,
-0.6220075488090515,
0.02829495631158352,
-0.21765641868114471,
0.08544392883777618,
-0.15179960429668427,
-0.2095755636692047,
0.9302825927734375,
0.08362279087305069,
0.29632648825645447,
-0.6434467434883118,
0.08054401725530624,
0.3848131000995636,
-0.1445227414369583,
0.10249682515859604,
0.07855109125375748,
0.09588876366615295,
-0.14565424621105194,
0.3575803339481354,
0.08052893728017807,
-0.6150901317596436,
0.4344455599784851,
-0.16392450034618378,
0.4867071211338043,
-0.38351064920425415,
-0.11478941887617111,
-0.32791921496391296,
-0.21387183666229248,
0.4035279154777527,
0.11739718914031982,
-0.24483786523342133,
-0.6331251859664917,
0.00321386381983757,
-0.7527040243148804,
1.1783089637756348,
-0.3219437897205353,
-0.28178876638412476,
1.2544512748718262,
-0.17529739439487457,
0.1466943472623825,
-0.17839780449867249,
-0.3431106209754944,
0.042150408029556274,
0.23219360411167145,
-0.5823688507080078,
0.4609553813934326,
0.15825104713439941,
0.46771690249443054,
0.3566585183143616,
-0.2355390340089798,
0.2928391396999359,
-0.2872239947319031,
-0.08749879151582718,
0.06602149456739426,
0.14255888760089874,
-0.36127251386642456,
-0.5306147336959839,
0.20265686511993408,
-0.388269305229187,
0.10269472002983093,
0.6028854846954346,
-0.4004969894886017,
0.011876940727233887,
0.23559652268886566,
-0.06835056096315384,
0.5093095898628235,
0.09058820456266403,
0.8705107569694519,
0.47091418504714966,
-0.00651033129543066,
0.5186977386474609,
0.04875972494482994,
0.5512915849685669,
0.19827398657798767,
-0.5979158878326416,
-0.10362420976161957,
0.47181010246276855,
-0.09837391972541809,
0.6768541932106018,
-0.367622047662735,
-0.09897792339324951,
0.147625133395195,
-0.13896611332893372,
0.12895609438419342,
-0.7146913409233093,
-0.27622827887535095,
-0.7142550945281982,
0.15646693110466003,
-0.4352569878101349,
0.47558730840682983,
0.2301725298166275,
0.19852793216705322,
0.037264760583639145,
-0.27935752272605896,
0.2526468336582184,
0.31315088272094727,
-0.053596850484609604,
0.21318477392196655,
0.4671269357204437,
-0.17827938497066498,
-0.17374679446220398,
0.0141145596280694,
0.2536153495311737,
-0.022533467039465904,
-0.24444565176963806,
-0.18149937689304352,
-0.23345784842967987,
0.23613540828227997,
0.27330484986305237,
0.6688293218612671,
-0.18699607253074646,
0.3301067054271698,
-0.7303510904312134,
0.3172767162322998,
-0.5740724802017212,
-0.9162504076957703,
0.10685166716575623,
0.2573016881942749,
-0.7730007767677307,
-0.29079481959342957,
-0.7541781067848206,
0.0029501416720449924,
0.5408244132995605,
-0.5193021297454834,
-0.24980930984020233,
0.2740427553653717,
0.34458214044570923,
-0.06119706109166145,
0.0673491582274437,
0.17295455932617188,
-0.1449587643146515,
0.26256901025772095,
0.1771547794342041,
-0.5641939043998718,
0.5414023995399475,
0.4617726504802704,
0.2238473743200302,
0.16194413602352142,
-0.41874730587005615,
-0.41845300793647766,
-0.33648768067359924,
0.5682677626609802,
-0.020008260384202003,
0.019058935344219208,
0.5220183730125427,
0.285279780626297,
-0.5442345142364502,
0.38208505511283875,
-5.727168083190918,
0.0967019572854042,
-0.42397382855415344,
-0.09700008481740952,
-0.3694614768028259,
0.1176806092262268,
0.4426785707473755,
-0.4009275734424591,
-0.14687193930149078,
-0.8173454999923706,
-0.04073402285575867,
0.12902016937732697,
-0.06790448725223541,
0.6936021447181702,
0.22197483479976654,
-0.05839022621512413,
0.0637291818857193,
0.2250841110944748,
0.09764377772808075,
0.35143107175827026,
-0.006058950908482075,
0.19706881046295166,
0.084658183157444,
0.7992626428604126,
0.34378525614738464,
0.1262742429971695,
0.06981126964092255,
0.10478123277425766,
-0.043091949075460434,
-0.6131719350814819,
-0.10731920599937439,
-0.07684527337551117,
0.03064679354429245,
-0.02292737551033497,
0.4621078372001648,
-0.1869090050458908,
0.41583243012428284,
0.1531982719898224,
0.3248189389705658,
0.42660272121429443,
-0.028512462973594666,
0.2549716830253601,
-0.17155267298221588,
-0.2075517177581787,
0.22287072241306305,
0.05472135916352272,
-0.13552509248256683,
0.41158702969551086,
-0.7045086622238159,
-0.02231534756720066,
-0.29196691513061523,
-0.35204824805259705,
0.5519307851791382,
0.16664278507232666,
0.19351360201835632,
0.031072933226823807,
0.6438578367233276,
-0.2921300232410431,
-0.32355043292045593,
-0.2817619740962982,
-0.07009419798851013,
-0.29319608211517334,
0.4660564363002777,
-0.5575001835823059,
-0.312669038772583,
-0.03404910862445831,
-0.741142749786377,
-0.33698052167892456,
1.0710805654525757,
0.26627352833747864,
-0.7325007319450378,
-0.033345289528369904,
0.14845557510852814,
-0.6330032348632812,
0.4399603009223938,
-0.32955434918403625,
-0.058269236236810684,
-0.17060798406600952,
0.14024487137794495,
0.2824195921421051,
-0.17175836861133575,
-0.15261001884937286,
-0.31333521008491516,
-0.05796240642666817,
0.28528332710266113,
-0.4625602066516876,
0.10498753190040588,
0.1102176308631897,
-0.24695980548858643,
0.1442161500453949,
0.5561007261276245,
-0.6424113512039185,
0.5533202290534973,
-0.031059782952070236,
0.4434341490268707,
0.8121288418769836,
0.12233266979455948,
-0.10793430358171463,
0.5354294776916504,
-0.105257548391819,
0.2317695915699005,
-0.3380027115345001,
-0.4692082405090332,
-0.4156544804573059,
-0.5284104347229004,
0.5215308666229248,
0.06995968520641327,
0.6722241044044495,
0.6395806074142456,
-0.7611240148544312,
0.18092718720436096,
0.23928792774677277,
-0.20308418571949005,
-0.4392590820789337,
-0.12653832137584686,
-0.318456768989563,
-0.5351414084434509,
0.12871655821800232,
-0.27854156494140625,
0.5250685214996338,
0.3867490291595459,
-0.26343512535095215,
-0.7368895411491394,
-0.2004568725824356,
-0.34269124269485474,
0.049674082547426224,
-0.4064585268497467,
0.23043200373649597,
-0.15842121839523315,
0.23528729379177094,
0.5829405188560486,
0.33223921060562134,
0.5437682271003723,
0.29341405630111694,
-0.026484137400984764,
0.13353118300437927,
0.012032185681164265,
0.23689676821231842,
-0.6684226393699646,
-0.35855695605278015,
0.36123764514923096,
-0.11874942481517792,
-0.2197416126728058,
0.6551502346992493,
0.5841018557548523,
0.39038288593292236,
-0.33562973141670227,
0.16813449561595917,
-0.1723419427871704,
0.9590556621551514,
0.03852718323469162,
0.11360160261392593,
0.7851479649543762,
0.039605043828487396,
-0.11713380366563797,
-0.113861583173275,
0.15666216611862183,
0.6940433979034424,
-0.15542671084403992,
-0.5048072338104248,
-0.3317631185054779,
-0.4961826205253601,
-0.5295631885528564,
-0.26924097537994385,
0.36658912897109985,
-0.4020525813102722,
-0.6829880475997925,
0.04381773620843887,
-0.09569244086742401,
0.31712058186531067,
0.5234832167625427,
0.24449056386947632,
-0.31149497628211975,
-0.11550524085760117,
0.09331421554088593,
-0.12933601438999176,
0.04338095709681511,
0.4718427360057831,
-0.31327131390571594,
-0.21424226462841034,
0.10866550356149673,
0.08824153989553452,
-0.13589514791965485,
0.2709597051143646,
0.6765326261520386,
-0.5951523780822754,
-0.1294662058353424,
-0.14298029243946075,
-0.1354166716337204,
0.15085668861865997,
0.5199093818664551,
0.09113100171089172,
0.25186488032341003,
-0.23576633632183075,
0.14631640911102295,
-0.2525618076324463,
0.28265994787216187,
0.5379921793937683,
-0.32973405718803406,
-0.5624502301216125,
0.8178929090499878,
0.15631695091724396,
-0.8849745988845825,
0.101987823843956,
0.3624017536640167,
-0.31403061747550964,
0.9430049657821655,
-0.4754686951637268,
-0.13242274522781372,
0.33782801032066345,
-0.7061710953712463,
-0.5494031310081482,
0.49984291195869446,
-0.30142930150032043,
-0.5756006836891174,
-0.07577673345804214,
-0.18308015167713165,
-0.5637685656547546,
-0.7872210144996643,
-0.2805005609989166,
0.6670706868171692,
0.28466615080833435,
-0.01978074014186859,
0.28993386030197144,
-0.17188794910907745,
-0.29398655891418457,
0.2625000774860382,
-0.4045293927192688,
0.0454123318195343,
0.01960054412484169,
0.04449394345283508,
-0.42141425609588623,
-0.16728255152702332,
-0.007991853170096874,
-0.4780474007129669,
-0.24767707288265228,
-0.17470526695251465,
0.15170712769031525,
-0.7868350148200989,
-0.026660161092877388,
0.22867879271507263,
0.44211503863334656,
0.2720835208892822,
-0.4479633569717407,
0.1112365797162056,
0.7483751177787781,
0.06851399689912796,
-0.27473196387290955,
-0.7929000854492188,
0.6660224795341492,
0.4144708216190338,
-0.11951275914907455,
-0.4677421748638153,
-0.47225236892700195,
0.3973134458065033,
-0.1506161391735077,
-0.5024470686912537,
-0.35024839639663696,
0.26341527700424194,
0.5764557719230652,
0.1351621001958847,
-0.38392117619514465,
-0.1877957135438919,
-0.26250892877578735,
0.11168669909238815,
-0.009597095660865307,
0.040265973657369614,
-0.914387583732605,
-0.0970899909734726,
-0.573510468006134,
-0.08488170057535172,
0.02883552759885788,
0.48297032713890076,
-0.26971811056137085,
0.2774558365345001,
-0.08533381670713425,
-0.530969500541687,
-0.5237346291542053,
-0.2732565402984619,
-0.1032528281211853,
-0.5165464282035828,
-0.6416829228401184,
0.1579679548740387,
-0.4261992871761322,
0.06250078976154327,
-0.8546828031539917,
0.7434490919113159,
0.10771989822387695,
-0.4972513020038605,
-0.1797226220369339,
-0.6332576274871826,
-0.07498616725206375,
0.16816195845603943,
0.1869218945503235,
-0.3876495063304901,
-0.3066869378089905,
0.4400551915168762,
0.10391416400671005,
-0.3207286596298218,
-0.6378170847892761,
-0.33469831943511963,
0.13420847058296204,
0.10756807774305344,
-0.1385386735200882,
0.49938109517097473,
-0.12015978246927261,
0.01998671144247055,
-0.6954510807991028,
0.05409981682896614,
0.13789783418178558,
0.47076281905174255,
0.1946527361869812,
0.29063355922698975,
0.4205232262611389,
-0.04248092323541641,
0.45283547043800354,
0.30128759145736694,
-0.40622639656066895,
0.42315369844436646,
0.4924492835998535,
0.7228947281837463,
0.177225723862648,
0.35349011421203613,
0.00019603761029429734,
0.3475251793861389,
-0.09595885872840881,
-0.028871381655335426,
-0.05312518775463104,
0.4763685166835785,
0.2687404155731201,
0.3721526563167572,
0.24607430398464203,
-0.2320280373096466,
0.5588858127593994,
-0.4870438575744629,
-0.5858083963394165,
-0.22551774978637695,
-0.4113401472568512,
-0.5378385186195374,
0.615605890750885,
0.9703956842422485,
0.11629533022642136,
-0.3433626890182495,
-0.11809366941452026,
-0.17944097518920898,
0.314510703086853,
-0.03836936876177788,
0.4575553238391876,
-0.14951322972774506,
0.4775325059890747,
0.95982426404953,
-0.6095148324966431,
-0.2938910722732544,
-0.22750818729400635,
0.3323308229446411,
-0.14305861294269562,
0.5714829564094543,
-0.2872605323791504,
0.1854788362979889,
-0.06707526743412018,
-0.3759097456932068,
0.03491651266813278,
0.10954349488019943,
0.21571362018585205,
0.5248920321464539,
0.24352924525737762,
0.07672375440597534,
-0.7456272840499878,
0.08894088119268417,
0.07989510148763657,
-0.33346670866012573,
0.022257523611187935,
-0.26820671558380127,
0.12106048315763474,
-0.165825754404068,
-0.6463923454284668,
0.5322800278663635,
0.30002811551094055,
-0.1222895160317421,
0.07997246086597443,
-0.27938854694366455,
-0.45025336742401123,
-0.3896329998970032,
-0.5214726328849792,
0.5309965014457703,
-0.3237594664096832,
0.11141972243785858,
0.23118112981319427,
-0.9822612404823303,
0.26066651940345764,
-0.5068333148956299,
-0.672494649887085,
0.3078366816043854,
-0.06797368079423904,
-0.5438138246536255,
0.325796902179718,
-0.4469780921936035,
0.4916835129261017,
0.4563814699649811,
0.3981665372848511,
-0.2702842652797699,
0.5482817888259888,
0.6522728204727173,
0.1395743042230606,
-0.8856137990951538,
-0.34439173340797424,
-0.45178261399269104,
-0.5907696485519409,
-0.6478253602981567,
0.4065682888031006,
-0.09833936393260956,
0.24242372810840607,
0.09988417476415634,
0.32528743147850037,
-0.25533318519592285,
0.5371890664100647,
0.9540517330169678,
-0.6690183877944946,
0.5080317258834839,
0.14553260803222656,
-0.18592172861099243,
-0.5455588698387146,
0.10671114921569824,
0.5023773908615112,
-0.2544266879558563,
-0.36777761578559875,
0.68580561876297,
0.403902143239975,
-0.5343635678291321,
0.26333099603652954,
-0.7376266717910767,
-0.09559478610754013,
-0.45294973254203796,
0.5920805931091309,
-0.677207350730896,
0.3149569630622864,
0.24610014259815216,
-0.17760084569454193,
0.10517340153455734,
-0.70665442943573,
-0.09330318123102188,
-0.19364559650421143,
-0.035880643874406815,
-0.09372999519109726,
0.1720297783613205,
0.25402960181236267,
0.23313577473163605,
0.012488273903727531,
-0.49335065484046936,
0.4258490800857544,
0.14258511364459991,
-0.42865657806396484,
0.7064529061317444,
-0.46672898530960083,
0.18073807656764984,
-0.3074287176132202,
0.4186364412307739,
0.04977791756391525,
-0.08915606141090393,
0.3035378158092499
]
|
214827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile%20da%20Fabriano | Gentile da Fabriano | Gentile da Fabriano ( – 1427) was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic painter style. He worked in various places in central Italy, mostly in Tuscany. His best-known works are his Adoration of the Magi from the Strozzi Altarpiece (1423), and the Flight into Egypt.
Life and career
Gentile was born in or near Fabriano, in the Marche. His mother died some time before 1380, and his father, Niccolò di Giovanni Massi, retired to a monastery in the same year, where he died in 1385. Little is known of his formation: one of his first known works, a Madonna and Child (c. 1395–1400, now in Berlin) shows the influence of the northern Italian late-Gothic painting.
By around 1405, Gentile da Fabriano was working in Venice. He painted a panel for the church of Santa Sofia, now lost; Jacopo Bellini worked perhaps in his workshop. Between 1408 and 1409, he painted a fresco (now lost) in the Doge's Palace depicting the naval battle between the Venetians and Otto III. In Venice he knew Pisanello and perhaps Michelino da Besozzo. He also produced commissions for other cities during this period, such as his Madonna and Child for a church in Perugia.
In 1410–1412 he painted one of his first masterworks, the Valle Romita Polyptych (now at the Pinacoteca di Brera). In 1410–1411 he was at Foligno, where he frescoed the Palazzo Trinci. In 1414 he moved to Brescia, at the service of Pandolfo III Malatesta, and painted the Broletto Chapel, a work now mostly lost. In the Spring 1420 he was again in Fabriano.
On 6 August 1420 he was in Florence, where he painted his famous altarpiece depicting the Adoration of the Magi (1423), now in the Uffizi and regarded as one of the masterpieces of the International Gothic style. His other works in Florence include the Quaratesi Polyptych (May 1425) and the Intercession Altarpiece. In June–August 1425 he was in Siena, where he painted a Madonna with Child, now lost, for the Palazzo dei Notai on Piazza del Campo. Until October he was in Orvieto, where he painted his fresco of the Madonna and Child in the Cathedral. In 1427 he arrived in Rome, commissioned by Pope Martin V to decorate the nave of the Basilica of St. John in Lateran, which was completed by Pisanello after his death.
Gentile is known to have died before 14 October 1427. He is commonly said to have been buried in the church now called S. Francesca Romana in Florence, but his tomb vanished; there is evidence, however, that he may be buried in the church of Santa Maria in Trastevere, in Rome, the place of his death.
He left no works in the Marche, except possibly a Madonna and Child (of uncertain attribution) in the Duomo at Sant'Angelo in Vado, near Urbino. He also left one painting in Venice.
Notes
References
Sources
Exposition lasting 21 April–23 July 2006.
External links
Gentile da Fabriano biography-paintings-curiosity-publications
Italian Paintings: Sienese and Central Italian Schools, a collection catalog containing information about Fabriano and his works (see index; plates 34-35).
5 paintings of Gentile da Fabriano
Gentile da Fabriano at the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
1370s births
1427 deaths
People from Fabriano
14th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
15th-century Italian painters
Gothic painters
Catholic painters | [
-0.3618447482585907,
-0.2346414178609848,
-0.1611189991235733,
-0.1130962148308754,
-0.07542183250188828,
0.7457228899002075,
-0.09911233931779861,
0.0659768208861351,
-0.9261438250541687,
-1.193822979927063,
-0.005753235425800085,
-0.05188402906060219,
-0.2713034749031067,
0.2798936367034912,
-0.223269984126091,
-0.04277003929018974,
0.5371341109275818,
-0.4534151554107666,
-0.1927860677242279,
-0.3898673951625824,
-0.13683581352233887,
-0.6649688482284546,
0.21186420321464539,
-0.0552690327167511,
-0.814946711063385,
0.09546032547950745,
0.2819916605949402,
0.1754312664270401,
0.7588726282119751,
-0.269487202167511,
0.3625902831554413,
0.4652530252933502,
0.119752436876297,
-0.304447740316391,
-0.7149206399917603,
0.22443729639053345,
0.30312544107437134,
-0.18820936977863312,
-0.4879908859729767,
0.08886615931987762,
-0.6223130822181702,
0.49155914783477783,
0.5563005805015564,
0.13108345866203308,
0.1299569457769394,
-0.4089648127555847,
-1.324658751487732,
0.5413402318954468,
-0.5012765526771545,
-0.695006787776947,
0.16336551308631897,
0.18294979631900787,
0.1389726847410202,
0.8889188170433044,
-0.29040974378585815,
0.53340744972229,
-0.38193246722221375,
-0.5351930260658264,
-0.0015671165892854333,
-0.5872906446456909,
0.5312126278877258,
0.16492582857608795,
0.41878244280815125,
0.08138524740934372,
0.09477312117815018,
-0.10754894465208054,
-0.34273695945739746,
0.02967173419892788,
0.14756566286087036,
0.36524415016174316,
-0.09495934844017029,
0.4888644516468048,
0.21126659214496613,
-0.1362931877374649,
0.19529114663600922,
-0.31185081601142883,
-0.15045997500419617,
-0.0003666805278044194,
0.32292619347572327,
0.03634560480713844,
0.3633211851119995,
-0.05269153416156769,
1.130620002746582,
0.5316718220710754,
0.05287591367959976,
0.8084388971328735,
0.22188343107700348,
-0.11552653461694717,
-0.3638263940811157,
0.317213773727417,
-0.16556333005428314,
-0.8002911806106567,
0.4403582811355591,
-0.008241771720349789,
0.4614514410495758,
0.7233718633651733,
-0.2190942019224167,
0.6689245104789734,
-0.48702964186668396,
0.14087364077568054,
-0.560368537902832,
0.36914417147636414,
-0.5677947998046875,
-0.42396482825279236,
-0.4077281653881073,
-0.2529556155204773,
-0.7963347434997559,
-0.01781100034713745,
-0.7349005341529846,
0.5747937560081482,
-0.3372558355331421,
0.4533561170101166,
-0.774134635925293,
-0.01680716499686241,
-0.04550618305802345,
-0.1354440152645111,
0.44564151763916016,
-0.23279818892478943,
-0.4833614230155945,
-0.14007732272148132,
0.3984525799751282,
-0.03574380651116371,
-0.34230127930641174,
-0.5999612212181091,
-0.8172733783721924,
0.3468131422996521,
0.24138809740543365,
-0.022800294682383537,
0.027299566194415092,
0.30278757214546204,
0.531319260597229,
1.1416521072387695,
-0.49432656168937683,
-0.6250885128974915,
0.06994373351335526,
-0.06643135100603104,
-0.07965736091136932,
-0.005824686959385872,
-0.1853809952735901,
-0.03959927707910538,
-0.5497958660125732,
-0.24590493738651276,
-0.32461822032928467,
0.3098706901073456,
-0.04070968180894852,
-0.2543988525867462,
0.3295742869377136,
-0.6138837933540344,
-0.1499347984790802,
-0.36123791337013245,
-0.496880441904068,
-0.2794279158115387,
-0.11214762181043625,
-0.06479068100452423,
-0.16005922853946686,
0.7082918286323547,
0.6554386019706726,
-0.14506693184375763,
-0.16478371620178223,
-0.3965095579624176,
0.47537022829055786,
-0.20865198969841003,
-0.6488528847694397,
0.47666847705841064,
1.3875560760498047,
0.020274443551898003,
0.5118439793586731,
-0.28302520513534546,
-0.20134450495243073,
-0.18810439109802246,
-0.5751422047615051,
0.24507273733615875,
-0.06884203106164932,
-0.7300600409507751,
0.25135013461112976,
-0.016412952914834023,
0.5316401720046997,
0.014936087653040886,
0.22651369869709015,
-0.33387577533721924,
-0.7909802198410034,
-0.23575907945632935,
0.18832333385944366,
0.1313057839870453,
0.3124578595161438,
0.08592148870229721,
0.4067506492137909,
-0.2636812627315521,
0.25516143441200256,
-0.5585345029830933,
-0.649391233921051,
-0.30540916323661804,
-0.22473593056201935,
-0.538906991481781,
1.0523154735565186,
0.31301233172416687,
-0.4801061749458313,
0.6388445496559143,
0.41883963346481323,
0.5145560503005981,
-0.06651286035776138,
0.30631935596466064,
0.3035883903503418,
0.1349121779203415,
0.42219939827919006,
0.440510630607605,
0.19614078104496002,
0.5135692358016968,
0.542243480682373,
0.8969863653182983,
0.8107247352600098,
-0.12292243540287018,
0.3510283827781677,
1.0795525312423706,
-0.27836254239082336,
-0.3909347951412201,
-0.7698333263397217,
0.1867867261171341,
-0.4648458659648895,
-0.5874961614608765,
0.17691931128501892,
-0.004099966026842594,
-0.5161764621734619,
1.0698598623275757,
0.07497286051511765,
1.2732347249984741,
0.17783339321613312,
0.05573970824480057,
0.17329907417297363,
-0.5511165857315063,
-0.0841042697429657,
0.8506739139556885,
0.4552459716796875,
-0.018927644938230515,
0.14849038422107697,
0.13280662894248962,
0.35834160447120667,
-0.567733883857727,
0.5577510595321655,
-0.8200147747993469,
0.16735069453716278,
0.46114155650138855,
-0.23721623420715332,
0.4114365875720978,
0.3704138696193695,
0.25686314702033997,
0.3114623427391052,
-0.00630943663418293,
-0.07522515952587128,
-0.23821954429149628,
0.1477603316307068,
0.8497031927108765,
-0.2748166024684906,
0.18873372673988342,
-0.05566295236349106,
-0.591505229473114,
0.6457169651985168,
-0.7449833154678345,
-0.22034558653831482,
-0.2173895537853241,
0.1839834451675415,
0.11823098361492157,
0.5085548162460327,
0.28533434867858887,
-0.02122345194220543,
-0.31366029381752014,
-0.1113123819231987,
-0.013117554597556591,
0.46673497557640076,
-0.10407943278551102,
-0.26161864399909973,
-0.0301202442497015,
-0.27637597918510437,
0.4151665270328522,
-0.04610990360379219,
-0.5075204372406006,
-1.1252621412277222,
-0.06817968934774399,
0.11763481050729752,
-0.38311222195625305,
-0.3481369614601135,
0.4733228087425232,
-0.1211376041173935,
0.10068082064390182,
-0.7172824740409851,
0.36676186323165894,
0.39682823419570923,
-0.5770002603530884,
0.022705281153321266,
-0.4528377652168274,
0.24959981441497803,
0.3028744161128998,
-0.8367570042610168,
0.01962745189666748,
-0.18711481988430023,
0.354641854763031,
-1.0665605068206787,
-0.47516369819641113,
-0.013091467320919037,
-0.7896519303321838,
-0.901426374912262,
0.15524275600910187,
0.5331361293792725,
0.22630567848682404,
0.37922200560569763,
0.30490586161613464,
0.11539211869239807,
-0.20235830545425415,
-5.060296535491943,
0.15166449546813965,
-0.120558962225914,
-0.066971555352211,
-0.3220313787460327,
-0.4351757764816284,
0.609427809715271,
-0.42815345525741577,
0.6784135699272156,
0.13799814879894257,
0.655769944190979,
-0.39763665199279785,
-0.26069775223731995,
0.6510380506515503,
-0.005917025730013847,
0.6002398133277893,
-0.01503429003059864,
0.19249768555164337,
0.12599608302116394,
0.05525694787502289,
0.043647296726703644,
0.3932657539844513,
0.008162269368767738,
0.22521570324897766,
0.5676379799842834,
-0.2923123240470886,
-0.672015368938446,
-0.3738187551498413,
-0.6961029171943665,
0.09843169152736664,
-0.024285171180963516,
0.3419802784919739,
-0.21263016760349274,
0.4311724007129669,
0.24096602201461792,
0.06149785593152046,
0.7366105914115906,
0.8393523693084717,
0.18991978466510773,
0.5362025499343872,
-0.028384175151586533,
-0.0815851166844368,
-1.1405984163284302,
0.6539766192436218,
-0.005633625667542219,
-0.011443514376878738,
-0.846175491809845,
-0.25473421812057495,
-0.4464828073978424,
1.1489126682281494,
0.3934049606323242,
-0.2060190886259079,
0.24158704280853271,
0.24492305517196655,
0.5005874633789062,
0.36264723539352417,
0.5733124613761902,
-0.40264275670051575,
-1.0725865364074707,
0.6609530448913574,
-0.2616177797317505,
-0.3162389099597931,
-0.2526915371417999,
-0.4914289712905884,
-0.2420513927936554,
0.029021574184298515,
-0.0029252273961901665,
-0.18780261278152466,
-0.15631279349327087,
-0.29294127225875854,
-0.0530206523835659,
1.037345051765442,
-0.2395477294921875,
-1.3366469144821167,
0.5602877736091614,
-0.19214439392089844,
0.09122078865766525,
-0.3886985778808594,
-0.043861959129571915,
-0.401502788066864,
0.47841477394104004,
-1.0324981212615967,
0.16671667993068695,
0.6324581503868103,
0.48726508021354675,
0.8106184601783752,
0.08891180157661438,
-0.030395928770303726,
-0.9527198672294617,
-0.04394427314400673,
0.5666463971138,
-0.39143630862236023,
-0.06854318082332611,
-0.09053117781877518,
-0.3406660556793213,
0.6469809412956238,
0.1792452037334442,
0.22995826601982117,
0.11229806393384933,
-0.05784178152680397,
0.36562490463256836,
-0.30515703558921814,
-0.5147780179977417,
0.569298505783081,
-0.5197070837020874,
-0.10551661998033524,
-0.38314250111579895,
0.04460889473557472,
0.7308167219161987,
0.1564614623785019,
0.3420799672603607,
0.36513033509254456,
-0.6507060527801514,
0.17517255246639252,
0.418313205242157,
-0.2990134656429291,
0.13403210043907166,
0.31032636761665344,
-0.24456335604190826,
-0.5114233493804932,
0.9616746306419373,
-0.05347054824233055,
-0.08022361993789673,
-0.35234740376472473,
-0.16856293380260468,
0.519534707069397,
-0.6550827026367188,
0.6259148716926575,
-0.18594270944595337,
-0.10152464359998703,
-0.11402252316474915,
0.21394670009613037,
-0.5543179512023926,
0.08426928520202637,
0.29684972763061523,
-0.3487600088119507,
-0.6379676461219788,
-0.597678542137146,
0.37610626220703125,
-0.24765527248382568,
0.10992706567049026,
-0.000842857058160007,
-0.696381688117981,
0.2658424377441406,
0.13062751293182373,
0.35873910784721375,
0.3359817862510681,
0.06499524414539337,
-0.7048198580741882,
0.3293601870536804,
-0.17636989057064056,
-0.3160906732082367,
-0.049618396908044815,
-0.39464688301086426,
0.149710014462471,
-0.2004045695066452,
-0.4576566219329834,
0.5377850532531738,
-0.3327837586402893,
-0.24778880178928375,
0.21933308243751526,
-0.1093192994594574,
-0.9557700753211975,
0.07160253077745438,
0.08117368817329407,
0.27231255173683167,
-0.3909541964530945,
-0.4381864070892334,
-0.33057883381843567,
0.29850873351097107,
0.6538570523262024,
-0.43047699332237244,
-0.0937800258398056,
-0.20947174727916718,
-0.027885708957910538,
-0.49022671580314636,
0.013871745206415653,
0.3451080918312073,
-0.34968242049217224,
0.19532042741775513,
-0.038170602172613144,
-0.09602052718400955,
-0.33132460713386536,
-0.7773224711418152,
0.4684140384197235,
0.22412841022014618,
-0.8121573328971863,
-0.6596477627754211,
-0.39404433965682983,
-0.21673712134361267,
-0.2721366286277771,
0.32787245512008667,
-0.11243638396263123,
-0.036919619888067245,
0.43193069100379944,
-0.728861391544342,
-0.27512335777282715,
0.041457921266555786,
-0.21112792193889618,
-1.0477452278137207,
-0.581717312335968,
0.21237745881080627,
-0.7100394368171692,
-0.13693195581436157,
-0.4982124865055084,
-0.8074857592582703,
0.8478680849075317,
0.32209858298301697,
-0.4374087154865265,
0.9579024910926819,
0.01845347322523594,
-0.8195017576217651,
-0.09836676716804504,
0.4627871513366699,
-0.3166576325893402,
0.12451659888029099,
-0.4814106523990631,
0.3578021228313446,
-0.7242570519447327,
-0.3831460177898407,
-0.10412436723709106,
-0.1374935358762741,
-0.9672273993492126,
0.08151741325855255,
-0.5959020256996155,
-0.0976848378777504,
0.02439640276134014,
-0.34853821992874146,
0.8276911377906799,
0.14178723096847534,
0.7156105637550354,
0.07967647165060043,
0.02857208624482155,
-0.23851515352725983,
0.27666032314300537,
-0.3001168370246887,
0.4993532598018646,
0.1059858575463295,
0.15093432366847992,
0.4584239721298218,
-0.15213286876678467,
0.7871366143226624,
0.23240596055984497,
-0.37859731912612915,
0.23115170001983643,
0.24139322340488434,
0.2822161018848419,
0.18250209093093872,
-0.06636019051074982,
0.2249985784292221,
0.13961707055568695,
-0.45993316173553467,
0.13059081137180328,
-0.5876548886299133,
1.1518259048461914,
-0.5975774526596069,
-0.1257651001214981,
0.8326048254966736,
0.4029296040534973,
-0.15538322925567627,
-0.004540667403489351,
0.7403894066810608,
0.285019189119339,
0.46940377354621887,
0.3865872919559479,
0.3786085844039917,
0.31840768456459045,
-0.08917385339736938,
-0.11655449122190475,
0.3267958462238312,
-0.15329541265964508,
0.20809069275856018,
-0.011297537945210934,
0.8051685094833374,
0.0402856320142746,
-0.2662985324859619,
-0.11275870352983475,
-0.6736298203468323,
1.3580175638198853,
-0.033538904041051865,
-1.0323216915130615,
0.04141546040773392,
0.28614968061447144,
-0.301895409822464,
-0.543221652507782,
-0.6989165544509888,
-0.16968780755996704,
0.4877718389034271,
-0.5201290249824524,
-0.021044479683041573,
-0.06695779412984848,
-0.2456483244895935,
-0.24284300208091736,
0.20013387501239777,
0.21095451712608337,
0.8697986602783203,
-0.6168127655982971,
0.32735374569892883,
-0.5056024789810181,
-0.13354746997356415,
-0.5734071731567383,
0.19737401604652405,
0.5355015993118286,
0.09292525798082352,
0.4958215057849884,
0.10221477597951889,
-0.3899695873260498,
-0.45708194375038147,
0.04157129302620888,
0.2869720757007599,
-0.14741642773151398,
-0.30046138167381287,
0.3291553556919098,
-0.06294438987970352,
-0.3517936170101166,
0.2718513011932373,
1.1045169830322266,
0.02367500588297844,
-0.7379469275474548,
-0.23550115525722504,
0.7108513116836548,
-0.3890220820903778,
0.37555333971977234,
-0.14564745128154755,
0.3152168095111847,
0.4770105481147766,
-0.667144775390625,
-0.002969682915136218,
-0.052734725177288055,
0.4939253330230713,
0.04404056444764137,
-0.07680943608283997,
-0.5785762667655945,
0.5055802464485168,
-0.35864487290382385,
-0.07317283004522324,
0.2056446373462677,
-0.3178994357585907,
0.059109583497047424,
0.057513151317834854,
0.40425726771354675,
0.7909682393074036,
-0.1377681940793991,
0.16863231360912323,
-0.3020823895931244,
0.438342422246933,
-0.41813620924949646,
0.13729862868785858,
0.06103912368416786,
-0.34406939148902893,
0.12996728718280792,
-0.1029808297753334,
0.6136834621429443,
-0.03952900320291519,
-0.3821246027946472,
0.2385672926902771,
0.8904783129692078,
-0.04143301770091057,
-0.38918033242225647,
-0.5036884546279907,
0.03779570013284683,
-0.285807341337204,
0.9336816668510437,
-0.41358739137649536,
-0.8979737758636475,
0.1808301955461502,
-0.8027011752128601,
0.38918983936309814,
-0.3268311619758606,
0.03936196491122246,
0.04192141816020012,
-0.43852347135543823,
-0.1058761402964592,
0.9147834777832031,
0.3056146502494812,
0.3382638394832611,
0.4657737910747528,
0.9417140483856201,
-0.5344657301902771,
-0.07477051764726639,
-0.9966202974319458,
0.1769423484802246,
-0.3264624774456024,
-0.2712239623069763,
0.33675310015678406,
-0.345253586769104,
-0.04553232342004776,
0.0629265084862709,
-0.01955500990152359,
-0.38961389660835266,
-0.2919943630695343,
-0.17417937517166138,
-0.2316156029701233,
0.17202156782150269,
-0.7046908140182495,
0.07271347939968109,
0.6109286546707153,
1.041348934173584,
-0.3841264545917511,
-0.24871936440467834,
0.3920633792877197,
-0.0569373182952404,
-0.05920472368597984,
-0.05328132212162018,
-0.35198360681533813,
0.06232823058962822,
-0.4232643246650696,
0.8532806038856506,
-0.5689550042152405,
0.4644066393375397,
0.4040015935897827,
0.3372964560985565,
-0.3209454119205475,
0.788997232913971,
-0.9638778567314148,
0.17716747522354126,
0.964723527431488,
-0.5009520053863525,
-0.2527390718460083,
-0.15950076282024384,
0.4324741065502167,
-0.8713700175285339,
0.030271921306848526,
-0.17648769915103912,
0.21604788303375244,
-0.19064101576805115,
-0.024338338524103165,
-0.22268348932266235,
0.2710305452346802,
0.6114227175712585,
0.11092551052570343,
0.3698572516441345,
-0.8024643659591675,
-0.5019405484199524,
-0.7357802987098694,
-0.40963131189346313,
0.984901487827301,
-0.23429974913597107,
0.7385464906692505,
-0.6060596704483032,
0.8248106837272644,
0.12978260219097137,
-0.07335086166858673,
0.2899574637413025,
0.3663646876811981,
0.018253223970532417,
0.07042200118303299,
-0.225412517786026,
0.7197698354721069,
0.16059407591819763,
0.04343956336379051,
0.2995472550392151,
0.9654906988143921,
-0.5508397221565247,
0.14769279956817627,
-0.027879895642399788,
-0.05825847014784813,
-0.9296731352806091,
0.24579015374183655,
0.38513925671577454
]
|
214828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi%20Bears | Gummi Bears | Gummi Bears may refer to:
Gummy bear, a soft, chewy candy
Gummi Bears, the proprietary Disney animated cartoon
Gummibar, a viral character band
See also
Gummy Bear (disambiguation) | [
0.32952186465263367,
0.47987979650497437,
-0.4289630949497223,
0.017663326114416122,
-0.4121534526348114,
0.14925940334796906,
0.028783977031707764,
0.7988173961639404,
-0.5391837358474731,
-0.24327699840068817,
-0.7131258845329285,
0.4776563346385956,
-0.36801019310951233,
0.16478067636489868,
-0.46468406915664673,
0.2755838930606842,
0.04591652378439903,
0.8022506833076477,
-0.1319824457168579,
0.06736858189105988,
-0.17810732126235962,
-0.38572144508361816,
-0.1856260895729065,
-0.608088493347168,
0.21459975838661194,
0.4028948247432709,
0.7791733145713806,
0.6365933418273926,
0.13074682652950287,
-0.18263749778270721,
-0.013404353521764278,
0.5902073383331299,
0.10368328541517258,
0.36277130246162415,
0.05907821282744408,
0.1921946257352829,
-0.5013429522514343,
-0.551204264163971,
-0.12868632376194,
-0.6946658492088318,
0.4062483608722687,
0.0028734870720654726,
-0.014672061428427696,
0.028726303949952126,
0.0702567771077156,
-0.019306447356939316,
-2.0068132877349854,
0.5302137136459351,
-0.5364238619804382,
0.412489652633667,
-0.5355806350708008,
0.48091965913772583,
-0.17033609747886658,
0.23443858325481415,
0.39582863450050354,
0.15288381278514862,
-0.3135983347892761,
-0.11790518462657928,
0.06530843675136566,
0.10171578824520111,
-0.0852222591638565,
-0.40831634402275085,
-0.1369090974330902,
-0.159040629863739,
-0.39767706394195557,
0.5212563276290894,
-0.16027340292930603,
0.21488700807094574,
-0.3654731512069702,
-0.0025536466855555773,
-0.16410362720489502,
-0.8610984683036804,
-0.0432731956243515,
0.11813295632600784,
0.27924877405166626,
0.0354117676615715,
0.16701796650886536,
0.03356385603547096,
0.3583642244338989,
0.44587695598602295,
-0.09158474951982498,
0.8040058016777039,
0.6125991940498352,
0.40592125058174133,
-0.4063970446586609,
0.4610849916934967,
-0.264382004737854,
0.7722662687301636,
-0.6023975610733032,
0.5818697810173035,
-0.15903697907924652,
-0.0017011481104418635,
0.5630019307136536,
0.009962945245206356,
0.13950766623020172,
-0.29418444633483887,
0.07526877522468567,
0.15228430926799774,
0.6836670637130737,
0.6504887938499451,
0.07356881350278854,
-0.04189007729291916,
0.40804293751716614,
0.2661075294017792,
-0.8879144787788391,
-0.37160590291023254,
-0.25286686420440674,
-0.7216158509254456,
-0.3015185594558716,
0.2806732952594757,
0.1100456491112709,
0.1252833604812622,
0.3521253764629364,
0.5432716608047485,
-0.20943786203861237,
0.1706891804933548,
-0.0505053885281086,
0.07393504679203033,
-0.96990567445755,
0.3817198574542999,
0.40519845485687256,
-0.43824201822280884,
-0.06559303402900696,
-0.6567071080207825,
0.5088733434677124,
0.2773888409137726,
-0.4867798388004303,
0.42558979988098145,
-0.1943894624710083,
0.5105506777763367,
-0.1165061965584755,
0.9057067632675171,
-0.12354160100221634,
-0.3949066698551178,
-0.01441267877817154,
-0.31214699149131775,
0.21812014281749725,
-0.4172567129135132,
0.24200193583965302,
-0.5295867919921875,
-1.0256016254425049,
-0.09643309563398361,
-1.2385352849960327,
-0.5450393557548523,
0.4723951518535614,
-0.21249625086784363,
-0.4990900754928589,
0.09912712126970291,
-0.5009003281593323,
-0.2415432631969452,
-0.18569673597812653,
-0.19994382560253143,
0.09160725772380829,
0.10192327201366425,
-0.293641060590744,
0.2887040972709656,
0.012055423110723495,
0.011516207829117775,
0.055638521909713745,
-0.10223516821861267,
-0.5112124085426331,
0.2800087034702301,
-1.0629856586456299,
-0.2419186532497406,
-0.014273813925683498,
-0.111874520778656,
0.4210958480834961,
0.34564802050590515,
-0.26107868552207947,
0.4551425278186798,
0.2409919947385788,
0.010108890943229198,
0.1426854282617569,
-0.11472494900226593,
0.3006323575973511,
0.1441490352153778,
0.6257152557373047,
0.10944453626871109,
0.5460979342460632,
0.007397912442684174,
-0.5112727880477905,
0.19743090867996216,
0.4766731858253479,
0.20574551820755005,
-0.2157958596944809,
-0.3466326892375946,
0.2105979025363922,
-0.2766265273094177,
0.45581862330436707,
-0.5246180891990662,
-1.0280922651290894,
0.030488386750221252,
0.6956468820571899,
-0.16110652685165405,
1.134635329246521,
0.12087446451187134,
-0.7036820650100708,
0.24386855959892273,
0.1476493626832962,
0.3967972695827484,
-0.25332778692245483,
-0.06520181894302368,
-0.004564688540995121,
-0.5150392055511475,
-1.0626002550125122,
0.7746288180351257,
0.28119122982025146,
-0.0725223645567894,
0.5209836363792419,
0.110866479575634,
0.9892149567604065,
-0.02434086799621582,
0.46922001242637634,
-0.793289065361023,
-0.03079652041196823,
0.04207906126976013,
-0.32927560806274414,
-0.006385354790836573,
-0.20341737568378448,
-0.6624975204467773,
-0.06544332206249237,
0.03500029444694519,
-0.47222352027893066,
0.3134128451347351,
0.011145646683871746,
1.0820859670639038,
0.015254681929945946,
-0.07088387757539749,
1.1094411611557007,
-0.20735429227352142,
0.6770968437194824,
-0.07140030711889267,
0.15724752843379974,
-0.35977932810783386,
-0.10858092457056046,
0.15992070734500885,
0.7945695519447327,
-0.6238835453987122,
0.7424008250236511,
-0.1454349011182785,
-0.3912632465362549,
0.05350461229681969,
-0.3708915412425995,
-0.5553745031356812,
0.026474909856915474,
-0.39972496032714844,
-0.1737060397863388,
0.016117481514811516,
-0.5754417181015015,
-0.5737004280090332,
0.027291731908917427,
0.5120465755462646,
0.18574775755405426,
0.2601330876350403,
0.3663226366043091,
-0.04913768544793129,
-0.5935907959938049,
0.10009770095348358,
0.07313350588083267,
-0.0015342427650466561,
-0.07153789699077606,
-0.03313015401363373,
0.3138880431652069,
-0.04009126499295235,
-0.9307050704956055,
0.01745876856148243,
-0.31080323457717896,
0.23565199971199036,
-0.3090968430042267,
0.6595072150230408,
0.2579801678657532,
0.13881856203079224,
-0.7794380784034729,
-0.36669766902923584,
-0.09229107946157455,
-0.4673174023628235,
0.45743027329444885,
0.4255828857421875,
-0.33021947741508484,
-0.4935235381126404,
-0.11903276294469833,
0.41273126006126404,
0.4749642312526703,
-0.4989164173603058,
-0.5554062724113464,
-0.6530321836471558,
0.03960393741726875,
-0.4590880274772644,
-0.4531046152114868,
-0.0019121551886200905,
-0.3597244918346405,
0.7472975850105286,
-0.2844664454460144,
0.42003318667411804,
0.3158237934112549,
0.4280138313770294,
0.10087917745113373,
0.2658240497112274,
0.7163625955581665,
-0.5269727110862732,
0.5388280749320984,
-0.13988830149173737,
0.10373518615961075,
-0.37027060985565186,
-0.17060703039169312,
0.32816174626350403,
-0.15330421924591064,
-0.5149682760238647,
-5.5964741706848145,
-0.22574836015701294,
-0.6060212254524231,
-0.21454958617687225,
-0.07688646018505096,
0.1469448208808899,
0.642903745174408,
-0.5758641362190247,
-0.1461244374513626,
0.16408325731754303,
0.00989480596035719,
0.16307979822158813,
0.1406335085630417,
-0.2989737093448639,
0.5576825737953186,
-0.10280197113752365,
1.1463923454284668,
-0.2706458866596222,
0.2816163897514343,
0.283368319272995,
-0.10555953532457352,
0.536491870880127,
0.19981738924980164,
0.4493372142314911,
-0.6235206127166748,
0.27671486139297485,
-0.05142177268862724,
0.1006666049361229,
0.06118137761950493,
0.14703097939491272,
0.2141723781824112,
-0.20903292298316956,
-0.21346530318260193,
-0.6882190108299255,
0.3561798930168152,
0.2399403154850006,
0.40081676840782166,
0.1806694120168686,
0.3620592951774597,
0.27598294615745544,
0.4609855115413666,
0.462833046913147,
0.5296944379806519,
0.0689656138420105,
0.5782698392868042,
-0.18220828473567963,
-0.25052881240844727,
-0.309640496969223,
-0.5656906366348267,
0.7084078192710876,
0.6311116218566895,
-0.2898646891117096,
0.2901413142681122,
0.6250746250152588,
0.8409935235977173,
-0.08945126831531525,
0.8010596632957458,
-0.23585215210914612,
-1.0435140132904053,
-0.23698419332504272,
0.5825110673904419,
0.16720645129680634,
-0.46955668926239014,
-0.5575903654098511,
-0.18017232418060303,
-0.3152962327003479,
-0.5470035672187805,
-0.11944180727005005,
0.36924055218696594,
0.10876532644033432,
-0.691252589225769,
-0.1756642609834671,
-0.22243113815784454,
-0.6290832161903381,
0.30920785665512085,
0.04442029446363449,
-0.6156992316246033,
0.22697138786315918,
-0.34500133991241455,
0.029147181659936905,
-0.2856941521167755,
0.07800270617008209,
-0.45483124256134033,
0.6352023482322693,
-0.3361150622367859,
-0.6268002986907959,
-0.4140790104866028,
0.07361648976802826,
-0.31601017713546753,
0.020039750263094902,
0.653849720954895,
-0.0863814651966095,
-0.21511515974998474,
0.19723086059093475,
0.2900821268558502,
-0.18204796314239502,
0.5972669720649719,
0.27085232734680176,
0.15772093832492828,
-0.3365195393562317,
0.4500964879989624,
-0.16248098015785217,
0.07461679726839066,
-0.7139620184898376,
0.12297628819942474,
-0.20182937383651733,
-0.018922673538327217,
0.009652020409703255,
1.1391003131866455,
-0.5515443086624146,
-0.5120134353637695,
0.01441919058561325,
-0.22832870483398438,
-0.6351891756057739,
0.4199734628200531,
0.13469284772872925,
0.2888287305831909,
0.860836386680603,
0.21064487099647522,
-0.1979096680879593,
-0.049982763826847076,
0.5976173281669617,
0.15769991278648376,
-0.5680577754974365,
0.059068549424409866,
0.011500591412186623,
-0.1986013948917389,
-0.1564054936170578,
-0.11855421215295792,
0.3473947048187256,
0.39559701085090637,
0.09841667115688324,
0.04487600177526474,
0.07633411139249802,
-0.17221897840499878,
-0.21028770506381989,
-0.7850537896156311,
-0.5014359354972839,
-0.15861904621124268,
-1.3249707221984863,
0.27631303668022156,
-0.10637665539979935,
0.4011388421058655,
0.16804321110248566,
0.8149558901786804,
0.01968967728316784,
-0.11965744197368622,
-0.15812011063098907,
-0.08439218997955322,
0.4346204400062561,
0.08224786072969437,
-0.3170192837715149,
0.09106023609638214,
-0.0990389809012413,
-0.08546201884746552,
0.29392021894454956,
0.304722398519516,
0.5275343656539917,
0.10639815777540207,
-0.6177603006362915,
0.40835508704185486,
-0.43069010972976685,
-0.6182326674461365,
0.03886577486991882,
-0.18772359192371368,
0.06179778277873993,
-0.009937470778822899,
-0.31253018975257874,
0.029128974303603172,
0.5057440996170044,
0.33144593238830566,
0.0334293469786644,
-0.9872227907180786,
0.17698919773101807,
0.028454020619392395,
0.21597279608249664,
0.12706615030765533,
-0.3796679675579071,
0.18332606554031372,
-0.008958322927355766,
-0.36777862906455994,
-0.764488697052002,
0.33415141701698303,
-0.16413357853889465,
0.36092641949653625,
-0.3325708508491516,
0.23412857949733734,
0.09203031659126282,
-0.42827004194259644,
-0.3999888300895691,
-0.02422776073217392,
0.16371214389801025,
0.8634747862815857,
-0.19266164302825928,
-0.447771281003952,
-0.41233745217323303,
-0.0574386790394783,
0.2504909932613373,
-0.35739102959632874,
-0.6102153062820435,
0.12294033169746399,
0.31165677309036255,
-1.4066236019134521,
0.12987938523292542,
0.3133741617202759,
-0.5354833602905273,
0.17779426276683807,
0.20636293292045593,
-0.47934389114379883,
-0.024654215201735497,
-0.09198714047670364,
-0.6006298065185547,
0.015981990844011307,
-0.14167386293411255,
-0.11865533888339996,
-0.1959921419620514,
-0.08164674043655396,
0.031686581671237946,
-0.010513861663639545,
-0.37164655327796936,
-0.3419247269630432,
-0.3980632722377777,
-0.2332525998353958,
0.14056013524532318,
0.004502611234784126,
0.34784504771232605,
0.3223639130592346,
-0.21034154295921326,
0.416238009929657,
0.14121104776859283,
-0.05046261474490166,
-0.5101365447044373,
0.07200828939676285,
0.26896339654922485,
-0.30609267950057983,
0.6179601550102234,
-0.33439603447914124,
0.35873115062713623,
0.36492568254470825,
0.5029968023300171,
0.6608478426933289,
0.7802799344062805,
-0.42977404594421387,
0.1040458232164383,
-0.42855098843574524,
0.15877041220664978,
0.44679173827171326,
-0.7025957703590393,
-1.0287593603134155,
0.8737221956253052,
-0.06235138699412346,
-0.29719558358192444,
-0.3039841651916504,
-0.07723315805196762,
0.44880160689353943,
-0.28984713554382324,
-0.4902303218841553,
0.11253662407398224,
-0.12142457067966461,
0.34368693828582764,
0.024747848510742188,
0.6115816235542297,
-0.03140781447291374,
0.2599794566631317,
0.3079788386821747,
-0.1527341604232788,
-0.1412031352519989,
0.12608842551708221,
-0.02029518596827984,
0.016009051352739334,
0.05320162698626518,
0.3227933943271637,
1.2052485942840576,
0.7111407518386841,
0.02635764330625534,
0.12972833216190338,
-0.2995242774486542,
-0.6083344221115112,
-0.09431463479995728,
-0.19580471515655518,
-0.09616824984550476,
-0.025102710351347923,
-0.037875011563301086,
-0.27291375398635864,
0.665438711643219,
-0.6377302408218384,
-0.07864782959222794,
0.18892382085323334,
-0.37374287843704224,
-0.17925997078418732,
-0.28495827317237854,
0.8099847435951233,
-0.27783769369125366,
0.09410806745290756,
0.03294855356216431,
-0.188933864235878,
0.37552326917648315,
-0.22314374148845673,
-0.20935998857021332,
0.006270792800933123,
-0.37458112835884094,
0.9356470704078674,
0.2716253697872162,
-0.7237566709518433,
0.657498836517334,
0.2963756024837494,
-0.26278218626976013,
-0.35068532824516296,
-0.18580089509487152,
-0.42562517523765564,
-0.06022365018725395,
0.014518583193421364,
-0.15673038363456726,
0.7018352150917053,
0.08188436180353165,
0.259450763463974,
0.928805947303772,
-0.35945749282836914,
0.16559764742851257,
0.652679443359375,
0.38733580708503723,
-0.3907712399959564,
0.11800571531057358,
0.15921948850154877,
-0.6096404790878296,
0.26642271876335144,
-0.09701516479253769,
-0.1387188732624054,
0.9340702295303345,
0.554642379283905,
0.5863233208656311,
-0.6770840883255005,
-0.1376461237668991,
0.004719778895378113,
0.02950882725417614,
-0.10847058147192001,
-0.04235849156975746,
-0.29836389422416687,
-0.8497467637062073,
1.0415312051773071,
0.10475591570138931,
-0.1384919285774231,
-0.5606561899185181,
-0.17110802233219147,
0.0331127792596817,
0.2848513126373291,
-0.07012499868869781,
0.08707971125841141,
0.5749354958534241,
-0.05534195154905319,
0.008572339080274105,
-0.03580157831311226,
0.37421542406082153,
0.37142613530158997,
-0.15414230525493622,
-0.13189440965652466,
0.29342952370643616,
-0.627845823764801,
-0.6075285077095032,
-0.43769562244415283,
-0.5437704920768738,
-0.004943054169416428,
-0.026861567050218582,
0.24744176864624023,
0.2879900634288788,
-0.047784239053726196,
0.06075006723403931,
-0.14254416525363922,
0.5559771656990051,
0.19457928836345673,
-0.1899111121892929,
0.5387752652168274,
-0.14132723212242126,
0.47705864906311035,
0.029810238629579544,
0.13075502216815948,
0.3678774833679199,
0.32383325695991516,
0.06970614194869995,
0.3965700566768646,
-0.39108484983444214,
0.3838742673397064,
-0.22155725955963135,
-0.032708290964365005,
0.3920753598213196,
0.028438644483685493,
-0.08614964783191681,
0.3478313684463501,
-0.2051403671503067,
-0.07930517941713333,
-0.1229686513543129,
-0.4394617974758148,
-0.308275431394577,
0.030523333698511124,
-0.09445741027593613,
0.029127905145287514,
-0.09245748817920685,
0.7840615510940552,
-0.23815728724002838,
-0.258642315864563,
-0.04650627076625824,
-0.014072821475565434,
-0.09471871703863144,
0.15094245970249176,
-0.44890207052230835,
0.4991016089916229,
0.024603061378002167,
0.14653480052947998,
-0.9157031178474426,
0.564123809337616,
0.48165714740753174,
-0.04380558803677559,
0.17959296703338623,
-0.32283246517181396,
-0.28745678067207336,
-0.20393706858158112,
0.694795548915863,
-0.22625312209129333,
-0.24440546333789825,
-0.9756556153297424,
0.7891136407852173,
-0.7376198768615723,
-0.2164762020111084,
0.45915666222572327,
0.46467503905296326,
-0.3214559555053711,
0.07747580856084824,
-0.17849455773830414,
-0.4706192910671234,
0.13756656646728516,
-0.4412751793861389,
0.1615990251302719,
0.016267204657197,
0.22126954793930054,
-0.29647332429885864,
-0.4564104378223419,
0.16411444544792175,
0.7600718140602112,
0.11327794194221497,
-0.1474931538105011,
0.18795673549175262,
-0.28188949823379517,
-0.13327637314796448,
-0.047981079667806625,
-0.6610013842582703,
0.3364078998565674,
0.5440888404846191,
0.1358146220445633,
-0.6817854046821594,
-0.0694856196641922,
-0.06920748949050903,
-0.6825412511825562,
-0.10583046823740005,
-0.2537868916988373,
0.4654243290424347,
-0.05993891879916191,
-0.14407452940940857,
0.3070962131023407,
-0.3337041735649109,
0.7251704335212708
]
|
214829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Gothic | International Gothic | International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century. It then spread very widely across north-western and central regions of Europe, hence the name for the period, which was introduced by the French art historian Louis Courajod at the end of the 19th century.
Artists and portable works, such as illuminated manuscripts, travelled widely around the continent, leading to a common aesthetic among the royalty and higher nobility and considerably reducing the variation in national styles among works produced for the courtly elites. The main influences came from northern France, the Netherlands, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Imperial court in Prague, and Italy. Royal marriages such as that between Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia helped to spread the style between cultural centres.
It was initially a style of courtly sophistication, but somewhat more robust versions spread to art commissioned by the emerging mercantile classes and the smaller nobility. In Northern Europe "Late Gothic" continuations of the style, especially in its decorative elements, could still be found until the early 16th century, as no alternative decorative vocabulary emerged locally to replace it before the Renaissance revival of Classicism.
Usage of the terms by art historians varies somewhat, with some using the term more restrictively than others. Some art historians feel the term is "in many ways ... not very helpful ... since it tends to skate over both differences and details of transmission."
Development
The important Bohemian version of the style developed in the court of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in Prague, which for a brief period became a leading force in the development of European art. Charles came from the Luxembourg dynasty, was tutored by the future Pope Clement VI, and as a youth spent seven years at the French court, as well as visiting Italy twice. This and family relationships gave him intimate links with the various courts of France, including that of the Avignon Papacy, and from 1363 the separate Valois Duchy of Burgundy under Philip the Bold. The Bohemian style initially lacked the elongated figures of other centres, but had a richness and sweetness in female figures that were very influential. Charles had at least one Italian altarpiece, apparently made in Italy and sent to Prague, near where it remains today in his showpiece Karlštejn Castle. For St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, he first used a French architect, and then the German Peter Parler.
Much of the development of the style occurred in Italy, and it probably spread north of the Alps to influence France partly through the colony of Italian artists attached to the Papal Court at Avignon, and the works displayed from the residence there in the 1330s and 1340s of Simone Martini, a Sienese precursor of the style. The Republic of Siena in central Italy had a large influence on the development of the style, but kept to its own dignified Gothic style throughout the period, and afterwards, while the flamboyant Visconti court at Milan, also closely related to the French royal family, was the most important Italian centre of the courtly style. As the style developed in Northern Europe, Italian artists were in turn influenced by it.
The marriage in 1384 between the young King Richard II of England and Charles IV's daughter Anne of Bohemia helped to connect Prague and London, and bring the style to England, although Anne died in 1394.
Royal portraits
A number of central works of International Gothic work are votive portraits of monarchs with a sacred figure – in some cases being received into Heaven by them, as with a miniature of Jean, Duc de Berry, and some of his relatives, being welcomed by Saint Peter in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. From this period come the earliest surviving panel portraits of monarchs, and royal manuscripts show a greatly increased number of realistic portraits of the monarch who commissioned them.
Survey
Architecture
In architecture, where the style was long-lasting, local varieties of it are often known as Perpendicular architecture in England, and as Sondergotik in Germany and Central Europe, Flamboyant Gothic in France, and later the Manueline in Portugal, and the Isabelline in Spain.
Painting and sculpture
In painting and sculpture, the style is sometimes known in German as the "Schöne Stil" or "Weicher Stil" ("Beautiful style" or "Soft style"). Stylistic features are a dignified elegance, which replaces monumentality, along with rich decorative colouring, elongated figures and flowing lines. It also makes a more practised use of perspective, modelling, and setting. Figures begin to be given more space in their settings, and interest is taken in realistically depicted plants and animals. In some works, above all the famous calendar scenes of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, the beginnings of real landscape painting are seen. Decoration became increasingly ornate as the style developed in Northern Europe, whereas in Italy the increased sophistication of figure painting was absorbed into Early Renaissance painting.
In sculpture the leading Italian artists remained closer to classicism, and were less affected by the movement; Lorenzo Ghiberti is in many respects close to the style, but already seems infused with Early Renaissance classicism. Claus Sluter was the leading sculptor in Burgundy, and was one artist able to use the style with a strongly monumental effect. Most sculptors are unknown, and the style tended to survive longer in Northern sculpture than painting, as the detailed realism of Early Netherlandish painting was harder to translate into sculpture. Smaller painted wood figures, most often of the Madonna, were significant, and being relatively portable, probably helped to disseminate the style across Europe.
Notable painters included Master Theoderic and the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece in Bohemia, the Master of the Parement, Jacquemart de Hesdin and the Netherlandish Limbourg brothers in France, and Gentile da Fabriano, Lorenzo Monaco and Pisanello in Italy, the last taking the style into the Early Renaissance. In Burgundy Jean Malouel, Melchior Broederlam and Henri Bellechose were succeeded by Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck who took Early Netherlandish painting in the direction of greater illusionism. Master Bertram and Conrad von Soest were leading regional masters in Germany, working largely for city burghers. Surviving panel paintings of the best quality from before 1390 are very rare except from Italy and the Prague court. Many of these artists moved between countries or regions during their careers, exposing them to the styles of other centres. In particular Broederlam had spent some years in Italy, and it has been speculated that the Master of the Parement was himself Bohemian, as his known French works are very few, and extremely close to Bohemian art.
Illuminated manuscripts remained important vehicles of the style, and in works like the Sherborne Missal were the main English contribution, apart from the stained glass of John Thornton in York Minster and of Thomas Glazier in Oxford and elsewhere. Nottingham alabaster carvings, produced in considerable quantities by workshops to standard patterns, were exported all over Western Europe to value-conscious parish churches. The Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti from Milan was a key work, as was the Wenceslas Bible (with the text in German) of Charles IV's son. Both, like the Sherborne Missal, are marked by extravagantly decorated borders. John, Duke of Berry, son and brother of French kings, was the most extravagant commissioner of manuscripts, and the main employer of the Limbourg Brothers and Jacquemart de Hesdin, as well as using many other artists. Other large-scale collectors included Wenceslas, the son of Charles IV, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, son of Henry IV of England and "Regent" of English-occupied France, and the Dukes of Burgundy. In the fifteenth century the cities of Flanders, especially Bruges, came to outstrip Paris as a centre of both manuscript illumination and panel painting.
Tapestry
A further vehicle of the International Gothic style was provided by the tapestry-weaving centers of Arras, Tournai and Paris, where tapestry production was permanently disordered by the English occupation of 1418–36. Under the consistent patronage of the Dukes of Burgundy, their courtly International Gothic style, elongated figures, rich details of attire, crowded composition, with figures disposed in tiers, owe their inspiration to manuscript illuminators and directly to painters: Baudouin de Bailleul, a painter established at Arras, supplied cartoons for tapestry workshops there and at Tournai, where elements of a local style are hard to distinguish (Weigert, p.44). The Chatsworth Hunts (Victoria and Albert Museum) are inspired by Gaston de Foix's book on hunting and the many weavings of Trojan War cycles by contemporary romances.
Tapestry too was an art that was portable. Suites accompanied their seigneurial owners from one unheated and empty château to another. Tapestry weavers themselves could be induced to move workshops, though they remained tied to the accessibility of English wool. Religious and secular subjects vied in this essentially secular art.
A medium of Late Gothic style that is easily overlooked because it has virtually entirely disappeared is that of painted hangings, which served as a less expensive substitute for woven hangings but could be produced, with appropriate themes, on short notice.
Peak of the movement
In a period lasting approximately between 1390 and 1420 there was a particularly close correspondence between works produced far apart in Europe. In the north the miniatures of the Très Riches Heures Limbourg brothers, in Italy the Adoration of the Magi of Lorenzo Monaco, and sculpture and miniatures in many countries show very stylised tall figures, the older men with imposingly long beards and swaying figures. Exotic clothes, based loosely on those of the contemporary Middle East or Byzantine Empire, are worn by figures in biblical scenes; many figures seem to be included just to show off these costumes. The number of figures in many standard religious scenes is greatly increased; the Magi have large retinues, and the Crucifixion often becomes a crowded event. This innovation was to survive the style itself.
Ending of the International moment
The unveiling of Gentile da Fabriano's Adoration of the Magi (below) in Florence in 1423, "the culminating work of International Gothic painting", was almost immediately followed by the painting of the Brancacci Chapel by Masolino and Masaccio (1424–26), which was recognised as a breakthrough to a new style. In similar fashion the Limbourg brothers' masterpiece the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry was followed within a few years by the Turin-Milan Hours, a continuation of a manuscript started decades before by the Parement Master for the Duke of Berry, which despite a Gothic framework pioneered a very different style of painting.
But outside Florence and the leading courts the International Gothic still held sway, gradually developing in directions that once again diverged considerably between Italy and Europe north of the Alps. The arts and architecture transitioned into the Early Renaissance.
Gallery
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Metropolitan exhibition Prague, The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437
.
.
.
.
.
14th century in art
15th century in art
14th-century architecture
15th-century architecture
14th-century paintings
15th-century paintings | [
-0.1378374993801117,
0.06640718132257462,
0.30937519669532776,
-0.18877474963665009,
-0.1162804439663887,
0.32636550068855286,
0.5107318162918091,
0.47698676586151123,
-0.6875336170196533,
-0.6771289706230164,
-0.2457662969827652,
-0.007375791668891907,
0.007482581306248903,
0.6988258957862854,
0.3060598075389862,
0.2923091948032379,
0.4300040304660797,
-0.04798595979809761,
-0.36471766233444214,
0.09999468922615051,
-0.6739982962608337,
-0.6854787468910217,
0.25974881649017334,
0.03361513093113899,
0.32036757469177246,
-0.3912755250930786,
0.37848177552223206,
-0.48454201221466064,
0.25407078862190247,
-0.30202263593673706,
0.5424942970275879,
0.39005348086357117,
-0.5765620470046997,
-0.7487722635269165,
-0.44166746735572815,
-0.24268631637096405,
0.26163250207901,
-0.5779566168785095,
-0.38638538122177124,
-0.6192750334739685,
-0.2112027257680893,
-0.15619786083698273,
0.9845873713493347,
0.34567493200302124,
0.22133472561836243,
-0.3554021418094635,
-1.52715265750885,
0.9587666988372803,
-0.6283594369888306,
0.2508501410484314,
-0.2860826253890991,
0.3995455801486969,
-0.02404683828353882,
0.7726160287857056,
-0.13863486051559448,
0.8119568228721619,
-0.8346199989318848,
-0.23873431980609894,
0.3054448664188385,
-0.5988374352455139,
0.877591609954834,
0.13460101187229156,
0.32662859559059143,
0.06368663161993027,
-0.7380223274230957,
0.5622708797454834,
-0.1527933031320572,
0.0901225283741951,
-0.3859621286392212,
-0.7003235220909119,
-0.06364467740058899,
-0.363595575094223,
0.2541257441043854,
-0.4429759681224823,
-0.00608349684625864,
-0.20114800333976746,
-0.09221800416707993,
-0.3013724684715271,
0.13416963815689087,
0.1359301507472992,
-0.006819494999945164,
0.05022303760051727,
0.9197099804878235,
0.23843567073345184,
0.7877487540245056,
0.013637441210448742,
0.11507279425859451,
0.24212872982025146,
-0.03137001022696495,
0.3850047290325165,
-0.3173379600048065,
-0.25542691349983215,
0.4652058780193329,
0.19059665501117706,
0.2105797827243805,
0.08352591842412949,
0.15361779928207397,
0.2784176766872406,
-0.07375913113355637,
0.09208108484745026,
-0.21137237548828125,
0.6187735795974731,
-0.3296717703342438,
-0.5002496242523193,
-0.8163169026374817,
-0.2647503614425659,
-0.45495349168777466,
-0.11388597637414932,
-0.1708616018295288,
-0.14372920989990234,
-0.16482672095298767,
0.12156394869089127,
-0.402398943901062,
-0.0033722666557878256,
0.46264758706092834,
-0.38866013288497925,
0.30430153012275696,
-0.5594882965087891,
-0.42373234033584595,
0.20198972523212433,
-0.00480390852317214,
0.057225584983825684,
-0.6006449460983276,
0.18324895203113556,
-0.20099982619285583,
0.2886708378791809,
0.5449969172477722,
0.6429574489593506,
-0.8953639268875122,
-0.3306754231452942,
0.38939037919044495,
0.9916618466377258,
0.03981809690594673,
-0.40193378925323486,
-0.023195186629891396,
-0.30760201811790466,
0.47671738266944885,
0.30272772908210754,
-0.030573386698961258,
0.2823168933391571,
-0.34256210923194885,
-0.5678432583808899,
-0.4480130076408386,
-0.20804794132709503,
0.36271941661834717,
-0.5748324990272522,
0.3812935948371887,
-0.571670651435852,
-0.09530866891145706,
-0.6375280618667603,
0.05177520215511322,
0.01245542149990797,
-0.44751763343811035,
0.15352368354797363,
0.0019699218682944775,
0.5244835019111633,
0.6080759167671204,
-0.08055649697780609,
0.7149784564971924,
-0.004250978585332632,
0.04920211434364319,
0.07243719696998596,
-0.39194947481155396,
0.2877636253833771,
0.6367536783218384,
0.0717448815703392,
-0.06209607794880867,
0.39034584164619446,
-0.26612359285354614,
0.3349224627017975,
-0.5229542255401611,
0.28940433263778687,
0.3089240491390228,
-0.13513171672821045,
-0.10973397642374039,
0.23589985072612762,
0.915556013584137,
0.35116904973983765,
0.3821125626564026,
-0.16818566620349884,
-0.5982676148414612,
0.5695928335189819,
0.21331150829792023,
-0.019521517679095268,
0.2816326916217804,
0.20926901698112488,
0.5865265727043152,
0.3353270888328552,
-0.5166236162185669,
-0.24041321873664856,
-0.005200484301894903,
-0.07903151959180832,
-0.41160887479782104,
-0.8780024647712708,
0.7462478280067444,
0.10590106248855591,
-0.3601479232311249,
1.411636233329773,
-0.7373324632644653,
0.520196795463562,
0.03741065040230751,
-0.29969051480293274,
0.42453455924987793,
0.12225215137004852,
0.16199956834316254,
-0.36359938979148865,
0.239139586687088,
0.7584774494171143,
0.1801048070192337,
0.3118656277656555,
0.5716419816017151,
-0.4655555188655853,
0.227699413895607,
1.0641334056854248,
0.019254542887210846,
0.4057941734790802,
-0.29464012384414673,
-0.0493115596473217,
-0.11937316507101059,
-0.5165534615516663,
0.5131883025169373,
-0.6801986694335938,
-0.40036168694496155,
0.1142251268029213,
-0.1713525950908661,
0.19075189530849457,
-0.06643177568912506,
0.30928701162338257,
0.4295557141304016,
-0.38655713200569153,
-0.3983999490737915,
0.4312901794910431,
0.24299246072769165,
-0.33699923753738403,
-0.16773521900177002,
-0.20477989315986633,
0.3209470212459564,
0.02913050353527069,
0.604050874710083,
-0.1346079558134079,
0.3770548701286316,
-0.1555793285369873,
0.005663141142576933,
0.2362525463104248,
-0.03105493076145649,
-0.19989682734012604,
0.014906237833201885,
0.05379832908511162,
-0.40174874663352966,
-0.026247257366776466,
0.3304920792579651,
0.9358398914337158,
-0.20123183727264404,
-0.1647186428308487,
0.008188043721020222,
-0.33185258507728577,
0.7037129402160645,
-0.46752282977104187,
0.31337738037109375,
-0.21915726363658905,
0.37992021441459656,
-0.21340380609035492,
-0.23038329184055328,
0.1246819719672203,
0.3542269766330719,
-0.5930852890014648,
-0.24915441870689392,
-0.2429085671901703,
0.6867550611495972,
0.17010124027729034,
-0.35503023862838745,
0.17517198622226715,
-0.41060227155685425,
0.3274531960487366,
-0.2749873399734497,
-0.3888252377510071,
-0.953494668006897,
-0.11269117891788483,
-0.10647772997617722,
-0.36942940950393677,
-0.8654688000679016,
-0.0016643443377688527,
0.4288569688796997,
-0.8737131357192993,
-0.47396501898765564,
-0.1512620449066162,
-0.40289151668548584,
-0.8587592244148254,
-0.05780334770679474,
-0.41650980710983276,
0.6611319780349731,
-0.1319841891527176,
-0.5764917135238647,
-0.10442773997783661,
-0.2119511514902115,
0.28864285349845886,
-0.6908837556838989,
0.564734935760498,
-0.20188552141189575,
-0.1892755627632141,
-0.32541024684906006,
0.333070307970047,
-0.6029044389724731,
0.12637868523597717,
0.2582191824913025,
0.7276679873466492,
0.04455862566828728,
-0.29197314381599426,
-5.711769104003906,
-0.24108077585697174,
0.04457787051796913,
-0.0035543683916330338,
-0.7588160037994385,
0.4448201358318329,
0.6011008024215698,
-0.19539345800876617,
0.23248976469039917,
-0.3854978382587433,
-0.3379591703414917,
-0.10918120294809341,
-0.5421943068504333,
0.6279147267341614,
-0.19545769691467285,
0.6232813596725464,
-0.47206857800483704,
0.07486877590417862,
-0.49320098757743835,
0.4571538269519806,
-0.14977747201919556,
-0.20627714693546295,
0.3702886700630188,
0.6129863858222961,
0.5755347013473511,
-0.5432023406028748,
-0.9804168343544006,
-0.11886242032051086,
-0.39603498578071594,
0.8804221153259277,
-0.24516528844833374,
-0.11909259110689163,
0.47763171792030334,
0.36749741435050964,
0.1687239110469818,
0.5343049764633179,
0.8023910522460938,
0.19644087553024292,
0.18902605772018433,
0.1876167505979538,
-0.08030015975236893,
0.36525002121925354,
-0.24697862565517426,
0.215462327003479,
0.28604304790496826,
-0.3471204936504364,
-0.10945950448513031,
-0.14020401239395142,
-0.7242048978805542,
0.7700917720794678,
-0.05680578574538231,
-0.034857846796512604,
0.4566325545310974,
0.1464998722076416,
0.2315686196088791,
0.01564042828977108,
0.4711160361766815,
-0.06916918605566025,
-0.4259421229362488,
-0.011503824964165688,
-0.06775858998298645,
-0.505209743976593,
0.028606045991182327,
-0.30880191922187805,
0.25093257427215576,
-0.4629863202571869,
-0.9536934494972229,
0.24681714177131653,
-0.26829248666763306,
0.2598746716976166,
-0.3122778534889221,
0.55131596326828,
-0.40238744020462036,
-1.0119599103927612,
0.2683464288711548,
-0.5682525038719177,
-0.13042591512203217,
-0.43856263160705566,
0.5653148293495178,
0.05475321412086487,
0.22936351597309113,
-0.04816397279500961,
-0.5707831382751465,
0.5901356935501099,
0.22539953887462616,
-0.010380242951214314,
0.41863685846328735,
-0.3106832802295685,
-0.7652695178985596,
0.5319807529449463,
0.5277765393257141,
-0.34437695145606995,
-0.511654794216156,
-0.12274546921253204,
0.27338895201683044,
0.6012442111968994,
0.6508598923683167,
-0.15106527507305145,
0.5630459189414978,
-0.14126163721084595,
0.050601355731487274,
-0.20819734036922455,
-0.38379529118537903,
0.39411091804504395,
0.026729144155979156,
-0.13506989181041718,
0.0726146325469017,
0.40798503160476685,
0.9421452879905701,
0.11448616534471512,
-0.2647171914577484,
-0.009915613569319248,
-0.8057962656021118,
0.10757426917552948,
0.4814964234828949,
-0.09454400837421417,
-0.1858636736869812,
0.37756574153900146,
-0.2518416941165924,
-0.22355782985687256,
0.28503966331481934,
0.29604583978652954,
-0.6772176623344421,
0.7157620787620544,
0.5921461582183838,
0.5157880783081055,
-0.35304397344589233,
0.4959232807159424,
-0.46623849868774414,
0.10124408453702927,
-0.3085470497608185,
-0.11570794880390167,
0.07362804561853409,
-0.1618109792470932,
0.32042166590690613,
0.3239741027355194,
-0.1682160198688507,
-0.9134992361068726,
0.18521609902381897,
-0.4454294443130493,
0.3095235526561737,
-0.18564558029174805,
-0.13467219471931458,
0.21365176141262054,
0.36132773756980896,
0.4348325729370117,
0.03563353791832924,
-0.44625234603881836,
-0.5543351769447327,
0.2923276126384735,
-0.12211237847805023,
0.2350713014602661,
0.7987423539161682,
0.27265581488609314,
-0.2951694130897522,
-0.4210604131221771,
0.1388338953256607,
0.41576170921325684,
-0.3969305753707886,
0.11183508485555649,
0.337439626455307,
-0.06407555937767029,
-0.6585720181465149,
-0.1254381537437439,
0.16738401353359222,
-0.22835975885391235,
-0.09881331026554108,
-0.2234673947095871,
-0.25616875290870667,
0.18417330086231232,
0.898622989654541,
0.04646952450275421,
0.10172033309936523,
-0.3792038559913635,
0.18237894773483276,
-0.06814981997013092,
-0.20073482394218445,
-0.04802554100751877,
-0.1382439285516739,
-0.4660334289073944,
0.29355388879776,
-0.20659790933132172,
0.0734141618013382,
0.1625615358352661,
0.6107494831085205,
-0.5488635301589966,
-0.2930032014846802,
0.07362347096204758,
-0.43831220269203186,
0.29656076431274414,
0.41297250986099243,
0.5297083854675293,
0.11216754466295242,
0.04418673738837242,
-0.35813677310943604,
-0.818382740020752,
-0.5051425695419312,
0.06382381170988083,
0.12087427079677582,
-0.31201171875,
0.1220933273434639,
0.31286531686782837,
-0.19471082091331482,
0.21695831418037415,
0.1559039056301117,
-0.31598126888275146,
0.8281813263893127,
-0.1373046487569809,
-0.7440904974937439,
0.23317424952983856,
-0.17493534088134766,
-0.4442111849784851,
0.06828868389129639,
0.22928769886493683,
-0.3510160744190216,
-0.13409823179244995,
-0.5482053160667419,
-0.2536925971508026,
-0.3781518042087555,
-0.08388236165046692,
0.3814690411090851,
-0.0005064299912191927,
-0.6695839166641235,
0.15116184949874878,
-0.3708646595478058,
0.5099948644638062,
-0.09752025455236435,
-0.5809332132339478,
0.09881209582090378,
-0.052831634879112244,
0.6126274466514587,
-0.1853664368391037,
0.03123122826218605,
-0.09597616642713547,
0.28181448578834534,
0.032615527510643005,
0.06521967053413391,
-0.02954752743244171,
-0.13419857621192932,
0.4798353612422943,
0.2916363775730133,
0.40079590678215027,
0.46698951721191406,
-0.3297077417373657,
0.21437419950962067,
0.033402685075998306,
-0.10738319903612137,
-0.04761875420808792,
-0.07322680950164795,
0.09966319799423218,
-0.7530428767204285,
-0.4070986807346344,
0.12114107608795166,
-0.7518228888511658,
0.2881949245929718,
-0.29280659556388855,
-0.19276423752307892,
-0.09602692723274231,
0.44690752029418945,
-0.10389743745326996,
-0.09386110305786133,
-0.2895316779613495,
0.03814053535461426,
-0.02651040256023407,
0.081827312707901,
0.43702131509780884,
0.24746598303318024,
0.06521324068307877,
-0.5824464559555054,
-0.008654452860355377,
0.33038845658302307,
0.0013385987840592861,
0.7067689895629883,
0.132925882935524,
0.047134432941675186,
-0.7852067947387695,
-1.1645433902740479,
-0.44347766041755676,
0.7130759954452515,
0.12826555967330933,
-0.34367772936820984,
-0.6493110656738281,
-0.07589206844568253,
-0.20642566680908203,
-0.07143685966730118,
-0.3080187439918518,
0.16370034217834473,
-0.09925210475921631,
-0.2646729648113251,
-0.033284466713666916,
-0.10567204654216766,
0.12123394757509232,
0.5113290548324585,
0.8010610342025757,
0.09895318001508713,
0.5499491691589355,
-0.2766316533088684,
0.03131561726331711,
-0.37789949774742126,
0.07749488204717636,
-0.2344963550567627,
0.41315513849258423,
-0.18058332800865173,
-0.8652921915054321,
0.593742311000824,
-0.22564701735973358,
0.1398274153470993,
0.05675191432237625,
0.33793962001800537,
0.6049336194992065,
0.3372720181941986,
-0.049794428050518036,
-0.046916089951992035,
0.08892995864152908,
-0.43403783440589905,
0.42907726764678955,
0.7212052345275879,
-0.24167343974113464,
0.43270108103752136,
-0.12196006625890732,
0.3906397819519043,
0.5030816197395325,
0.3173215389251709,
-0.46441495418548584,
-0.24882665276527405,
0.4759523570537567,
-0.7429983019828796,
0.04308165982365608,
-0.4793022572994232,
0.33034294843673706,
0.4318568706512451,
0.1637873649597168,
-0.4571150541305542,
0.28262364864349365,
-0.7751023173332214,
-0.6959626078605652,
-0.5774196982383728,
-0.6233929991722107,
0.10861888527870178,
0.5332052111625671,
0.3977030813694,
0.14566728472709656,
-0.4792499542236328,
0.40661484003067017,
-0.18606233596801758,
0.17618900537490845,
-0.19273723661899567,
-0.2972576320171356,
0.37379103899002075,
0.3003746271133423,
0.7625247240066528,
-0.36447054147720337,
0.5160062313079834,
0.4952348470687866,
-0.06833332031965256,
-0.43080011010169983,
0.4790778160095215,
0.2602486312389374,
-0.23970885574817657,
-0.8115153312683105,
0.23787268996238708,
0.22823286056518555,
0.8045986294746399,
-0.43793269991874695,
-0.2331375926733017,
0.40131914615631104,
-0.09330859035253525,
0.1227213591337204,
-0.24205604195594788,
-0.2943801283836365,
0.2579106092453003,
-0.21386609971523285,
0.13596372306346893,
0.19647443294525146,
0.38573455810546875,
0.07283777743577957,
0.5448165535926819,
0.5135036706924438,
-0.2578522562980652,
0.3267742693424225,
-0.5862413048744202,
-0.008209527470171452,
-0.05857911705970764,
-0.30872711539268494,
-0.052531227469444275,
-0.2957448661327362,
0.3474715054035187,
0.33430784940719604,
-0.32056283950805664,
-0.1908753514289856,
-0.6044960021972656,
-0.2526118755340576,
0.08451948314905167,
0.17856691777706146,
-0.6251920461654663,
-0.356829971075058,
0.19587072730064392,
1.0159105062484741,
-0.3145943880081177,
0.327049195766449,
-0.028916828334331512,
-0.4548490643501282,
-0.11752555519342422,
0.14057251811027527,
-0.5694741010665894,
0.1948482096195221,
-0.19180962443351746,
0.10836141556501389,
-0.444912850856781,
0.7900570034980774,
0.2306942194700241,
0.0498274490237236,
0.15868598222732544,
0.2332768738269806,
-0.5874403715133667,
0.08740775287151337,
0.19013622403144836,
0.11753326654434204,
0.08057383447885513,
-0.31470975279808044,
-0.18398289382457733,
-0.33061888813972473,
-0.22892236709594727,
0.14372344315052032,
-0.29297763109207153,
0.0005146581679582596,
0.33186614513397217,
0.34028321504592896,
0.07388770580291748,
0.3906428813934326,
-0.04660885035991669,
-0.02062544971704483,
-0.49879884719848633,
0.21330852806568146,
-0.25475963950157166,
0.2481883466243744,
0.027028147131204605,
-0.17219766974449158,
0.3856203556060791,
-0.5029969811439514,
0.6230586767196655,
-0.26973363757133484,
-0.4796234965324402,
0.19468148052692413,
0.06122967228293419,
0.08304236829280853,
-0.047538142651319504,
-0.04160373657941818,
0.22376400232315063,
0.14577797055244446,
0.3453894257545471,
0.2538185715675354,
0.4771501421928406,
-0.26114484667778015,
0.08603843301534653,
-0.3252081871032715,
0.4748561382293701,
-0.8066515326499939,
0.5134102702140808,
-0.07811129838228226
]
|
214830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DanceSafe | DanceSafe | DanceSafe is a nonprofit organization, with 17 local chapters in the US and Canada. DanceSafe youth volunteers set up tables at raves and other events to distribute non-biased educational literature containing information describing the effects and risks associated with the use of various drugs and sell testing kits so that users may obtain more information about the contents of their pills. They also offer on site peer counseling, health and safety tools (Condoms, water, earplugs) and patrols for events that assist in keeping patrons safe.
DanceSafe was founded in 1998 by Emanuel Sferios. He resigned in 2001. Bryan Oley served as Board President and Executive director from 2001-2009, Nathan Messer from 2009 - 2012, Melissa "Missi" Wooldridge from 2012 - 2016 and is currently headed by Mitchell Gomez. DanceSafe currently has a four-member board of directors who oversee the operations of the organization.
Emanuel Sferios, the founder of DanceSafe, claims that his organization has saved lives by preventing young people from taking the more dangerous adulterated pills and by educating them.
On March 31, 2017 DanceSafe was part of a coalition of drug safety organisations hosting the first-ever International Drug Checking Day to raise awareness of safer drug use. The initiative was aimed at recreational users, with a particular emphasis on the nightlife community, and aims to promote harm reduction—accepting that people will choose to take drugs, and providing them with tools to minimize the risks.
Laboratory adulterant screening
Since 1999, DanceSafe has manufactured and sold consumer drug checking kits as part of their harm reduction services for users. DanceSafe also offers on-site pill testing services at harm reduction booths at electronic music events in the United States and Canada. DanceSafe coordinates with event promoters before offering on-site testing services, since some provisions of the so-called Rave Act laws hold organizers and venue owners liable for drug use at their events.
DanceSafe's consumer laboratory pill analysis program was taken over by the Erowid Center in 2001, who now offers drug analysis services for pills and other psychoactive substances through DrugsData (formerly EctstasyData). Erowid is an educational non-profit that receives additional support from several organizations, including DanceSafe. Lab fees for testing vary depending on the form of the substance (powder, pharmaceutical tablet, or street table) and include DEA-approved disposal of substances. The project accepts donations to support drug checking and pill-testing. All testing results since the beginning of the program in 1998 are available for review on DrugData.org.
Harm Reduction
In addition to the work at raves and other events, DanceSafe ran an online harm-reduction 'booth' from 2001-2010. The Booth's administrator was Bryan Oley. In 2013, Dancesafe co-hosted the 8th International Club Health conference in San Francisco that included Academic, Law Enforcement, Harm Reduction and Health agencies from over 17 countries across the world.
Dancesafe was also the first Youth Harm Reduction organization to officially partner with the ID&T/SFX Partnered "TomorrowWorld" festival held in Chattahoochee Hills, GA. The first partnership of its kind, it was hallmarked by the festivals extremely low rate of medical emergencies and lack of deaths.
References
External links
The DanceSafe homepage
The EcstasyData.org homepage
The Harm Reduction Coalition homepage
Information and harm reduction strategies for ecstasy and other illicit drugs
Drug culture
Prevention associations | [
0.21417969465255737,
0.01430158969014883,
0.47169211506843567,
-0.07005090266466141,
-0.4702436625957489,
-0.22847507894039154,
0.7582952380180359,
0.3271215558052063,
-0.17754580080509186,
-0.4011141061782837,
0.00298943929374218,
-0.6498997211456299,
0.1671014130115509,
0.1641881763935089,
-0.47321540117263794,
0.3414487838745117,
0.06890878826379776,
0.5753258466720581,
0.13721318542957306,
-0.40813496708869934,
-0.5053730010986328,
-0.5644695162773132,
1.082884669303894,
0.10490154474973679,
-0.31145501136779785,
0.17854543030261993,
0.5651184916496277,
0.38189032673835754,
-0.11290614306926727,
0.3771475553512573,
0.30909815430641174,
0.7956109642982483,
0.6640762686729431,
-0.7939696311950684,
0.07476096600294113,
0.24980472028255463,
0.1474602073431015,
0.36352992057800293,
-0.007295581977814436,
-0.3734477758407593,
-0.569579005241394,
-0.42548757791519165,
0.19715388119220734,
0.6171594262123108,
0.5708919167518616,
-0.3913792073726654,
-1.6464606523513794,
0.28669583797454834,
-0.7550633549690247,
-0.033054281026124954,
-0.6388494968414307,
0.22488288581371307,
0.5981672406196594,
0.1476161628961563,
0.655389130115509,
0.45497971773147583,
-0.962374746799469,
0.16229034960269928,
-0.2537347078323364,
-0.27818435430526733,
0.2621123194694519,
0.8589562177658081,
-0.15735194087028503,
0.2011873871088028,
0.17281728982925415,
0.04452017694711685,
0.42905205488204956,
0.6580886840820312,
0.1297874003648758,
-0.23032920062541962,
0.015375187620520592,
-0.25680291652679443,
-0.08486676216125488,
0.03611762449145317,
-0.18725498020648956,
-0.21460945904254913,
0.34460756182670593,
-0.02574278973042965,
0.6924150586128235,
-0.08966284245252609,
0.34631285071372986,
0.006908635143190622,
0.782835841178894,
-0.03485577926039696,
0.22301964461803436,
-0.06419967114925385,
-0.31885194778442383,
-0.47550058364868164,
-0.04037245362997055,
0.2208414524793625,
-0.21352416276931763,
-0.2455938160419464,
1.112525463104248,
-0.12549448013305664,
0.5316205024719238,
0.008947139605879784,
0.09860051423311234,
-0.14527109265327454,
0.017258595675230026,
0.13656489551067352,
-0.16237391531467438,
-0.21762190759181976,
0.03602845221757889,
-0.15657870471477509,
0.029297666624188423,
-0.07194530963897705,
-0.038156334310770035,
-0.9202370047569275,
0.6218778491020203,
-0.1504243165254593,
-0.7063315510749817,
0.05607530474662781,
0.03379363566637039,
-0.6462629437446594,
0.19469255208969116,
0.9609859585762024,
0.2983207702636719,
-0.591326892375946,
-0.21429403126239777,
-0.19950777292251587,
0.649317741394043,
0.5965032577514648,
-0.29541847109794617,
0.045437589287757874,
-0.18266315758228302,
1.0615293979644775,
0.8205337524414062,
0.825183629989624,
-0.04702213034033775,
-0.4417192041873932,
0.1776496320962906,
-0.33167022466659546,
0.1437421292066574,
-0.5431258082389832,
-0.3421662151813507,
0.09990396350622177,
0.872779130935669,
-0.41522669792175293,
0.1586715131998062,
0.4830560088157654,
-0.3906930983066559,
-0.15181156992912292,
-0.8920288681983948,
-0.5361649990081787,
0.9384282231330872,
0.30979815125465393,
-0.03634248301386833,
-0.3441280424594879,
-0.49479153752326965,
-0.2844471037387848,
0.16324742138385773,
0.32994410395622253,
-0.2934359908103943,
0.21723514795303345,
-0.36590272188186646,
0.070620596408844,
0.5048959851264954,
-0.47134992480278015,
0.43525034189224243,
0.1565103530883789,
0.1126633808016777,
-0.018459497019648552,
-0.1735418140888214,
-0.14800597727298737,
0.061594169586896896,
0.07535208016633987,
-0.2360915243625641,
0.12659424543380737,
-0.4245161712169647,
0.48925039172172546,
-0.48401105403900146,
0.4366118013858795,
0.10758524388074875,
-0.36066490411758423,
-0.0952831581234932,
-0.39968135952949524,
0.30812036991119385,
0.4573730230331421,
0.3254716098308563,
0.00921048317104578,
-0.3892900347709656,
0.2720888555049896,
0.5184827446937561,
-0.23136696219444275,
0.40407684445381165,
-0.3337398171424866,
0.3939096927642822,
-0.02608315646648407,
-0.09802881628274918,
0.23217283189296722,
0.1884194016456604,
-0.48293811082839966,
0.45230406522750854,
-0.2893407642841339,
0.9770814180374146,
-0.16361843049526215,
-0.6498561501502991,
0.9526510834693909,
-0.12213431298732758,
0.5678136944770813,
-0.10305724292993546,
0.16974113881587982,
0.21509991586208344,
0.261992484331131,
-0.9287998080253601,
0.47552454471588135,
-0.14592164754867554,
-0.04365571215748787,
0.11454930901527405,
-0.0999361127614975,
0.1217106506228447,
-1.4099059104919434,
-0.08728381991386414,
0.22969920933246613,
-0.20656318962574005,
-0.6175826787948608,
0.10686332732439041,
0.7297366857528687,
0.31575098633766174,
0.14482808113098145,
1.4934881925582886,
-0.2967177629470825,
-0.036627352237701416,
-0.21219272911548615,
0.006604373455047607,
0.22673077881336212,
-0.38024744391441345,
0.48299041390419006,
0.005860656034201384,
-0.36221492290496826,
0.8911556005477905,
0.055679697543382645,
0.2131369709968567,
-0.6897632479667664,
-0.20805062353610992,
-0.32608214020729065,
-0.18221202492713928,
-1.0109202861785889,
0.7591213583946228,
-0.1623348444700241,
-0.11386097222566605,
0.5176398158073425,
-0.21253342926502228,
-0.18008296191692352,
0.029868241399526596,
-0.18496562540531158,
0.029418550431728363,
0.16672928631305695,
0.47626617550849915,
0.4225977957248688,
0.2678295969963074,
-0.025468701496720314,
0.06607712060213089,
-0.36738863587379456,
-0.18650196492671967,
0.5766675472259521,
-0.13232700526714325,
-0.2075006514787674,
0.4349110424518585,
-0.1707988679409027,
0.22358214855194092,
-0.10261248797178268,
-0.2073577642440796,
0.35673898458480835,
-0.05932924151420593,
-1.1839243173599243,
-0.5955832004547119,
-0.5332471132278442,
-0.00006585718074347824,
0.1360882818698883,
1.2993881702423096,
-0.4085816442966461,
-0.1979062557220459,
-0.736972987651825,
-0.1386309117078781,
0.08419220894575119,
-0.029721131548285484,
0.23923571407794952,
-0.5602981448173523,
-0.5975877046585083,
0.05577633157372475,
0.5907542109489441,
0.45335933566093445,
-0.45955345034599304,
-0.26115652918815613,
0.4203151762485504,
0.03449508175253868,
-0.2789210081100464,
-0.1954348236322403,
0.17767924070358276,
0.43681758642196655,
0.38459205627441406,
-0.21996477246284485,
-0.056348539888858795,
0.644554078578949,
-0.11384601145982742,
-0.21420706808567047,
0.6026562452316284,
-0.3597034513950348,
0.07941380143165588,
0.07042574137449265,
0.3749557137489319,
-0.2030988484621048,
-0.39032116532325745,
0.09559978544712067,
-0.09499094635248184,
-0.7446751594543457,
-0.6561958193778992,
-5.486627101898193,
-0.3005807399749756,
-1.1631726026535034,
-0.14830930531024933,
-0.4799034595489502,
-0.3781599700450897,
0.42926719784736633,
-0.029156062752008438,
-0.29435595870018005,
0.24285845458507538,
0.04519622027873993,
-0.25316452980041504,
-0.14830364286899567,
0.447328120470047,
0.24130865931510925,
0.9341215491294861,
-0.01819549687206745,
-0.19350096583366394,
0.07490241527557373,
-0.14622673392295837,
0.012289446778595448,
-0.5187342762947083,
0.039697661995887756,
0.30972379446029663,
0.4502788782119751,
0.5030897259712219,
-0.33350324630737305,
0.21412362158298492,
-0.48169949650764465,
-0.26337558031082153,
0.19510580599308014,
0.044836655259132385,
-0.6239436864852905,
-0.42599621415138245,
-0.06426265090703964,
-0.14009028673171997,
0.7908108830451965,
-0.02912076935172081,
0.07129984349012375,
-0.5826978087425232,
-0.3056248426437378,
-0.1050838753581047,
0.13938948512077332,
0.021491846069693565,
0.7668080925941467,
-0.08720086514949799,
-0.49296873807907104,
0.14106281101703644,
-0.9221139550209045,
0.39994850754737854,
0.5537412762641907,
-0.27144837379455566,
0.2925255596637726,
0.0363672636449337,
-0.284835547208786,
-0.6541129946708679,
0.4427090585231781,
-0.18177667260169983,
0.46909037232398987,
0.21638518571853638,
0.05783478543162346,
-0.20910435914993286,
0.3334667384624481,
-0.8329688906669617,
-0.3483354449272156,
-0.39739787578582764,
-0.3403690755367279,
-0.14095811545848846,
0.18513131141662598,
0.30065828561782837,
-0.041761383414268494,
0.30007240176200867,
-0.7097508311271667,
-0.6926053762435913,
0.13564687967300415,
-0.7599988579750061,
0.8488593101501465,
0.009487376548349857,
0.4400126338005066,
0.3988131582736969,
-0.2238454669713974,
-0.14847570657730103,
-0.3643109202384949,
0.24346677958965302,
-0.31857362389564514,
-0.35686004161834717,
-0.06764275580644608,
0.3447752296924591,
-0.692110538482666,
0.05197346955537796,
0.7192672491073608,
0.14573296904563904,
0.07884221524000168,
0.06689262390136719,
0.41355615854263306,
-0.17150697112083435,
0.2497585415840149,
-0.3610933721065521,
-0.28807029128074646,
-0.51579749584198,
0.10733886063098907,
-0.36579641699790955,
-0.10542970895767212,
-0.607937216758728,
0.023358402773737907,
-0.039295271039009094,
-0.149425208568573,
0.11773192137479782,
1.160020351409912,
-0.10111669450998306,
-0.30222102999687195,
-0.3131631910800934,
-0.6140252351760864,
0.12070413678884506,
0.09129539877176285,
-0.18054860830307007,
-0.266929030418396,
0.1774238646030426,
-0.17658372223377228,
0.330644428730011,
-0.8545818328857422,
0.46613818407058716,
-0.06426018476486206,
0.27766022086143494,
-0.12893317639827728,
0.010935830883681774,
0.014540586620569229,
0.2834138870239258,
-0.3086450695991516,
0.09401862323284149,
0.2086075097322464,
-0.15501795709133148,
-0.2124762088060379,
0.1790298968553543,
0.025928545743227005,
0.4976876974105835,
0.09282472729682922,
-0.06742720305919647,
0.33303502202033997,
0.07506091892719269,
0.06221272796392441,
0.292538046836853,
-0.09823649376630783,
0.23894698917865753,
0.8373825550079346,
0.8233320116996765,
0.008562435396015644,
0.13007310032844543,
-0.7736582159996033,
0.9531908631324768,
0.7439111471176147,
-0.31969955563545227,
0.2298530638217926,
-0.5025331974029541,
0.07137064635753632,
-0.19045230746269226,
0.27633893489837646,
0.37893667817115784,
0.26682862639427185,
-0.4289883077144623,
-0.07990889251232147,
-0.2972986698150635,
-1.1299405097961426,
-0.23079252243041992,
0.4776972830295563,
-0.7065228223800659,
-0.2589315176010132,
-0.19033803045749664,
-0.5283250212669373,
0.27541619539260864,
0.46016016602516174,
-0.3659065067768097,
-0.04095277935266495,
-0.5536429286003113,
0.2993437349796295,
-0.13095282018184662,
-0.2792089283466339,
-0.24353228509426117,
-0.17162679135799408,
0.4649910628795624,
0.05526099354028702,
-0.5196793675422668,
-0.7846132516860962,
0.17571674287319183,
0.24793027341365814,
0.13604821264743805,
0.20586049556732178,
0.05883343517780304,
0.44202110171318054,
0.3020503520965576,
0.2851911783218384,
0.5081616640090942,
0.08182515949010849,
-0.34527215361595154,
-0.10864170640707016,
-0.3308616876602173,
0.1397615522146225,
1.0801013708114624,
-0.7600705027580261,
-0.5712959170341492,
0.5344602465629578,
0.6012466549873352,
-0.6497802138328552,
0.3815995156764984,
0.38306623697280884,
-0.5742708444595337,
0.4132517874240875,
-0.13300645351409912,
-0.3508126735687256,
-0.3387649953365326,
0.01830468699336052,
-0.0721118226647377,
0.3056817948818207,
0.04389398545026779,
-0.8476046323776245,
0.34933027625083923,
0.026843201369047165,
-0.3448193669319153,
0.17205967009067535,
-0.2702203392982483,
0.49600881338119507,
-0.29538002610206604,
-0.795809268951416,
0.04081128165125847,
-0.7096092700958252,
0.77137690782547,
0.1937887966632843,
-0.5498265027999878,
0.17837870121002197,
-0.9361948370933533,
-0.04603290930390358,
-0.1718548685312271,
-0.572182834148407,
-0.35933685302734375,
0.31759437918663025,
0.3440072536468506,
-1.029711365699768,
0.20341996848583221,
0.279092013835907,
0.26483631134033203,
-0.5675415992736816,
0.8195251226425171,
0.19495557248592377,
-0.39716193079948425,
0.22223928570747375,
0.12703751027584076,
-0.02609136514365673,
-0.6634131669998169,
-0.06453762203454971,
0.0464799627661705,
0.17575877904891968,
-0.5816645622253418,
-0.5016575455665588,
-0.13434427976608276,
0.7947596907615662,
0.3018862307071686,
0.2577058672904968,
0.15051279962062836,
-0.06649405509233475,
0.10393717885017395,
0.08316493779420853,
-0.0034722082782536745,
-0.49170997738838196,
-0.007398191839456558,
-0.3982214033603668,
0.3094228506088257,
-0.17694106698036194,
-0.8481459617614746,
-0.29070407152175903,
-0.8222160339355469,
-0.19032679498195648,
0.22827696800231934,
0.36083173751831055,
-0.13356119394302368,
0.21438513696193695,
0.006189330480992794,
0.5271971821784973,
-0.6922555565834045,
0.3936712443828583,
0.3539106249809265,
0.3736931085586548,
0.2156096249818802,
0.6251501441001892,
-0.09069212526082993,
0.815772533416748,
-0.7995482087135315,
-0.34844937920570374,
0.06119554489850998,
-0.4186549782752991,
0.2229183167219162,
-0.2576919198036194,
-0.22892281413078308,
-0.48844096064567566,
0.22221626341342926,
-0.2607954144477844,
0.035458214581012726,
0.4931880235671997,
-0.3110695481300354,
0.30571380257606506,
0.24522064626216888,
-0.9925724267959595,
0.9805440902709961,
0.2566646635532379,
-0.3847021162509918,
-0.07983201742172241,
-0.10301592200994492,
0.1050942987203598,
-0.7692369818687439,
0.2991650402545929,
0.6563830375671387,
-0.017826003953814507,
-1.2360188961029053,
0.3762245774269104,
0.662135899066925,
-0.14952914416790009,
0.6031850576400757,
0.128780335187912,
-0.9416051506996155,
0.42495954036712646,
0.12158480286598206,
-0.015384821221232414,
0.41533803939819336,
0.859138011932373,
0.4342646300792694,
0.3211698830127716,
0.16738969087600708,
0.06334126740694046,
-0.19116143882274628,
0.2901538908481598,
0.03459060192108154,
0.44761988520622253,
-0.12988297641277313,
-0.10355816036462784,
0.5463338494300842,
-0.31801486015319824,
-0.449240118265152,
-0.29238802194595337,
-0.10910910367965698,
-1.0821741819381714,
0.3549131155014038,
0.3398110270500183,
0.2798745334148407,
0.11645111441612244,
0.1679259091615677,
0.07120618969202042,
-0.19897091388702393,
0.08386697620153427,
-0.036710597574710846,
-0.03451285883784294,
-0.17916010320186615,
0.4432384669780731,
-0.4676463007926941,
-0.1680375188589096,
0.07067696005105972,
0.2929474115371704,
-0.37756970524787903,
0.2655909061431885,
0.002215414773672819,
0.3652903735637665,
-0.19128429889678955,
0.13248887658119202,
-0.262813925743103,
0.565619707107544,
-0.1149085983633995,
-0.33406510949134827,
-0.002842916175723076,
0.41277551651000977,
-1.048864483833313,
-0.06570051610469818,
0.5409639477729797,
-0.024842888116836548,
0.6747956275939941,
-0.13073645532131195,
0.5818539261817932,
-0.32199180126190186,
-0.015261129476130009,
0.1172577291727066,
0.0065896883606910706,
0.14239361882209778,
0.33826208114624023,
-0.178211972117424,
-0.18165123462677002,
-0.4094366431236267,
-0.4374571740627289,
0.2829490005970001,
-0.2914828658103943,
-0.24274717271327972,
0.3205130696296692,
-0.5141420960426331,
0.14577294886112213,
0.04914839193224907,
-0.23541255295276642,
-0.006392251700162888,
0.02482018992304802,
-0.018452724441885948,
-0.5731727480888367,
-0.3817625343799591,
0.31230875849723816,
0.4416565001010895,
0.6105044484138489,
-0.12006637454032898,
-0.2762264609336853,
0.681650698184967,
-0.026631489396095276,
0.1560932993888855,
0.1946372538805008,
-0.3459136486053467,
-0.08506398648023605,
0.19234630465507507,
0.26119402050971985,
0.2063998281955719,
0.3006860613822937,
0.1407928764820099,
0.4236767292022705,
0.19339509308338165,
0.6411404609680176,
0.7588040828704834,
-0.42759963870048523,
-0.38565295934677124,
-0.3524644374847412,
-0.2864994704723358,
-0.29224538803100586,
0.44736021757125854,
0.593022346496582,
-0.06360965222120285,
-0.6964369416236877,
0.21339404582977295,
-0.5316025018692017,
-0.1393105834722519,
1.0501532554626465,
-0.36291471123695374,
-0.42014315724372864,
-0.5232279300689697,
0.4553356468677521,
-0.3718089759349823,
-0.35651832818984985,
0.15908001363277435,
0.7223073244094849,
0.9006255865097046,
-0.06202685087919235,
-0.28550392389297485,
-0.11826413869857788,
-0.2381834089756012,
0.1273973286151886,
-0.09807833284139633,
0.31910771131515503,
-0.13255533576011658,
-0.5033204555511475,
-0.9735864996910095,
0.19644325971603394,
-0.09403415769338608,
-0.7912002205848694,
-0.048816464841365814,
-0.6441212296485901,
0.04222162812948227,
0.3099190890789032,
0.11748090386390686,
-0.9707067608833313,
-0.07417498528957367,
0.574769914150238
]
|
214836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20cracker | Graham cracker | A graham cracker (pronounced or in America) is a sweet flavored cracker made with graham flour that originated in the United States in the mid-19th century, with commercial development from about 1880. It is eaten as a snack food, usually honey- or cinnamon-flavored, and is used as an ingredient in some foods.
History
The graham cracker was inspired by the preaching of Sylvester Graham who was part of the 19th-century temperance movement. He believed that minimizing pleasure and stimulation of all kinds, including the prevention of masturbation, coupled with a vegetarian diet anchored by bread made from wheat coarsely ground at home, was how God intended people to live, and that following this natural law would keep people healthy. His preaching was taken up widely in the midst of the 1829–51 cholera pandemic. His followers were called Grahamites and formed one of the first vegetarian movements in America; graham flour, graham crackers, and graham bread were created for them. Graham neither invented nor profited from these products. Herman Melville has an early reference to the crackers in Book XXII, Chapter I of his 1852 novel Pierre; or The Ambiguities - "For all the long wards, corridors, and multitudinous chambers of the Apostles' were scattered with the stems of apples, the stones of prunes, and the shells of peanuts. They went about huskily muttering the Kantian Categories through teeth and lips dry and dusty as any miller's, with the crumbs of Graham crackers."
Production
The main ingredients in its earlier preparations were graham flour, oil, shortening or lard, molasses and salt. Graham crackers have been a mass-produced food product in the United States since 1898, with the National Biscuit Company being the first to mass-produce it at that time. The Loose-Wiles Biscuit Company also began mass-producing the product beginning sometime in the early 1910s. The product continues to be mass-produced in the U.S. today. In earlier times, mass-produced graham crackers were typically prepared using yeast-leavened dough, which added flavor to the food via the process of fermentation, whereas contemporary mass-production of the product typically omits this process. The dough is sometimes chilled before being rolled out, which prevents blistering and breakage from occurring when the product is baked.
Uses
Graham cracker crumbs are used to create graham cracker crusts for pies and moon pies, and as a base, layer or topping for cheesecake. Graham cracker pie crusts are also mass-produced in the United States, and consumer versions of the product typically consist of a graham cracker crumb mixture pressed into an aluminum pie pan. The graham cracker is a main ingredient in the preparation of the s'more. Graham crackers are also commonly used in place of broas in the traditional Filipino icebox cake mango float.
Gallery
See also
Digestive biscuit
Bland diet
Icebox cake
Mango float
List of crackers
References
Notes
Further reading
"Almanac: Graham crackers". CBS News. July 5, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
External links
The Origin of Graham Crackers. Snopes.com.
7 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Graham Crackers. Food Republic.
American inventions
Crackers (food)
es:Pan Graham#Graham cracker | [
0.03832986205816269,
0.356608122587204,
-0.48328498005867004,
-0.025637775659561157,
-0.04817178472876549,
-0.04505925998091698,
0.1412276178598404,
1.0996594429016113,
-0.06723149120807648,
0.1081448420882225,
-0.11451691389083862,
0.30435508489608765,
0.011097703129053116,
0.4597316086292267,
-0.38649827241897583,
0.5114460587501526,
0.4682956337928772,
0.1535436064004898,
-0.025467555969953537,
-0.39547160267829895,
-0.23194493353366852,
-0.9599046111106873,
-0.21487100422382355,
-0.1742001622915268,
0.6379079818725586,
0.13392837345600128,
0.39512941241264343,
-0.2985411584377289,
0.7205933332443237,
-0.007851780392229557,
0.14592474699020386,
0.6005464792251587,
0.2957850694656372,
-0.3485673666000366,
-0.19191117584705353,
0.2802998721599579,
-0.08641268312931061,
-0.3903757333755493,
-0.10080373287200928,
-0.3726083040237427,
0.19771963357925415,
-0.07181049138307571,
0.8521101474761963,
-0.12348978221416473,
0.29081979393959045,
-0.48487213253974915,
-1.3266693353652954,
0.7020471692085266,
-0.2339315414428711,
0.0941961482167244,
-0.07165779173374176,
0.6989279389381409,
-0.3754512071609497,
0.04116019234061241,
0.13170504570007324,
-0.004148697014898062,
-0.11570120602846146,
-0.014337795786559582,
0.14832548797130585,
0.35097283124923706,
-0.3275162875652313,
0.2913672626018524,
0.6321632266044617,
-0.1669331192970276,
-0.020173313096165657,
0.6840653419494629,
0.07531508058309555,
0.8287851214408875,
-0.2916264832019806,
-0.3559478223323822,
-0.8622086048126221,
-0.9135398268699646,
0.053855955600738525,
-0.33293452858924866,
0.4070514440536499,
0.10202137380838394,
-0.26857978105545044,
-0.03237944468855858,
0.048491813242435455,
0.5151063799858093,
-0.5190500020980835,
0.5321221947669983,
0.9311786890029907,
-0.22219783067703247,
0.21520225703716278,
0.6686802506446838,
-0.5563210844993591,
0.6519859433174133,
-0.16582825779914856,
0.41118428111076355,
-0.6479150056838989,
0.0895552933216095,
0.8548276424407959,
-0.015431446023285389,
-0.602908730506897,
-0.8313255310058594,
-0.1139073595404625,
0.29349350929260254,
0.34732624888420105,
0.027445200830698013,
-0.6148252487182617,
0.7423184514045715,
0.7458476424217224,
0.23608440160751343,
-0.5401453375816345,
0.5797159671783447,
-0.163019597530365,
-0.703584611415863,
-0.38328099250793457,
0.23492950201034546,
0.2414976805448532,
0.13957513868808746,
0.38017934560775757,
0.02516430988907814,
-0.2886790633201599,
-0.10699066519737244,
0.3220568299293518,
-0.03514091297984123,
-0.19196416437625885,
-0.23258639872074127,
-0.18432821333408356,
0.4694264233112335,
0.037191059440374374,
0.1006491556763649,
0.12043119221925735,
-0.0941142588853836,
-0.11899562925100327,
0.8355610966682434,
-0.10987123101949692,
0.15570175647735596,
-0.19977375864982605,
0.9277611970901489,
0.20363010466098785,
0.11079610139131546,
-0.11356313526630402,
0.26328787207603455,
-0.18468987941741943,
-0.38500353693962097,
0.4988996386528015,
0.0535457581281662,
-0.31343698501586914,
0.2333298623561859,
-0.5837632417678833,
-0.05323859676718712,
0.2587929368019104,
-0.07358276844024658,
-0.179806187748909,
-0.5510913729667664,
-0.5217375755310059,
-0.554185152053833,
0.18522335588932037,
-0.42949289083480835,
0.08880046755075455,
0.20882345736026764,
-0.15423138439655304,
0.40088385343551636,
-0.7986412644386292,
-0.20414230227470398,
0.21895192563533783,
-0.09843852370977402,
-0.6284555792808533,
0.2584184408187866,
-0.022109603509306908,
-0.45072194933891296,
0.09999819099903107,
-0.28775155544281006,
0.18512363731861115,
-0.011375471949577332,
-0.615695059299469,
0.4375569224357605,
-0.16479067504405975,
0.17678970098495483,
0.594082236289978,
-0.00002752887121459935,
0.2953861653804779,
0.22444315254688263,
0.47009003162384033,
-0.07272963225841522,
0.6852478981018066,
0.32943227887153625,
-0.3377428948879242,
-0.0051365382969379425,
0.39195409417152405,
-0.03901436924934387,
0.19165310263633728,
-0.1225920021533966,
0.4855971336364746,
-0.5870498418807983,
0.08799035102128983,
0.0517331101000309,
-0.59405517578125,
-0.15369737148284912,
-0.11405950784683228,
-0.11374985426664352,
1.1229571104049683,
-0.04783133789896965,
-0.7838084101676941,
0.6682736873626709,
0.7369729280471802,
0.6590510606765747,
-0.09618636965751648,
0.08750969171524048,
0.40587881207466125,
-0.4543722867965698,
-0.6782626509666443,
0.23537778854370117,
0.4614270031452179,
0.22168497741222382,
0.7395754456520081,
0.02513512596487999,
0.30674827098846436,
-0.10222264379262924,
0.9624343514442444,
-0.543025016784668,
-0.2840716540813446,
0.6677303314208984,
0.28920334577560425,
0.4507245123386383,
0.4723816514015198,
-0.738865852355957,
0.3290480375289917,
-0.12104742228984833,
-0.4044061005115509,
0.040246255695819855,
0.33923014998435974,
0.610691487789154,
0.24485336244106293,
0.04795636981725693,
0.534669041633606,
-0.22703735530376434,
0.10270734876394272,
-0.610228955745697,
0.3096247911453247,
-0.3758036494255066,
-0.0013605783460661769,
-0.21789894998073578,
0.10659182816743851,
-0.26073405146598816,
0.21782131493091583,
-0.14652162790298462,
0.797653317451477,
0.09008970111608505,
0.02118975669145584,
-0.2207193225622177,
0.3087644875049591,
0.054839543998241425,
0.05907200649380684,
0.2222822904586792,
-0.07648283243179321,
0.05513327196240425,
0.39001694321632385,
0.6293315291404724,
0.23057740926742554,
0.12037020176649094,
-0.26539456844329834,
-0.04844798892736435,
-0.08779922127723694,
0.3590382933616638,
0.6287184953689575,
0.49094927310943604,
-0.2336932271718979,
-0.15099544823169708,
-0.11169865727424622,
0.027930065989494324,
-0.13062261044979095,
-0.34739139676094055,
-0.6594645380973816,
0.23317106068134308,
-0.10983346402645111,
-0.3124346137046814,
0.31660518050193787,
0.06842371821403503,
-0.5111833214759827,
0.47709450125694275,
0.1602783352136612,
-0.6035696268081665,
-0.12903906404972076,
0.18977010250091553,
-0.8489066958427429,
-0.31867337226867676,
-0.2350529134273529,
0.21360819041728973,
0.6304582953453064,
-0.7544687390327454,
-0.32112500071525574,
-0.7091083526611328,
-0.03941122069954872,
-0.7310448288917542,
-0.5442718267440796,
-0.255449503660202,
-0.23871023952960968,
0.40027958154678345,
-0.35524511337280273,
0.37758681178092957,
-0.4704688787460327,
-0.014280172996222973,
0.7121659517288208,
1.0030934810638428,
0.4640704393386841,
-0.40702319145202637,
0.34957513213157654,
0.05346360057592392,
-0.33006808161735535,
-0.20233039557933807,
0.2867376208305359,
0.3025854229927063,
-0.14795427024364471,
-0.7374103665351868,
-5.459469795227051,
0.2694687247276306,
-0.1789068579673767,
-0.4023666977882385,
0.32181811332702637,
0.5880602598190308,
0.33177587389945984,
-1.2271655797958374,
-0.10396244376897812,
0.17761604487895966,
-0.6702790260314941,
0.142427459359169,
0.289957195520401,
-0.3341396152973175,
0.44133615493774414,
-0.09165684133768082,
0.5010231733322144,
-0.19193848967552185,
-0.0998019352555275,
0.306671142578125,
0.4241684675216675,
0.25719669461250305,
-0.15383034944534302,
0.8194084763526917,
-0.41507136821746826,
0.49178817868232727,
0.5164200067520142,
-0.09919879585504532,
-0.09642773866653442,
-0.0060658082365989685,
0.2294665277004242,
-0.5014246702194214,
0.13521705567836761,
-0.08295821398496628,
-0.17465820908546448,
0.24229849874973297,
0.3091862201690674,
-0.413648396730423,
0.29176872968673706,
-0.1991514265537262,
-0.19430413842201233,
0.3223925530910492,
0.19075635075569153,
-0.5936760306358337,
0.41127756237983704,
0.0450228676199913,
0.061929721385240555,
-0.6529148817062378,
-0.9456225037574768,
0.5955455899238586,
0.4921373426914215,
0.009958251379430294,
0.255323588848114,
-0.03395191952586174,
0.2988303303718567,
0.3204036056995392,
0.6846644282341003,
0.4112092852592468,
-0.3148731291294098,
-0.13104015588760376,
0.5838204622268677,
0.2128283828496933,
-0.5420390367507935,
-0.012056146748363972,
-0.39379414916038513,
-0.726737916469574,
-0.45159193873405457,
0.31807613372802734,
0.7529297471046448,
0.3100297749042511,
0.03596588224172592,
-0.1693733185529709,
0.06137767806649208,
-0.8493684530258179,
0.4001159965991974,
-0.5979751944541931,
-0.46880871057510376,
-0.42286866903305054,
-0.4730684757232666,
0.993769109249115,
-0.20969852805137634,
-0.10438291728496552,
-0.39603614807128906,
0.009324573911726475,
-0.21266181766986847,
-0.5049192905426025,
0.017499618232250214,
0.3232453167438507,
-0.5360028147697449,
-0.8231996297836304,
0.5814752578735352,
-0.03557794168591499,
-0.0525955930352211,
-0.3577781915664673,
0.3300941586494446,
0.5557950735092163,
0.2584202289581299,
0.5447741746902466,
0.06065482646226883,
-0.1541530191898346,
0.5359135270118713,
-0.6105965375900269,
0.26225411891937256,
-1.179337739944458,
0.01424633152782917,
0.3481613099575043,
-0.04266345873475075,
0.025858430191874504,
1.066886067390442,
0.2778823971748352,
-0.11731000989675522,
-0.21782325208187103,
-0.6923490762710571,
-0.422229140996933,
0.23116768896579742,
0.10952643305063248,
0.20083262026309967,
-0.17056111991405487,
0.10402774810791016,
0.14888736605644226,
0.6136156320571899,
-0.16632132232189178,
-0.3348298966884613,
0.15167535841464996,
0.08414400368928909,
-0.487713098526001,
0.42437615990638733,
-0.28326675295829773,
-0.21651388704776764,
-0.0843636691570282,
0.12266982346773148,
-0.1742643564939499,
0.20745688676834106,
0.023193877190351486,
0.14935773611068726,
0.4557022452354431,
-0.5384706258773804,
-0.5649656653404236,
-0.28078126907348633,
-0.19075271487236023,
-0.045513253659009933,
-0.560012936592102,
0.28517913818359375,
-0.03796675056219101,
0.3393496870994568,
0.7967324256896973,
-0.46630221605300903,
-0.05933893471956253,
-0.48354700207710266,
0.15147113800048828,
-0.17575088143348694,
-0.02976471371948719,
-0.10654576122760773,
0.060242071747779846,
-0.6814770698547363,
-0.130528524518013,
0.1721920222043991,
0.139379620552063,
0.24559272825717926,
-0.6374289393424988,
-0.0957220047712326,
-0.4927126169204712,
-0.9333773851394653,
-0.16459506750106812,
-0.029880885034799576,
0.08025607466697693,
-0.209239661693573,
-0.3704708218574524,
0.26228728890419006,
0.7920179963111877,
-0.5309982895851135,
-0.030950922518968582,
-0.43453115224838257,
0.2954427897930145,
0.3077998757362366,
0.4157635271549225,
0.2606465816497803,
-0.5367446541786194,
-0.11022543907165527,
-0.4351327121257782,
-0.13564294576644897,
0.014204288832843304,
-0.24329333007335663,
0.4251527488231659,
0.2903691530227661,
-1.2427080869674683,
-0.43097469210624695,
0.22903817892074585,
-0.4450874328613281,
0.38545528054237366,
-0.05189057067036629,
0.2017490118741989,
0.4942936897277832,
0.7933865785598755,
-0.7873086333274841,
-0.0664735957980156,
-0.6498817801475525,
0.1923540085554123,
-0.3839319050312042,
-0.5802077651023865,
0.010696075856685638,
-0.6582935452461243,
-0.4484393894672394,
-0.1555139124393463,
0.012164084240794182,
-0.5742573738098145,
0.3722158372402191,
0.20795033872127533,
-0.45860734581947327,
0.4118959307670593,
0.1830858439207077,
-0.9265994429588318,
-0.1965813785791397,
0.4769211411476135,
0.10546321421861649,
0.48679977655410767,
-0.3451635241508484,
-0.22357720136642456,
-0.0299940574914217,
-0.41933444142341614,
-0.5676763653755188,
-1.062201976776123,
-0.18453927338123322,
0.1304737627506256,
-0.48334187269210815,
0.2143903374671936,
-0.14767029881477356,
-0.4963870942592621,
0.441035658121109,
-0.023294992744922638,
0.05928860977292061,
-0.6761361956596375,
0.18973076343536377,
0.6631443500518799,
-0.09740547835826874,
0.550334632396698,
-0.3877255916595459,
0.31860095262527466,
-0.09373714029788971,
0.673332691192627,
0.5988466143608093,
1.076622486114502,
-0.3231421411037445,
0.32648220658302307,
-0.7107944488525391,
-0.5128384828567505,
0.46422186493873596,
-0.0028920196928083897,
-0.03799271956086159,
0.2852586805820465,
-0.09983807802200317,
-0.545694887638092,
-0.016548018902540207,
0.1352521777153015,
0.5609338283538818,
-0.36650973558425903,
-0.06026110425591469,
0.11991029232740402,
-0.32418933510780334,
-0.15504735708236694,
-0.05579394847154617,
0.4704573154449463,
-0.07991219311952591,
0.5900925993919373,
0.20686444640159607,
-0.36842265725135803,
-0.5073020458221436,
-0.2790745198726654,
-0.1034611165523529,
-0.0914444625377655,
0.33686718344688416,
0.36060088872909546,
0.656348705291748,
0.7491902112960815,
-0.0916450023651123,
0.2954418659210205,
-0.42738309502601624,
-1.1203057765960693,
0.054650478065013885,
-0.07290525734424591,
-0.7626789808273315,
-0.1493234485387802,
-0.04497579485177994,
-0.2657279074192047,
-0.482450395822525,
-0.16909368336200714,
-0.18978825211524963,
-0.6480740904808044,
-0.638055682182312,
0.16401490569114685,
0.15987500548362732,
0.6677924394607544,
0.05048045888543129,
0.23676933348178864,
-0.4067295491695404,
0.03647058829665184,
0.0896277204155922,
-0.016032757237553596,
-0.3965547978878021,
0.5983933210372925,
-0.6348439455032349,
0.5087151527404785,
-0.20195478200912476,
-0.2647220492362976,
0.19623924791812897,
-0.14438477158546448,
-0.231656014919281,
0.5624304413795471,
-0.014948094263672829,
-0.5265799760818481,
0.3199946880340576,
-0.42317959666252136,
-0.14217592775821686,
0.27145251631736755,
-0.5822058320045471,
-0.28834158182144165,
1.0758320093154907,
-0.42267006635665894,
0.1008174940943718,
0.9917936325073242,
0.6692633032798767,
-0.028566928580403328,
-0.04033666476607323,
-0.12467671930789948,
-0.6492128372192383,
0.5270357728004456,
-0.5556508898735046,
-0.08389086276292801,
0.38404640555381775,
0.33108779788017273,
0.6194952130317688,
-0.4837892949581146,
-0.06156143918633461,
-0.006568454205989838,
0.15077000856399536,
-0.626205325126648,
-0.34382501244544983,
-0.3945629596710205,
-0.3818141222000122,
0.6989994049072266,
0.21297234296798706,
0.3480285704135895,
0.3710106909275055,
0.2143959403038025,
0.2956140637397766,
0.023686030879616737,
0.2966582179069519,
-0.3158785402774811,
0.25873643159866333,
-0.2218172550201416,
-0.1644773632287979,
-0.12393123656511307,
1.0314280986785889,
-0.23583342134952545,
0.5017690658569336,
-0.690264880657196,
-0.3668677806854248,
-0.03183974698185921,
-1.2269788980484009,
-0.10965067893266678,
-0.1864200234413147,
0.2889685332775116,
0.7389940619468689,
-0.3396655023097992,
0.12668101489543915,
0.36452972888946533,
-0.5849303007125854,
-0.2833973467350006,
-0.5691009759902954,
0.7417171001434326,
0.3855573832988739,
-0.19187910854816437,
-0.33627036213874817,
0.422754168510437,
-0.38902008533477783,
0.5324138402938843,
0.4328325092792511,
0.5904713869094849,
-0.12132752686738968,
0.8884338736534119,
-0.3436242640018463,
0.4331527054309845,
-0.4006746709346771,
-0.21892738342285156,
0.3828898072242737,
-0.030784089118242264,
-0.33677369356155396,
0.434845894575119,
-0.8356807231903076,
-0.35827335715293884,
-0.23608754575252533,
-0.7268714308738708,
-0.17116506397724152,
0.1036105677485466,
-0.039380136877298355,
-0.27686962485313416,
0.24907909333705902,
0.49694132804870605,
0.2008383721113205,
-0.11472995579242706,
0.12790541350841522,
0.0206293947994709,
-0.3655976355075836,
0.056223317980766296,
-0.9978665709495544,
0.45145702362060547,
-0.25075820088386536,
0.4788013994693756,
-0.554652988910675,
0.8560190796852112,
0.20239770412445068,
0.31961268186569214,
-0.04276443272829056,
-0.030394496396183968,
-0.8529198169708252,
0.035123325884342194,
0.9863384366035461,
-0.12659265100955963,
0.19886906445026398,
-1.0358442068099976,
0.07303723692893982,
0.07454472780227661,
-0.36231282353401184,
0.3795393705368042,
0.45451316237449646,
0.12734906375408173,
0.23488229513168335,
-0.08222991228103638,
-0.6912650465965271,
-0.04044458642601967,
-0.12870070338249207,
0.18169645965099335,
0.01927800104022026,
0.5453708171844482,
-0.5703888535499573,
-0.2767223119735718,
0.570250928401947,
0.6587589383125305,
-0.14132463932037354,
0.159402996301651,
0.7410925030708313,
-0.28937554359436035,
-0.8327677249908447,
-0.361219197511673,
-0.40585649013519287,
0.03908359259366989,
0.6441709995269775,
-0.054718438535928726,
-0.16369816660881042,
0.6299341917037964,
-0.23214688897132874,
-0.59758061170578,
-0.14253634214401245,
-0.3236021101474762,
0.377170205116272,
-0.20170550048351288,
-0.4356081783771515,
0.0345393568277359,
0.05943350866436958,
-0.09213282912969589
]
|
214838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798%20in%20literature | 1798 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1798.
Events
February – Samuel Taylor Coleridge writes the conversation poem "Frost at Midnight", commonly seen as the best of the series.
April – Coleridge writes the conversation poems "Fears in Solitude" ("Written ... During the Alarm of an Invasion", soon published in a pamphlet) and "The Nightingale".
April 16 – Coleridge's "The Recantation: An Ode" appears in The Morning Post, describing his disillusionment with the French Revolution.
April 30 – Richard Cumberland's comedy The Eccentric Lover is first performed at the Covent Garden Theatre in London.
September 18 – Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is first published anonymously in Bristol by Joseph Cottle (who also remains anonymous), marking the beginning of English literary Romanticism. Most of the poems are by Wordsworth, including Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey on revisiting the banks of the Wye during a tour, 13 July 1798, but also opening with the first publication of Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere, whose first London publication is on October 4.
October 11 – Elizabeth Inchbald's Lovers' Vows (adapted from Kotzebue's Das Kind der Liebe – the child of love) is first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London.
October 12 – The rebuilt Weimarer Hoftheater are inaugurated with the first performance of the first part of Friedrich Schiller's dramatic trilogy Wallenstein: Das Lager (The Camp), directed by Goethe.
unknown dates
Ivan Kotliarevsky's mock-heroic poem Eneyida (Енеїда) becomes the first printed work in the modern Ukrainian language.
The National Library of the Netherlands originates when the Batavian Republic opens the former library of the stadtholder to the public.
The Académie française publishes the 5th edition of its Dictionnaire.
Thomas Nelson's publishing company is established in Edinburgh as a second-hand religious bookshop.
New books
Fiction
Charles Brockden Brown
Alcuin: a Dialogue
Wieland: or, The Transformation; an American Tale
Emily Clark – Ianthé, or the Flower of Caernarvon
Francis Lathom – The Midnight Bell: a German story, founded on incidents in real life
Regina Maria Roche – Clermont: a Tale
Eleanor Sleath – The Orphan of the Rhine: a romance
Caroline von Wolzogen (anonymously) – Agnes von Lilien (first complete book publication, in 2 vols)
Mary Wollstonecraft – Posthumous Works (edited by William Godwin) including Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman
Children
François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil – Cœlina, ou l'Enfant du mystère (Celina, or the Mystery Child)
Edward Augustus Kendall
Keeper's Travels in Search of His Master
The Sparrow. A Tale
Richmal Mangnall (anonymously) – Historical and Miscellaneous Questions for the Use of Young People (often known as Mangnall's Questions)
Samuel Jackson Pratt – Pity's Gift: a collection of interesting tales, to excite the compassion of youth for the animal creation (Selected by a Lady)
Drama
Elizabeth Craven – The Georgian Princess
Richard Cumberland –
The Eccentric Lover
A Word for Nature
Thomas Holcroft –
He's Much to Blame
Knave or Not?
Elizabeth Inchbald – Lovers' Vows
Thomas Morton – Secrets Worth Knowing
Friedrich von Schiller – Wallensteins Lager
Poetry
Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth – Lyrical Ballads
Richard Polwhele (anonymously) – The Unsex'd Females
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Non-fiction
Nathan Drake – Literary Hours
Hannah Webster Foster – The Boarding School; or, Lessons of a Preceptress to Her Pupils
William Godwin – Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Edward Jenner – An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ
Thomas Malthus (anonymously) – An Essay on the Principle of Population
Richmal Mangnall – Historical and Miscellaneous Questions for the Use of Young People
Births
January 5 – David Macbeth Moir, Scottish poet and humorist (died 1851)
January 29 – Henry Neele, English poet and scholar (died 1828)
February 12 – Catherine Gore, English novelist and dramatist (died 1861)
February 17 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher (died 1857)
March 30 – Luise Hensel, German religious author and poet (died 1876)
June 29 – Count Giacomo Leopardi, Italian poet, essayist and philologist (died 1837)
Deaths
April 12 – Madeleine de Puisieux, French philosopher and feminist writer (born 1720)
June 4 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian librarian and memoirist (born 1725)
June 20 – Jeremy Belknap, American historian of New Hampshire (born 1744)
December 16 – Thomas Pennant, Welsh naturalist and travel writer (born 1726)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.07168901711702347,
0.3628091812133789,
-0.8819972276687622,
-0.19430424273014069,
-0.6068372130393982,
0.038573089987039566,
0.6121931076049805,
0.8050094842910767,
-0.9489462971687317,
-0.8812196850776672,
-0.24690642952919006,
0.07989617437124252,
-0.058978915214538574,
0.04636908695101738,
0.10429947823286057,
0.05211096256971359,
0.23124413192272186,
-0.164295494556427,
0.15754610300064087,
-0.567399263381958,
-0.477912575006485,
0.21728335320949554,
0.3418257236480713,
-0.40992915630340576,
0.2186807245016098,
-0.6127758622169495,
0.21926718950271606,
-0.38480374217033386,
0.42568132281303406,
-0.27097925543785095,
-0.44927507638931274,
0.3495636284351349,
0.355945885181427,
0.5489854216575623,
-0.2322653979063034,
-0.3098709285259247,
-0.551821768283844,
-0.2974317967891693,
0.1675504446029663,
-0.303263783454895,
-0.1567893624305725,
-0.22565484046936035,
0.5333713889122009,
0.46653759479522705,
-0.045147787779569626,
-0.2813549339771271,
-1.9768011569976807,
0.038666561245918274,
-1.0112069845199585,
0.362032026052475,
-0.0902305468916893,
0.2623390555381775,
0.7677261829376221,
0.6110098361968994,
-0.42607614398002625,
0.6430365443229675,
-0.758273184299469,
-0.1677306741476059,
0.12298553436994553,
-0.1918603777885437,
0.39372119307518005,
0.5977219939231873,
-0.21607372164726257,
0.14702659845352173,
0.4714760482311249,
-0.29786133766174316,
-0.2596518397331238,
0.18811005353927612,
-0.08324592560529709,
-0.8823001980781555,
0.013300622813403606,
-0.02944364957511425,
0.2867805063724518,
0.13300640881061554,
0.28148967027664185,
-0.09585064649581909,
0.41229552030563354,
-0.020502762869000435,
-0.3919947147369385,
-0.15250469744205475,
-0.472787469625473,
0.47473806142807007,
0.9056013822555542,
0.28787359595298767,
0.16421908140182495,
-0.01995876431465149,
-0.47458750009536743,
-0.10220231860876083,
0.1274067610502243,
-0.2160278558731079,
0.2542033791542053,
-0.03376958519220352,
0.45761173963546753,
-0.08531530201435089,
0.15887582302093506,
0.9221500754356384,
-0.3526245057582855,
0.30991435050964355,
-0.2939271628856659,
-0.07635936141014099,
-0.08065084367990494,
0.6640856266021729,
0.6068921685218811,
0.09099303930997849,
-0.7995049357414246,
-0.10912442952394485,
0.18348564207553864,
-0.25049933791160583,
0.8077914714813232,
-0.5314487814903259,
0.10589635372161865,
0.5671854615211487,
-0.4029384255409241,
0.07297920435667038,
0.44735032320022583,
0.4400169849395752,
0.5682702660560608,
-0.13485988974571228,
-0.6775206923484802,
0.23996539413928986,
-0.3336467146873474,
0.3151435852050781,
0.11959261447191238,
0.39220425486564636,
-0.5418473482131958,
0.28475961089134216,
0.44492337107658386,
0.6166030764579773,
-0.21412216126918793,
0.3584517538547516,
0.47861456871032715,
1.1554189920425415,
-0.33743369579315186,
-0.3704970180988312,
0.06281767040491104,
-0.2785714566707611,
0.15143603086471558,
0.7994254231452942,
0.006057191640138626,
0.16037370264530182,
-0.583607017993927,
0.009966257959604263,
-1.4998213052749634,
0.10749968886375427,
0.08016902208328247,
-0.5807324051856995,
0.14372316002845764,
-0.5213512778282166,
-0.06767479330301285,
-0.13647717237472534,
0.4321618974208832,
-0.4348547160625458,
-0.000022449488824349828,
0.3625873029232025,
0.10421834886074066,
0.15163131058216095,
0.25480470061302185,
0.7478095293045044,
0.6822042465209961,
-0.09886977821588516,
-0.07583469152450562,
0.12649469077587128,
-0.1238662526011467,
-0.270476758480072,
-0.2944505512714386,
-0.38471314311027527,
0.20174086093902588,
0.034549154341220856,
0.1956421285867691,
-0.2573917508125305,
-0.446189820766449,
-0.2581477165222168,
0.1461697369813919,
-0.3273436725139618,
-0.22821378707885742,
-0.1612379401922226,
0.456255704164505,
0.6242204308509827,
0.5366263389587402,
0.12984733283519745,
-0.8992666006088257,
0.1935364007949829,
0.16600662469863892,
-0.7533217668533325,
0.7355849742889404,
0.19305461645126343,
0.7959125638008118,
0.09354647994041443,
-0.2781083583831787,
-0.3073987066745758,
-0.51472407579422,
-0.009044733829796314,
0.0034923087805509567,
-0.47220921516418457,
1.2766565084457397,
-0.06328852474689484,
-0.46017736196517944,
0.7868195176124573,
-0.3456953167915344,
0.018380191177129745,
0.06357482820749283,
0.25120043754577637,
0.5366097688674927,
-0.04365639016032219,
-0.22879479825496674,
0.773626446723938,
0.04987146705389023,
0.20686838030815125,
0.18120166659355164,
0.6239328980445862,
0.78859943151474,
-0.3661288619041443,
0.29137372970581055,
0.3844952881336212,
-0.19928735494613647,
0.13817338645458221,
-0.3945320248603821,
0.21441242098808289,
0.18347027897834778,
0.13749733567237854,
0.5095043778419495,
-0.465393602848053,
0.5080497860908508,
0.6264757513999939,
0.0922572910785675,
0.5563420653343201,
0.15440534055233002,
0.07300641387701035,
-0.051259320229291916,
-1.005387306213379,
-0.14390058815479279,
0.13774748146533966,
0.22725774347782135,
-0.5688365697860718,
-0.1262260228395462,
0.2159672975540161,
0.02215914987027645,
-0.36571604013442993,
0.14643612504005432,
-0.15275251865386963,
0.5819557309150696,
-0.37479928135871887,
-0.10909968614578247,
0.3398028612136841,
0.25270384550094604,
0.6266922950744629,
-0.28463447093963623,
-0.34396684169769287,
0.0820624977350235,
-0.7910050749778748,
0.7581160068511963,
0.8046200275421143,
0.023913338780403137,
-0.35349297523498535,
-0.5017492771148682,
-0.10121731460094452,
0.0012643163790926337,
-0.4803599417209625,
0.6346862316131592,
0.4240168631076813,
-0.5590423345565796,
-0.157725527882576,
0.30801883339881897,
0.2956775724887848,
-0.1562119573354721,
-0.1643708199262619,
-0.07532995194196701,
-0.8353684544563293,
-0.039494823664426804,
0.0974351093173027,
0.38294336199760437,
0.20972955226898193,
-0.4294430613517761,
-0.5740745067596436,
0.34581640362739563,
0.3549098074436188,
-0.12357769161462784,
-0.10075568407773972,
-0.6148236989974976,
-0.5654910206794739,
-0.5505121946334839,
0.5405507683753967,
0.4611664414405823,
-0.41638821363449097,
-0.09521991014480591,
-0.3823932409286499,
0.2714516520500183,
-0.19329708814620972,
-0.07450563460588455,
-0.3260256052017212,
-0.1024041548371315,
0.0006718271179124713,
-0.5151574611663818,
-0.30595508217811584,
0.1264016032218933,
0.1400139331817627,
-0.5750415921211243,
0.4143511950969696,
-0.17083072662353516,
-0.42826542258262634,
-0.36878395080566406,
0.3372483551502228,
-0.08165945112705231,
0.5579043626785278,
0.30407091975212097,
0.13930344581604004,
-0.02659551240503788,
0.44525113701820374,
-5.5178961753845215,
-0.10694202035665512,
-0.16123247146606445,
-0.2969088852405548,
-0.47034579515457153,
0.25515055656433105,
0.590509831905365,
-0.32008373737335205,
-0.24112436175346375,
-0.10179521143436432,
-0.10089755803346634,
-0.3753179609775543,
-0.1211780309677124,
1.0543181896209717,
0.3168385624885559,
0.6895267963409424,
0.5330948233604431,
0.11909520626068115,
-0.28738123178482056,
0.35669517517089844,
0.38769474625587463,
0.27523013949394226,
0.048311445862054825,
0.2879450023174286,
0.7777379751205444,
0.024404091760516167,
0.24494467675685883,
0.1291731297969818,
-0.004364495165646076,
0.4041587710380554,
0.08613487333059311,
0.08447296917438507,
0.6073359847068787,
-0.3032316267490387,
0.0937204360961914,
-0.14642654359340668,
0.6745694279670715,
0.7249752283096313,
0.27446460723876953,
-0.051429055631160736,
-0.5644810795783997,
0.5173206925392151,
-0.19308368861675262,
0.2508326470851898,
0.11553189903497696,
-0.01114018727093935,
-0.3139801621437073,
-0.15311726927757263,
-0.09583961218595505,
0.765161395072937,
0.16399237513542175,
-0.44363829493522644,
0.18841932713985443,
0.3919076919555664,
0.5853666067123413,
-0.09824546426534653,
-0.05564679205417633,
-0.19296576082706451,
-0.4631549119949341,
0.04471882805228233,
0.3474673628807068,
-0.20476774871349335,
0.32043716311454773,
-0.6166507005691528,
-0.2715614438056946,
-0.16442148387432098,
-1.156113624572754,
0.3004842698574066,
0.2714613080024719,
0.28570836782455444,
-0.24439585208892822,
0.9559170603752136,
-0.3613533079624176,
-0.8503212928771973,
-0.09635785222053528,
0.12177687883377075,
-0.46547770500183105,
-0.006452062167227268,
0.15970297157764435,
0.011562712490558624,
-0.30830612778663635,
-0.15178674459457397,
0.0022555484902113676,
0.7806767821311951,
0.461416631937027,
-0.2966374456882477,
-0.18591798841953278,
-0.41611313819885254,
-1.0049165487289429,
-0.7069010734558105,
0.49786049127578735,
-0.10211619734764099,
0.021536240354180336,
0.3033759891986847,
0.44422078132629395,
0.14507226645946503,
0.680033802986145,
0.2665693759918213,
0.4630223512649536,
-0.36430618166923523,
0.26483070850372314,
-0.1193370446562767,
0.11217991262674332,
-0.31983333826065063,
-0.2472057342529297,
-0.2074076533317566,
-0.5432718992233276,
0.5757824778556824,
0.6154239177703857,
-0.8202875256538391,
0.009127872996032238,
0.08747214078903198,
-0.7628791928291321,
-0.2543761134147644,
0.4814625382423401,
0.04422634094953537,
0.34200456738471985,
0.01591029204428196,
0.12785737216472626,
-0.1639806032180786,
0.18939834833145142,
0.41406041383743286,
-0.2692566215991974,
-0.4441744387149811,
-0.24623195827007294,
-0.25928163528442383,
-0.04200834780931473,
-0.5122523307800293,
-0.5292515754699707,
-0.1498112976551056,
0.29176121950149536,
0.3782159090042114,
-0.024966629222035408,
-0.3552709221839905,
0.22342708706855774,
-0.4035293757915497,
-0.22997500002384186,
-0.08749300986528397,
0.09199423342943192,
-0.3884233832359314,
0.0012128035305067897,
-0.3719285726547241,
-0.1555626094341278,
-0.11065170913934708,
0.5370874404907227,
0.15620476007461548,
-0.25490400195121765,
-0.3377551734447479,
-0.3991450071334839,
0.7049348950386047,
-0.2556770443916321,
0.016809402033686638,
0.49337103962898254,
0.4652535319328308,
0.36510220170021057,
-0.2456451654434204,
-0.009957346133887768,
0.5524734854698181,
-0.4034353792667389,
-0.611259937286377,
0.21459154784679413,
-0.3654278516769409,
-0.8586413264274597,
0.2526548504829407,
0.16421563923358917,
-0.4738023281097412,
-0.12905454635620117,
-0.020990140736103058,
-0.026935173198580742,
0.5665461421012878,
0.469542533159256,
-0.333330899477005,
-0.36521002650260925,
0.2849156856536865,
0.4321778118610382,
-0.20880214869976044,
0.05957825854420662,
0.35327374935150146,
-0.08273262530565262,
-0.21658730506896973,
0.44873130321502686,
-0.6561470031738281,
0.021301310509443283,
0.389051616191864,
0.7045533061027527,
-0.13794921338558197,
0.20789316296577454,
-0.25609710812568665,
-0.9422335028648376,
0.09048471599817276,
-0.4646264612674713,
0.4385773837566376,
0.6605233550071716,
-0.2794469892978668,
-0.7249392867088318,
-0.3352380096912384,
-0.08727951347827911,
0.14053399860858917,
-0.10907705873250961,
-0.35077017545700073,
0.5956834554672241,
0.08201610296964645,
-0.1934124082326889,
-0.27093303203582764,
-0.07983647286891937,
-0.848716139793396,
0.09524840861558914,
-0.7066454887390137,
-0.7478395104408264,
0.625214695930481,
-0.06765300780534744,
-0.2549128234386444,
-0.09583897888660431,
0.27560901641845703,
-0.18173205852508545,
-0.021911947056651115,
-0.18561550974845886,
0.06456717103719711,
-0.3661465644836426,
0.05110076442360878,
0.4851802587509155,
0.05335712805390358,
-1.0978142023086548,
0.04085048288106918,
-0.22699011862277985,
0.4907732903957367,
0.37893134355545044,
-0.6188466548919678,
0.44772663712501526,
-0.48970291018486023,
-0.20455709099769592,
-0.0695648267865181,
0.2643570005893707,
-0.030958058312535286,
-0.23865258693695068,
-0.42512065172195435,
0.24613942205905914,
-0.0038962739054113626,
0.04577409103512764,
0.4865996837615967,
0.3548170328140259,
0.7816638350486755,
-0.26531916856765747,
-0.06441543996334076,
-0.03645035997033119,
0.4629031717777252,
0.2739036977291107,
-0.5111756920814514,
-0.7946204543113708,
-0.030345117673277855,
-0.04857413470745087,
-0.21308958530426025,
-0.4779161214828491,
-0.7662076354026794,
0.6537933349609375,
-0.5572261810302734,
-0.7557205557823181,
0.41850730776786804,
0.0005772027070634067,
0.211662158370018,
0.27587705850601196,
0.0035391615238040686,
-0.5179218053817749,
0.06266597658395767,
0.6406431198120117,
0.1436406373977661,
0.049157124012708664,
0.37955865263938904,
0.4542463719844818,
0.11703318357467651,
-0.4912571907043457,
-0.5734090209007263,
-0.406707227230072,
0.5560592412948608,
0.62850421667099,
-0.19743089377880096,
-0.4908864200115204,
-0.5330180525779724,
0.41405898332595825,
-0.35635906457901,
-0.5418366193771362,
-0.04541679471731186,
0.10590810328722,
-0.34945040941238403,
0.021261142566800117,
-0.5473806262016296,
-0.35232993960380554,
0.07412616908550262,
-0.1008940041065216,
0.1376788467168808,
0.1703961044549942,
-0.27084964513778687,
-0.33782562613487244,
-0.34644854068756104,
0.18560540676116943,
0.5107683539390564,
-0.3428208529949188,
-0.03866065666079521,
-0.20959770679473877,
-0.20687252283096313,
-0.24913173913955688,
0.07672548294067383,
0.10929309576749802,
-0.840801477432251,
0.7416536808013916,
-0.24851346015930176,
-0.1268712282180786,
-0.30490925908088684,
-0.2455979734659195,
0.07439465820789337,
0.40045100450515747,
0.1437932550907135,
0.13277380168437958,
0.08810964971780777,
-0.3590114414691925,
-0.23085561394691467,
0.0961340069770813,
-0.6208819150924683,
0.602372407913208,
-0.04822584241628647,
0.011392277665436268,
0.2701679468154907,
0.53424471616745,
0.07757531106472015,
-0.6349735856056213,
0.32134148478507996,
-0.439759224653244,
-0.10877525806427002,
0.03648893162608147,
-0.4619900584220886,
0.2190004289150238,
0.36800700426101685,
-0.3479464054107666,
0.752236545085907,
-0.20309950411319733,
-0.3404127061367035,
0.12591329216957092,
-0.6552664637565613,
0.14929936826229095,
0.2522338628768921,
0.6358240842819214,
0.05661933869123459,
0.2714797556400299,
0.11704227328300476,
0.11619088798761368,
0.021938364952802658,
-0.1490570306777954,
0.017592890188097954,
-0.03602464869618416,
-0.003173009492456913,
0.5182371139526367,
0.6035529375076294,
0.5449628829956055,
-0.32841455936431885,
0.28546878695487976,
-0.3633561134338379,
-0.348263680934906,
-0.21873760223388672,
0.2725333273410797,
-0.8214556574821472,
0.38852792978286743,
0.32544758915901184,
0.42211827635765076,
-0.025444945320487022,
0.38730520009994507,
0.4859974980354309,
0.10035292059183121,
0.3759452998638153,
-0.02354205586016178,
-0.2926194369792938,
0.06194538250565529,
-0.3752613067626953,
-0.03640042245388031,
-0.4598197937011719,
-0.2925189733505249,
0.6552276611328125,
0.5711801052093506,
0.07501256465911865,
0.23537196218967438,
-0.307963490486145,
-0.24527642130851746,
0.18581821024417877,
-0.2079920470714569,
-0.2944202423095703,
0.19503289461135864,
-0.12341035902500153,
0.16939222812652588,
0.5029365420341492,
-0.0023215210530906916,
-0.5858021974563599,
-0.0764726996421814,
-0.2549069821834564,
0.058757610619068146,
-0.09873274713754654,
-0.9903751015663147,
-0.020370209589600563,
-0.4170946180820465,
1.8250538110733032,
-0.12539270520210266,
-0.3406639099121094,
-0.21539682149887085,
-0.5243639349937439,
-0.32707154750823975,
0.05920885130763054,
-0.26189929246902466,
0.7360913753509521,
-0.43674761056900024,
0.23410631716251373,
-0.6815285086631775,
0.7855558395385742,
0.1459653377532959,
0.35019129514694214,
-0.025745049118995667,
0.4929533302783966,
-0.37430235743522644,
-0.14205758273601532,
0.25573837757110596,
-0.21991902589797974,
-0.04711851105093956,
0.17395387589931488,
-0.13030175864696503,
0.33897915482521057,
0.1590503305196762,
0.2238023281097412,
-0.4799295961856842,
0.28829631209373474,
-0.05082669109106064,
0.36865338683128357,
0.44945523142814636,
0.1310349404811859,
-0.1000165268778801,
-0.12537768483161926,
-0.9179823398590088,
0.10927902162075043,
-0.2325901836156845,
0.8058017492294312,
0.9400801062583923,
0.32373932003974915,
-0.026384569704532623,
-0.31743526458740234,
-0.1544075608253479,
-0.1133563444018364,
-0.10979058593511581,
0.12306259572505951,
-1.6981950998306274,
-0.018498051911592484,
0.09422298520803452,
-0.09926578402519226,
-0.2781737148761749,
0.368070513010025,
0.10574708133935928,
0.03741062059998512,
-0.033055104315280914,
-0.11568984389305115,
0.10004977881908417,
0.0661187618970871,
0.40926527976989746,
-1.2267533540725708,
0.5047784447669983,
0.19329841434955597
]
|
214839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca%20della%20Robbia | Luca della Robbia | Luca della Robbia (, also , ; 1399/1400–1482) was an Italian sculptor from Florence. Della Robbia is noted for his colorful, tin-glazed terracotta statuary, a technique which he invented and passed on to his nephew Andrea della Robbia and great-nephews Giovanni della Robbia and Girolamo della Robbia. Though a leading sculptor in stone, he worked primarily in terracotta after developing his technique in the early 1440s. His large workshop produced both cheaper works cast from molds in multiple versions, and more expensive one-off individually modeled pieces.
The vibrant, polychrome glazes made his creations both more durable and expressive. His work is noted for its charm rather than the drama of the work of some of his contemporaries. Two of his famous works are The Nativity () and Madonna and Child (). In stone his most famous work is also his first major commission, the choir gallery, Cantoria in the Florence Cathedral (1431–1438).
Della Robbia was praised by his compatriot Leon Battista Alberti for genius comparable to that of the sculptors Donatello and Lorenzo Ghiberti, the architect Filippo Brunelleschi, and the painter Masaccio. By ranking him with contemporary artists of this stature, Alberti reminds us of the interest and strength of Luca's work in marble and bronze, as well as in the terra-cottas always associated with his name.
Biography
Vasari, Gaurico, and several other early writers give contradictory accounts of Luca della Robbia's youth, training, and early works. He was born in Florence, the son of a member of the Arte della Lana (wool-workers guild). He may have trained as a goldsmith under Leonardo di Ser Giovanni according to Vasari, before working with Ghiberti on the famous doors of the Florence Baptistry. He was heavily influenced by Donatello, and in the 1420s was used by the architect Filippo Brunelleschi for sculpture on his buildings. His important commission for the Cantoria ("Singing Gallery"; 1431–1438) of Florence Cathedral came before he joined the sculptor's guild Arte dei Maestri di Pietra e Legname (for workers in stone and wood) in 1432. According to Vasari, the Medici family were responsible for securing him the commission.
Sculpture
His first documented commission was the Cantoria ("Singing Gallery"; 1431–1438) for the organ loft of Cathedral of Florence. During the seven years it took della Robbia to carve the reliefs under the supervision of Brunelleschi, his style developed. While the earliest carved panels are fairly symmetric and lack movement, in later panels the movement of the singers becomes much more evident and dynamic. The Singing Gallery shows children singing, dancing, and making music to "praise the Lord" in the words of Psalm 150. Their figures are at once lively, finely observed, and gracefully combined in groups designed to fit the ten panels of the gallery. The advanced nature of the work has been seen to establish Luca della Robbia's skill in stone as well as secure his place as a major Florentine artist and student of Renaissance naturalism.
In the next two decades della Robbia executed important commissions in marble and bronze: a series of marble reliefs (1437) for the bell tower of the Cathedral of Florence; a marble and enameled terra-cotta tabernacle (1443), now in S. Maria in Peretola; bronze angels to enrich the Singing Gallery; and, in collaboration with Michelozzo, the large project of bronze doors for the Sacristy of the Cathedral. These doors were not finished until 1469; their reliance on a few figures placed in simple, orderly compositions against a flat ground, contrasts sharply with the elaborate pictorial effects of Lorenzo Ghiberti's more famous Baptistery doors.
Arguably the one of the most important existing works in marble by Luca (executed in 1454–1456) is the tomb of Benozzo Federighi, bishop of Fiesole, originally placed in the church of San Pancrazio, Florence, but removed to San Francesco di Paola on the Bellosguardo road outside the city in 1783. In 1898 it was again removed to the church of Santa Trinita in Florence. An effigy of the bishop in a restful pose lies on a sarcophagus sculptured with graceful reliefs of angels holding a wreath which contains the inscription. Above are three-quarter length figures of Christ between St John and the Virgin, of conventional type. The whole is surrounded by a rectangular frame formed of painted tiles. On each tile is painted, with enamel pigments, a bunch of flowers and fruit in brilliant realistic colors. Though the bunch of flowers on each is painted on one slab, the ground of each tile is formed of separate pieces, likely because the pigment of the ground required a different degree of heat in firing from that needed for the enamel painting of the center.
Terra-cotta
Della Robbia's earliest surviving freestanding sculpture is the white tin-glazed terracotta Visitation in the church of San Giovanni Fuoricivitas of Pistoia, dating to 1445. Although the date of della Robbia's first work in colored glazed terra-cotta is not known, his demonstrated control of this medium secured him two major commissions for the duomo of Florence: the large reliefs of the Resurrection (also from 1445) and the Ascension of Christ (1446). The pliant medium of baked clay covered with a "slip" of vitrified lead and refined minerals permitted a lustrous, polished surface capable of reflecting light and color that was beautifully appropriate for architectural sculpture. Whether animating the vast, somber space of the Cathedral or in the series Twelve Apostles gracing the pristine surfaces of the small Pazzi Chapel (1443–1450) in Florence, della Robbia's reliefs in this medium achieved a high level of mastery.
Working with assistants, including members of his own family, della Robbia produced a number of decorative reliefs and altarpieces until the end of his life. One of the arguably finest examples is the enameled terra-cotta ceiling (1466) of the Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal in San Miniato, Florence. Another relief, acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1861, shows his free use of color: an enormous medallion containing the arms of René of Anjou and other heraldic devices; it is surrounded by an intricately modeled wreath of brilliantly colored fruit and flowers, including apples, lemons, oranges and fir cones. This medallion was set up on the facade of the Pazzi Palace to commemorate René's visit to Florence in 1442.
His works were highly popular in his time, and many were sent outside Florence; the larger ones could be disassembled to facilitate transport. In 1446 he bought a large house containing a workshop, which would remain the base of the family workshop until the 1520s.
In 1471 Luca della Robbia was elected president of the Florentine Guild of Sculptors, but he refused on account of his age and infirmity. It shows, however, the very high esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries. He died in Florence during February 1482,
taking most of his secrets of tin-based glaze with him.
References
External links
Luca della Robbia at the National Gallery of Art
THAIS.it: Luca della Robbia
Illustrated biography (based on Giorgio Vasari's Lives)
della Robbia, Luca
Italian potters
della Robbia, Luca
1400 births
1481 deaths
della Robbia, Luca
Terracotta
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
Catholic sculptors | [
-0.10240652412176132,
-0.2327849119901657,
0.18492461740970612,
0.08518575876951218,
0.32740944623947144,
0.8441957831382751,
0.0018359980313107371,
-0.05815855786204338,
-0.8167070150375366,
-0.513455331325531,
0.2998250126838684,
0.030849894508719444,
-0.675923228263855,
0.04853899031877518,
-0.5823184847831726,
-0.057212673127651215,
0.5793823003768921,
-0.43042755126953125,
-0.43243077397346497,
-0.3420238792896271,
0.40755385160446167,
-0.26832491159439087,
-0.001839767093770206,
0.04908321052789688,
-0.353275865316391,
0.4877302348613739,
0.20445752143859863,
0.3961256444454193,
0.3295596241950989,
-0.2837301790714264,
0.0712217465043068,
0.2204885482788086,
0.0746106281876564,
0.02630753070116043,
-0.4864797592163086,
-0.021695902571082115,
0.002507199766114354,
-0.26670774817466736,
-0.17447485029697418,
0.12590622901916504,
-0.17136035859584808,
0.3904697299003601,
0.32127007842063904,
0.20507799088954926,
0.3402988612651825,
-0.08975614607334137,
-1.1311087608337402,
0.3983597457408905,
-0.19546712934970856,
-0.3904116749763489,
0.035876721143722534,
0.15439172089099884,
0.0013019563630223274,
0.6825876235961914,
0.03105621598660946,
0.2984994649887085,
-0.7398269772529602,
-0.7146950960159302,
0.3241778612136841,
-0.8707065582275391,
0.22653046250343323,
0.44728776812553406,
0.27420875430107117,
-0.13857613503932953,
0.2135891169309616,
0.1388571709394455,
-0.23523297905921936,
0.6171460151672363,
0.24959036707878113,
0.11481793969869614,
-0.1643936187028885,
0.7945913672447205,
0.24826377630233765,
0.24708937108516693,
0.12333912402391434,
-0.3483492434024811,
-0.19022436439990997,
-0.21742583811283112,
0.19646009802818298,
-0.310808002948761,
0.4060348570346832,
-0.30945518612861633,
0.9814540147781372,
0.6578499674797058,
0.5014316439628601,
0.7585026025772095,
-0.3003305494785309,
-0.12065327167510986,
-0.5267098546028137,
0.7073091864585876,
-0.6879427433013916,
-0.5969274044036865,
0.3999232053756714,
0.009538802318274975,
0.1929127424955368,
0.9665655493736267,
-0.27288880944252014,
0.7039351463317871,
-0.3980841636657715,
0.04536477476358414,
-0.6502779722213745,
-0.517898440361023,
-0.20759016275405884,
0.11580456793308258,
-0.30435046553611755,
-0.25461193919181824,
-0.7609918117523193,
-0.08291497826576233,
-0.4556732177734375,
0.8639755845069885,
-0.033390965312719345,
0.04637371376156807,
-0.8595194816589355,
0.21175682544708252,
0.29254350066185,
0.17132993042469025,
0.23625917732715607,
-0.5557664632797241,
-1.499133825302124,
-0.317649781703949,
0.5053257346153259,
0.13793767988681793,
-0.43372243642807007,
-0.5992770791053772,
-0.280150830745697,
-0.11773809790611267,
0.0659443587064743,
0.14339758455753326,
-0.20173035562038422,
0.05079977586865425,
0.5895887017250061,
1.2491594552993774,
-0.5983137488365173,
-0.8666319251060486,
-0.44710806012153625,
0.17504353821277618,
-0.31738343834877014,
-0.17541131377220154,
-0.6816400289535522,
-0.20572403073310852,
-0.7398300766944885,
0.04739965870976448,
-0.036940738558769226,
0.16990822553634644,
-0.46117204427719116,
-0.11565905064344406,
0.40228745341300964,
-0.38752084970474243,
0.05858129635453224,
-0.3427680432796478,
-0.4221894145011902,
0.014859262853860855,
-0.2661084234714508,
-0.5616975426673889,
0.1327689290046692,
0.830144464969635,
0.7421782612800598,
-0.047123610973358154,
-0.15361572802066803,
-0.09415916353464127,
0.114394910633564,
-0.4282120168209076,
-0.588171124458313,
0.3722565770149231,
0.7662599086761475,
-0.014973292127251625,
0.6522619128227234,
-0.18805257976055145,
-0.27040767669677734,
0.22189784049987793,
-1.127131462097168,
0.08622245490550995,
-0.21587520837783813,
-0.41828978061676025,
0.11209000647068024,
-0.25027555227279663,
0.6457453370094299,
0.01778840273618698,
0.11860845983028412,
-0.41585204005241394,
-0.6441354751586914,
-0.23905830085277557,
-0.13602955639362335,
-0.0076868790201842785,
0.9122986793518066,
-0.4237351417541504,
0.9581787586212158,
-0.37159696221351624,
-0.02554396167397499,
-0.9705148935317993,
-0.7372423410415649,
-0.08732076734304428,
0.11572262644767761,
-0.5255975127220154,
0.9048718810081482,
0.4048941731452942,
-0.06169602647423744,
0.6863130927085876,
0.09832800179719925,
0.7275437116622925,
-0.17148269712924957,
0.5740897059440613,
0.6855712532997131,
-0.3686063587665558,
0.4768623411655426,
0.4695974588394165,
0.6844114661216736,
0.29603075981140137,
0.41278189420700073,
0.7131622433662415,
0.7670435905456543,
-0.2890794277191162,
0.4970681965351105,
0.6169934272766113,
-0.30070364475250244,
-0.4247303903102875,
-0.695533037185669,
0.5070010423660278,
-0.39870357513427734,
-0.759112536907196,
0.48229119181632996,
-0.25492414832115173,
-0.7282063364982605,
0.9074736833572388,
-0.19486795365810394,
1.4388427734375,
-0.15192332863807678,
0.11234303563833237,
0.5290990471839905,
-0.5237610936164856,
-0.3517645597457886,
0.30691295862197876,
0.5014032125473022,
0.3156241476535797,
-0.36960873007774353,
0.8330792188644409,
0.4067450165748596,
-0.6636783480644226,
0.6131855249404907,
-0.47822678089141846,
0.38277244567871094,
0.6538126468658447,
-0.5218056440353394,
-0.259290874004364,
0.22892628610134125,
0.36373698711395264,
0.25196459889411926,
0.3540576100349426,
-0.33675503730773926,
-0.19271594285964966,
0.3185153305530548,
0.6815885901451111,
0.08912722021341324,
0.29128485918045044,
0.008815535344183445,
-0.9422187209129333,
0.5204724669456482,
-0.9295711517333984,
-0.26053568720817566,
0.010977206751704216,
-0.028894266113638878,
0.03519497439265251,
0.794405460357666,
0.16429100930690765,
-0.07922390103340149,
-0.25922131538391113,
-0.018090486526489258,
-0.08905757963657379,
0.493503212928772,
-0.12237276136875153,
-0.3100203573703766,
-0.16169998049736023,
-0.47828879952430725,
0.9962261915206909,
0.23345397412776947,
-0.08219167590141296,
-0.40067076683044434,
-0.2954294979572296,
-0.35813620686531067,
-0.36361363530158997,
-0.6831232905387878,
-0.059192877262830734,
-0.5777053236961365,
-0.2139003574848175,
-0.3016855716705322,
0.3516139090061188,
-0.01073281466960907,
-0.5359264612197876,
-0.06718302518129349,
0.10090275853872299,
0.05240428075194359,
0.028257744386792183,
-0.5651227831840515,
0.13551433384418488,
-0.2644379734992981,
0.3924720883369446,
-0.9267802834510803,
-0.6825849413871765,
0.4514833688735962,
-0.8284766674041748,
-1.0296515226364136,
0.2400321513414383,
0.6178269982337952,
0.2881941795349121,
0.0736023485660553,
0.3033505082130432,
0.12254057079553604,
0.4875502288341522,
-4.645730972290039,
0.2556541860103607,
0.16189414262771606,
0.4451366364955902,
-0.2598732113838196,
0.2674693465232849,
0.7881075143814087,
0.23847664892673492,
0.4205930233001709,
-0.0907345786690712,
0.7749579548835754,
-0.4409022331237793,
-0.059767965227365494,
0.6519848704338074,
-0.013399017043411732,
0.6484509706497192,
0.12610983848571777,
0.4158393144607544,
0.06213352456688881,
0.17549286782741547,
-0.06001858785748482,
0.3115292489528656,
0.05953061208128929,
0.03911500424146652,
0.09111638367176056,
-0.21548958122730255,
-1.1286972761154175,
0.04791991785168648,
-0.8874996900558472,
-0.07930024713277817,
-0.26086127758026123,
-0.09049788117408752,
-0.42930710315704346,
-0.04872775450348854,
-0.11071748286485672,
-0.2852686643600464,
0.5884862542152405,
0.8513270616531372,
0.14864987134933472,
0.15406249463558197,
0.1786758154630661,
-0.2252061814069748,
-0.7293394804000854,
0.835411012172699,
0.5534095764160156,
-0.3304964601993561,
-0.5253357291221619,
-0.5307713150978088,
-0.45895034074783325,
0.7709653377532959,
0.06965078413486481,
-0.21971635520458221,
0.3560377061367035,
0.10166775435209274,
0.3038244843482971,
-0.06243514642119408,
0.02563995122909546,
-0.10346674919128418,
-0.7170794010162354,
1.1196130514144897,
-0.4543848931789398,
-0.35857251286506653,
-0.16816912591457367,
-0.4857006371021271,
-0.3119584619998932,
0.2680073380470276,
0.22551722824573517,
0.09388440102338791,
-0.3768540918827057,
-0.05127789452672005,
-0.22695448994636536,
1.4349442720413208,
-0.3239278197288513,
-1.3142460584640503,
0.33399173617362976,
-0.17409807443618774,
0.25725534558296204,
-0.2956075370311737,
-0.3333412706851959,
-0.5128068327903748,
0.2979575991630554,
-0.5743918418884277,
0.32892492413520813,
0.5303282141685486,
0.7104324102401733,
0.7860965728759766,
0.2111903578042984,
0.07224452495574951,
-0.9888524413108826,
0.17008274793624878,
0.37846624851226807,
-0.4045064151287079,
-0.013320195488631725,
0.15875591337680817,
-0.12336766719818115,
0.6142916083335876,
-0.0068399799056351185,
0.04939119890332222,
0.2630371153354645,
-0.13899359107017517,
0.6872258186340332,
-0.4824196696281433,
-0.3868885040283203,
0.19606651365756989,
-0.8381187319755554,
-0.4005764424800873,
-0.07728298753499985,
0.4802558422088623,
0.8688759207725525,
0.29928213357925415,
-0.05163990333676338,
0.6320148706436157,
-0.12393484264612198,
0.07257813215255737,
0.34389811754226685,
-0.6574223041534424,
-0.334280788898468,
0.00820085871964693,
-0.2300822138786316,
-0.6953293681144714,
0.7112566828727722,
0.21635226905345917,
0.3378373086452484,
-0.7902774214744568,
-0.1763007789850235,
0.27178946137428284,
-0.5226619839668274,
0.21726058423519135,
0.0005350917344912887,
-0.3407287001609802,
-0.23900125920772552,
0.32351869344711304,
-0.339632511138916,
0.364663690328598,
0.03229833021759987,
-0.4607400894165039,
-0.795930802822113,
-0.6707104444503784,
0.1276596039533615,
-0.2507855296134949,
0.5725017189979553,
0.2593454122543335,
-0.36444830894470215,
-0.11347813159227371,
-0.04106160253286362,
0.519872784614563,
-0.1695822924375534,
0.4019237160682678,
-0.6914216876029968,
0.31203290820121765,
-0.385763943195343,
-0.587958037853241,
-0.21593356132507324,
-0.7035972476005554,
-0.0955938920378685,
0.2298979014158249,
-0.5652607679367065,
0.916114866733551,
0.42407241463661194,
-0.15477219223976135,
0.16278228163719177,
0.05255139619112015,
-1.207918643951416,
0.4102735221385956,
0.0017765655647963285,
0.13367131352424622,
-0.23719578981399536,
-0.9095599055290222,
-0.14282532036304474,
0.22360961139202118,
0.4403339624404907,
-0.6697061061859131,
-0.3982136845588684,
-0.6215745210647583,
0.061532244086265564,
-0.48890697956085205,
-0.4323793947696686,
0.04992630332708359,
-0.4563702940940857,
0.359361469745636,
0.37168222665786743,
-0.22158843278884888,
0.05006171762943268,
-0.6940351724624634,
0.7469403743743896,
0.2425958663225174,
-0.2644296884536743,
-0.481642484664917,
-0.09100358188152313,
0.10754691809415817,
-0.3207855820655823,
-0.10616165399551392,
-0.05585071071982384,
0.07977250218391418,
0.42524778842926025,
-1.0110251903533936,
-0.11823425441980362,
0.45917797088623047,
-0.35452839732170105,
-0.7642260789871216,
-0.2175377905368805,
0.3964715600013733,
-0.501299262046814,
-0.11431286484003067,
-0.20812101662158966,
-0.5398676991462708,
0.6662821173667908,
0.16944003105163574,
-0.18422208726406097,
0.9469643235206604,
-0.4862700402736664,
-1.0493865013122559,
0.0837177187204361,
0.5599257946014404,
-0.22822198271751404,
0.5110703706741333,
-0.43216776847839355,
-0.19771872460842133,
-0.8423495292663574,
-0.31271234154701233,
-0.545990526676178,
0.12519672513008118,
-0.7020806074142456,
0.3656603693962097,
-0.395847350358963,
0.229808047413826,
-0.5717740654945374,
0.01170770451426506,
0.6212475299835205,
-0.44346117973327637,
0.433886855840683,
-0.01272705290466547,
0.5320007801055908,
-0.4707954227924347,
-0.4018141031265259,
-0.20235605537891388,
0.8416535258293152,
0.16496258974075317,
0.16762065887451172,
0.31138262152671814,
0.5715395212173462,
1.1353733539581299,
0.2473258376121521,
-0.21270011365413666,
0.6955623030662537,
0.801232099533081,
-0.16187135875225067,
0.2650933563709259,
0.1349845677614212,
0.4348621964454651,
0.3375072777271271,
-0.5032879114151001,
-0.2616444230079651,
-0.7006353735923767,
0.9336748719215393,
-0.914183497428894,
0.37325045466423035,
0.12969695031642914,
0.8142632842063904,
-0.3771904408931732,
0.056037597358226776,
0.7789223790168762,
0.8383667469024658,
-0.18748266994953156,
0.21354983747005463,
0.47370249032974243,
0.20694296061992645,
-0.03147707134485245,
0.5004376173019409,
-0.006248153280466795,
0.5502851605415344,
-0.003277364419773221,
0.19810663163661957,
0.7392195463180542,
-0.39321011304855347,
0.28265950083732605,
0.09577760845422745,
-0.6680309176445007,
1.3576996326446533,
-0.0315447673201561,
-1.3078744411468506,
0.41576075553894043,
-0.182316392660141,
-0.5218741297721863,
-0.44843170046806335,
-0.35189783573150635,
-0.2670563757419586,
0.888150155544281,
-0.21711869537830353,
0.3699822425842285,
-0.7515580654144287,
-0.5638414621353149,
-0.12484241276979446,
0.18626341223716736,
0.14079244434833527,
0.36193400621414185,
-0.7396121621131897,
0.4773237109184265,
-0.1843402087688446,
0.48448264598846436,
-0.748191773891449,
0.2699442207813263,
0.6570443511009216,
0.08009239286184311,
0.3912058472633362,
0.17583124339580536,
-0.35058119893074036,
-0.6137821078300476,
0.32274723052978516,
0.2133987993001938,
-0.17732246220111847,
-0.4565916955471039,
0.5327663421630859,
0.0357767790555954,
-0.5181285738945007,
0.13511016964912415,
0.8077481389045715,
0.3049113154411316,
-1.089331865310669,
-0.07378385961055756,
0.3489628732204437,
0.057763319462537766,
0.5205746293067932,
-0.6247032880783081,
0.3863552510738373,
0.46351414918899536,
-0.8349823355674744,
-0.15033695101737976,
-0.24749651551246643,
0.691052258014679,
-0.21346506476402283,
-0.16762124001979828,
-0.4039687216281891,
0.5128619074821472,
-0.08313728868961334,
0.0577709935605526,
0.5102442502975464,
-0.5631904006004333,
0.23415225744247437,
-0.2404307872056961,
0.14179833233356476,
0.4990505576133728,
-0.7541680932044983,
-0.04284156113862991,
-0.5860345363616943,
0.45925891399383545,
-0.44074249267578125,
-0.055393945425748825,
-0.27775314450263977,
0.03214215114712715,
-0.15979865193367004,
0.08418148756027222,
0.12670327723026276,
0.17295436561107635,
-0.22136807441711426,
0.4382750988006592,
0.8935345411300659,
0.27827805280685425,
-0.5863988995552063,
0.0764097347855568,
0.0911252424120903,
0.12648335099220276,
1.3332319259643555,
-0.1760501265525818,
-0.9661489725112915,
0.1511792689561844,
-0.6451943516731262,
0.14094489812850952,
-0.5229628682136536,
0.31569573283195496,
-0.15376810729503632,
-0.1893484890460968,
-0.1704859882593155,
0.8423976302146912,
0.4114154875278473,
0.27630212903022766,
0.7254648208618164,
1.1574923992156982,
-0.6612391471862793,
-0.5500488877296448,
-1.1863209009170532,
0.17521145939826965,
0.08024999499320984,
-0.24223598837852478,
-0.5232948064804077,
-0.4489603340625763,
-0.1436098963022232,
-0.229875847697258,
0.5129439830780029,
-0.13094358146190643,
-0.3203062415122986,
-0.12937061488628387,
-0.03139888495206833,
0.3834912180900574,
-0.8826837539672852,
-0.3527299761772156,
0.21753111481666565,
1.0809344053268433,
-0.052828893065452576,
0.11445190757513046,
0.6355677247047424,
-0.2996036410331726,
-0.24781811237335205,
-0.22801700234413147,
0.044002287089824677,
-0.21874532103538513,
-0.5103203058242798,
0.841901421546936,
-0.5192590951919556,
0.16060025990009308,
0.105168417096138,
-0.44964534044265747,
-0.42521241307258606,
0.45476022362709045,
-0.730800986289978,
0.11896847188472748,
0.7031235694885254,
-0.5588842034339905,
-0.2780293822288513,
0.1632949262857437,
0.36385759711265564,
-0.4652065932750702,
0.4462536871433258,
-0.1286579817533493,
0.3217719495296478,
0.1331598460674286,
0.10053842514753342,
-0.6621859073638916,
-0.25968310236930847,
0.5613904595375061,
-0.6371294260025024,
0.625963032245636,
-0.8325256705284119,
-0.37236329913139343,
-0.46448126435279846,
-0.2729869782924652,
0.9210245609283447,
-0.4865195155143738,
0.6274915933609009,
-0.8806524872779846,
1.081781268119812,
0.35783785581588745,
-0.23933041095733643,
-0.04689018428325653,
0.5939955711364746,
0.24489207565784454,
-0.4090007543563843,
-0.32115495204925537,
1.0591615438461304,
0.02185397408902645,
-0.027937712147831917,
0.3661787211894989,
0.8584585785865784,
-0.5378751754760742,
0.07882193475961685,
0.40656644105911255,
-0.21012192964553833,
-1.3190720081329346,
0.17188866436481476,
0.1398354023694992
]
|
214840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796%20in%20literature | 1796 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1796.
Events
Samuel Ireland publishes a collection of Shakespearean forgeries in his Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments Under the Hand and Seal of William Shakespeare (dated this year but actually produced on 24 December 1795). Edmond Malone exposes them in his An Inquiry into the Authenticity of Certain Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments on 31 March, and the forged 'Shakespearean' play, Vortigern and Rowena, is able to sustain just a single performance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, on 2 April. Ireland's son, William Henry, confesses to the fraud in An Authentic Account of the Shakespearean Manuscripts.
January – Charles Lamb ends a six-week spell in a mental asylum at Hoxton (London).
February 29 – The Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal is established as the Royal Public Library of the Court in Lisbon.
March 1 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge launches his periodical The Watchman; it lasts for only ten issues. In April his first verse collection, Poems on Various Subjects, is published in London.
July 21 – The Scottish national poet, Robert Burns, dies in Dumfries at the age of 37. His funeral (with honours as a military volunteer) takes place on July 25, while his wife, Jean, is in labour with their ninth child together, Maxwell. Burns is at first buried in the far corner of St Michael's Churchyard in Dumfries. The volume of The Scots Musical Museum published this year includes his versions of "Auld Lang Syne" and "Charlie Is My Darling".
July 30 – A performance of a historical drama, Jane Shore, is given in Sydney, Australia; the playbill, printed by George Hughes, is the earliest known surviving item printed in that country.
September 22 – Mary Lamb commits matricide.
October
Jane Austen begins writing First Impressions, the first version of Pride and Prejudice (published 1813).
Caroline von Wolzogen's novel Agnes von Lilien begins anonymous serialization in the monthly Die Horen, edited by her brother-in-law Friedrich Schiller.
New books
Fiction
Robert Bage – Hermsprong: or, Man As He Is Not
Elizabeth Bonhôte – Bungay Castle
Fanny Burney – Camilla
Denis Diderot (died 1784) – Jacques the Fatalist (the first complete edition of the original French, Jacques le fataliste et son maître)
Marquis Carl von Grosse (translated by Peter Will) – Horrid Mysteries (translation of Der Genius)
Elizabeth Hamilton – Translation of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah
Mary Hays – Memoirs of Emma Courtney
Elizabeth Inchbald – Nature and Art
Matthew Lewis – The Monk
Eliza Parsons – The Mysterious Warning, a German Tale
Regina Maria Roche – The Children of the Abbey: a Tale
Jane West (as Prudentia Homespun) – A Gossip's Story, and a Legendary Tale
Children
François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil – Victor, ou l’Enfant de la forêt (Victor, or The Child of the Forest)
Maria Edgeworth – The Parent's Assistant (stories, second volume later in the year)
Jane West – A Gossip's Story, and a Legendary Tale (as Prudentia Homespun)
Drama
Richard Cumberland
Don Pedro
The Days of Yore
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Egmont
Thomas Holcroft
The Force of Ridicule
The Man of Ten Thousand
Robert Jephson – The Conspiracy
Sophia Lee – Almeyda, Queen of Granada
Thomas Morton – The Way to Get Married
Frederic Reynolds – Fortune's Fool
Mary Darby Robinson – The Sicilian Lover
The Iron Chest (adaptation of William Godwin's novel Caleb Williams)
Poetry
Non-fiction
Ralph Broome
Observations on Mr. Paine's Pamphlet Entitled the Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance...
Strictures on Mr. Burke's Two Letters, Addressed to a Member of the Present Parliament
Edmund Burke – A Letter from The Right Honourable Edmund Burke to a Noble Lord, on the Attacks made upon him and his pension
Edward Gibbon – Memoirs of My Life and Writings
Susannah Willard Johnson – A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson (edited by John Curtis Chamberlain)
John Gabriel Stedman – The Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam
Mary Wollstonecraft – Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
Births
January 4 – Henry George Bohn, English bibliographer and publisher (died 1884)
February 17 – Charlotte Anley, English didactic novelist and religious writer (died 1893)
May 1 – Junius Brutus Booth, English-born actor (died 1852)
May 4 – William H. Prescott, American historian (died 1859)
August 19 – Agnes Strickland, English historical writer and poet (died 1874)
September 19 – Hartley Coleridge, English poet, biographer and essayist (died 1849)
July 15 – Thomas Bulfinch, American writer on mythology (died 1867)
November 2 – Frederick Chamier, English novelist and Royal Navy captain (died 1870)
December 19 – Manuel Bretón de los Herreros, Spanish playwright (died 1873)
Deaths
January 13 – John Anderson, Scottish natural philosopher and scientist (born 1726)
February 17 – James Macpherson, Scottish poet (born 1736)
March 6 – Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French philosophical writer (born 1713)
May 6 – Adolf Freiherr Knigge, German writer on etiquette (born 1752)
June 7 – Elisabetta Caminèr Turra, Venetian writer and translator (born 1751)
June 8 – Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, French dramatist (born 1749)
July 21 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet (born 1759)
October 7 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (born 1710)
October 16 – Antoine-Joseph Pernety, French writer and mystic (born 1716)
December 24 – John Maclaurin, Lord Dreghorn, judge and poet (born 1734)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.17639262974262238,
0.321001261472702,
-0.8359982371330261,
-0.11768005043268204,
-0.5742304921150208,
-0.0018118341686204076,
0.8040351271629333,
0.8091859817504883,
-0.8324191570281982,
-0.7348065972328186,
-0.1748456209897995,
-0.021198831498622894,
-0.1407896727323532,
0.10356263816356659,
0.05240664258599281,
-0.03638577088713646,
0.15380585193634033,
-0.15944916009902954,
0.29397132992744446,
-0.5178927183151245,
-0.480161190032959,
0.3453955054283142,
0.30519261956214905,
-0.579291045665741,
0.25814810395240784,
-0.600050687789917,
0.3878573179244995,
-0.5001647472381592,
0.47685933113098145,
-0.0792740136384964,
-0.3081970810890198,
0.4154302477836609,
0.3692197799682617,
0.47043338418006897,
-0.2383822649717331,
-0.21720202267169952,
-0.4670819938182831,
-0.16749994456768036,
0.18648213148117065,
-0.37495729327201843,
-0.27006229758262634,
-0.22597363591194153,
0.6553193926811218,
0.3821559548377991,
-0.02073647268116474,
-0.36445197463035583,
-2.0270700454711914,
-0.0733262225985527,
-0.9515234231948853,
0.26576733589172363,
0.007547029294073582,
0.21837054193019867,
0.8997460603713989,
0.5807307958602905,
-0.5297749638557434,
0.4570784568786621,
-0.6180025935173035,
-0.1828223466873169,
0.04106853902339935,
-0.030462903901934624,
0.5330386757850647,
0.661969780921936,
-0.19373732805252075,
0.18995146453380585,
0.5091128945350647,
-0.2206915020942688,
-0.43938109278678894,
0.4179783761501312,
-0.35243692994117737,
-0.8011537790298462,
0.11481315642595291,
0.0748322531580925,
0.19107671082019806,
0.1232999786734581,
0.32478079199790955,
-0.05452567711472511,
0.36459389328956604,
0.09339368343353271,
-0.3829116225242615,
-0.09571681171655655,
-0.45202532410621643,
0.6896911859512329,
1.000281572341919,
0.28837165236473083,
0.06742803007364273,
-0.06946137547492981,
-0.2152119278907776,
-0.03594548627734184,
0.08401121944189072,
-0.1796453893184662,
0.4577367603778839,
-0.07884948700666428,
0.368190199136734,
-0.12038959562778473,
0.2904202938079834,
0.8108152151107788,
-0.516524612903595,
0.24567772448062897,
-0.4955998659133911,
0.02201467752456665,
-0.09225598722696304,
0.7701706290245056,
0.6837261319160461,
0.033147625625133514,
-0.7365663647651672,
-0.06829490512609482,
0.21358086168766022,
-0.37057986855506897,
0.8157558441162109,
-0.49251604080200195,
-0.018532976508140564,
0.7322824597358704,
-0.253703236579895,
-0.07266015559434891,
0.24918429553508759,
0.61496901512146,
0.5023620128631592,
-0.019736282527446747,
-0.4312707781791687,
0.3036591112613678,
-0.12929680943489075,
0.3643094599246979,
0.1642034649848938,
0.18228577077388763,
-0.5179575681686401,
0.19615046679973602,
0.49007245898246765,
0.5232832431793213,
-0.11020229011774063,
0.45492181181907654,
0.3608127534389496,
1.2992030382156372,
-0.42729154229164124,
-0.32794609665870667,
-0.012857784517109394,
-0.2052043229341507,
0.21454520523548126,
0.8475553393363953,
-0.01920289732515812,
0.173308327794075,
-0.4185507595539093,
0.22052165865898132,
-1.691923975944519,
-0.1991233080625534,
0.007498119026422501,
-0.48991265892982483,
0.35698801279067993,
-0.4945434331893921,
-0.1148996502161026,
-0.26090285181999207,
0.5144844055175781,
-0.40253913402557373,
0.25220194458961487,
0.31492912769317627,
0.05479608103632927,
0.0075622680597007275,
0.22290782630443573,
0.6603642106056213,
0.8239966034889221,
-0.00934096984565258,
-0.05204051360487938,
0.0687476247549057,
-0.1314673125743866,
-0.1264651119709015,
-0.2490760087966919,
-0.26669925451278687,
0.15352870523929596,
-0.12479737401008606,
0.42898938059806824,
-0.31602784991264343,
-0.3357263207435608,
-0.1796402484178543,
0.1474018394947052,
-0.20785251259803772,
0.10267098248004913,
-0.13076938688755035,
0.5885890126228333,
0.7558940052986145,
0.416826069355011,
-0.09141383320093155,
-0.9500051736831665,
-0.025864366441965103,
0.13731861114501953,
-0.7453065514564514,
0.8613406419754028,
0.4096424877643585,
0.8297258615493774,
0.3829204738140106,
-0.219568133354187,
-0.1403493583202362,
-0.6615164875984192,
-0.08492350578308105,
-0.10437197983264923,
-0.3946583867073059,
1.3303334712982178,
0.02096089906990528,
-0.4853888750076294,
0.6028008460998535,
-0.3171703517436981,
0.2367745041847229,
0.0034263881389051676,
-0.05986090376973152,
0.68822181224823,
-0.06327077746391296,
-0.18986083567142487,
0.8220126628875732,
0.06251037865877151,
0.2472640424966812,
0.36276236176490784,
0.5324574112892151,
0.6895795464515686,
-0.26868170499801636,
0.11492639780044556,
0.5356096625328064,
-0.31910231709480286,
0.07126891613006592,
-0.42275962233543396,
0.29695358872413635,
0.2682971954345703,
0.015791209414601326,
0.47916027903556824,
-0.3813210129737854,
0.5010902881622314,
0.6632874608039856,
0.3113747835159302,
0.3976026773452759,
0.020960258319973946,
-0.02359994500875473,
-0.1506783366203308,
-1.0660563707351685,
-0.19713068008422852,
0.1111186072230339,
0.2874864339828491,
-0.465410977602005,
-0.09821474552154541,
0.07988855987787247,
-0.08206012845039368,
-0.37729889154434204,
0.0792469009757042,
-0.2823305130004883,
0.6878417134284973,
-0.3588218688964844,
-0.2123248130083084,
0.5297390222549438,
0.1867886632680893,
0.6099797487258911,
-0.07013392448425293,
-0.31020498275756836,
-0.114336758852005,
-0.7250789403915405,
0.6384216547012329,
0.9335143566131592,
-0.002372716087847948,
-0.40782368183135986,
-0.5534932613372803,
0.06634626537561417,
-0.04626709967851639,
-0.41449984908103943,
0.6246306300163269,
0.3764795660972595,
-0.478140264749527,
-0.0204592514783144,
0.2812490165233612,
0.6265653967857361,
-0.22426608204841614,
0.03396536409854889,
-0.1406218707561493,
-0.8236796259880066,
0.01870770938694477,
-0.11500778794288635,
0.5168145298957825,
0.2834019958972931,
-0.5188889503479004,
-0.6587356925010681,
0.4459702670574188,
0.12404806166887283,
-0.046417485922575,
-0.13203164935112,
-0.4636410176753998,
-0.5732117295265198,
-0.3775239884853363,
0.744144082069397,
0.538804292678833,
-0.4403283894062042,
-0.2802836298942566,
-0.22636659443378448,
0.5264049768447876,
0.03897547349333763,
-0.05423571169376373,
-0.15428321063518524,
-0.2508162260055542,
-0.13464239239692688,
-0.4502067267894745,
-0.2546699047088623,
-0.02680826000869274,
0.2615429759025574,
-0.47508278489112854,
0.39552685618400574,
-0.044865190982818604,
-0.18606626987457275,
-0.48032891750335693,
0.08601082116365433,
-0.09501302987337112,
0.43644043803215027,
0.2389833927154541,
0.03051135689020157,
0.06728389859199524,
0.2776322066783905,
-5.241342544555664,
-0.09845788776874542,
-0.09372802078723907,
-0.44003134965896606,
-0.0980982631444931,
0.32401835918426514,
0.7497969269752502,
-0.43600770831108093,
-0.4086795747280121,
0.10469222813844681,
0.054490625858306885,
-0.27353981137275696,
-0.1087660938501358,
0.8373395800590515,
0.4436723291873932,
0.43112486600875854,
0.4759993255138397,
0.11968016624450684,
-0.21266993880271912,
0.22083570063114166,
0.4474218785762787,
0.20514194667339325,
-0.04506375640630722,
0.11775527894496918,
0.8144291639328003,
0.06899659335613251,
0.2846607565879822,
-0.07460377365350723,
0.1950218379497528,
0.11779092252254486,
0.12555022537708282,
0.30701836943626404,
0.43684834241867065,
-0.12587495148181915,
-0.010623596608638763,
-0.2486518919467926,
0.7350109219551086,
0.8508208990097046,
0.3670996427536011,
-0.078756183385849,
-0.5575609803199768,
0.5503567457199097,
-0.28694266080856323,
0.17822343111038208,
0.18475967645645142,
0.05583210289478302,
-0.21498502790927887,
-0.18787582218647003,
0.017741287127137184,
0.8802538514137268,
0.06513983756303787,
-0.5908893942832947,
0.1895652562379837,
0.3316669166088104,
0.3522697687149048,
-0.19166024029254913,
-0.12931591272354126,
-0.02585257962346077,
-0.4622618854045868,
0.02896011807024479,
0.2703028619289398,
-0.08606608211994171,
0.2997627258300781,
-0.616603672504425,
-0.1560705155134201,
-0.4265912175178528,
-1.217199683189392,
0.1837795227766037,
0.3192693591117859,
0.3671318292617798,
-0.2403797209262848,
0.8355280160903931,
-0.35034123063087463,
-1.01254403591156,
0.13102422654628754,
0.0813145786523819,
-0.35440587997436523,
-0.21067751944065094,
-0.035282108932733536,
-0.03792738541960716,
-0.17117157578468323,
-0.07959268242120743,
0.11290556192398071,
0.7348563075065613,
0.48674827814102173,
-0.28040996193885803,
-0.32863321900367737,
-0.5134451389312744,
-0.989782989025116,
-0.9139453768730164,
0.6703689098358154,
-0.15688863396644592,
-0.013265568763017654,
0.09870024025440216,
0.457926481962204,
0.20081880688667297,
0.6885250210762024,
0.45398589968681335,
0.391794890165329,
-0.49483758211135864,
0.252703994512558,
-0.003999022766947746,
0.11261702328920364,
-0.5145131349563599,
-0.3700445592403412,
-0.16089627146720886,
-0.8593597412109375,
0.534217119216919,
0.7049524188041687,
-0.8800094127655029,
-0.01638825610280037,
-0.0655197724699974,
-0.8499842286109924,
-0.14919348061084747,
0.34403929114341736,
-0.00013737945118919015,
0.22681567072868347,
-0.022235333919525146,
0.05282655730843544,
0.050229109823703766,
0.24934864044189453,
0.3385232985019684,
-0.34096699953079224,
-0.7312021255493164,
-0.3707749843597412,
-0.227788507938385,
-0.08032117038965225,
-0.4088202118873596,
-0.649457573890686,
-0.351561576128006,
0.5871375799179077,
0.18625161051750183,
-0.28985852003097534,
-0.4551369547843933,
0.07127919793128967,
-0.30277177691459656,
-0.2582608759403229,
0.0011887085856869817,
0.29428353905677795,
-0.44543617963790894,
-0.21511423587799072,
-0.45057037472724915,
-0.29079118371009827,
0.009928216226398945,
0.5254771113395691,
0.08310334384441376,
-0.17116589844226837,
-0.2847217321395874,
-0.49489346146583557,
0.7374470829963684,
-0.4330879747867584,
-0.13446636497974396,
0.5179270505905151,
0.24147620797157288,
0.4430825412273407,
-0.08567344397306442,
0.005603693891316652,
0.7052680253982544,
-0.4804155230522156,
-0.7307119369506836,
0.051548633724451065,
-0.2786495089530945,
-1.010130524635315,
0.30691197514533997,
0.17302262783050537,
-0.4370904266834259,
-0.020406169816851616,
0.09648127853870392,
0.034360919147729874,
0.603376567363739,
0.5010592937469482,
-0.3320187032222748,
-0.4195665419101715,
0.30692818760871887,
0.5023847222328186,
-0.23511454463005066,
0.01952565275132656,
0.4600476026535034,
-0.03265491873025894,
-0.24090418219566345,
0.44791319966316223,
-0.6096076369285583,
0.0996924564242363,
0.38039055466651917,
0.7479400634765625,
-0.36699625849723816,
0.13370659947395325,
-0.22663886845111847,
-0.8839476108551025,
0.11033865064382553,
-0.5056737065315247,
0.5279576778411865,
0.6562219858169556,
-0.3417510986328125,
-0.8641576766967773,
-0.3589969575405121,
-0.14305761456489563,
0.28411176800727844,
-0.04499751701951027,
-0.4865410625934601,
0.5988538265228271,
-0.009035863913595676,
-0.10317473858594894,
-0.14889748394489288,
-0.04769241809844971,
-0.9334260821342468,
0.15436726808547974,
-0.5040271282196045,
-0.7716901302337646,
0.732887327671051,
0.09684369713068008,
-0.25461068749427795,
-0.38881000876426697,
0.24990369379520416,
-0.1631094515323639,
0.025347786024212837,
-0.2849339246749878,
0.05602624639868736,
-0.5191353559494019,
-0.17727351188659668,
0.4169074594974518,
-0.010619428008794785,
-0.9534116983413696,
0.10966503620147705,
-0.2737064063549042,
0.16415713727474213,
0.11067064106464386,
-0.7022225856781006,
0.6157596707344055,
-0.7918707132339478,
-0.3929561972618103,
0.04443282634019852,
0.31057262420654297,
-0.04724198952317238,
-0.22356070578098297,
-0.36055225133895874,
0.08273611962795258,
-0.27360445261001587,
-0.05781348794698715,
0.597209095954895,
0.22597196698188782,
0.6715256571769714,
-0.20292532444000244,
-0.089320607483387,
0.023583875969052315,
0.3405827581882477,
0.257678747177124,
-0.37648096680641174,
-0.927955150604248,
-0.07405451685190201,
0.17136317491531372,
-0.23867882788181305,
-0.5028846859931946,
-0.7960677742958069,
0.7842435240745544,
-0.6526980400085449,
-0.7405581474304199,
0.4112960994243622,
0.018329216167330742,
0.11210501194000244,
0.07227490842342377,
0.28250887989997864,
-0.5384524464607239,
0.0991600826382637,
0.7588881850242615,
0.08289962261915207,
0.027151059359312057,
0.32417914271354675,
0.4516189992427826,
0.07439946383237839,
-0.7646450996398926,
-0.7133592963218689,
-0.41191086173057556,
0.4041408598423004,
0.7236189842224121,
-0.27894142270088196,
-0.3873116374015808,
-0.39730104804039,
0.23722222447395325,
-0.3699900209903717,
-0.6101213097572327,
0.028485093265771866,
0.14507760107517242,
-0.2904741168022156,
0.07268765568733215,
-0.633334219455719,
-0.2291981428861618,
-0.13373634219169617,
-0.3624095916748047,
-0.03711662068963051,
0.270984947681427,
-0.17018556594848633,
-0.543712854385376,
-0.3159494996070862,
-0.02183794416487217,
0.500355064868927,
-0.44631320238113403,
-0.17495110630989075,
-0.3062838613986969,
-0.19507448375225067,
-0.29100921750068665,
-0.00827512051910162,
0.4224482774734497,
-0.48999062180519104,
0.8885776400566101,
-0.23241791129112244,
-0.09993843734264374,
-0.29289737343788147,
-0.2811427116394043,
0.01228324230760336,
0.3585885167121887,
0.1981065273284912,
0.05328737571835518,
0.07293381541967392,
-0.41555091738700867,
-0.28215259313583374,
-0.007529259659349918,
-0.5063393712043762,
0.6651902794837952,
-0.10270199179649353,
0.17879962921142578,
0.16542749106884003,
0.6140134334564209,
0.28857776522636414,
-0.7463428974151611,
0.3823844790458679,
-0.3873775601387024,
-0.16767653822898865,
0.16545486450195312,
-0.543840229511261,
0.18152165412902832,
0.400689035654068,
-0.4364135265350342,
0.6926600933074951,
-0.18341979384422302,
-0.5197008848190308,
0.0837600827217102,
-0.5237601399421692,
-0.08402599394321442,
0.2825605273246765,
0.6817155480384827,
0.14604397118091583,
0.480876088142395,
0.20616479218006134,
0.08322473615407944,
-0.02556060254573822,
-0.08549544960260391,
0.17003944516181946,
-0.13123798370361328,
-0.13720326125621796,
0.5163599848747253,
0.8309559226036072,
0.6301040053367615,
-0.3039020597934723,
0.38039982318878174,
-0.2410479635000229,
-0.16461017727851868,
-0.2447139471769333,
0.3961121439933777,
-0.8914610743522644,
0.4547378718852997,
0.3409285843372345,
0.2452424317598343,
-0.17874427139759064,
0.5262067914009094,
0.5872274041175842,
-0.17587119340896606,
0.47851455211639404,
-0.07796414941549301,
-0.253156453371048,
0.3422081768512726,
-0.3740636110305786,
-0.01352115161716938,
-0.557318925857544,
-0.23890045285224915,
0.9385003447532654,
0.6832084655761719,
0.03591173514723778,
0.24989773333072662,
-0.13031001389026642,
-0.25203144550323486,
0.2945447862148285,
-0.15669840574264526,
-0.30533504486083984,
0.2850351631641388,
-0.12832102179527283,
0.15886490046977997,
0.548753023147583,
-0.01761382818222046,
-0.7752436995506287,
-0.10192478448152542,
-0.25324323773384094,
-0.09554465860128403,
-0.10304657369852066,
-1.1921097040176392,
0.042160678654909134,
-0.2162945717573166,
1.7669166326522827,
-0.17795737087726593,
-0.2587502598762512,
-0.24101844429969788,
-0.5363497734069824,
-0.21012184023857117,
0.22301755845546722,
-0.4851575493812561,
0.7758184671401978,
-0.5748227834701538,
0.35211214423179626,
-0.8234969973564148,
0.8329105973243713,
0.1626361608505249,
0.4379194676876068,
0.1038421019911766,
0.5844119191169739,
-0.5555864572525024,
-0.3046114146709442,
0.39038795232772827,
-0.3450978100299835,
-0.22390486299991608,
0.28172239661216736,
-0.18830056488513947,
0.13174444437026978,
0.25970327854156494,
0.23349258303642273,
-0.6799182295799255,
0.24953065812587738,
0.09056729823350906,
0.4602276384830475,
0.3640955090522766,
0.10661644488573074,
-0.13869436085224152,
-0.46873077750205994,
-1.1374324560165405,
0.085626520216465,
-0.26509222388267517,
0.9967190027236938,
0.8611583113670349,
0.4155483543872833,
0.03321902081370354,
-0.47939375042915344,
-0.3219996988773346,
-0.13961727917194366,
0.170773446559906,
0.14001750946044922,
-2.0556488037109375,
0.07458506524562836,
0.10038766264915466,
0.020955242216587067,
-0.2326715886592865,
0.5215111374855042,
0.006827278528362513,
0.03079753741621971,
-0.07695235311985016,
-0.31255605816841125,
0.3129885196685791,
0.21617281436920166,
0.32365357875823975,
-1.145224690437317,
0.37538206577301025,
0.3762829005718231
]
|
214841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Lucas | Scott Lucas | Scott Lucas is the name of:
Scott W. Lucas (1892–1968), U.S. Senator and Senate Majority Leader from Illinois
Scott Lucas (footballer) (born 1977), Australian footballer
Scott Lucas (musician) (born 1970), founding member of Local H
Professor Scott Lucas, UK-based political science scholar and editor of EA WorldView | [
0.02152220718562603,
0.8543136119842529,
-0.712007462978363,
-0.07540177553892136,
0.03297892585396767,
0.14596237242221832,
0.575229287147522,
0.2809664309024811,
-0.15073873102664948,
-0.32770872116088867,
-0.11452806740999222,
-0.1829412281513214,
0.10025602579116821,
0.16350504755973816,
-0.18333175778388977,
0.3512731194496155,
-0.3030315637588501,
0.5097663998603821,
0.05538312718272209,
-0.2977379560470581,
-0.07143178582191467,
-0.6095504760742188,
-0.018426498398184776,
0.0018985774368047714,
0.07143959403038025,
0.3813885748386383,
0.5677080750465393,
-0.02961762808263302,
0.016680650413036346,
0.034114398062229156,
0.08972861617803574,
0.3951624035835266,
0.6739721298217773,
-0.571522057056427,
-0.13140374422073364,
0.05129913613200188,
0.03823276236653328,
0.08645562082529068,
0.3122578263282776,
-0.15885627269744873,
0.36812934279441833,
-0.22297640144824982,
0.0829300731420517,
-0.13270553946495056,
0.4052813947200775,
-0.2306220978498459,
-1.9208539724349976,
-0.04478054493665695,
-0.29644009470939636,
-0.5251104235649109,
0.11393753439188004,
0.35680532455444336,
0.13536542654037476,
0.48103541135787964,
-0.20006230473518372,
0.3456464409828186,
0.12826450169086456,
0.060833368450403214,
0.3524439036846161,
-0.011077608913183212,
0.3844570815563202,
-0.03283138945698738,
0.09707784652709961,
0.4144163727760315,
-0.12886810302734375,
0.26792722940444946,
-0.040497612208127975,
0.44544461369514465,
-0.010309196077287197,
0.023033224046230316,
-0.07027433812618256,
0.030872946605086327,
0.3701339066028595,
-0.1117040291428566,
0.029157286509871483,
0.3301149308681488,
0.07184483855962753,
0.11933466792106628,
0.09636050462722778,
0.20303264260292053,
-0.07719593495130539,
-0.058158863335847855,
0.13512030243873596,
0.11121862381696701,
0.18576720356941223,
-0.07958462834358215,
-0.4351765513420105,
-0.34993255138397217,
0.16606254875659943,
0.41971418261528015,
-0.5049273371696472,
0.1332157552242279,
-0.25677141547203064,
0.1778963804244995,
0.3430888056755066,
-0.10038090497255325,
-0.14948399364948273,
0.2744341790676117,
0.24263688921928406,
0.5257992744445801,
-0.15999174118041992,
0.09928279370069504,
0.2513614594936371,
0.1936628371477127,
-0.23623177409172058,
0.11094816029071808,
-0.3182685375213623,
0.15897086262702942,
-0.08677741885185242,
-1.7385978698730469,
-0.0701063722372055,
0.27110764384269714,
0.2362002730369568,
-0.20063376426696777,
0.32514405250549316,
0.15541929006576538,
0.2647375762462616,
-0.36998629570007324,
-0.15722794830799103,
0.1088157519698143,
-0.3355468213558197,
1.1430726051330566,
-0.2789837718009949,
0.07239264994859695,
0.033592015504837036,
0.4868156313896179,
0.08443108201026917,
-0.17499996721744537,
-0.5545958876609802,
0.12193429470062256,
0.1785048544406891,
0.5789969563484192,
0.2427799254655838,
0.10499709099531174,
-0.5752206444740295,
-0.2869226336479187,
0.32334044575691223,
0.0010491653811186552,
-0.5288159847259521,
-0.2436525672674179,
-0.41889485716819763,
-0.21028855443000793,
-2.196990966796875,
0.398000031709671,
0.37267404794692993,
0.17892475426197052,
-0.07787294685840607,
0.028711726889014244,
0.3317181468009949,
0.23883484303951263,
0.3044135868549347,
0.026899605989456177,
-0.047025762498378754,
0.2858169376850128,
-0.29992568492889404,
0.6599934697151184,
0.2511245608329773,
-0.2489863485097885,
0.5430116057395935,
0.4180046319961548,
-0.278401643037796,
0.39259448647499084,
-0.07644250988960266,
-0.030599668622016907,
0.49186649918556213,
0.12762245535850525,
-0.0698952004313469,
-0.3380763828754425,
-0.1127864420413971,
-0.32892951369285583,
-0.5504465103149414,
-0.19068002700805664,
-0.1290791779756546,
-0.48001396656036377,
0.16504095494747162,
-0.12839050590991974,
0.2580576539039612,
0.20123466849327087,
0.05342702567577362,
-0.3119426667690277,
-0.19347871840000153,
0.03882263973355293,
-0.20560584962368011,
-0.11845888942480087,
0.11225336790084839,
0.29886138439178467,
0.430707722902298,
0.019309887662529945,
0.24370414018630981,
0.2119830846786499,
-0.4583236277103424,
-0.6496071219444275,
0.325836718082428,
-0.22698144614696503,
0.8145018815994263,
0.09914997220039368,
-0.31828543543815613,
-0.032012417912483215,
0.48502734303474426,
0.7619491815567017,
-0.20045548677444458,
-0.43030431866645813,
0.30535727739334106,
-0.3008419871330261,
-0.186754047870636,
2.458529472351074,
0.6175248026847839,
0.11526095867156982,
0.2647964656352997,
0.32494258880615234,
0.28299906849861145,
0.08737517893314362,
0.18483966588974,
0.047774847596883774,
-0.16459360718727112,
0.0073762512765824795,
0.11539741605520248,
-0.20700424909591675,
0.0882888212800026,
-0.4080398976802826,
0.18737240135669708,
-0.30281028151512146,
-0.1895999163389206,
0.4409392774105072,
0.0482812374830246,
0.8237853050231934,
0.2715699374675751,
0.3404121994972229,
-0.014763792045414448,
-0.901426374912262,
-0.46376311779022217,
0.3078947067260742,
-0.05597827956080437,
-0.3235494792461395,
0.2517237663269043,
-0.28490087389945984,
0.1329536736011505,
-0.3222523033618927,
0.12813737988471985,
0.017377106472849846,
0.34500032663345337,
-0.002611729549244046,
-0.18012861907482147,
-0.23140262067317963,
-0.1011233925819397,
0.23084110021591187,
-0.28622880578041077,
0.2531462609767914,
0.27383407950401306,
0.07850445806980133,
0.719273567199707,
0.1910850554704666,
0.3937849700450897,
-0.22343827784061432,
0.007423421833664179,
0.15542162954807281,
0.1107834205031395,
-0.33198073506355286,
-0.38097092509269714,
0.0630151629447937,
-0.176513671875,
0.008586381562054157,
0.009738197550177574,
0.15793928503990173,
-0.07113882899284363,
-0.4669281840324402,
-0.4443150460720062,
0.06822032481431961,
0.36151209473609924,
0.44432324171066284,
-0.057723116129636765,
0.10440954566001892,
-0.11206402629613876,
-2.450587034225464,
-0.15810687839984894,
0.2946310043334961,
-0.1581057906150818,
0.3050096035003662,
-0.3348708152770996,
-0.23783089220523834,
0.3110214173793793,
0.4693378806114197,
-0.11196541786193848,
-0.1260008066892624,
-0.25566694140434265,
-0.0912880226969719,
0.1016550287604332,
0.3049885332584381,
-0.19023185968399048,
0.013973222114145756,
0.06303343921899796,
-0.27534380555152893,
-0.10957370698451996,
0.45682865381240845,
-0.02477242611348629,
0.21142780780792236,
0.15448403358459473,
-0.45587706565856934,
0.012902563437819481,
-0.48521700501441956,
-0.055840589106082916,
0.22253912687301636,
-0.45633935928344727,
-0.04089248552918434,
0.7230222225189209,
0.31996095180511475,
-0.6159579157829285,
-0.03529132902622223,
-5.115532875061035,
-0.06566684693098068,
-0.26071450114250183,
-0.0198354609310627,
0.12152888625860214,
-0.13679765164852142,
0.10118236392736435,
-0.637764573097229,
0.004590568132698536,
-0.13860508799552917,
-0.09225193411111832,
-0.18178784847259521,
0.06285620480775833,
0.14664185047149658,
0.6907253265380859,
0.15357635915279388,
0.8185021281242371,
0.2272414118051529,
0.47060468792915344,
0.23621778190135956,
0.04858965426683426,
0.13453662395477295,
-0.5255498886108398,
-0.10677441209554672,
0.21597157418727875,
0.31529462337493896,
0.10196948796510696,
0.07813968509435654,
-0.5867484211921692,
-0.18316563963890076,
0.028739796951413155,
-0.1476583331823349,
-0.5122389197349548,
-0.17960864305496216,
-0.41906657814979553,
-0.24095378816127777,
0.151179239153862,
0.28392359614372253,
0.5345500707626343,
0.057503730058670044,
-0.466481477022171,
0.0818437710404396,
-0.5943700671195984,
0.08657679706811905,
-0.05841885879635811,
0.18136894702911377,
-0.6670450568199158,
0.10947961360216141,
-0.635552704334259,
0.2724153697490692,
0.09909514337778091,
-0.45275649428367615,
1.1429556608200073,
0.18361616134643555,
0.38694319128990173,
-0.4250323176383972,
0.6941418647766113,
-0.25749921798706055,
-0.5521423816680908,
0.2646525800228119,
0.5581196546554565,
-0.48402532935142517,
0.5347762107849121,
-0.16505444049835205,
-0.2913702130317688,
-0.6696834564208984,
0.48893457651138306,
-0.46382850408554077,
-0.11280227452516556,
0.1573878973722458,
-0.14549551904201508,
0.13218876719474792,
0.01652057096362114,
-1.05945885181427,
0.3526146113872528,
0.24765998125076294,
-0.7334076762199402,
0.38089460134506226,
0.03936058655381203,
-0.01397878210991621,
-0.351584792137146,
0.08161776512861252,
-0.17924320697784424,
0.5836780071258545,
-0.11981517821550369,
0.0003811639326158911,
-0.22156445682048798,
0.3789319396018982,
0.049923673272132874,
-0.11881531029939651,
-0.20943967998027802,
0.007759778294712305,
0.17059984803199768,
0.14222344756126404,
0.3612624704837799,
0.159133180975914,
0.6099153161048889,
-0.532663881778717,
0.4417356252670288,
-0.5285856127738953,
0.2754532992839813,
-0.3449093699455261,
-0.23391969501972198,
-0.6540704965591431,
-0.1787337362766266,
-0.0007057128241285682,
-0.3516014814376831,
0.14615733921527863,
0.34630849957466125,
0.34373703598976135,
-0.23705410957336426,
-0.18096749484539032,
-0.4159604012966156,
0.29876455664634705,
0.2523629367351532,
-0.2350846379995346,
0.2950587570667267,
0.0652405396103859,
0.29058897495269775,
0.3654337525367737,
0.05625086650252342,
0.15505486726760864,
0.14575307071208954,
-0.23752014338970184,
0.1011752113699913,
-0.24647487699985504,
-0.027578577399253845,
-0.5191917419433594,
-0.5477805137634277,
0.43754470348358154,
0.19909130036830902,
0.4097895622253418,
0.09085724502801895,
-0.2374313622713089,
-0.3422496020793915,
-0.17922569811344147,
-0.25455495715141296,
-0.2444407045841217,
0.27139684557914734,
-0.23031961917877197,
0.11023260653018951,
0.3098371922969818,
0.20718014240264893,
0.02967027574777603,
0.29441773891448975,
0.40919867157936096,
0.02127675712108612,
-0.4378671646118164,
-0.5475084185600281,
0.03407403081655502,
-0.4208405017852783,
-0.8071920275688171,
0.6205358505249023,
-0.3747423589229584,
-0.21803832054138184,
0.17333318293094635,
-0.09244615584611893,
0.13005593419075012,
-0.30936166644096375,
0.3021340072154999,
0.02477254904806614,
-0.22508303821086884,
-0.9960874319076538,
0.52445387840271,
0.17815500497817993,
-0.2758137881755829,
-0.16679205000400543,
-0.09870098531246185,
-0.32982251048088074,
0.48442506790161133,
0.21846328675746918,
-0.38444948196411133,
-0.5236586332321167,
0.06580785661935806,
0.44472771883010864,
-0.06692719459533691,
-0.12621375918388367,
-0.1560954600572586,
0.45685234665870667,
-0.39456936717033386,
-0.3770131766796112,
0.16106311976909637,
-0.44461774826049805,
0.5349810123443604,
0.47954463958740234,
-0.3179072141647339,
-0.43067243695259094,
-0.5595123171806335,
-0.3229677379131317,
0.18569016456604004,
-0.0009692995809018612,
-0.002535546198487282,
0.5328647494316101,
0.5526762008666992,
-0.2446284294128418,
0.016604771837592125,
0.361206978559494,
0.11261261254549026,
0.16832421720027924,
-0.35758742690086365,
0.022157635539770126,
0.4193512797355652,
-0.4227335453033447,
0.26809391379356384,
-0.09777307510375977,
-0.580146849155426,
-0.26823604106903076,
0.10959657281637192,
-0.37795084714889526,
0.24527481198310852,
0.2211170792579651,
-0.6601314544677734,
0.02013673074543476,
0.513235867023468,
0.21225744485855103,
-0.1389583945274353,
0.6310995817184448,
-0.03440243378281593,
-0.33347204327583313,
-0.4221688508987427,
-0.13503500819206238,
-0.40966084599494934,
-0.09720713645219803,
-0.16119322180747986,
-0.10254331678152084,
0.3003958761692047,
-0.1259068250656128,
-0.32307037711143494,
0.37163299322128296,
-0.00911719910800457,
-0.3690774440765381,
0.08194193989038467,
0.42951178550720215,
0.18860448896884918,
-0.13545937836170197,
0.06555679440498352,
-0.3510109484195709,
0.619809627532959,
-0.5100298523902893,
-0.12949849665164948,
0.367889940738678,
0.794613778591156,
0.1287212371826172,
-0.4521349370479584,
0.08290703594684601,
-0.14789515733718872,
0.32844260334968567,
-0.12134379893541336,
-0.019663581624627113,
0.398985356092453,
0.31653252243995667,
-0.67003333568573,
-0.15278801321983337,
-0.5496801137924194,
1.0436205863952637,
-0.40115198493003845,
-0.4019043445587158,
-0.14767511188983917,
0.25292009115219116,
-0.007986463606357574,
0.12716184556484222,
0.25384071469306946,
0.04967636987566948,
0.2597994804382324,
-0.48913273215293884,
0.31993216276168823,
-0.11077086627483368,
-0.327877402305603,
0.44017866253852844,
-0.491071492433548,
-0.0733046904206276,
-0.252969890832901,
0.26241403818130493,
1.0810837745666504,
-0.17725694179534912,
0.13108636438846588,
0.08155959099531174,
0.1249278336763382,
-0.17526403069496155,
-0.3483564257621765,
1.060338020324707,
0.2217596173286438,
-0.02550456114113331,
-0.528954803943634,
0.2997502088546753,
-0.08709922432899475,
-0.2055445909500122,
0.15206389129161835,
-0.1040380671620369,
-0.017308060079813004,
-0.3460388779640198,
0.09513640403747559,
-0.13606217503547668,
0.003441528184339404,
-0.37403079867362976,
0.010190263390541077,
-0.2836443781852722,
0.11218193173408508,
-0.35293862223625183,
-0.17739202082157135,
-0.2758162021636963,
0.7330317497253418,
0.2855079770088196,
0.20677602291107178,
0.2369551807641983,
0.1791480928659439,
-0.08728155493736267,
-0.4106311798095703,
0.3296108543872833,
-0.3847455382347107,
0.07374536246061325,
-0.0008360134088434279,
-0.07889317721128464,
-0.12412553280591965,
-0.30360227823257446,
0.11535286158323288,
0.47121986746788025,
-0.3859212398529053,
-0.15596047043800354,
0.2540135383605957,
0.09680163115262985,
-0.24510729312896729,
0.5945647358894348,
-0.006293520797044039,
-0.20980267226696014,
0.5861213803291321,
0.15997183322906494,
-0.553175151348114,
0.027216559275984764,
0.16705864667892456,
-0.15142156183719635,
-0.3568412661552429,
-0.33872684836387634,
0.5320053696632385,
-0.31869539618492126,
0.08756817132234573,
0.20928213000297546,
-0.6120442152023315,
-0.07696151733398438,
0.6744444370269775,
-0.14478082954883575,
0.38866451382637024,
0.28141501545906067,
0.32846391201019287,
0.25855711102485657,
-0.2916499078273773,
-0.18651628494262695,
0.4279748201370239,
0.10865993797779083,
0.001444058958441019,
-0.26803237199783325,
-0.09145750850439072,
-0.0940755307674408,
0.030363431200385094,
-0.4486086666584015,
-0.30486324429512024,
0.34748873114585876,
-0.20178861916065216,
-0.24877767264842987,
-1.9393521547317505,
0.17210716009140015,
-0.6181222200393677,
0.45798230171203613,
0.08173961192369461,
0.18637847900390625,
-0.19513951241970062,
0.10688264667987823,
-0.07309520989656448,
-0.255930095911026,
0.5997397899627686,
0.09159591794013977,
0.3397139608860016,
0.2474653571844101,
0.5856156349182129,
0.2759881615638733,
-0.1650453358888626,
0.2757686674594879,
-0.1803566813468933,
-0.1735527515411377,
-0.03885379061102867,
0.3646243214607239,
-0.0364593006670475,
-0.20944760739803314,
-0.0011182221351191401,
0.48786869645118713,
-0.4036828875541687,
-0.018209366127848625,
0.4836883842945099,
0.15099787712097168,
-0.3960696756839752,
0.7414710521697998,
-0.3475812077522278,
-0.27284231781959534,
-0.13921807706356049,
-0.31164315342903137,
0.31231260299682617,
-0.6919814348220825,
0.5451086163520813,
0.48060086369514465,
-0.32686322927474976,
-0.004536124877631664,
0.09716521203517914,
0.342268705368042,
0.014676231890916824,
-0.6942970156669617,
-0.20273321866989136,
-0.25666317343711853,
0.015057289972901344,
-0.2701939046382904,
0.5610920786857605,
-0.1451561450958252,
0.05988388881087303,
-0.06950826197862625,
-0.08200622349977493,
-0.31567421555519104,
-0.009338601492345333,
0.5017163753509521,
-0.6461789608001709,
0.3095055818557739,
0.1689462959766388,
-0.01920957863330841,
0.1932530403137207,
0.02708333171904087,
0.35020679235458374,
-0.0862196832895279,
-0.2223467230796814,
-0.2600797414779663,
0.03123284876346588,
-0.07974649965763092,
0.08264703303575516,
0.27228498458862305,
-0.33478862047195435,
-0.14860911667346954,
0.4988589286804199,
0.03369537740945816,
-0.11808610707521439,
0.6301742792129517,
0.4840381443500519,
0.24217107892036438,
-0.21527093648910522,
0.03406005725264549,
-0.3988588750362396,
-0.3946990370750427,
0.17743991315364838,
-5.197994232177734,
0.16087497770786285,
0.419170081615448,
-0.4483203887939453,
0.6452216506004333,
0.6022982597351074,
0.3708629310131073,
0.0782364159822464,
-0.3658325672149658,
0.22559352219104767,
0.09922084957361221,
0.38367706537246704,
-0.31004786491394043,
-0.6015117764472961,
0.5188761949539185,
0.1759103387594223
]
|
214843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Daniels%20%28drummer%29 | Joe Daniels (drummer) | Joseph William Daniels (born August 4, 1970) is an American rock drummer best known as the original drummer for Local H, from 1987 until July 1999.
Career
Daniels and his friends Scott Lucas and Matthew "Matt" Garcia started jamming in 1987, while attending high school in Zion, Illinois. They eventually formed Local H in 1990. When Garcia left the band in 1993, he was not replaced, and the band continued as a duo. To complete the band's sound, Lucas had a high school friend modify his guitar by adding a bass pickup. In 1999, Daniels decided to depart Local H. His last show with the band was at Chicago's The Metro on June 24, 1999.
Daniels then joined the band Stendec in 1999, lasting until they disbanded in 2001. From 2001 to 2004 Daniels was a founding member of The Black Panels. From 2005 to 2007 Daniels worked with the band Bruiser, recording an album with them.
Daniels married in 2006 and had a son the following year. After their son's birth, Daniels and his wife opened a boutique in a Chicago suburb and in 2009, started a children's T-shirt line.
Beginning in April 2016, Daniels toured with Local H to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album As Good as Dead.
Discography
Ham Fisted (1995)
As Good as Dead (1996)
Pack Up the Cats (1998)
The '92 Demos (2000)
References
External links
1970 births
African-American drummers
African-American rock musicians
Alternative rock drummers
American alternative rock musicians
American rock drummers
Living people
Local H members
Musicians from Illinois
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Island Records artists
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians | [
0.1581958532333374,
0.43961670994758606,
-0.4058499336242676,
-0.13565316796302795,
0.29474136233329773,
0.15802767872810364,
0.683445394039154,
-0.3362019658088684,
-0.6176232099533081,
-0.5165388584136963,
0.1997254341840744,
0.32805290818214417,
-0.35085004568099976,
-0.3008877635002136,
-0.3419554829597473,
0.02496534213423729,
0.6663030982017517,
-0.01123189739882946,
-0.7348807454109192,
-0.2326044887304306,
0.14207634329795837,
-0.2723771631717682,
0.4196563959121704,
0.28127920627593994,
-0.21847224235534668,
0.635718047618866,
-0.4717197120189667,
0.14567553997039795,
0.6232754588127136,
0.22359558939933777,
0.4001867175102234,
0.6697296500205994,
0.6701101064682007,
-1.109528660774231,
-0.2205946445465088,
0.21552693843841553,
0.03741682693362236,
0.40182921290397644,
0.3812861144542694,
-0.22419802844524384,
0.014070346020162106,
-0.2507571876049042,
-0.025085657835006714,
0.020124860107898712,
-0.055202290415763855,
-0.13995878398418427,
-1.2027645111083984,
-0.08060809224843979,
-0.5993096232414246,
-0.6719198226928711,
0.21248465776443481,
-0.027190085500478745,
-0.682918131351471,
0.18798872828483582,
-0.10615742206573486,
-0.5189910531044006,
0.029782162979245186,
-0.14527477324008942,
-0.31783536076545715,
-0.2374599277973175,
-0.33746519684791565,
-0.4596523642539978,
-0.1670219451189041,
-0.41780462861061096,
0.12016120553016663,
0.6237393617630005,
0.42585018277168274,
0.22571519017219543,
-0.03688778355717659,
0.14199858903884888,
0.20420101284980774,
0.17052210867404938,
0.39015519618988037,
-0.3302108645439148,
0.26568490266799927,
0.40909019112586975,
0.12044861167669296,
-0.17941097915172577,
-0.3325796127319336,
0.4945903718471527,
-0.17014341056346893,
0.19848403334617615,
1.430439829826355,
0.13269290328025818,
-0.20338626205921173,
-0.019461674615740776,
-0.2992316782474518,
0.25898557901382446,
-0.3815993368625641,
0.5639696717262268,
-0.590822160243988,
-0.467890202999115,
0.7046663761138916,
0.658526599407196,
-0.25561028718948364,
0.09051410108804703,
0.27532270550727844,
0.6370099186897278,
0.5982893109321594,
-0.2938689887523651,
-0.0057197739370167255,
-0.33858615159988403,
0.17547449469566345,
-0.2741365432739258,
-0.34009671211242676,
-0.2780868411064148,
0.2955573499202728,
-0.27074873447418213,
-0.928455650806427,
-0.4165195822715759,
-0.449585884809494,
-0.10876821726560593,
0.19350512325763702,
-0.5324616432189941,
0.30452752113342285,
1.0759541988372803,
0.31705212593078613,
-0.35517632961273193,
-0.5745653510093689,
0.055571816861629486,
-0.177867129445076,
0.42626291513442993,
-0.430850088596344,
0.6978947520256042,
-0.8188872337341309,
0.4282718002796173,
0.537759006023407,
0.06721879541873932,
0.3629707992076874,
0.0020157089456915855,
-0.5729798078536987,
1.4263637065887451,
0.8014527559280396,
-0.032792750746011734,
-0.05063134804368019,
-0.06625127047300339,
0.07224412262439728,
-0.15221889317035675,
-0.7053012847900391,
0.48242858052253723,
0.17041023075580597,
-0.03447864204645157,
0.08057963103055954,
-0.46373218297958374,
0.08703514188528061,
0.11231440305709839,
-0.17320436239242554,
-0.14963765442371368,
0.4158429205417633,
0.6204052567481995,
0.5359436273574829,
0.18901948630809784,
-0.5753743648529053,
-0.15594814717769623,
-0.4305691123008728,
0.5847360491752625,
-0.10140271484851837,
-0.3995864689350128,
0.22263431549072266,
0.09600144624710083,
-0.043653037399053574,
0.11209528148174286,
-0.09782471507787704,
-0.051301661878824234,
0.44584688544273376,
-0.38073334097862244,
-0.3478694558143616,
-0.17792725563049316,
-0.28715285658836365,
-0.7517433762550354,
0.08445336669683456,
-0.17905445396900177,
-0.1301913559436798,
-0.006679832004010677,
-0.05401356890797615,
-0.05769854038953781,
1.5449535846710205,
0.5106272101402283,
0.06654252111911774,
0.0424218587577343,
-0.36710304021835327,
-0.4396565556526184,
0.2368878871202469,
-0.3087582290172577,
0.9510977268218994,
-0.021677639335393906,
0.27667421102523804,
-0.3786459267139435,
0.5262060165405273,
-0.3235129415988922,
-0.1931302547454834,
-0.6830205321311951,
0.06529897451400757,
-0.12198640406131744,
0.5125990509986877,
0.3895552456378937,
-0.5478160381317139,
0.36526966094970703,
1.0277868509292603,
0.5349724888801575,
0.2932871878147125,
-0.3671466112136841,
0.4114428162574768,
0.04838356003165245,
-0.15606854856014252,
0.10929439961910248,
0.5170097947120667,
-0.5901028513908386,
-0.4015956223011017,
0.820400059223175,
0.5530922412872314,
-0.8766059279441833,
-0.19123487174510956,
0.5055409669876099,
-0.3951915204524994,
-0.6253736019134521,
-0.12767259776592255,
-0.25687798857688904,
0.25086498260498047,
-0.5427594184875488,
0.8449875116348267,
0.23944400250911713,
0.036865197122097015,
0.55244380235672,
-0.3188667297363281,
0.7035993337631226,
0.1286502629518509,
-0.2707889676094055,
-0.1746671497821808,
-0.3001651167869568,
-0.027583597227931023,
0.009683527983725071,
-0.25058841705322266,
-0.46163210272789,
0.17316463589668274,
0.2889586091041565,
0.4420333504676819,
-0.3292762041091919,
-0.5274820327758789,
-0.17477811872959137,
0.29927942156791687,
0.3636799156665802,
-0.45937204360961914,
-0.024233849719166756,
0.23763129115104675,
0.3878338038921356,
0.133069708943367,
-0.43476662039756775,
-0.8107773065567017,
0.6937339305877686,
-0.3993755280971527,
-0.005560358054935932,
0.6996646523475647,
-0.5299419164657593,
0.15378274023532867,
0.24748945236206055,
0.6787194609642029,
-0.019501473754644394,
-0.1577446460723877,
0.07519418746232986,
-0.13027982413768768,
-0.29397764801979065,
0.4526282250881195,
-0.20817267894744873,
-0.5826539397239685,
-0.6142020225524902,
0.08629157394170761,
-0.35799548029899597,
0.3089694678783417,
-0.1340589076280594,
0.337759792804718,
0.06935858726501465,
0.2589013874530792,
0.4416665732860565,
0.08818669617176056,
-0.3901059329509735,
-0.5057770609855652,
-0.6182166934013367,
0.08989133685827255,
-1.3462612628936768,
0.9942150712013245,
1.3087587356567383,
-0.21020448207855225,
-0.7132630944252014,
-0.03161618858575821,
-0.14099958539009094,
-0.1706286370754242,
-0.34559521079063416,
0.145247682929039,
-0.3785635232925415,
-0.44634005427360535,
0.5242024660110474,
-0.39570701122283936,
0.30959421396255493,
0.17454759776592255,
0.13814154267311096,
0.5165525674819946,
-0.34837841987609863,
0.02074630931019783,
0.38272330164909363,
-0.6986408829689026,
0.0074144634418189526,
-0.36812475323677063,
0.41565412282943726,
0.5731399059295654,
-0.19774660468101501,
0.21050722897052765,
-0.7372660636901855,
-5.32120418548584,
0.2645510137081146,
0.07185935974121094,
-0.14106115698814392,
0.19281600415706635,
0.39854034781455994,
0.29647594690322876,
-0.5563786625862122,
0.3955501616001129,
-0.10880637168884277,
-0.3943411409854889,
0.42030611634254456,
0.15195319056510925,
0.4208213984966278,
-0.19021856784820557,
-0.2945929169654846,
0.48744672536849976,
-0.3664245903491974,
0.40450021624565125,
-0.29101136326789856,
-0.10836634784936905,
-0.1550690233707428,
0.15998224914073944,
-0.11545448005199432,
-0.10582935810089111,
0.5255793333053589,
-0.1525704264640808,
0.6546655297279358,
-0.8749178647994995,
-0.340470552444458,
-0.4345066249370575,
-0.2510417103767395,
-0.5230538249015808,
-0.3859650194644928,
-0.22545863687992096,
-0.30224570631980896,
0.28494077920913696,
0.08339215070009232,
0.207952082157135,
-0.510431706905365,
0.613610029220581,
0.14217838644981384,
-0.4596784710884094,
-0.26390624046325684,
-0.058208610862493515,
0.018769007176160812,
-0.2258569896221161,
-0.3030482530593872,
-0.714148223400116,
0.9172552227973938,
0.58060222864151,
-0.2837253510951996,
0.5886486172676086,
0.04964914917945862,
0.2280699759721756,
-0.32173874974250793,
0.26979321241378784,
0.6602795124053955,
0.03475010022521019,
0.13937948644161224,
0.0791037380695343,
-0.44985395669937134,
-0.3904322385787964,
-0.5035662055015564,
-0.26407039165496826,
-0.3484770655632019,
0.028764156624674797,
0.26813805103302,
0.544234573841095,
0.010643047280609608,
0.3252430856227875,
0.19341379404067993,
0.1892169713973999,
-1.278918981552124,
0.42882293462753296,
-0.23232713341712952,
0.0773078054189682,
0.3896956145763397,
-1.0431101322174072,
0.12010964006185532,
-0.27505695819854736,
-0.6508304476737976,
0.40612924098968506,
0.30583932995796204,
0.07595494389533997,
-0.013345619663596153,
-0.36450010538101196,
0.7131161689758301,
-0.0143657261505723,
-0.2593986392021179,
0.5238398909568787,
-0.39564916491508484,
-0.141386941075325,
0.36234599351882935,
0.6269909143447876,
0.19427022337913513,
0.7819868922233582,
0.435024231672287,
0.5464240312576294,
0.1543407440185547,
-0.018324224278330803,
-0.251164972782135,
0.1205858588218689,
-1.0515700578689575,
0.017469655722379684,
-0.10278608649969101,
-0.5247705578804016,
0.024367770180106163,
0.31690046191215515,
0.4169141948223114,
0.37037691473960876,
-0.058012668043375015,
-0.8444476127624512,
-0.1293417066335678,
0.09683326631784439,
-0.22492875158786774,
-0.5284186601638794,
-0.2803589701652527,
0.24490225315093994,
0.39528512954711914,
-0.2853069305419922,
0.2613168954849243,
0.3509522080421448,
0.0437716543674469,
0.5293756127357483,
-0.37191978096961975,
0.035114578902721405,
0.7870085835456848,
-0.0016132203163579106,
-0.2787277102470398,
0.055314186960458755,
0.8015962839126587,
-0.18158620595932007,
0.9546350240707397,
0.38539424538612366,
-0.1621430665254593,
-0.8724973797798157,
-0.33286672830581665,
0.4751549959182739,
0.7087286710739136,
0.2708495855331421,
-0.2664066553115845,
-0.25693392753601074,
-0.016116561368107796,
0.26455387473106384,
0.36046284437179565,
0.09399998188018799,
-0.3241182565689087,
-0.47106462717056274,
0.44647035002708435,
0.09965688735246658,
-0.6501638293266296,
0.475961297750473,
-0.7621240019798279,
-0.23000851273536682,
0.6942784786224365,
-0.23573262989521027,
0.03758235648274422,
-0.6997003555297852,
-0.3355439007282257,
0.4025905132293701,
-0.2214144915342331,
-0.7796222567558289,
-0.11162754148244858,
0.1458715796470642,
0.07453891634941101,
-0.15092766284942627,
-0.46770456433296204,
-0.6516931653022766,
0.3419823944568634,
-0.10924258828163147,
-0.35106927156448364,
-0.1773633509874344,
-0.45109620690345764,
0.08476357907056808,
-0.0965564176440239,
0.2250109165906906,
-0.32385775446891785,
0.18041439354419708,
-0.2969294786453247,
0.14286594092845917,
0.20453521609306335,
-1.0111019611358643,
-0.04818537458777428,
0.20127132534980774,
-0.7384658455848694,
-0.36901941895484924,
-0.4712204039096832,
0.07450377941131592,
0.1759956032037735,
0.18162310123443604,
-0.5127299427986145,
-0.04587524011731148,
0.620097279548645,
0.23302200436592102,
-0.4540840983390808,
0.2763305604457855,
0.021993422880768776,
-0.08733535557985306,
-0.41252774000167847,
1.0286539793014526,
-0.28930047154426575,
-0.24681656062602997,
0.07949501276016235,
0.02345944195985794,
-0.9877724647521973,
0.2743944823741913,
0.021676454693078995,
-0.04027946665883064,
-0.1969371736049652,
-0.22186677157878876,
-0.6933319568634033,
-0.15117883682250977,
0.38054245710372925,
-0.07774639874696732,
-0.43170204758644104,
0.3812592029571533,
-0.051130518317222595,
-0.3016946613788605,
-0.8389014601707458,
-0.5954360365867615,
0.07525687664747238,
-0.6946880221366882,
-0.06169997528195381,
-0.5441095232963562,
0.08054821193218231,
0.26775988936424255,
0.03265499323606491,
0.7545614838600159,
-0.6743946075439453,
-0.29193398356437683,
0.017869148403406143,
-0.21401047706604004,
0.6289799809455872,
-0.2858172655105591,
0.13500230014324188,
-0.036032505333423615,
0.657651424407959,
-0.17272384464740753,
-0.0591106079518795,
0.4526108205318451,
1.5295023918151855,
0.5582451224327087,
-0.3656919002532959,
-0.39019787311553955,
-0.0705120787024498,
0.6578565835952759,
0.08879496902227402,
-0.14580951631069183,
0.0053173271007835865,
0.7954795956611633,
-0.15934404730796814,
-0.24605746567249298,
-0.2473776638507843,
1.0647181272506714,
-1.0427747964859009,
-0.4028489589691162,
-0.500923216342926,
0.17746229469776154,
-0.349600225687027,
-0.14653421938419342,
-0.4291432499885559,
-0.4467655420303345,
0.3285948932170868,
-0.30880194902420044,
0.4133758544921875,
-0.7563790678977966,
-0.07623935490846634,
0.19064170122146606,
-1.3664168119430542,
-0.6881966590881348,
-0.2670707106590271,
-0.17025548219680786,
0.13119052350521088,
-0.11148105561733246,
0.28543418645858765,
0.5424621105194092,
-0.31905776262283325,
-0.06035273149609566,
-0.02159251645207405,
-0.24547964334487915,
0.361753910779953,
-0.12619540095329285,
-0.5295289754867554,
0.47978729009628296,
-0.3647317588329315,
-0.30167675018310547,
-0.5619503259658813,
0.18682844936847687,
0.23129098117351532,
-0.5764709115028381,
0.28337782621383667,
-0.02529817633330822,
-0.028262687847018242,
-0.1507791131734848,
0.06123549863696098,
0.3769519329071045,
0.9849740862846375,
0.2397930771112442,
0.12444250285625458,
0.07307443022727966,
0.8504929542541504,
0.16361111402511597,
-0.019573399797081947,
0.38458704948425293,
0.06649793684482574,
-0.30670008063316345,
-0.7857046723365784,
-0.31326767802238464,
0.6698271632194519,
0.2253859043121338,
-0.23263677954673767,
0.04657521843910217,
0.25253283977508545,
-1.0933988094329834,
0.23803584277629852,
0.5750921368598938,
-0.3160082995891571,
0.6681182980537415,
0.029613647609949112,
-0.48213768005371094,
0.024607311934232712,
0.4161332845687866,
0.34529945254325867,
0.49559536576271057,
1.0983827114105225,
0.01615617237985134,
-0.17393657565116882,
0.32642674446105957,
0.18074023723602295,
-0.11121871322393417,
0.5660331845283508,
-0.48841285705566406,
-0.2533840239048004,
-0.049595970660448074,
-0.24847257137298584,
-0.15661561489105225,
0.13637712597846985,
-0.06943170726299286,
0.5855652093887329,
-0.29166579246520996,
0.7673690915107727,
-0.3307524025440216,
0.29113903641700745,
0.7568324208259583,
-0.27534744143486023,
-0.06414884328842163,
-0.027158770710229874,
-0.0610753670334816,
-0.14899583160877228,
-0.33069032430648804,
0.10967691242694855,
-0.23315314948558807,
-0.6924645900726318,
0.31968218088150024,
-0.35928407311439514,
0.1637514978647232,
-0.17531690001487732,
0.37758031487464905,
0.4820806384086609,
0.6486679315567017,
-0.6519972681999207,
0.9710657596588135,
0.1580817848443985,
-0.29571202397346497,
-0.18935565650463104,
0.13742107152938843,
-0.5789605379104614,
0.10336102545261383,
0.3222368359565735,
0.06704290956258774,
0.09387285262346268,
0.05090785771608353,
0.7660295963287354,
-0.016234202310442924,
-0.0873369500041008,
0.05892247334122658,
0.020800169557332993,
-0.2573338747024536,
-0.009599422104656696,
-0.04861743003129959,
-0.28636667132377625,
-0.18234354257583618,
-0.28047552704811096,
0.2063785046339035,
0.10013484954833984,
-0.20271672308444977,
0.33918896317481995,
-0.762402355670929,
-0.11533502489328384,
0.4070391356945038,
-0.5867462754249573,
-0.7449557185173035,
0.1655382513999939,
-0.08822383731603622,
0.06811105459928513,
-0.1333053857088089,
0.6841294169425964,
0.20330467820167542,
0.5830076336860657,
0.18966002762317657,
-0.01670490764081478,
0.37470588088035583,
-0.08901215344667435,
-0.06966918706893921,
0.26687780022621155,
-1.094273328781128,
-0.4032957851886749,
-0.3178074061870575,
0.8607969880104065,
0.20380622148513794,
0.711854875087738,
-0.2359207570552826,
0.7981635928153992,
-0.10508938133716583,
0.21501871943473816,
0.47925183176994324,
-0.552122950553894,
0.051474429666996,
0.2511792778968811,
-0.48958662152290344,
-0.4188084304332733,
0.488198846578598,
0.24343810975551605,
-0.49042874574661255,
0.1595928966999054,
0.23696893453598022,
-0.4477548599243164,
-0.0833745077252388,
1.0441514253616333,
0.013024313375353813,
0.023594679310917854,
-0.7279992699623108,
-0.4759562015533447,
-0.3924119174480438,
-1.1878533363342285,
0.01811603456735611,
0.6064689755439758,
0.8468935489654541,
-0.406385213136673,
0.942030668258667,
0.278192400932312,
-0.31187838315963745,
0.4833834171295166,
-0.2831156253814697,
0.7398597002029419,
-0.6966060400009155,
-0.6084140539169312,
-0.17670905590057373,
0.399431973695755,
0.10092851519584656,
-0.6864418387413025,
0.12980405986309052,
-0.40223193168640137,
0.4377439022064209,
-0.06272560358047485,
-0.2551789879798889,
0.5485489368438721,
0.5629985928535461,
-0.9954830408096313
]
|
214844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772%20in%20literature | 1772 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1772.
Events
March – Gottfried August Bürger obtains a magistracy and is reconciled with his family.
May 7 – The Stadsschouwburg theatre in Amsterdam is destroyed by fire.
June
At Marseilles, the Marquis de Sade embarks on an orgy, as a result of which he is convicted in absentia of sodomy and poisoning and receives a death sentence; he escapes.
Charles Burney tours Europe, researching for his History of Music.
September 12 – The Göttinger Hainbund of German poets is formed at a midnight ritual in an oaken grove.
November 10 – The wife of poet Pedro Correia Garção obtains an order for his release from prison, the very day of his death.
November 28 – Publication of the Bible in the Manx language is completed.
unknown dates
Thomas Paine produces his first published work, a political article entitled Case of the Officers of Excise.
Hannah More arrives in London.
An Armenian language press is set up in Chennai, India.
New books
Fiction
Elizabeth Bonhôte – The Rambles of Mr Frankly, Published by his Sister
Jacques Cazotte – Le Diable Amoureux
Robert Fergusson – The Daft Days
Sarah Scott – The Test of Filial Duty
David Williams – Letter to David Garrick
Drama
György Bessenyei – Ágis tragédiája
Richard Cumberland – The Fashionable Lover
Samuel Foote – The Nabob
Vicente Garcia de la Huerta – Raquel
David Garrick – The Irish Widow
Gotthold Lessing – Emilia Galotti
Louis-Sébastien Mercier
Le faux ami (The False Friend)
Jean Hennuyer, évêque de Lisieux (written)
Arthur Murphy – The Grecian Daughter
Poetry
Mark Akenside – Poems
Thomas Chatterton – The Execution of Sir Charles Bawdin
William Jones – Poems, Consisting Chiefly of Translations from the Asiatick Languages
William Kenrick – Love in the Suds
William Mason – The English Garden
Christopher Smart – Hymns, for the Amusement of Children
George Alexander Stevens – Songs
Non-fiction
Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum (with a preface by Giovanni Cristofano Amaduzzi)
The Encyclopédie in 28 volumes by Diderot, d'Alembert, and many others
Moses Browne – The Excellency of the Knowledge of Jesus Christ
José Cadalso – Los eruditos a la violeta
William Chambers – A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening
Junius (possibly Philip Francis) – Junius: Stat Nominis Umbra
Francis Grose – The Antiquities of England and Wales
Johann Gottfried Herder – Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (Treatise on the Origin of Language)
Richard Hurd – An Introduction to the Study of Prophecies...
Carsten Niebuhr – Beschreibung von Arabien
Joseph Priestley – The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light, and Colours
Francis Stoughton Sullivan (died 1766) – An Historical Treatise on the Feudal Law, and the Constitution and Laws of England
Catherine Talbot – Essays on Various Subjects
Wilhelm Abraham Teller – Wörterbuch des Neuen Testamentes zur Erklärung der christlichen Lehre (Dictionary of the New Testament for the Explanation of Christian Doctrine)
Births
January 15 – James Ballantyne, Scottish editor and publisher (died 1833)
March 10 – Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, German poet, literary critic, philosopher and philologist (died 1829)
April 11 – Manuel José Quintana, Spanish poet (died 1857)
May 2 – Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg), German poet and philosopher (died 1801)
August 29 – Sarah Burney, English novelist (died 1844)
September 27 – Sándor Kisfaludy, Hungarian poet (died 1844)
October 21 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (died 1834)
November 17 – Marc-Antoine Madeleine Désaugiers, French dramatist (died 1827)
November 28 – Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann, German classical commentator and philologist (died 1848)
December 6
John Carr, English travel writer and lawyer (died 1832)
Henry Cary, Gibraltar-born Irish author, editor and translator (died 1844)
unknown date – Maria Riddell, West Indies-born poet, naturalist and travel writer resident in Scotland (died 1808)
probable – Charlotte Dacre, English Gothic novelist (died 1825)
Deaths
March 26 – Charles Pinot Duclos, French novelist and encyclopedist (born 1704)
March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher (born 1688)
May 22 – Durastante Natalucci, Italian historian (born 1687)
June – Thomas Whately, English politician and writer (born 1726)
June 18 – Johann Ulrich von Cramer, German philosopher (born 1706)
October 7 – John Woolman, American abolitionist author (smallpox, born 1720)
October 10 – William Wilkie, Scottish poet (ague, born 1721)
November 10 – Pedro Correia Garção, Portuguese poet (born 1724)
unknown dates
Thomas Hawkins, English editor and cleric (born 1729)
Margareta Momma, Swedish editor and writer (born 1702)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.19117678701877594,
0.504155695438385,
-0.2523990571498871,
-0.43174684047698975,
-0.6013209223747253,
-0.33808577060699463,
0.9570125937461853,
0.7846148014068604,
-0.6805345416069031,
-0.7617641091346741,
-0.06070305407047272,
-0.506229817867279,
0.07493197917938232,
0.5428174734115601,
-0.3658233880996704,
-0.04925082251429558,
0.29173821210861206,
-0.21231499314308167,
0.21270959079265594,
-0.7477095127105713,
0.12130428850650787,
-0.04774412885308266,
0.5395757555961609,
-0.2651575207710266,
0.037683237344026566,
-0.7572687864303589,
0.26028263568878174,
-0.45387426018714905,
0.5713393688201904,
0.006575582083314657,
-0.4085390865802765,
0.2077305018901825,
0.4478732645511627,
0.5501655340194702,
-0.07085835933685303,
0.07423487305641174,
-0.7919475436210632,
-0.24075709283351898,
-0.10944677889347076,
-0.6453508734703064,
-0.5050385594367981,
0.07958319783210754,
0.24010969698429108,
0.37230992317199707,
0.39715611934661865,
-0.4969538450241089,
-1.603039026260376,
0.18586912751197815,
-0.772453248500824,
0.47651407122612,
-0.110566146671772,
0.1024710163474083,
0.6894183158874512,
0.6066526174545288,
-0.6087027192115784,
0.4118344187736511,
-0.6330152750015259,
-0.5281290411949158,
0.5260858535766602,
0.28711703419685364,
0.8041476607322693,
0.5893656611442566,
-0.3679201602935791,
0.1394212543964386,
0.7319068312644958,
-0.36517173051834106,
-0.6115292906761169,
0.441641628742218,
-0.15670131146907806,
-1.2509702444076538,
-0.1682852804660797,
-0.16475430130958557,
0.11602044105529785,
-0.049911241978406906,
0.44302958250045776,
0.07794825732707977,
0.4446011185646057,
-0.5563514232635498,
-0.12998268008232117,
-0.6768597960472107,
-0.1904609501361847,
0.45262545347213745,
1.015968680381775,
0.22131679952144623,
0.08966096490621567,
0.21990558505058289,
0.17005831003189087,
-0.06012418121099472,
-0.23318344354629517,
-0.10081173479557037,
0.405645489692688,
0.12278398871421814,
0.35931533575057983,
0.20813727378845215,
0.19411979615688324,
0.7825859785079956,
-0.6750287413597107,
0.2407197803258896,
-0.3077560067176819,
0.18811661005020142,
-0.0182796698063612,
1.0649323463439941,
0.42739689350128174,
0.13334301114082336,
-0.6113317012786865,
-0.17159384489059448,
-0.04887819290161133,
0.032647885382175446,
0.8040131330490112,
-0.3676125705242157,
-0.047614485025405884,
0.33220329880714417,
-0.7630609273910522,
0.22182543575763702,
0.09767764061689377,
0.7692357897758484,
0.7761667370796204,
-0.31699854135513306,
-0.3872106969356537,
0.3843992352485657,
-0.2080596685409546,
0.46030983328819275,
0.13320031762123108,
0.4971435070037842,
-0.8436928391456604,
0.47866833209991455,
0.03492869809269905,
0.4263284504413605,
-0.02831280045211315,
0.37479260563850403,
0.2186037302017212,
1.027484655380249,
0.009716040454804897,
-0.3124474883079529,
-0.1261959969997406,
0.6400631666183472,
0.2893041968345642,
0.645594596862793,
-0.2531334161758423,
-0.14320358633995056,
-0.7970713973045349,
-0.43668225407600403,
-2.0070080757141113,
-0.012700538150966167,
-0.20224879682064056,
-0.6479390859603882,
0.18815337121486664,
-0.658146321773529,
-0.17854352295398712,
-0.02726299688220024,
0.4649356007575989,
-0.5572187304496765,
0.20735935866832733,
0.19635744392871857,
-0.02797950990498066,
0.5494360327720642,
0.3979814648628235,
0.6473006010055542,
0.6344985961914062,
-0.1614227592945099,
-0.022005068138241768,
0.11726028472185135,
0.02855922095477581,
-0.03212998807430267,
-0.09127794951200485,
-0.4744149446487427,
0.31832918524742126,
-0.15401145815849304,
0.188788041472435,
-0.1744905412197113,
-0.6455317139625549,
-0.20740975439548492,
0.028941625729203224,
-0.2991781234741211,
-0.19682642817497253,
0.058894023299217224,
0.20284973084926605,
0.04477497935295105,
0.4684329032897949,
0.2274620234966278,
-0.8082225918769836,
0.23032554984092712,
0.35215887427330017,
-0.9112502336502075,
0.965177059173584,
0.7020225524902344,
0.30642110109329224,
0.17078754305839539,
-0.11254021525382996,
-0.42275407910346985,
-0.42913275957107544,
-0.45512300729751587,
0.376562237739563,
-0.10367996245622635,
1.2818769216537476,
0.03867186978459358,
-0.6595339775085449,
0.23476023972034454,
-0.5692638754844666,
0.1661764532327652,
-0.17039887607097626,
-0.14608153700828552,
0.23914887011051178,
0.3780232071876526,
0.34493061900138855,
0.8489890098571777,
-0.2839929759502411,
-0.13241903483867645,
0.37354588508605957,
0.23366796970367432,
0.4525897204875946,
-0.02478337101638317,
0.1844990998506546,
0.8181648850440979,
-0.305690735578537,
0.19134780764579773,
-0.5314194560050964,
0.7181389331817627,
0.18398535251617432,
0.00047740660374984145,
0.33082515001296997,
-0.4055226743221283,
-0.1157868355512619,
0.7183471918106079,
0.3657974600791931,
0.6393656730651855,
-0.30339542031288147,
0.5755338072776794,
-0.055823322385549545,
-0.9722555875778198,
-0.3568803071975708,
0.17147932946681976,
0.14101965725421906,
-0.15301242470741272,
-0.7493261098861694,
0.37187471985816956,
-0.1287490874528885,
-0.07958615571260452,
0.13554240763187408,
-0.24677056074142456,
0.9236490726470947,
0.0028126018587499857,
-0.5094414353370667,
0.15335969626903534,
0.4426109492778778,
0.7104955315589905,
-0.22557204961776733,
-0.55266934633255,
0.09281668812036514,
-0.9043917655944824,
0.7800180315971375,
0.8236645460128784,
-0.0213320329785347,
-0.259636253118515,
-0.3464224338531494,
0.0876738652586937,
-0.20696449279785156,
-0.6046912670135498,
0.4836267828941345,
0.4496593177318573,
0.17807318270206451,
-0.025841224938631058,
0.1558215469121933,
0.185812309384346,
0.07346539944410324,
-0.5577946305274963,
-0.24323643743991852,
-0.5131850838661194,
0.5116527080535889,
-0.358384907245636,
-0.06667153537273407,
-0.22647210955619812,
-0.4652830958366394,
-0.864820659160614,
0.6383990049362183,
-0.2541901767253876,
0.07910212129354477,
-0.5248295664787292,
-0.47124361991882324,
-0.23175030946731567,
-0.5475835204124451,
0.735129714012146,
0.1640283614397049,
-0.16858656704425812,
0.17098873853683472,
0.0809314101934433,
0.5878945589065552,
0.25963103771209717,
0.04654579609632492,
-0.11629665642976761,
-0.2668023109436035,
-0.41362035274505615,
-0.7150976061820984,
0.06868962943553925,
-0.16566206514835358,
0.5511717796325684,
-0.7528926730155945,
-0.09018592536449432,
-0.27609145641326904,
-0.5196530222892761,
-0.40746164321899414,
0.42453715205192566,
-0.1856151670217514,
0.3667956292629242,
-0.06839749962091446,
0.19064874947071075,
-0.16960975527763367,
0.2976280152797699,
-4.746578216552734,
0.05737512186169624,
-0.4788014590740204,
-0.22716805338859558,
-0.3360425531864166,
-0.03847886621952057,
0.7104241847991943,
-0.0024040481075644493,
-0.5329458117485046,
0.04176623746752739,
0.42936208844184875,
-1.032743215560913,
-0.2338830679655075,
1.0831888914108276,
0.5182415843009949,
0.8214060068130493,
0.6356832981109619,
-0.16830334067344666,
-0.16299229860305786,
0.08104287832975388,
0.30089980363845825,
0.33228760957717896,
-0.24000957608222961,
-0.02180522121489048,
0.9497392177581787,
0.19035585224628448,
-0.1899304836988449,
0.04368322342634201,
-0.4482555687427521,
0.32660892605781555,
-0.05007902905344963,
0.2950388789176941,
0.272634357213974,
0.07042728364467621,
0.10247454792261124,
0.4280586540699005,
0.7205840945243835,
0.7545121312141418,
0.4965609610080719,
0.18505243957042694,
-0.34494638442993164,
0.5756609439849854,
-0.5251957178115845,
0.5072235465049744,
0.33187082409858704,
-0.2581411600112915,
-0.3677298426628113,
0.320578932762146,
-0.3117063641548157,
0.9389064311981201,
0.23484289646148682,
-0.3191291093826294,
0.36285075545310974,
0.30531981587409973,
0.5008297562599182,
-0.046345245093107224,
-0.16650669276714325,
-0.36111563444137573,
-0.6729879975318909,
0.1937008798122406,
-0.32527637481689453,
-0.29114091396331787,
0.4975767433643341,
-0.779761016368866,
0.09651856869459152,
-0.2676752507686615,
-1.007585883140564,
-0.16968649625778198,
0.04201003536581993,
0.3120576739311218,
0.2628358006477356,
1.1509945392608643,
-0.6998379826545715,
-0.9628761410713196,
0.21834827959537506,
-0.2126535326242447,
-0.18667908012866974,
0.00044006819371134043,
0.026702631264925003,
-0.13666275143623352,
0.2445375770330429,
-0.27669578790664673,
-0.12369868904352188,
0.853925883769989,
0.42720502614974976,
-0.31099095940589905,
-0.2749794125556946,
-0.654779851436615,
-1.1325492858886719,
-0.7764732837677002,
1.0504529476165771,
-0.0610598661005497,
-0.3925609886646271,
0.2076389193534851,
-0.3106355667114258,
0.25849199295043945,
0.6239616274833679,
-0.09423529356718063,
0.2006162852048874,
-0.6807047128677368,
0.14221586287021637,
-0.06622901558876038,
0.016598669812083244,
-0.347400039434433,
-0.30833250284194946,
-0.29582422971725464,
-0.8681363463401794,
0.5021193623542786,
0.8932074904441833,
-0.5408153533935547,
0.07448603957891464,
0.27696412801742554,
-0.6585074067115784,
-0.2555869519710541,
0.4897788465023041,
-0.373447060585022,
0.413055956363678,
0.48760274052619934,
0.26892977952957153,
-0.5445604920387268,
0.3840339779853821,
-0.054079003632068634,
-0.3536248505115509,
-0.7810789942741394,
-0.5473172664642334,
-0.3262729346752167,
-0.6288743615150452,
-0.17778483033180237,
-0.7247835993766785,
-0.3673492670059204,
0.23800165951251984,
0.2569308280944824,
-0.2030106484889984,
-0.30593177676200867,
0.010733257979154587,
0.04477101191878319,
-0.5017482042312622,
-0.12213104218244553,
0.162619948387146,
-0.8588202595710754,
-0.10073045641183853,
-0.4112687110900879,
-0.10574308782815933,
0.09634129703044891,
0.6141914129257202,
-0.22325372695922852,
0.24047355353832245,
0.03031112439930439,
-0.4214671850204468,
0.5425843596458435,
-0.39965569972991943,
0.35474950075149536,
0.6414283514022827,
0.3386213183403015,
0.1367700845003128,
0.03606747090816498,
0.2829063832759857,
0.8960000872612,
-0.188939169049263,
-0.8395509123802185,
0.14590561389923096,
0.1936986744403839,
-1.1891316175460815,
0.5016235113143921,
0.14832299947738647,
-0.46947145462036133,
-0.5248739123344421,
0.13074646890163422,
0.35617509484291077,
0.6317417025566101,
0.35173529386520386,
-0.36715230345726013,
-0.7564265131950378,
0.4179323613643646,
0.673488438129425,
-0.26832351088523865,
0.24554197490215302,
0.5551453232765198,
-0.07242100685834885,
0.03952598571777344,
0.4712010324001312,
-0.8947579860687256,
-0.42521220445632935,
0.601136326789856,
0.8276066780090332,
-0.11342798173427582,
0.026306385174393654,
-0.31503504514694214,
-0.4751271903514862,
0.02200947143137455,
-0.8057042360305786,
0.19234274327754974,
0.6213827729225159,
-0.45729389786720276,
-0.883388340473175,
-0.44632694125175476,
-0.03456796333193779,
0.526409387588501,
-0.3703438937664032,
-0.3882448971271515,
0.7186576724052429,
0.5409127473831177,
-0.19940124452114105,
-0.31396543979644775,
0.1126980409026146,
-0.7721700668334961,
0.04623325169086456,
-0.34623241424560547,
-0.6680865287780762,
0.9467098712921143,
0.1784275472164154,
-0.4380841851234436,
-0.19661490619182587,
0.6281065940856934,
-0.06132525950670242,
-0.2864004075527191,
-0.1843092441558838,
0.2063540518283844,
-0.8585218191146851,
0.1623789668083191,
0.11504284292459488,
0.07872214168310165,
-0.9672673344612122,
-0.42637899518013,
-0.5883966684341431,
-0.12025485932826996,
-0.057566672563552856,
-0.25533467531204224,
0.3064888119697571,
-0.6417989134788513,
-0.028261439874768257,
0.2942834198474884,
0.2714345157146454,
0.008136781863868237,
-0.14735038578510284,
-0.34884166717529297,
0.08968603610992432,
0.0008975585806183517,
0.4388497769832611,
0.6704579591751099,
0.8786652684211731,
0.5886749029159546,
0.09974827617406845,
-0.23226425051689148,
0.6256165504455566,
0.10763668268918991,
0.09842228889465332,
-0.24799160659313202,
-0.7032748460769653,
-0.04733261093497276,
-0.053785573691129684,
0.01638144627213478,
-0.6358829140663147,
-0.6836406588554382,
0.9356973171234131,
-0.49025440216064453,
-0.6679832935333252,
0.5523653626441956,
0.02693312056362629,
0.5713079571723938,
0.10092496871948242,
0.38462015986442566,
-0.3447968065738678,
-0.138808012008667,
0.7614275813102722,
0.15645329654216766,
-0.01834484562277794,
0.8704769015312195,
0.1060848981142044,
0.2035614550113678,
-0.7809017300605774,
-0.6704320907592773,
-0.5614140033721924,
0.41484326124191284,
0.35336658358573914,
-0.2457675039768219,
-0.17358185350894928,
-0.6593647003173828,
0.29762184619903564,
-0.3354416787624359,
-0.6802492737770081,
-0.06004338338971138,
0.4718112051486969,
-0.04296821355819702,
-0.2744733989238739,
-0.6929383277893066,
-0.41397157311439514,
0.36079177260398865,
-0.31844282150268555,
-0.13103199005126953,
-0.08504533767700195,
-0.1558639407157898,
-0.7405151128768921,
-0.08738268911838531,
0.35591939091682434,
0.615840494632721,
0.09548739343881607,
0.029194382950663567,
-0.15352638065814972,
-0.24860922992229462,
-0.5714977979660034,
0.29472815990448,
0.6440658569335938,
-0.9298652410507202,
1.008124828338623,
0.06562628597021103,
-0.3121282160282135,
0.11961785703897476,
-0.42943379282951355,
-0.0528080016374588,
0.6168488264083862,
0.26367250084877014,
0.07327574491500854,
0.016238875687122345,
-0.02704804204404354,
-0.18406234681606293,
-0.17001616954803467,
-0.03992094844579697,
0.3959852457046509,
-0.4412175118923187,
-0.025918861851096153,
-0.06833858042955399,
0.71722412109375,
-0.3555905222892761,
-0.5266479253768921,
0.47651731967926025,
-0.11250527948141098,
-0.2165507674217224,
-0.19151915609836578,
-0.6844176054000854,
0.3351030647754669,
0.1176387220621109,
-0.25568389892578125,
0.9781815409660339,
0.13573849201202393,
-0.05345189571380615,
0.31234830617904663,
-0.7353676557540894,
-0.10103339701890945,
0.38436439633369446,
0.4026958644390106,
0.1470372974872589,
0.5864449143409729,
0.05279332771897316,
0.045842837542295456,
-0.10315249115228653,
-0.44433581829071045,
0.18063707649707794,
0.4421042501926422,
-0.4868621528148651,
0.5707179307937622,
0.8453059196472168,
0.550592303276062,
-0.4512258470058441,
0.3233894407749176,
-0.17624500393867493,
0.3133678734302521,
-0.128463014960289,
0.24355778098106384,
-0.8450148701667786,
0.42385655641555786,
-0.28846460580825806,
0.5496899485588074,
0.11869103461503983,
0.15210247039794922,
0.904903769493103,
-0.002924411790445447,
0.43264174461364746,
0.38711872696876526,
-0.41325870156288147,
-0.0293732937425375,
-0.4781273305416107,
0.08050853759050369,
-0.5062891840934753,
-0.2327079325914383,
0.8276952505111694,
0.3101271092891693,
-0.05206961929798126,
0.29274746775627136,
-0.07074668258428574,
-0.6636461615562439,
0.3534480929374695,
-0.3525939881801605,
-0.2026596963405609,
0.09732834249734879,
-0.39564141631126404,
0.22217586636543274,
0.38658735156059265,
0.4185095727443695,
-0.9706772565841675,
-0.18189848959445953,
-0.4436952471733093,
0.381590873003006,
-0.1060434877872467,
-1.6048697233200073,
0.19043785333633423,
-0.5450008511543274,
1.6561652421951294,
-0.25988346338272095,
-0.4233202040195465,
-0.21807701885700226,
-0.45915067195892334,
-0.44910797476768494,
0.27343395352363586,
-0.23518116772174835,
0.502574622631073,
-0.6864483952522278,
0.3201168477535248,
-0.7818368077278137,
0.6748366951942444,
0.13432089984416962,
-0.15660005807876587,
-0.09267598390579224,
0.6425584554672241,
-0.13509467244148254,
-0.14281490445137024,
0.7485825419425964,
-0.036277879029512405,
-0.1553538292646408,
0.3472870886325836,
-0.3193473219871521,
-0.08321404457092285,
0.3390763998031616,
-0.117842897772789,
-0.5341472625732422,
0.055898264050483704,
0.2554696798324585,
0.4273909628391266,
0.19902491569519043,
0.0600154846906662,
-0.3641681969165802,
-0.5184240341186523,
-0.8421825766563416,
0.2779677212238312,
-0.23962099850177765,
0.6743177771568298,
1.3303349018096924,
0.6627547144889832,
0.14074835181236267,
-0.3982944190502167,
-0.10961346328258514,
-0.16309207677841187,
0.16071496903896332,
0.21417829394340515,
-2.2393014430999756,
-0.10316304862499237,
0.14699730277061462,
0.03869638592004776,
-0.13792189955711365,
0.5913434624671936,
0.3147909641265869,
-0.23348106443881989,
0.3364882469177246,
-0.40532544255256653,
0.4014630913734436,
0.12155681848526001,
0.15285111963748932,
-1.158894419670105,
0.09127257764339447,
0.27041348814964294
]
|
214845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774%20in%20literature | 1774 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1774.
Events
February 22 – The English legal case of Donaldson v Beckett is decided in the House of Lords, denying the continued existence of a perpetual common law copyright and holding that copyright is a creation of statute and can be limited in its duration. This permits authors to claim copyright on their own works.
September 14 – A new Stadsschouwburg (municipal theatre) in Amsterdam opens with the première of Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken's tragedy Jacob Simonszoon de Ryk.
September 29 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's semi-autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (written January – March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism.
unknown dates
After the destruction of the Schloss Weimar by fire, Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, forms a commission for its reconstruction directed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
James Lackington begins in the London bookselling business.
Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider becomes secretary to Richard François Philippe Brunck.
The National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana is established as the Lyceum Library, from the remains of the dissolved Jesuit library and several monastery libraries.
Alberto Fortis publishes Viaggio in Dalmazia ("Journey to Dalmatia") and starts Morlachism.
New books
Fiction
Jeremy Bentham – The White Bull
Henry Brooke – Juliet Grenville
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – The Sorrows of Young Werther
Charles Johnstone – The History of Arsaces
The Newgate Calendar
Christoph Martin Wieland – Die Abderiten, eine sehr wahrscheinliche Geschichte (The Abderites: A Very Probable Story)
Children
Johann Bernhard Basedow – Elementarwerk (first of four volumes)
Drama
Miles Peter Andrews – The Election
John Burgoyne – The Maid of the Oaks
George Colman the Elder – The Man of Business
Richard Cumberland – The Note of Hand
Charles Dibdin – The Waterman
Alexander Dow – Sethona
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Clavigo
Hugh Kelly – The Romance of an Hour
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz – The Tutor (Der Hofmeister)
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos – El delincuente honrado
Poetry
James Beattie – The Minstrel, volume 2
William Dunkin – Poetical Works
Oliver Goldsmith – Retaliation
Richard Graves – The Progress of Gallantry
William Mason – An Heroic Postscript to the Public
Hannah More – The Inflexible Captive
Samuel Jackson Pratt (as Courtney Melmoth) – The Tears of A Genius, occasioned by the Death of Dr. Goldsmith
Henry James Pye – Farringdon Hill
Mary Scott – The Female Advocate
Candido Maria Trigueros – El poeta filósofo o Poesías filosóficas en verso pentámetro
William Whitehead – Plays and Poems, by William Whitehead, Esq. Poet Laureat
Non-fiction
Giacomo Casanova – Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia
Mary Deverell – Sermons
Alberto Fortis – Viaggio in Dalmazia
Martin Gerbert – De cantu et musica sacra
Oliver Goldsmith
The Grecian History
An History of the Earth and Animated Nature
Henry Home – Sketches of the History of Man
John Hutchins (died 1773) – The History and Antiquities of Dorset
Thomas Jefferson – A Summary View of the Rights of British America
Samuel Johnson – The Patriot
Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz – The History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina (English translation of Histoire de la Louisiane (1758) in 1 vol.)
Joseph Priestley – Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
William Richardson – A Philosophical Analysis and Illustration of Some of Shakespeare's Remarkable Characters
Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes – Discurso sobre el fomento de la industria popular
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield – Letters to his Son
Sugita Genpaku – Kaitai Shinsho (解体新書, "New Text on Anatomy", Japanese translation of Ontleedkundige Tafelen)
Horace Walpole – A Description of Strawberry-Hill
Thomas Warton – The History of English Poetry
John Wesley – Thoughts upon Slavery
Births
January 1 – Pietro Giordani, Italian translator, scholar and writer (died 1848)
February 24 – Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher (died 1827)
July 14 – Francis Lathom, Dutch-born English Gothic novelist and dramatist (died 1832)
August 12 – Robert Southey, English poet and Poet Laureate (died 1843)
Deaths
April 4 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish dramatist (born 1728/1730)
April 28 – Gottfried Lengnich, German/Polish historian (born 1689)
September 17 – Abraham Langford, English auctioneer and playwright (born 1711)
October 16 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (head injury, born 1750)
unknown date – Catherine Michelle de Maisonneuve, French editor and writer
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.18713821470737457,
0.2058502435684204,
-0.2584367096424103,
-0.14437398314476013,
-0.5073496103286743,
-0.21685604751110077,
0.4881438910961151,
0.576636016368866,
-0.811242401599884,
-0.4764370620250702,
-0.2543143332004547,
-0.08176831901073456,
0.051214296370744705,
0.2773067355155945,
-0.22530944645404816,
-0.036001525819301605,
0.17070722579956055,
-0.22503671050071716,
-0.017615368589758873,
-0.5339951515197754,
-0.1884191632270813,
0.019876565784215927,
0.6189831495285034,
-0.24569258093833923,
0.22845086455345154,
-0.5528363585472107,
0.4195685088634491,
-0.14706698060035706,
0.4095710813999176,
0.05159274488687515,
-0.3197592794895172,
0.2935645282268524,
0.46669113636016846,
0.4783327281475067,
-0.2931758463382721,
-0.279825359582901,
-0.5002080202102661,
0.01879122667014599,
0.15846316516399384,
-0.4649322032928467,
-0.1316729187965393,
-0.013750203885138035,
0.2850622534751892,
0.2780472934246063,
0.05613784119486809,
-0.31602776050567627,
-1.8739961385726929,
0.1278131604194641,
-0.6807900071144104,
0.4190797507762909,
-0.01928536407649517,
0.32349660992622375,
0.7347766160964966,
0.8250409960746765,
-0.42117708921432495,
0.4595637619495392,
-0.5521247982978821,
-0.39054715633392334,
0.43682292103767395,
0.08031971752643585,
0.6419723033905029,
0.47815126180648804,
-0.1314648687839508,
0.20103256404399872,
0.49580979347229004,
-0.20732957124710083,
-0.5544732213020325,
0.05765732005238533,
0.060754235833883286,
-0.8047672510147095,
0.13114283978939056,
-0.22606125473976135,
0.09805760532617569,
0.04621381312608719,
0.27187594771385193,
0.10142748802900314,
0.4468937814235687,
-0.2828823924064636,
-0.031424883753061295,
-0.2387896478176117,
-0.46993130445480347,
0.25077104568481445,
0.8787395358085632,
0.3694062829017639,
0.03059486299753189,
0.09893376380205154,
0.014665666967630386,
-0.1318732649087906,
0.0963921993970871,
-0.26791876554489136,
0.5568247437477112,
0.14688023924827576,
0.34241557121276855,
0.1081463173031807,
0.5295396447181702,
0.6430448293685913,
-0.3258272409439087,
0.05014730617403984,
-0.4339815378189087,
-0.12157874554395676,
-0.008539794012904167,
1.2093186378479004,
0.5848976969718933,
0.05887095630168915,
-0.6902173161506653,
-0.16570845246315002,
0.3151380121707916,
-0.20763882994651794,
0.8737162351608276,
-0.3340243399143219,
0.02904982678592205,
0.33005475997924805,
-0.47870004177093506,
0.1832890808582306,
0.08720468729734421,
0.575383722782135,
0.6372804641723633,
-0.5304386019706726,
-0.41037431359291077,
0.3263743817806244,
-0.2003435641527176,
0.5019820332527161,
0.30440035462379456,
0.30701300501823425,
-0.5971189141273499,
0.2616367042064667,
0.16430231928825378,
0.47156408429145813,
-0.2999880909919739,
0.2984049320220947,
0.08446920663118362,
0.9947865605354309,
-0.29357942938804626,
-0.3297450840473175,
-0.044233087450265884,
0.12985067069530487,
0.44992756843566895,
0.46505802869796753,
-0.17741385102272034,
0.11014508455991745,
-0.41653862595558167,
-0.2575402855873108,
-1.783961296081543,
-0.10787670314311981,
-0.32754194736480713,
-0.7502644062042236,
0.26598256826400757,
-0.7355427145957947,
-0.09691512584686279,
-0.2436859905719757,
0.1496650129556656,
-0.23124714195728302,
0.21825136244297028,
0.09930669516324997,
0.24353396892547607,
0.14629673957824707,
0.49102041125297546,
0.7208927869796753,
0.4717073440551758,
-0.037662673741579056,
-0.1655122935771942,
0.22161826491355896,
0.028311558067798615,
-0.2929420471191406,
-0.22141481935977936,
-0.4313535988330841,
0.3237210810184479,
-0.01665361039340496,
0.2829153537750244,
-0.2954278588294983,
-0.47418880462646484,
-0.12424370646476746,
0.18167661130428314,
-0.20972836017608643,
0.01382061094045639,
0.1269330233335495,
0.5033469796180725,
0.2942850887775421,
0.2794714570045471,
0.12658123672008514,
-0.8161820769309998,
0.3238254189491272,
0.2649044394493103,
-1.0719257593154907,
1.005537748336792,
0.5316083431243896,
0.37084296345710754,
0.1663985401391983,
-0.013215173967182636,
-0.25116124749183655,
-0.2526569068431854,
-0.24263633787631989,
0.261381596326828,
-0.4116952419281006,
1.3428783416748047,
-0.12165841460227966,
-0.3623763918876648,
0.7469790577888489,
-0.35074669122695923,
0.19529759883880615,
-0.12141073495149612,
0.24631622433662415,
0.3808918595314026,
0.28931787610054016,
0.09345097839832306,
0.8228519558906555,
-0.27069416642189026,
-0.021497784182429314,
0.39065808057785034,
0.4221976697444916,
0.5248019099235535,
-0.26119494438171387,
0.2551458775997162,
0.37374281883239746,
-0.35293298959732056,
-0.046654026955366135,
-0.5125039219856262,
0.5805171728134155,
-0.025033719837665558,
-0.07469914853572845,
0.48616892099380493,
-0.21236668527126312,
0.14601196348667145,
0.8268356919288635,
0.23120997846126556,
0.5024633407592773,
-0.17369621992111206,
0.4461803138256073,
-0.06273667514324188,
-0.9525731205940247,
-0.21487969160079956,
0.2773204743862152,
0.22086718678474426,
-0.19888146221637726,
-0.3392591178417206,
0.14794470369815826,
-0.08873623609542847,
-0.16911575198173523,
0.371547669172287,
-0.16396446526050568,
0.555210292339325,
-0.0521288700401783,
-0.10038423538208008,
0.2443714141845703,
-0.013006272725760937,
0.524604856967926,
-0.2378535121679306,
-0.37052929401397705,
-0.03911147639155388,
-0.7927314043045044,
0.5634583234786987,
0.5609462857246399,
-0.06994751840829849,
-0.18003329634666443,
-0.32065755128860474,
-0.15975244343280792,
-0.09861589968204498,
-0.4215976893901825,
0.5290714502334595,
0.4242061376571655,
-0.2117728888988495,
-0.1489773541688919,
0.2234281748533249,
0.30791065096855164,
0.08124148100614548,
-0.14213672280311584,
-0.0582139752805233,
-0.7954243421554565,
0.3200690746307373,
-0.2583920359611511,
0.04451552405953407,
0.09899119287729263,
-0.3304136097431183,
-0.9818235635757446,
0.5080451965332031,
-0.04309668764472008,
0.03415297344326973,
-0.1589854210615158,
-0.37196436524391174,
-0.49834051728248596,
-0.7598310708999634,
0.6684913635253906,
0.5358921885490417,
-0.13233382999897003,
-0.03781748190522194,
-0.0582294724881649,
0.4788373112678528,
0.027242647483944893,
0.07943087816238403,
-0.11343011260032654,
-0.2527858316898346,
-0.20567595958709717,
-0.4427569806575775,
-0.5019493103027344,
0.1041712611913681,
0.5623430013656616,
-0.5289974212646484,
0.1730390042066574,
-0.29341766238212585,
-0.41777780652046204,
-0.46785423159599304,
0.6221763491630554,
-0.3148726224899292,
0.37882715463638306,
0.2802901566028595,
0.23856483399868011,
-0.1608285754919052,
0.2427118569612503,
-5.389707565307617,
0.07416936755180359,
-0.6438853144645691,
-0.21139107644557953,
-0.27356719970703125,
0.06674659252166748,
0.8094519972801208,
-0.24393801391124725,
-0.4663864076137543,
0.0661681741476059,
0.10509256273508072,
-0.6046895980834961,
-0.21823829412460327,
0.9382205009460449,
0.5322009921073914,
0.5626205801963806,
0.4099310040473938,
-0.21404357254505157,
-0.1484536975622177,
-0.02605276182293892,
0.4395870864391327,
0.1887408047914505,
-0.08435329049825668,
0.23633813858032227,
0.9067981839179993,
-0.004500114358961582,
0.0616435669362545,
0.248424232006073,
-0.27711474895477295,
0.45080387592315674,
-0.09624616801738739,
0.39303267002105713,
0.21457301080226898,
-0.05245761573314667,
0.19358839094638824,
0.154140442609787,
0.5568652153015137,
0.6838805675506592,
0.47454407811164856,
0.19991201162338257,
-0.45303913950920105,
0.5683400630950928,
-0.44654688239097595,
0.2402055710554123,
-0.08485344052314758,
-0.11926796287298203,
-0.41684579849243164,
0.22550080716609955,
-0.4408804476261139,
0.7610700726509094,
0.23067143559455872,
-0.2962067425251007,
0.3175567388534546,
0.4077291786670685,
0.414363294839859,
-0.19076234102249146,
-0.01608589105308056,
-0.3173660337924957,
-0.6253279447555542,
-0.1394423395395279,
-0.2798106372356415,
-0.30584609508514404,
0.41595107316970825,
-0.6935622692108154,
-0.20412443578243256,
-0.2917553186416626,
-0.9603928923606873,
-0.20597219467163086,
0.28057605028152466,
0.2756376564502716,
-0.05079464614391327,
0.924648106098175,
-0.5619205832481384,
-1.1761170625686646,
0.03937558829784393,
0.08708436787128448,
-0.11582860350608826,
0.17755895853042603,
-0.007392456289380789,
-0.03753696382045746,
0.0950259193778038,
-0.3320114314556122,
0.13240016996860504,
1.0149999856948853,
0.28043970465660095,
-0.14433030784130096,
-0.26661375164985657,
-0.5968637466430664,
-1.109808325767517,
-0.7253032326698303,
0.8537887930870056,
-0.20389799773693085,
-0.3772099018096924,
-0.00657643610611558,
0.17574940621852875,
0.15468530356884003,
0.47175490856170654,
0.07175920158624649,
0.3707612454891205,
-0.4327910244464874,
0.03950249031186104,
0.24387577176094055,
0.19376395642757416,
-0.439744234085083,
-0.16054780781269073,
-0.37607941031455994,
-0.9512786269187927,
0.638510525226593,
0.8924030661582947,
-0.8567245602607727,
0.04743667319417,
-0.10303156077861786,
-0.8442816138267517,
-0.4505060613155365,
0.1318233162164688,
-0.2349947988986969,
0.4959263801574707,
0.18823419511318207,
-0.08538347482681274,
-0.14807261526584625,
0.11718787252902985,
0.06343445926904678,
-0.3749106526374817,
-0.5986123085021973,
-0.5708717703819275,
-0.04901190847158432,
-0.2916761338710785,
-0.3551396429538727,
-0.5204670429229736,
-0.24798645079135895,
0.31343281269073486,
0.1929682046175003,
-0.025485467165708542,
-0.15934404730796814,
0.07993561029434204,
-0.096207395195961,
-0.3145406246185303,
-0.17811188101768494,
0.14671646058559418,
-0.529455840587616,
0.017152346670627594,
-0.34209394454956055,
-0.16619063913822174,
0.12150602042675018,
0.6349875926971436,
-0.2289126217365265,
-0.027213841676712036,
-0.17579959332942963,
-0.38926002383232117,
0.5116037130355835,
-0.06519876420497894,
0.23641061782836914,
0.3246091604232788,
0.3687822222709656,
0.07417644560337067,
0.10123908519744873,
0.03467268496751785,
0.8937292695045471,
-0.423109233379364,
-0.2995709180831909,
0.006124102044850588,
0.18683741986751556,
-1.020233392715454,
0.22295689582824707,
0.14840522408485413,
-0.5054680109024048,
-0.443370521068573,
0.08060642331838608,
0.21083758771419525,
0.6132352948188782,
0.45140913128852844,
-0.3520646095275879,
-0.546432614326477,
0.07120310515165329,
0.6877524256706238,
-0.14798420667648315,
0.23350413143634796,
0.526738703250885,
0.40228623151779175,
0.05466962233185768,
0.5059252381324768,
-0.9810287356376648,
-0.14842985570430756,
0.41720443964004517,
0.7397790551185608,
-0.018381386995315552,
0.18305449187755585,
-0.39971959590911865,
-0.5215141773223877,
0.037971191108226776,
-0.689041256904602,
0.15101999044418335,
0.48967409133911133,
-0.4411422610282898,
-0.6334901452064514,
-0.3855380117893219,
0.2696874141693115,
0.3113587498664856,
-0.2783406376838684,
-0.3889889419078827,
0.7184767723083496,
0.43804797530174255,
-0.38885146379470825,
-0.20738668739795685,
-0.14660780131816864,
-0.8488979339599609,
0.11794918775558472,
-0.45920607447624207,
-0.5883730053901672,
0.7910932898521423,
0.1851188987493515,
-0.4222663342952728,
-0.10713650286197662,
0.34310024976730347,
0.06622765958309174,
-0.14317655563354492,
-0.20288850367069244,
0.2690688967704773,
-0.5792115926742554,
0.020280426368117332,
0.3465527594089508,
0.1362541764974594,
-1.066144347190857,
-0.3048010766506195,
-0.3835686147212982,
0.015813374891877174,
0.13217109441757202,
-0.365786075592041,
0.4148576259613037,
-0.47879675030708313,
-0.2977360486984253,
0.005079010501503944,
0.2640739679336548,
0.0044638668186962605,
-0.3356773555278778,
-0.5307812094688416,
-0.19549141824245453,
-0.0624932236969471,
0.2145792543888092,
0.5344045758247375,
0.6216762661933899,
0.6509868502616882,
0.13398665189743042,
0.030636103823781013,
0.1491325944662094,
0.635404646396637,
0.12858128547668457,
-0.47395652532577515,
-0.7604149580001831,
0.0005407263524830341,
0.08949676156044006,
-0.11209625750780106,
-0.6855048537254333,
-0.655171811580658,
0.6939424276351929,
-0.4756232500076294,
-0.6402673721313477,
0.5623898506164551,
-0.04312445595860481,
0.4813670217990875,
0.058734506368637085,
0.4063686728477478,
-0.44529440999031067,
-0.27453264594078064,
0.6195275187492371,
0.17177866399288177,
-0.10166303813457489,
0.430017352104187,
0.18616820871829987,
0.2749902307987213,
-0.5137030482292175,
-0.6516665816307068,
-0.5188181400299072,
0.4289562702178955,
0.5552664399147034,
-0.18761736154556274,
-0.44129931926727295,
-0.326145738363266,
0.2975340485572815,
-0.3308893144130707,
-0.47882115840911865,
-0.10515781491994858,
0.019436782225966454,
-0.09631791710853577,
-0.17268046736717224,
-0.6021150946617126,
-0.40359264612197876,
0.15763413906097412,
-0.015161105431616306,
0.09499646723270416,
-0.09771323949098587,
-0.11697505414485931,
-0.5697838664054871,
-0.2698000967502594,
0.37533947825431824,
0.5166167616844177,
-0.03520924225449562,
0.07443574070930481,
-0.23462803661823273,
0.007353827822953463,
-0.4798250198364258,
0.18428738415241241,
0.5084065198898315,
-0.9379404187202454,
1.004402995109558,
-0.13224482536315918,
-0.18205396831035614,
-0.06757567077875137,
-0.38551780581474304,
0.24969542026519775,
0.6288871169090271,
0.22748731076717377,
0.08733709156513214,
0.0387859083712101,
-0.03290795534849167,
-0.4802936315536499,
-0.060430243611335754,
-0.25861114263534546,
0.5716273188591003,
-0.21123696863651276,
0.33694642782211304,
0.08508440107107162,
0.6177741289138794,
-0.21108247339725494,
-0.5723868608474731,
0.23288439214229584,
-0.3514917194843292,
-0.01985497586429119,
-0.06197049468755722,
-0.24814192950725555,
0.3284328281879425,
0.30254241824150085,
-0.35261258482933044,
0.7059324979782104,
0.04377913102507591,
-0.2905641198158264,
0.1393032968044281,
-0.7288939952850342,
-0.22094348073005676,
0.3345233201980591,
0.5550420880317688,
0.06221367046236992,
0.5623883008956909,
0.11965122818946838,
0.035652920603752136,
-0.15353155136108398,
-0.11592941731214523,
0.1976565569639206,
0.2485428899526596,
-0.34775546193122864,
0.5952848792076111,
0.5837087035179138,
0.6655667424201965,
-0.548759937286377,
0.25460612773895264,
-0.3838789463043213,
0.07863082736730576,
-0.21091005206108093,
0.2386663407087326,
-0.9602078795433044,
0.21061040461063385,
0.06608367711305618,
0.24133457243442535,
-0.08939115703105927,
0.3758981227874756,
1.0429145097732544,
0.15940600633621216,
0.2116653025150299,
0.2957111895084381,
-0.37854817509651184,
0.06034430116415024,
-0.32760879397392273,
-0.045608870685100555,
-0.20070965588092804,
-0.2651693820953369,
0.6340792179107666,
0.5740155577659607,
0.07091039419174194,
0.19379349052906036,
-0.18595817685127258,
-0.2839951813220978,
0.14138278365135193,
-0.15528352558612823,
-0.1610303670167923,
0.1998051553964615,
-0.31896182894706726,
0.1792432963848114,
0.2148372083902359,
0.06679173558950424,
-0.8301684260368347,
-0.23139461874961853,
-0.4777168035507202,
0.09492454677820206,
-0.17723524570465088,
-1.3837867975234985,
0.3546335995197296,
-0.498630553483963,
1.6821938753128052,
-0.3583698272705078,
-0.2273016721010208,
-0.37206000089645386,
-0.3955303728580475,
-0.08678287267684937,
0.2843979299068451,
-0.3015393614768982,
0.40728721022605896,
-0.4511670172214508,
0.13533945381641388,
-0.8786323070526123,
0.8781558275222778,
0.22085072100162506,
0.12028320133686066,
0.07017753273248672,
0.6017335653305054,
-0.3157758414745331,
-0.1615615338087082,
0.3915543854236603,
-0.3546416759490967,
-0.15549436211585999,
0.24822114408016205,
-0.08358374983072281,
0.08819050341844559,
0.3797992169857025,
-0.08410128206014633,
-0.70749431848526,
-0.20012320578098297,
0.36236703395843506,
0.21332019567489624,
0.415260374546051,
0.1387641727924347,
-0.32662233710289,
-0.3813835382461548,
-0.8973571062088013,
0.2766159772872925,
-0.17669688165187836,
0.5726895928382874,
0.8490874171257019,
0.34708279371261597,
0.07906731218099594,
-0.22300170361995697,
-0.025194842368364334,
-0.271353542804718,
0.0653291642665863,
0.17784416675567627,
-2.0562453269958496,
-0.06763559579849243,
0.018919143825769424,
0.0674300566315651,
-0.4184124767780304,
0.4785298705101013,
0.21361979842185974,
-0.01528848335146904,
0.20973871648311615,
-0.3534294366836548,
0.5389899611473083,
-0.005048825405538082,
-0.06722622364759445,
-1.199846863746643,
0.40222662687301636,
0.3140289783477783
]
|
214846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770%20in%20literature | 1770 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1770.
Events
February 6 – Voltaire writes to Abbot la Riche; the letter is said to be the source of his famous statement, "I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." ("Je ne suis pas d’accord avec ce que vous dites, mais je défendrai jusqu’à la mort votre droit de le dire.") This is now generally believed to be a misattribution.
December
The Library of the Sorbonne in Paris is opened to the public.
After meeting Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg, Johann Gottfried Herder decides to enter the Berlin Academy annual essay competition.
unknown date – Göttinger Musenalmanach is launched by Johann Christian Dieterich.
New books
Prose
John Armstrong – Miscellanies
James Beattie – An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth
Edmund Burke – Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents
William Duff – Critical Observations on the Writings of the Most Celebrated Geniuses in Poetry
Philip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge – Father Bombo's Pilgrimage to Mecca (approximate year of composition, fully published 1975, a contender for first American novel)
Edward Gibbon – Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid
Oliver Goldsmith:
The Life of Thomas Parnell
Life of Henry St. John, Lord Viscount Bolingbroke
Ukawsaw Gronniosaw – A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince
Baron d'Holbach – The System of Nature
Samuel Johnson – The False Alarm
Immanuel Kant – Dissertation on the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World (De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis, inaugural dissertation)
Catharine Macaulay – Observations on a Pamphlet Entitled, Thoughts on the Present Discontents (in response to Burke)
Thomas Percy – Northern Antiquities
Raynal – A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies
Catherine Talbot – Reflections on the Seven Days of the Week
John Horne Tooke – Genuine Copies of All the Letters ... Relative to the Execution of Doyle and Valine
Augustus Montague Toplady – A Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley
Voltaire – Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs
Arthur Young – A Six Months Tour Through the North of England
Drama
Pierre de Beaumarchais – Les Deux Amis
Isaac Bickerstaffe – The Recruiting Serjeant
Frances Brooke – Memoirs of the Marquis de St Forlaix
George Colman the Elder – Man and Wife
Johannes Ewald – Rolf Krage
Samuel Foote – The Lame Lover
Francis Gentleman – The Sultan
John Hoole – Timanthes
Hugh Kelly – A Word to the Wise
Louis-Sébastien Mercier – Le Déserteur (written)
George Alexander Stevens – The Court of Alexander
Ramón de la Cruz – El rastro por la mañana
Nicolás Fernandez de Moratín – Hormesinda
Poetry
Michael Bruce – Poems on Several Occasions
David Dalrymple – Ancient Scottish Poems
Oliver Goldsmith – The Deserted Village
William Woty – Works
Births
February 16 (bapt.) – Barbara Hofland, English children's and schoolbook author (died 1844)
March 20 – Friedrich Hölderlin, German poet (died 1843
April 7 – William Wordsworth, English Romantic poet (died 1850
October 2 – James Plumptre, English dramatist and cleric (died 1832)
December 9 (bapt.) – James Hogg, "the Ettrick shepherd", Scottish poet and novelist (died 1835)
Possible year – John Joseph Stockdale, English editor and publisher (died 1847)
Deaths
July 2 – James Parker, American printer and publisher (born 1714)
July 21 – Charlotta Frölich, Swedish poet and political writer (born 1698)
August 24 – Thomas Chatterton, English poet and forger (suicide, born 1752)
September 30 – George Whitefield, English-born evangelist (born 1714)
November 1 – Alexander Cruden, Scottish compiler of Bible concordance (born 1699)
November 24 – Charles-Jean-François Hénault, French historian (born 1685)
Approximate date – Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, Scottish Gaelic poet (born c. 1698)
Awards
Prussian Royal Academy of Science: Johann Gottfried Herder, Treatise on the Origin of Language
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.1626446545124054,
0.17621076107025146,
-0.22325678169727325,
-0.19546754658222198,
-0.5430853366851807,
-0.017947575077414513,
0.5955119132995605,
0.7083762288093567,
-0.9095143675804138,
-0.6603797078132629,
-0.011696469970047474,
-0.010096070356667042,
-0.004634227138012648,
0.2298482209444046,
-0.10201399773359299,
0.1427834928035736,
0.35648006200790405,
-0.3558347225189209,
0.022776398807764053,
-0.7559402585029602,
-0.24688592553138733,
0.010394749231636524,
0.42589202523231506,
-0.5039957761764526,
0.17301413416862488,
-0.6927658319473267,
0.3279818296432495,
-0.16561566293239594,
0.6234498023986816,
0.07070168852806091,
-0.3255309760570526,
0.4381950795650482,
0.5133220553398132,
0.5185311436653137,
-0.3563118278980255,
-0.07208377122879028,
-0.2977009415626526,
-0.015424050390720367,
0.1341172158718109,
-0.20625200867652893,
-0.14666661620140076,
-0.07827287167310715,
0.29384446144104004,
0.39126724004745483,
-0.06461656093597412,
-0.5312666893005371,
-1.8708624839782715,
-0.07693420350551605,
-0.7477020025253296,
0.09236970543861389,
-0.044098421931266785,
0.5198650360107422,
0.7174866795539856,
0.6304380297660828,
-0.4778709411621094,
0.641242265701294,
-0.5624766945838928,
-0.33720195293426514,
0.4622949957847595,
0.20352885127067566,
0.4440276622772217,
0.48598235845565796,
-0.17161646485328674,
0.06048661470413208,
0.17155137658119202,
-0.16475781798362732,
-0.47371622920036316,
0.19428816437721252,
-0.17386749386787415,
-0.7433428764343262,
-0.24228328466415405,
-0.0999983549118042,
0.11894407868385315,
0.08129499107599258,
0.4114791452884674,
0.14027801156044006,
0.4940641522407532,
-0.21995554864406586,
0.017461206763982773,
-0.35817277431488037,
-0.4212349057197571,
0.3241771161556244,
0.7849002480506897,
0.09610447287559509,
0.005467962473630905,
0.31467869877815247,
0.09910023212432861,
0.012837584130465984,
0.07769300788640976,
-0.36295071244239807,
0.4915153384208679,
-0.06958973407745361,
0.31151819229125977,
0.20790299773216248,
0.29038476943969727,
0.7486234307289124,
-0.17126822471618652,
0.17924436926841736,
-0.4838739037513733,
0.1295008808374405,
0.02555348537862301,
1.0948938131332397,
0.41656067967414856,
0.08513249456882477,
-0.6826102137565613,
-0.16700462996959686,
0.20705723762512207,
-0.3070804476737976,
0.7488641142845154,
-0.5963113903999329,
-0.33492329716682434,
0.40466463565826416,
-0.5983195900917053,
0.005108741112053394,
0.27877867221832275,
0.49718692898750305,
0.6296470165252686,
-0.4245888888835907,
-0.5371651649475098,
0.35963621735572815,
-0.2684669494628906,
0.4511266350746155,
0.3490421175956726,
0.261883407831192,
-0.5639535188674927,
0.19572390615940094,
0.3024021089076996,
0.4928637146949768,
-0.05741039291024208,
0.29663172364234924,
0.18804743885993958,
0.7181136012077332,
-0.27885136008262634,
-0.37537530064582825,
0.03315937519073486,
0.20179271697998047,
0.31370171904563904,
0.8730270266532898,
-0.1875142604112625,
0.0515650250017643,
-0.5047954320907593,
-0.045956313610076904,
-1.8529760837554932,
-0.10527018457651138,
-0.02299507148563862,
-0.498549222946167,
0.16773998737335205,
-0.6543358564376831,
-0.16329239308834076,
-0.0782470703125,
0.2106877565383911,
-0.2212042212486267,
0.202322319149971,
0.19023847579956055,
0.12270453572273254,
-0.017781633883714676,
0.24210913479328156,
0.6614117622375488,
0.5481734871864319,
-0.17529571056365967,
-0.2706950604915619,
0.20197702944278717,
-0.1293366253376007,
-0.2628287076950073,
-0.21345625817775726,
-0.35416990518569946,
0.21297968924045563,
-0.06854479014873505,
0.23764391243457794,
-0.010751130990684032,
-0.5831854343414307,
0.006749340798705816,
0.2076122909784317,
-0.3210698068141937,
-0.26770082116127014,
0.06306889653205872,
0.4736771881580353,
0.3265005648136139,
0.36554718017578125,
0.1548168957233429,
-0.8506632447242737,
0.10237215459346771,
0.4543713629245758,
-1.1359399557113647,
0.7306492328643799,
0.4355009198188782,
0.4289179742336273,
0.2881256639957428,
-0.1933729201555252,
-0.3884100914001465,
-0.25602442026138306,
-0.09497758746147156,
0.2749020457267761,
-0.4004024565219879,
1.3455181121826172,
-0.0410846546292305,
-0.42712870240211487,
0.6264171600341797,
-0.14983659982681274,
0.17961746454238892,
0.08317210525274277,
0.03752657026052475,
0.2797396779060364,
0.27786222100257874,
-0.006238165777176619,
0.8035594820976257,
-0.26257678866386414,
-0.04219816252589226,
0.4018172323703766,
0.33322277665138245,
0.6002140641212463,
-0.14309166371822357,
0.2674466669559479,
0.2249182015657425,
-0.6412140130996704,
0.014120747335255146,
-0.5930932760238647,
0.6443734765052795,
-0.027705248445272446,
-0.147817000746727,
0.37018656730651855,
-0.18514525890350342,
0.11862693727016449,
0.7708796262741089,
0.2915285527706146,
0.6792787313461304,
-0.0954538956284523,
0.23994894325733185,
-0.006124043837189674,
-0.8458201885223389,
-0.4584106504917145,
0.22375553846359253,
0.2507797181606293,
-0.23124483227729797,
-0.27866804599761963,
0.20638474822044373,
-0.1371600180864334,
-0.15638157725334167,
0.46160173416137695,
-0.27409711480140686,
0.47239062190055847,
-0.017563026398420334,
-0.36113783717155457,
0.45497211813926697,
0.10655369609594345,
0.650317907333374,
-0.23275546729564667,
-0.3364470601081848,
-0.061744701117277145,
-0.7494335770606995,
0.6888465285301208,
0.7278082370758057,
0.04705465957522392,
-0.03588990122079849,
-0.4309537410736084,
-0.12347984313964844,
-0.21435756981372833,
-0.3310711681842804,
0.3711671829223633,
0.43288561701774597,
-0.24164129793643951,
-0.06295011192560196,
0.47825583815574646,
0.46968549489974976,
0.05827738717198372,
-0.42640456557273865,
0.2654232382774353,
-0.8852655291557312,
0.2635691463947296,
-0.29243186116218567,
0.23345577716827393,
-0.09733829647302628,
-0.4379735291004181,
-0.9577820897102356,
0.5645596981048584,
0.02303963713347912,
0.06973578035831451,
-0.03337031230330467,
-0.4294777512550354,
-0.3370884358882904,
-0.49459749460220337,
0.7224244475364685,
0.5121857523918152,
-0.07099860161542892,
-0.028218161314725876,
-0.39508140087127686,
0.3128080368041992,
0.061985768377780914,
0.3223000168800354,
-0.2851581871509552,
-0.19025768339633942,
-0.03651493415236473,
-0.6574735641479492,
-0.31648150086402893,
-0.03911234810948372,
0.5471054911613464,
-0.5454435348510742,
0.081514373421669,
-0.019044335931539536,
-0.32687699794769287,
-0.4564726948738098,
0.3709025979042053,
-0.4236149787902832,
0.29730039834976196,
0.007855260744690895,
0.12248749285936356,
-0.09946595132350922,
0.22200939059257507,
-5.375993251800537,
0.06503384560346603,
-0.5005634427070618,
-0.27700546383857727,
-0.30233505368232727,
-0.016115879639983177,
0.725335955619812,
-0.2496110051870346,
-0.4972655773162842,
-0.09271425008773804,
0.16621559858322144,
-0.7109662890434265,
-0.36860013008117676,
1.0902905464172363,
0.2521902918815613,
0.589018702507019,
0.5091519355773926,
0.022575516253709793,
-0.09006842225790024,
0.008291730657219887,
0.43820473551750183,
0.44030889868736267,
-0.08683014661073685,
-0.08509193360805511,
0.904263436794281,
0.04640384018421173,
-0.09398306161165237,
0.22563374042510986,
-0.31171903014183044,
0.5012144446372986,
-0.014081568457186222,
0.29986923933029175,
0.4279232621192932,
-0.004729494918137789,
0.24090179800987244,
0.3863794207572937,
0.609407901763916,
0.7187854647636414,
0.5158336162567139,
0.20774376392364502,
-0.47984930872917175,
0.6794558167457581,
-0.4383731484413147,
0.30787429213523865,
0.11463744193315506,
-0.029589053243398666,
-0.37939679622650146,
0.04470744729042053,
0.13576474785804749,
0.6070888042449951,
0.16673123836517334,
-0.23960405588150024,
0.16730299592018127,
0.25835949182510376,
0.5418662428855896,
-0.05361577123403549,
-0.014296099543571472,
-0.1746016889810562,
-0.6487727165222168,
0.019198935478925705,
0.11222618073225021,
-0.27840644121170044,
0.3636320233345032,
-0.7950449585914612,
-0.20481009781360626,
-0.3536986708641052,
-0.8882706761360168,
0.07943863421678543,
0.39669257402420044,
0.0892743319272995,
0.01858762837946415,
0.9138694405555725,
-0.18500857055187225,
-1.0315717458724976,
0.0905950516462326,
0.0012478507123887539,
-0.4799842834472656,
0.05171041190624237,
0.06749895960092545,
-0.09951038658618927,
0.0840032696723938,
-0.2796480059623718,
-0.103929303586483,
0.7656810879707336,
0.20314720273017883,
-0.26217010617256165,
-0.3272697329521179,
-0.4173629581928253,
-1.1222622394561768,
-0.45271870493888855,
0.6318445205688477,
-0.1710694432258606,
-0.1144915223121643,
0.08032390475273132,
0.31298503279685974,
0.35040444135665894,
0.4416293501853943,
0.13105227053165436,
0.3702235221862793,
-0.585831880569458,
-0.05741513893008232,
-0.043975986540317535,
0.05935639515519142,
-0.08926796168088913,
-0.2585197389125824,
-0.22510257363319397,
-0.6307768821716309,
0.6164180636405945,
0.9657492637634277,
-0.7305117845535278,
0.3513246476650238,
0.04600566625595093,
-0.6218323111534119,
-0.31118181347846985,
0.2135450690984726,
-0.37694087624549866,
0.20179331302642822,
0.24145233631134033,
0.21516896784305573,
-0.37033817172050476,
0.25766128301620483,
0.22869525849819183,
-0.5529851317405701,
-0.848107099533081,
-0.6942040324211121,
-0.023007653653621674,
-0.1884411871433258,
-0.39000681042671204,
-0.6481467485427856,
-0.10131818801164627,
0.31359973549842834,
0.3205529451370239,
-0.2524895668029785,
-0.43901339173316956,
0.05700855329632759,
-0.2238820493221283,
0.0507439486682415,
-0.15600910782814026,
-0.02729100175201893,
-0.6994062066078186,
0.07623385637998581,
-0.35808631777763367,
-0.08078405261039734,
0.11647838354110718,
0.511466383934021,
-0.1174827367067337,
-0.11482502520084381,
-0.20924055576324463,
-0.4837683439254761,
0.5230249762535095,
0.017723448574543,
0.2770845293998718,
0.3965751826763153,
0.39917057752609253,
0.10151694715023041,
-0.10815232992172241,
-0.08239743113517761,
0.5947242975234985,
-0.3856760263442993,
-0.41908687353134155,
0.23331916332244873,
0.0799521952867508,
-1.1426118612289429,
0.21832899749279022,
0.06279320269823074,
-0.30952221155166626,
-0.37919872999191284,
0.1622973084449768,
0.1632329672574997,
0.5602033138275146,
0.5968388915061951,
-0.382461279630661,
-0.7381910681724548,
-0.019827861338853836,
0.5551679730415344,
-0.08105307072401047,
0.15821713209152222,
0.5080746412277222,
0.0996047779917717,
0.05676940456032753,
0.3954926133155823,
-0.7671697735786438,
-0.21775050461292267,
0.5089837908744812,
0.8738536238670349,
-0.18933561444282532,
-0.0011815634788945317,
-0.30487799644470215,
-0.5719297528266907,
-0.0465911403298378,
-0.7140605449676514,
0.2786344885826111,
0.5959053039550781,
-0.2756463289260864,
-0.5646693706512451,
-0.3146733045578003,
0.11252865940332413,
0.39360907673835754,
-0.21756026148796082,
-0.291406512260437,
0.617634117603302,
0.26282885670661926,
-0.18300484120845795,
-0.04421743378043175,
0.063328318297863,
-1.0545687675476074,
0.06329911947250366,
-0.8879706263542175,
-0.508692741394043,
0.8794357776641846,
0.048381056636571884,
-0.4509119987487793,
-0.21221400797367096,
0.44393786787986755,
0.24475990235805511,
-0.14161716401576996,
-0.09460677951574326,
0.3472847044467926,
-0.4589226543903351,
-0.05083201453089714,
0.3141649067401886,
0.13138315081596375,
-1.1012325286865234,
-0.21373623609542847,
-0.5644000768661499,
-0.034237585961818695,
0.1834673285484314,
-0.39370840787887573,
0.5387049913406372,
-0.4793315529823303,
-0.016019757837057114,
0.11372706294059753,
0.27702653408050537,
0.22924262285232544,
-0.4353996813297272,
-0.5158107876777649,
0.0005341172218322754,
-0.127629354596138,
0.44825470447540283,
0.5703758001327515,
0.44900432229042053,
0.6344539523124695,
-0.1867814064025879,
-0.15790677070617676,
0.10299655795097351,
0.4470747113227844,
0.18680532276630402,
-0.5274515748023987,
-0.6073894500732422,
-0.048969659954309464,
-0.15171320736408234,
-0.2999388575553894,
-0.5559511780738831,
-0.5789568424224854,
0.6548044681549072,
-0.4893570840358734,
-0.6059824228286743,
0.42627841234207153,
0.0769939124584198,
0.15223358571529388,
0.05372746288776398,
0.3380722105503082,
-0.75202476978302,
-0.0784962847828865,
0.5159893035888672,
0.000293814780889079,
-0.056267913430929184,
0.5885811448097229,
0.35164666175842285,
0.1951037049293518,
-0.7291113138198853,
-0.5452660322189331,
-0.4963727593421936,
0.5743061900138855,
0.4319165050983429,
-0.3333011269569397,
-0.28157246112823486,
-0.5912160277366638,
0.5304819941520691,
-0.35838085412979126,
-0.28405606746673584,
-0.06270161271095276,
0.11879055947065353,
-0.2801532447338104,
-0.23206794261932373,
-0.5870555639266968,
-0.39678284525871277,
-0.11063830554485321,
-0.17847372591495514,
0.0015573975397273898,
-0.015863243490457535,
-0.16133449971675873,
-0.4688752293586731,
-0.2043556421995163,
0.2518676221370697,
0.6541942954063416,
-0.01725119538605213,
-0.09026326984167099,
-0.2338203638792038,
-0.21218670904636383,
-0.378353476524353,
0.18590612709522247,
0.4810645878314972,
-0.6942389607429504,
1.040242314338684,
-0.20215784013271332,
-0.18450993299484253,
0.08521737158298492,
-0.439006507396698,
-0.03393714874982834,
0.5895658135414124,
0.4576769769191742,
-0.04851672425866127,
0.2120739370584488,
-0.1102023497223854,
-0.45870086550712585,
-0.10487259924411774,
-0.3772968351840973,
0.5244977474212646,
-0.0583886057138443,
0.26003924012184143,
0.18438395857810974,
0.5624515414237976,
-0.32241925597190857,
-0.5183160305023193,
0.2156129777431488,
-0.3275764584541321,
-0.15855370461940765,
-0.23345202207565308,
-0.200792595744133,
0.1404455453157425,
0.270101398229599,
-0.3856740891933441,
0.7702961564064026,
-0.02955574356019497,
-0.19947217404842377,
0.14802013337612152,
-0.48222115635871887,
-0.12073919922113419,
0.4281637668609619,
0.5236101150512695,
0.14079032838344574,
0.678672194480896,
0.0996493548154831,
0.11658506095409393,
-0.09032924473285675,
-0.11033111810684204,
0.2550102174282074,
0.2407015711069107,
-0.21371792256832123,
0.6154089570045471,
0.6352494359016418,
0.8158248662948608,
-0.4833463430404663,
0.15964923799037933,
-0.12297796458005905,
0.04336158558726311,
-0.29478439688682556,
-0.11319910734891891,
-0.8418562412261963,
0.2935998737812042,
0.026717539876699448,
0.3680870234966278,
-0.09100152552127838,
0.3193230628967285,
0.8041990995407104,
-0.038368772715330124,
0.4607298672199249,
0.135234996676445,
-0.0899578332901001,
0.11474239081144333,
-0.16549986600875854,
-0.00904029794037342,
-0.16939705610275269,
-0.31302061676979065,
0.7778038382530212,
0.4452279210090637,
0.08579953759908676,
0.22867994010448456,
-0.13329963386058807,
-0.42365291714668274,
0.1442813128232956,
-0.11390644311904907,
0.005110784433782101,
0.1346091330051422,
-0.2293381690979004,
0.14347943663597107,
0.45123255252838135,
-0.05118662491440773,
-0.788118302822113,
-0.18134161829948425,
-0.41456639766693115,
0.14851683378219604,
-0.0855385810136795,
-1.3981703519821167,
0.3818550407886505,
-0.32753291726112366,
1.5286482572555542,
-0.37375757098197937,
-0.34424617886543274,
-0.4470272362232208,
-0.46600669622421265,
-0.367438405752182,
0.42376795411109924,
-0.23741695284843445,
0.35044577717781067,
-0.47802358865737915,
0.2669054865837097,
-0.9860802292823792,
0.6012488603591919,
0.28527599573135376,
-0.041357409209012985,
-0.03680350258946419,
0.5777032971382141,
-0.1494470089673996,
-0.01575341448187828,
0.10385280847549438,
-0.04760776832699776,
-0.23523111641407013,
0.42213454842567444,
-0.20413009822368622,
0.3006622791290283,
0.3090967535972595,
0.04584022983908653,
-0.41022220253944397,
0.08377998322248459,
0.24758681654930115,
0.26075807213783264,
0.39129650592803955,
0.029417583718895912,
-0.281278133392334,
-0.34401044249534607,
-0.9924180507659912,
0.3230156898498535,
-0.16855475306510925,
0.6429972648620605,
1.018946886062622,
0.5367929339408875,
0.17888861894607544,
0.02464420534670353,
-0.05703160539269447,
-0.4471908509731293,
0.34900689125061035,
0.29627054929733276,
-2.4675848484039307,
-0.28759387135505676,
0.1923157125711441,
-0.18106114864349365,
-0.277090460062027,
0.5404640436172485,
0.007393642794340849,
-0.22339381277561188,
0.14244875311851501,
-0.3590439558029175,
0.2876780927181244,
0.1710803508758545,
0.11918880045413971,
-1.0791584253311157,
0.38493582606315613,
0.08869008719921112
]
|
214847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775%20in%20literature | 1775 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1775.
Events
January 17 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan's first play, the comedy of manners The Rivals, is premièred at the Covent Garden Theatre in London, then extensively rewritten. It reopens on January 28 to acclaim. The play introduces the character of Mrs. Malaprop.
February 23 – Pierre Beaumarchais' comedy Le Barbier de Séville is premièred by the Comédie-Française at the Tuileries Palace in Paris. Rewritten it reopens on February 26 to better success. It introduces the character of Figaro.
October 19 – Samuel Johnson, Henry Thrale and Hester Thrale, visiting Paris, watch King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette dining.
December 29 – The English actress Sarah Siddons makes her debut at the Drury Lane Theatre in London as Portia in The Merchant of Venice but is poorly received.
New books
Prose
Hester Chapone – Miscellanies
William Combe – Letters from Eliza to Yorick (forgeries supposed to be from Eliza Draper to Laurence Sterne)
Charles Johnstone – The Pilgrim
Samuel Jackson Pratt (as Courtney Melmoth) – Liberal Opinions, upon Animals, Man, and Providence
Moral Tales (anonymous)
Nicolas-Edme Rétif – Le Paysan perverti
Richard Savage – The Works of Richard Savage (Samuel Johnson, editor)
Tahsin (Mir Muhammad Husain 'Ata Khan) – Nau Tarz-e-Murassa (Urdu translation of Amir Khusrow's The Tale of the Four Dervishes)
Drama
Vittorio Alfieri – Cleopatra
Pierre Beaumarchais – Le Barbier de Séville
Thomas Francklin – Matilda
David Garrick – Bon Ton
John Hoole – Cleonice, Princess of Bithynia
Thomas Hull – Edward and Eleonora
Robert Jephson – Braganza
Charlotte Lennox – Old City Manners
Gotthold Lessing – Die Juden
Louis-Sébastien Mercier
La Brouette du vinaigrier
Natalie
Richard Brinsley Sheridan – The Rivals
Ignacio López de Ayala – Numancia destruida
Poetry
Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer (Thomas Tyrwhitt, editor)
George Crabbe – Inebriety
Hugh Downman – The Drama
Thomas Gray – Poems
Edward Jerningham – The Fall of Mexico
Mary Robinson – Poems
Non-fiction
Edmund Burke
Speech on American Taxation, April 19, 1774
Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies, March 22, 1775
Susannah Dobson – Life of Petrarch (drawn from Jacques-François de Sade's Mémoires pour la vie de François Petrarch)
Elizabeth Griffith – The Morality of Shakespeare's Comedy Illustrated
John Howie – Biographia Scoticana
Samuel Johnson
A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland
Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Resolutions and Address of the American Congress
Henrietta Knight – Letters to William Shenstone
James Macpherson – The History of Great Britain
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau – Essai sur le despotisme
Joseph Priestley – Hartley's Theory of the Human Mind
Louis Claude de Saint-Martin – Des erreurs et de la vérité
Laurence Sterne (died 1768)
Letters of the Late Rev. Mr. L. Sterne
Sterne's Letters to his Friends on Various Occasions
John Wesley – A Calm Address to Our American Colonies
Births
January 30 – Walter Savage Landor, English poet (died 1864)
February 10 – Charles Lamb, English essayist (died 1834)
February 28 – Sophie Tieck, German poet (died 1833)
May 13 – Henry Crabb Robinson, English man of letters and diarist (died 1867)
June 15 – Elizabeth Benger, English biographer, novelist and poet (died 1827)
July 9 – Matthew Lewis, English novelist and dramatist (died 1818)
August 2 – William Henry Ireland, English forger of Shakespeariana (died 1835)
December 16 – Jane Austen, English novelist (died 1817)
Deaths
January 8 – John Baskerville, English printer and typefounder (born 1707)
January 13 – Johann Georg Walch, German theologian (born 1693)
March 5 – Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy, French dramatist and actor (born 1727)
June 23 – Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz, German adventurer and writer (born 1692)
November 21 – John Hill, English botanist novelist and dramatist (born c. 1716)
unknown date – Samuel Boyce, English engraver, dramatist and poet (unknown year of birth)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.1796472668647766,
0.264133095741272,
-0.4768507480621338,
-0.0806017518043518,
-0.454404354095459,
-0.2634526789188385,
0.4950794279575348,
0.5998368263244629,
-0.7764095067977905,
-0.48424920439720154,
-0.24354450404644012,
-0.011040314100682735,
-0.03156597539782524,
0.2109595090150833,
-0.1817510724067688,
-0.07409285753965378,
0.21082858741283417,
-0.22302772104740143,
0.047621361911296844,
-0.566493809223175,
-0.2983585298061371,
-0.08592608571052551,
0.5782129168510437,
-0.37132641673088074,
0.36319833993911743,
-0.5203044414520264,
0.4515952467918396,
-0.23437979817390442,
0.2735266089439392,
-0.08369935303926468,
-0.43613892793655396,
0.40586286783218384,
0.4116317927837372,
0.33525198698043823,
-0.23672977089881897,
-0.06889070570468903,
-0.4357832968235016,
0.04901561886072159,
0.1086108610033989,
-0.4487629532814026,
-0.04425280541181564,
-0.024457799270749092,
0.2942849397659302,
0.40382370352745056,
0.04086574167013168,
-0.42575106024742126,
-1.777106523513794,
0.03288551792502403,
-0.8580145239830017,
0.11548144370317459,
0.11863475292921066,
0.4486595392227173,
0.681111216545105,
0.6795931458473206,
-0.43798503279685974,
0.6512770056724548,
-0.4137078523635864,
-0.30623647570610046,
0.4286666810512543,
0.12560081481933594,
0.5473427772521973,
0.6224391460418701,
-0.18273158371448517,
0.07215479761362076,
0.5491510629653931,
-0.2245480716228485,
-0.4938487708568573,
0.06311240047216415,
-0.25686877965927124,
-0.8284560441970825,
0.01277419924736023,
-0.07209540903568268,
0.11449812352657318,
0.06622568517923355,
0.3404603600502014,
0.10323641449213028,
0.5678306818008423,
-0.23265008628368378,
-0.2064027041196823,
-0.26638129353523254,
-0.4676034152507782,
0.28824499249458313,
0.8536959290504456,
0.33926719427108765,
0.0909181609749794,
0.14482718706130981,
0.03079727292060852,
-0.20479455590248108,
0.035310760140419006,
-0.38522687554359436,
0.4594310224056244,
0.08801863342523575,
0.33271944522857666,
0.15576565265655518,
0.4758760929107666,
0.728516161441803,
-0.3634054660797119,
0.13369520008563995,
-0.3829047679901123,
-0.10812435299158096,
-0.11254636198282242,
1.1388691663742065,
0.6625250577926636,
-0.033268220722675323,
-0.7492779493331909,
-0.1491369605064392,
0.23982414603233337,
-0.23422424495220184,
0.9205042719841003,
-0.647790253162384,
0.11032399535179138,
0.36155498027801514,
-0.4855726361274719,
0.18318380415439606,
0.20305393636226654,
0.7885355353355408,
0.5077545046806335,
-0.46578627824783325,
-0.48999249935150146,
0.3639528751373291,
-0.3339878022670746,
0.6271569132804871,
0.056530311703681946,
0.323621928691864,
-0.6242567896842957,
0.32059329748153687,
0.23344701528549194,
0.44364526867866516,
-0.0952720046043396,
0.26072025299072266,
0.09907537698745728,
0.9682784080505371,
-0.3821738660335541,
-0.39735573530197144,
-0.0014536201488226652,
0.07399620115756989,
0.4135938286781311,
0.6350059509277344,
-0.08450710773468018,
0.2053174525499344,
-0.42376330494880676,
-0.2530953288078308,
-1.731563925743103,
-0.25303006172180176,
-0.04592952877283096,
-0.6470913290977478,
0.3443338871002197,
-0.7813451290130615,
-0.05187268927693367,
-0.02059224806725979,
0.2695372700691223,
-0.2049350142478943,
0.1449209451675415,
0.1544753909111023,
0.17586010694503784,
0.09786169975996017,
0.516343355178833,
0.6191607713699341,
0.4639969766139984,
-0.023965759202837944,
-0.2312617301940918,
0.12985636293888092,
-0.05610767379403114,
-0.31771036982536316,
-0.3376632630825043,
-0.36144235730171204,
0.4790209233760834,
-0.03497554734349251,
0.13760460913181305,
-0.24484418332576752,
-0.5327067971229553,
-0.21915024518966675,
0.18139952421188354,
-0.3999757468700409,
-0.05563374236226082,
0.17397823929786682,
0.5727109313011169,
0.24055294692516327,
0.24952432513237,
0.11927780508995056,
-0.9255346655845642,
0.31352266669273376,
0.2303026020526886,
-1.1097314357757568,
1.0431276559829712,
0.41878029704093933,
0.47736573219299316,
0.20498456060886383,
-0.1049434021115303,
-0.03819837048649788,
-0.31400004029273987,
-0.08367029577493668,
0.1923545002937317,
-0.3511406183242798,
1.4424916505813599,
-0.0794740617275238,
-0.2827610373497009,
0.6998072862625122,
-0.3188682496547699,
0.4035486876964569,
-0.19189296662807465,
0.1735668033361435,
0.22970575094223022,
0.18353338539600372,
0.13025198876857758,
0.9706775546073914,
-0.15775653719902039,
-0.10278945416212082,
0.463560551404953,
0.3509775400161743,
0.5681656002998352,
-0.20649273693561554,
0.3350369930267334,
0.4473826289176941,
-0.4492083191871643,
-0.15849129855632782,
-0.47082796692848206,
0.6382973790168762,
-0.09401319175958633,
0.033624328672885895,
0.5133486390113831,
-0.29438480734825134,
0.1280820667743683,
0.6101595163345337,
0.21341001987457275,
0.3741348385810852,
-0.22789008915424347,
0.3631335198879242,
-0.07556816935539246,
-1.062387228012085,
-0.25266820192337036,
0.2416088879108429,
0.14790011942386627,
-0.312664657831192,
-0.40868180990219116,
0.14846913516521454,
-0.13070042431354523,
-0.22684019804000854,
0.3923928141593933,
0.014661869034171104,
0.462590754032135,
0.1344408243894577,
-0.34645989537239075,
0.2458309382200241,
0.03160339966416359,
0.4709758162498474,
-0.20667974650859833,
-0.3188096880912781,
0.12845078110694885,
-0.7842868566513062,
0.5331774353981018,
0.6302099227905273,
0.009849725291132927,
-0.24092960357666016,
-0.38311269879341125,
-0.008230346255004406,
-0.1763915866613388,
-0.3027136027812958,
0.48871782422065735,
0.30715516209602356,
-0.2783709168434143,
-0.09029656648635864,
0.12556301057338715,
0.31676310300827026,
-0.0011101177660748363,
-0.2784711420536041,
-0.12506966292858124,
-0.704139769077301,
0.25393033027648926,
-0.3623446822166443,
0.093512162566185,
-0.04059990867972374,
-0.1410938799381256,
-1.2971174716949463,
0.5094247460365295,
-0.07967022806406021,
0.05063486471772194,
0.02171660214662552,
-0.3689630627632141,
-0.43504393100738525,
-0.6863939166069031,
0.6971461772918701,
0.536209225654602,
-0.020665571093559265,
-0.02425837703049183,
-0.020348690450191498,
0.3791952431201935,
-0.03034190833568573,
0.2116987258195877,
-0.05360293388366699,
-0.23364411294460297,
-0.17334343492984772,
-0.5265499949455261,
-0.18642179667949677,
0.12972500920295715,
0.5757860541343689,
-0.3908521234989166,
0.01672450453042984,
-0.4356640875339508,
-0.29471150040626526,
-0.558675229549408,
0.4196113646030426,
-0.47742438316345215,
0.4319421052932739,
0.35783788561820984,
0.17608074843883514,
-0.11591031402349472,
0.20736901462078094,
-5.286276817321777,
0.13574834167957306,
-0.5714601874351501,
-0.23496782779693604,
-0.08833732455968857,
0.06906213611364365,
0.7583187818527222,
-0.18663063645362854,
-0.45926326513290405,
0.13384296000003815,
0.06955216825008392,
-0.6109696626663208,
-0.24052947759628296,
0.9641097784042358,
0.5179048776626587,
0.4594253897666931,
0.4097431004047394,
-0.10816015303134918,
-0.08094590157270432,
-0.0840558260679245,
0.44348254799842834,
0.19077184796333313,
-0.19740323722362518,
0.17556168138980865,
0.8936827778816223,
0.1702718883752823,
0.1260024756193161,
0.3201972246170044,
-0.1748058944940567,
0.49294403195381165,
-0.05563707649707794,
0.35304269194602966,
0.3764292895793915,
-0.10850880295038223,
0.15746143460273743,
0.17721456289291382,
0.5819504857063293,
0.8968338370323181,
0.5889073014259338,
0.22394269704818726,
-0.3659668266773224,
0.4287284016609192,
-0.40336647629737854,
0.2949729263782501,
0.03707501292228699,
-0.029969649389386177,
-0.28194552659988403,
0.02432548999786377,
-0.1316043734550476,
0.7197344303131104,
0.0851673111319542,
-0.1420971006155014,
0.43122318387031555,
0.31671369075775146,
0.35445642471313477,
-0.07895320653915405,
0.03624753654003143,
-0.34910085797309875,
-0.5606310963630676,
-0.059951476752758026,
-0.10248102992773056,
-0.34425973892211914,
0.37324100732803345,
-0.7595529556274414,
-0.13802000880241394,
-0.37410032749176025,
-0.9079142808914185,
-0.08842768520116806,
0.36401745676994324,
0.3217769265174866,
0.05025646835565567,
0.9646103978157043,
-0.44332876801490784,
-1.088383436203003,
0.06543095409870148,
0.06388749927282333,
-0.16463422775268555,
0.1603274643421173,
0.05464288964867592,
-0.22412291169166565,
0.07219263911247253,
-0.31381556391716003,
-0.015293502248823643,
0.9476852416992188,
0.28983160853385925,
-0.06492999941110611,
-0.35352152585983276,
-0.47202417254447937,
-1.2760577201843262,
-0.5537464618682861,
0.8545066714286804,
-0.05414232984185219,
-0.30056077241897583,
0.15162250399589539,
0.2579444646835327,
0.2201378047466278,
0.28918805718421936,
-0.08369551599025726,
0.4739452302455902,
-0.5452913641929626,
-0.05701329931616783,
0.13236331939697266,
0.3092714846134186,
-0.5528861880302429,
-0.2777484953403473,
-0.36252883076667786,
-0.8396947979927063,
0.5666382312774658,
0.7854384779930115,
-0.8605542778968811,
0.09405405074357986,
-0.017571788281202316,
-0.6974872350692749,
-0.47882574796676636,
0.08076635003089905,
-0.12406338006258011,
0.45107707381248474,
0.15131837129592896,
0.08660351485013962,
-0.13890737295150757,
0.21957828104496002,
0.20038317143917084,
-0.42860621213912964,
-0.6261745691299438,
-0.7043414115905762,
-0.21954485774040222,
-0.19355255365371704,
-0.19392694532871246,
-0.5753917098045349,
-0.38241827487945557,
0.4922965168952942,
0.07526033371686935,
-0.1402006298303604,
-0.2442362755537033,
0.12009846419095993,
-0.17330455780029297,
-0.35021427273750305,
-0.1151554137468338,
0.07980922609567642,
-0.45242035388946533,
-0.03586594760417938,
-0.4435668885707855,
-0.16884326934814453,
0.06293316185474396,
0.5254021883010864,
-0.2230440080165863,
-0.18672959506511688,
-0.11678585410118103,
-0.5830855965614319,
0.44430968165397644,
-0.0771285817027092,
0.07609010487794876,
0.29763805866241455,
0.29898694157600403,
0.16509197652339935,
0.007246018853038549,
0.05967201292514801,
0.6939224004745483,
-0.32237696647644043,
-0.431305855512619,
0.05643806606531143,
0.18228575587272644,
-1.083985686302185,
0.22116337716579437,
0.2186681479215622,
-0.44136103987693787,
-0.3865903615951538,
0.017964433878660202,
0.013260383158922195,
0.6550973057746887,
0.5607037544250488,
-0.365491658449173,
-0.4467950165271759,
-0.0134122334420681,
0.6532109379768372,
-0.20170898735523224,
0.28115949034690857,
0.3958433270454407,
0.3222936689853668,
-0.04506278783082962,
0.4967246651649475,
-0.8558831214904785,
-0.18185283243656158,
0.4613054692745209,
0.8275288343429565,
-0.13584141433238983,
0.21563775837421417,
-0.2641765773296356,
-0.748198390007019,
-0.008385032415390015,
-0.6370170712471008,
0.10039322823286057,
0.5956608653068542,
-0.47980839014053345,
-0.628583550453186,
-0.22299323976039886,
0.16848166286945343,
0.43497276306152344,
-0.22692826390266418,
-0.32370471954345703,
0.742565393447876,
0.38438981771469116,
-0.4334075152873993,
-0.1518232226371765,
-0.13851334154605865,
-0.9833287596702576,
0.04801329970359802,
-0.4288376271724701,
-0.5793063044548035,
0.9293354749679565,
0.15311922132968903,
-0.4417931139469147,
-0.20441503822803497,
0.2665107250213623,
0.06540325284004211,
-0.2558378279209137,
-0.08106301724910736,
0.24547091126441956,
-0.44272133708000183,
-0.04915425553917885,
0.3442286252975464,
0.1680050641298294,
-1.0837725400924683,
-0.1867194026708603,
-0.43183615803718567,
0.06365270912647247,
0.20772956311702728,
-0.45328134298324585,
0.45249173045158386,
-0.5708813667297363,
-0.24101394414901733,
0.09970668703317642,
0.28690823912620544,
0.04386775568127632,
-0.32160553336143494,
-0.6258288025856018,
-0.08008294552564621,
-0.13082963228225708,
0.20790256559848785,
0.5479189157485962,
0.6008484959602356,
0.6318655014038086,
0.138865664601326,
-0.011778616346418858,
0.15019893646240234,
0.5795605778694153,
0.09066353738307953,
-0.4048301875591278,
-0.6762083172798157,
-0.1381293088197708,
0.0382668599486351,
-0.24936410784721375,
-0.6814101338386536,
-0.4616606533527374,
0.8006940484046936,
-0.4520519971847534,
-0.636489987373352,
0.5316662192344666,
-0.08892079442739487,
0.34311643242836,
0.047125011682510376,
0.2894707918167114,
-0.5173943042755127,
-0.07060887664556503,
0.5047360062599182,
0.11612630635499954,
-0.17138974368572235,
0.4690341353416443,
0.29618948698043823,
0.1895725429058075,
-0.6274996995925903,
-0.5800471305847168,
-0.38568612933158875,
0.49202096462249756,
0.29365989565849304,
-0.3260641396045685,
-0.20932230353355408,
-0.32405462861061096,
0.4801337420940399,
-0.23361991345882416,
-0.23388658463954926,
-0.02980446256697178,
0.04210129380226135,
-0.10584121197462082,
-0.12655344605445862,
-0.5769105553627014,
-0.1780136674642563,
0.11501973867416382,
0.09595324099063873,
0.1728438138961792,
-0.21208101511001587,
-0.13483227789402008,
-0.5272701382637024,
-0.35526809096336365,
0.2333308309316635,
0.44453907012939453,
0.05951199680566788,
-0.10473421961069107,
-0.15576520562171936,
-0.1847495138645172,
-0.6326897740364075,
0.14791235327720642,
0.46953243017196655,
-0.8995452523231506,
1.034070611000061,
-0.2233792245388031,
-0.12486910820007324,
0.0022029669489711523,
-0.41960078477859497,
0.19407124817371368,
0.5310474634170532,
0.18610067665576935,
0.15277189016342163,
0.08028901368379593,
0.04406696930527687,
-0.4667550325393677,
0.02568308636546135,
-0.39292049407958984,
0.6464107632637024,
-0.17410625517368317,
0.25148993730545044,
0.06512726843357086,
0.47374802827835083,
-0.26671385765075684,
-0.2726716101169586,
0.31623563170433044,
-0.4124039113521576,
-0.27313098311424255,
-0.13122518360614777,
-0.3916022479534149,
0.0714000016450882,
0.21067026257514954,
-0.3827391266822815,
0.7102418541908264,
0.06324523687362671,
-0.4164305627346039,
0.09240206331014633,
-0.7918810248374939,
-0.15580381453037262,
0.4505190849304199,
0.5750866532325745,
-0.011685122735798359,
0.6492734551429749,
0.07055462151765823,
-0.0839158445596695,
-0.1972445398569107,
-0.12632916867733002,
0.18451714515686035,
0.16744975745677948,
-0.41672903299331665,
0.67666095495224,
0.6869609355926514,
0.626714825630188,
-0.5029968619346619,
0.4384007155895233,
-0.4228137731552124,
0.1660359650850296,
-0.19202233850955963,
0.09822829067707062,
-1.2089036703109741,
0.205942764878273,
0.27744534611701965,
0.28163379430770874,
-0.1940893679857254,
0.52364581823349,
0.8318149447441101,
0.1899765431880951,
0.40461036562919617,
0.28143852949142456,
-0.161875382065773,
0.07556695491075516,
-0.21858689188957214,
-0.05291582643985748,
-0.28365272283554077,
-0.25651541352272034,
0.6960548758506775,
0.5562387108802795,
-0.04824546352028847,
0.19353216886520386,
-0.22752991318702698,
-0.2732172906398773,
0.24882058799266815,
-0.264302521944046,
-0.14270469546318054,
0.3023298978805542,
-0.32858219742774963,
0.1923092156648636,
0.2264513075351715,
0.0182664655148983,
-0.8188694715499878,
-0.14787429571151733,
-0.313864141702652,
0.014915432780981064,
-0.012073242105543613,
-1.3471641540527344,
0.3272905945777893,
-0.43394380807876587,
1.7723990678787231,
-0.4823946952819824,
-0.0035297987051308155,
-0.31857407093048096,
-0.4769146144390106,
-0.10243933647871017,
0.4159585237503052,
-0.35079649090766907,
0.3690953552722931,
-0.5645567178726196,
0.2323703169822693,
-0.9402254223823547,
0.7382535934448242,
0.38802820444107056,
0.0008689422393217683,
0.07672053575515747,
0.7069659233093262,
-0.25278589129447937,
-0.034434616565704346,
0.3901901841163635,
-0.3121858835220337,
-0.10665231198072433,
0.35877397656440735,
-0.010050585493445396,
0.1716940701007843,
0.3424545228481293,
0.06453381478786469,
-0.6867327094078064,
-0.11094018816947937,
0.33055445551872253,
0.18837116658687592,
0.27927374839782715,
0.24424238502979279,
-0.2705613076686859,
-0.4766935706138611,
-0.9297073483467102,
0.32469478249549866,
0.07289944589138031,
0.6505069732666016,
0.9956236481666565,
0.31042492389678955,
0.2371474951505661,
-0.3363499343395233,
-0.02381567470729351,
-0.270224004983902,
0.15421874821186066,
0.23244251310825348,
-2.680877447128296,
-0.16339197754859924,
0.13566988706588745,
0.03401143476366997,
-0.2717200219631195,
0.7082625031471252,
-0.067303866147995,
-0.11344119906425476,
0.20395764708518982,
-0.3374106287956238,
0.3369782567024231,
0.010658704675734043,
-0.06053014099597931,
-1.0979218482971191,
0.4529247283935547,
0.2210085690021515
]
|
214848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement%20Freud | Clement Freud | Sir Clement Raphael Freud (24 April 1924 – 15 April 2009) was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef.
The grandson of Sigmund Freud, son of Ernst L. Freud, nephew of Anna Freud and brother of Lucian Freud, he moved to the United Kingdom from Germany as a child and later worked as a prominent chef and food writer before becoming known to a wider audience as a television and radio personality. He was the longest serving panellist on the BBC Radio 4 panel show Just a Minute, appearing in each of the first 143 episodes, and making subsequent regular appearances up until his death in 2009. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, when he received a knighthood.
In 2016, seven years after his death, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations.
Early life
He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud (an architect) and Lucie Freud (née Brasch). He was a grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael. He spent his later childhood in Hampstead, where he attended the Hall School, a prep school. He was then educated at two independent schools: at Dartington Hall School, where he boarded, and at St Paul's School, London. He was naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, one day after the outbreak of World War II.
During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks. He acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer. He married June Flewett (the inspiration for Lucy Pevensie in C. S. Lewis's children's series The Chronicles of Narnia) in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, and after her husband's knighthood, has been known as Lady Freud. Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage.
Early career
Freud was one of Britain's first celebrity chefs. He worked at the Dorchester Hotel, and went on to run his own restaurant in Sloane Square at a relatively young age. He appeared in a series of dog food advertisements (at first Chunky Meat, later Chunky Minced Morsels) in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry (played by a number of dogs) which shared his trademark "hangdog" expression. In 1964, he appeared in Strictly for the Birds. In 1968, he wrote the children's book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, six years later.
Whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became an award-winning food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications.
Political career
Freud stood in the 1973 Isle of Ely by-election, becoming the Liberal Member of Parliament for that constituency (later North East Cambridgeshire) from 1973 to 1987. In 1983, to support employment in his constituency, he assisted the management buy-out of a concrete pipe manufacturer in March, Cambridgeshire, led by Tom Moore, and became an investor in the resulting March Concrete Ltd. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood.
In his column in the Racing Post of 23 August 2006, he wrote about his election to Parliament in a by-election: "Politically, I was an anti-Conservative unable to join a Labour party hell-bent on nationalising everything that moved, so when a by-election occurred in East Anglia, where I lived and live, I stood as a Liberal and was fortunate in getting in. Ladbrokes quoted me at 33–1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments."
His autobiography, Freud Ego, recalls his election win, and shortly after, when asked by his wife June, "Why aren't you looking happier?", he wrote "It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous... and cheered up no end." During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, Freud (in a reference to his own famous forebear) declared it was the first time in his life that he had been "out-grandfathered".
Callaghan and freedom of information
In the last year of Callaghan's government there was a proposal to revive the one-year Lib-Lab Pact which had lapsed in July 1978, to include introducing a freedom of information act, long proposed by the Liberals; however, James Callaghan himself was opposed to this kind of legislation. Towards the end of the five-year term there was a Vote of No Confidence in Callaghan's government, and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. Due to by-election defeats Labour's Callaghan ran a minority government and sought support of members from opposing parties to support him that day; to that end Clement Freud, in Liverpool at the time, received a phone call from the Prime Minister's Office at 3pm asking him to miss his train back to London for the 10pm vote of no-confidence, in exchange, a "looser" version of his proposed Freedom of Information Act would be enacted. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, for an immediate general election. Otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979.
Radio, music and academia
For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show Just a Minute. Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album Band on the Run and appeared on the album's cover. He also made the occasional film appearance, with acting roles in movies such as The Mini-Affair (1967) and The Best House in London (1969).
In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee and served two three-year terms. A generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term.
Family and hobbies
His son Matthew Freud founded the London public relations firm Freud Communications in 1985. He was formerly married to Caroline Hutton, who was the second wife of Earl Spencer; he then married media magnate Rupert Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth.
Freud's daughter Emma Freud, a broadcaster, is the partner of Richard Curtis, scriptwriter of Blackadder and Four Weddings and a Funeral. His nieces (by his painter brother Lucian) are fashion designer Bella Freud and writer Esther Freud. His eldest brother, Stephen Freud, closely guarded his privacy, with the exception of a 2008 interview he gave to The Daily Telegraph. Stephen died in 2015, at the age of 93. Freud died without resolving a feud with his brother Lucian, thought to have dated back 70 years, over which of them was the rightful winner of a boyhood race. There have been claims that Freud fathered a child in the mid-1950s with the family's 17-year-old nanny.
Freud was a columnist for the Racing Post newspaper. Freud's enthusiasm for horse racing went as far as challenging Sir Hugh Fraser, then chairman of Harrods, to a horse race at Haydock in 1972. Freud trained for three months and lost some five stone for the event. Although Fraser, a country gentleman, was seen as a much better prospect, the two made a bet for £1,000-a-side. Freud used the long odds to his advantage, however, and shrewdly placed a large side bet on himself. Freud won the race and made a great deal of money. His horse, Winter Fair, went on to win the Waterloo Hurdle at Aintree that same year.
Freud also wrote articles reviewing facilities for spectators at racecourses in Britain, especially catering. This led him to receive the nickname "Sir Clement Food".
Death and funeral
Freud died at his home on 15 April 2009, nine days before his 85th birthday. His funeral service was held at St Bride's Church in Fleet Street and was attended by a host of personalities from the media and entertainment industry including Bono, Richard Curtis, Stephen Fry, Paul Merton, Debbie McGee, and Nicholas Parsons as well as several representatives from Westminster, such as then-Prime Minister Gordon Brown, then-Shadow Chancellor George Osborne and former Liberal party leader Lord Steel. He was survived by his wife of 59 years, Jill Freud, his five children, his 17 grandchildren and his two elder brothers, Stephen and Lucian.
Child sexual abuse allegations
In June 2016, allegations were made in Exposure: Abused and Betrayed – A Life Sentence, an ITV documentary broadcast on 15 June, that Freud was a paedophile in the late 1940s and the 1970s. Two women, who did not know each other, spoke publicly for the first time about how Freud preyed upon them when they were still children and into young adulthood. Sylvia Woosley contacted the ITV news team — the same team that exposed Jimmy Savile — to tell them she had been abused for many years by Freud, from the age of 10 in the 1950s to when she left his home aged 19. The second woman, who remained anonymous, said that Freud groomed her from the age of 11 in 1971, abused her at 14, and violently raped her at 18, by which time Freud had become a Liberal MP, sharing an office with fellow MP Cyril Smith, a prolific abuser of children who was first accused of abuse in the 1960s, but was never prosecuted.
On the day of the documentary broadcast, Clement Freud's widow, Jill Freud, issued an apology to both women. She accepted the claims and issued a statement of sympathy for his victims, saying: "I sincerely hope they will now have some peace."
A third woman, Vicky Hayes, has alleged that she was assaulted and raped by Freud when she was aged 17. Hayes said Freud had no right to his reputation as a "pillar of society" and ought to be posthumously stripped of his knighthood. It also emerged that Operation Yewtree had been passed Freud's name in 2012 when two alleged victims made accusations to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).
Scotland Yard was examining the details of the allegations and detectives were said to be looking into the possibility that Freud had associated with other alleged abusers at the time of the claims. Allegations have also been made of predatory behaviour towards female students during his time as Rector of the University of Dundee in the 1970s. Craig Murray, a former British ambassador, who was a student at Dundee University in the late 1970s, described an incident when Freud asked the president of the students' union to pimp for him and select a woman to entertain him.
Bibliography
1968 – Grimble – illustrated by Quentin Blake
1973 – Grimble at Christmas – illustrated by Quentin Blake
1978 – Freud on Food
1980 – Clicking Vicky
1981 – The Book of Hangovers – 1982 paperback version illustrated by Bill Tidy
1983 – Below the Belt
1988 – No one Else Has Complained
1989 – The Gourmet's Tour of Great Britain and Ireland
2001 – Freud Ego
2009 – Freud on Course – The Racing Lives of Clement Freud
See also
Freud family
References
Further reading
Crewe, Daniel. "One of Nature’s Liberals: the career of Sir Clement Freud, artist, journalist, chef, bon-viveur – and Liberal MP, 1973–87" in Journal of Liberal History, Issue 43, Summer 2004.
External links
Video: Sir Clement Freud dies aged 84 – Times Online
New York Times obituary
Sir Clement Freud dies aged 84 – guardian.co.uk
AP Obituary in The Times
Gallery of pictures at guardian.co.uk
|-
|-
|-
1924 births
2009 deaths
People educated at Dartington Hall School
British Army General List officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom
Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
British Anglicans
British chefs
British people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Clement
German people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Jewish British politicians
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at St Paul's School, London
People educated at The Hall School, Hampstead
People from Berlin
Rectors of the University of Dundee
Rectors of the University of St Andrews
Royal Ulster Rifles soldiers
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom | [
0.22639775276184082,
0.4815301299095154,
-0.10754342377185822,
-0.31298670172691345,
-0.6875882148742676,
0.5671744346618652,
0.34987640380859375,
-0.012453255243599415,
0.06518188118934631,
-0.028914662078022957,
-0.3315136730670929,
0.0929928869009018,
0.11582550406455994,
0.3772721290588379,
0.3473569452762604,
-0.027301061898469925,
-0.3031344711780548,
-0.5129764080047607,
-0.45034244656562805,
-0.23016731441020966,
-0.08894837647676468,
0.2691631615161896,
-0.14049655199050903,
0.38953933119773865,
-0.34366101026535034,
0.25845903158187866,
-0.11108241975307465,
-0.5276148915290833,
0.31285935640335083,
-0.25246837735176086,
-0.48513442277908325,
0.46800947189331055,
0.45256516337394714,
0.10150762647390366,
-0.4488021433353424,
0.2644021809101105,
-0.1468203365802765,
-0.5356991291046143,
-0.3501186668872833,
0.3087586462497711,
-0.49143165349960327,
0.5135551691055298,
0.6309356093406677,
0.16641125082969666,
-0.3289062976837158,
-0.42693084478378296,
-1.9651871919631958,
0.453743040561676,
-0.35643723607063293,
-0.2698770761489868,
0.06174527108669281,
0.13424114882946014,
0.9772093892097473,
0.3313364088535309,
-0.1441834419965744,
0.04216233640909195,
-0.9921664595603943,
-0.25308758020401,
0.2219640463590622,
0.20930063724517822,
0.46848371624946594,
0.18394272029399872,
0.29314881563186646,
-0.378488689661026,
0.3213668763637543,
-0.24788010120391846,
-0.13295547664165497,
0.823046088218689,
-0.19432005286216736,
-0.13792268931865692,
-0.6062741279602051,
0.004070823080837727,
0.5482150316238403,
0.2552091181278229,
0.28644508123397827,
-0.6561629176139832,
0.5382884740829468,
-0.04350913316011429,
0.14578330516815186,
0.15329602360725403,
0.13103991746902466,
-0.1231284886598587,
0.7211220860481262,
0.413870245218277,
0.6481571793556213,
-0.3536117374897003,
-0.4312594532966614,
0.5261527299880981,
-0.6598090529441833,
-0.2979188859462738,
-0.41123390197753906,
-0.49191516637802124,
0.3096623718738556,
-0.1350029706954956,
-0.3405662178993225,
0.3191041350364685,
0.5417653918266296,
0.18830527365207672,
0.14929835498332977,
-0.2749645709991455,
-0.20098523795604706,
0.3622782826423645,
0.4046264588832855,
-0.2457152009010315,
-0.606407642364502,
-0.3200230002403259,
-0.562713086605072,
-0.8580989241600037,
-0.09225907176733017,
0.12417200207710266,
-0.8348129391670227,
0.0015037936391308904,
-0.49209025502204895,
0.13177688419818878,
0.23247860372066498,
0.450283020734787,
-0.11643160879611969,
-1.0177315473556519,
-0.6598212122917175,
-0.31959548592567444,
-0.21698875725269318,
0.011181571520864964,
0.1326269656419754,
-0.1108374297618866,
-0.94701087474823,
-0.26286861300468445,
0.5353699922561646,
0.1563883274793625,
-0.07064330577850342,
0.523636519908905,
0.6003782153129578,
0.9483508467674255,
-0.5483205318450928,
-0.4276559352874756,
-0.26297062635421753,
-0.16069293022155762,
0.36636388301849365,
-0.025617219507694244,
-0.6650128364562988,
0.08022168278694153,
0.1372549682855606,
-0.014434569515287876,
-0.5782414674758911,
0.32759833335876465,
0.21467603743076324,
0.20361776649951935,
-0.3063002824783325,
-0.23072370886802673,
-0.06845207512378693,
-0.39638248085975647,
-0.26662731170654297,
0.2622216045856476,
0.4354926347732544,
-0.466502845287323,
-0.06573614478111267,
0.7108912467956543,
0.7225762605667114,
0.07684347778558731,
0.44318443536758423,
-0.1542959064245224,
0.523681104183197,
-0.5313387513160706,
-0.2451939433813095,
-0.1701134443283081,
0.07366572320461273,
-0.21508003771305084,
0.21814607083797455,
0.18951316177845,
-0.0886622965335846,
0.23268575966358185,
-0.6277830600738525,
-0.0031572228763252497,
0.6822219491004944,
0.03909356892108917,
-0.2011527270078659,
0.5311331748962402,
0.5375198125839233,
0.01860846020281315,
0.4849236309528351,
-0.17491745948791504,
-0.5985313653945923,
-0.5949801802635193,
-0.024266840890049934,
-0.13287663459777832,
0.7740139365196228,
0.0945296362042427,
0.29331785440444946,
-0.2841535210609436,
0.6126127243041992,
0.1949569433927536,
-0.39904069900512695,
-0.39731502532958984,
-0.046730976551771164,
0.018381576985120773,
0.44027629494667053,
0.5002648234367371,
-0.1323096752166748,
0.7158254981040955,
0.4107809364795685,
0.35551580786705017,
-0.23622098565101624,
0.18742389976978302,
0.040033306926488876,
-0.3651437759399414,
0.398810476064682,
0.37791529297828674,
0.4749290943145752,
-0.05310549587011337,
-0.1042807325720787,
0.8764004111289978,
0.15569843351840973,
-0.3950144648551941,
0.2275109887123108,
0.36289462447166443,
-0.4432588517665863,
-0.38001713156700134,
-0.3415454626083374,
-0.2768465280532837,
-0.016029993072152138,
-0.4974788725376129,
0.47362327575683594,
0.518438458442688,
-0.1939346045255661,
0.44930723309516907,
-0.08564236015081406,
1.1199586391448975,
0.12632228434085846,
0.021317366510629654,
-0.15775763988494873,
-0.341806024312973,
-0.387960821390152,
0.3590134084224701,
0.3280707001686096,
-0.3514491021633148,
0.16845256090164185,
0.37358418107032776,
0.3430481553077698,
-0.6730477809906006,
-0.08988159894943237,
-0.4377911686897278,
0.2157328575849533,
-0.37484240531921387,
-0.3454727828502655,
0.3627414405345917,
-0.06253290176391602,
0.7559775114059448,
0.06525354087352753,
0.005853177513927221,
-0.2110150307416916,
0.43751025199890137,
0.43941354751586914,
0.6165273189544678,
0.20843173563480377,
0.4491269588470459,
0.16903820633888245,
-0.3735899031162262,
0.3208938539028168,
-0.060592394322156906,
0.6849589943885803,
0.4699362516403198,
0.40926939249038696,
0.16508138179779053,
0.1302763819694519,
-0.2948746383190155,
-0.13794918358325958,
-0.48067706823349,
0.43878433108329773,
-0.6583966016769409,
0.36389851570129395,
-0.16428767144680023,
0.5023143291473389,
-0.28838396072387695,
-0.12744106352329254,
0.033484406769275665,
0.12987734377384186,
0.040516920387744904,
-0.5742312073707581,
0.019615592435002327,
0.010140685364603996,
-0.24564899504184723,
-0.04928777739405632,
0.46037161350250244,
-0.5025432109832764,
0.5006469488143921,
-0.016073614358901978,
0.2049863636493683,
-0.3846302032470703,
-0.2561064660549164,
0.2747964560985565,
-0.3914903998374939,
-0.36956968903541565,
1.084535837173462,
-0.21211443841457367,
-0.007251644041389227,
-0.600322961807251,
0.2730233669281006,
-0.7059903144836426,
-0.7481672763824463,
-0.1542414426803589,
-0.3197970986366272,
-0.1739119589328766,
0.8087994456291199,
0.011624759994447231,
0.19137130677700043,
0.4279608726501465,
0.02511996403336525,
-0.13794931769371033,
-0.11896047741174698,
-5.628558158874512,
-0.08783392608165741,
0.2520981431007385,
-0.23431280255317688,
0.1164659932255745,
0.3092132806777954,
0.12520509958267212,
-0.034614451229572296,
-0.47153034806251526,
-0.337705135345459,
0.38481631875038147,
-0.048332277685403824,
-0.23043370246887207,
0.8045362830162048,
1.038644552230835,
0.5748577117919922,
0.028696943074464798,
-0.041557569056749344,
0.3435322344303131,
0.5468801856040955,
-0.05927320942282677,
0.10103397816419601,
0.575346827507019,
0.26637348532676697,
-0.39197900891304016,
-0.1900000423192978,
-0.551804780960083,
0.2552303671836853,
-1.0121005773544312,
-0.29572275280952454,
0.4749785363674164,
0.12204302847385406,
-0.3697656989097595,
0.14960044622421265,
0.099088653922081,
0.21874083578586578,
0.529228150844574,
0.22943611443042755,
-0.008850352838635445,
0.09252823144197464,
0.11631979048252106,
0.4535917043685913,
-0.5470471382141113,
-0.07485929131507874,
0.15085145831108093,
0.22256210446357727,
-0.47846028208732605,
0.36206114292144775,
-0.11070941388607025,
-0.0067758564837276936,
0.21189714968204498,
0.35115447640419006,
-0.28443020582199097,
-0.05574379861354828,
-0.31637251377105713,
0.19189520180225372,
0.14107193052768707,
-0.09375458210706711,
-0.925606369972229,
-0.13650931417942047,
0.2831861078739166,
0.017914924770593643,
-0.21809610724449158,
-0.032325807958841324,
-0.1624378263950348,
0.19828687608242035,
0.056000005453825,
0.1342679113149643,
0.3198334276676178,
-0.3871641159057617,
-0.23772530257701874,
0.6775177717208862,
0.3750098943710327,
-1.2757058143615723,
-0.5744771361351013,
-0.531915009021759,
0.09559658169746399,
-0.11482281982898712,
-0.5414541363716125,
0.25375616550445557,
-0.025639116764068604,
-0.535739541053772,
-0.635745108127594,
0.6804344058036804,
0.20459118485450745,
-0.5697287917137146,
-0.37714460492134094,
0.4917040169239044,
-0.28544652462005615,
-0.6337905526161194,
-0.8039736747741699,
-0.5780582427978516,
-0.44664353132247925,
0.6296365261077881,
-0.19826555252075195,
0.2504611015319824,
-0.74984210729599,
0.6557000279426575,
0.2230774462223053,
0.4902377426624298,
-0.9617773294448853,
-0.3309217393398285,
-0.08771635591983795,
0.12736636400222778,
0.4156976044178009,
-0.04455969110131264,
-0.23929928243160248,
0.08511566370725632,
0.4538317620754242,
-0.11783778667449951,
-0.18936045467853546,
0.9471272230148315,
-0.2616633474826813,
-0.06936166435480118,
0.699388861656189,
-0.4821067452430725,
0.15158309042453766,
0.28169143199920654,
0.4141239523887634,
0.5003882050514221,
0.03639686480164528,
0.5290560722351074,
-0.5795694589614868,
0.20755061507225037,
-0.37920480966567993,
0.033442262560129166,
0.3823091983795166,
-0.821577250957489,
-0.35259151458740234,
0.3913375735282898,
-0.17709119617938995,
0.8475426435470581,
0.36006414890289307,
0.38239073753356934,
0.2979920208454132,
-0.1970541924238205,
-0.6904990673065186,
-0.1118997186422348,
-0.08095607906579971,
-0.2835436761379242,
0.03800514340400696,
0.09258167445659637,
0.12954699993133545,
0.28587475419044495,
0.3434903025627136,
-0.05799415335059166,
-0.2075941562652588,
0.14121408760547638,
0.04070954769849777,
0.5213180780410767,
0.11236810684204102,
0.26862531900405884,
0.3239666223526001,
-0.014724950306117535,
-0.34744107723236084,
-0.13996398448944092,
-0.3584185242652893,
0.12899379432201385,
0.17357973754405975,
-0.4120425581932068,
0.024840671569108963,
-0.5093693733215332,
-0.7894064784049988,
-0.02070348709821701,
0.09448884427547455,
0.3490518033504486,
-0.2001839131116867,
-0.15473979711532593,
-0.11781661957502365,
0.11799471825361252,
-0.19003143906593323,
-0.513364315032959,
-0.002831268822774291,
-0.1185266375541687,
-0.023350615054368973,
0.057040952146053314,
-0.13043861091136932,
-0.08539589494466782,
-0.37145963311195374,
0.08327168226242065,
0.3217949867248535,
0.07459267228841782,
-0.5710778832435608,
-0.0841125026345253,
-0.09863942116498947,
-0.1197342574596405,
-0.33944419026374817,
-0.6620775461196899,
0.12895989418029785,
-0.22359599173069,
-0.42763251066207886,
-0.09450656920671463,
0.17055095732212067,
1.0554221868515015,
-0.41917723417282104,
-0.3166399598121643,
0.3632797598838806,
-0.6073483824729919,
-0.4652367830276489,
-0.48678597807884216,
0.2401038110256195,
0.31109651923179626,
-0.08969446271657944,
-0.2423277199268341,
0.574597179889679,
-1.0156528949737549,
-0.5031178593635559,
0.08316170424222946,
0.18355941772460938,
0.8660644888877869,
-0.2914583683013916,
-0.4722214639186859,
-0.25409388542175293,
0.22777408361434937,
-0.25221291184425354,
0.11400109529495239,
0.1009429469704628,
0.11749345809221268,
0.20084373652935028,
-0.3036554455757141,
-0.34244582056999207,
-0.19182071089744568,
-0.830543041229248,
-0.4581996202468872,
-0.6241136789321899,
0.03224927559494972,
0.22978073358535767,
-0.32518354058265686,
0.6243223547935486,
-0.19335031509399414,
0.0794188603758812,
0.012350095435976982,
0.1270211935043335,
0.5393329858779907,
-0.37428534030914307,
-0.4602574110031128,
0.2299688458442688,
0.2547997534275055,
-0.4531362056732178,
0.21586529910564423,
0.8840028047561646,
0.7746118903160095,
0.07582293450832367,
-0.3110838532447815,
0.0927734524011612,
0.23377345502376556,
0.8199647068977356,
-0.03120318613946438,
-0.17134130001068115,
0.17321641743183136,
0.270082950592041,
-0.11990553885698318,
-0.6577696800231934,
-0.4618401825428009,
0.438533216714859,
-0.5624355673789978,
0.30733609199523926,
0.2015855461359024,
0.32232269644737244,
-0.04261357709765434,
0.22646698355674744,
0.16561490297317505,
0.43057680130004883,
0.3195328414440155,
0.03171404451131821,
0.5060687065124512,
0.42668721079826355,
0.255543977022171,
-0.2089611142873764,
-0.328963965177536,
0.19393591582775116,
-0.1572195142507553,
-0.555885374546051,
0.34069135785102844,
0.14363877475261688,
0.11229518055915833,
0.2372530698776245,
-0.611954927444458,
0.3584025204181671,
-0.3700227439403534,
-0.07588110119104385,
0.024440499022603035,
0.6024063229560852,
-0.8900437355041504,
-0.30352598428726196,
-0.968657374382019,
-0.48577702045440674,
0.10761765390634537,
-0.052647970616817474,
0.24273432791233063,
-0.2141065150499344,
-0.025624150410294533,
-0.28121256828308105,
0.24410001933574677,
0.11027013510465622,
-0.180386483669281,
-0.7735280990600586,
0.7548896074295044,
0.019971689209342003,
-0.5578131079673767,
-0.403242826461792,
0.8762173652648926,
0.35897940397262573,
-0.3972060978412628,
0.42370492219924927,
-0.04497677460312843,
-0.4009186923503876,
-0.34846019744873047,
-0.061993878334760666,
-0.04227195307612419,
0.2922550439834595,
-0.28426581621170044,
0.271328866481781,
0.3861285150051117,
-0.6969585418701172,
0.1246720477938652,
0.06313924491405487,
-0.13126905262470245,
-0.14497195184230804,
-0.06655746698379517,
0.11730359494686127,
0.11281644552946091,
0.45048537850379944,
-0.8066155910491943,
-0.2997934818267822,
0.1863524466753006,
0.0028572301380336285,
-0.03189908340573311,
0.08350400626659393,
-0.09036530554294586,
0.3051180839538574,
0.06903398036956787,
-0.30833688378334045,
0.6062029004096985,
-0.016787925735116005,
-0.5139442086219788,
-0.016852734610438347,
-0.31628426909446716,
0.20320869982242584,
-0.282515287399292,
-0.365435391664505,
0.9819560647010803,
-0.5012621879577637,
0.047616299241781235,
0.158026784658432,
0.3432300388813019,
-0.3970426619052887,
0.37433740496635437,
-0.4299774169921875,
0.0772581622004509,
0.7354451417922974,
0.3577151298522949,
0.16379205882549286,
-0.1584199219942093,
0.15127241611480713,
0.14231108129024506,
0.48930636048316956,
-0.6084115505218506,
-0.4928937256336212,
0.18713447451591492,
-0.027140751481056213,
-0.20732516050338745,
0.9379770755767822,
0.36784064769744873,
-0.09976975619792938,
0.17937909066677094,
0.35428735613822937,
-0.8883635997772217,
0.3805442154407501,
0.40332767367362976,
0.39197665452957153,
-0.40180614590644836,
-0.18396395444869995,
0.9047667384147644,
0.3274018466472626,
-0.2873568534851074,
0.6869650483131409,
-0.4749840795993805,
0.2418932169675827,
-0.023963753134012222,
-0.5848169326782227,
-0.26302123069763184,
0.012552655301988125,
-0.06736346334218979,
-0.07313309609889984,
-0.12219654768705368,
-0.14991474151611328,
-0.06968604028224945,
-0.17684274911880493,
-0.19670210778713226,
0.0376632958650589,
-0.4166942536830902,
-0.05912931635975838,
0.17922039330005646,
-0.9345609545707703,
-0.1463816612958908,
-0.13340219855308533,
0.4811311960220337,
0.3238011300563812,
-0.6826041340827942,
-0.21403320133686066,
0.6483950018882751,
-0.24085630476474762,
-0.15523169934749603,
0.08478077501058578,
0.3573853373527527,
-0.2421998381614685,
-0.3423329293727875,
-1.0669430494308472,
0.5842667818069458,
0.08110563457012177,
-0.2186465710401535,
-0.6178410649299622,
0.3729053735733032,
0.24878297746181488,
0.6597912907600403,
0.04940269887447357,
-0.06532946974039078,
-0.10743086040019989,
-0.15145696699619293,
0.16505612432956696,
0.4903734624385834,
0.3856864273548126,
-0.38330739736557007,
-0.318743497133255,
0.49644094705581665,
0.6132780909538269,
-0.2966943085193634,
-0.30554232001304626,
-0.04195985943078995,
-0.7594832181930542,
0.2785223722457886,
-0.7122181057929993,
-0.29553017020225525,
-0.15102481842041016,
-0.38901007175445557,
0.9502272009849548,
1.0255389213562012,
0.34185418486595154,
-0.7137752771377563,
0.5009540915489197,
0.18327072262763977,
0.3280618190765381,
-0.379989892244339,
-0.31184667348861694,
-0.053537216037511826,
0.48816925287246704,
-0.5617321729660034,
-0.08665414154529572,
0.3118024170398712,
0.2661588490009308,
0.27762654423713684,
0.29034265875816345,
-0.6458439230918884,
0.35928991436958313,
-0.05068099871277809,
0.15867964923381805,
-0.21715383231639862,
0.9193935990333557,
-0.16809558868408203
]
|
214850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776%20in%20literature | 1776 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1776.
Events
January 8 – The English actor John Philip Kemble makes his stage début, as Theodosius in Nathaniel Lee's eponymous tragedy, at Wolverhampton, England, with the Crump and Chamberlain company.
August 7 – David Hume, weeks before his death, adds a codicil to his will, giving instructions for the publication of the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, on which he has been working since 1750.
unknown dates – The Wenyuan Chamber is built in China as an imperial library in the Forbidden City of Beijing.
New books
Fiction
Elizabeth Griffith – The Story of Lady Juliana Harley
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi – Edward Allwill's Briefsammlung
Ignacy Krasicki – The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom (Mikołaja Doświadczyńskiego przypadki) (first novel in Polish)
Samuel Jackson Pratt (as Courtney Melmoth) – The Pupil of Pleasure, or, The New System (Lord Chesterfield's) Illustrated
Drama
George Edward Ayscough (adapted from Voltaire) – Semiramis
Hannah Cowley – The Runaway
Samuel Foote – The Bankrupt
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Stella
Friedrich Maximilian Klinger – Sturm und Drang
Johann Anton Leisewitz – Julius of Taranto (first performed)
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz – The Soldiers (Die Soldaten)
Heinrich Leopold Wagner – Die Kindermörderin
Lope de Vega (ed. Antonio de Sancha) – Obras sueltas
Poetry
James Beattie – Poems
Richard Graves – Euphrosyne
Hannah More – Sir Eldred of the Bower, and The Bleeding Rock
Jonathan Richardson – Morning Thoughts
John Scott – Amwell
Augustus Montague Toplady – Psalms and Hymns
William Whitehead – Variety
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos – Jovino a sus amigos de Salamanca
Non-fiction
John Adams – Thoughts on Government
James Beattie – Essays
Jeremy Bentham – Fragment on Government
Charles Burney – A General History of Music (completed 1789)
George Campbell – The Philosophy of Rhetoric
David Dalrymple – Annals of Scotland
Edward Gibbon – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume 1
Oliver Goldsmith – A Survey of Experimental Philosophy
Sir John Hawkins – A General History of the Science and Practice of Music
David Herd – Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs
Soame Jenyns – A View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
The American Crisis
Richard Price – Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty
Adam Smith – An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Births
January – Frances Burney, English dramatist (died 1828)
January 17 – Jane Porter, Scottish novelist and dramatist (died 1850)
January 24 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German fantasy and horror writer (died 1822)
February 12 – Richard Mant, English writer and cleric (died 1848)
March 9 – Archibald Bell, Scottish lawyer and miscellanist (died 1854)
April 13 – Wilhelm von Schütz, German author and playwright (died 1847)
July 1 – Sophie Gay, French author (died 1852)
September 21 – John Fitchett, English epic poet (died 1838)
September 27 – Maria Versfelt, Dutch actress and memoirist (died 1845)
November 16 – Mary Matilda Betham, English diarist, scholar and poet (died 1852)
November 20 – William Blackwood, Scottish publisher (died 1834)
Deaths
April 29 – Edward Wortley Montagu, English travel writer (born 1713)
May 23 – Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse (Mademoiselle de Lespinasse), French salonnière (born 1732)
May 30 – Albert Frick, German theologian (born 1732)
June 2 – Robert Foulis, Scottish art critic and publisher (born 1707)
August 25 – David Hume, Scottish philosopher, historian and economist (born 1711)
October 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (born 1681)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.04207078367471695,
0.18405258655548096,
-0.8015056848526001,
-0.17085343599319458,
-0.39766931533813477,
-0.2514107823371887,
0.43024736642837524,
0.5193414688110352,
-0.7216054201126099,
-0.5615413188934326,
-0.2997734546661377,
0.04525868222117424,
0.026839345693588257,
0.13343963027000427,
-0.23070186376571655,
0.007036246359348297,
0.29182881116867065,
-0.10926612466573715,
0.13422591984272003,
-0.5054762959480286,
-0.4199601113796234,
0.10251909494400024,
0.5016825199127197,
-0.2742787003517151,
0.42306721210479736,
-0.6300886869430542,
0.5330904126167297,
-0.49147269129753113,
0.19360637664794922,
-0.09363830089569092,
-0.5212759375572205,
0.17528842389583588,
0.357162207365036,
0.4837507903575897,
-0.20353366434574127,
-0.1364050954580307,
-0.5912460088729858,
0.004338871221989393,
0.24854843318462372,
-0.5544472932815552,
-0.24696949124336243,
-0.1996053010225296,
0.5296112298965454,
0.2645650804042816,
-0.010145677253603935,
-0.28136011958122253,
-1.9056717157363892,
0.24002955853939056,
-0.6765733957290649,
-0.060966357588768005,
-0.18019914627075195,
0.6431320905685425,
0.8882042765617371,
0.5188249945640564,
-0.2714264392852783,
0.5674101710319519,
-0.42027798295021057,
-0.2793421745300293,
0.2795528471469879,
-0.3641529977321625,
0.5962122082710266,
0.7895126342773438,
-0.053016092628240585,
0.02547696977853775,
0.5193395018577576,
-0.3783288896083832,
-0.5218678116798401,
-0.06863483786582947,
-0.09751282632350922,
-0.747921347618103,
0.012271738611161709,
0.02326648309826851,
0.05997861921787262,
-0.000113573762064334,
0.2018362432718277,
0.2745465040206909,
0.5746017694473267,
-0.15125036239624023,
-0.27955201268196106,
-0.1654837280511856,
-0.6104344129562378,
0.32905110716819763,
0.8642725348472595,
0.3888840973377228,
0.08454722911119461,
0.10721420496702194,
0.029278675094246864,
-0.22700074315071106,
0.0935576930642128,
-0.30454033613204956,
0.11329066008329391,
0.2102314680814743,
0.2697083652019501,
0.2909527122974396,
0.4272916615009308,
0.46451014280319214,
-0.19072768092155457,
0.2565135955810547,
-0.5895293354988098,
-0.046413686126470566,
-0.14803116023540497,
0.8747866749763489,
0.8864351511001587,
0.020477043464779854,
-0.9333897829055786,
-0.06539195775985718,
0.24717536568641663,
-0.1531211882829666,
1.008172869682312,
-0.5532839298248291,
0.267448365688324,
0.28391045331954956,
-0.3751019537448883,
0.15047675371170044,
0.31731855869293213,
0.7088000774383545,
0.46585726737976074,
-0.32833752036094666,
-0.43360674381256104,
0.41736963391304016,
-0.27724921703338623,
0.7154901027679443,
-0.07917625457048416,
0.12220051884651184,
-0.4816032946109772,
0.13598032295703888,
0.4016229808330536,
0.408735454082489,
-0.36286646127700806,
0.12239260226488113,
0.142480731010437,
1.173704981803894,
-0.48003482818603516,
-0.45021310448646545,
0.000807489559520036,
-0.005315454676747322,
0.39729127287864685,
0.528201699256897,
-0.032232314348220825,
0.12667736411094666,
-0.38358768820762634,
-0.30409830808639526,
-1.471599817276001,
-0.3287763297557831,
0.05306987464427948,
-0.7902970314025879,
0.16333888471126556,
-0.7434473037719727,
-0.11450330913066864,
-0.060387492179870605,
0.42521873116493225,
-0.2932872474193573,
0.11244802922010422,
0.23568779230117798,
-0.05534869432449341,
-0.006997254677116871,
0.3573095202445984,
0.538621187210083,
0.5621010661125183,
0.21092508733272552,
-0.10967539995908737,
0.128242626786232,
0.09525798261165619,
-0.44504186511039734,
-0.4017910361289978,
-0.14373253285884857,
0.4170270562171936,
0.03284419700503349,
-0.03650829195976257,
-0.3691157400608063,
-0.405792236328125,
-0.039331670850515366,
0.30204543471336365,
-0.25184381008148193,
-0.024191182106733322,
0.3208605945110321,
0.5751519799232483,
0.5306392312049866,
0.27476945519447327,
0.12734249234199524,
-0.916450560092926,
0.2416101098060608,
0.24197769165039062,
-0.8657663464546204,
0.9968466758728027,
0.34626659750938416,
0.3098980188369751,
0.11883266270160675,
-0.096938356757164,
-0.0030408063903450966,
-0.36868441104888916,
-0.17340072989463806,
0.1318463832139969,
-0.5630074739456177,
1.3123153448104858,
0.0028775050304830074,
-0.4169479012489319,
0.95070481300354,
-0.3378445506095886,
0.2990338206291199,
-0.008015347644686699,
0.23177041113376617,
0.29939037561416626,
-0.03169381245970726,
0.06075998395681381,
0.8128258585929871,
-0.031691715121269226,
0.08827626705169678,
0.48269861936569214,
0.289279967546463,
0.6935766935348511,
-0.13980180025100708,
0.06496290862560272,
0.45129063725471497,
-0.11017400026321411,
-0.2766242027282715,
-0.47885915637016296,
0.5076188445091248,
0.08539760857820511,
-0.09882516413927078,
0.6124457716941833,
-0.2578723430633545,
0.245178684592247,
0.5611928105354309,
0.23647081851959229,
0.35011178255081177,
-0.5400672554969788,
0.11716968566179276,
0.06310130655765533,
-0.9852867722511292,
-0.28790366649627686,
0.13022959232330322,
0.011903549544513226,
-0.6068001985549927,
-0.18484123051166534,
0.01774558238685131,
-0.09685949236154556,
-0.3133883774280548,
0.3178313672542572,
-0.00927318911999464,
0.471465140581131,
0.09945258498191833,
-0.33458012342453003,
0.19103701412677765,
-0.08651468902826309,
0.5462178587913513,
-0.20625683665275574,
-0.2006681263446808,
-0.05999979376792908,
-0.6580005884170532,
0.5622155070304871,
0.8107231259346008,
0.2741621136665344,
-0.1895281821489334,
-0.3370226323604584,
-0.005193827673792839,
-0.2584672272205353,
-0.3675365447998047,
0.3420296311378479,
0.4655623137950897,
-0.2588523030281067,
-0.0038152767810970545,
-0.06292517483234406,
0.36880773305892944,
-0.09473416954278946,
-0.28039756417274475,
-0.26926952600479126,
-0.7125347852706909,
0.09454172104597092,
-0.15402497351169586,
0.08865829557180405,
0.05492199584841728,
-0.24671241641044617,
-0.7554095387458801,
0.5735121369361877,
0.18184548616409302,
0.2152605503797531,
-0.1559983491897583,
-0.3833746612071991,
-0.30330875515937805,
-0.5594002604484558,
0.6131699681282043,
0.44968363642692566,
-0.22974519431591034,
-0.11340828239917755,
-0.198386549949646,
0.34047242999076843,
0.09043990820646286,
0.0922272577881813,
0.1530752032995224,
-0.2813605070114136,
-0.12657150626182556,
-0.2602686285972595,
-0.3819598853588104,
0.11395197361707687,
0.6873027086257935,
-0.19919884204864502,
0.3697259724140167,
-0.2307470142841339,
-0.13648125529289246,
-0.5056350827217102,
0.4911632835865021,
-0.3316546082496643,
0.3550359308719635,
0.45135340094566345,
0.07802714407444,
-0.24564021825790405,
0.41704845428466797,
-5.459874629974365,
0.17220136523246765,
-0.33728542923927307,
-0.5076382160186768,
-0.2336505800485611,
0.1077529788017273,
0.49734777212142944,
-0.25907179713249207,
-0.47390854358673096,
-0.05450638011097908,
0.0952690839767456,
-0.5038590431213379,
-0.06549672037363052,
0.825087308883667,
0.35207468271255493,
0.4071563184261322,
0.6388301849365234,
-0.14729000627994537,
-0.07390624284744263,
0.22869600355625153,
0.47337791323661804,
0.08594147861003876,
-0.03226933628320694,
0.2950122356414795,
0.7624122500419617,
0.20170818269252777,
0.0907101258635521,
0.23088203370571136,
-0.03487664833664894,
0.5109190940856934,
-0.0002304905210621655,
0.41996675729751587,
0.4985124468803406,
-0.11127489060163498,
0.15169261395931244,
-0.028496813029050827,
0.26287099719047546,
0.6792733073234558,
0.43573370575904846,
-0.012761984020471573,
-0.274117648601532,
0.5463789105415344,
-0.49685680866241455,
0.16796083748340607,
0.04469764977693558,
-0.013654409907758236,
-0.2667446732521057,
-0.14664870500564575,
0.0769873857498169,
0.8794190883636475,
0.10923164337873459,
-0.1860387921333313,
0.4788452982902527,
0.25118228793144226,
0.45388251543045044,
-0.15731847286224365,
0.08014945685863495,
-0.3813195526599884,
-0.46392035484313965,
-0.19439953565597534,
-0.043407831341028214,
-0.25311028957366943,
0.24659067392349243,
-0.7887548804283142,
-0.31322792172431946,
-0.5013971328735352,
-0.9215541481971741,
-0.06810321658849716,
0.43533018231391907,
0.4167719781398773,
0.08164098113775253,
0.8027544617652893,
-0.3886297941207886,
-1.0500675439834595,
-0.006464868318289518,
0.060454703867435455,
-0.28288838267326355,
0.01028170995414257,
0.2711672782897949,
-0.25022730231285095,
-0.13669177889823914,
-0.2596413791179657,
0.06595709919929504,
0.660219669342041,
0.1835084855556488,
-0.09297596663236618,
-0.3509676158428192,
-0.24845673143863678,
-1.2490557432174683,
-0.6948196887969971,
0.8032779693603516,
0.03343804180622101,
-0.4002053439617157,
0.17235125601291656,
0.5359194874763489,
0.003677993081510067,
0.38608065247535706,
0.13895587623119354,
0.5017463564872742,
-0.5183019042015076,
0.10823541134595871,
0.056197118014097214,
0.19455556571483612,
-0.8646601438522339,
-0.24082987010478973,
-0.1435573399066925,
-0.692505419254303,
0.34641650319099426,
0.9628435969352722,
-0.6731494069099426,
0.06448817253112793,
-0.06918821483850479,
-0.5993494391441345,
-0.6177635788917542,
0.3096703290939331,
-0.15715748071670532,
0.4194464683532715,
0.0751158595085144,
0.18650498986244202,
0.1121356263756752,
0.41724181175231934,
0.24899332225322723,
-0.37417924404144287,
-0.48220372200012207,
-0.488071471452713,
-0.22719472646713257,
0.02714848704636097,
-0.2467367947101593,
-0.5532739162445068,
-0.35396453738212585,
0.7030883431434631,
-0.006825628224760294,
-0.18081067502498627,
0.033093228936195374,
-0.07928783446550369,
-0.19131483137607574,
-0.25969746708869934,
-0.17225052416324615,
-0.1413281261920929,
-0.37627679109573364,
-0.06166527792811394,
-0.41416439414024353,
-0.21568024158477783,
-0.0724678635597229,
0.4121081233024597,
-0.17091430723667145,
-0.4103001058101654,
-0.024249764159321785,
-0.5511466860771179,
0.5963444709777832,
0.011738949455320835,
0.15601925551891327,
0.285627543926239,
0.21266227960586548,
0.2484842985868454,
-0.024422787129878998,
0.005683417897671461,
0.6378988027572632,
-0.17611800134181976,
-0.47699567675590515,
0.14598077535629272,
0.1383514404296875,
-0.9630290865898132,
0.2485833615064621,
0.15082454681396484,
-0.4835152328014374,
-0.3300878405570984,
-0.031217550858855247,
0.16377057135105133,
0.5730072259902954,
0.5372724533081055,
-0.2366296648979187,
-0.30751678347587585,
-0.04806939512491226,
0.5897294878959656,
0.001614112756215036,
-0.0040183947421610355,
0.28497079014778137,
0.39668092131614685,
-0.11934490501880646,
0.3908853232860565,
-0.7423263788223267,
-0.13500311970710754,
0.31346970796585083,
0.6093185544013977,
-0.26189279556274414,
0.2375795692205429,
-0.18068404495716095,
-0.87188321352005,
0.051629889756441116,
-0.4394623637199402,
0.1510065644979477,
0.5967177152633667,
-0.41468557715415955,
-0.8422205448150635,
-0.06983716040849686,
0.07642105221748352,
0.16514845192432404,
-0.05325797572731972,
-0.415972501039505,
0.729503870010376,
0.2924891710281372,
-0.6644585132598877,
-0.2438691407442093,
-0.21714498102664948,
-0.8765161633491516,
0.13083432614803314,
-0.38780665397644043,
-0.6223421096801758,
1.0033910274505615,
0.126759871840477,
-0.37967362999916077,
-0.27327749133110046,
0.10853298008441925,
0.1835651844739914,
-0.11649221181869507,
-0.1857561320066452,
0.12343413382768631,
-0.18162673711776733,
0.16929446160793304,
0.39660802483558655,
0.05146360397338867,
-0.976364254951477,
0.03249331936240196,
-0.18266645073890686,
0.11096806824207306,
0.04314843937754631,
-0.7502280473709106,
0.5455027222633362,
-0.6317595839500427,
-0.2806705832481384,
-0.002144576981663704,
0.40198349952697754,
0.18790952861309052,
-0.25607526302337646,
-0.6952009201049805,
-0.045723021030426025,
-0.12810145318508148,
0.07611321657896042,
0.4109349548816681,
0.6877197623252869,
0.7054347991943359,
-0.1546381711959839,
0.05259842425584793,
0.19681094586849213,
0.4613252580165863,
0.03953181952238083,
-0.29869547486305237,
-0.7039772868156433,
-0.1414201408624649,
0.1604004204273224,
-0.20226506888866425,
-0.6744760274887085,
-0.6311817765235901,
0.7480521202087402,
-0.4618794918060303,
-0.6913827657699585,
0.4638338088989258,
-0.14482730627059937,
0.18298016488552094,
0.08389054983854294,
0.2370813488960266,
-0.7086141705513,
0.1226668655872345,
0.5820326209068298,
-0.0011444693664088845,
0.08665408194065094,
0.29394206404685974,
0.30489581823349,
0.14393390715122223,
-0.514896035194397,
-0.48991769552230835,
-0.16569900512695312,
0.5517581105232239,
0.2743922173976898,
-0.11704716086387634,
-0.2615628242492676,
-0.3041219413280487,
0.4031738340854645,
-0.23608949780464172,
-0.30903181433677673,
-0.0851089358329773,
-0.2022707164287567,
-0.24521803855895996,
-0.0047909473069012165,
-0.4423287510871887,
-0.06307319551706314,
-0.0902935042977333,
0.055153727531433105,
-0.08324822038412094,
-0.0855795368552208,
-0.19975753128528595,
-0.3610673248767853,
-0.4237246811389923,
0.05988140031695366,
0.3667981028556824,
-0.2114870250225067,
0.001730902586132288,
-0.17479388415813446,
0.07647139579057693,
-0.6031055450439453,
0.07495900988578796,
0.39437174797058105,
-0.6800936460494995,
1.0494602918624878,
-0.4313662052154541,
-0.09676194936037064,
0.03494904935359955,
-0.5326796770095825,
0.006878886371850967,
0.3574194312095642,
-0.07348552346229553,
0.2647317051887512,
0.0006903053727000952,
-0.19162023067474365,
-0.42013561725616455,
0.2325896918773651,
-0.4085162281990051,
0.7212958931922913,
-0.05502110719680786,
0.09563950449228287,
0.025011206045746803,
0.595569372177124,
0.0473346970975399,
-0.26352542638778687,
0.27005067467689514,
-0.41539499163627625,
-0.33016178011894226,
-0.07227935642004013,
-0.4058161675930023,
0.03516562655568123,
0.3128262758255005,
-0.39410239458084106,
0.5774749517440796,
-0.0625385120511055,
-0.37647563219070435,
0.15253250300884247,
-0.5852962136268616,
-0.3312191069126129,
0.5494381785392761,
0.452383816242218,
-0.19085882604122162,
0.6104394197463989,
0.12922890484333038,
0.008716360665857792,
-0.1969011127948761,
-0.05396455153822899,
0.41204947233200073,
0.11565303057432175,
-0.3698349893093109,
0.604804515838623,
0.7604402899742126,
0.6996234059333801,
-0.43236851692199707,
0.6046127676963806,
-0.4844263195991516,
0.2169167697429657,
-0.15426816046237946,
0.22048518061637878,
-0.8707430958747864,
0.012449812144041061,
0.30873215198516846,
0.4117778241634369,
-0.3646470606327057,
0.6330921053886414,
0.6843467354774475,
0.1279347687959671,
0.31179600954055786,
-0.011930149048566818,
-0.18431074917316437,
0.24963341653347015,
-0.18701770901679993,
-0.18371258676052094,
-0.4304109215736389,
-0.35687771439552307,
0.6815335154533386,
0.649321973323822,
-0.05603692680597305,
0.20518861711025238,
-0.11160705238580704,
-0.1925813853740692,
0.3188004493713379,
-0.08102484792470932,
-0.17899110913276672,
0.4004420340061188,
-0.30800527334213257,
0.19509856402873993,
0.3389774560928345,
-0.22937262058258057,
-0.7496457099914551,
-0.02748231217265129,
-0.34408318996429443,
-0.40364375710487366,
-0.007360843941569328,
-1.0665569305419922,
0.10743609070777893,
-0.49945399165153503,
1.9270682334899902,
-0.44046056270599365,
-0.0016236015362665057,
-0.14669083058834076,
-0.22497646510601044,
0.06815704703330994,
0.3358277380466461,
-0.38551801443099976,
0.3805655539035797,
-0.6386341452598572,
0.2830796539783478,
-1.1294807195663452,
0.8340978622436523,
0.17959599196910858,
0.24996869266033173,
0.03041326440870762,
0.5595981478691101,
-0.5699427723884583,
-0.18322592973709106,
0.4380916357040405,
-0.42493343353271484,
-0.18528558313846588,
0.27555835247039795,
0.09769199043512344,
0.29106900095939636,
0.1810477375984192,
0.23295700550079346,
-0.7350704073905945,
-0.10483420640230179,
0.3213258385658264,
0.48331356048583984,
0.3945474922657013,
0.16731563210487366,
-0.18045605719089508,
-0.6451413035392761,
-0.8496130108833313,
0.3822908103466034,
-0.09364847093820572,
0.48853838443756104,
0.9972035884857178,
0.2686751186847687,
0.14199911057949066,
-0.5729077458381653,
0.049649182707071304,
-0.291474848985672,
0.25161904096603394,
0.05469021573662758,
-2.246889352798462,
-0.1426689177751541,
0.27134817838668823,
0.16307619214057922,
-0.36467376351356506,
0.6945632100105286,
-0.08596107363700867,
-0.07494740933179855,
0.10457906872034073,
-0.31213369965553284,
0.4841279983520508,
0.18542206287384033,
-0.20041698217391968,
-1.0336055755615234,
0.30788254737854004,
0.2514106333255768
]
|
214853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1778%20in%20literature | 1778 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1778.
Events
October – On her father's death, novelist Sarah Scott receives a legacy that enables her to give up writing.
c. November – Printing of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed's Grammar of the Bengali Language in Hooghly for the British East India Company is completed, the first such grammar in English and the first publication using a Bengali typeface, devised by Charles Wilkins.
unknown dates
A new edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare is published, edited by Samuel Johnson and George Steevens. It includes Edmond Malone's essay "An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays Attributed to Shakspeare Were Written".
Fanny Burney's novel Evelina is published anonymously.
New books
Fiction
Anonymous – The Travels of Hildebrand Bowman, Esquire, into Carnovirria, Taupiniera, Olfactaria, and Auditante, in New-Zealand; in the Island of Bonhommica, and in the Powerful Kingdom of Luxo-Volupto, on the Great Southern Continent
Fanny Burney (anonymously) – Evelina, or The History of a Young Lady's Entrance into the World
Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (anonymously) – The Sylph. Sometimes ascribed to Sophia Briscoe
Pierre-Louis Ginguené – Satire des Satires
Ignacy Krasicki – Pan Podstoli, part 1
Clara Reeve – The Old English Baron
Lady Mary Walker – Munster Village
Children
Mrs. Barbauld
Lessons for Children of Two to Three
Lessons for Children of Three (two parts, a fourth book, for four-year-olds, in 1779)
Drama
Henry Brooke – collected plays
Elizabeth Craven – The Sleep Walker
Richard Cumberland
The Battle of Hastings
The Princess of Parma
Charles Dibdin – Poor Vulcan
Samuel Foote
The Devil upon Two Sticks
The Nabob
The Taylors
Jean-François de La Harpe – Les Barmecides
John Home – Alfred
Hannah More – Percy
John O'Keeffe – Tony Lumpkin in Town
Samuel Jackson Pratt – Joseph Andrews
Richard Brinsley Sheridan – The Camp
Poetry
John Codrington Bampfylde – Sixteen Sonnets
Thomas Chatterton – Miscellanies
William Combe – The Auction
George Ellis as "Sir Gregory Gander" – Poetical Tales
William Hayley – A Poetical Epistle to an Eminent Painter
John Scott – Moral Eclogues
John Wolcot as "Peter Pindar" – A Poetical, Supplicating, Modest and Affecting Epistle to those Literary Colossuses the Reviewers
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos – Jovino a sus amigos de Sevilla
Vicente Garcia de la Huerta – Obras poéticas
Pedro Montengón – Odas
Non-fiction
Edmund Burke – Two Letters on the Trade of Ireland
Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder – Lebenslaufe nach aufsteigender Linie (begins publication)
Vicesimus Knox – Essays Moral and Literary
Ann Murry – Mentoria
Thomas Pennant – A Tour in Wales
Gilbert Stuart – A View of Society in Europe
Thomas West – A Guide to the Lakes
Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro – Idea dell'Universo
Francisco Javier Llampillas – Saggio apologetic della letteratura spagnuola contro le pregiudicate opinion di alcuni moderni scritori italiani
Births
February 6 – Ugo Foscolo, Italian poet (died 1827)
February 20 – Margaret Bayard Smith, American writer (died 1844)
February 22 – Gottfried Wilhelm Becker, German physician, writer and translator (died 1854)
March 24 – Robert Fleming Gourlay, Scottish-born Canadian agriculturist and writer (died 1863)
April 10 – William Hazlitt, English essayist and literary critic (died 1830)
April 19 – Elizabeth Wynne Fremantle, English diarist (died 1857)
May – John Peter Pruden, pioneer of western Canada, fur trader, and writer (died 1868)
June 1 – Margaret Holford the younger, English poet and novelist (died 1852)
June 28
Mariano Velazquez de la Cadena, Mexican grammarian and writer (died 1860)
John David Macbride, English Arabist and academic (died 1868)
July 15 – Henry Joseph Monck Mason, Irish writer and musician (died 1858)
August 22 – James Kirke Paulding, American novelist and politician (died 1860)
August 23 – William Burt, English solicitor and writer (died 1826)
September 2 – Michał Józef Römer, Polish politician and writer (died 1853)
September 9 – Clemens Brentano, German novelist and poet (died 1842)
October 22 – Javier de Burgos, Spanish writer, politician and jurist (died 1849)
November 1 – Mary Brunton, Scottish novelist (died 1818)
November 28 – Christoph Ernst von Houwald, German dramatist (died 1845)
November 29 – Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright (died 1843)
December 8 – George Crabb, British writer (died 1851)
December 15 – John Penrose, Church of England clergyman and theologian (died 1859)
December 16 – Ludwig Robert, German dramatist (died 1832)
December 18 – Joseph Grimaldi, English autobiographer and clown (died 1837)
unknown date – Mary Robinson (Maid of Buttermere), English literary muse (died 1837)
Deaths
January 10 – Eva König, German woman of letters (born 1736)
February 10 – Mary Jones, English poet (born 1707)
March 13 – Charles le Beau, French historian (born 1701)
May 27 – Christian Tobias Damm, German philologist and theologian (born 1699)
May 30 – Voltaire, French philosopher and satirist (born 1694)
July 3 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher (born 1712)
July 5
Antonio Collalto, Italian actor and dramatist (born 1713)
July 15 – James Townley, English dramatist (born 1714)
October 6 – William Worthington, English theologian (born 1703)
November 11 – Anne Steele, English poet and hymn-writer (born 1717)
November 22 – Edward Rowe Mores, English antiquarian and scholar (born 1731)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.24828365445137024,
0.19805997610092163,
-0.27430281043052673,
-0.20384997129440308,
-0.4320612847805023,
-0.14672861993312836,
0.6354894042015076,
0.6254466772079468,
-0.9240740537643433,
-0.6594971418380737,
-0.24942582845687866,
0.16781052947044373,
0.12407758831977844,
0.10185887664556503,
-0.07452379167079926,
-0.18726709485054016,
0.4813734292984009,
-0.14551851153373718,
0.14075800776481628,
-0.6024279594421387,
-0.3434755802154541,
0.03683852776885033,
0.5366145968437195,
-0.3281872570514679,
0.02526233159005642,
-0.7766143083572388,
0.6250662803649902,
-0.32238665223121643,
0.7196030020713806,
-0.04001870006322861,
-0.4326285123825073,
0.2706262171268463,
0.4190163016319275,
0.31900233030319214,
-0.3682323396205902,
-0.0006277482607401907,
-0.3072128891944885,
0.1423671841621399,
0.026739872992038727,
-0.24168607592582703,
-0.1897859424352646,
-0.08039088547229767,
0.3971644341945648,
0.2177879959344864,
-0.013908449560403824,
-0.18775856494903564,
-1.847123384475708,
-0.16019302606582642,
-0.6776196360588074,
0.14477767050266266,
-0.0812375545501709,
0.5819230079650879,
0.840357780456543,
0.4354856610298157,
-0.34005656838417053,
0.5500386357307434,
-0.6006987690925598,
0.01666928641498089,
0.21904265880584717,
-0.12679748237133026,
0.3474087417125702,
0.3841705918312073,
-0.07716067880392075,
0.18449753522872925,
0.19155538082122803,
-0.03267686814069748,
-0.5490597486495972,
0.010574852116405964,
-0.14072372019290924,
-0.6670572757720947,
-0.0638929232954979,
-0.2064504623413086,
0.22017033398151398,
-0.22112809121608734,
0.2346154898405075,
0.18879742920398712,
0.40868762135505676,
-0.20500212907791138,
-0.24699021875858307,
-0.18962286412715912,
-0.6589018702507019,
0.07079575955867767,
1.0639922618865967,
0.13393235206604004,
0.35744741559028625,
-0.17950724065303802,
0.04766956344246864,
0.05979287996888161,
0.0026587117463350296,
-0.2645927369594574,
0.1455974280834198,
-0.037465889006853104,
0.40347009897232056,
0.08780898153781891,
0.5207500457763672,
0.5308704972267151,
-0.22690542042255402,
0.2709234654903412,
-0.4198754131793976,
0.017598643898963928,
0.048117779195308685,
1.1263048648834229,
0.7736524939537048,
-0.04770356044173241,
-0.9132748246192932,
-0.16151432693004608,
0.3552297353744507,
-0.435697078704834,
0.6860940456390381,
-0.7547091841697693,
-0.16432923078536987,
0.21963030099868774,
-0.4507692754268646,
0.06587818264961243,
0.12300166487693787,
0.47168317437171936,
0.2877190411090851,
-0.2872450053691864,
-0.4030461609363556,
0.511167585849762,
-0.036760877817869186,
0.2857667803764343,
0.12140479683876038,
0.5464305281639099,
-0.4654586911201477,
0.43294042348861694,
0.3145352005958557,
0.3982204496860504,
-0.09564374387264252,
0.35242602229118347,
0.21626989543437958,
0.9778367877006531,
-0.38409504294395447,
-0.27305445075035095,
-0.03219057619571686,
0.10415694862604141,
0.3683914542198181,
0.6583662629127502,
0.0863904133439064,
0.27690890431404114,
-0.30135148763656616,
-0.08336427062749863,
-1.8154537677764893,
-0.054780278354883194,
-0.10194806009531021,
-0.6290807127952576,
0.40954384207725525,
-0.7411410212516785,
0.06745626032352448,
-0.28196197748184204,
0.22377577424049377,
-0.4838895797729492,
0.18817906081676483,
0.3507385849952698,
0.23337125778198242,
0.05122153460979462,
0.18010155856609344,
0.6560564637184143,
0.6693893074989319,
-0.0038351863622665405,
-0.21974043548107147,
0.3245769143104553,
0.19230243563652039,
-0.13953879475593567,
-0.27889764308929443,
-0.41258203983306885,
0.24385370314121246,
-0.022131940349936485,
0.1738453507423401,
-0.25254568457603455,
-0.5125582218170166,
0.11259931325912476,
0.30455031991004944,
-0.21346403658390045,
0.1716703325510025,
-0.0920385792851448,
0.6046181917190552,
0.30644690990448,
0.19088764488697052,
0.08568155765533447,
-0.769214928150177,
0.14109256863594055,
0.14468428492546082,
-0.8214181065559387,
1.0759268999099731,
0.4150744080543518,
0.2199898660182953,
0.1281365305185318,
0.26228269934654236,
-0.18176034092903137,
-0.4309963881969452,
0.07994571328163147,
0.33415213227272034,
-0.30670979619026184,
1.19208562374115,
-0.05976477265357971,
-0.4110445976257324,
0.9056323170661926,
-0.09204333275556564,
0.36133140325546265,
0.1496775597333908,
-0.05176819488406181,
0.27265027165412903,
0.3543943166732788,
0.04673474654555321,
1.0607235431671143,
-0.33936044573783875,
0.2656944990158081,
0.341956228017807,
0.40248069167137146,
0.531600832939148,
-0.28828081488609314,
-0.002505890093743801,
0.47434288263320923,
-0.348648339509964,
0.013200674206018448,
-0.4529954195022583,
0.5183315873146057,
0.2334236204624176,
-0.1339661180973053,
0.4387848973274231,
-0.26511332392692566,
0.10406750440597534,
0.6755647659301758,
0.3234823942184448,
0.5205569863319397,
-0.2809944748878479,
0.2831682562828064,
0.12304146587848663,
-1.141711950302124,
-0.1816176176071167,
0.37967777252197266,
0.1641337275505066,
-0.2101791799068451,
-0.12024204432964325,
0.1512063890695572,
-0.051602017134428024,
-0.1314687728881836,
-0.07195466756820679,
-0.24334591627120972,
0.5768759250640869,
-0.12376085668802261,
-0.14904141426086426,
0.32158899307250977,
-0.1741323471069336,
0.7311904430389404,
-0.11051452159881592,
-0.3176153302192688,
-0.13483048975467682,
-0.5626966953277588,
0.534996509552002,
0.6928535103797913,
-0.059249360114336014,
-0.12623296678066254,
-0.7897177934646606,
-0.13101039826869965,
-0.41455841064453125,
-0.3322627544403076,
0.47696182131767273,
0.37162861227989197,
-0.32394251227378845,
-0.2427671104669571,
0.24458080530166626,
0.42844411730766296,
-0.1290920078754425,
-0.44060397148132324,
-0.1751694232225418,
-0.7196744680404663,
0.2610597014427185,
-0.11098594963550568,
-0.15088102221488953,
-0.05004553496837616,
-0.3535991609096527,
-1.338247299194336,
0.30471721291542053,
-0.11162181198596954,
0.11927882581949234,
-0.08161065727472305,
-0.49414774775505066,
-0.3995282053947449,
-0.6244105696678162,
0.8153014183044434,
0.5366224050521851,
-0.212227925658226,
-0.07671824097633362,
-0.03521458059549332,
0.4094516634941101,
-0.003714086255058646,
-0.07161141186952591,
-0.0035204726736992598,
-0.3653431236743927,
-0.25447046756744385,
-0.4293064475059509,
-0.5090547800064087,
-0.018876926973462105,
0.4576444923877716,
-0.24895283579826355,
0.1558491289615631,
-0.14764085412025452,
-0.1568358987569809,
-0.36230045557022095,
0.5005168318748474,
-0.4324399530887604,
0.5917199850082397,
0.18187105655670166,
0.06166534125804901,
-0.18726179003715515,
0.5372814536094666,
-5.248481750488281,
-0.04209045320749283,
-0.4492781460285187,
-0.466283917427063,
-0.11579415202140808,
0.17185243964195251,
0.8038827180862427,
-0.11086184531450272,
-0.44752612709999084,
-0.22683915495872498,
-0.06993341445922852,
-0.552026093006134,
-0.08409702032804489,
1.1097023487091064,
0.4349854290485382,
0.3497186601161957,
0.4674854576587677,
-0.2758726477622986,
-0.08198697119951248,
0.003221257356926799,
0.41518455743789673,
0.3239043056964874,
-0.0732906386256218,
0.20586517453193665,
0.6483932733535767,
0.23889432847499847,
0.275154173374176,
0.0296728927642107,
-0.2511996626853943,
0.5204712748527527,
0.024373995140194893,
0.24192285537719727,
0.25749507546424866,
0.07189936935901642,
0.12052875757217407,
0.036055788397789,
0.6941244006156921,
0.5690658688545227,
0.5038618445396423,
-0.010483827441930771,
-0.3734418749809265,
0.661881685256958,
-0.5732290148735046,
0.30660828948020935,
0.019708672538399696,
0.09788493812084198,
-0.5523824691772461,
0.14106692373752594,
-0.1946306824684143,
0.9285314083099365,
0.1020517647266388,
-0.18968720734119415,
0.46473243832588196,
0.39986222982406616,
0.40939339995384216,
0.03436799719929695,
-0.092121422290802,
-0.3302142322063446,
-0.446811318397522,
-0.11062315851449966,
-0.09916586428880692,
0.027756471186876297,
0.4396111071109772,
-0.7323593497276306,
-0.08658310025930405,
-0.41796302795410156,
-0.9243733882904053,
-0.13276706635951996,
0.44387683272361755,
0.30557316541671753,
0.12675347924232483,
0.7428765296936035,
-0.3801359236240387,
-1.1478458642959595,
-0.0016531292349100113,
0.06954274326562881,
-0.42677637934684753,
0.01934857852756977,
0.08516564220190048,
-0.16525907814502716,
0.17549675703048706,
-0.142874076962471,
0.09800887852907181,
0.6109074354171753,
0.2814902067184448,
-0.16840974986553192,
-0.1516672521829605,
-0.36894741654396057,
-1.0459163188934326,
-0.5540376901626587,
0.8447672724723816,
0.10448165237903595,
-0.04374917224049568,
0.027195950970053673,
0.3707782030105591,
0.46778252720832825,
0.465615451335907,
0.044657688587903976,
0.3361733853816986,
-0.6282091736793518,
0.10641667246818542,
-0.21913908421993256,
0.3975182771682739,
-0.694512128829956,
-0.4453319311141968,
-0.10024946928024292,
-0.7038858532905579,
0.567767858505249,
0.8894366025924683,
-0.7268835306167603,
0.06487107276916504,
-0.1976887583732605,
-0.5717049837112427,
-0.6108067631721497,
0.3702083230018616,
-0.2485446184873581,
0.4657176434993744,
0.12718990445137024,
-0.030306795611977577,
0.06996537744998932,
0.12730953097343445,
0.13506725430488586,
-0.311536967754364,
-0.7812836170196533,
-0.4091549515724182,
-0.1419588029384613,
0.048390116542577744,
-0.3195337951183319,
-0.5183771252632141,
-0.19220341742038727,
0.45839646458625793,
0.13385096192359924,
-0.044394344091415405,
-0.2234046310186386,
0.06637328863143921,
-0.23390892148017883,
-0.31109246611595154,
-0.17035271227359772,
0.028354864567518234,
-0.4101305902004242,
-0.016004256904125214,
-0.3775559961795807,
-0.27594590187072754,
-0.05405014008283615,
0.47501707077026367,
-0.3798154890537262,
-0.09148839861154556,
-0.2657000422477722,
-0.40902814269065857,
0.5684495568275452,
-0.003979437984526157,
0.17176172137260437,
0.4023645520210266,
0.20608149468898773,
-0.07441569119691849,
0.2206423580646515,
-0.11699061840772629,
0.7580581903457642,
-0.35248449444770813,
-0.26708319783210754,
-0.23107805848121643,
0.08545652031898499,
-1.129093050956726,
0.4447944760322571,
0.2865990996360779,
-0.47952771186828613,
-0.28722327947616577,
-0.19016343355178833,
0.1386491060256958,
0.777502179145813,
0.5565160512924194,
-0.31829530000686646,
-0.5481383204460144,
0.22287078201770782,
0.6142600774765015,
-0.3193967342376709,
0.28108444809913635,
0.4728589951992035,
0.37167438864707947,
-0.08522655814886093,
0.4051336944103241,
-0.8664564490318298,
-0.4584723711013794,
0.4979861080646515,
0.5591110587120056,
-0.20509220659732819,
0.023699941113591194,
-0.2505825161933899,
-0.6945377588272095,
0.09708983451128006,
-0.4769076704978943,
0.2584877610206604,
0.6946033239364624,
-0.22871993482112885,
-0.7498695254325867,
-0.17567922174930573,
-0.03166216239333153,
0.29137638211250305,
-0.15282391011714935,
-0.2648293972015381,
0.7459364533424377,
0.3772270977497101,
-0.5500662922859192,
-0.25407588481903076,
0.08513212949037552,
-1.14372718334198,
0.41471385955810547,
-0.5224766731262207,
-0.43066567182540894,
0.8455284237861633,
0.25813552737236023,
-0.34365156292915344,
-0.25286149978637695,
0.5507149696350098,
0.401103138923645,
-0.1054774820804596,
-0.2294500768184662,
-0.09831787645816803,
-0.592664361000061,
0.011163859628140926,
0.3451533019542694,
0.0017516033258289099,
-1.1002671718597412,
-0.11218243837356567,
-0.5378521680831909,
0.021974453702569008,
0.1185058206319809,
-0.655427873134613,
0.3641214072704315,
-0.45025375485420227,
-0.2188360095024109,
0.22221101820468903,
0.30797502398490906,
0.06101775914430618,
-0.5395419597625732,
-0.5271960496902466,
-0.03984659165143967,
-0.16052936017513275,
0.1884871870279312,
0.49195370078086853,
0.46835461258888245,
0.6624087691307068,
0.032869208604097366,
0.014806393533945084,
0.039047982543706894,
0.277468204498291,
0.19967922568321228,
-0.49230942130088806,
-0.8833351731300354,
0.09053303301334381,
0.21568042039871216,
-0.2841447591781616,
-0.7579292058944702,
-0.6594055891036987,
0.7987009882926941,
-0.4257289469242096,
-0.7134767174720764,
0.4713372588157654,
0.028820883482694626,
0.3935122489929199,
-0.11312251538038254,
0.1682775318622589,
-0.5579735636711121,
-0.20654156804084778,
0.5903912782669067,
-0.020139480009675026,
-0.11707400530576706,
0.24738559126853943,
0.26584959030151367,
0.05954409018158913,
-0.5344807505607605,
-0.5333822965621948,
-0.4129401743412018,
0.31404945254325867,
0.5361552834510803,
-0.1966625154018402,
-0.38226258754730225,
-0.3924618065357208,
0.26431989669799805,
-0.4007858633995056,
-0.2414397895336151,
0.029586797580122948,
-0.1599196344614029,
-0.1894044280052185,
-0.12499890476465225,
-0.7244781255722046,
-0.31452476978302,
-0.13881613314151764,
-0.21764126420021057,
-0.03385697677731514,
-0.05558203533291817,
-0.3919872045516968,
-0.515870213508606,
-0.4353781044483185,
0.2919648289680481,
0.3929392993450165,
-0.2274196892976761,
-0.018023580312728882,
-0.1854606419801712,
-0.039435334503650665,
-0.3503214120864868,
0.10832285135984421,
0.4810927212238312,
-0.7726389765739441,
1.1251744031906128,
-0.27337729930877686,
-0.21707940101623535,
-0.17986634373664856,
-0.4897465109825134,
0.3900284171104431,
0.4646173417568207,
0.07288992404937744,
0.002042782958596945,
0.13034717738628387,
-0.19379208981990814,
-0.2327331006526947,
-0.03084469586610794,
-0.38568204641342163,
0.811256468296051,
-0.1372399777173996,
0.3381258547306061,
0.30553218722343445,
0.5385074615478516,
0.03439907729625702,
-0.42958804965019226,
0.3832230567932129,
-0.5443168878555298,
-0.014508837834000587,
0.22978001832962036,
-0.3741373121738434,
0.24947160482406616,
-0.008478729985654354,
0.03581234812736511,
0.6572878360748291,
-0.08214785158634186,
-0.43372800946235657,
0.27679961919784546,
-0.6878548860549927,
-0.2930991053581238,
0.3547106683254242,
0.7781891226768494,
0.03764130920171738,
0.629231870174408,
0.12707029283046722,
0.08942189067602158,
-0.18461230397224426,
-0.0019506029784679413,
0.2551780045032501,
0.11647357791662216,
-0.49488016963005066,
0.5057268142700195,
0.6903717517852783,
0.7033777236938477,
-0.49674996733665466,
0.4238387644290924,
-0.34565457701683044,
-0.027959812432527542,
-0.2636754810810089,
0.28974688053131104,
-1.2076654434204102,
0.15851229429244995,
0.20059016346931458,
0.3481210470199585,
-0.05572216585278511,
0.5726255178451538,
0.8723663687705994,
-0.005341303534805775,
0.33126646280288696,
0.06564438343048096,
-0.05718788504600525,
0.203413724899292,
-0.21484510600566864,
0.08410758525133133,
-0.1688026338815689,
-0.42704537510871887,
0.6870880722999573,
0.641251802444458,
-0.11999305337667465,
0.09159290790557861,
0.00885950680822134,
-0.49282464385032654,
0.26424726843833923,
-0.30582094192504883,
0.12572330236434937,
0.3226422369480133,
-0.396091490983963,
0.09376541525125504,
0.36820051074028015,
-0.006591943558305502,
-0.6407037973403931,
-0.08833848685026169,
-0.1766723096370697,
-0.16811932623386383,
-0.14415282011032104,
-1.0321160554885864,
0.5365013480186462,
-0.2756347954273224,
1.5974637269973755,
-0.1888330727815628,
-0.02443038672208786,
-0.22294777631759644,
-0.48334458470344543,
0.044837724417448044,
0.35936737060546875,
-0.5300577282905579,
0.20223639905452728,
-0.4613834023475647,
0.19648469984531403,
-1.037603497505188,
0.6550725102424622,
0.22324277460575104,
0.36293309926986694,
-0.10277000069618225,
0.5119844675064087,
-0.4515219032764435,
-0.28139761090278625,
0.4487359821796417,
-0.37232211232185364,
-0.07503602653741837,
0.3131493926048279,
-0.0900963544845581,
0.06235827878117561,
0.2807309329509735,
0.14017902314662933,
-0.6013601422309875,
-0.18790028989315033,
0.40631404519081116,
0.14666064083576202,
0.34640228748321533,
-0.026536252349615097,
-0.09879817813634872,
-0.669430136680603,
-0.6383950710296631,
0.35790252685546875,
-0.27798160910606384,
0.8040239214897156,
1.0989638566970825,
0.4346505105495453,
0.22770947217941284,
-0.24535053968429565,
0.11878585070371628,
-0.33511772751808167,
0.10997546464204788,
0.3433465361595154,
-2.8608129024505615,
-0.1464453786611557,
-0.0133903743699193,
-0.07355152815580368,
-0.22473695874214172,
0.406707763671875,
-0.023647673428058624,
-0.10799241811037064,
0.07160252332687378,
-0.23649193346500397,
0.4326516389846802,
0.4142111837863922,
-0.05174606293439865,
-1.1292691230773926,
0.18462474644184113,
0.4597184956073761
]
|
214854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1784%20in%20literature | 1784 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1784.
Events
March – Gottlieb Jakob Planck becomes professor of theology at Göttingen.
April 27 – First public performance of Pierre Beaumarchais's comedy The Marriage of Figaro as La Folle Journée, ou Le Mariage de Figaro at the Théâtre de l'Odéon in Paris. It runs for 68 consecutive performances, earning higher box-office receipts than any other French play of the century. It is translated into English by Thomas Holcroft and, under the title The Follies of a Day, or The Marriage of Figaro, is produced at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London by the end of the year.
June 26 – Friedrich Schiller delivers a paper, Die Schaubühne als eine moralische Anstalt betrachtet (The Theatre considered as a Moral Institution), to the palatine "Deutschen Gesellschaft".
September 1 – Germaine de Staël flees from the French Revolution to Coppet Castle in Switzerland, where she forms a salon.
unknown date – The Didot typeface is devised and cut by Firmin Didot in Paris.
New books
Fiction
Anonymous – Dangerous Connections (translation of Les Liaisons dangereuses)
Robert Bage – Barham Downs
Eliza Bromley – Laura and Augustus: an Authentic Story
William Combe – Original Love-letters
William Godwin
Damon and Delia
Italian Letters
Thomas Holcroft – Tales of the Castle
Johann Karl August Musäus – Volksmärchen der Deutschen (third volume)
Betje Wolff and Aagje Deken – Historie van den heer Willem Leevend (1784–85)
Children
Ellenor Fenn (anonymous, "By a Lady") – The Female Guardian. Designed to correct some of the foibles incident to girls, and supply them with innocent amusement for their hours of leisure
Dorothy Kilner – Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an Antidote to the Vices of Those Establishments
Drama
George Colman the Younger – Two to One
Hannah Cowley
A Bold Stroke for a Husband
More Ways Than One (performed 1783)
Richard Cumberland
The Carmelite
The Natural Son
William Hayley –
Lord Russell
The Two Connoisseurs
Thomas Holcroft – The Follies of the Day (translation of Pierre Beaumarchais's )
Elizabeth Inchbald – Mogul Tale
Robert Jephson – The Campaign
Friedrich Schiller – Intrigue and Love (Kabale und Liebe)
Poetry
Anonymous – Rolliad
Mary Alcock – The Air Balloon
Richard Jago – Poems
Hannah More – The Bas Bleu, or, Conversation
Anna Seward – Louisa
Charlotte Turner Smith – Elegaic Sonnets
Helen Maria Williams – Peru
Non-fiction
Hannah Adams – A View of Religions
Thomas Astle – The Origin and Progress of Writing
George Berkeley – Works
Edmund Burke – Speech on the East India Bill
Thomas Chatterton – Supplement to the Miscellanies
James Cook – A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean
George Bubb Dodington – Diary
Antoine Court de Gébelin – Le Monde primitif (publication completed)
William Godwin – Sketches of History
Samuel Horsley – Letters from the Archdeacon of St. Albans
Immanuel Kant – What is Enlightenment?
William Mitford – The History of Greece
Antoine de Rivarol – Sur l'Universalité de la langue française
Ebenezer Sibly – A New and Complete Illustration of the Celestial Science of Astrology (publication commences)
Emanuel Swedenborg – A Hieroglyphic Key to Natural and Spiritual Arcana by Way of Representation and Correspondences (published, written in 1741).
Michel Augustin Thouret – Recherches et doutessur le magnétisme animal
Arthur Young – Annals of Agriculture
Births
January 31 – Bernard Barton, English Quaker poet (died 1849)
February 20 – Adam Black, Scottish publisher (died 1874)
May 12 – James Sheridan Knowles, Irish actor and dramatist (died 1862)
May 21 – Ernst Raupach, German dramatist (died 1852)
May 18 – William Tennant, Scottish poet (died 1848)
August 21 – Charlotta Berger, Swedish poet and novelist (died 1852)
September 25 – Louisa Gurney Hoare (née Louisa Gurney), English diarist and writer on education (died 1836)
October 16 – Wilhelm Nienstädt, Prussian educator and writer (died 1862)
October 19 – Leigh Hunt, English critic, essayist, poet (died 1859)
November 17 – Julia Nyberg (née Svärdström), Swedish poet (died 1854)
Deaths
January 17 – Yosa Buson, Japanese poet and painter (born 1716)
January 30 – John Holt, American publisher (born 1721)
April 24 – Franciszek Bohomolec, Polish dramatist, linguist, and theatrical reformer (born 1720)
July 31 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher, art critic, and writer (born 1713)
December 5 – Phillis Wheatley, first published African-American female poet (born 1753)
December 13 – Samuel Johnson, English poet, critic, biographer and lexicographer (born 1709)
unknown date – Lê Quý Đôn, Vietnamese philosopher, poet and encyclopedist (born 1726)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.20054373145103455,
0.4587174355983734,
-0.38850846886634827,
-0.2158120721578598,
-0.7432065606117249,
-0.021983981132507324,
0.7411684989929199,
0.21821297705173492,
-0.9731130599975586,
-0.2623271644115448,
0.036838024854660034,
-0.0564400851726532,
0.07180272042751312,
0.25554051995277405,
0.12529972195625305,
-0.09285563975572586,
0.33373910188674927,
-0.17080916464328766,
0.3219294846057892,
-0.6663597822189331,
-0.013905496336519718,
0.23696370422840118,
0.5031476616859436,
-0.17021368443965912,
-0.10143731534481049,
-0.4556933641433716,
0.38181668519973755,
-0.6216745376586914,
0.6584439277648926,
-0.20497366786003113,
-0.3312840759754181,
0.3726053237915039,
0.5199388861656189,
0.29676035046577454,
-0.43429404497146606,
-0.33159881830215454,
-0.19427184760570526,
-0.07705483585596085,
0.17703139781951904,
-0.47380927205085754,
-0.14715668559074402,
-0.07893507182598114,
0.3759439289569855,
0.22664159536361694,
-0.017744047567248344,
-0.5498114228248596,
-1.7024236917495728,
-0.09506908804178238,
-0.8104754686355591,
0.3568708598613739,
-0.1888180375099182,
0.3268197774887085,
1.1384391784667969,
0.47130224108695984,
-0.42572906613349915,
0.48970717191696167,
-0.5719128847122192,
-0.22436459362506866,
0.36034488677978516,
-0.3790847659111023,
0.3958928883075714,
0.30931001901626587,
-0.05370129644870758,
0.26921573281288147,
0.4906547963619232,
0.2327432930469513,
-0.5789577960968018,
0.3795413374900818,
-0.12566988170146942,
-0.86420738697052,
0.021567801013588905,
-0.27448418736457825,
0.554297149181366,
-0.01943676359951496,
0.3847684860229492,
-0.1637418121099472,
0.5458071827888489,
-0.14976373314857483,
-0.12571464478969574,
-0.19648779928684235,
-0.5749630928039551,
0.5224668979644775,
0.879829466342926,
0.06997594237327576,
0.4516332745552063,
-0.27557602524757385,
-0.38290178775787354,
0.1812344640493393,
0.10310841351747513,
-0.39741086959838867,
0.10680398344993591,
-0.009379924274981022,
0.4646609425544739,
0.35393819212913513,
0.35810524225234985,
0.5930987000465393,
-0.4611893594264984,
0.31998181343078613,
-0.41168585419654846,
0.37546178698539734,
0.11591289937496185,
0.8774201273918152,
0.7216500639915466,
-0.01084661390632391,
-0.7638300061225891,
-0.03146471455693245,
0.34464049339294434,
-0.2956952750682831,
0.6790412664413452,
-0.4669255018234253,
-0.3230258524417877,
0.38178786635398865,
-0.7961127161979675,
-0.06402086466550827,
-0.06384067237377167,
0.37944552302360535,
0.6214829087257385,
-0.306380957365036,
-0.3410722017288208,
0.4398447871208191,
-0.29699426889419556,
0.3222913146018982,
0.2032652646303177,
0.5239959359169006,
-0.5214699506759644,
0.2899441123008728,
0.23920606076717377,
0.5076450109481812,
-0.17087997496128082,
0.5132778286933899,
0.19416141510009766,
1.3237634897232056,
-0.20684586465358734,
-0.34890997409820557,
-0.22919081151485443,
-0.08430975675582886,
0.3745463192462921,
0.8623414039611816,
-0.12338380515575409,
0.14893722534179688,
-0.6549508571624756,
-0.035829830914735794,
-1.7223191261291504,
-0.06823603808879852,
-0.3567332327365875,
-0.46729427576065063,
0.2326279580593109,
-0.3185301125049591,
-0.2816493809223175,
-0.4036850035190582,
0.31423041224479675,
-0.7276322245597839,
0.15734431147575378,
0.12140457332134247,
0.3415620028972626,
0.323222279548645,
0.0481218658387661,
0.4601397216320038,
0.9357241988182068,
0.012198662385344505,
-0.07586701959371567,
0.025764495134353638,
-0.05609677731990814,
-0.07992052286863327,
-0.03929610922932625,
-0.3077934682369232,
0.09176263213157654,
-0.2899987995624542,
0.5561424493789673,
0.02641579695045948,
-0.4776090085506439,
0.13531292974948883,
0.2815832197666168,
-0.4784919023513794,
0.17092174291610718,
-0.3351086378097534,
0.3661585748195648,
0.48283758759498596,
0.12640923261642456,
0.08556847274303436,
-0.6171636581420898,
0.0305380430072546,
-0.0753026083111763,
-1.0118777751922607,
0.8965967297554016,
0.5624104142189026,
0.4106426239013672,
0.2189510613679886,
-0.13984636962413788,
-0.17628075182437897,
-0.6674569845199585,
-0.17517401278018951,
-0.03699886053800583,
-0.22928760945796967,
1.658040165901184,
-0.06101946532726288,
-0.4733273386955261,
0.9194734692573547,
-0.13584014773368835,
0.25729966163635254,
0.12117597460746765,
-0.07772530615329742,
0.6010274291038513,
0.2559281289577484,
-0.23079882562160492,
0.8706624507904053,
0.038467470556497574,
0.40409213304519653,
0.2434631586074829,
0.41341084241867065,
0.7349480986595154,
-0.28566333651542664,
0.07547032088041306,
0.06703847646713257,
-0.30944234132766724,
0.17976993322372437,
-0.474416583776474,
0.5077290534973145,
-0.040305402129888535,
0.25347504019737244,
0.6422396898269653,
-0.2598537504673004,
0.41094014048576355,
1.0942275524139404,
0.116758793592453,
0.5189262628555298,
0.22376607358455658,
0.3322180211544037,
-0.08754515647888184,
-0.9806622862815857,
0.02943062223494053,
0.27239787578582764,
0.12229426205158234,
-0.32453781366348267,
-0.07053963094949722,
0.12984229624271393,
-0.05300448462367058,
-0.11221197992563248,
0.04482030123472214,
-0.37839269638061523,
0.6183997392654419,
-0.22562991082668304,
-0.11594408750534058,
0.4224218726158142,
-0.039404384791851044,
0.8407437801361084,
-0.08780200034379959,
-0.22817376255989075,
-0.1870766580104828,
-0.43848660588264465,
0.7374284863471985,
0.7932600975036621,
0.05680578202009201,
-0.24027535319328308,
-0.3326978087425232,
0.12667395174503326,
-0.2960969805717468,
-0.6180421710014343,
0.7757161855697632,
0.3582625389099121,
-0.34532323479652405,
-0.13038311898708344,
0.2378493845462799,
0.4461934566497803,
-0.3030972182750702,
-0.07014681398868561,
-0.03585685417056084,
-0.7781856656074524,
0.4503367245197296,
0.09741181135177612,
-0.060110438615083694,
0.08679555356502533,
-0.7268929481506348,
-0.9031249284744263,
0.20394423604011536,
-0.09947635978460312,
-0.17222216725349426,
-0.28331875801086426,
-0.7313704490661621,
-0.49915793538093567,
-0.7068309783935547,
0.821858286857605,
0.5827124714851379,
-0.3886861801147461,
0.0639001652598381,
0.16251862049102783,
0.5129684209823608,
0.3098789155483246,
0.04202829301357269,
-0.5460059642791748,
-0.2619290053844452,
-0.3488599956035614,
-0.44110819697380066,
-0.14406272768974304,
0.38149991631507874,
0.5181988477706909,
-0.5770556330680847,
0.43379151821136475,
0.20583486557006836,
-0.26557791233062744,
-0.24101898074150085,
0.4694569408893585,
-0.5339927077293396,
0.3807767927646637,
0.06178541108965874,
0.1092984676361084,
-0.05913646146655083,
0.3174448609352112,
-5.099135398864746,
-0.06913836300373077,
-0.571608304977417,
-0.4818328320980072,
-0.5536481142044067,
0.5530466437339783,
0.8857540488243103,
-0.3116406500339508,
-0.5195984840393066,
-0.12006795406341553,
-0.47613778710365295,
-0.33730611205101013,
-0.238093763589859,
1.2638287544250488,
0.57342529296875,
0.5751080513000488,
0.6176260709762573,
-0.10462148487567902,
-0.3467259705066681,
0.20867212116718292,
0.483709454536438,
0.6437580585479736,
-0.058397505432367325,
-0.0037233280017971992,
0.7398146986961365,
0.1811463087797165,
0.572292685508728,
0.08706200867891312,
-0.32304391264915466,
0.40476787090301514,
0.034982338547706604,
0.1887681633234024,
0.27979180216789246,
-0.3869401812553406,
-0.28641968965530396,
0.0013028238900005817,
0.9892442226409912,
0.5985238552093506,
0.6919664740562439,
0.07214635610580444,
-0.6822962164878845,
0.6990583539009094,
-0.06534241884946823,
0.49064964056015015,
0.2639741599559784,
-0.21431313455104828,
-0.5163869261741638,
-0.16943280398845673,
-0.38734492659568787,
0.7449469566345215,
0.08143389225006104,
-0.4286445081233978,
0.6165043711662292,
0.6607405543327332,
0.30754896998405457,
0.09767549484968185,
-0.3038243055343628,
-0.19618859887123108,
-0.6140777468681335,
-0.09908375144004822,
0.08429276198148727,
-0.1414678692817688,
0.38181403279304504,
-0.8996084332466125,
-0.18612666428089142,
-0.5767068266868591,
-0.9222148060798645,
-0.1828644573688507,
0.2736554741859436,
0.38148239254951477,
-0.04784564673900604,
0.6628430485725403,
-0.4142162501811981,
-1.1083215475082397,
0.061614371836185455,
0.20427677035331726,
-0.5050633549690247,
0.24310067296028137,
-0.009242286905646324,
0.5314046144485474,
-0.08333063125610352,
-0.07835559546947479,
-0.18734483420848846,
0.7026010155677795,
-0.011736202985048294,
-0.24811236560344696,
-0.08170797675848007,
-0.5432011485099792,
-1.2056678533554077,
-0.5336832404136658,
0.4890154302120209,
-0.01185200922191143,
-0.1944485753774643,
-0.023237423971295357,
0.07756262272596359,
0.2891504466533661,
0.6069990396499634,
0.14416733384132385,
0.2857692241668701,
-0.4806535542011261,
-0.042582038789987564,
0.022241421043872833,
0.007307936437427998,
-0.5017178654670715,
-0.4976996183395386,
-0.3866751194000244,
-0.7165746688842773,
0.7462339401245117,
0.5954073071479797,
-0.48114046454429626,
-0.052240755409002304,
-0.12913289666175842,
-0.9398044943809509,
-0.19123691320419312,
0.8935765624046326,
-0.12308865785598755,
0.679778516292572,
0.1616537719964981,
-0.11388096213340759,
-0.18022707104682922,
0.11232974380254745,
0.5477176904678345,
-0.1826808899641037,
-0.8417412638664246,
-0.6261618733406067,
-0.19688324630260468,
0.10083632171154022,
-0.4664546847343445,
-0.779104471206665,
-0.2519426643848419,
0.12097257375717163,
0.31308990716934204,
-0.27003195881843567,
-0.43082427978515625,
-0.012956763617694378,
-0.30558690428733826,
-0.35824093222618103,
0.15746885538101196,
-0.019971944391727448,
-0.3505863547325134,
0.1579095870256424,
-0.4277710020542145,
-0.3716751039028168,
0.02531527169048786,
0.6403708457946777,
-0.025816185399889946,
-0.005524756386876106,
0.0055258809588849545,
-0.459446519613266,
0.4209724962711334,
-0.5304985046386719,
-0.004863896407186985,
0.5331613421440125,
0.2448943853378296,
0.03345092386007309,
0.1192902997136116,
-0.12381331622600555,
0.6239252090454102,
-0.09615262597799301,
-0.3335380256175995,
-0.12085577845573425,
0.00361859193071723,
-1.030046820640564,
0.3938133120536804,
0.2065519392490387,
-0.5422957539558411,
-0.3143133819103241,
-0.18792110681533813,
-0.0836573913693428,
0.7453398704528809,
0.3197011947631836,
-0.14389628171920776,
-0.6023528575897217,
0.08833052217960358,
0.7051733136177063,
-0.2073277086019516,
0.21696045994758606,
0.00912367831915617,
0.07337340712547302,
-0.18611779808998108,
0.3876698911190033,
-0.7856028079986572,
-0.15371492505073547,
0.702622652053833,
0.769071102142334,
0.10224699974060059,
-0.23798848688602448,
-0.330380916595459,
-0.5756463408470154,
0.049952924251556396,
-0.53373783826828,
0.3708592653274536,
0.6938469409942627,
-0.3325574994087219,
-0.8296235799789429,
-0.384475439786911,
-0.03176560252904892,
0.11535630375146866,
-0.25122392177581787,
-0.3855731189250946,
0.6902108788490295,
0.11515931785106659,
0.18632295727729797,
-0.1429225355386734,
0.18890804052352905,
-0.9819983839988708,
0.32688260078430176,
-0.5574022531509399,
-0.8082220554351807,
0.8691889047622681,
0.5409484505653381,
-0.4956829249858856,
-0.07005971670150757,
0.3870790898799896,
-0.15439818799495697,
0.0244057085365057,
-0.10671430826187134,
0.22219966351985931,
-0.822602391242981,
-0.0026767440140247345,
0.3782498240470886,
-0.06036759540438652,
-1.059852957725525,
-0.3872811794281006,
-0.7475504279136658,
0.010911142453551292,
-0.022152766585350037,
-0.4359428584575653,
0.5585816502571106,
-0.3570927381515503,
-0.4743920564651489,
0.032095879316329956,
0.39356547594070435,
-0.3270649015903473,
-0.6550471186637878,
-0.24336040019989014,
-0.18244436383247375,
-0.02422362007200718,
0.003290429711341858,
0.5656529664993286,
0.38036298751831055,
0.7432575821876526,
0.22680215537548065,
-0.12520119547843933,
0.07045857608318329,
0.30553460121154785,
0.32870692014694214,
-0.25058385729789734,
-0.9169257879257202,
0.011427857913076878,
0.3370931148529053,
-0.04570451378822327,
-0.8594640493392944,
-0.8918973803520203,
0.8106125593185425,
-0.20885923504829407,
-0.6850081086158752,
0.43074876070022583,
0.1804947704076767,
0.5044919848442078,
-0.08244355022907257,
0.3159754276275635,
-0.5473767518997192,
-0.010323592461645603,
0.8040390014648438,
0.16473032534122467,
0.06643934547901154,
0.16348353028297424,
0.4621719419956207,
0.01177209708839655,
-0.5243095755577087,
-0.4208715856075287,
-0.42007970809936523,
0.377859890460968,
0.4967344105243683,
-0.14084863662719727,
-0.4973800480365753,
-0.5797891020774841,
0.15934216976165771,
-0.6977952718734741,
-0.4551492929458618,
0.1041010245680809,
0.27228644490242004,
-0.28583768010139465,
0.008117747493088245,
-0.6947938203811646,
-0.5804732441902161,
-0.1888078898191452,
-0.27283018827438354,
0.043957117944955826,
-0.0352020263671875,
-0.24040193855762482,
-0.6314662098884583,
-0.07493122667074203,
0.24877327680587769,
0.27046650648117065,
-0.583654522895813,
-0.039504893124103546,
-0.33757126331329346,
-0.30704668164253235,
-0.6006529331207275,
0.2947923243045807,
0.37170425057411194,
-0.9968936443328857,
1.0091179609298706,
-0.028850361704826355,
-0.12480824440717697,
-0.011254576034843922,
-0.30951082706451416,
0.36423999071121216,
0.6217605471611023,
0.15611805021762848,
-0.1497952789068222,
0.1662394404411316,
-0.4554692208766937,
-0.1669139713048935,
0.004134634044021368,
-0.5598582625389099,
0.7639109492301941,
0.02918965369462967,
0.3534376919269562,
0.2685970067977905,
0.6266869306564331,
-0.03056655079126358,
-0.6119120717048645,
0.38141316175460815,
-0.5588788390159607,
-0.15069736540317535,
0.1186811774969101,
-0.4791965186595917,
0.4414856731891632,
0.4217751622200012,
-0.0010663635330274701,
0.6588476896286011,
-0.1848210096359253,
-0.5206120610237122,
0.12737366557121277,
-0.5869414210319519,
-0.18395769596099854,
0.3399585783481598,
0.6589991450309753,
0.26818180084228516,
0.27651697397232056,
-0.013181637972593307,
0.08599714189767838,
-0.006884791422635317,
0.12830772995948792,
0.3398423492908478,
0.07486693561077118,
-0.02193019911646843,
0.5981128811836243,
0.6013697385787964,
0.5360233783721924,
-0.5854636430740356,
0.13218672573566437,
-0.29403209686279297,
-0.24579033255577087,
-0.05678638815879822,
0.4700596332550049,
-0.7456357479095459,
0.19135713577270508,
0.43653562664985657,
0.020188108086586,
0.06670262664556503,
0.4109274744987488,
0.7611844539642334,
-0.060636136680841446,
0.3107002377510071,
-0.05170123279094696,
-0.2167435884475708,
0.1844634711742401,
-0.38086727261543274,
-0.18026867508888245,
-0.12702883780002594,
-0.5278887748718262,
0.6283068060874939,
0.2845405042171478,
0.02902357280254364,
0.07655496895313263,
-0.0410003699362278,
-0.1657441258430481,
0.05783582478761673,
-0.3816637098789215,
0.12614455819129944,
0.08412030339241028,
-0.4000439941883087,
0.231972798705101,
0.4933778643608093,
0.23915858566761017,
-0.7878053188323975,
-0.23076170682907104,
-0.5369235873222351,
-0.36436736583709717,
0.24044151604175568,
-1.1058566570281982,
0.3369452655315399,
-0.32273536920547485,
1.5780715942382812,
0.047731075435876846,
-0.2920294404029846,
-0.3010141849517822,
-0.37233757972717285,
-0.28107649087905884,
0.41427212953567505,
-0.4443321228027344,
0.7819169163703918,
-0.4376242756843567,
-0.10936105996370316,
-0.8978491425514221,
0.7178130149841309,
0.06148628145456314,
0.5262851119041443,
-0.19724112749099731,
0.7646365165710449,
-0.42345958948135376,
-0.11000560969114304,
0.31725016236305237,
-0.47846025228500366,
-0.10833323001861572,
0.24037250876426697,
-0.4351345896720886,
0.13125286996364594,
0.4403955936431885,
0.15397700667381287,
-0.46686962246894836,
0.041746243834495544,
0.3538331389427185,
0.162028506398201,
0.31243473291397095,
-0.21847662329673767,
-0.2018917053937912,
-0.5708285570144653,
-0.5265706777572632,
0.5366058349609375,
-0.2798021733760834,
0.9602567553520203,
0.8493341207504272,
0.6135960817337036,
0.23742295801639557,
-0.07171767204999924,
-0.0704171285033226,
-0.41718149185180664,
0.437269926071167,
0.12841978669166565,
-2.120245933532715,
0.0011686041252687573,
-0.33579450845718384,
-0.21459771692752838,
-0.29194605350494385,
0.2504139542579651,
0.038099564611911774,
-0.02903727814555168,
-0.02628220058977604,
-0.32055655121803284,
0.3541163504123688,
0.1498221457004547,
0.029286323115229607,
-1.1659328937530518,
0.24445241689682007,
0.1398308426141739
]
|
214855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1785%20in%20literature | 1785 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1785.
Events
January 1
The Daily Universal Register (later The Times) is first published, in London.
The Paris theatre company Théâtre des Variétés-Amusantes moves to a temporary new building in the gardens of the Palais-Royal.
February 2 – Sarah Siddons makes her London debut in her most famous rôle, Lady Macbeth, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
February – The English heiress Mary Bowes escapes from her husband, Andrew Robinson Stoney, and begins divorce proceedings.
April 14 – After today's death of the English poet William Whitehead in London, Thomas Warton succeeds him as Poet Laureate of Great Britain, William Mason having refused the post.
May 22 – Robert Burns' first child, Elizabeth ("Dear-bought Bess"), is born to his mother's servant, Elizabeth Paton.
June 23 – The Litvak rabbi and writer Aryeh Leib ben Asher Gunzberg dies at Metz in France after a book-case topples on him, according to tradition.
November 28 – The Marquis de Sade finishes writing The 120 Days of Sodom (Les 120 Journées de Sodome) while imprisoned in the Bastille; it will not be published until 1904.
unknown date
Giacomo Casanova is appointed librarian to Count Joseph Karl von Waldstein at the Duchcov Château in Bohemia.
A new building for the Prussian Royal Library is completed in Berlin.
New books
Fiction
Anna Maria Bennett – Anna
Elizabeth Blower – Maria
Denis Diderot, part trans. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Jacques the Fatalist (Jacques der Fatalist und sein Herr)
Richard Graves – Eugenius
Karl Philipp Moritz – Anton Reiser (to 1790)
Children
Rudolf Erich Raspe, anonymously – Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia
Drama
George Colman the Younger – Two to One
Richard Cumberland – The Natural Son
Elizabeth Inchbald – Appearance Is Against Them
John O'Keefe – The Poor Soldier
Emanuel Schikaneder – Der Fremde
Poetry
János Bacsanyi – The Valour of the Magyars
Samuel Egerton Brydges – Sonnets and other Poems
Robert Burns – "To a Mouse"
William Combe – The Royal Dream
William Cowper – The Task
George Crabbe – The News-Paper
William Hayley – A Philosophical, Historical and Moral Essay on Old Maids
Samuel Johnson – The Poetical Works
Friedrich Schiller – Ode to Joy (An die Freude)
Charles Wilkins (translator) – Bhagvat-geeta, or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon
John Wolcot as "Peter Pindar"
The Lousiad
Lyric Odes, for the Year 1785
Ann Yearsley – Poems
Non-fiction
James Boswell – The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Edmund Burke – Speech on the Nabob of Arcot's Debts
Francis Grose – A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
Samuel Johnson – Prayers and Meditations
Immanuel Kant – Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten)
William Paley – The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy
Clara Reeve – The Progress of Romance
Thomas Reid – Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man
John Scott – Critical Essays on Some of the Poems of Several English Poets
Births
January 4 – Jakob Grimm, German philologist, jurist and mythologist (died 1863)
January 31 – Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová, Czech cookery writer (died 1845)
March 3 – Frances Mary Richardson Currer, English heiress and bibliophile (died 1861)
March 7 – Alessandro Manzoni, Italian poet and novelist (died 1873)
March 18 – He Changling (賀長齡), Chinese scholar and writer on governance (died 1848)
March 21 – Henry Kirke White, English poet (died 1806)
April 4 – Bettina von Arnim, German novelist (died 1859)
April 7 – Lorenzo Hammarsköld, Swedish poet and author (died 1827)
May 3 – Vicente López y Planes, Argentine politician and writer (died 1856)
May 18 – John Wilson (Christopher North), Scottish writer (died 1854)
August 15 – Thomas De Quincey, English essayist (died 1859)
October 18 – Thomas Love Peacock, English novelist, poet and East India Company official (died 1866)
October 30 – Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau – German travel and gardening writer (died 1871)
Deaths
January 19 – Jonathan Toup, English classicist, critic and cleric (born 1713)
April 14 – William Whitehead, English poet laureate (born 1715)
May 4 – János Sajnovics, Hungarian linguist (born 1733)
August 31 – Pietro Chiari, Italian playwright, novelist and librettist (born 1712)
September 17 – Antoine Léonard Thomas, French poet and critic (born 1732)
November 12 – Richard Burn, English legal writer (born 1709)
November 25 – Richard Glover, English poet and politician (born 1712)
December 6 – Kitty Clive, English actress and writer of farce (born 1711)
December 18 – Joseph Allegranza, Milanese historian (born 1715)
December 29 – Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian-born Danish poet and satirist (born 1742)
unknown date – Ali Haider Multani, Punjabi Sufi poet (born 1690)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.1590701788663864,
0.4081311821937561,
-0.39842700958251953,
-0.2483852356672287,
-0.47324952483177185,
-0.14357511699199677,
0.698902428150177,
0.5128169059753418,
-0.9439218044281006,
-0.3435925245285034,
0.022323602810502052,
-0.2338087409734726,
-0.023971443995833397,
0.4389778971672058,
0.11000317335128784,
-0.11108821630477905,
0.3769187033176422,
-0.126803919672966,
0.29708582162857056,
-0.5763118863105774,
-0.10287974774837494,
0.2354317009449005,
0.6122630834579468,
-0.1604280322790146,
0.15997916460037231,
-0.4535124599933624,
0.1759830117225647,
-0.5102924704551697,
0.6270383596420288,
-0.0359678752720356,
-0.38961514830589294,
0.4375382661819458,
0.5769600868225098,
0.29517823457717896,
-0.4740607440471649,
-0.4438647925853729,
-0.38668277859687805,
-0.00602801563218236,
0.14532101154327393,
-0.45751872658729553,
-0.17630793154239655,
-0.05760059878230095,
0.3901247978210449,
0.10342870652675629,
-0.058808863162994385,
-0.5423389077186584,
-1.6350394487380981,
0.0031467752996832132,
-0.6656417846679688,
0.23467332124710083,
-0.02040070667862892,
0.2648322880268097,
0.8820003271102905,
0.6246839761734009,
-0.5117031335830688,
0.43729299306869507,
-0.4894801080226898,
-0.20917803049087524,
0.4081336259841919,
-0.1312132328748703,
0.3705995976924896,
0.42499908804893494,
-0.24330075085163116,
0.205112025141716,
0.6489754319190979,
0.05403364822268486,
-0.42230597138404846,
0.2907748520374298,
-0.06556352972984314,
-0.7403777837753296,
-0.08176477998495102,
-0.26444780826568604,
0.49588465690612793,
-0.13996359705924988,
0.3783155381679535,
-0.10544805228710175,
0.3324108123779297,
-0.17399640381336212,
-0.05221336707472801,
-0.22950118780136108,
-0.5262625813484192,
0.5318740010261536,
0.9250606894493103,
0.21030540764331818,
0.13831956684589386,
-0.05528591200709343,
-0.24816328287124634,
0.043320365250110626,
0.052875418215990067,
-0.37090003490448,
0.2453218400478363,
0.0600680410861969,
0.3051885664463043,
0.12023377418518066,
0.3330132067203522,
0.4848395586013794,
-0.5685182809829712,
0.3912549912929535,
-0.35192251205444336,
0.15164494514465332,
-0.03502101078629494,
0.9181029200553894,
0.5883835554122925,
0.05155951529741287,
-0.5163309574127197,
-0.05118389055132866,
0.24694231152534485,
-0.14556081593036652,
0.7922478318214417,
-0.39834338426589966,
-0.07821083813905716,
0.3921981453895569,
-0.6411548852920532,
0.02479201927781105,
-0.0796138122677803,
0.4103606641292572,
0.6654896140098572,
-0.2893851399421692,
-0.4645344614982605,
0.20521247386932373,
-0.3105996251106262,
0.3784284293651581,
0.23209823668003082,
0.5861676335334778,
-0.6820188760757446,
0.27875563502311707,
0.22759585082530975,
0.5630918741226196,
-0.21458730101585388,
0.46748775243759155,
0.1929994374513626,
1.250061273574829,
-0.24517753720283508,
-0.3333582580089569,
-0.1219782680273056,
-0.015225747600197792,
0.25953683257102966,
0.7612004280090332,
-0.0813739076256752,
0.11003334075212479,
-0.4457910358905792,
-0.010292631573975086,
-1.6953070163726807,
0.08024643361568451,
-0.26527249813079834,
-0.461643248796463,
0.2513049840927124,
-0.4523865282535553,
-0.23169010877609253,
-0.3716840445995331,
0.3414388597011566,
-0.45323723554611206,
0.017187019810080528,
0.08981167525053024,
0.1422537863254547,
0.12319612503051758,
0.23983542621135712,
0.6854925155639648,
0.7545255422592163,
-0.07735466212034225,
-0.33428916335105896,
0.3464958965778351,
-0.019297705963253975,
-0.12699289619922638,
0.0017342028440907598,
-0.39720213413238525,
0.22179262340068817,
-0.3869335353374481,
0.43905961513519287,
-0.14804677665233612,
-0.4809392988681793,
-0.0009396354435011744,
0.21553318202495575,
-0.4580313563346863,
-0.09427237510681152,
-0.08699896931648254,
0.5604093074798584,
0.502455472946167,
0.152985617518425,
0.13326036930084229,
-0.7147139310836792,
0.23700951039791107,
0.03698284551501274,
-1.1580207347869873,
0.8532918095588684,
0.6460171937942505,
0.4159698784351349,
0.31602412462234497,
-0.12676438689231873,
-0.3527289927005768,
-0.4255436062812805,
-0.058012455701828,
-0.06150190904736519,
-0.2731039822101593,
1.671750545501709,
-0.03534241020679474,
-0.3991452753543854,
0.8502374291419983,
-0.08597229421138763,
0.22333501279354095,
-0.045286595821380615,
-0.004007046576589346,
0.42094820737838745,
0.2942649722099304,
-0.08976449072360992,
0.8965811729431152,
-0.03326653316617012,
0.10782778263092041,
0.5204837322235107,
0.41024360060691833,
0.5241376757621765,
-0.2716825604438782,
0.40563005208969116,
0.2030448466539383,
-0.5539555549621582,
0.04685007408261299,
-0.5253846645355225,
0.5689202547073364,
0.16380411386489868,
0.11519398540258408,
0.3938296139240265,
-0.34198662638664246,
0.42593199014663696,
1.0037429332733154,
0.09469567984342575,
0.5380508899688721,
0.050350986421108246,
0.22029361128807068,
-0.26914161443710327,
-0.8156466484069824,
-0.2027810662984848,
0.28870606422424316,
0.1685289442539215,
-0.33220747113227844,
-0.21580450236797333,
0.1235293596982956,
-0.04163326323032379,
-0.14733628928661346,
0.05921291559934616,
-0.3118560016155243,
0.5870567560195923,
-0.18034720420837402,
-0.0907130241394043,
0.3482450544834137,
0.16494756937026978,
0.703698456287384,
-0.18354080617427826,
-0.24937865138053894,
-0.09997928142547607,
-0.5118928551673889,
0.43604207038879395,
0.7000563740730286,
-0.09091424942016602,
-0.20304355025291443,
-0.47864416241645813,
0.005423862952739,
-0.09161698073148727,
-0.3239994943141937,
0.6211512684822083,
0.3878597617149353,
-0.23391613364219666,
-0.18481376767158508,
0.24151185154914856,
0.3687133193016052,
-0.27272215485572815,
-0.11771108210086823,
0.046779047697782516,
-0.8088672161102295,
0.6793627142906189,
0.0021916814148426056,
0.11815919727087021,
0.0394909493625164,
-0.6013594269752502,
-0.9172840118408203,
0.44096511602401733,
-0.03486334905028343,
-0.12292890250682831,
-0.11569102853536606,
-0.5144473910331726,
-0.5618860721588135,
-0.8233107924461365,
0.7799104452133179,
0.4748086929321289,
-0.2618369460105896,
0.11102958768606186,
0.009025505743920803,
0.5161927938461304,
0.18688008189201355,
0.1738721877336502,
-0.4614422917366028,
-0.35718032717704773,
-0.3547568917274475,
-0.5431025624275208,
-0.10609163343906403,
0.2841472923755646,
0.605370044708252,
-0.6002088785171509,
0.26549482345581055,
0.0150623032823205,
-0.45779693126678467,
-0.3287277817726135,
0.3856891095638275,
-0.42843908071517944,
0.39034751057624817,
0.15962129831314087,
0.19667232036590576,
0.053352054208517075,
0.08102815598249435,
-5.313232898712158,
-0.0964144840836525,
-0.566317617893219,
-0.310654878616333,
-0.36458200216293335,
0.4004490077495575,
0.8163771629333496,
-0.25366270542144775,
-0.5543108582496643,
0.11228487640619278,
-0.30569085478782654,
-0.4280344247817993,
-0.21667543053627014,
1.2132474184036255,
0.6493971943855286,
0.5935898423194885,
0.6093941330909729,
0.008473155088722706,
-0.3453233540058136,
0.12257133424282074,
0.4409481883049011,
0.5394686460494995,
-0.11597823351621628,
-0.03730291128158569,
0.8630505204200745,
0.134717658162117,
0.2768661677837372,
0.2725473940372467,
-0.2670940160751343,
0.2101949155330658,
-0.058674488216638565,
0.18019673228263855,
0.2944105267524719,
-0.2698529362678528,
-0.014252446591854095,
0.09421924501657486,
0.7501421570777893,
0.6623051762580872,
0.6820509433746338,
0.2640015482902527,
-0.5956265926361084,
0.7200453877449036,
-0.18880966305732727,
0.6062746644020081,
0.141593337059021,
-0.08127418905496597,
-0.3078608810901642,
-0.020714692771434784,
-0.5006539225578308,
0.7764156460762024,
0.09507277607917786,
-0.41488343477249146,
0.5275598168373108,
0.6002981066703796,
0.4748155474662781,
-0.07811523228883743,
-0.3392874300479889,
-0.2583359181880951,
-0.6035618782043457,
0.14822354912757874,
-0.06918884068727493,
-0.16844242811203003,
0.33342358469963074,
-0.895173966884613,
-0.15132929384708405,
-0.6253510117530823,
-0.9525426626205444,
-0.029031546786427498,
0.2588677704334259,
0.38977447152137756,
-0.14417771995067596,
0.6379470229148865,
-0.48773348331451416,
-1.1194912195205688,
0.16399721801280975,
0.023484015837311745,
-0.3579395115375519,
0.1545989066362381,
-0.1250057816505432,
0.296087384223938,
0.06251458823680878,
-0.045594558119773865,
-0.18548354506492615,
0.8235536217689514,
0.15830887854099274,
-0.20629402995109558,
-0.09511677920818329,
-0.6465833187103271,
-1.2836419343948364,
-0.6354790925979614,
0.4993683695793152,
0.03543338552117348,
-0.25159981846809387,
0.05776195228099823,
0.1036619022488594,
0.35246261954307556,
0.45737409591674805,
-0.0052066524513065815,
0.24114814400672913,
-0.41600731015205383,
-0.014913050457835197,
0.2569725811481476,
0.11318352818489075,
-0.29447633028030396,
-0.35320985317230225,
-0.5518531799316406,
-0.6640390753746033,
0.6350067257881165,
0.5587162971496582,
-0.5371696352958679,
-0.04211481288075447,
-0.036715246737003326,
-0.9135754704475403,
-0.03713846206665039,
0.4648630619049072,
-0.22750866413116455,
0.5226989984512329,
0.22331593930721283,
-0.11055679619312286,
-0.23367641866207123,
0.3084239959716797,
0.44947296380996704,
-0.16499318182468414,
-0.7184395790100098,
-0.6621853709220886,
-0.31397128105163574,
-0.15184783935546875,
-0.5283722877502441,
-0.6090115904808044,
-0.24133317172527313,
0.3363212049007416,
0.3500139117240906,
-0.17914830148220062,
-0.34181031584739685,
0.09014491736888885,
-0.21079477667808533,
-0.26706281304359436,
-0.19906672835350037,
-0.013947498984634876,
-0.44191083312034607,
0.03998150676488876,
-0.39691072702407837,
-0.30549106001853943,
0.12466330081224442,
0.6470621824264526,
-0.052573561668395996,
0.0849933847784996,
-0.28813016414642334,
-0.38150233030319214,
0.5135650634765625,
-0.5466902852058411,
0.0033178820740431547,
0.53082674741745,
0.3476478159427643,
0.10685739666223526,
0.038510676473379135,
0.07725709676742554,
0.6636326909065247,
-0.3057868778705597,
-0.287997305393219,
-0.03895280882716179,
-0.07333981990814209,
-0.9616584181785583,
0.3367433249950409,
0.21362026035785675,
-0.5422714352607727,
-0.43733635544776917,
-0.03738803416490555,
-0.024426573887467384,
0.582822322845459,
0.2511235773563385,
-0.325896680355072,
-0.4988446533679962,
0.14723806083202362,
0.6484581828117371,
-0.15754365921020508,
0.3157006800174713,
0.20644958317279816,
-0.07086338102817535,
-0.15663577616214752,
0.46106913685798645,
-0.7360312938690186,
-0.1449640989303589,
0.5437318086624146,
0.9028350710868835,
0.09655383229255676,
-0.04562171921133995,
-0.281546026468277,
-0.5679057836532593,
0.07659801840782166,
-0.6091768741607666,
0.18184395134449005,
0.6346265077590942,
-0.40326938033103943,
-0.6753365397453308,
-0.39114996790885925,
0.11960988491773605,
0.28760579228401184,
-0.2206185907125473,
-0.34107083082199097,
0.7114558815956116,
0.11609870940446854,
0.15127509832382202,
-0.02270563133060932,
0.06306891143321991,
-0.93808513879776,
0.2775501608848572,
-0.6696978211402893,
-0.7186006307601929,
0.7890100479125977,
0.5008295774459839,
-0.5629106163978577,
-0.09779693931341171,
0.4102728068828583,
-0.01055820845067501,
-0.10598964989185333,
0.044782090932130814,
0.37129324674606323,
-0.761811375617981,
-0.2154308408498764,
0.30633026361465454,
0.019952233880758286,
-1.0729780197143555,
-0.38153138756752014,
-0.7297456860542297,
0.12312182039022446,
0.16492384672164917,
-0.3425412178039551,
0.5158129334449768,
-0.3702707290649414,
-0.3068895936012268,
-0.04171634092926979,
0.3462056815624237,
-0.3033522963523865,
-0.46239641308784485,
-0.4110187590122223,
-0.1352151781320572,
-0.1661447435617447,
0.05611865967512131,
0.5913156867027283,
0.14805245399475098,
0.6801446080207825,
0.15658900141716003,
-0.18512649834156036,
0.001424740650691092,
0.44132328033447266,
0.3430904746055603,
-0.19421014189720154,
-0.8310059309005737,
0.10999803245067596,
0.19714055955410004,
-0.05036560818552971,
-0.7895721197128296,
-0.7273771166801453,
0.7530257701873779,
-0.3034766614437103,
-0.678550124168396,
0.47551658749580383,
0.13310226798057556,
0.3901037871837616,
-0.02866068296134472,
0.1399042010307312,
-0.44617006182670593,
-0.04614691436290741,
0.678526759147644,
0.15763162076473236,
-0.13692213594913483,
0.40870383381843567,
0.29788824915885925,
0.08610843122005463,
-0.5630245208740234,
-0.5354940295219421,
-0.5518686771392822,
0.34922975301742554,
0.4658892750740051,
-0.04888270050287247,
-0.5021033883094788,
-0.41607916355133057,
0.3819764256477356,
-0.40005406737327576,
-0.47378548979759216,
-0.1305062472820282,
0.04889680817723274,
-0.28935039043426514,
-0.1917712539434433,
-0.6646477580070496,
-0.4486287832260132,
-0.06821541488170624,
-0.12488961219787598,
0.05847033113241196,
-0.16585953533649445,
-0.1449754536151886,
-0.6369720101356506,
-0.12502621114253998,
0.30003809928894043,
0.37589624524116516,
-0.35227444767951965,
0.10502824187278748,
-0.1843649297952652,
-0.21862991154193878,
-0.4809975028038025,
0.23619359731674194,
0.35920122265815735,
-0.833500325679779,
0.9187211990356445,
0.1707146018743515,
-0.1116836816072464,
0.16567978262901306,
-0.3358282446861267,
0.3340400457382202,
0.7116049528121948,
0.2399003505706787,
-0.01644151099026203,
0.1372087448835373,
-0.1627255529165268,
-0.3223581910133362,
0.09510856121778488,
-0.46792951226234436,
0.6816800236701965,
-0.14367172122001648,
0.3617587983608246,
-0.005235621705651283,
0.5430483222007751,
-0.3183685839176178,
-0.5048984289169312,
0.3370543122291565,
-0.54230797290802,
-0.1179337352514267,
-0.1436312198638916,
-0.2994111180305481,
0.3974856436252594,
0.39407384395599365,
-0.18408656120300293,
0.6645983457565308,
-0.1623305082321167,
-0.45678988099098206,
0.11760255694389343,
-0.5655397176742554,
-0.1182241216301918,
0.4270116984844208,
0.6957301497459412,
0.10967373847961426,
0.4060966670513153,
0.06008460372686386,
0.1583394706249237,
-0.20381242036819458,
0.20619885623455048,
0.1576567143201828,
0.08876685798168182,
-0.08038193732500076,
0.521368682384491,
0.5712206959724426,
0.6226385235786438,
-0.6163783669471741,
0.25033631920814514,
-0.33997926115989685,
-0.11440610140562057,
-0.052226342260837555,
0.3756888806819916,
-0.9152801632881165,
0.25256118178367615,
0.15853019058704376,
0.21692343056201935,
0.08866149187088013,
0.24850760400295258,
0.7282690405845642,
0.07287497818470001,
0.37571728229522705,
0.020076235756278038,
-0.265842080116272,
0.198418989777565,
-0.3289470076560974,
-0.05833998695015907,
-0.20190580189228058,
-0.4612051248550415,
0.6888476610183716,
0.3611922562122345,
0.15011829137802124,
0.026071665808558464,
-0.25342342257499695,
-0.12270830571651459,
0.09318351000547409,
-0.2604770064353943,
0.02045247331261635,
0.1944124698638916,
-0.4025992751121521,
0.14042435586452484,
0.5244047045707703,
0.15518328547477722,
-0.8933069109916687,
-0.20223493874073029,
-0.424262672662735,
-0.22322800755500793,
0.07471004128456116,
-1.2126811742782593,
0.429828941822052,
-0.3285256028175354,
1.685936450958252,
-0.19498750567436218,
-0.4436279535293579,
-0.2947523593902588,
-0.3311173617839813,
-0.4007123112678528,
0.4335331618785858,
-0.24285587668418884,
0.7116281390190125,
-0.5914998054504395,
-0.02603648044168949,
-0.7259771823883057,
0.545249342918396,
0.280179500579834,
0.3293822109699249,
-0.033955805003643036,
0.7718728184700012,
-0.30421021580696106,
-0.26740777492523193,
0.4564761519432068,
-0.2149854600429535,
-0.22770050168037415,
0.30436214804649353,
-0.45929333567619324,
0.13629299402236938,
0.4456341564655304,
0.07132000476121902,
-0.3949204683303833,
-0.02873999811708927,
0.36166104674339294,
0.12723688781261444,
0.2999882102012634,
-0.018474096432328224,
-0.3052818477153778,
-0.6490206718444824,
-0.8090734481811523,
0.5558393597602844,
-0.15661409497261047,
0.7762256264686584,
0.7520574927330017,
0.5473338961601257,
0.33937278389930725,
-0.1453235000371933,
-0.05882975831627846,
-0.27147844433784485,
0.2899644672870636,
0.03372958302497864,
-2.0783512592315674,
-0.053741101175546646,
-0.30510714650154114,
-0.26260560750961304,
-0.37547802925109863,
0.32045796513557434,
-0.033505748957395554,
-0.08769111335277557,
-0.13495603203773499,
-0.22711502015590668,
0.30944207310676575,
-0.05332900211215019,
-0.030082914978265762,
-1.1667720079421997,
0.282909095287323,
0.1368841528892517
]
|
214856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical%20imperative | Categorical imperative | The categorical imperative () is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Introduced in Kant's 1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, it is a way of evaluating motivations for action. It is best known in its original formulation: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law."
According to Kant, sentient beings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in an imperative, or ultimate commandment of reason, from which all duties and obligations derive. He defines an imperative as any proposition declaring a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary. Hypothetical imperatives apply to someone who wishes to attain certain ends. For example, "I must drink something to quench my thirst" or "I must study to pass this exam." A categorical imperative, on the other hand, denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that must be obeyed in all circumstances and is justified as an end in itself.
Kant expressed extreme dissatisfaction with the popular moral philosophy of his day, believing that it could never surpass the level of hypothetical imperatives: a utilitarian says that murder is wrong because it does not maximize good for those involved, but this is irrelevant to people who are concerned only with maximizing the positive outcome for themselves. Consequently, Kant argued, hypothetical moral systems cannot persuade moral action or be regarded as bases for moral judgments against others, because the imperatives on which they are based rely too heavily on subjective considerations. He presented a deontological moral system, based on the demands of the categorical imperative, as an alternative.
Outline
Pure practical reason
The capacity that underlies deciding what is moral is called pure practical reason, which is contrasted with: pure reason, which is the capacity to know without having been shown; and mere practical reason, which allows us to interact with the world in experience.
Hypothetical imperatives tell us which means best achieve our ends. They do not, however, tell us which ends we should choose. The typical dichotomy in choosing ends is between ends that are right (e.g., helping someone) and those that are good (e.g., enriching oneself). Kant considered the right superior to the good; to him, the latter was morally irrelevant. In Kant's view, a person cannot decide whether conduct is right, or moral, through empirical means. Such judgments must be reached a priori, using pure practical reason.
What action can be constituted as moral is universally reasoned by the categorical imperative, separate from observable experience. This distinction, that it is imperative that each action is not empirically reasoned by observable experience, has had wide social impact in the legal and political concepts of human rights and equality.
Possibility
People see themselves as belonging to both the world of understanding and the world of sense. As a member of the world of understanding, a person's actions would always conform to the autonomy of the will. As a part of the world of sense, he would necessarily fall under the natural law of desires and inclinations. However, since the world of understanding contains the ground of the world of sense, and thus of its laws, his actions ought to conform to the autonomy of the will, and this categorical "ought" represents a synthetic proposition a priori.
Freedom and autonomy
Kant viewed the human individual as a rationally self-conscious being with "impure" freedom of choice:
For a will to be considered free, we must understand it as capable of affecting causal power without being caused to do so. However, the idea of lawless free will, meaning a will acting without any causal structure, is incomprehensible. Therefore, a free will must be acting under laws that it gives to itself.
Although Kant conceded that there could be no conceivable example of free will, because any example would only show us a will as it appears to us—as a subject of natural laws—he nevertheless argued against determinism. He proposed that determinism is logically inconsistent: the determinist claims that because A caused B, and B caused C, that A is the true cause of C. Applied to a case of the human will, a determinist would argue that the will does not have causal power and that something outside the will causes the will to act as it does. But this argument merely assumes what it sets out to prove: viz. that the human will is part of the causal chain.
Secondly, Kant remarks that free will is inherently unknowable. Since even a free person could not possibly have knowledge of their own freedom, we cannot use our failure to find a proof for freedom as evidence for a lack of it. The observable world could never contain an example of freedom because it would never show us a will as it appears to itself, but only a will that is subject to natural laws imposed on it. But we do appear to ourselves as free. Therefore, he argued for the idea of transcendental freedom—that is, freedom as a presupposition of the question "what ought I to do?" This is what gives us sufficient basis for ascribing moral responsibility: the rational and self-actualizing power of a person, which he calls moral autonomy: "the property the will has of being a law unto itself."
First formulation: Universality and the law of nature
Kant concludes that a moral proposition that is true must be one that is not tied to any particular conditions, including the identity and desires of the person making the moral deliberation.
A moral maxim must imply absolute necessity, which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational being. This leads to the first formulation of the categorical imperative, sometimes called the principle of universalizability: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
Closely connected with this formulation is the law of nature formulation. Because laws of nature are by definition universal, Kant claims we may also express the categorical imperative as:Act as if the maxims of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature.Kant divides the duties imposed by this formulation into two sets of two subsets. The first division is between duties that we have to ourselves versus those we have to others. For example, we have an obligation not to kill ourselves as well as an obligation not to kill others. Kant also, however, introduces a distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
Perfect duty
According to Kant's reasoning, we first have a perfect duty not to act by maxims that result in logical contradictions when we attempt to universalize them. The moral proposition A: "It is permissible to steal" would result in a contradiction upon universalisation. The notion of stealing presupposes the existence of personal property, but were A universalized, then there could be no personal property, and so the proposition has logically negated itself.
In general, perfect duties are those that are blameworthy if not met, as they are a basic required duty for a human being.
Imperfect duty
Second, we have imperfect duties, which are still based on pure reason, but which allow for desires in how they are carried out in practice. Because these depend somewhat on the subjective preferences of humankind, this duty is not as strong as a perfect duty, but it is still morally binding. As such, unlike perfect duties, you do not attract blame should you not complete an imperfect duty but you shall receive praise for it should you complete it, as you have gone beyond the basic duties and taken duty upon yourself.
Imperfect duties are circumstantial, meaning simply that you could not reasonably exist in a constant state of performing that duty. This is what truly differentiates between perfect and imperfect duties, because imperfect duties are those duties that are never truly completed. A particular example provided by Kant is the imperfect duty to cultivate one's own talents.
Second formulation: Humanity
Every rational action must set before itself not only a principle, but also an end. Most ends are of a subjective kind, because they need only be pursued if they are in line with some particular hypothetical imperative that a person may choose to adopt. For an end to be objective, it would be necessary that we categorically pursue it.
The free will is the source of all rational action. But to treat it as a subjective end is to deny the possibility of freedom in general. Because the autonomous will is the one and only source of moral action, it would contradict the first formulation to claim that a person is merely a means to some other end, rather than always an end in themselves.
On this basis, Kant derives the second formulation of the categorical imperative from the first.
By combining this formulation with the first, we learn that a person has perfect duty not to use the humanity of themselves or others merely as a means to some other end. As a slave owner would be effectively asserting a moral right to own a person as a slave, they would be asserting a property right in another person. This would violate the categorical imperative, because it denies the basis for there to be free rational action at all; it denies the status of a person as an end in themselves. One cannot, on Kant's account, ever suppose a right to treat another person as a mere means to an end. In the case of a slave owner, the slaves are being used to cultivate the owner's fields (the slaves acting as the means) to ensure a sufficient harvest (the end goal of the owner).
The second formulation also leads to the imperfect duty to further the ends of ourselves and others. If any person desires perfection in themselves or others, it would be their moral duty to seek that end for all people equally, so long as that end does not contradict perfect duty.
Third formulation: Autonomy
Kant claims that the first formulation lays out the objective conditions on the categorical imperative: that it be universal in form and thus capable of becoming a law of nature. Likewise, the second formulation lays out subjective conditions: that there be certain ends in themselves, namely rational beings as such. The result of these two considerations is that we must will maxims that can be at the same time universal, but which do not infringe on the freedom of ourselves nor of others. A universal maxim, however, could only have this form if it were a maxim that each subject by himself endorsed. Because it cannot be something which externally constrains each subject's activity, it must be a constraint that each subject has set for himself. This leads to the concept of self-legislation. Each subject must through his own use of reason will maxims which have the form of universality, but do not impinge on the freedom of others: thus each subject must will maxims that could be universally self-legislated.
The result, of course, is a formulation of the categorical imperative that contains much of the same as the first two. We must will something that we could at the same time freely will of ourselves. After introducing this third formulation, Kant introduces a distinction between autonomy (literally: self-law-giving) and heteronomy (literally: other-law-giving). This third formulation makes it clear that the categorical imperative requires autonomy. It is not enough that the right conduct be followed, but that one also demands that conduct of oneself.
The Kingdom of Ends formulation
In the Groundwork, Kant goes on to formulate the categorical imperative in a number of ways following the first three; however, because Kant himself claims that there are only three principles, little attention has been given to these other formulations. Moreover, they are often easily assimilated to the first three formulations, as Kant takes himself to be explicitly summarizing these earlier principles.
There is, however, another formulation that has received additional attention as it appears to introduce a social dimension into Kant's thought. This is the formulation of the "Kingdom of Ends."
Because a truly autonomous will would not be subjugated to any interest, it would only be subject to those laws it makes for itself—but it must also regard those laws as if they would be bound to others, or they would not be universalizable, and hence they would not be laws of conduct at all. Thus, Kant presents the notion of the hypothetical Kingdom of Ends of which he suggests all people should consider themselves never solely as means but always as ends.
We ought to act only by maxims that would harmonize with a possible kingdom of ends. We have perfect duty not to act by maxims that create incoherent or impossible states of natural affairs when we attempt to universalize them, and we have imperfect duty not to act by maxims that lead to unstable or greatly undesirable states of affairs.
Application
Although Kant was intensely critical of the use of examples as moral yardsticks, as they tend to rely on our moral intuitions (feelings) rather than our rational powers, this section explores some applications of the categorical imperative for illustrative purposes.
Deception
Kant asserted that lying, or deception of any kind, would be forbidden under any interpretation and in any circumstance. In Groundwork, Kant gives the example of a person who seeks to borrow money without intending to pay it back. This is a contradiction because if it were a universal action, no person would lend money anymore as he knows that he will never be paid back. The maxim of this action, says Kant, results in a (and thus contradicts perfect duty). With lying, it would logically contradict the reliability of language. If it were universally acceptable to lie, then no one would believe anyone and all truths would be assumed to be lies. In each case, the proposed action becomes inconceivable in a world where the maxim exists as law. In a world where no one would lend money, seeking to borrow money in the manner originally imagined is inconceivable. In a world where no one trusts one another, the same is true about manipulative lies.
The right to deceive could also not be claimed because it would deny the status of the person deceived as an end in itself. The theft would be incompatible with a possible kingdom of ends. Therefore, Kant denied the right to lie or deceive for any reason, regardless of context or anticipated consequences.
Theft
Kant argued that any action taken against another person to which he or she could not possibly consent is a violation of perfect duty as interpreted through the second formulation. If a thief were to steal a book from an unknowing victim, it may have been that the victim would have agreed, had the thief simply asked. However, no person can consent to theft, because the presence of consent would mean that the transfer was not a theft. Because the victim could not have consented to the action, it could not be instituted as a universal law of nature, and theft contradicts perfect duty.
Suicide
In the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant applies his categorical imperative to the issue of suicide motivated by a sickness of life:A man reduced to despair by a series of misfortunes feels sick of life, but is still so far in possession of his reason that he can ask himself whether taking his own life would not be contrary to his duty to himself. Now he asks whether the maxim of his action could become a universal law of nature. But his maxim is this: from self-love I make as my principle to shorten my life when its continued duration threatens more evil than it promises satisfaction. There only remains the question as to whether this principle of self-love can become a universal law of nature. One sees at once that a contradiction in a system of nature whose law would destroy life by means of the very same feeling that acts so as to stimulate the furtherance of life, and hence there could be no existence as a system of nature. Therefore, such a maxim cannot possibly hold as a universal law of nature and is, consequently, wholly opposed to the supreme principle of all duty.How the Categorical Imperative would apply to suicide from other motivations is unclear.
Laziness
Kant also applies the categorical imperative in the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals on the subject of "failing to cultivate one's talents." He proposes a man who if he cultivated his talents could bring many goods, but he has everything he wants and would prefer to enjoy the pleasures of life instead. The man asks himself how the universality of such a thing works. While Kant agrees that a society could subsist if everyone did nothing, he notes that the man would have no pleasures to enjoy, for if everyone let their talents go to waste, there would be no one to create luxuries that created this theoretical situation in the first place. Not only that, but cultivating one's talents is a duty to oneself. Thus, it is not willed to make laziness universal, and a rational being has imperfect duty to cultivate its talents. Kant concludes in the Groundwork:
Charity
Kant's last application of the categorical imperative in the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals is of charity. He proposes a fourth man who finds his own life fine but sees other people struggling with life and who ponders the outcome of doing nothing to help those in need (while not envying them or accepting anything from them). While Kant admits that humanity could subsist (and admits it could possibly perform better) if this were universal, he states:
Cruelty to animals
Kant derived a prohibition against cruelty to animals by arguing that such cruelty is a violation of a duty in relation to oneself. According to Kant, man has the imperfect duty to strengthen the feeling of compassion, since this feeling promotes morality in relation to other human beings. However, cruelty to animals deadens the feeling of compassion in man. Therefore, man is obliged not to treat animals brutally.
The trial of Adolf Eichmann
In 1961, discussion of Kant's categorical imperative was included in the trial of the SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.
As Hannah Arendt wrote in her book on the trial, Eichmann declared "with great emphasis that he had lived his whole life...according to a Kantian definition of duty." Arendt considered this so "incomprehensible on the face of it" that it confirmed her sense that he wasn't really thinking at all, just mouthing accepted formulae, thereby establishing his banality.
Judge Raveh indeed had asked Eichmann whether he thought he had really lived according to the categorical imperative during the war. Eichmann acknowledged he did not "live entirely according to it, although I would like to do so."
Deborah Lipstadt, in her book on the trial, takes this as evidence that evil is not banal, but is in fact self-aware.
Application of the universalizability principle to the ethics of consumption
Pope Francis, in his 2015 encyclical, applies the first formulation of the universalizability principle to the issue of consumption:Instead of resolving the problems of the poor and thinking of how the world can be different, some can only propose a reduction in the birth rate. ... To blame population growth instead of extreme and selective consumerism on the part of some, is one way of refusing to face the issues. It is an attempt to legitimize the present model of distribution, where a minority believes that it has the right to consume in a way which can never be universalized, since the planet could not even contain the waste products of such consumption.
Game theory
One form of the categorical imperative is superrationality. The concept was elucidated by Douglas Hofstadter as a new approach to game theory. Unlike in conventional game theory, a superrational player will act as if all other players are superrational too and that a superrational agent will always come up with the same strategy as any other superrational agent when facing the same problem.
Criticisms
The Golden Rule
The first formulation of the categorical imperative appears similar to the Golden Rule. In its negative form, the rule prescribes: "Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself." In its positive form, the rule states: "Treat others how you wish to be treated." Due to this similarity, some have thought the two are identical.
Claiming that Ken Binmore thought so as well, Peter Corning suggests that:Kant's objection to the Golden Rule is especially suspect because the categorical imperative (CI) sounds a lot like a paraphrase, or perhaps a close cousin, of the same fundamental idea. In effect, it says that you should act toward others in ways that you would want everyone else to act toward others, yourself included (presumably). Calling it a universal law does not materially improve on the basic concept.
Kant himself did not think so in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Rather, the categorical imperative is an attempt to identify a purely formal and necessarily universally binding rule on all rational agents. The Golden Rule, on the other hand, is neither purely formal nor necessarily universally binding. It is "empirical" in the sense that applying it depends on providing content, such as, "If you don't want others to hit you, then don't hit them." It is also a hypothetical imperative in the sense that it can be formulated, "If you want X done to you, then do X to others." Kant feared that the hypothetical clause, "if you want X done to you," remains open to dispute. In fact, he famously criticized it for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others. Kant's Categorical Imperative, introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, is often confused with the Golden Rule.
Lying to a murderer
One of the first major challenges to Kant's reasoning came from the French philosopher Benjamin Constant, who asserted that since truth telling must be universal, according to Kant's theories, one must (if asked) tell a known murderer the location of his prey. This challenge occurred while Kant was still alive, and his response was the essay On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives (sometimes translated On a Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns). In this reply, Kant agreed with Constant's inference, that from Kant's own premises one must infer a moral duty not to lie to a murderer.
Kant denied that such an inference indicates any weakness in his premises: not lying to the murderer is required because moral actions do not derive their worth from the expected consequences. He claimed that because lying to the murderer would treat him as a mere means to another end, the lie denies the rationality of another person, and therefore denies the possibility of there being free rational action at all. This lie results in a and therefore the lie is in conflict with duty.
Constant and Kant agree that refusing to answer the murderer's question (rather than lying) is consistent with the categorical imperative, but assume for the purposes of argument that refusing to answer would not be an option.
Questioning autonomy
Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy expresses doubt concerning the absence of egoism in the categorical imperative. Schopenhauer claimed that the categorical imperative is actually hypothetical and egotistical, not categorical. However, Schopenhauer's criticism (as cited here) presents a weak case for linking egoism to Kant's formulations of the categorical imperative. By definition any form of sentient, organic life is interdependent and emergent with the organic and inorganic properties, environmental life supporting features, species dependent means of child rearing. These conditions are already rooted in mutual interdependence which makes that life form possible at all to be in a state of coordination with other forms of life - be it with pure practical reason or not. It may be that the categorical imperative is indeed biased in that it is life promoting and in part promotes the positive freedom for rational beings to pursue freely the setting of their own ends (read choices).
However, deontology also holds not merely the positive form freedom (to set ends freely) but also the negative forms of freedom to that same will (to restrict setting of ends that treat others merely as means, etc.). The deontological system is for Kant argued to be based in a synthetic a priori - since in restricting the will's motive at its root to a purely moral schema consistent its maxims can be held up to the pure moral law as a structure of cognition and therefore the alteration of action accompanying a cultured person to a 'reverence for the law' or 'moral feeling'.
Thus, insofar as individuals freely chosen ends are consistent in a rational Idea of community of interdependent beings also exercising the possibility of their pure moral reason is the egoism self-justified as being what is 'holy' good will because the motive is consistent with what all rational beings who are able to exercise this purely formal reason would see. The full community of other rational members - even if this 'Kingdom of Ends' is not yet actualized and whether or not we ever live to see it - is thus a kind of 'infinite game' that seeks to held in view by all beings able to participate and choose the 'highest use of reason' (see Critique of Pure Reason) which is reason in its pure practical form. That is, morality seen deontologically.
Søren Kierkegaard believed Kantian autonomy was insufficient and that, if unchecked, people tend to be lenient in their own cases, either by not exercising the full rigor of the moral law or by not properly disciplining themselves of moral transgressions. However, many of Kierkegaard's criticisms on his understanding of Kantian autonomy, neglect the evolution of Kant's moral theory from the Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals, to the second and final critiques respectively, The Critique of Practical Reason, The Critique of Moral Judgment, and his final work on moral theory the Metaphysics of Morals
See also
Deontological ethics
Ethic of reciprocity or "Golden Rule"
Ethics
Generalization error
Generalization (logic)
Hasty generalization
Instrumental and value rationality
Kantianism
Normative ethics
References
External links
Palmquist, Stephen. 1993. "Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms." In Kant's System of Perspectives: An architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy. University Press of America.
Immanuel Kant in Italia, a website on the presence and diffusion of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant in Italy (archived page)
The Categorical Imperative
Deontological ethics
Kantianism
Ethical principles | [
-0.2447962909936905,
-0.10346776992082596,
-0.9127421379089355,
-0.11803653091192245,
-0.41849470138549805,
0.701842725276947,
1.231183409690857,
-0.05918346717953682,
0.3313790559768677,
-0.32561784982681274,
-0.5533337593078613,
0.6900292038917542,
-0.687371551990509,
0.19917093217372894,
0.19760102033615112,
0.24674807488918304,
1.2140740156173706,
-0.004576106555759907,
-0.12968334555625916,
-0.5369917750358582,
-0.10628199577331543,
0.3097819685935974,
0.40359413623809814,
0.123943991959095,
1.0898833274841309,
-0.2553763687610626,
0.4796947240829468,
-0.31550997495651245,
-0.07160859555006027,
0.38098904490470886,
-0.2316998839378357,
0.44194406270980835,
-0.6442338228225708,
-0.06095088645815849,
-0.1183905228972435,
0.27283579111099243,
-0.395731657743454,
0.14232228696346283,
-0.291689395904541,
-0.39917004108428955,
0.02992478385567665,
0.26292964816093445,
0.2602137327194214,
-0.10450800508260727,
-0.43802696466445923,
-0.13195742666721344,
-1.4627482891082764,
-0.11158481240272522,
-0.48472535610198975,
-0.5066159963607788,
-0.6368771195411682,
0.04919997602701187,
0.08359838277101517,
0.8646484613418579,
-0.7423650026321411,
0.5405512452125549,
-1.281307578086853,
-0.4971754550933838,
0.19966360926628113,
-0.5508008003234863,
0.22102755308151245,
0.4612932503223419,
0.39281192421913147,
1.0512326955795288,
-0.1204744428396225,
0.5762980580329895,
-0.5692392587661743,
0.4997749626636505,
-0.5099331736564636,
-0.5503310561180115,
-0.4695712625980377,
-0.5127574801445007,
-0.8839705586433411,
0.19783151149749756,
-0.5280377268791199,
-0.5407676100730896,
0.1588616520166397,
-0.0030343879479914904,
-0.25482669472694397,
0.2309008240699768,
-0.19892045855522156,
0.4222387671470642,
0.8264274597167969,
-0.4336433708667755,
0.12030290067195892,
0.341542512178421,
0.33067458868026733,
0.335448294878006,
0.003954046871513128,
0.38085970282554626,
0.3474048376083374,
0.33861517906188965,
0.02572713978588581,
-0.6535245776176453,
-0.27206504344940186,
-0.08206997066736221,
0.8666490316390991,
0.0037472262047231197,
-0.13554836809635162,
-0.005115913692861795,
0.011198428459465504,
-0.20443207025527954,
0.5696278214454651,
-0.8642038702964783,
-0.6912193298339844,
-0.7066403031349182,
0.4008788764476776,
-1.0503740310668945,
-0.18497245013713837,
0.6053769588470459,
-0.3553319275379181,
0.1511676162481308,
0.5919764041900635,
0.006251297425478697,
-0.47504210472106934,
-0.05286741256713867,
0.10819351673126221,
-0.012186095118522644,
-0.17767903208732605,
0.371913343667984,
0.38833096623420715,
-0.029668325558304787,
-0.19293376803398132,
0.2937740385532379,
-0.4314032196998596,
-0.4086572825908661,
-0.0462958998978138,
1.106515884399414,
-0.7320457696914673,
-0.1993093192577362,
0.3393149971961975,
0.9541626572608948,
0.272984117269516,
0.1902918666601181,
-0.6947569251060486,
0.6079530119895935,
0.7697452306747437,
-0.591200053691864,
-0.46231338381767273,
0.23908953368663788,
-0.8336032629013062,
-0.9647027254104614,
-0.41966429352760315,
-0.498837411403656,
0.6906353831291199,
-0.3379780352115631,
0.009301645681262016,
0.15247409045696259,
0.37989094853401184,
0.3034999370574951,
-0.449491411447525,
0.1093287244439125,
-0.08330012857913971,
0.09430413693189621,
-0.01091421116143465,
0.20932736992835999,
0.6354823112487793,
0.47589537501335144,
-0.37915727496147156,
0.03915901109576225,
0.26720839738845825,
-0.31418952345848083,
-0.180153489112854,
-0.2967311441898346,
0.25699952244758606,
-0.5101787447929382,
0.4513466954231262,
-0.07799316197633743,
0.03312778100371361,
-0.40202730894088745,
-0.1572994887828827,
-0.8654265403747559,
0.10496452450752258,
-0.20144140720367432,
0.057215992361307144,
-0.23611094057559967,
0.34246283769607544,
0.10347149521112442,
0.6139997243881226,
-0.07346426695585251,
-0.5531855225563049,
0.5947852730751038,
0.10411418974399567,
-0.5305487513542175,
0.5332128405570984,
0.1558840125799179,
0.05137389525771141,
-0.013852781616151333,
-0.060447268187999725,
-0.6356490850448608,
-0.5151351690292358,
-0.5028895735740662,
-0.03293436020612717,
-0.6379337906837463,
1.1447741985321045,
-0.3529580533504486,
-0.7720982432365417,
1.3627493381500244,
0.08906804770231247,
0.39067602157592773,
-0.23765972256660461,
-0.5618916153907776,
-0.126661479473114,
0.4705154597759247,
0.3602030575275421,
0.44271373748779297,
-0.6649936437606812,
0.20736141502857208,
-0.25040680170059204,
0.9248321652412415,
-0.07925458997488022,
0.32806968688964844,
0.2511909306049347,
-0.6638002395629883,
-0.07503749430179596,
-0.09019531309604645,
0.05960587039589882,
0.25066423416137695,
-0.33755484223365784,
-0.08249622583389282,
0.7661124467849731,
-0.6454271674156189,
-0.2201421856880188,
0.6036158800125122,
-0.3425937294960022,
-0.15010735392570496,
0.214036762714386,
0.4270017147064209,
0.19101649522781372,
-0.5219535231590271,
0.39300936460494995,
-0.21589235961437225,
0.2314883917570114,
-0.26074039936065674,
0.04141048714518547,
0.0448184497654438,
-0.001949147554114461,
0.29025182127952576,
0.010531492531299591,
-0.6562278866767883,
0.8161944150924683,
0.13612861931324005,
-0.3682491183280945,
0.1658027470111847,
-0.4802645444869995,
-0.19088873267173767,
-0.1334516704082489,
0.2892593443393707,
-0.6226841807365417,
0.312674880027771,
-0.7270041704177856,
0.07221905142068863,
0.2670181095600128,
-0.20897962152957916,
-0.24109500646591187,
-0.23951804637908936,
-0.4073044955730438,
0.6027261018753052,
0.8970852494239807,
0.028962235897779465,
0.2502516210079193,
0.23681850731372833,
-0.02434011735022068,
-0.418635755777359,
-0.20875978469848633,
-0.07405290007591248,
0.08869514614343643,
0.22683069109916687,
-0.03271735832095146,
0.8624622225761414,
0.7731176614761353,
-0.8243973851203918,
-0.4420086443424225,
0.5043401718139648,
0.15443162620067596,
-0.5875641703605652,
0.7722493410110474,
0.6728270649909973,
-1.105573058128357,
-0.15086467564105988,
-0.6830859780311584,
-0.008308161050081253,
-0.0012202763464301825,
-0.8035659193992615,
0.2979361414909363,
-0.7842397093772888,
0.12379738688468933,
-0.6634546518325806,
0.2964365780353546,
0.5143043398857117,
0.3588719069957733,
-0.11740004271268845,
-0.26304733753204346,
-1.1157798767089844,
0.0823085606098175,
0.690959632396698,
0.02984665147960186,
0.8043655753135681,
-0.10646945238113403,
-0.1336689293384552,
-0.24121707677841187,
0.08411704003810883,
0.0030929965432733297,
0.2990604043006897,
0.6603145003318787,
-0.14217951893806458,
0.01919383928179741,
1.0620075464248657,
-5.211133003234863,
-0.38858601450920105,
-0.18020515143871307,
-0.26553329825401306,
0.1273302435874939,
0.6204547882080078,
0.28020867705345154,
0.19407381117343903,
-0.09201395511627197,
-0.2307736724615097,
0.07341178506612778,
-0.7877988815307617,
-0.43417632579803467,
0.6584975123405457,
0.2471843808889389,
-0.3519528806209564,
0.0500909760594368,
-0.26860424876213074,
0.08487376570701599,
0.6090213060379028,
-0.035783179104328156,
-0.3484589755535126,
-0.08323884010314941,
0.66036456823349,
0.09457378089427948,
-0.24519261717796326,
-0.7131171822547913,
0.7502303719520569,
0.18157367408275604,
0.11614714562892914,
0.002615688368678093,
-0.4169403314590454,
0.20270591974258423,
-0.7538398504257202,
0.17372091114521027,
-0.026216307654976845,
0.353173166513443,
-0.0827544778585434,
0.354498028755188,
-0.458578497171402,
-0.4802614450454712,
0.1377236694097519,
0.127750426530838,
0.30602726340293884,
-0.13471412658691406,
-0.2785249650478363,
-0.22288253903388977,
-0.2202671617269516,
-0.450878769159317,
0.36366114020347595,
-0.5734798312187195,
0.17629623413085938,
0.02564915269613266,
-0.30691325664520264,
0.6088063716888428,
-0.010285886935889721,
0.4937514364719391,
-0.6644604802131653,
-0.20975366234779358,
0.45147067308425903,
0.4971192181110382,
-0.8141840100288391,
0.1077515110373497,
-0.090110644698143,
0.00043603390804491937,
-0.3056935667991638,
-0.5652377009391785,
-0.012264404445886612,
0.1272670328617096,
0.1554984152317047,
-0.7726554274559021,
0.8478132486343384,
0.11723607033491135,
-1.04377019405365,
-0.08019700646400452,
-0.3783446252346039,
-0.23085972666740417,
-0.16975140571594238,
0.49872878193855286,
0.021140500903129578,
-0.3329535722732544,
-0.5199676156044006,
-0.7860962152481079,
0.8361983895301819,
0.8601672649383545,
0.1180616021156311,
-0.11308647692203522,
0.06878732889890671,
-1.0499753952026367,
0.29910579323768616,
0.47238144278526306,
-0.02792344056069851,
-0.526005744934082,
0.5225342512130737,
-0.10993096977472305,
0.4212467074394226,
-0.4451447129249573,
-0.2776431739330292,
0.8131011724472046,
0.16722595691680908,
0.0067026750184595585,
0.12810514867305756,
0.1824401319026947,
0.11480097472667694,
0.3982044458389282,
0.040430981665849686,
-0.8485280871391296,
1.0556610822677612,
0.652615487575531,
-0.024076515808701515,
0.031219197437167168,
0.5166500210762024,
0.020219439640641212,
-0.5992032289505005,
-0.2020285576581955,
0.7459332942962646,
-0.49764108657836914,
0.6129354238510132,
0.2997923791408539,
0.5193111300468445,
-0.13427990674972534,
0.48761799931526184,
-0.5018779635429382,
0.23560796678066254,
-0.42757877707481384,
-0.08332298696041107,
-0.08140435814857483,
0.04082200303673744,
-0.3502767086029053,
0.0840676873922348,
0.12795403599739075,
-0.02894309163093567,
0.15123459696769714,
-0.09253882616758347,
0.3468799591064453,
-0.5827534198760986,
0.3806888461112976,
-0.07902625948190689,
0.03765745460987091,
-0.3453925848007202,
0.06476379930973053,
0.020679743960499763,
-0.05966678261756897,
-0.25008878111839294,
0.13346092402935028,
-0.39815688133239746,
0.15927575528621674,
-0.3425019681453705,
-0.4488077163696289,
0.4767647981643677,
0.7067699432373047,
-0.5635785460472107,
0.8596815466880798,
-0.3214907944202423,
-0.12925398349761963,
-0.10603191703557968,
-0.15555152297019958,
0.37476733326911926,
0.13463126122951508,
0.12557457387447357,
0.030920974910259247,
-0.33538851141929626,
-0.6900264620780945,
-0.979966402053833,
0.5430471897125244,
-0.09901110827922821,
-0.5879858732223511,
-0.5525688529014587,
-0.09536247700452805,
0.20532388985157013,
-0.1203300803899765,
-0.31555211544036865,
0.09800180047750473,
-0.004920363426208496,
0.4282212555408478,
-0.04612776264548302,
-0.2923615276813507,
0.08656278997659683,
0.22924460470676422,
-0.10397228598594666,
0.681353747844696,
-0.3199056386947632,
-0.2996489703655243,
0.3745390474796295,
1.0113301277160645,
-0.6929712295532227,
0.3547215461730957,
0.3656291663646698,
-0.6858000755310059,
-0.22010236978530884,
0.003926715347915888,
0.25505390763282776,
0.6558125615119934,
0.24636311829090118,
-0.5120745897293091,
-0.419429212808609,
0.12024987488985062,
0.018359923735260963,
0.2719319462776184,
-0.5275611877441406,
0.13816943764686584,
0.7927864789962769,
-0.3124471604824066,
-0.26380404829978943,
-0.015672100707888603,
-0.3692980110645294,
0.2016625553369522,
-0.3065970838069916,
-0.3452848196029663,
0.899599552154541,
-0.507481575012207,
-0.32964348793029785,
-0.3668786883354187,
0.06819644570350647,
-0.39013761281967163,
-0.026231903582811356,
0.4465501010417938,
-0.7831977009773254,
-0.5887687802314758,
-0.03502421826124191,
0.28995591402053833,
0.05104856565594673,
-0.5109161138534546,
-0.11727385222911835,
0.05010460317134857,
0.10293174535036087,
0.42961204051971436,
-0.36290743947029114,
0.8663420677185059,
-0.01730640046298504,
-0.4557240307331085,
-0.2523711323738098,
0.22223611176013947,
0.6660709977149963,
-0.2512788772583008,
-0.8614588379859924,
0.3019692003726959,
0.8139774203300476,
-0.8959797620773315,
-0.3496297001838684,
0.25796693563461304,
0.7915455102920532,
0.3282395303249359,
-0.42943525314331055,
0.49042177200317383,
-0.09253039956092834,
0.7710071206092834,
-0.5295165181159973,
-0.041489508002996445,
0.022618569433689117,
-0.07551126182079315,
0.6574546694755554,
-0.4519675374031067,
-0.4562876224517822,
0.36941999197006226,
-0.12864652276039124,
-0.18007370829582214,
0.16593442857265472,
-0.2334393858909607,
0.12922996282577515,
0.5861696600914001,
0.08544836938381195,
-0.5223004817962646,
0.08158339560031891,
-0.4261220395565033,
0.47462451457977295,
-0.29260095953941345,
0.13944226503372192,
-0.047106433659791946,
-0.4144975543022156,
0.6876288056373596,
-0.7176187634468079,
-0.3744225800037384,
0.4215627610683441,
0.6075301766395569,
0.499861478805542,
-0.27850010991096497,
-0.25119879841804504,
-0.18506130576133728,
0.03932756185531616,
-0.21371236443519592,
0.23468007147312164,
-0.44704362750053406,
-1.1383812427520752,
0.10487911105155945,
-0.7740932703018188,
0.36031854152679443,
-0.3313843011856079,
0.016127733513712883,
0.16666434705257416,
-0.8024822473526001,
0.15191739797592163,
0.2346157282590866,
-0.07814285159111023,
-0.2081524282693863,
0.6538803577423096,
-0.16405990719795227,
0.40357980132102966,
0.12406645715236664,
-0.7932217717170715,
-0.5989848971366882,
-0.3713892698287964,
-0.07004246115684509,
-0.2189626693725586,
0.11608042567968369,
0.11956547945737839,
0.23697654902935028,
-0.3697388172149658,
-0.5662128329277039,
0.46561259031295776,
-0.08052007108926773,
-0.14123225212097168,
0.37243175506591797,
0.1828983724117279,
-0.34634196758270264,
0.1087673231959343,
0.6602176427841187,
-0.5974470376968384,
-0.04508374631404877,
0.690253496170044,
0.07063130289316177,
-0.4843897521495819,
0.4166279733181,
-0.5265516638755798,
-0.2167726457118988,
0.5714498162269592,
-0.5317838191986084,
0.3635202646255493,
-0.6954570412635803,
0.2501591444015503,
0.3301757574081421,
0.5269448757171631,
-0.547203540802002,
1.0373928546905518,
-0.4972086250782013,
-0.1830098032951355,
0.6377975344657898,
-0.9526578783988953,
0.031328797340393066,
0.47187989950180054,
0.5038233399391174,
0.17959001660346985,
0.04602799564599991,
0.1813136637210846,
-0.4806784987449646,
0.3987126350402832,
0.3650587499141693,
0.5289456844329834,
0.10301359742879868,
0.9816075563430786,
1.1603646278381348,
-0.15365645289421082,
0.7182871103286743,
-0.49174124002456665,
0.4020472764968872,
-0.16689521074295044,
0.44904205203056335,
-0.22004038095474243,
-0.41340991854667664,
0.3029918074607849,
-0.11878982186317444,
-0.10621834546327591,
0.573529839515686,
-0.31360265612602234,
0.7563194036483765,
0.48263195157051086,
0.22665072977542877,
-0.02661869488656521,
0.44558829069137573,
-0.2572104036808014,
0.0306948684155941,
-0.0705680176615715,
0.05598413199186325,
0.36174657940864563,
0.7412500977516174,
0.3084931969642639,
0.6716020703315735,
0.6550328731536865,
0.41128313541412354,
-0.4002681374549866,
-0.33772262930870056,
-0.054384611546993256,
-0.3960069417953491,
-0.21747823059558868,
-0.3804939389228821,
-0.0585029236972332,
-0.02816392108798027,
-0.3879457414150238,
-0.5531116127967834,
0.23683388531208038,
-0.47385603189468384,
-0.053582869470119476,
0.047686416655778885,
0.2114260345697403,
-0.18488669395446777,
0.10278844833374023,
-0.4476694166660309,
0.7004318237304688,
-0.12860728800296783,
-0.5103434920310974,
0.09153030812740326,
0.3185425400733948,
-0.07825177162885666,
-0.45755407214164734,
0.31566551327705383,
-0.22408278286457062,
-0.2914908528327942,
-0.06073768064379692,
-0.6903101801872253,
0.018658854067325592,
0.37621158361434937,
-0.23656520247459412,
0.07231499999761581,
0.5126558542251587,
0.06935993582010269,
0.6115815043449402,
0.8456996083259583,
-0.5772031545639038,
0.6288744211196899,
-0.2960760295391083,
-0.10204929858446121,
0.364607036113739,
-0.1931297332048416,
-0.021081844344735146,
-0.7812292575836182,
0.18647685647010803,
0.46660295128822327,
0.27643150091171265,
-0.49381211400032043,
-0.12151603400707245,
0.07591705024242401,
-0.10589419305324554,
-0.6007829308509827,
-0.11182519793510437,
-0.10482469201087952,
-0.6870927214622498,
0.5280250310897827,
0.21928176283836365,
0.23465090990066528,
-0.6959357857704163,
0.251522421836853,
0.33369341492652893,
0.17452506721019745,
0.6402161121368408,
-0.3768938481807709,
0.7781189680099487,
-0.12017765641212463,
-0.6429316997528076,
-0.13308605551719666,
0.0948740616440773,
0.4861879348754883,
-0.029450269415974617,
-0.09693823009729385,
-0.3655906021595001,
-0.2963758409023285,
-0.019744697958230972,
0.6448387503623962,
-0.7781248092651367,
0.17524772882461548,
0.31144946813583374
]
|
214858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789%20in%20literature | 1789 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1789.
Events
January 22 – William Hill Brown's anonymous sentimental epistolary novel The Power of Sympathy: or, The Triumph of Nature, usually considered the first American novel, is published in Boston.
February 7 – Première of John Philip Kemble's production of Shakespeare's Coriolanus with himself in the title rôle and his sister Sarah Siddons as Volumnia, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.
May 21 – Tomás António Gonzaga is arrested for complicity in the Inconfidência Mineira in Brazil.
May 26 – Friedrich Schiller gives his first lecture as professor of history and philosophy at Jena.
November 1 – Robert Burns informs friends that he has been appointed an exciseman in Scotland.
December – Première of Olympe de Gouges's abolitionist play Zamore et Mirza (written 1784; published 1788) as L'Esclavage des nègres ("Slavery of the negroes"); shut down after three performances.
December 24 – The literary Thomas de Mahy, marquis de Favras (born 1744) is arrested by radicals of the French Revolution, charged with plotting to help King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette escape from the country. When convicted of treason and handed his official death sentence by the court clerk, he reads it, shakes his head and says: "I see you have made three spelling mistakes."
December 28 – Première of Anton Tomaž Linhart's comedy Županova Micka ("Micka, the Mayor's Daughter", an adaptation of Joseph Richter's Die Feldmühle), the first theatrical work in Slovene.
unknown dates
Publication in Calcutta of Sir William Jones's Śacontalā, or the fatal ring: an Indian drama, a translation of Kālidāsa's 4th/5th century play Abhijñānaśākuntalam, the first translation of a classical Indian drama into a Western language.
The Children's Magazine, the first American periodical for children, is published in Hartford, Connecticut. It lasts only three months.
New books
Fiction
Elizabeth Bonhôte – Darnley Vale, or, Emelia Fitzroy
William Hill Brown – The Power of Sympathy.
Richard Cumberland – Arundel
Ann Radcliffe – The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne
Friedrich Schiller – The Ghost-Seer (Der Geisterseher), publication concluded
James White – Earl Strongbow
Children
François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil – Petit Jacques et Georgette, ou les Petits montagnards auvergnats (Little Jacques and Georgette, or the Little Mountain Dwellers of Auvergne)
Drama
Richard Cumberland – The School for Widows
William Hayley – Marcella
Elizabeth Inchbald – The Married Man
Ann Yearsley – Earl Goodwin
Poetry
William Blake – Songs of Innocence
William Lisle Bowles – Sonnets
Erasmus Darwin – The Loves of the Plants
Non-fiction
Jeremy Bentham – An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (publication year, printed in 1780)
Olaudah Equiano – The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès – What Is the Third Estate? (Qu'est-ce que le tiers-état?)
Births
January 11 – John Payne Collier, English Shakespearean critic and forger (died 1883)
May 28 – Bernhard Severin Ingemann, Danish historical novelist, playwright and poet (died 1862)
September 1 – Marguerite Gardiner, Countess of Blessington, Irish novelist and literary hostess (died 1849)
November 15 – James Scholefield, English classical scholar (died 1853)
September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (died 1851)
December 28 – Catharine Sedgwick, American novelist (died 1867)
Deaths
January 21 – Baron d'Holbach, German-born French author, philosopher and encyclopedist (born 1723)
January 23 – John Cleland, English novelist, biographer and translator (born 1709)
May 21 – Sir John Hawkins, English writer and biographer (born 1719)
June 28 – John Walters, Welsh poet (born 1760)
October 19 – Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken, Dutch poet and playwright (born 1721)
References
1789 books
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
0.013740923255681992,
0.33730918169021606,
-0.7114234566688538,
-0.24146133661270142,
-0.39597174525260925,
0.17775529623031616,
0.5796722173690796,
0.8511149883270264,
-1.1392292976379395,
-0.8322025537490845,
0.10055529326200485,
-0.058290380984544754,
0.13101805746555328,
0.23885367810726166,
0.0014807040570303798,
-0.1290983259677887,
0.19267229735851288,
-0.18133458495140076,
0.5201080441474915,
-0.6700554490089417,
-0.3137400150299072,
0.2888745963573456,
0.34025314450263977,
-0.4554751515388489,
0.16794554889202118,
-0.6954507827758789,
0.3284437954425812,
-0.355733722448349,
0.6001221537590027,
0.00842449814081192,
-0.6367444396018982,
0.09135987609624863,
0.23147687315940857,
0.21061111986637115,
-0.3230748474597931,
-0.22553788125514984,
-0.5392956733703613,
-0.03976741060614586,
0.09402252733707428,
-0.5668290257453918,
-0.05817224457859993,
-0.39555588364601135,
0.45051708817481995,
0.0055128540843725204,
-0.18705308437347412,
-0.33402255177497864,
-1.569846272468567,
0.18477334082126617,
-0.6048398613929749,
0.09406176954507828,
0.0074660140089690685,
0.26833316683769226,
1.1163337230682373,
0.8178284168243408,
-0.09418854862451553,
0.4496733844280243,
-0.9694396257400513,
-0.1140703484416008,
0.13919958472251892,
0.020586702972650528,
0.4565180540084839,
0.7004813551902771,
-0.38079869747161865,
0.06324522197246552,
0.4997498095035553,
-0.07331117242574692,
-0.15655647218227386,
-0.08287212997674942,
-0.230905219912529,
-0.6245085000991821,
-0.19424296915531158,
-0.21440765261650085,
0.18775486946105957,
0.14987486600875854,
0.1193167120218277,
-0.271904319524765,
0.3289877474308014,
0.22810716927051544,
-0.1212180107831955,
-0.2428704798221588,
-0.4048106074333191,
0.32375696301460266,
1.1415873765945435,
0.27363306283950806,
0.03981563076376915,
-0.049792736768722534,
-0.11254429072141647,
-0.17455419898033142,
0.08861865103244781,
-0.5551348328590393,
-0.32517069578170776,
0.12783652544021606,
0.2674349248409271,
-0.07785872370004654,
0.12051571160554886,
0.44285130500793457,
-0.5670362114906311,
0.5912074446678162,
-0.5825563073158264,
0.3551170527935028,
0.027605652809143066,
0.6860335469245911,
0.7824265956878662,
0.34810224175453186,
-0.6161275506019592,
-0.42138969898223877,
0.006354658864438534,
-0.32082849740982056,
0.506557047367096,
-0.5094989538192749,
-0.08989489823579788,
0.6299058794975281,
-0.25411415100097656,
-0.013941851444542408,
0.07454673200845718,
0.4129028916358948,
0.4411909580230713,
-0.18983960151672363,
-0.26474496722221375,
0.45123976469039917,
-0.03720325231552124,
-0.0027757345233112574,
0.3437804579734802,
0.3225646913051605,
-0.6186252236366272,
0.3207424283027649,
0.5108954906463623,
0.687757134437561,
-0.30231738090515137,
0.22071193158626556,
0.3419317305088043,
1.297572374343872,
-0.6188514232635498,
-0.5548158288002014,
0.004840421956032515,
-0.3578648865222931,
0.2835155427455902,
0.6874030232429504,
0.08652827143669128,
0.12212254106998444,
-0.5054265856742859,
-0.025477711111307144,
-1.3787035942077637,
-0.16608861088752747,
-0.19186697900295258,
-0.6006249189376831,
0.2834644913673401,
-0.6054001450538635,
0.0825277715921402,
-0.4230836033821106,
0.4382043480873108,
-0.5844470262527466,
0.14165173470973969,
0.24011024832725525,
0.08782245963811874,
-0.0696321427822113,
0.43723738193511963,
0.5944132208824158,
0.7898310422897339,
0.035309381783008575,
-0.16644880175590515,
0.4560079872608185,
0.1846822202205658,
-0.08192384988069534,
-0.21856743097305298,
-0.36054110527038574,
0.0995941236615181,
-0.13862833380699158,
0.31627413630485535,
0.0845382809638977,
-0.5548064112663269,
0.15898872911930084,
0.1973949372768402,
-0.24846583604812622,
-0.005144944414496422,
-0.06205471605062485,
0.5744028091430664,
0.49830037355422974,
0.28278759121894836,
0.1494974046945572,
-0.6278670430183411,
0.26409316062927246,
0.16845466196537018,
-0.7369931936264038,
0.9340165853500366,
0.16859914362430573,
0.5520156621932983,
0.24976661801338196,
0.02189251035451889,
-0.32526105642318726,
-0.440138041973114,
0.05659779533743858,
-0.029662229120731354,
-0.6648470163345337,
0.9928630590438843,
-0.17261828482151031,
-0.31333237886428833,
1.034327745437622,
-0.23282994329929352,
0.2956112325191498,
-0.018812671303749084,
0.01650378294289112,
0.4830229580402374,
-0.028573062270879745,
-0.3255048394203186,
0.4378417134284973,
-0.13272318243980408,
0.14189986884593964,
0.5241584777832031,
0.5514235496520996,
0.6587851643562317,
-0.24440637230873108,
0.09987808018922806,
0.24403201043605804,
-0.5436173677444458,
-0.26113343238830566,
-0.308302640914917,
0.5124450922012329,
0.08461473137140274,
0.024173449724912643,
0.4266073703765869,
-0.4408112168312073,
0.23734255135059357,
0.6838984489440918,
-0.04563051834702492,
0.4559381306171417,
-0.3363381326198578,
-0.013647329993546009,
-0.07482774555683136,
-0.9835131764411926,
-0.041307538747787476,
0.24750995635986328,
0.07061384618282318,
-0.09040570259094238,
-0.24387718737125397,
0.15290719270706177,
-0.16467700898647308,
-0.3506154716014862,
0.046718448400497437,
-0.2573055922985077,
0.9124305844306946,
-0.09059705585241318,
-0.20850971341133118,
0.29527610540390015,
-0.05088062211871147,
0.610181450843811,
-0.3054596185684204,
0.21388226747512817,
-0.08247723430395126,
-0.7522758841514587,
0.34686675667762756,
0.7864527702331543,
0.006274270359426737,
-0.4560083746910095,
-0.7878894209861755,
0.06445733457803726,
-0.2044028788805008,
-0.21706345677375793,
0.8763977885246277,
0.4310310184955597,
-0.2798098027706146,
-0.42611193656921387,
0.41366544365882874,
0.5186097621917725,
-0.14592809975147247,
-0.1585395634174347,
-0.06288283318281174,
-0.6080176830291748,
0.26831087470054626,
0.46979963779449463,
0.24211397767066956,
0.03175811469554901,
-0.5798327326774597,
-0.6426724791526794,
0.39473769068717957,
0.05009514465928078,
-0.3553381860256195,
0.048945117741823196,
-0.37158843874931335,
-0.6350469589233398,
-0.34858468174934387,
0.7918232679367065,
0.4915308356285095,
-0.5028879046440125,
-0.20089414715766907,
-0.06892602890729904,
0.35532617568969727,
-0.0028185707051306963,
-0.15065604448318481,
-0.0743304193019867,
-0.34816718101501465,
-0.22438517212867737,
-0.6646735668182373,
-0.5993171334266663,
0.2824830412864685,
0.24918682873249054,
-0.4924684464931488,
0.1896737515926361,
0.03669624775648117,
-0.35412365198135376,
-0.25923094153404236,
0.3528388738632202,
-0.24851028621196747,
0.3572486937046051,
0.31175968050956726,
0.2126215696334839,
0.16244268417358398,
0.3723977208137512,
-5.350712776184082,
-0.0513429269194603,
-0.09297972917556763,
-0.05227390676736832,
-0.32356172800064087,
0.22312699258327484,
1.0091338157653809,
0.007774970959872007,
-0.5324710607528687,
-0.15669360756874084,
-0.3066408932209015,
-0.5276511311531067,
-0.02950211614370346,
1.2435266971588135,
0.4862828850746155,
0.7354705929756165,
0.5322525501251221,
-0.22289742529392242,
-0.006606362294405699,
0.2775149643421173,
0.5686330199241638,
0.07522831112146378,
0.08696158975362778,
0.23928414285182953,
0.7680153250694275,
-0.2643919885158539,
0.03628328815102577,
0.24207356572151184,
-0.4327695071697235,
0.0939636081457138,
0.06970525532960892,
0.23235748708248138,
0.4860394299030304,
-0.12206004559993744,
0.41655611991882324,
0.12122401595115662,
0.6454299688339233,
0.48995786905288696,
0.2702986001968384,
-0.10279892385005951,
-0.5069774389266968,
0.5837026834487915,
-0.1865445077419281,
0.48037806153297424,
0.18334293365478516,
0.07086145132780075,
-0.39402976632118225,
-0.10829606652259827,
-0.46893230080604553,
0.8220240473747253,
0.1030217856168747,
-0.31693023443222046,
0.3260631561279297,
0.23270098865032196,
0.4983440637588501,
0.008104330860078335,
0.008156451396644115,
-0.3890158236026764,
-0.5686501860618591,
-0.026196295395493507,
0.06268827617168427,
-0.2856197953224182,
0.5071457624435425,
-0.6691815257072449,
-0.09541713446378708,
-0.5635665059089661,
-1.1786421537399292,
0.041774600744247437,
0.23407259583473206,
0.6913470029830933,
0.0024667237885296345,
0.5272448062896729,
-0.351646363735199,
-1.1611207723617554,
0.2080220878124237,
0.10436180233955383,
-0.5021180510520935,
0.058994170278310776,
-0.03518017381429672,
-0.08640633523464203,
-0.046980977058410645,
0.10533072799444199,
-0.23304128646850586,
0.9898906350135803,
0.5860100388526917,
0.11575629562139511,
-0.17832642793655396,
-0.4414367377758026,
-1.185476303100586,
-0.426160991191864,
0.561840832233429,
-0.15630848705768585,
-0.25626400113105774,
-0.22586213052272797,
0.15777930617332458,
-0.07066288590431213,
0.6130925416946411,
0.11173977702856064,
0.5046712756156921,
-0.24219880998134613,
-0.09786400198936462,
0.1571952998638153,
0.1501326709985733,
-0.5767455101013184,
-0.05494271591305733,
-0.3512552082538605,
-0.6430248022079468,
0.7299773097038269,
0.7521109580993652,
-0.30605170130729675,
-0.13164743781089783,
-0.19025740027427673,
-0.8092970252037048,
-0.32931432127952576,
0.47232043743133545,
-0.1490912139415741,
0.3148101270198822,
0.22567316889762878,
-0.0837576761841774,
-0.0991506427526474,
0.08003335446119308,
0.6732196807861328,
-0.41327613592147827,
-0.43573302030563354,
-0.19574400782585144,
-0.296042799949646,
-0.3125244379043579,
-0.3528693616390228,
-0.6924828290939331,
-0.07875499129295349,
0.20820996165275574,
0.2800222635269165,
-0.18708211183547974,
-0.2551375925540924,
0.08037149161100388,
-0.19771648943424225,
-0.11075013130903244,
-0.35638901591300964,
0.23845164477825165,
-0.5481416583061218,
-0.09133405983448029,
-0.33873608708381653,
-0.005496722646057606,
-0.05261959880590439,
0.8151642084121704,
0.052997492253780365,
0.20801879465579987,
-0.39317795634269714,
-0.360817551612854,
0.6317391395568848,
-0.11479915678501129,
0.23963944613933563,
0.5916429162025452,
0.346978098154068,
-0.09976039826869965,
-0.03390166535973549,
0.13823609054088593,
0.7463701367378235,
-0.4168981909751892,
-0.28425440192222595,
0.11629192531108856,
-0.46827074885368347,
-0.7335579991340637,
0.43302416801452637,
0.2743319869041443,
-0.8274577856063843,
-0.29241466522216797,
-0.07924416661262512,
-0.17145022749900818,
0.581596314907074,
0.4649718999862671,
-0.26042309403419495,
-0.3441455364227295,
0.3346492052078247,
0.5168655514717102,
-0.38360652327537537,
0.2743135094642639,
0.5797120928764343,
-0.12395942211151123,
-0.26391592621803284,
0.2178104966878891,
-0.7134181261062622,
-0.1353418380022049,
0.5733282566070557,
0.7846185564994812,
0.19236011803150177,
0.03878486156463623,
-0.15107740461826324,
-0.836976945400238,
-0.02294071391224861,
-0.6519114375114441,
0.4608598053455353,
0.7018616199493408,
-0.4032875895500183,
-0.8365797400474548,
-0.360188364982605,
-0.007137706968933344,
0.5473425984382629,
-0.25351008772850037,
-0.3571014106273651,
0.5210069417953491,
0.3546450436115265,
0.07500676810741425,
-0.10164158046245575,
0.01827738992869854,
-1.051526427268982,
0.260256290435791,
-0.7889317274093628,
-0.6559525728225708,
0.5493362545967102,
0.06010932847857475,
-0.5159837603569031,
-0.2878040075302124,
0.4633299708366394,
-0.0682157650589943,
0.11759018898010254,
-0.026403266936540604,
0.17060257494449615,
-0.7152577638626099,
-0.10069625824689865,
0.756792426109314,
-0.09120781719684601,
-0.9463470578193665,
-0.018029959872364998,
-0.610639214515686,
0.41447871923446655,
0.25903841853141785,
-0.5716378092765808,
0.5003288388252258,
-0.5202644467353821,
-0.07138433307409286,
0.06094492971897125,
0.1790502965450287,
-0.2815711498260498,
-0.5697769522666931,
-0.5456793904304504,
-0.10676763206720352,
0.038992319256067276,
-0.13425789773464203,
0.5460127592086792,
0.5032750368118286,
0.715527355670929,
0.13558775186538696,
-0.3399501144886017,
-0.19622813165187836,
0.5401368737220764,
0.5984403491020203,
-0.2035951167345047,
-0.6380533576011658,
0.05354906618595123,
-0.00012418886763043702,
0.08161129802465439,
-0.788916826248169,
-0.7954543232917786,
0.704647421836853,
-0.43947798013687134,
-0.9454534649848938,
0.3185904324054718,
0.018369542434811592,
0.5116057991981506,
-0.025682462379336357,
0.13010860979557037,
-0.5647937059402466,
-0.13685859739780426,
0.7475509643554688,
0.17837144434452057,
0.16897861659526825,
0.543009877204895,
0.17770510911941528,
-0.0495942048728466,
-0.48810604214668274,
-0.4933209717273712,
-0.5218231081962585,
0.5628812313079834,
0.5199140906333923,
-0.1301100254058838,
-0.5091059803962708,
-0.2833017408847809,
0.6804673671722412,
-0.4831380248069763,
-0.58539879322052,
0.10568263381719589,
0.31586650013923645,
-0.3458005487918854,
0.07925384491682053,
-0.6725457906723022,
-0.2837555408477783,
0.12049686163663864,
-0.35836127400398254,
0.057888977229595184,
0.04301789030432701,
-0.45613574981689453,
-0.34143808484077454,
0.18595686554908752,
0.19868184626102448,
0.5967363715171814,
-0.3966176211833954,
-0.010810398496687412,
-0.0731055736541748,
0.025555290281772614,
-0.21271340548992157,
-0.056383758783340454,
0.4794228672981262,
-0.7398853302001953,
0.5530252456665039,
-0.09148766100406647,
0.022538749501109123,
-0.49835488200187683,
-0.1720447540283203,
0.4126146137714386,
0.44401678442955017,
0.032087165862321854,
0.018922632560133934,
0.12146744877099991,
-0.30169302225112915,
0.07622682303190231,
0.029227258637547493,
-0.4047476351261139,
0.581849217414856,
-0.05393299087882042,
0.007621058262884617,
-0.14245153963565826,
0.5332600474357605,
-0.19523021578788757,
-0.34311938285827637,
0.47095370292663574,
-0.5096139907836914,
-0.2855779230594635,
0.12264087796211243,
-0.8445612788200378,
0.5160138607025146,
0.4234977066516876,
-0.26868507266044617,
0.7486037015914917,
-0.440714031457901,
-0.21397337317466736,
0.10307849943637848,
-0.3952585458755493,
-0.04077331721782684,
0.15504078567028046,
0.9428768157958984,
0.1602507084608078,
0.23718450963497162,
0.15113003551959991,
0.39133021235466003,
-0.13989968597888947,
-0.08065176755189896,
0.31500139832496643,
0.206395223736763,
-0.052676741033792496,
0.3197805881500244,
0.5240930318832397,
0.3154432475566864,
-0.5480059385299683,
0.6635469794273376,
-0.660656750202179,
-0.20325583219528198,
-0.33569982647895813,
0.37962985038757324,
-0.5708302855491638,
0.3022514283657074,
0.38817402720451355,
0.3263106942176819,
0.0905459001660347,
0.11809877306222916,
0.7344024181365967,
-0.02375764772295952,
0.5754552483558655,
-0.05528438836336136,
-0.3361635208129883,
0.2840740382671356,
-0.4028101861476898,
-0.01192251592874527,
-0.44724056124687195,
-0.5895007848739624,
0.3649864196777344,
0.6966391205787659,
-0.19334757328033447,
0.024714112281799316,
-0.3965030908584595,
0.06516781449317932,
0.14072565734386444,
-0.3044133484363556,
-0.17365847527980804,
0.14148589968681335,
-0.22241175174713135,
0.11473023891448975,
0.5524343252182007,
-0.018947411328554153,
-0.5707168579101562,
-0.23909378051757812,
-0.4967557489871979,
0.05689765140414238,
-0.3406473398208618,
-1.199609398841858,
0.03266199305653572,
-0.3148934245109558,
1.7277823686599731,
-0.23096410930156708,
-0.8239828944206238,
-0.06872408837080002,
-0.48545703291893005,
-0.3095325827598572,
0.21443895995616913,
0.14754393696784973,
0.49429264664649963,
-0.4706278145313263,
0.12744028866291046,
-0.7331566214561462,
0.8835427761077881,
0.25041037797927856,
0.13570210337638855,
-0.2151770293712616,
0.7317042350769043,
-0.3747527003288269,
-0.25326234102249146,
0.22075016796588898,
-0.4416072368621826,
-0.11744726449251175,
0.18856914341449738,
-0.1924244910478592,
-0.024871598929166794,
0.3115272521972656,
0.319815456867218,
-0.5014232397079468,
0.05667039006948471,
0.312686026096344,
0.20666883885860443,
0.44317060708999634,
-0.02501070499420166,
-0.1464899629354477,
-0.3662377595901489,
-0.8365065455436707,
0.3833713233470917,
-0.4347667992115021,
0.5447260737419128,
0.9862922430038452,
0.6610245704650879,
-0.09116853028535843,
-0.2230406403541565,
-0.09265334159135818,
0.05055125802755356,
0.3369975686073303,
0.16279003024101257,
-1.6065282821655273,
-0.11213630437850952,
0.023052740842103958,
-0.11901182681322098,
-0.5249947905540466,
0.21247193217277527,
0.1730412393808365,
0.20339055359363556,
-0.018521858379244804,
0.015374996699392796,
0.2766999304294586,
0.11908068507909775,
0.22052663564682007,
-1.4774384498596191,
0.20362623035907745,
0.12126423418521881
]
|
214860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1791%20in%20literature | 1791 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1791.
Events
May 16 – James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson is published in 2 volumes in London on the 28th anniversary of their first meeting.
September 10 – The Scottish poet and exciseman Robert Burns moves to Dumfries.
unknown dates
Chinese writer and publisher Gao E and his partner Cheng Weiyan claim to have discovered Cao Xueqin's lost novel Dream of the Red Chamber.
The English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge begins his course at Jesus College, Cambridge. He marks his transfer from Christ's Hospital school by composing the poem "On Quitting School".
New books
Fiction
Cao Xueqin (曹雪芹) and others – Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢, first printed edition)
Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai – Émilie de Varmont
Elizabeth Inchbald – A Simple Story
Ann Radcliffe – The Romance of the Forest
Susanna Rowson – Charlotte, a Tale of Truth
Marquis de Sade – Justine ou Les Malheurs de la vertu
Charlotte Turner Smith – Celestina
Drama
Antoine-Vincent Arnault – Marius à Minturne
Thomas Holcroft – The School for Arrogance
Elizabeth Inchbald – Lovers' Vows
John O'Keeffe – Wild Oats
Poetry
Robert Burns – "Tam o' Shanter"
Erasmus Darwin – The Botanic Garden
Christopher Smart – The Poems of the late Christopher Smart
Non-fiction
James Boswell – Life of Samuel Johnson
Olympe de Gouges – Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
Isaac D'Israeli – Curiosities of Literature (Volume 1)
Georg Forster – Views from the Lower Rhine (Volume 1)
William Gilpin – Remarks on Forest Scenery and Other Woodland Views (3 volumes)
Thomas Paine – Rights of Man (Part 1)
Petrarch's View of Life (Latin dialogues De remediis utriusque fortunae translated by Susannah Dobson)
Helen Maria Williams – Letters on the French Revolution
Births
January 15 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian dramatist (died 1872)
March 15 – Charles Knight, English publisher and author (died 1873)
July 5 – Samuel Bailey, English philosopher and author (died 1870)
August 17 – Richard Lalor Sheil, Irish politician, author and orator (died 1851)
September 21 – István Széchenyi, Hungarian politician, writer and diarist (died 1860)
October 26 – Charles Sprague, American poet and banker (died 1875)
December 24 – Eugène Scribe, French dramatist (died 1861)
Deaths
January 11 – William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh religious writer and hymnist (born 1717)
March 2 – John Wesley, English preacher and religious writer (born 1703)
April 2 – Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, French revolutionary and writer (born 1749)
April 19 – Richard Price, Welsh moral philosopher and preacher (born 1723)
June 12 – Francis Grose, English antiquary and lexicographer (born c. 1730)
June 30 – Jean-Baptiste Descamps, French writer and painter (born 1714)
July 2 – Søren Abildgaard, Danish naturalist and writer (born 1718)
November 22 – Johann Silberschlag, German theologian (born 1721)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
0.05875080078840256,
0.5439156889915466,
-0.7214715480804443,
-0.09335775673389435,
-0.5874277949333191,
-0.10805147141218185,
0.5577831268310547,
0.7429555654525757,
-0.8738374710083008,
-0.5818008184432983,
-0.05897524580359459,
-0.129084974527359,
-0.09005294740200043,
0.48827120661735535,
-0.04943644255399704,
-0.013584035448729992,
0.10824152827262878,
-0.34756600856781006,
0.2295660674571991,
-0.5732181072235107,
-0.21163251996040344,
-0.007613255642354488,
0.4505315124988556,
-0.5738996267318726,
0.30757901072502136,
-0.6231430768966675,
0.5356254577636719,
-0.32107067108154297,
0.2025613933801651,
-0.008778092451393604,
-0.47286850214004517,
0.23273520171642303,
0.4026678204536438,
0.3176479637622833,
-0.35543370246887207,
-0.09410438686609268,
-0.5839666128158569,
-0.16628195345401764,
0.17138409614562988,
-0.689728319644928,
0.013172836974263191,
-0.3032187819480896,
0.39545658230781555,
0.31343111395835876,
0.06091555580496788,
-0.37194016575813293,
-1.7840577363967896,
0.04241468757390976,
-0.8883596062660217,
0.19474154710769653,
0.04555541276931763,
0.26971858739852905,
0.9501630067825317,
0.7220675945281982,
-0.29772573709487915,
0.31165504455566406,
-0.3836146593093872,
-0.33935508131980896,
-0.0034199804067611694,
0.037749651819467545,
0.8010826706886292,
0.7301941514015198,
-0.2719962000846863,
0.10816925019025803,
0.697344958782196,
-0.09431879222393036,
-0.3561256229877472,
0.14272788166999817,
-0.4218177795410156,
-0.738016664981842,
-0.0932779610157013,
-0.152499720454216,
0.24829040467739105,
0.19932734966278076,
0.270113468170166,
-0.0702691525220871,
0.4051082134246826,
0.12799976766109467,
-0.03294908627867699,
-0.14890269935131073,
-0.34023919701576233,
0.5413405299186707,
1.0453376770019531,
0.24228158593177795,
-0.032723668962717056,
0.11622617393732071,
-0.09156683087348938,
-0.11114025861024857,
-0.1843651533126831,
-0.4510740637779236,
-0.06205373629927635,
0.08910372853279114,
0.29913294315338135,
0.0553995817899704,
0.27393639087677,
0.47925320267677307,
-0.5127488374710083,
0.44081351161003113,
-0.680680513381958,
0.1795499473810196,
0.07520671933889389,
0.7917783260345459,
0.6367486119270325,
0.3420575261116028,
-0.47636744379997253,
-0.39315319061279297,
0.045987170189619064,
-0.1522720456123352,
0.6149462461471558,
-0.5783907771110535,
-0.043601032346487045,
0.8278002738952637,
-0.38808920979499817,
0.01397868525236845,
0.14448699355125427,
0.5160977840423584,
0.5896100997924805,
-0.08466573059558868,
-0.23103274405002594,
0.40721988677978516,
-0.1880168318748474,
0.11388902366161346,
0.039865266531705856,
0.039144787937402725,
-0.7758570313453674,
0.28297728300094604,
0.2431880235671997,
0.5374853610992432,
-0.07932944595813751,
0.46576768159866333,
0.22068092226982117,
1.118016004562378,
-0.2878701984882355,
-0.5659119486808777,
0.043727435171604156,
-0.5064246654510498,
0.18691952526569366,
0.6190569996833801,
0.006962328217923641,
0.06094101443886757,
-0.32734373211860657,
0.21481643617153168,
-1.9116250276565552,
-0.3200511038303375,
-0.051010895520448685,
-0.6538552045822144,
0.26604416966438293,
-0.35797756910324097,
-0.02661043591797352,
-0.27594301104545593,
0.35128718614578247,
-0.4621488153934479,
0.04626617953181267,
0.21124939620494843,
-0.05480874702334404,
-0.11995315551757812,
0.35839781165122986,
0.5446417331695557,
0.6721410155296326,
0.10137215256690979,
-0.17247891426086426,
0.403976172208786,
0.04269078001379967,
-0.1602562665939331,
-0.2010563164949417,
-0.3817645311355591,
0.496352881193161,
-0.20505459606647491,
0.499327689409256,
-0.2214895486831665,
-0.5777012705802917,
-0.06498081237077713,
0.04396744817495346,
-0.35947534441947937,
-0.1499635875225067,
0.024855175986886024,
0.6493256688117981,
0.552766740322113,
0.2198810875415802,
0.22455742955207825,
-0.8060427308082581,
0.23875655233860016,
0.03072955086827278,
-0.7463815808296204,
0.9545814990997314,
0.136866495013237,
0.7460596561431885,
0.1196136474609375,
-0.19271643459796906,
-0.18419672548770905,
-0.23216508328914642,
0.03297241032123566,
-0.019079050049185753,
-0.419685959815979,
1.3115116357803345,
0.03520100191235542,
-0.4819629490375519,
0.7223197817802429,
-0.2569042444229126,
0.4821304678916931,
-0.13877998292446136,
0.1952887624502182,
0.528016984462738,
-0.0037642251700162888,
-0.09958936274051666,
0.7837848663330078,
-0.01812489703297615,
0.14416401088237762,
0.3033313453197479,
0.7132993340492249,
0.6135898232460022,
-0.2074301689863205,
0.39433276653289795,
0.4097316563129425,
-0.482435941696167,
-0.3271309435367584,
-0.29924026131629944,
0.42457833886146545,
0.0696050301194191,
0.16462069749832153,
0.35896775126457214,
-0.4604986310005188,
0.10343144088983536,
0.7228590250015259,
0.13396099209785461,
0.45898744463920593,
-0.2670469582080841,
0.10361781716346741,
-0.3277520537376404,
-0.8739151358604431,
-0.32783353328704834,
0.5220372676849365,
0.15424001216888428,
-0.2557007968425751,
-0.21403200924396515,
0.31031233072280884,
-0.13475525379180908,
-0.3889628052711487,
0.18055172264575958,
0.031276457011699677,
0.8048103451728821,
-0.008858656510710716,
-0.09457647055387497,
0.35853350162506104,
0.16230779886245728,
0.4746101200580597,
-0.29899534583091736,
0.04884278401732445,
-0.08682706207036972,
-0.7023412585258484,
0.5504500269889832,
0.7911242842674255,
-0.13776172697544098,
-0.3102767765522003,
-0.3259390890598297,
0.1258431226015091,
-0.12334007769823074,
-0.5110987424850464,
0.5340381264686584,
0.4000888466835022,
-0.45102110505104065,
-0.12801264226436615,
0.008707940578460693,
0.4410242438316345,
-0.1749323606491089,
-0.031338442116975784,
-0.18692204356193542,
-0.4658431112766266,
0.11684933304786682,
0.08542679995298386,
0.20913800597190857,
0.03366312384605408,
-0.4665307402610779,
-0.9809651970863342,
0.4214214086532593,
0.25850909948349,
-0.2823624312877655,
-0.06381084024906158,
-0.3464302122592926,
-0.67231684923172,
-0.2729114294052124,
0.7735431790351868,
0.44565218687057495,
-0.37900683283805847,
-0.1708393096923828,
-0.05560866743326187,
0.3223300576210022,
-0.1595996767282486,
0.0927286446094513,
-0.2921290993690491,
-0.3286215662956238,
-0.19871874153614044,
-0.573833703994751,
-0.28230050206184387,
0.03009488806128502,
0.3508948087692261,
-0.559432327747345,
-0.06235617771744728,
-0.1366593837738037,
-0.39156147837638855,
-0.4925650954246521,
0.21672408282756805,
-0.39146316051483154,
0.28061363101005554,
0.44853609800338745,
0.22092777490615845,
0.04383639618754387,
0.1404937356710434,
-5.318812370300293,
-0.04061639681458473,
-0.2667180299758911,
-0.2847137451171875,
-0.31093528866767883,
0.16696268320083618,
0.8407700061798096,
-0.116900235414505,
-0.684852123260498,
-0.018228694796562195,
-0.2656175196170807,
-0.44430410861968994,
-0.16833725571632385,
1.1893759965896606,
0.6603684425354004,
0.5125521421432495,
0.6104005575180054,
-0.15331891179084778,
-0.08580347895622253,
0.2270863801240921,
0.5072193741798401,
0.2783978283405304,
0.004918875638395548,
-0.07505710422992706,
1.0791867971420288,
-0.14509624242782593,
0.1617223620414734,
0.23473519086837769,
-0.1954662948846817,
0.1884496510028839,
0.10881291329860687,
0.43530261516571045,
0.42065921425819397,
-0.09436418861150742,
0.3568039536476135,
0.15590330958366394,
0.6572517156600952,
0.7568487524986267,
0.44092854857444763,
0.034917887300252914,
-0.6264176964759827,
0.406687468290329,
-0.15873423218727112,
0.4816053807735443,
0.19598503410816193,
-0.13302220404148102,
-0.3313694894313812,
-0.10686902701854706,
-0.55721116065979,
0.6541505455970764,
0.07936444133520126,
-0.33503198623657227,
0.25298571586608887,
0.40814268589019775,
0.29624566435813904,
-0.2702397406101227,
-0.028066599741578102,
-0.6359776854515076,
-0.8785298466682434,
0.020526660606265068,
0.09645312279462814,
-0.21044328808784485,
0.48242148756980896,
-0.7804388999938965,
-0.14733290672302246,
-0.5883599519729614,
-1.0462785959243774,
0.08867581933736801,
0.34821951389312744,
0.6158071160316467,
0.005286127794533968,
0.7607571482658386,
-0.5939731597900391,
-1.1213551759719849,
0.10452133417129517,
0.1905437409877777,
-0.37194013595581055,
-0.01729626953601837,
0.17941832542419434,
-0.07178928703069687,
-0.09821294248104095,
-0.18605780601501465,
-0.25654828548431396,
1.036138892173767,
0.5105323791503906,
-0.23427866399288177,
-0.37467002868652344,
-0.3690296709537506,
-1.1487479209899902,
-0.648118257522583,
0.6216698884963989,
-0.19518418610095978,
-0.19091977179050446,
0.07147006690502167,
0.168845072388649,
0.006583203561604023,
0.5588678121566772,
-0.07405877858400345,
0.3409344553947449,
-0.3139556348323822,
0.004702080972492695,
0.13158702850341797,
0.11467108130455017,
-0.3303770124912262,
0.020949022844433784,
-0.44377297163009644,
-0.7203132510185242,
0.52677983045578,
0.603624701499939,
-0.471914678812027,
-0.03639015555381775,
0.10245147347450256,
-0.6925776600837708,
-0.24949432909488678,
0.5409669876098633,
-0.09264515340328217,
0.5283321142196655,
0.25392022728919983,
-0.02788284793496132,
-0.1684349924325943,
0.16528508067131042,
0.46915289759635925,
-0.31954076886177063,
-0.5500047206878662,
-0.225224107503891,
-0.12556464970111847,
-0.23294590413570404,
-0.1702856719493866,
-0.7187713384628296,
-0.15983083844184875,
0.3789595365524292,
0.24211308360099792,
-0.10764914005994797,
-0.4776100516319275,
-0.05052006244659424,
-0.3667718172073364,
-0.332050621509552,
-0.13449636101722717,
0.13016089797019958,
-0.4853120744228363,
-0.0725315511226654,
-0.2462225705385208,
-0.04487066715955734,
-0.10524802654981613,
0.716964066028595,
-0.15485779941082,
0.14249524474143982,
-0.29299992322921753,
-0.5885288715362549,
0.4176492989063263,
-0.3372408151626587,
-0.22787253558635712,
0.5756960511207581,
0.38921138644218445,
0.31054234504699707,
-0.08009718358516693,
0.16297875344753265,
0.9246625900268555,
-0.37281182408332825,
-0.5295318365097046,
0.10225722938776016,
-0.20921717584133148,
-0.8271572589874268,
0.30726003646850586,
0.22096973657608032,
-0.730809211730957,
-0.25640514492988586,
0.12183812260627747,
-0.08172337710857391,
0.5147126317024231,
0.558624267578125,
-0.2895793914794922,
-0.4532446563243866,
0.33133479952812195,
0.589768648147583,
-0.3320624828338623,
0.09881516546010971,
0.2840108871459961,
-0.0797748938202858,
-0.3925579786300659,
0.18251340091228485,
-0.6021305918693542,
0.044919878244400024,
0.5445831418037415,
0.9322419166564941,
0.0847318023443222,
-0.05489744246006012,
-0.27238112688064575,
-0.785405158996582,
-0.02908635511994362,
-0.48423293232917786,
0.5281779170036316,
0.5738682150840759,
-0.38848525285720825,
-0.8279978036880493,
-0.30270522832870483,
0.10281944274902344,
0.550451934337616,
-0.12266480177640915,
-0.3002266585826874,
0.4408246576786041,
0.20106181502342224,
0.1373765468597412,
-0.06334693729877472,
0.1047094464302063,
-0.9648500084877014,
0.22503577172756195,
-0.4365556240081787,
-0.9616791605949402,
0.5903964638710022,
0.26622864603996277,
-0.3925394117832184,
-0.2564677298069,
0.35416164994239807,
-0.09035702049732208,
-0.18553927540779114,
-0.006893353071063757,
0.3854236602783203,
-0.691406786441803,
-0.019524304196238518,
0.6097620725631714,
-0.07796764373779297,
-0.8830886483192444,
-0.037656303495168686,
-0.44610831141471863,
0.15538804233074188,
0.3119882643222809,
-0.512811541557312,
0.4112050533294678,
-0.534753143787384,
0.08001552522182465,
0.2232602834701538,
0.12471241503953934,
-0.2052173763513565,
-0.33879730105400085,
-0.5753072500228882,
-0.16473016142845154,
-0.0740593820810318,
-0.1988382190465927,
0.483883798122406,
0.40063104033470154,
0.5858612656593323,
0.05870936065912247,
-0.2526020407676697,
-0.04400024935603142,
0.6573436856269836,
0.10080797225236893,
-0.18417030572891235,
-0.7646557092666626,
0.01749497652053833,
-0.1460835486650467,
0.015535087324678898,
-0.8614322543144226,
-0.5974549651145935,
0.84202641248703,
-0.3778601586818695,
-0.8815473318099976,
0.3351314961910248,
-0.07119587808847427,
0.5337073802947998,
0.024537138640880585,
0.327576607465744,
-0.37391960620880127,
0.1475444734096527,
0.6695177555084229,
0.09310556948184967,
0.1449594348669052,
0.7090958952903748,
0.2698419690132141,
0.11821985244750977,
-0.8135263919830322,
-0.5636304616928101,
-0.581770122051239,
0.41885054111480713,
0.28838324546813965,
-0.4782978892326355,
-0.26490187644958496,
-0.31238633394241333,
0.5746586322784424,
-0.271584153175354,
-0.301688551902771,
0.12567740678787231,
0.40976765751838684,
-0.4445000886917114,
-0.11011610180139542,
-0.6573848724365234,
-0.19061356782913208,
0.34868431091308594,
-0.22982364892959595,
0.1742812693119049,
0.2497856467962265,
-0.12466306984424591,
-0.28608235716819763,
-0.15881209075450897,
0.08208358287811279,
0.5356138348579407,
-0.17508922517299652,
0.028520146384835243,
-0.058400075882673264,
-0.1651146560907364,
-0.44494250416755676,
0.1567925661802292,
0.5731766819953918,
-0.699976921081543,
0.7516951560974121,
-0.17540059983730316,
-0.09478818625211716,
-0.2620575428009033,
-0.3445356786251068,
0.28101494908332825,
0.5419191718101501,
0.23476791381835938,
0.0022400508169084787,
0.16106335818767548,
-0.26096969842910767,
-0.28667619824409485,
0.2222791463136673,
-0.31462562084198,
0.44077354669570923,
-0.09515482932329178,
-0.04667427018284798,
-0.1280398666858673,
0.41475892066955566,
-0.21338115632534027,
-0.29325270652770996,
0.3043796718120575,
-0.36533376574516296,
-0.3665805757045746,
0.06535426527261734,
-0.7337903380393982,
0.24396578967571259,
0.1414511501789093,
-0.12301457673311234,
0.9018570184707642,
-0.2466661036014557,
-0.3757064938545227,
0.11087258905172348,
-0.43138352036476135,
-0.05380592122673988,
0.27057287096977234,
0.8884002566337585,
0.006454994436353445,
0.34930145740509033,
0.1355857104063034,
0.19396209716796875,
-0.21684196591377258,
-0.21583497524261475,
0.16538429260253906,
0.18616408109664917,
0.07943695038557053,
0.5945266485214233,
0.7221049070358276,
0.38627853989601135,
-0.4169139266014099,
0.5809516310691833,
-0.7077815532684326,
0.1228233277797699,
-0.0782310962677002,
0.18313723802566528,
-0.8995973467826843,
0.1272013932466507,
0.400297075510025,
0.1648741215467453,
0.0574117973446846,
0.1886119693517685,
0.6230928301811218,
0.24104315042495728,
0.6136696934700012,
0.10460802912712097,
-0.2918529808521271,
0.40699613094329834,
-0.43976688385009766,
-0.1483684927225113,
-0.41220879554748535,
-0.24578258395195007,
0.4459644854068756,
0.5254830121994019,
-0.1462349146604538,
0.019844867289066315,
-0.28376272320747375,
0.09736789017915726,
0.30569249391555786,
-0.3420831561088562,
-0.33247318863868713,
0.2292637974023819,
-0.2144317328929901,
0.20086410641670227,
0.6056556701660156,
-0.009056967683136463,
-0.7015075087547302,
-0.012304411269724369,
-0.2788468599319458,
0.1862514168024063,
-0.2902076244354248,
-1.3531968593597412,
0.08761778473854065,
-0.3307655453681946,
1.6291754245758057,
-0.3891531527042389,
-0.5505315661430359,
-0.08755197376012802,
-0.2637847363948822,
-0.17873694002628326,
0.16715385019779205,
-0.20817555487155914,
0.4864274859428406,
-0.6267045140266418,
0.2652715742588043,
-0.735810399055481,
0.6758486032485962,
0.2162846028804779,
0.19980177283287048,
-0.24183961749076843,
0.811690628528595,
-0.44631415605545044,
-0.1611066311597824,
0.390293151140213,
-0.37837448716163635,
-0.18443654477596283,
0.40524014830589294,
-0.33815997838974,
-0.04744774103164673,
0.2353610247373581,
0.1036900207400322,
-0.4825960695743561,
0.0753740668296814,
0.2952175438404083,
0.1512550264596939,
0.49672678112983704,
0.10362990200519562,
-0.1326344758272171,
-0.37895533442497253,
-0.842609703540802,
0.3192903995513916,
-0.20168037712574005,
0.5682219862937927,
0.91405189037323,
0.4767211377620697,
-0.10973701626062393,
-0.24855127930641174,
-0.12492229789495468,
-0.10180187225341797,
0.2696658968925476,
0.005331522319465876,
-2.1359479427337646,
-0.07321036607027054,
-0.017787417396903038,
0.1080719605088234,
-0.24391354620456696,
0.22927254438400269,
0.22692641615867615,
0.30904272198677063,
-0.09457714855670929,
-0.24798007309436798,
0.40518876910209656,
-0.23576077818870544,
0.2444206327199936,
-1.3050949573516846,
0.42653343081474304,
0.32336077094078064
]
|
214861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795%20in%20literature | 1795 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1795.
Events
January – Archibald Constable marries Mary Willison, daughter of a printer, and soon starts in business for himself as a dealer in rare books in Edinburgh. This is the origin of the British publishing business that enters the 21st century as Constable & Robinson.
February–June – Samuel Taylor Coleridge offers a series of lectures on politics and religion in Bristol (England), as does his friend Robert Southey.
March – William Henry Ireland first displays his Shakespearean forgeries to the public. They will inspire a major controversy when published on 24 December (dated 1796).
May 27 (May 16 O.S.) – Empress Catherine the Great establishes the Imperial Public Library in Saint Petersburg, predecessor of the National Library of Russia. The core of the collection consists of books looted the year before from the Załuski Library in Warsaw.
August 21–September 26 – William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy stay at 7 Great George Street, Bristol, when they meet Coleridge, Southey and the latter poets' publisher, Joseph Cottle.
October 4 – Coleridge marries Sara Fricker at St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol. On November 14, Southey marries Sara's sister Edith in the same church.
December – Charles Lamb begins a six-week spell in a mental asylum at Hoxton (London).
unknown dates
The first known Bengali language play is staged, the comedy Kalpanik sangbadal ba sajbadal (adapted from the English "The Disguise"), at the Bengali Theatre.
The only known manuscript of The Tale of Igor's Campaign is discovered in Russia.
New books
Fiction
Jane Austen – Lady Susan (unpublished)
Richard Cumberland – Henry
William Gifford – The Maeviad
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre)
Frances Margaretta Jacson (anonymously) – Plain Sense
Marquis de Sade
Aline and Valcour
Philosophy in the Bedroom
Thomas Spence – Spensonia
Children
Dorothy Kilner – The Village School
Priscilla Wakefield – Juvenile Anecdotes, Founded on Facts (2nd volume 1798)
Drama
Frances Burney – Edwy and Elgiva
Richard Cumberland
First Love
The Wheel of Fortune
Thomas Holcroft – The Deserted Daughter
Marquis de Sade – Philosophy in the Bedroom (La Philosophie dans le boudoir)
Poetry
William Blake – Prophetic books:
The Book of Ahania
The Song of Los
Ann Batten Cristall – Poetical Sketches
William Drennan – Erin
Joseph Ritson (ed.) – Robin Hood: A Collection of all the Ancient Poems
Non-fiction
Marquis de Condorcet (died in prison 1794) – Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind
Hannah More – The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain
Philip Yorke – Tracts of Powys
Births
earliest year, unknown date – Constantin Sion, Moldavian polemicist, genealogist and literary forger (died 1862)
January 15 – Alexander Griboyedov, Russian diplomat and playwright (massacred 1829)
April 17 – Emily Taylor, English author, poet and hymnist (died 1872)
May 26 – Thomas Talfourd, English lawyer and legal writer (died 1854)
June 13 – Thomas Arnold, English educator and historian (died 1842)
August 30 – Amable Tastu (Sabine Casimire Amable Voïart), French women of letters and poet (died 1885)
September 7 – John William Polidori, English physician and fantasy writer (died 1821)
September 29 (September 18 O.S.) – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (hanged 1826)
October 14 – Robert Vaughan, English historian and religious writer (died 1868)
October 31 – John Keats, English Romantic poet (died 1821)
December 4 – Thomas Carlyle, Scottish satirist, essayist and historian (died 1881)
Deaths
February 11 – Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet (born 1740)
February 22 – Alexander Gerard, Scottish philosopher (born 1728)
April 20 – Johan Henric Kellgren, Swedish poet and critic (born 1751)
May 19 – James Boswell, Scottish biographer of Samuel Johnson (born 1740)
September 30 – Susannah Dobson, English translator from French (birth year unknown)
October 8 – Andrew Kippis, English biographer (born 1725)
October 10 – Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (born 1714)
December 18 – Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer, Swiss Benedictine historian (born 1718)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.2321968525648117,
0.3104461133480072,
-0.7386144995689392,
-0.058478955179452896,
-0.4839209318161011,
0.06137730926275253,
0.8008636236190796,
0.8485037088394165,
-0.8948638439178467,
-0.753259539604187,
-0.29969748854637146,
0.12520624697208405,
-0.16517841815948486,
0.19038425385951996,
0.22390882670879364,
-0.09562943875789642,
0.21684299409389496,
-0.1695472151041031,
0.14432960748672485,
-0.6947140693664551,
-0.4569236934185028,
0.25502750277519226,
0.4978492259979248,
-0.502117931842804,
0.23252268135547638,
-0.5652319192886353,
0.34468841552734375,
-0.3226245939731598,
0.4145619869232178,
-0.07525088638067245,
-0.32237520813941956,
0.39442113041877747,
0.25820279121398926,
0.3664003610610962,
-0.1342676281929016,
-0.18234147131443024,
-0.5365486145019531,
-0.24918608367443085,
0.1369345635175705,
-0.39515870809555054,
-0.2051577866077423,
-0.09497398138046265,
0.5803706049919128,
0.3926584720611572,
0.0252548698335886,
-0.29890671372413635,
-2.0936224460601807,
-0.1470443606376648,
-0.7744128704071045,
0.3089757561683655,
0.1708044856786728,
0.2227940410375595,
0.9732113480567932,
0.7287126779556274,
-0.4170016646385193,
0.4948301315307617,
-0.8079091310501099,
-0.1582997739315033,
0.10788647830486298,
0.018305979669094086,
0.5970934629440308,
0.7862839102745056,
-0.350283145904541,
0.17515291273593903,
0.4039807915687561,
-0.23388776183128357,
-0.414294958114624,
0.2397492676973343,
-0.3243010938167572,
-0.7393772602081299,
0.1281767338514328,
0.10243929922580719,
0.19089066982269287,
0.17159320414066315,
0.3014376163482666,
-0.14993588626384735,
0.4079749584197998,
0.16607284545898438,
-0.251068115234375,
-0.16431713104248047,
-0.5108731389045715,
0.6438546180725098,
1.0214533805847168,
0.26309138536453247,
0.06267035007476807,
0.03333422541618347,
-0.1510043889284134,
-0.11633870750665665,
0.11245572566986084,
-0.10868696868419647,
0.36663761734962463,
-0.23750881850719452,
0.2646712064743042,
-0.08871627599000931,
0.47047924995422363,
0.6718802452087402,
-0.4058617651462555,
0.24883843958377838,
-0.5195776224136353,
0.009712169878184795,
0.00913939718157053,
0.7712696194648743,
0.6551533341407776,
0.07903646677732468,
-0.679262638092041,
-0.3039535880088806,
0.054728128015995026,
-0.6017281413078308,
0.7796735167503357,
-0.47520655393600464,
0.08886396884918213,
0.6547471880912781,
-0.1517307311296463,
-0.004187066573649645,
0.3214209973812103,
0.627845048904419,
0.5157489776611328,
-0.03600180521607399,
-0.3811458647251129,
0.4093133509159088,
-0.009925714693963528,
0.17715804278850555,
0.14695732295513153,
0.23871630430221558,
-0.7342977523803711,
0.13518117368221283,
0.4652554392814636,
0.5949155688285828,
-0.1633659303188324,
0.5315741300582886,
0.4288320541381836,
1.261298418045044,
-0.4609988033771515,
-0.38596227765083313,
-0.0817418023943901,
-0.15552961826324463,
0.4099233150482178,
0.7846142649650574,
-0.02562767267227173,
0.22567526996135712,
-0.3047681450843811,
0.006635242607444525,
-1.8794206380844116,
-0.16764110326766968,
0.0758351981639862,
-0.5414930582046509,
0.31869199872016907,
-0.5740804076194763,
-0.09306611120700836,
-0.2421686351299286,
0.2796684205532074,
-0.3323335349559784,
0.19392146170139313,
0.32309678196907043,
-0.04153531417250633,
-0.05500324070453644,
0.27303025126457214,
0.696193277835846,
0.6234775185585022,
-0.07277370244264603,
-0.07667392492294312,
0.15719015896320343,
0.017067542299628258,
-0.20779751241207123,
-0.1732296198606491,
-0.29984042048454285,
0.16782578825950623,
-0.06105390191078186,
0.2842875123023987,
-0.2845003306865692,
-0.37050965428352356,
-0.21035398542881012,
0.2872970700263977,
-0.35826781392097473,
0.10913936048746109,
-0.030062977224588394,
0.5909793376922607,
0.7047262787818909,
0.39547213912010193,
-0.011946314945816994,
-0.9428279995918274,
0.08538097143173218,
0.1593499630689621,
-0.8387804627418518,
0.942164421081543,
0.31700626015663147,
0.952098548412323,
0.25090786814689636,
-0.16020077466964722,
-0.13668754696846008,
-0.6270875334739685,
-0.01727014034986496,
0.06291394680738449,
-0.4182550013065338,
1.3532426357269287,
-0.07624170184135437,
-0.3559513986110687,
0.6179229021072388,
-0.41896745562553406,
0.1445261687040329,
-0.24070879817008972,
-0.04417949542403221,
0.6689241528511047,
0.09923573583364487,
-0.21129392087459564,
0.7054058909416199,
-0.04991001635789871,
0.16438180208206177,
0.34969019889831543,
0.6769927144050598,
0.7113683819770813,
-0.33458995819091797,
0.16396600008010864,
0.5481065511703491,
-0.2846914827823639,
-0.13881845772266388,
-0.48114386200904846,
0.2671915888786316,
0.1367073804140091,
0.025232529267668724,
0.2482961267232895,
-0.3614599108695984,
0.38080042600631714,
0.6272865533828735,
0.2144448459148407,
0.45425400137901306,
-0.0848655104637146,
0.05176436901092529,
-0.2006194293498993,
-1.0696452856063843,
-0.12022329866886139,
0.2525597810745239,
0.4461304843425751,
-0.43331608176231384,
-0.29898300766944885,
0.12297062575817108,
-0.14890368282794952,
-0.4268608093261719,
0.08261064440011978,
-0.3754661977291107,
0.5969681739807129,
-0.3171670436859131,
-0.12949010729789734,
0.47106125950813293,
0.05753050744533539,
0.5633519291877747,
-0.10915172845125198,
-0.22345781326293945,
-0.0010330526856705546,
-0.774825394153595,
0.6127640008926392,
0.8652915358543396,
-0.013800565153360367,
-0.42121538519859314,
-0.639585018157959,
0.013214937411248684,
0.026781169697642326,
-0.1966811567544937,
0.37822872400283813,
0.37990862131118774,
-0.5281846523284912,
-0.10533669590950012,
0.3239807188510895,
0.4261854887008667,
-0.1840774118900299,
-0.028325507417321205,
-0.14167483150959015,
-0.7163464426994324,
0.056359659880399704,
-0.06052103638648987,
0.29008594155311584,
0.20568020641803741,
-0.2857031524181366,
-0.8570315837860107,
0.32960784435272217,
0.19757451117038727,
0.01977781392633915,
-0.07364857941865921,
-0.32569852471351624,
-0.6683618426322937,
-0.48017242550849915,
0.7470312714576721,
0.4953264892101288,
-0.3291192054748535,
-0.36401602625846863,
-0.04610774293541908,
0.543470025062561,
-0.051143236458301544,
0.012432588264346123,
-0.1006985604763031,
-0.3105934262275696,
-0.11352816969156265,
-0.560329020023346,
-0.37404635548591614,
-0.09747647494077682,
0.22597187757492065,
-0.5843748450279236,
0.3410896062850952,
-0.23036815226078033,
-0.21627184748649597,
-0.36533239483833313,
0.10694926232099533,
-0.07247631996870041,
0.5594024658203125,
0.47150176763534546,
-0.07165170460939407,
0.05884525179862976,
0.3925095200538635,
-5.124139308929443,
-0.03919151425361633,
-0.06654682755470276,
-0.2779655158519745,
-0.17877161502838135,
0.20158199965953827,
0.9609003663063049,
-0.34112846851348877,
-0.39565509557724,
0.0723864808678627,
0.007744870148599148,
-0.40208306908607483,
-0.10452184081077576,
0.8557295203208923,
0.5024658441543579,
0.49328500032424927,
0.5489538311958313,
-0.03626672178506851,
-0.19671523571014404,
0.14788225293159485,
0.5634074211120605,
0.06838879734277725,
-0.12574727833271027,
0.10533277690410614,
0.8200927972793579,
-0.02839074097573757,
0.0760321244597435,
0.03937661647796631,
0.12169219553470612,
0.24838443100452423,
0.06940869241952896,
0.36254701018333435,
0.47224879264831543,
-0.0799623504281044,
0.1392781287431717,
-0.07212255150079727,
0.5741453170776367,
0.7242066264152527,
0.28321656584739685,
0.11123795062303543,
-0.5036628246307373,
0.6028903126716614,
-0.27254265546798706,
0.3906494081020355,
0.04001270607113838,
0.04291679710149765,
-0.3818112015724182,
-0.18014922738075256,
-0.11926517635583878,
0.8489177227020264,
0.16757787764072418,
-0.5539624691009521,
0.2097528725862503,
0.4257357716560364,
0.5370005965232849,
-0.3169351816177368,
0.005963852163404226,
-0.3249504864215851,
-0.44207945466041565,
0.05400196462869644,
0.25398489832878113,
-0.16024668514728546,
0.48370906710624695,
-0.5203100442886353,
-0.216950461268425,
-0.5134751200675964,
-1.3719221353530884,
0.11885678768157959,
0.23274853825569153,
0.4687422215938568,
-0.2238393872976303,
0.8919548392295837,
-0.4649241268634796,
-1.1260393857955933,
0.10346054285764694,
0.21495991945266724,
-0.26905056834220886,
-0.26544633507728577,
0.07407590001821518,
-0.16279835999011993,
-0.11298251152038574,
-0.05729023367166519,
0.12432456016540527,
1.0156660079956055,
0.42012202739715576,
-0.32794618606567383,
-0.3986084461212158,
-0.4020397365093231,
-1.1720945835113525,
-0.8586503863334656,
0.4879719614982605,
-0.1526852548122406,
-0.1209498941898346,
0.07280860096216202,
0.32980066537857056,
0.013060709461569786,
0.6607963442802429,
0.11206500232219696,
0.38301074504852295,
-0.2864592671394348,
0.07989897578954697,
0.09663473069667816,
0.22463402152061462,
-0.42587074637413025,
-0.2743796706199646,
-0.21807977557182312,
-0.8536357879638672,
0.6766703724861145,
0.5657945275306702,
-0.7895890474319458,
0.016190679743885994,
0.036084648221731186,
-0.7078330516815186,
-0.24510586261749268,
0.22882896661758423,
-0.03581361100077629,
0.20529915392398834,
-0.020089376717805862,
0.032442692667245865,
-0.018932577222585678,
0.17357689142227173,
0.46956682205200195,
-0.4355314373970032,
-0.5391501784324646,
-0.2585943639278412,
-0.37009888887405396,
-0.12565435469150543,
-0.3694058060646057,
-0.6337067484855652,
-0.317390501499176,
0.45810163021087646,
0.291681706905365,
-0.11507727205753326,
-0.45241662859916687,
0.16056488454341888,
-0.5580301880836487,
-0.18757164478302002,
-0.10849373787641525,
0.23415343463420868,
-0.5559852123260498,
-0.06309438496828079,
-0.3837205171585083,
-0.17688898742198944,
-0.03681645169854164,
0.6007417440414429,
0.02155919373035431,
0.029063519090414047,
-0.40479254722595215,
-0.5541677474975586,
0.7770841121673584,
-0.4843091070652008,
-0.099723219871521,
0.5138887763023376,
0.17699642479419708,
0.41224759817123413,
-0.3634091913700104,
-0.07555516809225082,
0.7331933975219727,
-0.35531359910964966,
-0.6201786994934082,
0.14884625375270844,
-0.14857569336891174,
-1.021295189857483,
0.3083188235759735,
0.23647484183311462,
-0.49516093730926514,
-0.013005472719669342,
0.06057678163051605,
-0.052956175059080124,
0.6141266822814941,
0.4988882839679718,
-0.4349823594093323,
-0.31847137212753296,
0.2980057895183563,
0.559769332408905,
-0.4302917718887329,
0.13850043714046478,
0.3143441379070282,
0.013559063896536827,
-0.16270768642425537,
0.48020419478416443,
-0.6660777926445007,
0.07727283984422684,
0.4903950095176697,
0.8409213423728943,
-0.3206830322742462,
0.2198500633239746,
-0.37000444531440735,
-0.8950105905532837,
0.062163449823856354,
-0.4620164930820465,
0.5590633749961853,
0.5931689143180847,
-0.27220577001571655,
-0.8168314099311829,
-0.346076637506485,
-0.08688400685787201,
0.35264965891838074,
-0.07866422832012177,
-0.4116741716861725,
0.7500920295715332,
0.1398388296365738,
-0.09205836057662964,
-0.13192522525787354,
0.07195820659399033,
-1.0186846256256104,
0.13058894872665405,
-0.5517663359642029,
-0.8012716770172119,
0.6575591564178467,
0.07526510953903198,
-0.3363017439842224,
-0.3412468135356903,
0.25245922803878784,
-0.2340623438358307,
-0.018027810379862785,
-0.13742361962795258,
0.22730563580989838,
-0.49780651926994324,
-0.09126772731542587,
0.30438029766082764,
-0.031995758414268494,
-1.18960440158844,
0.11833620071411133,
-0.43301376700401306,
0.28816595673561096,
0.13942326605319977,
-0.6443764567375183,
0.7005881071090698,
-0.6995324492454529,
-0.46834471821784973,
0.005008331965655088,
0.25515151023864746,
-0.20975275337696075,
-0.2721523344516754,
-0.5199389457702637,
0.056500669568777084,
-0.25171223282814026,
0.017380747944116592,
0.61005038022995,
0.2380034327507019,
0.6465049982070923,
0.014219487085938454,
-0.113857202231884,
-0.044517092406749725,
0.3897397518157959,
0.22802068293094635,
-0.5405042767524719,
-0.9077974557876587,
-0.02601306512951851,
0.043332602828741074,
-0.1485203355550766,
-0.5796988606452942,
-0.821279764175415,
0.8322311043739319,
-0.4958340525627136,
-0.9065316319465637,
0.4854962229728699,
0.08101613819599152,
0.3193020522594452,
-0.004145422950387001,
0.27243509888648987,
-0.6452006101608276,
0.04830728843808174,
0.7825940251350403,
0.15885090827941895,
0.19500911235809326,
0.4257276654243469,
0.34899842739105225,
0.100672148168087,
-0.668955385684967,
-0.6032384634017944,
-0.4424319863319397,
0.55186927318573,
0.7109489440917969,
-0.24019455909729004,
-0.5253989100456238,
-0.4617004990577698,
0.503566563129425,
-0.4659144878387451,
-0.5802703499794006,
0.011001336388289928,
0.270014226436615,
-0.1949642449617386,
0.2052229344844818,
-0.5784447193145752,
-0.16452112793922424,
-0.017278844490647316,
-0.29761186242103577,
0.014596831053495407,
0.2492961883544922,
-0.2635948359966278,
-0.4663218557834625,
-0.22661122679710388,
0.05458935350179672,
0.6625858545303345,
-0.3705940246582031,
-0.15579362213611603,
-0.24605944752693176,
-0.2269759476184845,
-0.1179925873875618,
0.20689360797405243,
0.5421521663665771,
-0.611187756061554,
0.857420802116394,
-0.34983864426612854,
-0.1578996628522873,
-0.30169761180877686,
-0.35431063175201416,
0.18923617899417877,
0.488099068403244,
0.26272517442703247,
0.09479743242263794,
0.11643366515636444,
-0.20789209008216858,
-0.16534674167633057,
-0.09366171061992645,
-0.44206351041793823,
0.6759079098701477,
-0.16788998246192932,
0.03851725161075592,
0.1023787409067154,
0.5963107943534851,
0.14887735247612,
-0.69705730676651,
0.5094272494316101,
-0.5058538317680359,
-0.10790228843688965,
0.27375683188438416,
-0.6072174310684204,
0.33017852902412415,
0.3438991606235504,
-0.25921112298965454,
0.8266652226448059,
-0.3563706874847412,
-0.48484426736831665,
0.13789524137973785,
-0.49197524785995483,
-0.058511726558208466,
0.24302834272384644,
0.8352906703948975,
0.1368900090456009,
0.43460461497306824,
0.10619670897722244,
-0.09479912370443344,
-0.08572179824113846,
-0.0356205515563488,
0.13259749114513397,
-0.06359661370515823,
-0.18654239177703857,
0.5848225951194763,
0.8613718748092651,
0.6092320084571838,
-0.2078559398651123,
0.35234978795051575,
-0.22062644362449646,
-0.04805240035057068,
-0.29646578431129456,
0.3037794232368469,
-0.9651041626930237,
0.4822838008403778,
0.402797132730484,
0.21671432256698608,
-0.2045300006866455,
0.45328229665756226,
0.48313188552856445,
-0.06776732206344604,
0.42438510060310364,
0.015949025750160217,
-0.3024009168148041,
0.24939383566379547,
-0.21279671788215637,
0.16662752628326416,
-0.5672463178634644,
-0.2564800977706909,
0.8450462818145752,
0.6890354156494141,
-0.10095043480396271,
0.22234778106212616,
-0.18439233303070068,
-0.24297478795051575,
0.30824142694473267,
-0.15807375311851501,
-0.2654244899749756,
0.3094753623008728,
-0.013642764650285244,
0.15560083091259003,
0.5801960229873657,
-0.12508124113082886,
-0.9350857138633728,
-0.11515679210424423,
-0.3015603721141815,
-0.15897752344608307,
-0.23479622602462769,
-1.1687442064285278,
0.06635387241840363,
-0.27530330419540405,
1.7805174589157104,
-0.29583650827407837,
-0.38397565484046936,
-0.20538462698459625,
-0.591735303401947,
-0.2166067361831665,
0.1673613041639328,
-0.38961899280548096,
0.6739495992660522,
-0.5896647572517395,
0.4908420443534851,
-0.9011059999465942,
1.0155667066574097,
0.2941713333129883,
0.2334519773721695,
0.018472125753760338,
0.6198598742485046,
-0.5007653832435608,
-0.2664024233818054,
0.3715386390686035,
-0.4127432703971863,
-0.1058579832315445,
0.2736271619796753,
0.02778516337275505,
-0.08964916318655014,
0.16886501014232635,
0.27337369322776794,
-0.8503103852272034,
0.07048974931240082,
0.002887452719733119,
0.32861796021461487,
0.44856783747673035,
0.22289444506168365,
-0.08721265941858292,
-0.2169681191444397,
-1.0478224754333496,
0.1132492944598198,
-0.16420878469944,
0.7477547526359558,
0.8893633484840393,
0.47551560401916504,
0.0613788403570652,
-0.42059606313705444,
-0.249039888381958,
-0.04520009458065033,
-0.07715079188346863,
0.22956228256225586,
-2.308706760406494,
0.06577576696872711,
0.1496087610721588,
0.06555841118097305,
-0.2921258211135864,
0.46522006392478943,
0.2082572877407074,
0.11973438411951065,
-0.10787799954414368,
-0.3278597891330719,
0.3054544925689697,
-0.06010662391781807,
0.2599869966506958,
-1.1438841819763184,
0.5136724710464478,
0.2283148467540741
]
|
214863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1797%20in%20literature | 1797 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1797.
Events
June 5 – Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, living at Nether Stowey in the Quantock Hills, Somerset, renews his friendship with William Wordsworth and Wordsworth's sister, Dorothy, who take a house nearby.
July 15 – George Colman's comedy The Heir at Law opens in London. It introduces the character of Dr. Pangloss to the stage and the phrase "Queen Anne's dead" to the language.
August – The British Home Office sends an agent to Nether Stowey to investigate Coleridge and Wordsworth who are suspected of being French spies.
October – Coleridge composes the poem Kubla Khan in an opium-induced dream, writing down only a fragment of it on waking.
November 1 – Jane Austen's father writes to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he is interested in seeing the manuscript of Jane's recently completed novel First Impressions (later re-titled Pride and Prejudice); Cadell declines.
November – Wordsworth suggests to Coleridge the theme of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner on a walk in the Quantocks.
December 24 – Walter Scott marries Charlotte Carpenter at St Mary's Church, Carlisle. The couple immediately move to a new home at 50 George Street, Edinburgh.
Hatchards bookshop is founded in London's Piccadilly by John Hatchard; it continues to trade on the same site into the 21st century.
New books
Fiction
"Mrs Carver" (perhaps Anthony Carlisle) – The Horrors of Oakendale Abbey
Hannah Webster Foster (anonymously) – The Coquette, or the History of Eliza Wharton
Friedrich Hölderlin – Hyperion, volume 1
Frances Margaretta Jacson (anonymously) – Disobedience
Jan Potocki – The Manuscript Found in Saragossa
Ann Radcliffe – The Italian, or the Confessional of the Black Penitents
Marquis de Sade – L'Histoire de Juliette
Royall Tyler – The Algerine Captive
Children
Charlotte Palmer – A Newly-Invented Copybook
Drama
Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Osorio
George Colman – The Heir at Law
Richard Cumberland
False Impressions
The Last of the Family
Thomas John Dibdin – Sadak and Kalasrade
Elizabeth Inchbald – Wives as They Were, and Maids as They Are
Robert Jephson – Julia
Matthew Lewis – The Minister: A Tragedy, in five acts
Thomas Morton – A Cure for the Heart Ache
Poetry
Non-fiction
Thomas Bewick – History of British Birds vol. 1
François-René de Chateaubriand – Essai sur les révolutions
The Columbian Orator
Johann Gottlieb Fichte – Foundations of Natural Right
Lorenzo Mascheroni – Geometria del Compasso
Thomas Paine – Agrarian Justice
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling – Die Weltseele (Soul of the World)
Births
March 13 – Charles de Rémusat, French politician and writer (died 1875)
March 27 – Alfred de Vigny, French poet (died 1863)
July 12 – Adele Schopenhauer, German novelist and paper-cut artist (died 1849)
August 30 – Mary Shelley, English novelist (died 1851)
September 16 – Anthony Panizzi, Italian-born English scholar and librarian (died 1879)
September 28 – Sophie von Knorring (Sophie Margareta Zelow), Swedish novelist (died 1848)
December 13 – Heinrich Heine, German poet (died 1856)
Unknown date – Charlotte Barton, Australian children's author (died 1867)
Approximate date – Thomas Cautley Newby, English publisher (died 1882)
Deaths
March 2 – Horace Walpole, novelist and antiquarian (born 1717)
April 7 – William Mason, English poet and editor (born 1724)
May 27 – François-Noël Babeuf, French journalist and political agitator (executed, born 1760)
July 9 – Edmund Burke, Irish-born philosopher (born 1729)
September 10 – Mary Wollstonecraft, English philosopher (born 1759)
October 4 – Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz, German Protestant theologian (born 1717)
December – Mathurin-Léonard Duphot, French poet (shot dead, born 1769)
Unknown date – Yuan Mei (袁枚), Chinese poet, diarist and gastronome (born 1716)
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | [
-0.17563733458518982,
0.2587551772594452,
-0.827530026435852,
-0.26933664083480835,
-0.747917890548706,
0.023377150297164917,
0.8086714148521423,
0.9128615260124207,
-1.135852336883545,
-0.6243385672569275,
-0.21276412904262543,
0.02305237390100956,
-0.22247707843780518,
-0.008424834348261356,
0.1815425008535385,
0.047550078481435776,
0.21714776754379272,
-0.19941021502017975,
0.25627362728118896,
-0.6617881059646606,
-0.4017554521560669,
0.34348729252815247,
0.1178603321313858,
-0.4151360094547272,
-0.012886415235698223,
-0.3639441132545471,
0.2864045202732086,
-0.5971862077713013,
0.6027792096138,
-0.17706900835037231,
-0.36582276225090027,
0.4613388180732727,
0.3830808401107788,
0.4713261127471924,
-0.19543640315532684,
-0.4840165972709656,
-0.5334135890007019,
-0.1435994654893875,
0.061104126274585724,
-0.19961236417293549,
-0.1769590526819229,
-0.20726853609085083,
0.7269139289855957,
0.48532596230506897,
-0.07605927437543869,
-0.359575480222702,
-2.0347776412963867,
-0.20548325777053833,
-1.0554085969924927,
0.4586256444454193,
0.021741842851042747,
0.09107109159231186,
0.7878912687301636,
0.681780219078064,
-0.4962266683578491,
0.468345582485199,
-0.7161621451377869,
-0.21826715767383575,
0.13409002125263214,
-0.23098711669445038,
0.35163742303848267,
0.6044330596923828,
-0.29384905099868774,
0.2501974105834961,
0.45478400588035583,
-0.17921456694602966,
-0.2471020221710205,
0.6143733859062195,
-0.3560643494129181,
-0.9436375498771667,
-0.04955471307039261,
0.08592172712087631,
0.24548383057117462,
0.16004160046577454,
0.3697583079338074,
-0.2185523509979248,
0.30323949456214905,
0.08193379640579224,
-0.5862914323806763,
-0.0137324845418334,
-0.23886334896087646,
0.771601140499115,
1.0002024173736572,
0.20976132154464722,
0.23403522372245789,
-0.0825500339269638,
-0.6061446070671082,
0.060653042048215866,
0.05845741182565689,
-0.050900500267744064,
0.501587450504303,
0.025251440703868866,
0.4751254916191101,
-0.16218627989292145,
0.10838273912668228,
0.9123828411102295,
-0.6374202370643616,
0.2754858434200287,
-0.2809304893016815,
0.025949807837605476,
-0.03130233660340309,
0.7262007594108582,
0.6590695977210999,
0.061437856405973434,
-0.954369068145752,
-0.06653143465518951,
0.06988855451345444,
-0.4839194118976593,
0.8582821488380432,
-0.33045846223831177,
-0.07394098490476608,
0.6642245650291443,
-0.24707502126693726,
-0.07192058116197586,
0.4201398193836212,
0.4576917886734009,
0.451437383890152,
-0.06304966658353806,
-0.5748087167739868,
0.2571614980697632,
-0.17796090245246887,
0.29771655797958374,
0.23179751634597778,
0.26878342032432556,
-0.479118287563324,
0.10942729562520981,
0.3557497262954712,
0.5913732051849365,
-0.09759808331727982,
0.5881563425064087,
0.2771860659122467,
1.284887433052063,
-0.4118744432926178,
-0.3046160340309143,
0.01832297258079052,
-0.22569794952869415,
0.19860799610614777,
0.9291607141494751,
-0.17283524572849274,
0.15156064927577972,
-0.7923639416694641,
0.22264313697814941,
-1.5477057695388794,
0.014815705828368664,
0.2657836973667145,
-0.45356714725494385,
0.29630857706069946,
-0.5376242399215698,
-0.1249176561832428,
-0.418031245470047,
0.6084314584732056,
-0.4803140163421631,
0.2998081147670746,
0.32576125860214233,
0.030193835496902466,
0.1636953204870224,
0.2651578187942505,
0.707737147808075,
0.8223523497581482,
-0.048909109085798264,
-0.08431538939476013,
0.056344252079725266,
-0.1340814232826233,
-0.045090723782777786,
-0.29783812165260315,
-0.14401206374168396,
0.1582810878753662,
-0.13695091009140015,
0.3520231246948242,
-0.18547563254833221,
-0.48646172881126404,
-0.14772605895996094,
0.13307003676891327,
-0.1955186128616333,
0.012601964175701141,
-0.3340429365634918,
0.6485337615013123,
0.727666437625885,
0.5429075956344604,
-0.0688498243689537,
-0.8783974051475525,
0.046988051384687424,
0.11666833609342575,
-0.8467636704444885,
0.6953303217887878,
0.25648173689842224,
1.0211308002471924,
0.07830221205949783,
-0.2883622348308563,
-0.10890882462263107,
-0.5002374649047852,
0.11859578639268875,
-0.04773688688874245,
-0.5493422746658325,
1.4694925546646118,
0.014062264934182167,
-0.5858789682388306,
0.6265234351158142,
-0.22834275662899017,
0.13519874215126038,
0.04359179362654686,
0.09477352350950241,
0.7418105006217957,
-0.013600189238786697,
-0.22521911561489105,
0.8269810676574707,
0.21200765669345856,
0.32419928908348083,
0.2743966579437256,
0.6096255779266357,
0.7348043918609619,
-0.23977050185203552,
0.22416724264621735,
0.38324791193008423,
-0.3158651292324066,
0.07283440232276917,
-0.378220796585083,
0.24053707718849182,
0.24698662757873535,
0.041397128254175186,
0.5396785736083984,
-0.4403923451900482,
0.4484530985355377,
0.6229808926582336,
0.3948513865470886,
0.5512039065361023,
0.0619853250682354,
-0.12552741169929504,
-0.1317427158355713,
-0.8070416450500488,
-0.17627929151058197,
0.19784632325172424,
0.27291563153266907,
-0.26245203614234924,
-0.12717922031879425,
0.07511302083730698,
-0.046625882387161255,
-0.42974916100502014,
0.13957156240940094,
-0.26871004700660706,
0.6676540970802307,
-0.5226184725761414,
-0.14050601422786713,
0.5531052350997925,
0.10408905148506165,
0.6625158786773682,
-0.10558092594146729,
-0.35751622915267944,
-0.061956118792295456,
-0.8077731728553772,
0.8709277510643005,
0.8754409551620483,
0.08157449215650558,
-0.29988670349121094,
-0.5707412362098694,
-0.07480209320783615,
-0.08054380863904953,
-0.3964235484600067,
0.6294012069702148,
0.46979910135269165,
-0.694007396697998,
-0.08288560807704926,
0.47970345616340637,
0.5731757879257202,
-0.22110015153884888,
-0.20692433416843414,
-0.04075457528233528,
-0.682501494884491,
-0.006254181265830994,
-0.035406213253736496,
0.6908313035964966,
0.09898395836353302,
-0.622201144695282,
-0.6077641844749451,
0.4538005590438843,
0.21273720264434814,
-0.11939915269613266,
-0.263712078332901,
-0.5834794640541077,
-0.6178603768348694,
-0.44356000423431396,
0.607409656047821,
0.4615574777126312,
-0.41187819838523865,
-0.012997264042496681,
-0.21872757375240326,
0.37815967202186584,
-0.010237426497042179,
-0.15704841911792755,
-0.42464765906333923,
-0.14201080799102783,
-0.1519831269979477,
-0.4506150186061859,
-0.29441168904304504,
0.018785256892442703,
0.285889595746994,
-0.48818549513816833,
0.38494524359703064,
-0.014240487478673458,
-0.26538974046707153,
-0.2604689598083496,
0.09623470157384872,
0.007697409018874168,
0.6211503148078918,
0.32108768820762634,
-0.09422094374895096,
0.19187545776367188,
0.3662685453891754,
-5.1191887855529785,
0.004327036906033754,
-0.119101382791996,
-0.318128377199173,
-0.22883577644824982,
0.31953173875808716,
0.8382474780082703,
-0.443416953086853,
-0.3564237952232361,
-0.06862473487854004,
-0.273518830537796,
-0.35128313302993774,
-0.21397913992404938,
1.0649951696395874,
0.467013955116272,
0.5240501165390015,
0.5428207516670227,
0.08861204236745834,
-0.09078612178564072,
0.26096388697624207,
0.4090968370437622,
0.27098485827445984,
-0.003804638748988509,
0.05197093263268471,
0.7849332690238953,
0.33345749974250793,
0.14653326570987701,
0.011708099395036697,
0.23979130387306213,
0.34650182723999023,
0.05006079375743866,
0.13443776965141296,
0.43900296092033386,
-0.40106260776519775,
-0.03705921769142151,
-0.35189682245254517,
0.7511307001113892,
0.8606539368629456,
0.3926149010658264,
-0.10293880850076675,
-0.6070975661277771,
0.6372213959693909,
-0.31787222623825073,
0.2619958221912384,
0.3337666094303131,
0.09162268042564392,
-0.29055583477020264,
-0.12072154134511948,
-0.036283642053604126,
0.8232055902481079,
0.06482826173305511,
-0.5493425130844116,
0.10115307569503784,
0.31669336557388306,
0.45629191398620605,
-0.24139191210269928,
-0.2096189558506012,
-0.05418410897254944,
-0.5051104426383972,
0.040757279843091965,
0.5151816010475159,
-0.1838511973619461,
0.33413049578666687,
-0.6400231719017029,
-0.27908799052238464,
-0.34117943048477173,
-1.2379586696624756,
0.15647536516189575,
0.33040735125541687,
0.2695508599281311,
-0.2627640962600708,
0.8408358097076416,
-0.3248785734176636,
-1.0718871355056763,
0.15214848518371582,
-0.005198279395699501,
-0.578819215297699,
-0.21629644930362701,
0.20007635653018951,
0.26428577303886414,
-0.2987293004989624,
-0.25684666633605957,
-0.12775489687919617,
0.7969772815704346,
0.36479055881500244,
-0.30094510316848755,
-0.2942899763584137,
-0.3592281937599182,
-1.063316822052002,
-0.8455139994621277,
0.4174443185329437,
-0.0589631125330925,
0.002110794885084033,
0.26622021198272705,
0.39319631457328796,
0.15574823319911957,
0.656197726726532,
0.4725397229194641,
0.3025771677494049,
-0.31931939721107483,
0.15466780960559845,
-0.22359302639961243,
0.008330505341291428,
-0.42074140906333923,
-0.2314583659172058,
-0.27924594283103943,
-0.8051494359970093,
0.6068623661994934,
0.5063328742980957,
-0.7249487042427063,
-0.02029910311102867,
-0.008828775957226753,
-0.8339934349060059,
-0.33432886004447937,
0.5432931780815125,
0.17532174289226532,
0.32196760177612305,
0.03823554143309593,
0.16331587731838226,
-0.2210972160100937,
0.3154984414577484,
0.4475334584712982,
-0.2953512370586395,
-0.8044998049736023,
-0.28718581795692444,
-0.3935491144657135,
-0.12395615130662918,
-0.7064592838287354,
-0.4297599494457245,
-0.31474435329437256,
0.31890788674354553,
0.42167526483535767,
-0.09055662155151367,
-0.31609365344047546,
0.13107173144817352,
-0.4757993519306183,
-0.3501299023628235,
-0.08951659500598907,
0.2436174750328064,
-0.48803797364234924,
-0.048216067254543304,
-0.39095133543014526,
-0.21971778571605682,
-0.11264321208000183,
0.3963923454284668,
0.287443071603775,
-0.18953096866607666,
-0.4380266070365906,
-0.39115896821022034,
0.7841834425926208,
-0.2733127176761627,
-0.11702149361371994,
0.4078562557697296,
0.27036476135253906,
0.28292420506477356,
-0.2655349671840668,
-0.09094059467315674,
0.6528391242027283,
-0.36426860094070435,
-0.7125771045684814,
0.20493470132350922,
-0.37539079785346985,
-0.9054722189903259,
0.21994084119796753,
0.1763467937707901,
-0.6481002569198608,
0.05839849263429642,
0.17518684267997742,
0.06900447607040405,
0.5189846754074097,
0.4280395209789276,
-0.26920536160469055,
-0.41613662242889404,
0.4714868664741516,
0.4427719712257385,
-0.12855425477027893,
0.08790645748376846,
0.24659287929534912,
-0.13528601825237274,
-0.1249200776219368,
0.36256980895996094,
-0.600479006767273,
0.18602211773395538,
0.32668501138687134,
0.7811781764030457,
-0.350340873003006,
0.14157141745090485,
-0.20770199596881866,
-0.9097217917442322,
0.11983303725719452,
-0.49056491255760193,
0.6817474365234375,
0.7314630150794983,
-0.21777816116809845,
-0.9145656824111938,
-0.3579195737838745,
-0.1833883672952652,
0.37045368552207947,
0.04525996744632721,
-0.35323354601860046,
0.455788254737854,
-0.06048652529716492,
-0.07988040149211884,
-0.2703932821750641,
-0.13092614710330963,
-0.8587507605552673,
0.13407376408576965,
-0.5381478071212769,
-0.6693291664123535,
0.6913606524467468,
0.06859742105007172,
-0.3593570590019226,
-0.36826884746551514,
0.3604826331138611,
-0.13582776486873627,
0.013480830937623978,
-0.37780702114105225,
0.012848492711782455,
-0.44847699999809265,
-0.023257171735167503,
0.33304503560066223,
-0.006808068603277206,
-1.1745210886001587,
0.0325322225689888,
-0.38662809133529663,
0.25949159264564514,
0.11783352494239807,
-0.6647893786430359,
0.49010688066482544,
-0.7989811897277832,
-0.32922324538230896,
-0.1384764313697815,
0.31399598717689514,
0.0041749682277441025,
-0.3068564534187317,
-0.3054942488670349,
0.20247231423854828,
-0.13022321462631226,
-0.03795315697789192,
0.5383086204528809,
0.20117270946502686,
0.6380009651184082,
-0.1774854063987732,
-0.21774202585220337,
0.002949370536953211,
0.4343236982822418,
0.24739135801792145,
-0.5272566676139832,
-0.8746148943901062,
-0.1693546175956726,
0.07670915126800537,
-0.2742900550365448,
-0.5006638169288635,
-0.8980352282524109,
0.7270257472991943,
-0.6034539937973022,
-0.8192810416221619,
0.4244794547557831,
0.07232920825481415,
-0.051825810223817825,
0.14801433682441711,
0.38498592376708984,
-0.6618393659591675,
0.15869471430778503,
0.7033187747001648,
0.01046401634812355,
0.03672558814287186,
0.3709508180618286,
0.4752017855644226,
0.18785855174064636,
-0.674152135848999,
-0.716028094291687,
-0.5051098465919495,
0.4986571669578552,
0.8837491273880005,
-0.2717275321483612,
-0.3018922507762909,
-0.6069450378417969,
0.43128135800361633,
-0.5457445979118347,
-0.7890636920928955,
0.11484789103269577,
0.05091917887330055,
-0.3703053891658783,
-0.00048760714707896113,
-0.7008116841316223,
-0.23584704101085663,
-0.13718470931053162,
-0.27850860357284546,
0.21524637937545776,
0.2390994280576706,
-0.16135841608047485,
-0.483876496553421,
-0.4427338242530823,
-0.016890373080968857,
0.5840665698051453,
-0.5879218578338623,
-0.1924852728843689,
-0.29448840022087097,
-0.2286262959241867,
-0.436515212059021,
0.21998484432697296,
0.27944281697273254,
-0.6312538981437683,
0.7844350337982178,
-0.23356136679649353,
-0.09576248377561569,
-0.28240489959716797,
-0.21945621073246002,
0.06188708171248436,
0.3410409092903137,
0.1762249767780304,
-0.030934419482946396,
0.2332458198070526,
-0.5385554432868958,
-0.2880750894546509,
0.12910817563533783,
-0.747180700302124,
0.6694867014884949,
0.05846496671438217,
0.37586647272109985,
-0.0010163607075810432,
0.6916396021842957,
0.24508099257946014,
-0.8549662828445435,
0.3743155300617218,
-0.44056007266044617,
-0.1933232694864273,
0.24872900545597076,
-0.5558603405952454,
0.3026122450828552,
0.4485221207141876,
-0.5445734858512878,
0.5863604545593262,
-0.2732560932636261,
-0.5054998993873596,
0.20632904767990112,
-0.3118690252304077,
0.08582325279712677,
0.17722927033901215,
0.8526871800422668,
0.1511247158050537,
0.30168089270591736,
0.05550595372915268,
0.062280185520648956,
-0.0195643100887537,
-0.16991211473941803,
0.1680169552564621,
-0.05292516201734543,
-0.0207106601446867,
0.48220667243003845,
0.7010615468025208,
0.7304314970970154,
-0.2583191990852356,
0.2423304319381714,
-0.4038615822792053,
-0.3741897940635681,
-0.23398935794830322,
0.3376230299472809,
-0.8975628018379211,
0.49538347125053406,
0.46711891889572144,
0.3460440933704376,
-0.036770377308130264,
0.41775840520858765,
0.5902177095413208,
-0.03870033845305443,
0.6169837713241577,
-0.1673477292060852,
-0.1776268482208252,
0.23734886944293976,
-0.44059768319129944,
-0.002242641057819128,
-0.552204430103302,
-0.26973456144332886,
1.081557273864746,
0.543677568435669,
0.036265309900045395,
0.2825339734554291,
-0.2690849006175995,
-0.2706644535064697,
0.16439440846443176,
-0.24796389043331146,
-0.29087087512016296,
0.45379775762557983,
-0.180751234292984,
0.1985597014427185,
0.7466640472412109,
0.0231393463909626,
-0.6332845091819763,
-0.15600551664829254,
-0.2671302556991577,
-0.0003399727866053581,
0.018163105472922325,
-1.0667492151260376,
0.06357376277446747,
-0.14149753749370575,
1.8099530935287476,
0.05736826732754707,
-0.4585208594799042,
-0.3836950361728668,
-0.4493250846862793,
-0.3962303698062897,
0.16391806304454803,
-0.3135071098804474,
0.8522130250930786,
-0.5574572682380676,
0.39210203289985657,
-0.7574048638343811,
0.9912954568862915,
0.04633691906929016,
0.38328564167022705,
0.004837580490857363,
0.6400281190872192,
-0.6855766177177429,
-0.17925947904586792,
0.44912153482437134,
-0.4240563213825226,
-0.2004391998052597,
0.3500135540962219,
-0.2383246272802353,
0.24198593199253082,
0.20469756424427032,
0.36870306730270386,
-0.5521791577339172,
0.34785786271095276,
-0.024327315390110016,
0.22034941613674164,
0.3220148980617523,
-0.016261370852589607,
-0.20580321550369263,
-0.14749927818775177,
-1.044772744178772,
0.10893110185861588,
-0.3346778452396393,
1.0041753053665161,
0.7993413805961609,
0.4495790898799896,
-0.05769975855946541,
-0.5342631936073303,
-0.23396921157836914,
-0.07220064848661423,
0.03888217732310295,
0.08175858855247498,
-1.662359595298767,
-0.18319958448410034,
0.10039370507001877,
-0.04229860007762909,
-0.19356770813465118,
0.5551214814186096,
0.18071521818637848,
0.14285339415073395,
0.11442519724369049,
-0.27354979515075684,
0.19429679214954376,
0.28256046772003174,
0.39380061626434326,
-1.0774760246276855,
0.46211567521095276,
0.43800249695777893
]
|
214865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20del%20Verrocchio | Andrea del Verrocchio | Andrea del Verrocchio (, , ; – 1488), born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, was a sculptor, Italian painter and goldsmith who was a master of an important workshop in Florence. He apparently became known as Verrocchio after the surname of his master, a goldsmith. Few paintings are attributed to him with certainty, but a number of important painters were trained at his workshop. His pupils included Leonardo da Vinci, Pietro Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi. His greatest importance was as a sculptor and his last work, the Equestrian statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, is generally accepted as a masterpiece.
Life
Verrocchio was born in Florence in around 1435. His father, Michele di Francesco Cioni, initially worked as a tile and brick maker, then later as a tax collector. Verrocchio never married, and had to provide financial support for some members of his family. He was at first apprenticed to a goldsmith. It has been suggested that he was later apprenticed to Donatello, but there is no evidence of this and John Pope-Hennessy considered that it is contradicted by the style of his early works. It has been suggested that he was trained as a painter under Fra Filippo Lippi. Little is known about his life. His main works are dated in his last twenty years and his advancement owed much to the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici and his son Piero. His workshop was in Florence where he was a member of the Guild of St Luke. Several great artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo di Credi passed through his workshop as apprentices. Beyond this, artists like Domenico Ghirlandaio, Francesco Botticini, and Pietro Perugino were also involved and their early works can be hard to distinguish from works by Verrocchio. Giovanni Santi records that Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, and a young Filippino Lippi also visited or worked in Verrocchio's studio. Of the artist's pedagogy the Florentine poet Ugolino Verino wrote: "Whatever painters have that is good they drank from Verrocchio’s spring".
At the end of his life, Verrocchio opened a new workshop in Venice, where he was working on the statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni, leaving the Florentine workshop in charge of Lorenzo di Credi. He died in Venice in 1488.
Painting
Despite the importance of Verrocchio's workshop in the training of younger painters, very few paintings are universally recognised as his own work and there are many problems of attribution.
A painting of the Madonna with seated child in tempera on panel (now in the Berlin State Museums, Gemäldegalerie) is considered an early work of 1468–1470.
A painting in the National Gallery in London (cat. no.NG2508) of the Virgin and Child with two angels in tempera on panel, which had not previously been attributed to Verrocchio, was cleaned and restored about 2010 and is now attributed to him with a date of about 1467–1469.
A small painting on panel of Tobias setting out on his journey with the Archangel Raphael, carrying the fish with which he was to heal his father's blindness, was probably painted as a private devotional picture. It is an early work which has formerly been attributed to Pollaiuolo and other artists. Covi thinks that it was probably painted with assistance from Ghirlandaio. It is now in London at the National Gallery.
The Baptism of Christ, now in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, was painted in 1474–75. In this work Verrocchio was assisted by Leonardo da Vinci, then a youth and a member of his workshop, who painted the angel on the left and the part of the background above. According to Giorgio Vasari, Andrea resolved never to touch the brush again because Leonardo, his pupil, had far surpassed him, but later critics consider this story apocryphal.
The Madonna enthroned with John the Baptist and St Donato is in the Pistoia Cathedral. It had been left unfinished and was completed by Lorenzo di Credi when Verrocchio was in Venice near the end of his life.
Sculpture
Around 1465 Verrocchio is believed to have worked on the lavabo of the Old Sacristy in San Lorenzo, Florence.
Between 1465 and 1467 he executed the funerary monument to Cosimo de' Medici for the crypt under the altar of the same church, and in 1472 he completed the monument to Piero and Giovanni de' Medici in the Old Sacristy.
In 1467 the Tribunale della Mercanzia, the judicial organ of the Guilds in Florence, commissioned from Verrocchio a bronze group portraying Christ and St. Thomas for the centre tabernacle, which the Tribunale had recently purchased, on the east facade of Orsanmichele to replace a statue of St. Louis of Toulouse, which had been removed. He therefore had the problem of placing two statues (more than life size) in a tabernacle originally intended for one. As Covi says, the problem was resolved "in a most felicitous manner". The work was placed in position in 1483 and "has been acclaimed since the day of its unveiling and almost without exception recognised as a masterpiece."
In 1468 Verrocchio made a bronze candlestick (1.57metres high), now in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, for the Signoria of Florence.
Also in 1468 he contracted to make a golden ball (palla) to be placed on top of the lantern of Brunelleschi's cupola on the Duomo in Florence. The ball was ingeniously made of sheets of copper soldered together and hammered into shape and then gilded. It was completed by the spring of 1471. (The cross on top was made by other hands). The ball was struck by lightning and fell on 27January 1601 but was reconstructed in 1602.
In the early 1470s he made a voyage to Rome, while in 1474 he executed the Forteguerri monument for the Cathedral of Pistoia, which he left unfinished.
A bronze statue of David was commissioned by Piero de'Medici. On grounds of style and technique it was dated by Butterfield to the mid-1460s; he considered it a masterpiece of Verrocchio's early career. It was purchased by the Signoria of Florence from Piero's heirs Lorenzo and Giuliano de' Medici in 1476 and is now at the Bargello in Florence. Verrocchio's David is a young lad, modestly clad, contrasting with Donatello's provocative David. For this figure, the Master is purported to have used the young Leonardo, a newcomer to his workshop, as his model.
At a date unknown (suggestions range from 1465 to 1480: Pope-Hennessy said about 1470) he finished in bronze a Putto (winged boy) with Dolphin, originally intended for a fountain in the Medici villa of Careggi and later brought to Florence for a fountain in the Palazzo della Signoria by the Grand Duke Cosimo de' Medici. It was replaced with a copy by Bruno Bearzi and since 1959 has been kept in a room in the Palazzo Vecchio.
The marble bust of a lady with a bunch of flowers (Dama col mazzolino) in the Bargello at Florence is probably from the later 1470s. The identity of the lady is unknown.
The relief for the funerary monument of Francesca Tornabuoni for Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome is also now in the Bargello at Florence. Verrochio had been at work in the Funerary Monument to Cardinal Niccolo Forteguerri, Pistoia, when he departed for Venice in 1483.
Statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni
In 1475 the Condottiero Colleoni, a former Captain General of the Republic of Venice, died and by his will left a substantial part of his estate to the Republic on condition that a statue of himself should be commissioned and set up in the Piazza San Marco. In 1479 the Republic announced that it would accept the legacy, but that (as statues were not permitted in the Piazza) the statue would be placed in the open space in front of the Scuola San Marco. A competition was arranged to enable a sculptor to be selected. Three sculptors competed for the contract, Verrocchio from Florence, Alessandro Leopardi from Venice and Bartolomeo Vellano from Padua. Verrocchio made a model of his proposed sculpture using wood and black leather, while the others made models of wax and clay. The three models were exhibited in Venice in 1483 and the contract was awarded to Verrocchio. He then opened a workshop in Venice and made the final clay model which was ready to be cast in bronze, but he died in 1488, before this was done. He had asked that his pupil Lorenzo di Credi, who was then in charge of his workshop in Florence, should be entrusted with the finishing of the statue, but after the considerable delay the Venetian state commissioned Alessandro Leopardi to do this. The statue was eventually erected on a pedestal made by Leopardi in the Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Venice, where it stands today.
Leopardi cast the bronze very successfully and the statue is universally admired, but Pope-Hennessy suggests that, if Verrocchio had been able to do this himself, he would have finished the head and other parts more smoothly and made it even better than it is. Although it was not placed where Colleoni had intended, Passavent emphasised how fine it looks in its actual position, writing that "the magnificent sense of movement in this figure is shown to superb advantage in its present setting" and that, as sculpture, "it far surpasses anything the century had yet aspired to or thought possible". He points out that both man and horse are equally fine and together are inseparable parts of the sculpture.
Verrocchio is unlikely to have ever seen Colleoni and the statue is not a portrait of the man but of the idea of a strong and ruthless military commander "bursting with titanic power and energy". This is in contrast to Donatello's statue at Padua of the condottiere known as Gattamelata with its "air of calm command" and all Verrocchio's effort "has been devoted to the rendering of movement and of a sense of strain and energy".
References
Further reading
Brown, David Alan (2003). Virtue and Beauty: Leonardo's Ginevra de' Benci and Renaissance Portraits of Women. Princeton University Press.
Freiberg, Jack (2010): "Verrocchio's Putto and Medici Love". David A. Levine, & Jack Freiberg (Eds.), Medieval Renaissance Baroque: A Cat's Cradle for Marilyn Aronberg Lavin. New York: Italica Press, pp. 83–100.
Pope-Hennessy, John: Italian Renaissance Sculpture (London 1958)
Syson, Luke & Jill Dunkerton: "Andrea del Verrocchio's first surviving panel and other early works" in Burlington Magazine Vol.CLIII No.1299 (June 2011) pp. 368–378.
External links
World Gallery of Art This has a biography and excellent reproductions of some of his works
Andrea del Verrocchio in the "History of Art"
Encyclopædia Britannica Good biography of Andrea del Verrocchio
Andrea Verrocchio: 16th-century biography by Vasari A reprint of Vasari's biography (not entirely reliable)
List of sites displaying Verrocchio's work
Andrea del Verrocchio at the National Gallery of Art
Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Andrea del Verrocchio (see index)
1430s births
1488 deaths
Painters from Florence
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Renaissance painters
Renaissance sculptors
Year of birth uncertain
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors | [
0.10343657433986664,
-0.17106114327907562,
0.5567260980606079,
0.0496661514043808,
0.17417755722999573,
0.9490512609481812,
-0.21401295065879822,
-0.3567202687263489,
-0.9940581917762756,
-0.9232521653175354,
-0.11556647717952728,
0.3168066740036011,
-0.12519413232803345,
0.3633369207382202,
-0.26493361592292786,
-0.21878065168857574,
0.8498242497444153,
-0.3983176350593567,
-0.8556223511695862,
-0.3110501766204834,
0.19309943914413452,
-0.31321144104003906,
0.06355638802051544,
0.2629759907722473,
-0.43242406845092773,
0.14112839102745056,
0.09090625494718552,
-0.02181415632367134,
0.3722905218601227,
0.1230960264801979,
0.17455913126468658,
0.39760565757751465,
0.017351409420371056,
-0.395332008600235,
-1.1245816946029663,
0.11423534154891968,
0.24177637696266174,
-0.4323161542415619,
-0.26415592432022095,
0.15462253987789154,
0.008497118949890137,
0.3968241512775421,
0.37432044744491577,
0.3697417378425598,
0.07015279680490494,
-0.0916287824511528,
-1.3188353776931763,
0.36569923162460327,
-0.4622282087802887,
0.05228693410754204,
0.07633770257234573,
-0.005022475961595774,
-0.34112608432769775,
0.7298465967178345,
-0.1348477602005005,
0.521592378616333,
-0.5420602560043335,
-0.35848468542099,
0.6478505730628967,
-0.9103529453277588,
0.6115660667419434,
0.5863474011421204,
0.6445531249046326,
0.3841899633407593,
0.025833923369646072,
-0.14749422669410706,
0.12272628396749496,
0.6313467621803284,
0.04033133387565613,
0.2424609512090683,
-0.16205519437789917,
0.6223598122596741,
0.25162872672080994,
0.0709340050816536,
0.23850364983081818,
-0.3345741629600525,
-0.35568076372146606,
-0.15294404327869415,
0.1529129445552826,
0.19128218293190002,
0.6362922191619873,
-0.10307842493057251,
1.1778315305709839,
0.16915780305862427,
0.36422452330589294,
0.425916463136673,
-0.18262507021427155,
-0.13742884993553162,
-0.523587703704834,
0.39191025495529175,
-0.18120689690113068,
-0.6887264251708984,
0.39279794692993164,
-0.01881830394268036,
0.4239042103290558,
0.829687237739563,
-0.1013246476650238,
0.27543362975120544,
-0.01971185952425003,
0.3495884835720062,
-0.43064725399017334,
-0.06784339994192123,
-0.5463237762451172,
0.01578362099826336,
-0.48779138922691345,
-0.22018170356750488,
-0.7328200936317444,
-0.28522396087646484,
-0.5106719136238098,
0.7359387278556824,
-0.16172504425048828,
0.3399876654148102,
-0.6554689407348633,
-0.07990451902151108,
0.10457633435726166,
-0.12713779509067535,
0.28214719891548157,
-0.5605834126472473,
-1.0970041751861572,
-0.13996849954128265,
0.5298337340354919,
0.5547491312026978,
0.07253757864236832,
-0.06458666175603867,
-0.21283823251724243,
-0.34243983030319214,
0.12422984838485718,
0.08913355320692062,
-0.25077247619628906,
-0.1386527270078659,
0.22839361429214478,
0.7897633910179138,
-0.26208966970443726,
-0.5272259712219238,
-0.11924584209918976,
-0.07582467049360275,
-0.20714455842971802,
0.04200908914208412,
-0.5895177721977234,
-0.3270847201347351,
-0.5152408480644226,
0.0636635273694992,
-0.19235141575336456,
0.007628768682479858,
-0.4352239668369293,
-0.14421327412128448,
0.6317280530929565,
-0.16486816108226776,
-0.24725842475891113,
-0.08757705986499786,
-0.4950100779533386,
0.1332898885011673,
-0.057659443467855453,
-0.4536038041114807,
-0.054075226187705994,
0.7909403443336487,
0.40714943408966064,
-0.20890890061855316,
-0.06044783070683479,
-0.23413410782814026,
0.19216206669807434,
-0.38246414065361023,
-0.33382487297058105,
0.2540450692176819,
0.7558637857437134,
-0.42078903317451477,
0.4560502767562866,
-0.10455076396465302,
-0.33899542689323425,
-0.11225195974111557,
-0.5251144170761108,
-0.01427007932215929,
0.2033236175775528,
-0.30979907512664795,
-0.042204972356557846,
0.17807099223136902,
0.5377873182296753,
0.04635344445705414,
0.09322316199541092,
-0.24847231805324554,
-0.6201096177101135,
-0.27358683943748474,
0.0254439115524292,
-0.17293699085712433,
0.5261203646659851,
0.06602299958467484,
0.6565107107162476,
-0.22815975546836853,
0.2820180058479309,
-0.2662542164325714,
-0.24194923043251038,
-0.1066771075129509,
-0.44173017144203186,
-0.33473262190818787,
0.8922942876815796,
0.625155508518219,
-0.5193406939506531,
0.6789727807044983,
0.0535711869597435,
0.7793048620223999,
-0.0019051989074796438,
0.2559589147567749,
0.6243741512298584,
0.07448495924472809,
0.43522530794143677,
0.24572505056858063,
0.5367966294288635,
0.4598252475261688,
0.2992711663246155,
0.7952398657798767,
0.7790369391441345,
-0.36488938331604004,
0.7501122355461121,
0.5078479647636414,
-0.3417759835720062,
-0.03552304580807686,
-0.3873293697834015,
0.23691701889038086,
-0.4963229298591614,
-0.44529467821121216,
0.5593046545982361,
-0.05721232295036316,
-0.30594485998153687,
0.8394164443016052,
0.08432529121637344,
1.432418704032898,
-0.017893118783831596,
0.24170687794685364,
0.1955348551273346,
-0.36404433846473694,
-0.5381244421005249,
0.6782610416412354,
0.5684986114501953,
0.5271600484848022,
0.1879665106534958,
0.353654682636261,
0.380816251039505,
-0.42870983481407166,
0.6671490669250488,
-0.4466879069805145,
0.41785964369773865,
0.4194920063018799,
-0.22169558703899384,
0.3745933473110199,
0.33661097288131714,
0.627596914768219,
0.4206995666027069,
0.3075670003890991,
0.10694246739149094,
-0.1288459300994873,
0.42344987392425537,
0.46107497811317444,
0.03528813272714615,
0.609275221824646,
0.05101030692458153,
-0.9082677960395813,
0.7512639164924622,
-0.7202223539352417,
-0.3249025046825409,
-0.013040791265666485,
-0.03130479156970978,
0.023720521479845047,
0.47088491916656494,
-0.012433831579983234,
0.11819957941770554,
-0.01221458986401558,
0.18386408686637878,
-0.11349951475858688,
0.23323605954647064,
-0.02044454775750637,
0.19821959733963013,
0.2012563794851303,
-0.7121434211730957,
0.5688544511795044,
-0.08590386807918549,
-0.01225748099386692,
-0.5166929364204407,
-0.3171621263027191,
-0.15166299045085907,
-0.6874651908874512,
-0.5408457517623901,
0.389303594827652,
-0.5678360462188721,
-0.300064355134964,
-0.3657088875770569,
0.21181964874267578,
-0.31511110067367554,
-0.8952871561050415,
-0.07089517265558243,
-0.4507142901420593,
0.25234323740005493,
0.1532759815454483,
-0.3544566333293915,
0.040548175573349,
-0.08448765426874161,
0.19996586441993713,
-0.852799117565155,
-0.13303138315677643,
0.11005336046218872,
-0.8653613924980164,
-0.46830838918685913,
0.04947282001376152,
0.4071735441684723,
0.28308460116386414,
0.21165300905704498,
-0.1486046463251114,
0.31798842549324036,
0.2829339802265167,
-5.354843616485596,
-0.11765483021736145,
-0.12622877955436707,
0.6186134219169617,
-0.023100614547729492,
-0.26611602306365967,
0.5096151232719421,
-0.11243978887796402,
0.4834133982658386,
-0.2862517833709717,
0.551685094833374,
-0.46307530999183655,
-0.4156266748905182,
0.7564155459403992,
-0.3257765769958496,
0.6178991794586182,
-0.07939108461141586,
0.40788498520851135,
-0.11394865065813065,
0.17895172536373138,
-0.12366998940706253,
0.14851754903793335,
-0.03535355255007744,
-0.0638776421546936,
0.28945720195770264,
0.04916007071733475,
-0.7742045521736145,
-0.07987215369939804,
-1.0283114910125732,
-0.09962148219347,
-0.590850293636322,
0.15120981633663177,
-0.20358429849147797,
0.12849585711956024,
0.3152206540107727,
-0.09935009479522705,
0.6935206651687622,
0.4759201407432556,
-0.07406006008386612,
0.2781928777694702,
0.18337354063987732,
-0.0281212255358696,
-0.4817042946815491,
0.44310054183006287,
0.43077152967453003,
-0.568990170955658,
-0.6685913801193237,
-0.29514971375465393,
-0.1735522300004959,
0.42893218994140625,
0.44953832030296326,
-0.09851401299238205,
0.1661391705274582,
0.1155112087726593,
0.3194625675678253,
0.04960573464632034,
-0.16656151413917542,
0.1011219471693039,
-0.7479296326637268,
0.5752687454223633,
-0.35864052176475525,
-0.31630831956863403,
-0.3041021525859833,
-0.2462339997291565,
-0.055307190865278244,
0.3016289174556732,
0.6229941844940186,
-0.10562479496002197,
-0.017650343477725983,
-0.08469323813915253,
-0.1638127714395523,
1.3944823741912842,
0.1304851621389389,
-1.244387149810791,
0.293925940990448,
-0.11229580640792847,
-0.05675838887691498,
-0.38787132501602173,
-0.46677300333976746,
-0.19068178534507751,
-0.014102275483310223,
-0.7181968688964844,
0.07433398813009262,
0.7195081114768982,
0.17185769975185394,
0.68464195728302,
0.24585774540901184,
-0.11801227927207947,
-0.8787404298782349,
0.3440554141998291,
0.49960222840309143,
-0.2665880620479584,
0.03947020694613457,
-0.02606412209570408,
-0.42679405212402344,
0.7455258965492249,
-0.1717250943183899,
0.3342311382293701,
-0.016031477600336075,
0.20292367041110992,
0.4353864789009094,
-0.39368483424186707,
-0.6942073702812195,
0.31433606147766113,
-0.38126543164253235,
-0.472555547952652,
-0.1330486685037613,
0.014289221726357937,
0.6431723833084106,
0.366062194108963,
0.06689685583114624,
0.18820904195308685,
-0.7510660290718079,
0.3369002938270569,
0.2612552344799042,
-0.597324013710022,
-0.15164533257484436,
0.37337449193000793,
-0.12452096492052078,
-0.2702138125896454,
0.7434980869293213,
0.34850266575813293,
-0.127095028758049,
-0.8923507928848267,
-0.7308324575424194,
0.3542027175426483,
-0.7600892782211304,
0.12861816585063934,
-0.01774691976606846,
-0.2263331115245819,
-0.293846994638443,
0.34009918570518494,
-0.41238465905189514,
0.10244297981262207,
0.09246093779802322,
-0.3125908076763153,
-0.8377760648727417,
-0.6816712617874146,
-0.1260213553905487,
-0.21160829067230225,
0.5362411737442017,
-0.03279043734073639,
-0.4182581901550293,
-0.20375406742095947,
0.21018803119659424,
0.6568637490272522,
-0.3860580623149872,
0.13092662394046783,
-0.8104754686355591,
0.37528446316719055,
-0.18073806166648865,
-0.4132300317287445,
0.036941248923540115,
-0.17963960766792297,
-0.13122501969337463,
-0.2630729675292969,
-0.5588599443435669,
0.8074554204940796,
0.24985134601593018,
0.0001649077603360638,
0.0799986720085144,
-0.15142275393009186,
-0.722091555595398,
0.3820118010044098,
-0.016119347885251045,
0.23889438807964325,
-0.5383034944534302,
-0.6886178255081177,
-0.014635643921792507,
0.8544843196868896,
0.46109628677368164,
-0.33662042021751404,
-0.38274845480918884,
-0.44067463278770447,
0.03876672685146332,
-0.29114750027656555,
0.028471674770116806,
-0.14358709752559662,
-0.06751569360494614,
0.24098730087280273,
0.3454740047454834,
-0.15185390412807465,
0.03825632482767105,
-0.48525092005729675,
0.8030128479003906,
0.10055005550384521,
-0.7428199648857117,
-0.5499203205108643,
-0.26696884632110596,
-0.2789192795753479,
-0.0047753555700182915,
-0.14167867600917816,
-0.28442713618278503,
0.2764992415904999,
0.5505654811859131,
-0.99150550365448,
-0.15537816286087036,
-0.14247949421405792,
-0.2693233788013458,
-0.6959422826766968,
-0.400611013174057,
0.14503411948680878,
-0.7013493776321411,
-0.11177617311477661,
-0.2899760901927948,
-0.7855997681617737,
0.44337576627731323,
0.03522005304694176,
-0.09608113765716553,
0.5720377564430237,
-0.34664133191108704,
-0.9245529770851135,
-0.020388010889291763,
0.3787557780742645,
-0.07173668593168259,
0.20329225063323975,
-0.5713741183280945,
-0.1266712099313736,
-0.8689736127853394,
-0.618422269821167,
-0.06716864556074142,
-0.3426983654499054,
-0.9227903485298157,
0.051199570298194885,
-0.4901093542575836,
0.15483775734901428,
-0.2086888700723648,
-0.10955433547496796,
0.7529559135437012,
-0.5969207286834717,
0.3637707233428955,
-0.011499584652483463,
0.06703561544418335,
0.09049654752016068,
-0.11358373612165451,
-0.4881420135498047,
0.5945185422897339,
0.2183595448732376,
-0.00497366301715374,
0.34717583656311035,
0.2057018280029297,
0.7934750914573669,
0.10295544564723969,
0.1766851395368576,
0.10769503563642502,
0.40411487221717834,
0.11687441170215607,
0.21190859377384186,
-0.043270498514175415,
0.24563047289848328,
0.071889728307724,
-0.5421264171600342,
-0.2553289234638214,
-0.6858302354812622,
0.708995521068573,
-0.8112716674804688,
0.3185802698135376,
0.15537112951278687,
0.2948033809661865,
-0.16547149419784546,
0.04685507342219353,
0.9623685479164124,
0.4730570614337921,
-0.3201889395713806,
0.16483323276042938,
0.2614450454711914,
-0.22258935868740082,
-0.40655717253685,
0.10512059926986694,
0.09393012523651123,
-0.014255139976739883,
0.12279313057661057,
0.043737877160310745,
0.683695375919342,
0.005470351316034794,
0.38640084862709045,
-0.21152786910533905,
-0.5628676414489746,
1.6553850173950195,
-0.2982105612754822,
-0.9186111688613892,
0.28737467527389526,
0.01184417400509119,
-0.21561847627162933,
-0.33267703652381897,
-0.4537093937397003,
-0.4242910146713257,
0.5872284173965454,
-0.0326470248401165,
0.4181537628173828,
-0.20545977354049683,
-0.2413475513458252,
0.14942018687725067,
-0.06524811685085297,
0.08800314366817474,
0.4995698928833008,
-0.5197978615760803,
0.2024533897638321,
-0.25618240237236023,
0.03699306398630142,
-0.5303239822387695,
0.24936486780643463,
0.5339906215667725,
0.17862512171268463,
0.4908713400363922,
0.4866047501564026,
-0.012621304020285606,
-0.3021259605884552,
-0.36190491914749146,
0.20142915844917297,
0.11618952453136444,
-0.34383270144462585,
0.03936590254306793,
-0.3390786349773407,
-0.2934255003929138,
0.11259530484676361,
1.0300401449203491,
0.1263035386800766,
-0.8981035947799683,
0.010539785958826542,
0.5539584755897522,
0.04098115488886833,
0.17863425612449646,
-0.46478670835494995,
0.646119236946106,
0.42397865653038025,
-0.5754371881484985,
-0.10238867253065109,
-0.528541088104248,
0.9420421719551086,
-0.06854596734046936,
-0.1108608990907669,
-0.652103066444397,
0.6533299684524536,
0.03465547412633896,
-0.058295201510190964,
0.01962113380432129,
-0.6375489234924316,
0.19097545742988586,
-0.21505609154701233,
0.4950278103351593,
1.2437713146209717,
-0.6005863547325134,
0.03540074825286865,
-0.6029393672943115,
0.37433549761772156,
-0.5705968737602234,
-0.20599022507667542,
-0.0941428616642952,
0.10019104182720184,
0.08719421178102493,
-0.1269683688879013,
0.1773356795310974,
0.2592869997024536,
-0.4381745755672455,
0.44687655568122864,
0.6920599937438965,
0.2859208881855011,
-0.5347169041633606,
0.23941569030284882,
0.3137821555137634,
0.16333433985710144,
0.5343947410583496,
-0.5180613994598389,
-0.9745264649391174,
0.1894981414079666,
-0.5642110109329224,
0.024643724784255028,
-0.6635995507240295,
0.02242051623761654,
-0.1541471779346466,
0.04999960958957672,
0.11394375562667847,
0.5416094660758972,
-0.1675879806280136,
0.35488763451576233,
0.5946394801139832,
1.0233455896377563,
-0.381605863571167,
0.1730869859457016,
-0.7049492001533508,
-0.317221999168396,
-0.32155218720436096,
0.34367936849594116,
-0.02156355418264866,
-0.6946584582328796,
-0.044497791677713394,
0.24476099014282227,
0.11529935896396637,
-0.24245299398899078,
-0.6804652810096741,
-0.0903145894408226,
-0.4470688998699188,
0.7234627604484558,
-0.6192411780357361,
-0.07832222431898117,
0.22835330665111542,
0.8103076815605164,
-0.2502342462539673,
-0.1929444521665573,
0.6178451180458069,
-0.06339221447706223,
-0.09041974693536758,
-0.03352505341172218,
-0.31777238845825195,
0.09676462411880493,
-0.255960613489151,
0.39776867628097534,
-0.4016512930393219,
0.2394549697637558,
-0.03511527553200722,
-0.24968694150447845,
-0.5979233384132385,
0.19902141392230988,
-0.6920264363288879,
-0.09130248427391052,
0.8517555594444275,
-0.3408661484718323,
-0.01957862265408039,
0.008685044012963772,
0.13383515179157257,
-0.16223213076591492,
0.206292986869812,
0.08440385013818741,
0.23383767902851105,
0.056008752435445786,
0.19658292829990387,
-0.48125743865966797,
-0.029955003410577774,
0.45046496391296387,
0.1181149110198021,
0.29523563385009766,
-0.5084747672080994,
-0.496357798576355,
-0.7433978915214539,
-0.03652450442314148,
1.1676337718963623,
-0.4003852605819702,
0.4267180263996124,
-0.5345386862754822,
0.7180271744728088,
0.2170514017343521,
-0.2633762061595917,
0.006771414540708065,
0.2425767183303833,
0.06384553015232086,
-0.36643922328948975,
-0.32977554202079773,
1.149836540222168,
0.057608164846897125,
0.3417048454284668,
0.469340056180954,
0.7571548223495483,
-0.5508320927619934,
0.07949598878622055,
0.1445198804140091,
-0.1001865565776825,
-0.7587801218032837,
0.3171030879020691,
0.04281586408615112
]
|
214866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis | Novalis | Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), better known by his pen name Novalis (), was an 18th-century German aristocrat, poet, author, mystic and philosopher of Early German Romanticism.
Novalis was born into a minor aristocratic family in Electoral Saxony. He was the second of eleven children; his early household observed a strict Pietist faith. He studied law at the University of Jena, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Wittenberg. While at Jena he published his first poem and befriended the playwright and poet Friedrich Schiller. In Leipzig, he met Friedrich Schlegel, becoming lifetime friends. Novalis completed his law degree in 1794 at the age of 22. He then worked as a legal assistant in Tennstedt immediately after graduating. There, he met Sophie von Kühn. The following year Novalis and Sophie became secretly engaged. Sophie became severely ill soon after the engagement and died just after her 15th birthday. Sophie's early death had a life-long impact on Novalis and his writing.
Novalis enrolled at the Mining Academy of Freiberg in 1797, where he studied a wide number of disciplines including electricity, medicine, chemistry, physics, mathematics, mineralogy, and natural philosophy. He also met many of the formative figures of Early Germanic Romanticism at this time, including Goethe, Friedrich Schelling, Jean Paul, and August Schlegel. After finishing his studies, Novalis served as a director of salt mines in Saxony and later in Thuringia. During this time, Novalis also wrote his major poetic and literary works, including Hymns to the Night, which was published in Friedrich Schlegel's Athenaeum. In 1800, Novalis began showing signs of illness, which is thought have been either tuberculosis or cystic fibrosis. He died on 25 March 1801 at the age of 28.
Novalis's early reputation as a romantic poet was primarily based on his literary works, which were published by his friends Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck shortly after his death, in 1802. These works include the collection of poems, Hymns to the Night and Spiritual Hymns, and his unfinished novels, Heinrich von Ofterdingen and The Novices at Sais. Schlegel and Tieck published only a small sample of his philosophical and scientific writings.
The depth of Novalis's knowledge in fields like philosophy and natural science has only come to be more broadly appreciated with the more extensive publication of his notebooks in the twentieth century. These notebooks show that Novalis was not only well read in these disciplines; he also sought to integrate this knowledge with his art. This goal can be seen in Novalis's use of the fragment, a literary form that he developed in collaboration with Friedrich Schlegel. The fragment allowed him to synthesize poetry, philosophy, and science into a single art form that could be used to address a wide variety of topics. Just as Novalis's literary works have established his reputation as a poet, the notebooks and fragments have established his intellectual role in the formation of Early German Romanticism.
Biography
Birth and early background
Novalis, who was baptized as Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg, was born in 1772 at his family estate in the Electorate of Saxony, the Schloss Oberwiederstedt, in the village of Wiederstedt, which is now located in the present-day town of Arnstein. Hardenberg descended from ancient, Lower Saxon nobility. Novalis' father was Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg (1738–1814), the estate owner and a salt-mine manager. His mother was Auguste Bernhardine (née von Böltzig) (1749–1818), who was Heinrich's second wife. Novalis was the second of eleven children. Although Novalis had an aristocratic pedigree, his family was not wealthy.
Novalis's early education was strongly influenced by Pietism. His father was a member of the Herrnhuter Unity of Brethren branch of the Moravian Church and maintained a strict pietist household. Until the age of nine, he was taught by private tutors who were trained in pietist theology; subsequently, he attended a Herrnhut school in Neudietendorf for three years.
When he was twelve, Novalis was put under the charge of his uncle Gotlob Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Hardenberg (1728-1800), who lived at his rural estate in Lucklum. Novalis's uncle introduced him to the late Rococo world, where Novalis was exposed to enlightenment ideas as well as the contemporary literature of his time, including the works of the French Encyclopedists, Goethe, Lessing and Shakespeare. At seventeen, Novalis attended the Martin Luther Gymnasium in Eisleben, near Weissenfels where his family had moved in 1785. At the gymnasium, he learned rhetoric and ancient literature.
Jena, Leipzig, Wittenberg: Legal Studies
Between 1790 and 1794, Novalis went to university to study law. He first attended the University of Jena. While there, he studied Immanuel Kant's philosophy under Karl Reinhold, and it was there that he first became acquainted with Fichte's philosophy. He also developed a close relationship with playwright and philosopher Schiller. Novalis attended Schiller's lectures on history and tended to Schiller when he was suffering from a particularly severe flare-up of his chronic tuberculosis. In 1791, he published his first work, a poem dedicated to Schiller, "Klagen eines Jünglings" ("Lament of a Youth"), in the magazine Neue Teutsche Merkur, an act that was partly responsible for Novalis's father withdrawing him from Jena and looking into another university where Novalis would attend more carefully to his studies. In the following year, Novalis's younger brother, Erasmus enrolled at the University of Leipzig, and Novalis went with him to continue his legal studies. It was at this time that he met the literary critic Friedrich Schlegel, the younger brother of August. Friedrich became one of Novalis' closest lifetime friends. A year later, Novalis matriculated to the University of Wittenberg where he completed his law degree.
Tennstedt: Relationship with Sophie von Kühn
After graduating from Wittenberg, Novalis moved to Tennstedt to work as an actuary for a district administrator, Cölestin August Just, who became both his friend and biographer. While working for Just in 1795, Novalis met the 12-year-old Sophie von Kühn, who at that time was considered old enough to receive suitors. He became infatuated with her on their first meeting, and the effect of this infatuation appeared to transform his personality. In 1795, two days before Sophie turned thirteen they got secretly engaged. Later that year Sophie's parents gave their consent for the two to become engaged: Novalis's brother Erasmus supported the couple, but the rest of Novalis's family resisted agreeing to the engagement due to Sophie's unclear aristocratic pedigree.
Novalis remained intellectually active during his employment at Tennstedt. It is possible that Novalis met Fichte, as well as the poet Friedrich Hölderlin, in person while visiting Jena in 1795. Between 1795 and 1796, he created six sets of manuscripts, posthumously collected under the title Fichte Studies, that primarily address Fichte's work but cover a range of philosophical topics. Novalis continued his philosophical studies in 1797, writing notebooks responding to the works of Kant, Frans Hemsterhuis, and Adolph Eschenmayer.
Novalis's ongoing reflections upon Fichte's ideas, particularly those in the Wissenschaftslehre (Foundations of the Science of Knowledge ) formed part of the foundation for his later philosophical and literary works: Novalis focused on Fichte's argument that the concept of identity assumes a tension between self (i.e., "I") and object (i.e., "not-I"). Novalis's critique of Fichte arose from Novalis's literary commitments: Novalis suggests that the tension between self and object that Fichte asserts is actually a tension between language and imagination. Later, Novalis would take his critique further, suggesting that identity is not the separation of subject and object, but a dynamic process of equal partners in mutual communication. Novalis's viewpoint is summarized in his aphorism "Statt Nicht-Ich -- Du!" ("Instead of 'not-I', you").
In the final months of 1795, Sophie began to suffer declining health due to a liver tumor that was thought to be caused by tuberculosis. As a result, she underwent liver surgery in Jena, which was performed without anesthesia. In January 1797, Novalis was appointed auditor to the salt works at Weissenfels. To earn a stable income for his intended marriage, he accepted the position and moved to Weissenfels to assume his duties. Sophie, on the other hand, stayed with her family. Sophie once more became extremely ill, during which time Novalis's parents finally relented and agreed to the couple's engagement. However, two days after her fifteenth birthday, Sophie died, while Novalis was still in Weissenfels. Four months later, Novalis's brother Erasmus, who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis, also died. The death of Sophie, as well as his younger brother, affected Novalis deeply. Their deaths catalyzed his more intensive commitment to poetic expression. Sophie's death also became the central inspiration for one of the few works Novalis published in his lifetime, (Hymns to the Night).
Freiberg: The Mining Academy
At the end of 1797, Novalis entered the Mining Academy of Freiberg in Saxony to become qualified as a member of the staff for the salt works at Weissenfels. His principle mentor at the academy was the geologist, Abraham Werner. While at the academy, Novalis immersed himself in a wide range of studies, including electricity, galvanism, alchemy, medicine, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and natural philosophy. He was also able to expand his intellectual social circle. On his way to Freiberg, he met Friedrich Schelling, and they later went on an art tour of Dresden together. He visited Goethe and Friedrich Schlegel's older brother, August, in Weimar and met the writer Jean Paul in Leipzig.
In December 1798, Novalis became engaged for the second time. His fiancée was Julie von Charpentier, a daughter of Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Toussaint von Charpentier, the chair of mining studies at the University of Leipzig. Unlike his relationship with Sophie, Novalis's affection for Julie developed more gradually. He initially saw his affection for Julie as a more "earthly" passion compared to his "heavenly" passion for Sophie, though he gradually softened this distinction with time. Eventually his feelings for Julie became the subject of some of his poetry, including the Spiritual Songs written in the last years of his life. Novalis and Julie remained engaged until Novalis's death in 1801, and she tended him during his final illness.
In Freiberg, he remained active with his literary work. It was at this time that he began a collection of notes for a project to unite the separate sciences into a universal whole. In this collection, Das allgemeine Brouillon (Notes for a General Encyclopedia), Novalis began integrating his knowledge of natural science into his literary work. This integration can be seen in an unfinished novel he composed during this time, Die Lehrlinge zu Sais (The Novices at Sais), which incorporated natural history from his studies as well as ideas from his Fichte studies into a meditation on poetry and love as keys to understanding nature. More specifically, he began thinking about how to incorporate his recently acquired knowledge of mining to his philosophical and poetic worldview. In this respect, he shared a commonality with other German authors of the Romantic age by connecting his studies in the mining industry, which was undergoing then the first steps to industrialization, with his literary work. This connection between his scientific interest in mining, philosophy and literature came to fruition later when he began composing his second unfinished novel, Heinrich von Ofterdingen.
Novalis also began to be noticed as a published author at this time. In 1798, Novalis's fragments appeared in the Schlegel brother's magazine, Athenaeum. These works included (Pollen), (Faith and Love or the King and the Queen), and Blumen (Flowers). The publication of Pollen saw the first appearance of his pen name, "Novalis". His choice of pen name was taken from his 12th-century ancestors who named themselves, after their settlement Grossenrode, which is called in Latin. can also be interpreted as "one who cultivates new land", which connotes the metaphoric role that Novalis saw for himself. This metaphoric sense of his pen name can be seen in the epigraph of Pollen, the first work he published as Novalis: "Friends, the soil is poor, we must scatter seed abundantly for even a moderate harvest".
Weissenfels: The final years
In early 1799, Novalis had completed his studies at Leipzig and returned to the management of salt mines in Weissenfels. By December, he became an assessor of the salt mines and a director, and at the end of 1800, the 28-year-old Novalis was appointed an Amtmann for the district of Thuringia, a position comparable to a contemporary magistrate.
While on a trip to Jena in the summer of 1799, Novalis met Ludwig Tieck, who became one of his closest friends and greatest intellectual influences in the last two years of his life. They became part of an informal social circle that formed around the Schlegel brothers, which has been come to be known as the Jena Romantics or Frühromantiker ("early romantics"). The interests of the Jena Romantics extended to philosophy as well as literature and aesthetics, and has been considered as a philosophical movement in its own right. Under the influence of Tieck, Novalis studied the works of the seventeenth-century mystic, Jakob Böhme, with whom he felt a strong affinity. He also became deeply engaged with the Platonic aesthetics of Hemsterhuis, as well as the writings of the theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. Schleiermacher's work inspired Novalis to write his essay, Christenheit oder Europe (Christianity or Europe), a call to return Europe to a cultural and social unity whose interpretation continues to be a source of controversy. During this time, he also wrote his poems known as Geistliche Lieder (Spiritual Songs) and began his novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen.
From August 1800, Novalis began to cough up blood. At the time, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. However, recent research suggests that he may have suffered from cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that may have been responsible for the early death of many of his siblings, including his brother Erasmus. After a severe hemorrhage in November, he was temporarily moved to Dresden for medical reasons. In January, he requested to be with his parents in Weissenfels. He died there on 25 March 1801 at the age of twenty-eight. He was buried in Weissenfels's Alter Friedhof (Old Cemetery).
Legacy
As romantic poet
When he died, Novalis had only published Pollen, Faith and Love, Blumen, and Hymns to the Night. Most of Novalis's writings, including his novels and philosophical works, were neither completed nor published in his lifetime. This problem continues to obscure a full appreciation of his work. His unfinished novels Heinrich von Ofterdingen and The Novices at Sais and numerous other poems and fragments were published posthumously by Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel. However, their publication of Novalis's more philosophical fragments was disorganized and incomplete. A systematic and more comprehensive collection of Novalis's fragments from his notebooks was not available until the twentieth century.
During the nineteenth century, Novalis was primarily seen as a passionate love-struck poet who mourned the death of his beloved and yearned for the hereafter. He was known as the poet of the blue flower, a symbol of romantic yearning from Novalis's unfinished Novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen that became an key emblem for German Romanticism. His fellow Jena Romantics, such as Friedrich Schlegel, Tieck, and Schleiermacher, also describe him as a poet who dreamt of a spiritual world beyond this one. Novalis's diagnosis of tuberculosis, which was known as the white plague, contributed to his romantic reputation. Because Sophie von Kühn was also thought to have died from tuberculosis, Novalis became the poet of the blue flower who was reunited with his beloved through the death of the white plague.
The image of Novalis as romantic poet became enormously popular. When Novalis's biography by his long-time friend August Cölestin Just was published in 1815, Just was criticized for misrepresenting Novalis's poetic nature because he had written that Novalis was also a hard-working mine inspector and magistrate. Even the literary critic Thomas Carlyle, whose essay on Novalis played a major role in introducing him to the English-speaking world and took Novalis's philosophical relationship to Fichte and Kant seriously, emphasized Novalis as a mystic poet in the style of Dante. The author and theologian George MacDonald, who translated Novalis's Hymns to the Night in 1897 into English, also understood him as a mystic poet.
As philosophical thinker
In the twentieth century, Novalis's writings were more thoroughly and systematically collected than previously. The availability of these works provide further evidence that his interests went beyond poetry and novels and has led to a reassessment of Novalis's literary and intellectual goals. He was deeply read in science, law, philosophy, politics and political economy and left an abundance of notes on these topics. His early work displays his ease and familiarity with these diverse fields. His later works also include topics from his professional duties. In his notebooks, Novalis also reflected on the scientific, aesthetic, and philosophical significance of his interests. In his Notes for a Romantic Encyclopaedia, he worked out connections between the different fields he studied as he sought to integrate them into a unified worldview.
Novalis's philosophical writings are often grounded in nature. His works explore how personal freedom and creativity emerge in the affective understanding of the world and others. He suggests that this can only be accomplished if people are not estranged from the earth. In Pollen, Novalis writes "We are on a mission: Our calling is the cultivation of the earth", arguing that human beings come to know themselves through experiencing and enlivening nature. Novalis's personal commitment to understanding one's self and the world through nature can be seen in Novalis's unfinished novel, Heinrich von Ofterdingen, in which he uses his knowledge of natural science derived from his work overseeing salt mining to understand the human condition. Novalis's commitment to cultivating nature has even been considered as a potential source of insight for a deeper understanding of the environmental crisis.
Magical idealism
Novalis's personal worldview—informed by his education, philosophy, professional knowledge, and pietistic background—has become known as magical idealism, a name derived from Novalis's reference in his 1798 notebooks to a type of literary prophet, the magischer Idealist (magical idealist). In this worldview, philosophy and poetry are united. Magical idealism is Novalis's synthesis of the German idealism of Fichte and Schelling with the creative imagination. The goal of the creative imagination is to break down the barriers between language and world, as well as the subject and object. The magic is the enlivening of nature as it responds to our will.
Another element of Novalis's magical idealism is his concept of love. In Novalis's view, love is a sense of relationship and sympathy between all beings in the world, which is considered both the basis of magic and its goal. From one perspective, Novalis's emphasis on the term magic represents a challenge to what he perceived as the disenchantment that came with modern rationalistic thinking. From another perspective, however, Novalis's use of magic and love in his writing is a performative act that enacts a key aspect of his philosophical and literary goals. These words are meant to startle readers into attentiveness, making them aware of his use of the arts, particularly poetry with its metaphor and symbolism, to explore and unify various understandings of nature in his all-embracing investigations.
Magical idealism also addresses the idea of health. Novalis derived his theory of health from the Scottish physician John Brown's Brunonian system of medicine, which sees illness as a mismatch between sensory stimulation and internal state. Novalis extends this idea by suggesting that illness arises from a disharmony between the self and the world of nature. This understanding of health is immanent: the "magic" is not otherworldly, it is based on the body and mind's relationship to the environment. According to Novalis, health is maintained when we use our bodies as means to sensitively perceive the world rather than to control the world: the ideal is where the individual and the world interplay harmoniously. It has been argued that there is an anxiety in Novalis's sense of magical idealism that denies actual touch, which leads inevitably to death, and replaces it with an idea of "distant touch".
Religious views
Novalis's religious perspective remains a subject of debate. Novalis's early rearing in a Pietist household affected him through this life. The impact of his religious background on his writings are particularly clear in his two major poetic works. Hymns to the Night contains many Christian symbols and themes. And, Novalis's Spiritual Songs, which were posthumously published in 1802 were incorporated into Lutheran hymnals; Novalis called the poems "Christian Songs", and they were intended to be published in the Athenaeum under the title Specimens From a New Devotional Hymn Book. One of his final works, which was posthumously named Die Christenheit oder Europa (Christianity or Europe) when it was first published in full in 1826, has generated a great deal of controversy regarding Novalis's religious views. This essay, which Novalis himself had simply entitled Europa, called for European unity in Novalis's time by poetically referencing a mythical Medieval golden age when Europe was unified under the Catholic Church.
One view of Novalis's work is that it maintains a traditional Christian outlook. Novalis's brother Karl writes that during his final illness, Novalis would read the works of the theologians Nicolaus Zinzendorf and Johann Kaspar Lavater, as well as the Bible. On the other hand, during the decades following Novalis's death, German intellectuals, such as the author Karl Hillebrand and the literary critic Hermann Theodor Hettner thought that Novalis was essentially a Catholic in his thinking. In the twentieth century, this view of Novalis has sometimes led to negative assessments of his work. Hymns to the Night has been described as an attempt by Novalis to use religion to avoid the challenges of modernity, and Christianity or Europe has been described variously as desperate prayer, a reactionary manifesto or a theocratic dream.
Another view of Novalis's work is that it reflects a Christian mysticism. After Novalis died, the Jena Romantics wrote of him as a seer who would bring forth a new gospel: one who lived his life as one aiming toward the spiritual while looking at death as a means of overcoming human limitation in a revolutionary movement toward God. In this more romantic view, Novalis was a visionary who saw contemporary Christianity as a stage to an even higher expression of religion where earthly love rises to a heavenly love as death itself is defeated by that love. At the end of the nineteenth century, the playwright and poet Maurice Maeterlinck also described Novalis as a mystic. However, Maeterlinck acknowledged the impact of Novalis's intellectual interests on his religious views, describing Novalis as a "scientific mystic" and comparing him to the physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal.
More recently, Novalis's religious outlook has been analysed from the point of view of his philosophical and aesthetic commitments. In this view, Novalis's religious thought was based on his attempts to reconcile Fichte's idealism, in which the sense of self arises in the distinction of subject and object, with Baruch Spinoza's naturalistic philosophy, in which all being is one substance. Novalis sought a single principle through which the division between ego and nature becomes mere appearance. As Novalis's philosophical thinking on religion developed, it became influenced by the Platonism of Hemsterhuis, as well as the Neoplatonism of Plotinus. Accordingly, Novalis aimed to synthesize naturalism and theism into a "religion of the visible cosmos". Novalis believed that individuals could obtain mystic insight, but religion can remain rational: God could be a Neoplatonic object of intellectual intuition and rational perception, the logos that structures the universe. In Novalis's view, this vision of the logos is not merely intellectual, but moral too, as Novalis states "god is virtue itself". This vision includes Novalis's idea of love, in which self and nature united in a mutually supportive existence. This understanding of Novalis's religious project is illustrated by a quote from one of his notes in his Fichte-Studien (Fichte Studies): "Spinoza ascended as far as nature- Fichte to the 'I', or the person, I ascend to the thesis of God".
According to this Neoplatonic reading of Novalis, his religious language can be understood using the "magic wand of analogy", a phrase Novalis used in Europe and Christianity to clarify how he meant to use history in that essay. This use of analogy was partly inspired by Schiller, who argued that analogy allows facts to be connected into a harmonious whole, and by his relationship with Friedrich Schlegel, who sought to explore the revelations of religion through the union of philosophy and poetry. The "magic wand of analogy" allowed Novalis to use metaphor, analogy and symbolism to bring together the arts, science, and philosophy in his search for truth. This view of Novalis's writing suggests that his literary language must be read carefully. His metaphors and images- even in works like Hymns to the Night- are not only mystical utterances, they also express philosophical arguments. Read in this perspective, a work like Novalis's Christianity or Europe is not a call to return to a lost golden age. Rather, it is an argument in poetic language, phrased in the mode of a myth, for a cosmopolitan vision of a unity that brings together past and future, ideal and real, to engage the listener in an unfinished historical process.
Writings
Poetry
Novalis is best known as a German Romantic poet. His two sets of poems, Hymns to the Night and Spiritual Songs are considered his major lyrical achievements. Hymns to the Night were begun in 1797 after the death of Sophie von Kühn. About eight months after they were completed, a revised edition of the poems was published in the Athenaeum. The Spiritual Songs, which were written in 1799, were posthumously published in 1802. Novalis called the poems Christian Songs, and they were intended to be entitled Specimens From a New Devotional Hymn Book. After his death many of the poems were incorporated into Lutheran hymn-books. Novalis also wrote a number of other occasional poems, which can be found in his collected works. Translations of poems into English include:
Hymns to the Night
This modern translation includes the German text (with variants) en face.
Spiritual Songs
Unfinished Novels
Novalis wrote two unfinished novel fragments, Heinrich von Ofterdingen and Die Lehrlinge zu Sais (The Novices at Sais), both of which were published posthumously by Tieck and Schlegel in 1802. The novels both aim to describe a universal world harmony with the help of poetry. The Novices at Sais contains the fairy tale "Hyacinth and Rose Petal". Heinrich von Ofterdingen is the work in which Novalis introduced the image of the blue flower. Heinrich von Ofterdingen was conceived as a response to Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, a work that Novalis had read with enthusiasm but judged as being highly unpoetical. He disliked Goethe making the economical victorious over the poetic in the narrative, so Novalis focused on making Heinrich von Ofterdingen triumphantly poetic. Both of Novalis's novels also reflect human experience through metaphors related to his studies in natural history from Freiburg. Translations of Novels into English include:
Heinrich von Ofterdingen
(Translated by Frederick S. Stallknecht and Edward C. Sprague.)
The Novices at Sais
This translation was originally published in 1949 and includes illustrations by Paul Klee.
Fragments
Together with Friedrich Schlegel, Novalis developed the fragment as a literary artform in German. For Schlegel, the fragment served as a literary vehicle that mediated apparent oppositions. Its model was the fragment from classical sculpture, whose part evoked the whole, or whose finitude evoked infinite possibility, via the imagination. The use of the fragment allowed Novalis to easily address any issue of intellectual life he wanted to address, and it served as a means of expressing Schlegel's ideal of a universal "progressive universal poesy”, that fused "poetry and prose into an art that expressed the totality of both art and nature". This genre particularly suited Novalis as it allowed him to express himself in a way that kept both philosophy and poetry in a continuous relationship. His first major use of the fragment as a literary form, Pollen, was published in the Athenaeum in 1798. English translations include:
Pollen
This and subsequent wikisource references are translations from This version of Pollen is the one published in the Athenaeum in 1798, which was edited by Schlegel. and includes four of Schlegel's fragments in fine print.
This version is translated from Novalis's unpublished original manuscript.
This version is also translated from Novalis's unpublished original manuscript.
Political writings
During his lifetime, Novalis wrote two works on political themes, Faith and Love or the King and the Queen and his speech Europa, which was posthumously named Christianity or Europe. In addition to their political focus, both works share a common theme of poetically arguing for the importance of "faith and love" to achieve human and communal unification. Because these works poetically address political concerns, their meaning continues to be the subject of disagreement. Their interpretations have ranged from being seen as reactionary manifestos celebrating hierarchies to utopian dreams of human solidarity.
Faith and Love or the King and the Queen was published in Yearbooks of the Prussian Monarchy in 1798 just after King Wilhelm Frederick III and his popular wife Queen Louise ascended to the throne of Prussia. In this work, Novalis addresses the king and queen, emphasizing their importance as role models for creating an enduring state of interconnectedness both on the individual and collective level. Though a substantial portion of the essay was published, Frederick Wilhelm III censored the publication of additional installments as he felt it held the monarchy to impossibly high standards. The work is also notable in that Novalis extensively used the literary fragment to make his points.
Europa was written and originally delivered to a private group of friends in 1799. It was intended for the Athenaeum; after it was presented, Schlegel decided not to publish it. It was not published in full until 1826. It is a poetical, cultural-historical speech with a focus on a political utopia with regard to the Middle Ages. In this text Novalis tries to develop a new Europe which is based on a new poetical Christendom which shall lead to unity and freedom. He got the inspiration for this text from a book written by Schleiermacher, Über die Religion (On Religion). The work was a response to the French Revolution and its implications for the French enlightenment, which Novalis saw as catastrophic. It anticipated, then, the growing German and Romantic critiques of the then-current enlightenment ideologies in the search for a new European spirituality and unity.
Below are some available English translations, as well as two excerpts that illustrate how Europa has variously been interpreted.
Faith and Love or the King and the Queen
This version follows the published version in that it treats the first six fragments as part of a prelude, so it is numbered differently than later versions. Page links in wikisource document can be used to compare the English translation to German original.
Europa (posthumously named Christianity or Europe)
Collected and miscellaneous works in English
Additional works that have been translated into English are listed below. Most of the works reflect Novalis's more philosophical and scientific sides, most of which were not systematically collected, published, and translated until the 20th century. Their publication has called for a reassessment of Novalis and his role as a thinker as well as an artist.
Philosophical and political works
In Monologue, Novalis discuss the limits and nature of language.
This translation of Jacob Minor's version of Novalis's collected works includes Pollen, Faith and Love or the King and Queen, and Monologue. It also includes Klarisse, Novalis's brief description Sophie von Kühn.
This collection contains a selection of Novalis's fragments, as well as his work Dialogues. This volume also has collections of fragments by Friedrich Schlegel and Hölderlin.
This volume contains several of Novalis' works, including Pollen or Miscellaneous Observations, one of the few complete works published in his lifetime (though it was altered for publication by Friedrich Schlegel); Logological Fragments I and II; Monologue, a long fragment on language; Faith and Love or The King and Queen, a collection of political fragments also published during his lifetime; On Goethe; extracts from Das allgemeine Broullion or General Draft; and his essay Christendom or Europe.
This volume includes Pollen, Faith and Love or the King and Queen, Political Aphorisms, Christianity or Europe: A Fragment. It also has works by Friedrich Schlegel and Schleiermacher.
Notebooks
This book is in the same series as the Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics. Contains Novalis's notes as he read and responded to Fichte's The Science of Knowledge.
(The first 50 of the 1151 entries are available online .) This is an English translation of Novalis's unfinished project for a "universal science". It contains his thoughts on philosophy, the arts, religion, literature and poetry, and his theory of "Magical Idealism." The Appendix contains substantial extracts from Novalis' Freiberg Natural Scientific Studies 1798/1799.
Journals
This book includes Novalis's letters and journals around the time of Sophie's illness, as well as early biographies on Novalis.
Collected works (in German)
Novalis' works were originally issued in two volumes by his friends Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel (2 vols. 1802; a third volume was added in 1846). Editions of Novalis' collected works have since been compiled by C. Meisner and Bruno Wille (1898), by Ernst Heilborn (3 vols., 1901), and by J. Minor (4 vols., 1907). Heinrich von Ofterdingen was published separately by J. Schmidt in 1876. The most current version of Novalis's collected works is German-language, six-volume edition of Novalis works Historische-Kritische Ausgabe - Novalis Schriften (HKA) is edited by Richard Samuel, Hans-Joachim Mähl & Gerhard Schulz. It is published by Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1960–2006.
Novalis's Collected Works (Available online.)
Novalis Schriften (Novalis's Writings) (edited by Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel; in German with Fraktur font), Berlin, Germany: G. Reimer, 1837 (fifth edition). This is the collection that originally established Novalis's reputation.
Volume I
Volume II
Novalis Schriften (edited by Jakob Minor; in German with Fraktur font) Jena, Germany: Eugene Diederiche, 1907. This a more comprehensive and better organized collection than Tieck and Schlegel's.
Volume I: Poetry
Volume II: Longer prose pieces, includes Europa and Faith and Love or the King and Queen
Volume III: Various fragments
Volume IV: Includes the unfinished novels
Novalis's Correspondence was edited by J. M. Raich in 1880. See R. Haym Die romantische Schule (Berlin, 1870); A. Schubart, Novalis' Leben, Dichten und Denken (1887); C. Busse, Novalis' Lyrik (1898); J. Bing, Friedrich von Hardenberg (Hamburg, 1899), E. Heilborn, Friedrich von Hardenberg (Berlin, 1901).
Influence
The political philosopher Karl Marx's metaphorical argument that religion was the opium of the people was prefigured by Novalis's statement in Pollen where he describes "philistines" with the following analogy, "Their so-called religion works just like an opiate: stimulating, sedating, stilling pain through innervation".
The musical composer Richard Wagner's libretto for the opera Tristan und Isolde contains strong allusions to Novalis' symbolic language, especially the dichotomy between the Night and the Day that animates his Hymns to the Night.
The literary critic Walter Pater includes Novalis's quote, "Philosophiren ist dephlegmatisiren, vivificiren" ("to philosophize is to throw off apathy, to become revived") in his conclusion to Studies in the History of the Renaissance.
The esotericist and philosopher Rudolf Steiner spoke in various lectures (now published) about Novalis and his influence on anthroposophy.
The literary critic, philosopher and photographer's Franz Roh term magischer Realismus that he coined in his 1925 book Nach-Expressionismus, Magischer Realismus: Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei (Post-expressionism, Magic Realism: Problems in Recent European Painting) may have been inspired by Novalis's term magischer Realist.
The 20th-century philosopher Martin Heidegger uses a Novalis fragment, "Philosophy is really homesickness, an urge to be at home everywhere" in the opening pages of The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics.
The author Hermann Hesse's writing was influenced by Novalis' poetry, and Hesse's last full-length novel Glasperlenspiel (The Glass Bead Game) contains a passage that appears to restate one of the fragments in Novalis's Pollen.
The artist and activist Joseph Beuys's aphorism "Everyone is an artist" was inspired by Novalis, who wrote "Every person should be an artist" in Faith and Love or the King and the Queen.
The author Jorge Luis Borges refers often to Novalis in his work.
The krautrock band Novalis took their name from Novalis and used his poems for lyrics on their albums.
Novalis records, which are produced by AVC Audio Visual Communications AG, Switzerland, was named in tribute to Novalis's writings.
The avant-garde filmmaker Stan Brakhage made the short film First Hymn to the Night – Novalis in 1994. The film, which visually incorporates the text of Novalis's poem, was issued on Blu-ray and DVD in an anthology of Brakhage's films by Criterion Collection.
The artist and animator Chris Powell created the award-winning animated film Novalis. The title character is a robot named after Novalis.
The composer, guitarist, and electronic music artist Erik Wøllo titled one of his songs "Novalis".
References
Further reading
Ameriks, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Arena, Leonardo Vittorio, La filosofia di Novalis, Milano: Franco Angeli, 1987 (in Italian)
Behler, Ernst. German Romantic Literary Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
Beiser, Frederick. German Idealism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. Argues that the early romantics should be understood as serious philosophical thinkers. Novalis's philosophical commitments are discussed in detail.
Berman, Antoine. L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin., Paris, Gallimard, Essais, 1984. (in French)
Fitzgerald, Penelope. The Blue Flower. Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 1995. A novelization of Novalis' early life, development and relationship with Sophie von Kühn.
Haywood, Bruce. Novalis, the veil of imagery; a study of the poetic works of Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772–1801, 's-Gravenhage, Mouton, 1959; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.
Krell, David Farrell. Contagion: Sexuality, Disease, and Death in German Idealism and Romanticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. First part addresses what Krell calls Novalis's "Thaumaturgic Idealism".
Kuzniar, Alice. Delayed Endings. Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1987. Explores Novalis's and Hölderlin's use of nonclosure to create a new Romantic sense of narrative time.
Lacoue-Labarthe, Phillipe and Jean-Luc Nancy. The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism.. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Molnár, Geza von. Novalis' "Fichte Studies".
O’Brien, William Arctander. Novalis: Signs of Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
Pfefferkorn, Kristin. Novalis: A Romantic's Theory of Language and Poetry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Prokofieff, Sergei O. Eternal Individuality. Towards a Karmic Biography of Novalis. Temple Lodge Publishing, London 1992.
External links
Novalis by Anna Ezekiel, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Novalis by Kristin Gjesdal, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Novalis: Hymns to The Night – a translation of the work by George MacDonald
Oberwiederstedt Manor, birthplace of Novalis and home to the International Novalis Society and the Novalis Foundation (in German)
Aquarium: Friedrich von Hardenberg im Internet – a multi-lingual website for information on Novalis, including translations, reviews, general discussions, odd trivia and scholarly articles. (Last updated in 2007.)
Excerpts from Henry of Ofterdingen with illustrations (mostly paintings by Caspar David Friedrich)
1772 births
1801 deaths
People from Arnstein, Saxony-Anhalt
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German Lutherans
German poets
Writers from Saxony-Anhalt
German monarchists
Romanticism
Natural philosophers
Leipzig University alumni
Hardenberg family
18th-century German poets
19th-century German poets
19th-century German male writers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
German male poets
German-language poets
Tuberculosis deaths in Germany
18th-century pseudonymous writers
19th-century pseudonymous writers | [
-0.8023105263710022,
-0.023525910452008247,
-0.4647282063961029,
0.0768381804227829,
0.09823591262102127,
0.7101917266845703,
1.2002249956130981,
-0.11449450254440308,
-0.42836272716522217,
-0.6182980537414551,
-0.5897232890129089,
-0.336426317691803,
-0.40946388244628906,
0.744688093662262,
-0.05463288724422455,
0.18620458245277405,
0.2609173059463501,
-0.46671387553215027,
-0.26653921604156494,
0.523963212966919,
-0.30342695116996765,
0.40082672238349915,
0.5871034860610962,
-0.4627169966697693,
-0.12692540884017944,
-0.06835230439901352,
0.14211732149124146,
-0.4640328884124756,
-0.18010881543159485,
0.35893601179122925,
-0.594004213809967,
0.3877898156642914,
-0.13490934669971466,
0.14929579198360443,
-0.6173582077026367,
0.5098650455474854,
-0.6651179194450378,
0.3573160171508789,
0.3310941755771637,
-0.0067007048055529594,
-0.21995727717876434,
-0.13870178163051605,
0.2693145275115967,
0.000987508799880743,
-0.22136825323104858,
-0.5962920784950256,
-1.9058387279510498,
0.4420119524002075,
-0.8590879440307617,
-0.24227163195610046,
0.40108782052993774,
0.08947769552469254,
0.3240329623222351,
0.3490331768989563,
-0.892233669757843,
0.3421857953071594,
-0.912984311580658,
-0.14658983051776886,
0.5554146766662598,
-0.0626574158668518,
0.3674972355365753,
0.43114158511161804,
0.19678470492362976,
0.029423629865050316,
0.5962405204772949,
0.23305945098400116,
-0.7330794930458069,
0.40864428877830505,
-0.6089314818382263,
-0.45752865076065063,
-0.2643265724182129,
0.6434992551803589,
0.2228420525789261,
0.13553398847579956,
0.2835899591445923,
-0.5510910153388977,
0.2927437424659729,
0.20566368103027344,
0.46502143144607544,
0.32989302277565,
-0.276283323764801,
0.040181729942560196,
1.0500714778900146,
0.3069990277290344,
-0.21292904019355774,
-0.34663552045822144,
-0.0503157302737236,
0.5826908946037292,
-0.1303403675556183,
-0.773027241230011,
0.3279536962509155,
-0.555265486240387,
0.8026283979415894,
0.417184978723526,
0.19042518734931946,
0.34559735655784607,
0.1299252063035965,
0.22946396470069885,
-0.43486595153808594,
-0.4969126880168915,
-0.46707645058631897,
0.3111935555934906,
0.11783495545387268,
-0.008620288223028183,
-0.07578428834676743,
-0.03893553093075752,
-0.14625760912895203,
-0.3456142544746399,
-0.1273144632577896,
0.41522762179374695,
-0.4966062903404236,
0.28423014283180237,
-0.11548556387424469,
0.28699880838394165,
-0.20867328345775604,
0.6581742763519287,
0.16311568021774292,
-1.1755926609039307,
-0.607966959476471,
0.03598695993423462,
0.22844716906547546,
0.3797403573989868,
0.15574081242084503,
-0.12051486223936081,
-0.2296018749475479,
-0.43908095359802246,
0.2354288250207901,
0.15122492611408234,
-0.1723381131887436,
0.5193149447441101,
0.3601101040840149,
0.9512327313423157,
0.08113191276788712,
-0.3490126430988312,
-0.2961218059062958,
0.029883956536650658,
0.44471094012260437,
-0.2361907660961151,
-0.6219695806503296,
0.25237739086151123,
-0.22949956357479095,
0.12259087711572647,
-0.6661670804023743,
0.21189206838607788,
0.5805133581161499,
-0.34668785333633423,
0.4553004205226898,
-0.28913429379463196,
-0.23559506237506866,
-0.2861770689487457,
-0.33694523572921753,
0.08552155643701553,
0.2995087802410126,
0.031216250732541084,
0.03605791926383972,
0.1627376228570938,
0.41400146484375,
0.13474610447883606,
0.4657779633998871,
-0.18966980278491974,
0.12419404089450836,
-0.037462055683135986,
0.10219361633062363,
-0.10916541516780853,
0.22531886398792267,
-0.4876454174518585,
0.6168033480644226,
-0.11228421330451965,
0.009991243481636047,
0.16790343821048737,
-0.007978057488799095,
-0.32280901074409485,
0.376351922750473,
0.5141334533691406,
-0.21929208934307098,
0.6861216425895691,
0.5999641418457031,
0.4965694546699524,
0.4704573154449463,
-0.5695692300796509,
-0.7452164888381958,
-0.06042947247624397,
-0.079135000705719,
-0.06726103276014328,
0.060977719724178314,
0.36430156230926514,
0.5945221185684204,
0.5118824243545532,
0.5627004504203796,
-0.5092859864234924,
-0.649873673915863,
-0.36900317668914795,
-0.0022079350892454386,
0.1332126259803772,
1.0978121757507324,
0.40277615189552307,
-0.4332304298877716,
1.3055005073547363,
0.09020351618528366,
0.46614158153533936,
-0.02163918875157833,
-0.33972054719924927,
-0.4989773631095886,
0.31786441802978516,
0.5226331949234009,
0.4834449887275696,
0.05277315899729729,
-0.017819063737988472,
0.3639662563800812,
0.016826117411255836,
0.5001410245895386,
-0.5278950333595276,
0.5362186431884766,
-0.1438940167427063,
-0.6624207496643066,
-0.391406774520874,
-0.5187428593635559,
-0.1515050083398819,
0.07998283207416534,
0.2549833655357361,
0.24656766653060913,
-0.37573397159576416,
0.3406883478164673,
0.29787784814834595,
0.6501528024673462,
0.44964590668678284,
-0.13572214543819427,
-0.22017024457454681,
-0.09503800421953201,
-0.16000746190547943,
-0.6210377812385559,
-0.16183041036128998,
0.36896079778671265,
-0.21415911614894867,
-0.18778979778289795,
-0.07353273779153824,
0.16205334663391113,
0.010112783871591091,
0.20018833875656128,
-0.4503094255924225,
0.5066658854484558,
-0.029055709019303322,
-0.06353427469730377,
0.45505937933921814,
-0.22173729538917542,
0.6884453892707825,
-0.5244557857513428,
-0.8848975896835327,
0.037864141166210175,
-0.005674253683537245,
0.08524072915315628,
0.5046619772911072,
-0.3016461133956909,
0.38502803444862366,
0.6077644228935242,
-0.05300309509038925,
0.35756850242614746,
0.7113273739814758,
0.2033134251832962,
0.2807772755622864,
-0.23864410817623138,
-0.1639251410961151,
0.004731507506221533,
0.004170321859419346,
-0.0821632593870163,
0.029605092480778694,
0.529687762260437,
0.02312656119465828,
0.1124173179268837,
0.04328199848532677,
0.45346298813819885,
0.0205825362354517,
-0.5334915518760681,
0.659850001335144,
0.0256170816719532,
-1.1174787282943726,
-0.2496151626110077,
-0.2102699726819992,
-0.37619927525520325,
-0.932417631149292,
-0.2404390424489975,
1.200165033340454,
-0.2618845999240875,
-0.17567598819732666,
-0.06398744881153107,
-0.4015595614910126,
0.10472839325666428,
0.05465952306985855,
0.5330550670623779,
0.213155135512352,
-0.5843934416770935,
0.33304280042648315,
-0.09846805036067963,
-0.5450273156166077,
-0.3595288395881653,
0.349113404750824,
-0.4099214971065521,
-0.319945365190506,
-0.1810740977525711,
0.29486340284347534,
-1.0300248861312866,
0.09259025752544403,
0.29714235663414,
0.5943445563316345,
0.8478004932403564,
-0.05398948863148689,
0.22290033102035522,
0.8336156010627747,
-5.449872016906738,
0.17060814797878265,
-0.018185973167419434,
-0.48986831307411194,
0.11559271812438965,
0.4528767764568329,
0.24113182723522186,
0.1933181881904602,
0.2679598033428192,
-0.4266989529132843,
0.39748039841651917,
0.01839589700102806,
-0.411344975233078,
0.5982406735420227,
0.11034507304430008,
0.37804949283599854,
0.3048728406429291,
0.5343180894851685,
-0.33436712622642517,
0.14905114471912384,
0.4496926963329315,
0.1197313740849495,
-0.0073054274544119835,
0.5623421669006348,
0.44482526183128357,
-0.03763522207736969,
-0.09866218268871307,
0.7667156457901001,
-0.9197107553482056,
-0.4175463914871216,
0.44251835346221924,
0.23880548775196075,
-0.20901377499103546,
-0.13962127268314362,
0.39423713088035583,
0.2579778730869293,
0.023752586916089058,
-0.01764839142560959,
0.1636720448732376,
0.6358038187026978,
-0.13681989908218384,
0.27899348735809326,
-0.48703810572624207,
0.3092803955078125,
-0.3622424006462097,
-0.17262282967567444,
-0.1346975415945053,
0.8923593759536743,
-0.21414904296398163,
0.29238906502723694,
0.022898748517036438,
-0.42703747749328613,
-0.2178402692079544,
0.1155143529176712,
0.03078284300863743,
0.3371286690235138,
-0.16246843338012695,
-0.0019887115340679884,
-0.8375332355499268,
-0.07395288348197937,
0.5992284417152405,
0.33505839109420776,
-0.21232280135154724,
-0.21718329191207886,
0.09630236029624939,
-0.6018950939178467,
-0.27579227089881897,
-0.031166957691311836,
0.08490756154060364,
-0.40708422660827637,
-0.2626132667064667,
0.8656874895095825,
0.09080267697572708,
-1.1783186197280884,
-0.262177437543869,
-0.24461759626865387,
-0.5111931562423706,
-0.5234488248825073,
-0.6750142574310303,
0.05167326703667641,
-0.6213526129722595,
-0.48614567518234253,
-0.19878308475017548,
0.9634010791778564,
0.6624049544334412,
0.3258620500564575,
-0.12333319336175919,
0.27412882447242737,
-0.9025658965110779,
-0.19953536987304688,
-0.07314668595790863,
-0.715060830116272,
-0.12072963267564774,
0.028620775789022446,
0.2728472352027893,
0.4881085157394409,
-0.5400131940841675,
0.30072924494743347,
0.3235855996608734,
0.5934197902679443,
-0.3302510976791382,
0.18939144909381866,
0.4616304636001587,
-0.11363358795642853,
0.7494463324546814,
-0.16065670549869537,
-0.7667468190193176,
0.1764857918024063,
0.5478116869926453,
0.041693851351737976,
0.02447931282222271,
0.6478162407875061,
-0.09034717828035355,
0.03222399950027466,
0.32988813519477844,
-0.09453928470611572,
0.0704040378332138,
0.4760878384113312,
0.08045640587806702,
0.19119402766227722,
0.08306746929883957,
0.327038049697876,
-0.32377108931541443,
-0.5539372563362122,
-0.45794883370399475,
0.05316828191280365,
-0.22336021065711975,
-0.36180126667022705,
-0.5196781754493713,
0.006054353434592485,
0.5171222686767578,
0.1771850287914276,
-0.19059422612190247,
-0.1313820630311966,
0.525974452495575,
-0.1391303688287735,
-0.2601322531700134,
-0.4019143581390381,
-0.2337937355041504,
-0.11897096782922745,
-0.2725472152233124,
-0.3725520670413971,
-0.06141825020313263,
0.5536273717880249,
-0.20049498975276947,
-0.2489885836839676,
0.28331276774406433,
-0.047571420669555664,
-0.5993348360061646,
0.8283502459526062,
0.3381238281726837,
0.3848731517791748,
0.9028628468513489,
-0.4579857587814331,
-0.482054740190506,
0.29851675033569336,
0.033587321639060974,
0.20501777529716492,
0.20933616161346436,
0.12253427505493164,
-0.6087145209312439,
-0.09513813257217407,
-0.6934325695037842,
-0.5351602435112,
0.011237937025725842,
0.018316609784960747,
-0.7142353057861328,
-0.2152012586593628,
-0.14065568149089813,
0.3628899157047272,
-0.04482196643948555,
-0.19146981835365295,
-0.4519740343093872,
-0.24493786692619324,
0.14066435396671295,
0.012425143271684647,
-0.18626190721988678,
0.42613816261291504,
-0.3109852075576782,
-0.11522417515516281,
0.19854004681110382,
-0.24561382830142975,
-0.4804125130176544,
0.15149982273578644,
0.8602017164230347,
-0.14374102652072906,
-0.18453148007392883,
-0.5373542308807373,
-0.35851600766181946,
-0.66155606508255,
-0.36890655755996704,
-0.12252090126276016,
0.15262970328330994,
0.45674070715904236,
-0.15247060358524323,
-0.4526076912879944,
-0.10318067669868469,
0.6409087181091309,
-0.006630729418247938,
-0.2551533877849579,
0.15006928145885468,
-0.10302902013063431,
-0.44413864612579346,
-0.03844099119305611,
0.11326073855161667,
-1.142919898033142,
0.18171530961990356,
-0.7861701250076294,
0.025276096537709236,
0.9834414720535278,
-0.28353357315063477,
-0.7093265056610107,
-0.22275510430335999,
0.21671657264232635,
-0.16170094907283783,
0.27357757091522217,
0.08165223896503448,
-0.7770686149597168,
-0.661789059638977,
-0.6905152797698975,
-0.5988852381706238,
-0.18836858868598938,
-0.5318835973739624,
-0.4976016581058502,
0.16385559737682343,
-0.15519000589847565,
0.5217393040657043,
0.3306576609611511,
0.6022181510925293,
-0.38415655493736267,
0.37051069736480713,
-0.2629902958869934,
-0.271409809589386,
-0.18340837955474854,
-0.047748733311891556,
-0.2517105042934418,
0.36320236325263977,
0.1790200024843216,
-0.30057087540626526,
0.2278553992509842,
0.1879114806652069,
0.2508971393108368,
0.14142775535583496,
-0.3081136643886566,
-0.14827923476696014,
-0.2033766806125641,
0.7378631234169006,
0.28459030389785767,
-0.38866138458251953,
0.33156996965408325,
0.30809876322746277,
-0.2842043340206146,
-0.6939670443534851,
-0.5997744798660278,
0.9040836095809937,
-0.574265718460083,
0.16704370081424713,
-0.05703597143292427,
0.12478973716497421,
-0.05349352955818176,
0.7023113369941711,
0.10550842434167862,
-0.16227510571479797,
0.32353103160858154,
-0.3811916708946228,
-0.0695105567574501,
0.2691406011581421,
-0.44521668553352356,
0.36468058824539185,
-0.6656767725944519,
-0.21593298017978668,
-0.4128883183002472,
-0.5250017642974854,
0.17492085695266724,
-0.6372860074043274,
0.19981352984905243,
0.5235732793807983,
-0.13506659865379333,
0.15847989916801453,
-0.22981669008731842,
-0.7062873840332031,
0.3146683871746063,
-0.4916583299636841,
-0.5951952934265137,
-0.5317550897598267,
-1.0473809242248535,
-0.07849645614624023,
-0.11635346710681915,
-0.4331303834915161,
0.3653443157672882,
-0.7969845533370972,
0.23435884714126587,
-0.10344317555427551,
-0.05910860002040863,
0.1251836121082306,
0.2109203189611435,
-0.8140588998794556,
0.1949710100889206,
0.05161719024181366,
-0.6016767621040344,
-0.2676558196544647,
0.40540844202041626,
0.9530105590820312,
-0.34311944246292114,
0.28962889313697815,
0.5120994448661804,
-0.24593010544776917,
0.11479289829730988,
-0.47901877760887146,
-0.14408119022846222,
-0.022059813141822815,
0.4415428042411804,
0.2362663447856903,
0.242123544216156,
-0.5130324363708496,
-0.018459709361195564,
0.42480146884918213,
0.16752268373966217,
0.4548313021659851,
0.14930684864521027,
0.6428722143173218,
-0.05876350402832031,
0.5191590785980225,
-0.8914323449134827,
0.19449150562286377,
0.3067846894264221,
0.0738987922668457,
0.44511374831199646,
-0.9022020101547241,
0.5172980427742004,
0.08209581673145294,
-0.017572104930877686,
-0.5508893728256226,
0.626677930355072,
-0.2575569450855255,
-0.532818078994751,
0.0036998153664171696,
-0.454867959022522,
-0.5111753940582275,
-0.051705580204725266,
0.010831991210579872,
0.5373838543891907,
0.041419439017772675,
0.40580812096595764,
-0.01062061358243227,
0.14365491271018982,
-0.1873372197151184,
0.23111607134342194,
-0.32546401023864746,
0.10782098025083542,
0.5696520805358887,
0.08154868334531784,
0.19967703521251678,
-0.33926960825920105,
0.34490591287612915,
-0.4153375029563904,
0.20962855219841003,
-0.7535361647605896,
-0.3262205719947815,
0.10595781356096268,
0.17928335070610046,
-0.09956391900777817,
0.7009661793708801,
-0.37758973240852356,
-0.11274534463882446,
0.517028272151947,
0.09511824697256088,
-0.4167914092540741,
-0.18473710119724274,
-0.3527889847755432,
0.3159090578556061,
-0.6041691303253174,
-0.31938767433166504,
0.9463910460472107,
0.11331143975257874,
0.09602328389883041,
0.806087851524353,
-0.048925019800662994,
0.27984511852264404,
0.3039628267288208,
-0.6965867877006531,
-0.21539992094039917,
0.1922452598810196,
-0.07186949253082275,
0.24845577776432037,
-0.3784239888191223,
0.2909540832042694,
-0.1866079866886139,
-0.14881737530231476,
0.05874083191156387,
0.2056281715631485,
-0.3203350901603699,
-0.5015488862991333,
0.1075257658958435,
-0.6879809498786926,
0.5121603608131409,
0.14099453389644623,
1.1097296476364136,
-0.3629003167152405,
-0.4667433500289917,
0.1808994859457016,
0.21106106042861938,
0.10391677916049957,
0.41910260915756226,
-0.4218558967113495,
0.24304769933223724,
-0.5145022869110107,
0.37636423110961914,
-0.853316605091095,
0.3809502422809601,
0.05801184102892876,
0.4087762236595154,
0.06874716281890869,
0.6489097476005554,
-0.12438409775495529,
0.057570889592170715,
0.5663668513298035,
0.2556646168231964,
-0.15198522806167603,
0.22202380001544952,
0.4761991798877716,
0.47392308712005615,
0.03271302580833435,
0.028669778257608414,
-0.9915693998336792,
0.2696397006511688,
0.40674689412117004,
0.16009700298309326,
-0.42943981289863586,
0.286102294921875,
-0.4629172682762146,
-0.4752000868320465,
-0.5773467421531677,
0.023309510201215744,
-0.4523150622844696,
-0.6552156209945679,
0.6774569749832153,
0.14322392642498016,
-0.3176761567592621,
-0.6356640458106995,
0.0022018426097929478,
0.20821744203567505,
-0.04920389875769615,
0.18701808154582977,
0.32053548097610474,
0.77631676197052,
-0.40999627113342285,
-0.24030418694019318,
0.1329004317522049,
0.4033993184566498,
0.11658959835767746,
0.06443696469068527,
0.16230176389217377,
-0.7135883569717407,
0.46732598543167114,
-0.008164710365235806,
0.2573089003562927,
-0.685515284538269,
0.914121687412262,
0.24411119520664215
]
|
214874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK%20Null | KK Null | , known by his stage name KK Null, is a Japanese experimental multi-instrumentalist active since the early 1980s. He began as a guitarist but learned how to compose, sing, play drums, and create electronic music. He also studied Butoh dance at Min Tanaka's workshop.
KK Null joined the noise / progressive rock band YBO2 in 1984, issuing several albums and EPs throughout the remainder of the decade. Later he founded bands, such as Absolut Null Punkt (a.k.a. ANP) and the most well known, a self-described "progressive hardcore trio", Zeni Geva. From that point he also produced albums for other artists, created his own record label (Nux Organization), played live and collaborated on albums with many other musicians, including John Zorn, Yona-Kit, Steve Albini, Boredoms, Seiichi Yamamoto, Jim O'Rourke, Merzbow, Fred Frith, James Plotkin, Keiji Haino, Otomo Yoshihide, Jon Rose, Damian Catera, OvO, Atau Tanaka, Zbigniew Karkowski, Z'EV, Alexei Borisov, Earth, Cris X., Noisegate and Philip Samartzis, as well as supporting such artists as Sonic Youth and Mike Patton on tour. Altogether KK Null has released more than 100 albums. In 2004 he restarted ANP and in 2006 they released their first studio album in 20 years.
References
External links
KK NULL official site
An in-depth interview from April, 2006
1961 births
Living people
Japanese rock guitarists
Japanese male rock singers
Singers from Tokyo
Noise musicians
Zeni Geva members | [
0.13825726509094238,
0.36890438199043274,
-0.7817644476890564,
0.0805828645825386,
-0.6346385478973389,
0.25461792945861816,
0.5028353333473206,
-0.044834915548563004,
-0.08204613626003265,
0.22767430543899536,
-0.2596830427646637,
-0.047722410410642624,
-0.7383918762207031,
0.020452648401260376,
0.18487848341464996,
-0.05590112879872322,
0.5025095343589783,
-0.3019644618034363,
-0.2645384669303894,
0.12100714445114136,
0.1711301952600479,
-0.14075560867786407,
-0.04127798229455948,
-0.29907962679862976,
0.12969717383384705,
0.5285885334014893,
-0.34630104899406433,
0.528420090675354,
0.219230055809021,
-0.00974033959209919,
0.2647892236709595,
0.751609206199646,
0.532325267791748,
-0.3893691301345825,
-0.36527881026268005,
0.6090329885482788,
-0.45312920212745667,
0.39861124753952026,
0.3008864223957062,
-0.11523047089576721,
0.2630707323551178,
-0.07903182506561279,
-0.23937103152275085,
0.3683772385120392,
-0.008145137690007687,
-0.7394092082977295,
-1.8269015550613403,
0.16275641322135925,
-1.2838892936706543,
-0.21658572554588318,
-0.4082273244857788,
0.1200433298945427,
-0.15978042781352997,
0.304203063249588,
-0.34905552864074707,
-0.2998502850532532,
-0.042115386575460434,
-0.12115438282489777,
0.09427083283662796,
0.013172746635973454,
0.14190682768821716,
-0.6787018179893494,
0.3645614683628082,
-0.5234097838401794,
-0.26547983288764954,
0.6759225130081177,
0.4734130799770355,
0.12465966492891312,
0.11157400161027908,
-0.46583059430122375,
0.03688175231218338,
0.6707287430763245,
0.016635391861200333,
0.06532369554042816,
0.21600431203842163,
-0.5448085069656372,
0.6181976795196533,
-0.28877589106559753,
-0.052469369024038315,
1.0148358345031738,
-0.02664198726415634,
0.8348210453987122,
0.95748370885849,
0.08996829390525818,
0.013144595548510551,
-0.5268979072570801,
-0.017876751720905304,
0.7922589778900146,
-0.8600537776947021,
0.42784273624420166,
-0.14934633672237396,
-0.3155790865421295,
0.8217988014221191,
0.3341972231864929,
-0.004776101093739271,
0.12357129156589508,
-0.20031899213790894,
0.4297477900981903,
0.416005939245224,
-0.07936197519302368,
0.22975830733776093,
-0.09153307974338531,
-0.4604145586490631,
-0.14094296097755432,
-0.6199135780334473,
-0.30675822496414185,
0.10298700630664825,
-0.47627365589141846,
-0.29343751072883606,
-0.28231945633888245,
-0.39426976442337036,
0.2450365424156189,
0.22328351438045502,
0.06804314255714417,
-0.0420539565384388,
0.5380331873893738,
-0.0652831643819809,
-0.2715517580509186,
-0.3871312141418457,
0.4071141481399536,
-0.0693754106760025,
0.26875418424606323,
-0.21085719764232635,
0.4029266834259033,
-0.7741549611091614,
0.26068350672721863,
0.32187512516975403,
0.6043799519538879,
-0.711563766002655,
0.6319591999053955,
-0.18555201590061188,
1.1155987977981567,
0.6362150311470032,
0.0913083627820015,
0.16788794100284576,
-0.3394511640071869,
0.6134878396987915,
0.009340514428913593,
-0.5285959243774414,
-0.20285505056381226,
-0.5563388466835022,
-0.09476658701896667,
-0.9435814023017883,
-0.3141448199748993,
0.15514925122261047,
0.04618240147829056,
-0.6283324360847473,
0.07759417593479156,
-0.06436807662248611,
0.1824413388967514,
-0.2739044725894928,
0.3352797329425812,
-0.24688008427619934,
-0.2234058827161789,
-0.517829954624176,
0.2601901590824127,
-0.03877577930688858,
-0.2141769975423813,
0.06979469954967499,
-0.12213921546936035,
-0.15185566246509552,
0.30893436074256897,
-0.7448300719261169,
0.11444040387868881,
-0.06750459969043732,
-0.6006407737731934,
0.13474342226982117,
0.18024073541164398,
0.20225365459918976,
-0.07486586272716522,
-0.014999307692050934,
-0.24605609476566315,
-0.4958546459674835,
0.2912343740463257,
-0.3960137665271759,
0.012614826671779156,
0.5625969767570496,
0.3398488759994507,
0.11339269578456879,
0.13588733971118927,
-0.7976223230361938,
-0.01963212341070175,
0.17244452238082886,
0.003986247815191746,
0.07483058422803879,
0.3152506351470947,
0.2402777224779129,
0.03891132026910782,
0.24480675160884857,
-0.1754491925239563,
-0.37076643109321594,
-0.17250391840934753,
0.2107851803302765,
0.25249359011650085,
1.1096205711364746,
0.5043787360191345,
-0.75868159532547,
0.3919166028499603,
0.7880262732505798,
0.5310909748077393,
0.206393763422966,
-0.3926277160644531,
0.3296995162963867,
-0.26764747500419617,
0.16839633882045746,
0.8583800792694092,
0.31946203112602234,
-0.16438283026218414,
-0.5627369284629822,
0.2611316442489624,
-0.03517397120594978,
-0.5065316557884216,
0.38058632612228394,
0.05604097247123718,
-0.34982749819755554,
0.02094908431172371,
-0.4746827185153961,
-0.14588548243045807,
-0.22234515845775604,
-0.24010969698429108,
0.8131735324859619,
0.027043133974075317,
-0.150188148021698,
0.11579372733831406,
-0.17889821529388428,
1.2841341495513916,
0.6290197372436523,
-0.31112679839134216,
0.5527046918869019,
-0.10775545984506607,
0.19188189506530762,
0.3782793879508972,
0.15784290432929993,
-0.11902821063995361,
-0.1617429405450821,
0.3015440106391907,
0.7629496455192566,
0.08858084678649902,
0.16801293194293976,
-0.338547945022583,
0.6863357424736023,
0.5801849365234375,
-0.2801465392112732,
-0.2047792375087738,
0.33028534054756165,
-0.09299551695585251,
-0.03351183980703354,
-0.08047988265752792,
-0.8754038214683533,
0.3444461226463318,
-0.0835144966840744,
0.43584758043289185,
0.045056942850351334,
0.12346748262643814,
-0.0971902385354042,
0.18353311717510223,
0.4354090094566345,
-0.11322960257530212,
0.08721007406711578,
-0.10764634609222412,
0.1853151023387909,
0.0076547288335859776,
0.6465328335762024,
-0.5358249545097351,
-0.16533032059669495,
-0.6134660840034485,
1.0179333686828613,
-0.030252844095230103,
0.6170071363449097,
-0.4022718369960785,
0.2727292478084564,
0.050368621945381165,
-0.08472757786512375,
0.20183388888835907,
-0.6380589008331299,
-0.46855655312538147,
-0.37993621826171875,
0.029859373345971107,
-0.46195492148399353,
-0.8976784348487854,
0.5745668411254883,
0.33087337017059326,
-0.05942251533269882,
-0.4525550305843353,
-0.04879695922136307,
0.011346686631441116,
0.006914682686328888,
-0.27508407831192017,
0.4418976306915283,
-0.28750288486480713,
-0.5552141070365906,
0.5504201054573059,
-0.5838812589645386,
0.044999994337558746,
0.0035249381326138973,
0.45690563321113586,
0.2439962923526764,
-0.04094839096069336,
0.10100541263818741,
0.3039816915988922,
-0.25300270318984985,
-0.3156898319721222,
-0.5739017128944397,
-0.0010323890019208193,
0.03486170992255211,
-0.21878483891487122,
-0.24264617264270782,
-0.4245477616786957,
-5.692135334014893,
0.6122231483459473,
-0.03968200832605362,
0.26271679997444153,
-0.098220095038414,
0.6574338674545288,
0.828143835067749,
-0.21170365810394287,
0.06091506406664848,
-0.589491605758667,
-1.0988246202468872,
0.21372094750404358,
-0.47930148243904114,
0.2629849910736084,
-0.05213751643896103,
-0.07193809747695923,
0.32569190859794617,
-0.173080176115036,
0.3084262013435364,
-0.0012373804347589612,
-0.1655026078224182,
0.17620711028575897,
-0.1300143599510193,
0.12242494523525238,
-0.32926174998283386,
0.5070556998252869,
-0.9497277140617371,
0.7897313237190247,
-0.25452283024787903,
0.0508078895509243,
-0.2191154658794403,
-0.31853416562080383,
-0.4227879047393799,
-0.6790468692779541,
-0.26857855916023254,
0.4700707495212555,
0.34366273880004883,
0.12757563591003418,
0.5868203043937683,
-0.09989289194345474,
0.26761630177497864,
-0.007039311341941357,
0.35227957367897034,
-0.14931882917881012,
0.7153045535087585,
0.05056765675544739,
-0.7045954465866089,
-0.4145444333553314,
-0.30363938212394714,
0.30620577931404114,
-0.035247553139925,
-0.571323573589325,
0.22818556427955627,
0.06798200309276581,
0.16137242317199707,
-0.009185190312564373,
0.14852288365364075,
0.22097913920879364,
-0.5324082374572754,
0.5363040566444397,
0.8328093886375427,
-0.4733160734176636,
-0.3318793475627899,
-0.5741421580314636,
-0.3261898458003998,
-0.46397334337234497,
0.39830437302589417,
0.027358539402484894,
0.34025514125823975,
-0.2216775119304657,
-0.05894939973950386,
0.4976055920124054,
0.07937541604042053,
-1.194064974784851,
-0.38945627212524414,
-0.400678813457489,
-0.40322408080101013,
-0.1902533322572708,
-0.5668359398841858,
0.4338175654411316,
-0.5657035708427429,
-0.31476759910583496,
-0.2165093868970871,
0.5255274772644043,
-0.6821840405464172,
-0.6843786835670471,
-0.09681617468595505,
0.7275158762931824,
-0.47826898097991943,
0.23242057859897614,
0.2370128035545349,
-0.8457969427108765,
0.054258279502391815,
0.2209489643573761,
0.06074649840593338,
0.11888505518436432,
0.7104257941246033,
0.3011624217033386,
0.6573488712310791,
0.34508761763572693,
0.2738989293575287,
-0.48310956358909607,
-0.4155258536338806,
-0.6922268271446228,
-0.2188435196876526,
-0.5019382238388062,
-0.43844714760780334,
0.15357732772827148,
0.42983704805374146,
0.012662127614021301,
0.1730571687221527,
0.1694021224975586,
-0.283613920211792,
-0.5797281861305237,
0.49499210715293884,
0.5719403028488159,
-0.11353184282779694,
0.05330456420779228,
0.15408094227313995,
0.2170497179031372,
-0.1133650541305542,
0.2373071163892746,
-0.06762219220399857,
-0.32160186767578125,
-0.3002278804779053,
0.26592230796813965,
-0.24920247495174408,
0.31168487668037415,
0.30855628848075867,
0.15165838599205017,
-0.12538807094097137,
0.6924022436141968,
-0.3512151837348938,
0.010414933785796165,
0.320269376039505,
-0.5017280578613281,
-0.6007727384567261,
-0.10800427198410034,
0.20428815484046936,
0.004615481477230787,
0.5230451226234436,
-0.24134768545627594,
0.14876718819141388,
0.2955871522426605,
-0.0163064394146204,
-0.059197936207056046,
0.17577321827411652,
-0.6077914834022522,
-0.5712900161743164,
0.24428367614746094,
0.03099478781223297,
-0.9578989744186401,
0.37761902809143066,
-0.34661805629730225,
-0.20041346549987793,
0.14424484968185425,
0.352750688791275,
-0.17091724276542664,
0.0820191279053688,
-0.2389870285987854,
0.5963892340660095,
-0.5265634059906006,
-0.7483779788017273,
-0.40939879417419434,
0.3582289218902588,
-0.2020440548658371,
0.06281682103872299,
-0.19090190529823303,
-0.5476779341697693,
-0.1987939476966858,
-0.5435587167739868,
-0.5482007265090942,
0.01335056684911251,
0.011784135363996029,
0.32396531105041504,
0.39023101329803467,
-0.09593814611434937,
-0.5054107904434204,
-0.040024302899837494,
0.2651478052139282,
-0.2934383153915405,
0.39624524116516113,
-0.5852460861206055,
0.054743386805057526,
0.8594157695770264,
-0.319180428981781,
-0.6829026937484741,
-0.27061671018600464,
0.006534137297421694,
-0.13458535075187683,
-0.46265023946762085,
-0.12345653027296066,
0.2968417704105377,
0.2974049746990204,
0.10561564564704895,
-0.7882949113845825,
-0.49967023730278015,
0.6267879605293274,
-0.028646765276789665,
-0.14978565275669098,
0.517088770866394,
-0.0744459480047226,
-0.023081015795469284,
-0.0033664568327367306,
1.2107588052749634,
-0.7503930330276489,
-0.1578347086906433,
-0.030147893354296684,
-0.21015894412994385,
0.08982260525226593,
-0.31670916080474854,
-0.5265808701515198,
-0.13405080139636993,
-0.26551511883735657,
-0.503206729888916,
0.18234404921531677,
0.22706478834152222,
0.053072091192007065,
-0.4703836143016815,
-0.1172204241156578,
-0.45467889308929443,
0.6411167979240417,
-0.39494770765304565,
-0.45302748680114746,
-0.5991967916488647,
-0.15148530900478363,
0.5334333181381226,
0.416231632232666,
0.14455941319465637,
0.028005311265587807,
0.18033525347709656,
-0.02647717297077179,
0.0492795966565609,
0.28093603253364563,
-0.3362886905670166,
-0.0953701063990593,
0.2786988317966461,
0.4986545443534851,
0.4639555811882019,
0.0932534858584404,
0.6482488512992859,
0.24194921553134918,
0.3019130825996399,
-0.23091740906238556,
-0.1025039330124855,
0.4228309392929077,
0.7044428586959839,
0.03236214816570282,
-0.3364923894405365,
0.22499167919158936,
0.08473297953605652,
-0.14125828444957733,
-0.4635172486305237,
-0.14110951125621796,
1.150982141494751,
-0.29081687331199646,
0.11083457618951797,
-0.5240319967269897,
0.47964486479759216,
-0.22016246616840363,
0.1259789764881134,
-0.03815103694796562,
-0.3649933338165283,
0.5058290362358093,
-0.6850019097328186,
0.5344023108482361,
-0.40676549077033997,
0.047353796660900116,
0.09703230857849121,
-0.7287948727607727,
-0.211257204413414,
-0.21941125392913818,
0.014380845241248608,
0.10937657952308655,
0.0022510951384902,
0.3572641909122467,
-0.20305095613002777,
-0.1844780594110489,
-0.8110712170600891,
0.12245020270347595,
0.4545108675956726,
0.17402485013008118,
0.781836748123169,
-0.19216057658195496,
0.4562244415283203,
-0.019749334082007408,
0.3678337633609772,
-0.43254631757736206,
0.3412376046180725,
-0.25704145431518555,
-0.4593715965747833,
0.18578612804412842,
0.14416392147541046,
0.46946778893470764,
-0.02793717011809349,
0.20702658593654633,
-0.08269552141427994,
0.216759592294693,
-0.015440442599356174,
-0.551530659198761,
-0.22509276866912842,
0.15853993594646454,
0.4123540222644806,
-0.5033017992973328,
-0.02295842580497265,
0.04141044244170189,
0.2681066691875458,
-0.042216598987579346,
-0.05149644613265991,
0.38577863574028015,
0.2369256168603897,
0.22961580753326416,
-0.3913796842098236,
0.41534140706062317,
-0.5843725800514221,
0.35354527831077576,
0.7504789233207703,
-0.23335687816143036,
0.4051375985145569,
-0.12485064566135406,
0.4505474269390106,
-0.5826162099838257,
0.6033801436424255,
0.5848492980003357,
0.029774408787488937,
0.3631289601325989,
0.19204238057136536,
-0.045393407344818115,
0.09320836514234543,
0.8267062902450562,
0.10686277598142624,
-0.04357662796974182,
-0.3649002015590668,
0.002021901309490204,
-0.32147228717803955,
-0.2674575448036194,
-0.17154960334300995,
0.5340720415115356,
0.04920361563563347,
0.6212760806083679,
-0.30571144819259644,
0.24538744986057281,
-0.4651828408241272,
-0.14776000380516052,
0.1324157863855362,
-0.1354788988828659,
-0.02533303201198578,
-0.027586717158555984,
0.13920214772224426,
0.46690669655799866,
0.008306740783154964,
0.09148409217596054,
-0.23841704428195953,
0.042674947530031204,
0.3971360921859741,
-0.6390045285224915,
0.6069025993347168,
-0.25999385118484497,
-0.4229688048362732,
-0.2126232236623764,
0.234926238656044,
-0.33252471685409546,
0.42675915360450745,
0.17287051677703857,
-0.6960187554359436,
0.22494851052761078,
0.20500300824642181,
-0.785315215587616,
0.3206586539745331,
-0.2377568781375885,
0.177187979221344,
0.07994451373815536,
0.16359856724739075,
1.0170512199401855,
0.022215595468878746,
0.026034919545054436,
0.3669888973236084,
0.4274428188800812,
-0.33580198884010315,
0.12004255503416061,
-0.2073822021484375,
-0.047228436917066574,
-0.23872487246990204,
-0.24027220904827118,
0.6982223987579346,
-0.07899613678455353,
-0.24304258823394775,
0.2773900330066681,
-0.3596879541873932,
-0.05342601612210274,
0.2347656935453415,
-0.5267030000686646,
-0.17309124767780304,
0.07233637571334839,
-0.15467800199985504,
0.2533128559589386,
0.1770794540643692,
0.46019166707992554,
-0.00460568442940712,
-0.10271531343460083,
0.24906882643699646,
-0.07378678768873215,
0.38428935408592224,
-0.19879919290542603,
-0.5456045866012573,
0.6693103313446045,
-1.4476279020309448,
-0.1407320648431778,
-0.7039661407470703,
0.7231532335281372,
0.19550462067127228,
0.15150462090969086,
0.127790629863739,
0.6246872544288635,
0.2597825825214386,
0.3828622102737427,
0.32369357347488403,
0.0016025869408622384,
-0.27169403433799744,
0.044063083827495575,
-0.24021483957767487,
0.40856996178627014,
-0.12317349761724472,
-0.06879667192697525,
0.0742906704545021,
0.1729412078857422,
0.06172892451286316,
-0.3287982642650604,
-0.20326676964759827,
0.5891302227973938,
0.0005022102268412709,
0.04120444878935814,
-0.37886279821395874,
-0.133126363158226,
-0.3427404463291168,
-0.8164900541305542,
0.20831580460071564,
0.3132402002811432,
0.44997256994247437,
-0.4609255790710449,
0.06796605885028839,
0.054644808173179626,
-0.3863731622695923,
-0.044044412672519684,
-0.5971227884292603,
0.3952190577983856,
-0.4823956787586212,
-0.8617925643920898,
-0.5998624563217163,
0.13473515212535858,
-0.06394065916538239,
-0.1004103571176529,
0.500636637210846,
-0.3530600965023041,
-0.06863954663276672,
0.4044826626777649,
0.551268994808197,
-0.13337402045726776,
0.1767817586660385,
-0.23349621891975403
]
|
214876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo%20de%27%20Medici | Cosimo de' Medici | Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was an Italian banker and politician who established the Medici family as effective rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance. His power derived from his wealth as a banker, and he was a patron of arts, learning and architecture. He spent over 600,000 gold florins (approx. $500 million inflation adjusted) on art and culture, including Donatello's David, the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. Despite his influence, his power was not absolute; Florence's legislative councils at times resisted his proposals throughout his life, and he was viewed as first among equals, rather than an autocrat.
Biography
Early life and family business
Cosimo de' Medici was born in Florence to Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici and his wife Piccarda Bueri on 27 September 1389. At the time, it was customary to indicate the name of one's father in one's name for the purpose of distinguishing the identities of two like-named individuals; thus, Giovanni was the son of Bicci, and Cosimo's name was properly rendered Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici. He was born along with a twin brother Damiano, who survived only a short time. The twins were named after Saints Cosmas and Damian, whose feast day was then celebrated on 27 September; Cosimo would later celebrate his own birthday on that day, his "name day", rather than on the actual date of his birth. Cosimo also had a brother Lorenzo, known as "Lorenzo the Elder", who was some six years his junior and participated in the family's banking enterprise.
Cosimo inherited both his wealth and his expertise in banking from his father Giovanni, who had gone from being a moneylender to join the bank of his relative Vieri di Cambio de' Medici. Giovanni had been running Vieri's branch in Rome independently since the dissolution of the latter's bank into three separate and independent entities until 1397, when he left Rome to return to Florence to found his own bank, the Medici Bank. Over the next two decades, the Medici Bank opened branches in Rome, Geneva, Venice, and temporarily in Naples; the majority of profits was derived from Rome. The branch manager in Rome was a papal depositario generale who managed Church finances in return for a commission. Cosimo would later expand the bank throughout western Europe and opened offices in London, Pisa, Avignon, Bruges, Milan, and Lübeck. The far-flung branches of the Medici rendered it the best bank for the business of the papacy, since it enabled bishoprics in many parts of Europe to pay their fees into the nearest branch, whose manager would then issue a papal license, and the popes could more easily order a variety of wares – such as spices, textiles, and relics – through the bankers' wholesale trade. In fifteen years, Giovanni would make a profit of 290,791 florins.
In 1415, Cosimo allegedly accompanied the Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance. In 1410, Giovanni lent John XXIII, then simply known as Baldassare Cossa, the money to buy himself the office of cardinal, which he repaid by making the Medici Bank head of all papal finances once he claimed the papacy. This gave the Medici family tremendous power, allowing them, for instance, to threaten defaulting debtors with excommunication. But misfortune hit the Medici Bank in 1415, when the Council of Constance unseated John XXIII, thus taking away the near monopoly they had held on the finances of the Roman Curia; thereafter, the Medici Bank had to compete with other banks. However, after the Spini Bank of Florence went insolvent in 1420, they again secured priority. John XXIII, facing the enmity of a church council at which he was accused of a large variety of offenses against the Church, was confined by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor to Heidelberg Castle until the Medici paid his ransom and granted him asylum.
In the same year as John's dethronement (1415), Cosimo was named "Priore of the Republic [of Florence]". Later he acted frequently as an ambassador for Florence and demonstrated a prudence for which he became renowned.
About 1415, Cosimo married Contessina de' Bardi (the daughter of Alessandro di Sozzo Bardi, count of Vernio, and Camilla Pannocchieschi). The wedding was arranged by his father as an effort to reaffirm relations with the long-standing noble Bardi family, who had operated one of the richest banks in Europe until its spectacular collapse in 1345; they nevertheless remained highly influential in the financial sphere. Only part of the Bardi family were involved in this marriage alliance, for some of the branches considered themselves the opponents of the Medici clan. The couple had two sons: Piero the Gouty (b. 1416) and Giovanni de' Medici (b. 1421). Cosimo also had an illegitimate son, Carlo, by a Circassian slave, who would go on to become a prelate.
Giovanni withdrew from the Medici Bank in 1420, leaving its leadership to both of his surviving sons. He left them 179,221 florins upon his death in 1429. Two-thirds of this came from the business in Rome, while only a tenth came from Florence; even Venice offered better returns than Florence. The brothers would earn two-thirds of the profits from the bank, with the other third going to a partner. Besides the bank, the family owned much land in the area surrounding Florence, including Mugello, the place from which the family originally came.
Florentine politics
Cosimo's power over Florence stemmed from his wealth, which he used to control the votes of office holders in the municipal councils, most importantly the Signoria of Florence. As Florence was proud of its "democracy", he pretended to have little political ambition and did not often hold public office. Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Bishop of Siena and later Pope Pius II, said of him:
In 1433, Cosimo's power over Florence began to look like a menace to the anti-Medici party led by figures such as Palla Strozzi and the Albizzi family, headed by Rinaldo degli Albizzi. In September of that year, Cosimo was imprisoned in the Palazzo Vecchio for his part in a failure to conquer the Republic of Lucca, but he managed to turn the jail term into one of exile. Some prominent Florentines, such as Francesco Filelfo, demanded his execution, a fate that may have been almost certain without the intervention of the monk Ambrogio Traversari on his behalf. Cosimo traveled to Padua and then to Venice, taking his bank along with him and finding friends and sympathizers wherever he went for his willingness to accept exile rather than resume the bloody conflicts that had chronically afflicted the streets of Florence. Venice sent an envoy to Florence on his behalf and requested that they rescind the order of banishment. When they refused, Cosimo settled down in Venice, his brother Lorenzo accompanying him. However, prompted by his influence and his money, others followed him, such as the architect Michelozzo, whom Cosimo commissioned to design a library as a gift to the Venetian people. Within a year, the flight of capital from Florence was so great that the decree of exile had to be lifted. Cosimo returned a year later, in 1434, to influence the government of Florence (especially through the Pitti and Soderini families) for the last 30 years of his life of 75 years.
Cosimo's time in exile instilled in him the need to quash the factionalism that resulted in his exile in the first place. In order to do this, he instigated a series of constitutional changes with the help of favorable priors in the Signoria to secure his power through influence.
Following the death of Filippo Maria Visconti, who had ruled the Duchy of Milan from 1412 until his death in 1447, Cosimo sent Francesco I Sforza to establish himself in Milan to prevent an impending military advance from the Republic of Venice. Francesco Sforza was a condottiere, a mercenary soldier who had stolen land from the papacy and proclaimed himself its lord. He had yearned to establish himself at Milan as well, an ambition that was aided by the fact that the current Visconti head lacked legitimate children save for a daughter, Bianca, whom Sforza ultimately married in November 1441 after a failed attempt at winning her hand from her father. The resultant balance of power with Milan and Florence on the one side and Venice and the Kingdom of Naples on the other created nearly half a century of peace that enabled the development of the Renaissance in Italy. However, despite the benefits to Florence from keeping Venice at bay, the intervention in Milan was unpopular among Cosimo's fellow citizens, primarily because they were called upon to finance the Sforza succession. The Milanese made a brief attempt at democracy before Sforza was finally acclaimed duke by the city in February 1450.
In terms of foreign policy, Cosimo worked to create peace in northern Italy through the creation of a balance of power between Florence, Naples, Venice and Milan during the wars in Lombardy between 1423 and 1454 and the discouragement of outside powers (notably the French and the Holy Roman Empire) from interfering in Italian affairs. In 1439, he was instrumental in convincing Pope Eugene IV to move the Ecumenical Council of Ferrara to Florence. The arrival of many notable Byzantine figures from the Eastern Roman Empire, including Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, for this event further inspired the growing interest in ancient Greek arts and literature.
Death
On his death in 1464 at Careggi, Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero, father of Lorenzo the Magnificent. After Cosimo's death, the Signoria awarded him the title Pater Patriae, "Father of the Fatherland", an honour once awarded to Cicero, and had it carved upon his tomb in the Church of San Lorenzo.
Patronage
Cosimo de' Medici used his vast fortune to control the Florentine political system and to sponsor orators, poets and philosophers, as well as a series of artistic accomplishments.
Arts
Cosimo was also noted for his patronage of culture and the arts during the Renaissance and spent the family fortune liberally to enrich the civic life of Florence. According to Salviati's Zibaldone, Cosimo stated: "All those things have given me the greatest satisfaction and contentment because they are not only for the honor of God but are likewise for my own remembrance. For fifty years, I have done nothing else but earn money and spend money; and it became clear that spending money gives me greater pleasure than earning it."
Additionally, his patronage of the arts both recognized and proclaimed the humanistic responsibility of the civic duty that came with wealth.
Cosimo hired the young Michelozzo Michelozzi to create what is today perhaps the prototypical Florentine palazzo, the austere and magnificent Palazzo Medici. The building still includes, as its only 15th-century interior that is largely intact, the Magi Chapel frescoed by Benozzo Gozzoli, completed in 1461 with portraits of members of the Medici family parading through Tuscany in the guise of the Three Wise Men. He was a patron and confidante of Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, and Donatello, whose famed David and Judith Slaying Holofernes were Medici commissions. His patronage enabled the eccentric and bankrupt architect Brunelleschi to complete the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore (the "Duomo") in 1436.
Libraries
In 1444, Cosimo de' Medici founded the first public library in Florence, at San Marco, which was of central importance to the humanist movement in Florence during the Renaissance. It was designed by Michelozzo, a student of Lorenzo Ghiberti who later collaborated with Donatello and was also a good friend and patron to Cosimo. Cosimo contributed the funds necessary to repair the library and provide it with a book collection, which people were allowed to use at no charge. "That Cosimo de'Medici was able to finance the construction of such a site placed him in a privileged position of leadership in the city. He hand-selected those individuals who were given access to this laboratory of learning, and, through this social dynamic, he actively shaped the politics of the Republic." He also commissioned Michelozzo to design a library for his grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. His first library, however, was designed by Michelozzo while the two were in Venice, where Cosimo had been temporarily exiled. In 1433, in gratitude for the hospitality of that city, he left it as a gift, his only such work outside Florence. His libraries were noted for their Renaissance style of architecture and distinguished artwork.
Cosimo had grown up with only three books, but by the time he was thirty, his collection had grown to 70 volumes. After being introduced to humanism by a group of literati who had asked for his help in preserving books, he grew to love the movement and gladly sponsored the effort to renew Greek and Roman civilization through literature, for which book collecting was a central activity. "Heartened by the romantic wanderlust of a true bibliophile, the austere banker even embarked on several journeys in the hunt for books, while guaranteeing just about any undertaking that involved books. He financed trips to nearly every European town as well as to Syria, Egypt, and Greece organized by Poggio Bracciolini, his chief book scout." He engaged 45 copyists under the bookseller Vespasiano da Bisticci to transcribe manuscripts and paid off the debts of Niccolò de' Niccoli after his death in exchange for control over his collection of some 800 manuscripts valued at around 6,000 florins. These manuscripts that Cosimo acquired from Niccoli would later be the cornerstone of the Laurentian Library, a library in Florence founded by Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici.
Philosophy
In the realm of philosophy, Cosimo, influenced by the lectures of Gemistus Plethon, supported Marsilio Ficino and his attempts at reviving Neo-Platonism. Cosimo commissioned Ficino's Latin translation of the complete works of Plato (the first ever complete translation) and collected a vast library that he shared with intellectuals such as Niccolò de' Niccoli and Leonardo Bruni. He also established a Platonic Academy in Florence in 1445. He provided his grandson Lorenzo de' Medici with an education in the studia humanitatis. Cosimo certainly had an influence on Renaissance intellectual life, but it was Lorenzo who would later be deemed to have been the greatest patron.
Fictional depictions
Roberto Rossellini's three-part television miniseries The Age of the Medici (1973) has Cosimo as its central character (the original Italian title is L'età di Cosimo de' Medici, meaning "The Age of Cosimo de' Medici"). The first part, The Exile of Cosimo, and the second part, The Power of Cosimo, focus on Cosimo's political struggles and on his patronage of the arts and sciences in Florence. Cosimo is portrayed by Italian actor Marcello Di Falco.
Frank Spotnitz's eight-part television series Medici: Masters of Florence (2016) depicts the rise of the powerful banking family after the death of Giovanni (played by Dustin Hoffman), as his son Cosimo (Richard Madden) takes over as head of the family. The sixteen-part sequel, Medici (2019–2020), follows the career of Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent (Daniel Sharman).
See also
History of Florence
Villa Medici at Cafaggiolo
References
Further reading
Burckhardt, Jacob, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) 1878.
Connell, William. Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence, 2002.
Cook, Jon (2003). "Why Renaissance? Why Florence?" History Review, 47, 44–46.
De Roover, R. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1953.
for the Palazzo Medici.
Kent, Dale. Cosimo De' Medici and the Florentine Renaissance: The patron's oeuvre. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
Martin Roberts, Italian Renaissance. Longman, 1992.
Meehan, William F. III (2007). "The Importance of Cosimo de Medici in Library History." Indiana libraries, 26(3), 15–17. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1579
Parks, Tim. Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.
External links
The Medici Family.com: Cosimo I
PBS.org: Medici – Godfathers of the Renaissance
Internet Archive.org: Cosimo de' Medici (1899) – biography by K. Dorothea Ewart Vernon.
– BIVIO: Biblioteca Virtuale On-Line: Biography in "Le vite" from Vespasiano da Bisticci
Rulers of Florence
Italian bankers
Medieval bankers
1389 births
1464 deaths
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
Cosimo 01
Italian nobility
Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
15th-century rulers in Europe
Book and manuscript collectors
Italian art patrons
15th-century Italian businesspeople | [
-0.27163317799568176,
-0.2336938977241516,
0.44510626792907715,
0.533477783203125,
-0.1970931887626648,
0.7778050303459167,
-0.24091564118862152,
-0.16456107795238495,
-0.38643452525138855,
-0.8305950164794922,
0.19095034897327423,
0.14226190745830536,
-0.3622661530971527,
0.6321984529495239,
-0.229654461145401,
-0.30624768137931824,
0.36440256237983704,
-0.38241398334503174,
-0.6997531652450562,
-0.0002775603497866541,
0.16217191517353058,
0.17367064952850342,
-0.07873578369617462,
0.520440399646759,
-0.37095585465431213,
-0.41800010204315186,
0.7215649485588074,
-0.007477408740669489,
0.5494785904884338,
-0.13561375439167023,
0.7515788078308105,
0.18038463592529297,
0.014816307462751865,
-0.2215801328420639,
-1.048913836479187,
0.2059127539396286,
0.06756158918142319,
-0.07130733877420425,
-0.4277102053165436,
-0.27236059308052063,
-0.20897407829761505,
0.24175980687141418,
0.1782718449831009,
0.5632909536361694,
-0.0509958453476429,
-0.5336322784423828,
-1.416375756263733,
0.14728844165802002,
-0.027796640992164612,
-0.2546215057373047,
0.134469136595726,
0.3342151343822479,
-0.27533337473869324,
0.3196367919445038,
-0.030911937355995178,
0.6600893139839172,
-0.9593034982681274,
-0.5461651682853699,
-0.2537488341331482,
-0.6888464689254761,
0.4726463854312897,
0.4646530747413635,
0.7253170609474182,
0.3143232762813568,
-0.40196073055267334,
-0.0907626822590828,
0.023633982986211777,
0.532094419002533,
-0.37183326482772827,
-0.027012011036276817,
-0.3068212866783142,
0.7156803607940674,
0.07987166941165924,
-0.09994064271450043,
0.23221202194690704,
-0.09986014664173126,
-0.11907820403575897,
0.1895805150270462,
0.5472300052642822,
-0.04596284031867981,
-0.20219624042510986,
-0.10226243734359741,
0.7451262474060059,
0.35130658745765686,
0.42343100905418396,
0.39688822627067566,
-0.07340029627084732,
0.5073311924934387,
-0.500792384147644,
-0.11443977802991867,
-0.26139771938323975,
0.009069079533219337,
0.5706320405006409,
-0.2897374629974365,
-0.03787233680486679,
0.21854887902736664,
0.22292305529117584,
0.15762150287628174,
-0.2605832815170288,
0.15287354588508606,
-0.1415235698223114,
0.1835794895887375,
-0.5606126189231873,
-0.2479095458984375,
-0.6825917363166809,
-0.6966406106948853,
-0.32249715924263,
-0.44178035855293274,
-0.5570001602172852,
0.24283668398857117,
-0.6258304715156555,
0.15830782055854797,
-0.44145163893699646,
-0.08273456245660782,
-0.06457015126943588,
0.21523505449295044,
0.09979144483804703,
-0.4721888303756714,
-0.6064226627349854,
-0.009217345155775547,
0.3264372944831848,
-0.24241787195205688,
-0.540027916431427,
-0.1339140236377716,
-0.14811541140079498,
-0.3313465714454651,
0.24357464909553528,
-0.08508085459470749,
-0.14525333046913147,
-0.10587863624095917,
0.529287576675415,
0.858564019203186,
-0.5624139904975891,
-0.9940239787101746,
0.20670419931411743,
0.008251158520579338,
0.1073434129357338,
0.13014429807662964,
0.12821559607982635,
-0.31287580728530884,
-0.4946642816066742,
-0.2267182171344757,
-0.623936116695404,
0.0856170505285263,
-0.37265706062316895,
-0.10537371784448624,
0.2079293131828308,
0.05381832271814346,
-0.01570207253098488,
-0.39674368500709534,
-0.5302215814590454,
0.07637163251638412,
-0.31580477952957153,
-0.40474849939346313,
0.38019636273384094,
0.6775719523429871,
0.8020109534263611,
-0.32680264115333557,
0.05645010992884636,
0.09308979660272598,
0.5079963803291321,
-0.3470557630062103,
-0.5270394682884216,
-0.38933396339416504,
0.200866237282753,
-0.03968214616179466,
0.47827547788619995,
-0.05530527979135513,
-0.5513446927070618,
-0.09203819930553436,
-0.6397380232810974,
0.28190502524375916,
0.04022888094186783,
-0.3749147057533264,
0.10161054879426956,
0.6542031764984131,
0.54491126537323,
-0.3046541213989258,
0.5412885546684265,
-0.14230342209339142,
-0.5453890562057495,
-0.155143141746521,
0.1848730891942978,
0.03628513216972351,
0.7340489029884338,
0.11694925278425217,
0.6610232591629028,
-0.5721021890640259,
0.744373619556427,
-0.8514013290405273,
0.030057478696107864,
-0.24064874649047852,
-0.32602474093437195,
-0.25621360540390015,
0.8448730111122131,
0.29341909289360046,
-0.7585557699203491,
0.7469736337661743,
0.03270011395215988,
0.2394229620695114,
-0.24333186447620392,
-0.06470063328742981,
0.1365274339914322,
0.019357657060027122,
0.21663542091846466,
-0.2519678473472595,
0.07612326741218567,
-0.11417512595653534,
0.42045310139656067,
1.129198670387268,
0.5334171056747437,
-0.7947570085525513,
-0.13038122653961182,
-0.24820318818092346,
-0.15948797762393951,
-0.27662166953086853,
-0.6342760920524597,
0.3463258743286133,
-0.2181563526391983,
-0.03240462765097618,
1.0287927389144897,
0.21665385365486145,
-0.8384581804275513,
1.0948777198791504,
-0.15916796028614044,
1.2616292238235474,
-0.2267167866230011,
0.1827571839094162,
-0.27489399909973145,
-0.5995339751243591,
-0.6177800893783569,
-0.27966633439064026,
0.5531066656112671,
-0.0014069570461288095,
0.19039160013198853,
0.2971700131893158,
0.20549258589744568,
-0.5292713642120361,
-0.026839036494493484,
-0.2863374948501587,
0.5306591391563416,
0.9314779043197632,
-0.7224324345588684,
0.3606416583061218,
-0.12552419304847717,
0.1948740929365158,
-0.3943437337875366,
0.16750508546829224,
-0.23363280296325684,
-0.23916706442832947,
0.20171965658664703,
0.5024495720863342,
0.05809619650244713,
0.384580135345459,
0.4675457775592804,
-1.3606725931167603,
0.39620310068130493,
0.09846970438957214,
-0.5098477602005005,
0.07458320260047913,
0.29521915316581726,
-0.08129150420427322,
0.27270910143852234,
0.0809161439538002,
0.7513100504875183,
0.198643758893013,
0.31923386454582214,
0.014440828002989292,
-0.2862781882286072,
0.06649364531040192,
0.4499422609806061,
-0.185202956199646,
-0.6338149905204773,
-0.035544611513614655,
0.25941163301467896,
-0.518058717250824,
-0.7561715841293335,
0.24140788614749908,
-0.14510813355445862,
-0.8046700954437256,
0.1747215837240219,
0.158525750041008,
-0.39606913924217224,
-0.31670328974723816,
-0.45113351941108704,
0.01503247395157814,
-0.252715140581131,
-0.6235798597335815,
-0.2139844000339508,
-0.21634945273399353,
0.06029976159334183,
-0.12611529231071472,
-0.3515850901603699,
-0.19189484417438507,
-0.24144616723060608,
0.591421902179718,
-0.822997510433197,
-0.02689448557794094,
0.19440528750419617,
-0.6830669641494751,
-0.9487185478210449,
0.14731182157993317,
0.1877221167087555,
0.11025869846343994,
0.5460633635520935,
-0.05435844510793686,
0.15058012306690216,
0.3511950969696045,
-5.426438808441162,
0.22994917631149292,
-0.0006815966917201877,
0.2326110154390335,
0.16802960634231567,
-0.32435303926467896,
0.5519538521766663,
0.15401622653007507,
0.12613117694854736,
-0.5358790755271912,
0.8092566132545471,
-0.001802152837626636,
-0.4353844225406647,
0.3255546987056732,
-0.40765953063964844,
0.6590401530265808,
0.1276542693376541,
0.03767313435673714,
-0.1514034867286682,
0.12955960631370544,
0.10694369673728943,
0.4818471074104309,
-0.17947226762771606,
0.43498826026916504,
0.6270207166671753,
-0.1480541080236435,
-0.8175820112228394,
-0.722122311592102,
-1.2892297506332397,
-0.09454115480184555,
-0.60077965259552,
0.1824808567762375,
-0.10374476760625839,
0.3670918643474579,
0.13434624671936035,
-0.1609230935573578,
0.6192967891693115,
0.4562733769416809,
-0.028538381680846214,
0.009997114539146423,
-0.06080411747097969,
0.0328245684504509,
-0.5890477895736694,
0.28724032640457153,
0.08580395579338074,
-0.6981886029243469,
-0.6570945382118225,
0.660042941570282,
-0.666195809841156,
0.4773467481136322,
0.019465919584035873,
0.14615584909915924,
-0.1567728966474533,
0.23440086841583252,
0.3687295913696289,
0.20582792162895203,
-0.07106436789035797,
0.28581616282463074,
-0.8928007483482361,
0.8868053555488586,
-0.40005728602409363,
-0.03933494910597801,
0.3890584707260132,
0.006164473481476307,
0.05053237825632095,
0.07846471667289734,
0.12287570536136627,
-0.22976532578468323,
-0.18822115659713745,
0.38999703526496887,
-0.11938563734292984,
1.3976459503173828,
0.2616076171398163,
-1.1733089685440063,
0.43806278705596924,
-0.014940564520657063,
-0.36129701137542725,
0.08878486603498459,
0.17328189313411713,
-0.36916324496269226,
-0.008220329880714417,
-0.03231201320886612,
0.40816229581832886,
0.5993736982345581,
0.1866227090358734,
0.2844018340110779,
-0.07564111053943634,
-0.17397689819335938,
-0.3895409107208252,
0.40368449687957764,
-0.13235977292060852,
-0.6685693264007568,
0.033820901066064835,
0.2064560055732727,
-0.342475026845932,
0.20609860122203827,
-0.6506618857383728,
0.22660589218139648,
0.021466245874762535,
0.17962147295475006,
-0.16468830406665802,
-0.00936088990420103,
-0.5951880216598511,
0.3728409707546234,
0.3346302807331085,
-0.3652411699295044,
-0.05802842974662781,
0.3783409595489502,
1.0221569538116455,
0.37036335468292236,
0.07372207939624786,
0.38903194665908813,
-0.2465035766363144,
-0.5517064332962036,
0.16332508623600006,
-0.7336705923080444,
0.13978609442710876,
0.5607886910438538,
0.12157876044511795,
-0.29599976539611816,
0.06841570138931274,
0.2730095684528351,
-0.14914651215076447,
-0.9031466841697693,
-0.07954323291778564,
0.42133769392967224,
0.15262649953365326,
0.09660836309194565,
0.5161837339401245,
-0.03127969056367874,
-0.41582563519477844,
0.10814183950424194,
-0.30331310629844666,
0.39257505536079407,
-0.45452681183815,
-0.5015928745269775,
-0.43889984488487244,
-0.8448651432991028,
-0.37261149287223816,
-0.2870437502861023,
-0.08555997908115387,
0.32856306433677673,
-0.5580642819404602,
-0.27302834391593933,
0.5757185816764832,
0.034701213240623474,
-0.2358788400888443,
0.29304420948028564,
-0.27449831366539,
0.2705380618572235,
0.04547148570418358,
-0.25686079263687134,
0.2740534842014313,
-0.20761020481586456,
-0.44585341215133667,
0.20865921676158905,
0.25761839747428894,
0.7795352935791016,
-0.1816825121641159,
-0.24947020411491394,
0.1208266019821167,
-0.3058416545391083,
-1.1650888919830322,
-0.07034418731927872,
0.15156930685043335,
0.5604798197746277,
-0.13015368580818176,
-0.23514112830162048,
-0.43293359875679016,
1.01499342918396,
0.473657488822937,
-0.18979448080062866,
-0.1242995336651802,
-0.7926488518714905,
-0.049795955419540405,
-0.49927371740341187,
-0.2547033131122589,
0.45961296558380127,
-0.18775510787963867,
0.24195857346057892,
0.2962360382080078,
-0.4793100655078888,
-0.46191173791885376,
-0.3159133195877075,
0.41964641213417053,
0.052882514894008636,
-0.24817225337028503,
-1.0213673114776611,
0.1546037197113037,
-0.07363391667604446,
-0.38226717710494995,
0.42180362343788147,
-0.030219530686736107,
0.32283422350883484,
0.269906222820282,
-0.35182103514671326,
0.13428157567977905,
0.08936085551977158,
-0.08086679875850677,
-0.5302848815917969,
-0.37188899517059326,
0.49290332198143005,
-0.8709170818328857,
-0.30278441309928894,
0.07007090747356415,
-0.6591490507125854,
0.46805644035339355,
0.00226163724437356,
0.5520875453948975,
1.0137051343917847,
-0.5411023497581482,
-0.7257664203643799,
0.006814953871071339,
0.7357149124145508,
0.0052750022150576115,
0.15737737715244293,
-0.23568907380104065,
-0.2962892949581146,
-0.753210186958313,
-0.679480254650116,
-0.20323625206947327,
0.03611373156309128,
-0.44684740900993347,
-0.5370820760726929,
-0.012518027797341347,
0.4468742609024048,
0.28412798047065735,
-0.023025579750537872,
0.5489718317985535,
-0.19333070516586304,
0.42933762073516846,
0.1863558441400528,
-0.14090889692306519,
0.28272148966789246,
-0.21934159100055695,
-0.6028720140457153,
0.8382522463798523,
0.11384724825620651,
-0.31257063150405884,
0.2876133322715759,
0.5936018228530884,
1.1007930040359497,
0.3040497601032257,
0.0023267900105565786,
0.48729208111763,
0.2815611958503723,
-0.12119213491678238,
-0.06866706907749176,
-0.05209484323859215,
0.14615461230278015,
0.09592688828706741,
-0.32850784063339233,
-0.4341844320297241,
-0.31286779046058655,
0.5944468379020691,
-0.5353955626487732,
0.6258203983306885,
0.5432291626930237,
0.33710744976997375,
0.12812699377536774,
-0.29853418469429016,
0.7219811677932739,
0.1923360675573349,
0.13295064866542816,
0.02894771471619606,
0.41357019543647766,
0.02194548211991787,
0.1702704131603241,
0.2497677356004715,
-0.556614875793457,
-0.11133024841547012,
-0.001346254488453269,
-0.04776487126946449,
0.574685275554657,
-0.11304114013910294,
0.15451911091804504,
0.38099953532218933,
-0.060007840394973755,
1.4307489395141602,
-0.07905052602291107,
-0.8738585710525513,
0.20711137354373932,
0.11529812961816788,
-0.25395575165748596,
0.006283778231590986,
-0.58823561668396,
-0.25254344940185547,
0.897444486618042,
0.007802209816873074,
0.4552476108074188,
-0.2520795464515686,
-0.04248842969536781,
0.22863344848155975,
0.12129030376672745,
0.18838520348072052,
0.7105712890625,
-0.13121619820594788,
0.051460593938827515,
0.009907938539981842,
0.02683418244123459,
-0.6467952728271484,
0.44804367423057556,
0.7127330303192139,
0.16475418210029602,
0.15004049241542816,
-0.06306625157594681,
-0.26720842719078064,
-0.28361085057258606,
-0.3314566910266876,
0.053125280886888504,
0.39317867159843445,
-0.6234152913093567,
0.16908353567123413,
-0.21104849874973297,
-0.7097731828689575,
-0.019827120006084442,
-0.11222545057535172,
0.0888676866889,
-0.42917701601982117,
-0.08990295976400375,
0.08637917041778564,
0.4835472106933594,
-0.2071337252855301,
-0.4705054759979248,
0.7211513519287109,
0.2813507318496704,
-0.38142678141593933,
0.5172598361968994,
0.09756624698638916,
0.5704436898231506,
-0.020529983565211296,
-0.197471484541893,
-0.7549707293510437,
0.6803784370422363,
0.38164064288139343,
-0.47791412472724915,
0.16926029324531555,
-0.575762927532196,
0.04512646421790123,
-0.23556047677993774,
0.49590471386909485,
0.4382772147655487,
-0.4877226948738098,
0.29338544607162476,
-0.09858713299036026,
0.3881690800189972,
-0.6793227195739746,
0.4050600826740265,
-0.18562905490398407,
0.14666929841041565,
0.801914393901825,
0.2375243455171585,
0.27862969040870667,
-0.5124944448471069,
-0.2690015137195587,
0.8176326751708984,
0.8271996974945068,
0.17196202278137207,
-0.2573172450065613,
-0.11809223145246506,
0.20616747438907623,
-0.24369437992572784,
0.8768912553787231,
-0.1827385127544403,
0.18427395820617676,
0.5961210131645203,
0.13416194915771484,
-0.13574744760990143,
-0.12853708863258362,
-0.22539541125297546,
-0.01580447517335415,
-0.30210381746292114,
-0.05476225167512894,
0.6462176442146301,
0.4626208543777466,
0.2960518002510071,
0.2156095802783966,
0.265307754278183,
0.04308028146624565,
-0.3337089419364929,
-0.7185221910476685,
-0.3588854968547821,
-0.050410185009241104,
0.14754967391490936,
-0.44854727387428284,
-0.2323465347290039,
0.11184510588645935,
-0.1702452003955841,
0.1455664485692978,
-0.2156425267457962,
-0.16643396019935608,
-0.24668292701244354,
-0.004920282866805792,
0.2621699869632721,
-0.28305765986442566,
0.1267799735069275,
-0.4203137159347534,
0.8257216811180115,
0.020718345418572426,
-0.127605140209198,
-0.08524826914072037,
-0.27650946378707886,
-0.3042539358139038,
0.0675278827548027,
0.014787020161747932,
0.09710802137851715,
0.2805020213127136,
-0.18917612731456757,
-0.8234621286392212,
0.42041927576065063,
0.020025186240673065,
-0.13114899396896362,
-0.2855023741722107,
0.6914144158363342,
-0.5728718042373657,
0.5061241984367371,
0.8251591920852661,
-0.2345581203699112,
-0.2655603885650635,
-0.15728609263896942,
-0.012101286090910435,
-0.18799395859241486,
0.08025052398443222,
-0.03959961235523224,
-0.257506400346756,
0.2854335606098175,
0.7661505937576294,
-0.07729268819093704,
-0.19835160672664642,
0.5184707045555115,
-0.34856876730918884,
0.4644310474395752,
-0.4563561975955963,
-0.5079240798950195,
-0.5835662484169006,
-0.11627820134162903,
0.7862523198127747,
0.10890060663223267,
0.013484981842339039,
-0.21655745804309845,
0.47913166880607605,
-0.08052705973386765,
0.09499562531709671,
-0.10379137843847275,
0.5474555492401123,
-0.25074303150177,
-0.17560306191444397,
-0.13677622377872467,
0.3379787802696228,
0.2812693417072296,
0.05451124534010887,
0.45601752400398254,
0.4379294216632843,
-1.001295566558838,
0.2865447998046875,
0.23403921723365784,
-0.09463813900947571,
-1.181793451309204,
0.3735007643699646,
0.5592150092124939
]
|
214877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%20of%20Minnesota | Governor of Minnesota | The governor of Minnesota is the head of government of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Forty people have been governor of Minnesota, though historically there were also three governors of Minnesota Territory. Alexander Ramsey, the first territorial governor, also served as state governor several years later. State governors are elected to office by popular vote, but territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president. The current governor of Minnesota is Tim Walz of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL).
Powers and qualifications
Similar to the U.S. President, the governor has veto power over bills passed by the Minnesota State Legislature. As in most states, but unlike the U.S. President, the governor can also make line-item vetoes, where specific provisions in bills can be stripped out while allowing the overall bill to be signed into law.
The governor of Minnesota must be 25 years old upon assuming office, and must have been a Minnesota resident for one year before the election.
Since a 1958 amendment to the Minnesota Constitution governors are elected to four-year terms, with no limits on the number of terms they may serve.
Cabinet
The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments. The governor appoints these department heads, who, other than the head of the Department of Military Affairs and the chairs of the Metropolitan Council and the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission, are called commissioners. Cabinet members include:
Residence
The Minnesota Governor's Residence is located in Saint Paul, at 1006 Summit Avenue.
Succession
Gallery
See also
List of Minnesota gubernatorial elections
List of lieutenant governors of Minnesota
Minnesota Secretary of State
Minnesota Attorney General
Minnesota State Auditor
Minnesota State Treasurer (office abolished January 6, 2003)
Politics of Minnesota
References
External links
Website of the governor and lieutenant governor
Minnesota Constitution, Article V
1858 establishments in Minnesota | [
-0.2041245847940445,
0.39261555671691895,
0.13207386434078217,
0.2623673379421234,
-0.5335466861724854,
0.29565316438674927,
0.6422845721244812,
0.6648011207580566,
-0.9865818023681641,
-0.41544321179389954,
-0.42810896039009094,
-0.22622346878051758,
-0.24683061242103577,
0.6001724600791931,
0.018475208431482315,
0.39515557885169983,
0.24763470888137817,
0.9203242063522339,
-0.2138090878725052,
-0.40071025490760803,
-0.3534991443157196,
-0.22210976481437683,
0.46293362975120544,
-0.4253486096858978,
0.20770733058452606,
-0.03826450556516647,
0.23802123963832855,
-0.09447267651557922,
-0.5835163593292236,
0.5790835618972778,
-0.3547613024711609,
-0.008395595476031303,
-0.08054506033658981,
0.07166168093681335,
-0.1257886290550232,
-0.20256014168262482,
0.14142775535583496,
-0.39289000630378723,
-0.1342269480228424,
0.06431449949741364,
0.0730094462633133,
-0.012099972926080227,
-0.023630352690815926,
0.0263730026781559,
-0.17022128403186798,
-0.6439743041992188,
-1.2456616163253784,
0.3469350337982178,
-0.13047559559345245,
0.3435896337032318,
-0.9799545407295227,
0.006093159783631563,
-0.00401135440915823,
0.18754832446575165,
0.0127871697768569,
0.22586293518543243,
-0.1492951363325119,
0.4929903447628021,
-0.3364018499851227,
-0.22586306929588318,
-0.23159785568714142,
0.06088683381676674,
-0.0729653462767601,
0.5175885558128357,
0.33525148034095764,
0.087144635617733,
0.6364299058914185,
0.6136471033096313,
-0.3997866213321686,
-0.4128451645374298,
-0.4853481948375702,
0.03285966068506241,
0.48306843638420105,
0.3659270107746124,
0.11909331381320953,
-0.5670278072357178,
0.15614654123783112,
0.18811790645122528,
0.4418118894100189,
-0.34982380270957947,
-0.6270753145217896,
0.22041352093219757,
0.36032816767692566,
0.26114147901535034,
0.08281642198562622,
-0.01896427385509014,
-0.49071961641311646,
0.15558789670467377,
-0.5074007511138916,
0.776141881942749,
-0.12584209442138672,
0.3098088800907135,
0.3764435350894928,
-0.12724192440509796,
0.058591898530721664,
-0.7509754300117493,
0.35826441645622253,
-0.027480240911245346,
-0.0046586995013058186,
-0.12026834487915039,
-0.26381027698516846,
0.030226953327655792,
0.44239071011543274,
0.173411026597023,
-0.26032960414886475,
-0.6225969791412354,
-0.20860280096530914,
-0.20012839138507843,
-0.19183968007564545,
0.18294240534305573,
-0.20180028676986694,
0.30704396963119507,
-0.14678916335105896,
0.27979031205177307,
0.0627383440732956,
0.315187931060791,
0.15610761940479279,
-0.895563542842865,
-0.22862005233764648,
-0.3596852123737335,
0.08377712965011597,
0.3388543725013733,
0.2690810561180115,
-0.3482568860054016,
-0.15144988894462585,
0.003141978522762656,
0.3093961179256439,
-0.2650236189365387,
0.2412853240966797,
-0.5834814310073853,
0.30057212710380554,
0.20607134699821472,
-0.022122697904706,
0.04122348129749298,
0.19425660371780396,
-0.1230260580778122,
-0.11043267697095871,
-0.09452266991138458,
0.3230017125606537,
0.010727847926318645,
-0.6606526374816895,
-0.07757090777158737,
-0.5491549372673035,
-0.24238602817058563,
0.4369255602359772,
-0.2724376618862152,
-0.3463464677333832,
-0.023505251854658127,
-0.7374706864356995,
0.20533667504787445,
0.18522635102272034,
0.5539975166320801,
-0.15436583757400513,
0.4749540388584137,
-0.014538348652422428,
0.5601214170455933,
0.8471246361732483,
-0.2211015522480011,
0.5857475399971008,
0.6354566216468811,
0.3760734498500824,
0.17559538781642914,
-0.062069669365882874,
-0.5838296413421631,
0.09153907746076584,
-0.1480148285627365,
0.136038675904274,
0.04009156674146652,
-0.08558361232280731,
-0.3697209656238556,
-0.16868354380130768,
0.29128214716911316,
0.347314715385437,
-0.34056463837623596,
-0.11233193427324295,
-0.1881990134716034,
0.21680550277233124,
-0.067888043820858,
0.47059890627861023,
-0.5764443278312683,
-0.6487275958061218,
-0.20033332705497742,
0.5939301252365112,
-0.009337002411484718,
-0.5222708582878113,
-0.17334988713264465,
0.3576379716396332,
0.2987542450428009,
0.5123366713523865,
-0.6273139119148254,
0.23067010939121246,
-0.614176332950592,
0.2228619009256363,
-0.4349789023399353,
0.6755461692810059,
0.5327829718589783,
-0.46513646841049194,
0.46974843740463257,
0.28959599137306213,
0.22754736244678497,
-0.017215296626091003,
-0.2522662878036499,
0.028507085517048836,
-0.20650805532932281,
-0.2521650791168213,
0.9300073385238647,
0.30773410201072693,
-0.3302629292011261,
0.4445098638534546,
0.7708707451820374,
0.27654945850372314,
-0.7485980987548828,
0.33543434739112854,
-0.26017141342163086,
-0.3736911416053772,
-0.029655445367097855,
-0.3084576427936554,
-0.5171161890029907,
0.3931715786457062,
-0.37087148427963257,
1.0353413820266724,
0.5116438865661621,
0.027287639677524567,
0.731712818145752,
-0.009233417920768261,
0.5206651091575623,
-0.2622963488101959,
0.33396315574645996,
-0.4179523289203644,
0.047724463045597076,
0.16763661801815033,
-0.45696282386779785,
0.023908667266368866,
-0.2505069971084595,
-0.15807202458381653,
-0.18138644099235535,
-0.21117985248565674,
0.11394849419593811,
0.5646425485610962,
-0.04858802631497383,
-0.00662097567692399,
-0.06841804832220078,
-0.009255645796656609,
0.6040536165237427,
0.012883712537586689,
0.2606070339679718,
-0.14275294542312622,
-0.27289044857025146,
-0.01929347589612007,
-0.17006748914718628,
0.27474790811538696,
-0.2572941482067108,
0.304185688495636,
-0.2816009521484375,
-0.01566462032496929,
0.0033065699972212315,
0.11164244264364243,
-0.27939826250076294,
-0.09683110564947128,
0.2338680624961853,
-0.3011166751384735,
-0.27873173356056213,
-0.44497963786125183,
-0.04147454351186752,
-0.15134713053703308,
-0.09676104038953781,
0.0001861475029727444,
-0.43461254239082336,
-0.26262107491493225,
0.626651406288147,
0.07538030296564102,
-0.12508487701416016,
0.0017538779648020864,
-0.6242532134056091,
0.629174530506134,
-0.006163250654935837,
0.1836974024772644,
0.30968794226646423,
-0.7138391733169556,
-0.6809735894203186,
0.5043083429336548,
0.44404929876327515,
-0.10186155885457993,
-0.2010630965232849,
-0.5496787428855896,
-1.1388139724731445,
0.4826970100402832,
-0.4769355058670044,
-0.159828320145607,
-0.006532497238367796,
-0.3811086416244507,
-0.13923516869544983,
0.21816717088222504,
-0.22900806367397308,
-0.6108362078666687,
0.31070631742477417,
0.16802887618541718,
-0.4320901334285736,
0.2498379796743393,
-0.7345942854881287,
-0.2915518283843994,
-0.505046546459198,
0.25854799151420593,
-0.478529155254364,
0.11425670981407166,
-0.28859665989875793,
-0.032721180468797684,
-0.5002228021621704,
-5.790947914123535,
-0.22731955349445343,
-0.8665241003036499,
-0.42600682377815247,
0.7122275233268738,
-0.16294467449188232,
0.33462902903556824,
-0.1323784738779068,
-0.01723301410675049,
-0.35902225971221924,
0.1810108870267868,
0.5089741349220276,
-0.26938003301620483,
0.6984878778457642,
0.4785476326942444,
0.1920294612646103,
1.0572634935379028,
-0.3650190830230713,
0.37232455611228943,
0.32767242193222046,
-0.08146089315414429,
0.17721274495124817,
0.4170328974723816,
0.05991630256175995,
0.8553968071937561,
0.633017361164093,
-0.5274600982666016,
-0.19944216310977936,
-0.33210253715515137,
-0.4659879207611084,
-0.49907585978507996,
0.06382952630519867,
0.1701814830303192,
-0.2012815922498703,
-0.11393486708402634,
-0.44093602895736694,
0.1203199252486229,
0.6787956953048706,
0.24300794303417206,
-0.7296913266181946,
0.23399901390075684,
0.17195795476436615,
-0.2930908501148224,
0.2360657900571823,
0.2755964398384094,
-0.3327551484107971,
-0.6083700656890869,
-0.10639999061822891,
-0.45987337827682495,
0.8785971403121948,
0.10671669244766235,
0.13433003425598145,
0.5331051349639893,
0.1876707673072815,
0.008665069937705994,
-0.8278907537460327,
0.5547584295272827,
0.6887418627738953,
-0.6778431534767151,
-0.3792627453804016,
0.3592197895050049,
-0.47015559673309326,
-0.17411036789417267,
-0.2371404469013214,
-0.129128098487854,
-0.24044856429100037,
-0.3497806191444397,
0.5605331659317017,
0.08715896308422089,
-0.15240848064422607,
-0.16070182621479034,
-0.15600083768367767,
0.1097167581319809,
-0.7589210271835327,
-0.01349398959428072,
-0.7305302619934082,
-0.41448694467544556,
0.007704116869717836,
0.2978571355342865,
-0.0680251494050026,
-0.7643420696258545,
0.4859517514705658,
-0.31617552042007446,
0.469163179397583,
0.031954117119312286,
-0.39206764101982117,
0.15768687427043915,
0.7715140581130981,
0.07055138051509857,
-0.46796348690986633,
0.1980457752943039,
-0.43382057547569275,
0.7617529034614563,
0.21492397785186768,
-0.1339351236820221,
0.07401308417320251,
0.41763874888420105,
0.3200056850910187,
-0.09176067262887955,
-0.641236424446106,
0.5021892189979553,
-0.2617141902446747,
-0.6110466122627258,
-0.597523033618927,
0.21473702788352966,
0.42770740389823914,
-0.41180264949798584,
0.27882546186447144,
0.6376044154167175,
-0.04697864130139351,
-0.12553255259990692,
-0.2607710361480713,
-0.23773710429668427,
-0.46652889251708984,
-0.006770749110728502,
0.24520747363567352,
-0.40508753061294556,
0.6892547011375427,
0.544716477394104,
0.2424403429031372,
-0.2578848600387573,
0.12734054028987885,
-0.14656990766525269,
0.6801401972770691,
-0.4111713469028473,
-0.21910934150218964,
-0.12009867280721664,
0.06366157531738281,
0.4721352458000183,
0.16028575599193573,
0.5591081976890564,
0.5420210957527161,
0.5978713035583496,
-0.09329386055469513,
0.03293673321604729,
0.19863906502723694,
0.6847777962684631,
-0.27262699604034424,
-0.3915516436100006,
-0.8534550070762634,
0.4674345552921295,
0.34304624795913696,
-0.36443808674812317,
0.13751636445522308,
0.24789607524871826,
0.4007793664932251,
-0.0691540539264679,
0.36575430631637573,
-0.6879411935806274,
0.7152238488197327,
-0.3104979693889618,
-0.12416903674602509,
-0.025241725146770477,
-0.5134471654891968,
0.284318745136261,
-0.3310457170009613,
-0.321626752614975,
-0.03976137191057205,
0.0033450082410126925,
0.16410309076309204,
-0.10589218139648438,
-0.6879816055297852,
-0.4956529438495636,
-0.010853380896151066,
0.44320279359817505,
0.13630303740501404,
-0.11221019178628922,
-0.03397257998585701,
-0.3111860752105713,
0.9551414251327515,
0.24530485272407532,
-0.0529763326048851,
-0.7358191609382629,
0.05108299106359482,
0.6284719705581665,
-0.09028726071119308,
0.6239776611328125,
0.675264835357666,
-0.3484555184841156,
0.39014187455177307,
-0.008717033080756664,
-0.5597729682922363,
-0.20716147124767303,
-0.0749938040971756,
-0.4024571478366852,
-0.7352146506309509,
-0.3316839933395386,
-0.41355955600738525,
0.6397884488105774,
-0.047220584005117416,
-0.049354348331689835,
0.23332278430461884,
-0.08576945215463638,
0.12820997834205627,
-0.4491591155529022,
-0.04677287116646767,
-0.030058393254876137,
0.20092663168907166,
0.057487279176712036,
-0.3785299062728882,
0.4885730743408203,
0.6871588230133057,
-0.5706045031547546,
0.5020269751548767,
0.27888891100883484,
-0.206160768866539,
0.0011004969710484147,
0.3881482779979706,
0.29368114471435547,
0.20996691286563873,
-0.49966591596603394,
-0.03109898790717125,
0.14108026027679443,
0.32937854528427124,
0.010134055279195309,
-0.817577600479126,
0.18587471544742584,
-0.3218627870082855,
-0.14005646109580994,
-0.40383291244506836,
-0.3867036700248718,
-0.32632899284362793,
-0.13697637617588043,
-0.33448776602745056,
-0.03906742483377457,
-0.1011471226811409,
0.6504188776016235,
-0.30849045515060425,
0.9971054792404175,
-0.633184552192688,
0.6545408368110657,
-0.17610682547092438,
-0.34111714363098145,
0.1680920571088791,
0.15058265626430511,
-0.1383885145187378,
0.153127059340477,
0.2558623254299164,
0.23470759391784668,
0.15341554582118988,
-0.09134921431541443,
1.5671625137329102,
-0.00015921641897875816,
-0.33828094601631165,
-0.20673105120658875,
0.09378791600465775,
0.14682109653949738,
-0.5949796438217163,
-0.5107920169830322,
0.8397143483161926,
0.06194431707262993,
-0.5560467839241028,
0.025341082364320755,
-0.2145928144454956,
0.9510249495506287,
-0.4518626630306244,
-0.12261582165956497,
0.7124159932136536,
0.26838749647140503,
0.07180611789226532,
-0.21229372918605804,
-0.16039764881134033,
-0.2788296639919281,
0.3029549717903137,
-0.28898006677627563,
-0.3759112060070038,
-0.8248915672302246,
0.0784711092710495,
0.08503346890211105,
-0.6499994993209839,
-0.402792751789093,
0.21441642940044403,
-0.11102429032325745,
-0.17356671392917633,
0.32685258984565735,
0.06864456087350845,
0.009858001954853535,
0.3192530870437622,
-0.017772823572158813,
-0.1595766544342041,
-0.3804542124271393,
0.2984178066253662,
-0.1194567009806633,
-0.42190632224082947,
0.5019146203994751,
-1.071738600730896,
-0.029862742871046066,
0.10152046382427216,
-0.7524081468582153,
-0.3940664231777191,
-0.02055387943983078,
-0.20604029297828674,
-0.12430907785892487,
0.17305615544319153,
-0.6194875836372375,
0.42838746309280396,
0.35432231426239014,
0.38760578632354736,
0.251630038022995,
-0.05077684670686722,
-0.515647828578949,
0.7428986430168152,
-0.16774730384349823,
-0.5703328251838684,
-0.03810415416955948,
-0.16620779037475586,
-0.5918954610824585,
-0.37115493416786194,
-0.15374475717544556,
-0.2066359966993332,
0.4938634932041168,
0.1388758420944214,
0.585167646408081,
0.4095555245876312,
-0.8754451870918274,
-0.1555805206298828,
0.2938542366027832,
-0.29592159390449524,
-0.47161737084388733,
-0.08231452107429504,
-0.24913835525512695,
-0.36272576451301575,
-0.17828723788261414,
0.23797328770160675,
-0.022911878302693367,
0.5258513689041138,
-0.04718172922730446,
0.3277202248573303,
0.35345858335494995,
0.36374431848526,
0.2233009785413742,
0.2551593482494354,
-1.0442808866500854,
0.40203481912612915,
0.05239888280630112,
-0.19745318591594696,
0.4665478467941284,
0.17767201364040375,
-0.4167628586292267,
0.5959106683731079,
0.08056306838989258,
0.5330913662910461,
-0.48846015334129333,
0.046258069574832916,
0.27718865871429443,
0.06224890798330307,
-0.08231600373983383,
-0.061102245002985,
-0.2131498008966446,
0.26897862553596497,
0.5658669471740723,
-0.42455944418907166,
0.09914951771497726,
0.22052402794361115,
0.21032938361167908,
-0.5314584970474243,
0.34809696674346924,
-0.009109451435506344,
-0.4805453419685364,
-0.32860931754112244,
-0.3804430663585663,
-0.6974611282348633,
0.506350040435791,
0.23898707330226898,
-0.10941821336746216,
-0.26586008071899414,
0.7623827457427979,
-0.12308710813522339,
0.09767631441354752,
0.15406890213489532,
0.20548182725906372,
-0.008420174941420555,
0.15770237147808075,
0.0884258970618248,
0.14165076613426208,
0.5761802196502686,
0.11125288158655167,
0.012732050381600857,
0.16838134825229645,
-0.09808406233787537,
-0.015104901976883411,
0.3869175314903259,
-0.13891996443271637,
-0.8516063690185547,
-0.18084383010864258,
0.7745429277420044,
-0.14190062880516052,
0.5618821978569031,
-0.1175389438867569,
-0.1423320174217224,
0.5475741028785706,
0.00491658179089427,
-0.4085775911808014,
0.12838512659072876,
0.04452778771519661,
0.234188050031662,
-0.18341796100139618,
0.8534847497940063,
0.429787278175354,
0.0717892125248909,
0.1715899109840393,
0.4008106291294098,
-0.31380903720855713,
0.5547112226486206,
0.2257729470729828,
0.007521949242800474,
-0.07569623738527298,
-0.4597470760345459,
0.03724231943488121,
0.06493447721004486,
-0.27987295389175415,
-0.007601086515933275,
-0.18768693506717682,
0.48194441199302673,
0.049139805138111115,
0.48134103417396545,
0.4278169274330139,
-0.3472590744495392,
0.3282468318939209,
-0.6352211833000183,
0.15431782603263855,
-0.43816882371902466,
0.37213844060897827,
0.8418827056884766,
0.09175810217857361,
0.12675891816616058,
0.39240673184394836,
0.21098457276821136,
-0.6120904088020325,
0.2744741141796112,
-0.7675701975822449,
-0.09380657970905304,
-0.5622181296348572,
0.07956904172897339,
-0.017783811315894127,
-0.23763735592365265,
-0.08424046635627747,
1.3236581087112427,
0.5365895628929138,
-0.5773005485534668,
-0.7661218047142029,
-0.3189958930015564,
0.07541028410196304,
-0.01762361451983452,
-0.03809681907296181,
-0.09691392630338669,
-0.22833149135112762,
-0.1992308497428894,
-0.2861064374446869,
-0.15128037333488464,
-0.1519840508699417,
-0.09839033335447311,
0.21828509867191315,
-0.16003473103046417,
0.3347522020339966,
0.1486779749393463,
0.556369960308075,
-0.16016536951065063,
0.3449060022830963,
0.7401248812675476
]
|
214880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Paisley%20Jr | Ian Paisley Jr | Ian Richard Kyle Paisley Jr (born 12 December 1966) is a British unionist politician. He is a member of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). He has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for North Antrim since the 2010 general election. Previously he was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for North Antrim from 1998 to 2010. Paisley is a son of the DUP's founder Ian Paisley.
Childhood
Born in Belfast in 1966, Paisley is the youngest child of the Reverend Ian Paisley and his wife Eileen Paisley, Baroness Paisley of St George's. The younger Ian, along with his twin brother (Kyle) and his three elder sisters (Sharon, Rhonda and Cherith), was brought up in a large detached house on Cyprus Avenue in east Belfast. Being the younger of the twins, he was named after his father who was the younger of two brothers. He regularly attended the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster (where his father preached) from a very young age. In August 2007, he was the subject of the third episode of the BBC Radio 4 series The House I Grew Up In in which he talked about a happy childhood and secure family life, despite the Troubles.
Education
After leaving primary school, he was educated at Shaftesbury House College, and then in the sixth form at Methodist College Belfast, before gaining admission to Queen's University Belfast. There he read Modern History and Irish Politics, gaining respectively a BA (Hons) and MSSc. After finishing his postgraduate studies, he worked for his father as a political researcher and parliamentary aide.
Political career
In 1996, Paisley was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for North Antrim. He was returned for the constituency to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998. He is one of three DUP members who have taken their seats on the Northern Ireland Policing Board, and is also the party's justice spokesman and press officer.
Paisley successfully ran to succeed his father as the MP for North Antrim in the 2010 UK general election, winning 46.4% of the vote share. Upon his election as MP, he resigned his seat in the Northern Ireland Assembly.
Although there were rumours that Paisley Jr was positioning himself to become leader of his party, he denies any such ambition: "I've no ambition for that at all. I've never had any ambition to get anywhere beyond where I am today. Some people sought to put the knife in, in order to stop me, because they were concerned about me wanting to be leader. Well, they misjudged me completely."
Expenses
For the 2011–12 financial year, Paisley's total expenses claim was the seventh-highest of all members of parliament. His expenses for the 2012–13 financial year were £232,000; the highest of any MP that year. The costs covered travel and accommodation for Paisley himself and his constituency staff. In an interview with the Ballymena Times, Paisley stated "None of this money goes to me as MP ... They are legitimate expenses signed off by IPSA and paid directly by the Parliament". He had the second-highest expenses claim in the 2013–14 financial year. For the 2014–15 financial year, he was again the second-highest claimant, receiving £227,000 in expenses. During the 2010–2015 Parliament, Paisley claimed a total of £1,112,667 in expenses.
Brexit
Paisley strongly supported "Vote Leave" in the 2016 Brexit referendum, and was a supporter of the Eurosceptic campaign Leave Means Leave.
While rejecting calls by Republican party Sinn Féin for a referendum in Northern Ireland on a unified Ireland, he advised his constituents to get a Republic of Ireland passport if they were eligible.
Paid advocacy and recall petition
In 2018 Paisley was suspended from the House of Commons for 30 sitting days, beginning on 4 September 2018, because he broke paid advocacy rules by receiving hospitality from the Sri Lankan government without declaring that to the Commons. Following his suspension, the Recall of MPs Act 2015 was invoked for the first time since it received Royal Assent, the resulting recall petition—the first in British parliamentary history—however did not receive enough signatures to recall Paisley. His membership of the DUP was suspended between 24 July and 18 September 2018, during internal investigations by the party into his conduct.
Electoral Commission fine
In September 2020, Paisley was fined £1,300 (€1,400) by the Electoral Commission for accepting a total of £2,600 from two local councils to purchase tables at a fund-raising event at the Tullyglass hotel in Ballymena in September 2017. Paisley also agreed to pay back the money.
Controversy
Views on homosexuality
In 2005, Paisley came under some criticism for his beliefs about same-sex marriages. Upon learning that David Trimble's aide, Steven King, had married his partner in Canada, Paisley was quoted as saying, "It is really astounding that David Trimble should have had a man such as this giving him advice – and must surely cast grave doubts on his own political judgement. I think these sorts of relationships are immoral, offensive and obnoxious."
Paisley caused further controversy in May 2007 when, in an interview with journalist Jason O'Toole in Hot Press magazine, he said that "I am pretty repulsed by gay and lesbianism. I think it is wrong. I think that those people harm themselves and – without caring about it – harm society. That doesn't mean to say that I hate them – I mean, I hate what they do."
In 2011, Paisley said of his previous comments: "I think I have grown up since then. I have strong Christian beliefs and moral viewpoints, but you have to realise that while sin is black and white, life is a lot of grey. You have to be mature about these things. I can strongly disagree with those viewpoints, but the point is how you disagree."
University graduation
Paisley was unable to graduate from his MSSc in the summer graduation period, due to having exceeded the word count on his dissertation and instead graduated in the winter period of 1994. The summer of 1994 was the last year Queen's University Belfast played the British national anthem. Paisley responded by playing the anthem on a tape recorder during his winter graduation.
Property developers
Paisley had been linked in press reports to local property developer Seymour Sweeney when, in 2007, Sweeney admitted that Paisley had lobbied on his behalf regarding plans for a private visitors' centre at the Giant's Causeway, the only UNESCO World Heritage Site in Northern Ireland. Paisley strongly denied that he had any financial relationship with Sweeney, although he admitted that he had gone deep sea fishing with the developer socially.
Paisley had been involved in the commercial development of the north Antrim coast and strongly supported Alistair Hanna's controversial Bushmills Dunes Golf Resort and Spa proposal, an 18-hole golf course and hotel complex at Runkerry, adjacent to the Giant's Causeway. There were a series of public blunders and further controversy in February 2008, following scrutiny on the employment of family members by politicians after the Derek Conway scandal, when it emerged that Paisley was on his father's payroll as a researcher in the constituency of North Antrim in addition to his roles as an MLA and a junior minister. As a result, Paisley resigned his junior minister position on 18 February 2008.
Dissident republican comments
Further controversy occurred in August 2008 when Paisley, speaking after a number of attacks on the Police Service of Northern Ireland, said that dissident republicans should be "shot on sight".
2013 Sri Lankan hospitality, and lobbying for a foreign government
In September 2017, The Daily Telegraph alleged that Paisley received hospitality from the government of Sri Lanka for two visits there in 2013 without declaring it, and pointed out that he had been involved in securing a post-Brexit trade deal with that country. However, Paisley stated that the claims were defamatory and that he had referred the matter to his solicitor.
In July 2018, the House of Commons Standards Committee recommended that Paisley be suspended from the Commons for 30 sitting days, for not declaring visits to Sri Lanka paid for by the Sri Lankan government, and for breaking the Commons rule banning paid advocacy. The Committee concluded that Paisley's actions amounted to serious misconduct. The Committee suggested that Paisley's failure to register his visit to Sri Lanka occurred because he was conscious of the potential embarrassment that would be caused to him were it to become publicly known that he had accepted very expensive hospitality, for himself and his family, from a foreign government accused of serious human rights violations.
On 24 July 2018, MPs voted to suspend Paisley from the House of Commons for a period of 30 sitting days, beginning on 4 September 2018. His salary was also to be withheld for 30 days. The DUP released a statement confirming that the party officers had decided to suspend him from the party until an internal investigation were held into his conduct. The Speaker of the House of Commons confirmed he would write to the Chief Electoral Officer in Northern Ireland to initiate the MP recall mechanisms, as specified in the Recall of MPs Act 2015. A recall petition opened on 8 August.
On 20 September 2018, the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland announced the recall petition had fallen 444 votes short of the number needed to spark a by-election. Following this result, the DUP announced that it had lifted Ian Paisley's party suspension on 18 September, but had banned him from taking any party office for a year.
Paisley visited Sri Lanka twice; the first occasion was from 30 March 2013 until 5 April, and the second occasion from 2 July 2013 until 11 July. In their family visa application submitted to the Sri Lanka High Commission in London, all six who travelled declared that the purpose of their visit to Sri Lanka was "official".
Criticism of journalist
In September 2019, following the publication of an analytical article written on the DUP's ongoing negotiations in Stormont in the Belfast News Letter by journalist Sam McBride, Paisley criticised McBride online, calling him "despicable", "immature", and "simplistic". In response, the National Union of Journalists condemned the remarks as an "unwarranted personal attack" on the journalist. Following further criticism, Paisley apologised, stating that he "expressed [himself] badly".
Personal life
Paisley married Fiona in 1990; they have four children. He is a member of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster.
References
External links
Ian Paisley Junior Official constituency site
Democratic Unionist Party
Developer's DUP link 'no bearing', BBC News, 11 September 2007
1966 births
Democratic Unionist Party MLAs
Living people
Politicians from Belfast
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Antrim constituencies (since 1922)
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Northern Ireland MLAs 1998–2003
Northern Ireland MLAs 2003–2007
Northern Ireland MLAs 2007–2011
Junior ministers of the Northern Ireland Assembly (since 1999)
Presbyterians from Northern Ireland
Ulster Scots people
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Sons of life peers
People educated at Methodist College Belfast
Democratic Unionist Party MPs | [
-0.07998699694871902,
-0.03871914744377136,
0.0028839290607720613,
-1.242281436920166,
0.603346049785614,
0.4684019982814789,
0.3282179832458496,
-0.05355155095458031,
-0.3835141956806183,
0.01677267998456955,
-0.23967839777469635,
0.5206705927848816,
-0.5462939739227295,
0.5188642740249634,
0.11290932446718216,
0.6661124229431152,
-0.6603564023971558,
0.24557475745677948,
-0.1069120392203331,
0.39494216442108154,
-0.06404580175876617,
0.12061213701963425,
0.12105747312307358,
0.5750275254249573,
-0.05307731032371521,
0.4894554316997528,
0.4638519883155823,
-0.2701745927333832,
-0.27761310338974,
-0.7206111550331116,
0.1608169823884964,
-0.22169005870819092,
0.46084320545196533,
-0.0471673347055912,
0.33561351895332336,
-0.485328733921051,
-0.004365687258541584,
-0.658357560634613,
-0.3429241478443146,
0.23588967323303223,
-1.2745368480682373,
0.09700957685709,
0.2654077410697937,
0.10236622393131256,
0.3917092978954315,
-0.5272820591926575,
-0.911990761756897,
0.26583972573280334,
0.27701398730278015,
-0.09521105885505676,
-0.14808517694473267,
0.8641757965087891,
0.9016616940498352,
0.00007741805166006088,
-0.16390550136566162,
-0.053476281464099884,
-0.26102644205093384,
-0.3793680965900421,
0.20053605735301971,
-0.6206405162811279,
0.3540094792842865,
0.2880270481109619,
0.13557152450084686,
0.13089123368263245,
0.6901416778564453,
0.23958362638950348,
-0.4079662561416626,
0.6245632171630859,
-0.814675509929657,
-0.22962571680545807,
-0.38887229561805725,
0.3071424961090088,
0.7086769938468933,
-0.029436983168125153,
0.16500115394592285,
-0.19945645332336426,
-0.24763967096805573,
0.012929338030517101,
0.2788618505001068,
0.43840211629867554,
-0.14056488871574402,
0.22558267414569855,
0.06959625333547592,
1.248329758644104,
0.9576786160469055,
0.5417028069496155,
-0.6093848347663879,
0.8248944878578186,
0.1423567682504654,
0.6630226969718933,
-0.4935215413570404,
-0.4871571958065033,
0.3220005929470062,
-0.41151106357574463,
-0.5025057196617126,
-0.017089297994971275,
-0.1521107405424118,
0.14419697225093842,
0.089818075299263,
-0.33752313256263733,
0.013321945443749428,
0.02160622738301754,
0.4193038046360016,
-0.5632651448249817,
-0.6711118221282959,
-0.07859733700752258,
-1.1418453454971313,
-0.0622977614402771,
0.18213418126106262,
-0.6458871960639954,
-0.09760178625583649,
-0.14990399777889252,
-0.4799804389476776,
0.2836969792842865,
0.5201571583747864,
0.3634010851383209,
-0.055234186351299286,
-0.8921989798545837,
-0.5826075673103333,
0.2960648536682129,
0.2578618824481964,
0.11483322829008102,
-0.5211206674575806,
0.9725553393363953,
-0.6580847501754761,
-0.1842135787010193,
-0.0980328619480133,
-0.03263937681913376,
-0.6005226969718933,
0.7982807159423828,
0.7230645418167114,
0.9781701564788818,
-0.7104083299636841,
0.09678477793931961,
-1.3566739559173584,
0.05354063957929611,
0.782939076423645,
0.23885828256607056,
0.14991271495819092,
0.29322218894958496,
-0.7435346841812134,
0.24480482935905457,
-0.6003238558769226,
-0.2651660740375519,
0.2858292758464813,
-0.18795590102672577,
-1.0166791677474976,
0.06259801238775253,
-0.2599174678325653,
-0.20767292380332947,
0.27160316705703735,
0.16586749255657196,
0.22419209778308868,
-0.4812319278717041,
-0.4031873345375061,
1.0943859815597534,
0.9039486646652222,
-0.3097212612628937,
0.48173022270202637,
0.3391544818878174,
-0.06349360197782516,
0.38412901759147644,
-0.20564931631088257,
0.2794153392314911,
0.3243325650691986,
0.47449415922164917,
0.14058230817317963,
-0.7258772850036621,
0.19184640049934387,
-0.00438381964340806,
-0.1522679477930069,
-0.09002901613712311,
0.5823020935058594,
-0.8677659034729004,
0.255456805229187,
-0.08652602136135101,
0.019385788589715958,
0.01604064181447029,
0.46012774109840393,
-0.3817310929298401,
-0.763430655002594,
-0.80440354347229,
-0.24089767038822174,
0.16754719614982605,
0.5196396112442017,
-0.4124647378921509,
0.18317647278308868,
-0.37103360891342163,
0.39260002970695496,
0.07779275625944138,
-0.8258659839630127,
-0.47158291935920715,
0.0818077102303505,
-0.24405452609062195,
0.3300666809082031,
0.5394821166992188,
0.3457270562648773,
0.6513640880584717,
-0.3028472363948822,
1.4445455074310303,
-0.38400813937187195,
0.36660653352737427,
0.026895754039287567,
-0.9071606397628784,
-0.18491265177726746,
0.8806648850440979,
0.8245385885238647,
-0.007388439495116472,
0.26380881667137146,
0.6012378931045532,
0.027757642790675163,
-0.5366640686988831,
-0.1363222450017929,
0.13710851967334747,
0.3625938594341278,
-0.639902651309967,
-0.31299349665641785,
-1.07676100730896,
0.28063520789146423,
0.08925806730985641,
0.6724889278411865,
0.42913809418678284,
-0.539291501045227,
0.9521293044090271,
-0.14557838439941406,
0.7970871925354004,
0.1937439739704132,
-0.2059045135974884,
-0.025145482271909714,
-0.48387575149536133,
-0.39689144492149353,
0.3571024537086487,
-0.16676773130893707,
-0.6271969676017761,
-0.432889848947525,
-0.4179450273513794,
-0.26686564087867737,
-0.08906067162752151,
-0.40537524223327637,
-0.014537788927555084,
0.9534520506858826,
0.5295993685722351,
-0.5337398648262024,
-0.3884277939796448,
0.11879611760377884,
0.32483306527137756,
-0.3010598123073578,
0.38918977975845337,
0.37224429845809937,
0.293523371219635,
0.3641459345817566,
0.44021329283714294,
0.8239974975585938,
0.048762090504169464,
0.2372121512889862,
-0.23663535714149475,
0.11095938086509705,
0.33397671580314636,
-0.07512406259775162,
0.433289498090744,
0.3247445225715637,
0.14952528476715088,
-0.07531116157770157,
0.3081108033657074,
0.22397057712078094,
0.5406821370124817,
-0.8347662091255188,
-0.27159273624420166,
0.1521558165550232,
-0.14186657965183258,
-0.3502758741378784,
-0.6728578805923462,
0.08504419773817062,
-0.5424647927284241,
-0.005133857484906912,
0.34535667300224304,
0.45360827445983887,
-0.04276715964078903,
-0.08396737277507782,
-0.7590489983558655,
0.4661797881126404,
0.012069015763700008,
-0.0031309244222939014,
-0.4328787922859192,
0.245183527469635,
0.395522803068161,
-0.1965091973543167,
-0.09722203761339188,
-0.07645837962627411,
-0.22432558238506317,
0.18708741664886475,
0.18648992478847504,
-0.16172149777412415,
0.4975838363170624,
0.02633121982216835,
0.08679376542568207,
-0.11127156764268875,
-0.6854329705238342,
0.7905653715133667,
-0.4723840653896332,
-0.015037398785352707,
0.40088894963264465,
-0.05655120313167572,
0.22694535553455353,
0.9221784472465515,
-0.1607869565486908,
-0.06708472222089767,
-0.2225199043750763,
-4.836563587188721,
-0.5148816704750061,
0.30189284682273865,
-0.2244529128074646,
0.9641242027282715,
-0.09270153194665909,
0.32853689789772034,
-0.5964781045913696,
-0.0722164511680603,
-0.508580207824707,
0.031938862055540085,
0.1471768468618393,
-0.26759395003318787,
0.006042167544364929,
0.5420262217521667,
0.8713477849960327,
1.0393805503845215,
0.2772229313850403,
1.04916250705719,
-0.5003054141998291,
0.09646047651767731,
0.16087783873081207,
-0.6593466997146606,
0.2784997522830963,
0.0965215414762497,
0.8793050646781921,
-0.5224379897117615,
-0.31316688656806946,
-0.7469366192817688,
0.1453522890806198,
-0.33087801933288574,
0.1816539466381073,
-0.7185668349266052,
-0.3901681900024414,
-0.5946219563484192,
-0.8645122647285461,
0.13237889111042023,
0.40631118416786194,
0.3211926817893982,
0.09454318881034851,
0.3079608976840973,
0.1671585887670517,
-0.6107528805732727,
0.27671027183532715,
0.05419065058231354,
-0.838020384311676,
-0.9126428961753845,
-0.5615027546882629,
-0.6585509181022644,
0.9437049627304077,
-0.7968353033065796,
0.06534849107265472,
0.8155320286750793,
-0.11009618639945984,
-0.10836528241634369,
0.1078757494688034,
0.09014981985092163,
0.010071014054119587,
-0.38444283604621887,
0.34946781396865845,
0.14887726306915283,
-0.560407280921936,
0.23079141974449158,
-0.0914880707859993,
-0.4211553931236267,
0.08335079997777939,
0.40455344319343567,
-0.41551533341407776,
0.5158330798149109,
-0.08972164988517761,
-0.7899714112281799,
0.49073103070259094,
0.0986359566450119,
-1.1329296827316284,
-0.2512866258621216,
-0.3733726739883423,
-0.5435146689414978,
0.48265790939331055,
0.07032725214958191,
-0.5261940360069275,
0.24806849658489227,
0.015321962535381317,
0.08410292863845825,
1.0323392152786255,
-0.3683719038963318,
-0.06732359528541565,
-0.3246734142303467,
0.5903759598731995,
0.28086361289024353,
-0.08357072621583939,
-0.590556800365448,
-0.4345753490924835,
-0.591023325920105,
0.024570075795054436,
1.0805484056472778,
-0.4183730483055115,
-0.026948727667331696,
-0.24019385874271393,
-0.08428432047367096,
-0.6744050979614258,
-0.19013915956020355,
-0.5179410576820374,
-0.5598713755607605,
-0.8954657912254333,
0.34161078929901123,
-0.3038192689418793,
-0.5761174559593201,
0.22766557335853577,
0.14677926898002625,
0.6962732076644897,
-0.1340932548046112,
-0.05083252117037773,
-0.3840676546096802,
0.103709377348423,
0.34168678522109985,
-0.24538949131965637,
-0.33031633496284485,
0.6734535098075867,
0.30030128359794617,
1.050926685333252,
0.5489898324012756,
0.40503793954849243,
-0.2101856917142868,
0.2840114235877991,
-0.17422199249267578,
-0.13714800775051117,
1.0820401906967163,
-0.2991102933883667,
-0.2093736231327057,
-0.3469904661178589,
-0.33406010270118713,
0.29445233941078186,
-0.18179933726787567,
-0.21530504524707794,
0.068434938788414,
-0.3415946066379547,
-0.2489151805639267,
-0.39406123757362366,
-0.20242159068584442,
-0.3270340859889984,
-0.31049931049346924,
0.06936299800872803,
0.25427624583244324,
-0.11814770847558975,
0.29225102066993713,
0.40163183212280273,
-0.0325307697057724,
0.5265021324157715,
0.21008417010307312,
0.3355659246444702,
-0.12956292927265167,
-0.2066567838191986,
0.7262758016586304,
-1.047926425933838,
0.05405271798372269,
0.1630362719297409,
-0.4127126634120941,
0.12834523618221283,
0.1247057318687439,
-0.6390783190727234,
0.2093968540430069,
0.3355719745159149,
-1.4166978597640991,
0.061549387872219086,
0.7839187979698181,
0.21068979799747467,
-0.4648658335208893,
-0.2716357409954071,
0.0670594722032547,
1.0682538747787476,
-0.13758325576782227,
-0.5989352464675903,
-0.1047016903758049,
-0.6690820455551147,
0.11185884475708008,
-0.009065301157534122,
0.11295664310455322,
0.39893946051597595,
0.23555229604244232,
0.4860987961292267,
0.14974887669086456,
0.34378930926322937,
-0.41229456663131714,
0.6802485585212708,
0.5336291790008545,
-0.37787842750549316,
-0.4407244026660919,
-0.8810610771179199,
0.0549149289727211,
0.5492974519729614,
0.4357720911502838,
-0.07571621984243393,
0.77344810962677,
0.34627220034599304,
-0.6137615442276001,
-0.5643462538719177,
-0.0850074291229248,
-0.7031232714653015,
-0.12407286465167999,
-1.1442636251449585,
0.0475199893116951,
0.3871486186981201,
-0.34161582589149475,
-0.01699349842965603,
-0.40705162286758423,
-0.3365723192691803,
-0.32843735814094543,
0.07303332537412643,
-0.37472063302993774,
0.833414614200592,
-0.1355959177017212,
-0.5691377520561218,
0.08553266525268555,
0.705702006816864,
-0.4722362458705902,
-0.1581837385892868,
0.039903756231069565,
0.2653478980064392,
-0.19869711995124817,
-0.12607428431510925,
-0.9486568570137024,
-0.6432546973228455,
-0.6276764869689941,
0.08441688865423203,
-0.008909311145544052,
0.6314799189567566,
0.28816598653793335,
-0.35925453901290894,
0.8199702501296997,
-0.41544395685195923,
-0.3952615559101105,
-0.2868618965148926,
0.47973358631134033,
-0.016218720003962517,
-0.5339404344558716,
0.3749164342880249,
0.1665329933166504,
0.9341090321540833,
0.31727224588394165,
-0.3533382713794708,
0.4577788710594177,
1.2402303218841553,
0.7726789116859436,
-1.3550300598144531,
0.3205112814903259,
0.49245592951774597,
0.6025479435920715,
-0.5696804523468018,
-0.3212185800075531,
0.5424349308013916,
0.3337845504283905,
-0.2128341794013977,
-0.4863477647304535,
-0.6713248491287231,
0.978653609752655,
-0.568307101726532,
0.07860531657934189,
0.12216264754533768,
0.2980598211288452,
-0.6619229912757874,
-0.25223928689956665,
0.3576524257659912,
-0.09112126380205154,
-0.01741187274456024,
-0.04687763750553131,
0.252754271030426,
0.03614120930433273,
0.02891775593161583,
0.24947084486484528,
-0.19327934086322784,
-0.8144623041152954,
-0.7546920776367188,
0.44388118386268616,
0.7141396403312683,
-0.5229018926620483,
-0.20337729156017303,
-0.1504235416650772,
-0.6487841010093689,
0.3136982321739197,
0.4326781630516052,
-0.44791337847709656,
-0.28260520100593567,
0.25146061182022095,
-0.4772052466869354,
0.43294188380241394,
-0.43081462383270264,
0.3771566152572632,
0.14739425480365753,
-0.1294209510087967,
-0.4865684509277344,
-0.3612309992313385,
-0.5652015209197998,
-0.22479723393917084,
-0.44994598627090454,
-0.5757675170898438,
0.29199764132499695,
-0.6702860593795776,
0.3883553445339203,
0.009880971163511276,
-0.41562169790267944,
-0.3228268623352051,
1.60422682762146,
0.2265748679637909,
0.1854284703731537,
0.15820127725601196,
0.07336287945508957,
-0.3518376648426056,
0.006880651693791151,
0.5322393178939819,
-0.3539331257343292,
-0.09591977298259735,
0.04485699161887169,
0.5704653263092041,
0.2776346802711487,
-0.7425181269645691,
-0.16240794956684113,
0.09061487764120102,
-0.8523058295249939,
0.30051329731941223,
-0.100582554936409,
0.13283516466617584,
0.022721847519278526,
0.3266064524650574,
0.04755590111017227,
0.457329660654068,
0.6128225326538086,
-0.593039333820343,
-0.207769975066185,
0.11823590099811554,
0.029182879254221916,
-0.28742584586143494,
0.07908131927251816,
-0.30952659249305725,
0.24715441465377808,
-0.35833001136779785,
-0.3077682554721832,
0.6062461733818054,
-0.6843151450157166,
0.21286800503730774,
0.6145646572113037,
-0.43245622515678406,
0.4381665885448456,
0.16430355608463287,
-0.06276831030845642,
0.11169447004795074,
-0.12687978148460388,
-0.21061153709888458,
0.28775784373283386,
0.2670632600784302,
-0.5888456106185913,
0.37878724932670593,
-0.050965771079063416,
0.40831902623176575,
-0.3973354995250702,
-0.015928002074360847,
0.4483293890953064,
0.5569745302200317,
-0.4715447425842285,
0.1725360006093979,
-0.40843772888183594,
0.16422906517982483,
0.5792322754859924,
0.8343988656997681,
0.7098052501678467,
0.31222206354141235,
-0.20416392385959625,
0.629653811454773,
-1.090227723121643,
0.2976418435573578,
0.46641650795936584,
0.41630294919013977,
-0.3159671127796173,
-0.46534407138824463,
-0.07061952352523804,
0.6894397139549255,
-0.34538504481315613,
-0.14697015285491943,
0.1747126430273056,
-1.1332372426986694,
0.6075713038444519,
-0.4290994107723236,
0.9458746314048767,
0.05887087434530258,
0.17330367863178253,
0.29509344696998596,
0.4890647232532501,
-0.6810103058815002,
-0.35817933082580566,
-0.26465222239494324,
0.19270475208759308,
0.27946531772613525,
-0.4196408987045288,
-0.3252512216567993,
0.37647005915641785,
-0.7727276682853699,
-0.0560048371553421,
-0.5068269371986389,
0.9341181516647339,
1.096426010131836,
0.4628795087337494,
-0.4247269332408905,
0.3180100619792938,
-0.25844332575798035,
0.13821133971214294,
-0.49968844652175903,
0.35276496410369873,
-0.6682831645011902,
0.4898539185523987,
-0.8126930594444275,
0.32331371307373047,
-0.27103498578071594,
0.1065264418721199,
-0.25876832008361816,
0.5119364261627197,
-0.4983344078063965,
0.6776767373085022,
0.7390456795692444,
-0.971560001373291,
-0.026140058413147926,
-0.532772958278656,
0.27150630950927734,
-0.02931690402328968,
-0.043055903166532516,
0.33876749873161316,
0.44231894612312317,
-0.4004960358142853,
-0.013459001667797565,
0.7652678489685059,
-0.47220322489738464,
0.27383655309677124,
-0.5362926721572876,
-0.2073795050382614,
0.2321123629808426,
-0.27037015557289124,
0.2133282870054245,
-0.5774210691452026,
0.21109984815120697,
0.543120265007019,
0.33158165216445923,
0.043528445065021515,
0.664177417755127,
0.005387731362134218,
-0.31275954842567444,
0.08464657515287399,
-1.325347661972046,
-0.5491595268249512,
0.0756436362862587,
-0.7899338006973267,
0.5085206031799316,
-0.20856764912605286,
0.34264644980430603,
-0.3434116244316101,
0.10478348284959793,
-0.34895238280296326,
0.6364278197288513,
-0.30374324321746826,
0.006718505639582872,
-0.37069928646087646,
0.621710479259491,
-0.26840439438819885
]
|
214883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%20of%20Texas | Governor of Texas | The governor of Texas heads the state government of Texas. The governor is the chief authority of the executive and legislative branch of the state government and is the commander in chief of the Texas National Guard. The current governor is Greg Abbott, who took office in 2015.
Qualifications
Anyone seeking to become Governor of Texas must meet the following qualifications:
Be at least 30 years of age
Be a Texas resident for at least five years before the election
Governors of Texas are directly elected by registered voters in Texas and serve for a term of four years. They take office on the twentieth day of January following an election, which is also the date of expiry of the previous gubernatorial term.
History
The state's first constitution in 1845 established the office of governor, to serve for two years, but no more than four years out of every six (essentially a limit of no more than two consecutive terms). The 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election. The 1866 constitution, adopted just after the American Civil War, increased terms to 4 years, but no more than 8 years out of every 12, and moved the start date to the first Thursday after the organization of the legislature, or "as soon thereafter as practicable". The Reconstruction-era constitution of 1869 removed the limit on terms, Texas remains one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term limits. The present constitution of 1876 shortened terms back to two years, but a 1972 amendment increased it again to four years.
The gubernatorial election is held every four years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November and does not coincide with the presidential elections. The governor is sworn in on the third Tuesday of January every four years along with the lieutenant governor, so Abbott and current lieutenant governor Dan Patrick both took office on January 20, 2015.
Despite the lack of term limits, no Texas governor in the 19th or 20th centuries ever served more than seven and a half consecutive years in office (Allan Shivers) or eight years total service (Bill Clements, in two non-consecutive four-year terms). Former governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, surpassed both these records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive four-year terms. When Perry won the general election on November 2, 2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel, and John Connally as the only Texas governors elected to three terms (the terms served by governors Shivers, Daniel, and Connally were two-year terms). In case of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. This rule was added only in a 1999 amendment, prior to which the lieutenant governor only acted as governor, except during the time of the 1861 constitution, which said that the lieutenant governor would be styled "Governor of the State of Texas" in case of vacancy.
Presidential campaigns
One governor of Texas won his party's nomination and was elected President of the United States:
George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 (Republican)
Two governors actively sought the nomination of their party, but were unsuccessful:
John Connally in 1980 (Republican, although Connally was elected Governor as a Democrat)
Rick Perry in 2012 and 2016 (Republican)
See also
List of governors of Texas
List of Texas governors and presidents
List of presidents of the Republic of Texas
List of lieutenant governors of Texas
List of Texas state agencies
References
1846 establishments in Texas | [
-0.12380170822143555,
0.4767089784145355,
-0.04300408810377121,
0.11395711451768875,
0.09211378544569016,
0.10516498982906342,
0.527091383934021,
0.8274224400520325,
-0.34062814712524414,
-0.08999648690223694,
-0.594941258430481,
0.7400215864181519,
-0.20293085277080536,
0.16830888390541077,
-0.37752416729927063,
0.8546503186225891,
0.8649682402610779,
0.522806704044342,
-0.11199319362640381,
-0.43506163358688354,
-0.28870755434036255,
-0.16725462675094604,
0.17280372977256775,
-0.26028895378112793,
0.2277384102344513,
0.055081430822610855,
0.062171440571546555,
0.4060283601284027,
-0.5991525650024414,
0.5418978333473206,
0.00880852248519659,
0.1682007610797882,
-0.24086938798427582,
0.2000601440668106,
-0.54679274559021,
-0.12170571833848953,
0.3951127827167511,
-0.49880385398864746,
-0.04655870422720909,
-0.2632999122142792,
-0.29685863852500916,
-0.22814850509166718,
0.6244992017745972,
-0.10911265760660172,
-0.27893495559692383,
-0.9474083781242371,
-1.1486189365386963,
0.2501232922077179,
-0.3995027244091034,
0.4161475896835327,
-0.910138726234436,
0.6864680647850037,
-0.5547600388526917,
0.5020736455917358,
0.218598872423172,
0.4758521616458893,
-0.6373748779296875,
-0.2719497084617615,
-0.28305602073669434,
0.0354410782456398,
0.04527729004621506,
0.8165280818939209,
0.09861557930707932,
0.5623805522918701,
0.028846891596913338,
-0.06463587284088135,
0.508408784866333,
0.45299118757247925,
-0.35195666551589966,
0.1862710863351822,
-0.4940532147884369,
0.6495538353919983,
0.3948436677455902,
0.04462366923689842,
-0.10302338749170303,
-0.39711233973503113,
0.06512235105037689,
0.3811887800693512,
0.19309167563915253,
-0.34956443309783936,
0.2542707324028015,
-0.08988450467586517,
0.8253353238105774,
0.5188815593719482,
0.10637352615594864,
0.1372966170310974,
-0.9316954016685486,
-0.6012318134307861,
-0.33231648802757263,
0.9476111531257629,
-0.3468075096607208,
1.0676478147506714,
0.17481325566768646,
0.0679539293050766,
-0.477344274520874,
-0.8920294642448425,
0.5826112627983093,
-0.28178468346595764,
0.046258993446826935,
0.4122750163078308,
-0.02434435859322548,
-0.2480981945991516,
0.5677188634872437,
0.08848729729652405,
-0.16668403148651123,
0.14162473380565643,
-0.8254637718200684,
0.22842341661453247,
-0.5158611536026001,
0.3821706175804138,
-0.6740012764930725,
0.2968984842300415,
-0.26608845591545105,
0.433380663394928,
-0.012708211317658424,
0.18741309642791748,
0.2577257752418518,
-0.32599562406539917,
0.11682941019535065,
-0.6057710647583008,
0.3471004366874695,
0.49840277433395386,
0.20100340247154236,
-0.03792674094438553,
-0.13743364810943604,
-0.058201488107442856,
0.20144300162792206,
-0.12869885563850403,
0.5419646501541138,
0.0686248317360878,
0.5689921379089355,
-0.16872577369213104,
-0.10361070185899734,
0.08122269809246063,
0.00653757993131876,
-0.10695339739322662,
-0.20387139916419983,
-0.11971351504325867,
0.4444839656352997,
0.30260273814201355,
-1.1530442237854004,
-0.8176889419555664,
-0.31384608149528503,
-0.05795935541391373,
0.015232780016958714,
-0.25535666942596436,
-0.10006649792194366,
-0.16981026530265808,
-0.7552086114883423,
0.4593445360660553,
0.45257335901260376,
0.35082802176475525,
-0.436312735080719,
0.5480098128318787,
0.06218164786696434,
0.36566340923309326,
0.6452043056488037,
-0.3357737958431244,
0.32929685711860657,
0.588026762008667,
0.2218657284975052,
0.04685443639755249,
0.41551584005355835,
-0.7214639186859131,
0.20196707546710968,
0.20054744184017181,
-0.030706090852618217,
0.6538419723510742,
-0.28796857595443726,
-0.28541508316993713,
-0.2438923716545105,
0.1624620109796524,
0.019218461588025093,
-0.4139334261417389,
-0.09182044863700867,
-0.2485329657793045,
0.2896670401096344,
0.11975587904453278,
0.28389599919319153,
0.2491697520017624,
-0.742761492729187,
0.050886984914541245,
0.2761150002479553,
0.08733898401260376,
-0.4327876567840576,
-0.5619924068450928,
0.11688321083784103,
0.027791282162070274,
0.27770426869392395,
-1.1858638525009155,
-0.341666579246521,
-0.3191291093826294,
0.01612669602036476,
-0.4235466718673706,
0.2841690182685852,
-0.009594547562301159,
-0.6972936987876892,
0.5580123662948608,
0.22743520140647888,
0.2730025351047516,
0.20073965191841125,
-0.28041544556617737,
0.2663117051124573,
-0.16617630422115326,
-0.09388666599988937,
0.5103445649147034,
0.76765376329422,
-0.2097545862197876,
0.4667346775531769,
0.6811076998710632,
0.05923492833971977,
-0.4325910806655884,
-0.199093297123909,
0.08829743415117264,
0.17977766692638397,
0.3840736448764801,
-0.6992818713188171,
-0.6162424087524414,
0.35124683380126953,
-0.02133532240986824,
1.195500135421753,
0.6307195425033569,
-0.3544730842113495,
0.45878371596336365,
-0.32302990555763245,
0.39295774698257446,
-0.3312050402164459,
-0.0018432018114253879,
-0.4532131850719452,
-0.03508760780096054,
0.1926293671131134,
-0.9740472435951233,
-0.05351657420396805,
-0.6910062432289124,
0.03488091006875038,
-0.14028967916965485,
-0.7664738297462463,
0.4592421352863312,
0.27453967928886414,
-0.05574243143200874,
-0.03976244851946831,
-0.09297975152730942,
-0.2489159256219864,
0.3547857105731964,
-0.09567879140377045,
0.10371951013803482,
-0.4320840835571289,
-0.3139464259147644,
-0.47094374895095825,
-0.7434312105178833,
0.3889314830303192,
0.16506901383399963,
0.5277584791183472,
-0.10301869362592697,
0.29365450143814087,
-0.3531736731529236,
-0.11423137784004211,
-0.006329990923404694,
-0.38033366203308105,
0.24192406237125397,
-0.6296042203903198,
0.10907632112503052,
0.34184613823890686,
-0.17256957292556763,
0.0815010666847229,
0.2066067010164261,
-0.027720242738723755,
-0.4662768840789795,
-0.44288763403892517,
0.4238636791706085,
0.24471397697925568,
-0.379780650138855,
0.207269087433815,
0.006335900630801916,
0.14374537765979767,
0.10940232127904892,
-0.21714912354946136,
0.004742152523249388,
-1.0017167329788208,
-0.6327274441719055,
0.5897082686424255,
0.47839003801345825,
-0.07280280441045761,
-0.3844257891178131,
-0.5499047636985779,
-1.361416220664978,
0.769285261631012,
-0.5845056772232056,
0.10492502897977829,
-0.22595219314098358,
-0.28749555349349976,
-0.20590119063854218,
0.3213939964771271,
0.028321079909801483,
-0.5071030855178833,
0.17161935567855835,
0.48109230399131775,
0.4440334141254425,
0.15884725749492645,
-0.8586417436599731,
-0.49005380272865295,
0.14559853076934814,
0.38238656520843506,
-0.39938580989837646,
0.2820177972316742,
-0.6631662845611572,
-0.3885311186313629,
0.006089100148528814,
-5.29858922958374,
0.1972944587469101,
-0.7999147772789001,
-0.6991649866104126,
1.092811107635498,
0.06516987830400467,
0.38801950216293335,
-0.5017231702804565,
0.4268629550933838,
-0.560711145401001,
0.3772140443325043,
0.5008984208106995,
-0.2833581864833832,
0.614143967628479,
-0.024438749998807907,
0.3982449471950531,
0.3354296088218689,
-0.7266390323638916,
0.6709815263748169,
0.7413811087608337,
0.22625413537025452,
-0.38181912899017334,
0.15331046283245087,
-0.03696969896554947,
0.583933413028717,
0.6239859461784363,
-0.17838479578495026,
-0.19931086897850037,
0.10387884080410004,
0.0528552383184433,
-0.6534287929534912,
0.15335939824581146,
-0.22901014983654022,
-0.4433572292327881,
-0.2424684315919876,
-0.14623869955539703,
-0.00558752566576004,
0.24473194777965546,
0.023566819727420807,
-0.8855592608451843,
-0.08274458348751068,
0.4123353064060211,
-0.6921983361244202,
0.36538204550743103,
0.3371099531650543,
-0.5504009127616882,
-0.4275146722793579,
0.17349869012832642,
-0.4284072816371918,
0.8740643858909607,
0.14305225014686584,
0.013458945788443089,
0.5858757495880127,
-0.0913751870393753,
0.0879276841878891,
-0.6106486320495605,
0.1497737169265747,
0.34869006276130676,
-0.24805182218551636,
0.3205346167087555,
0.1138136237859726,
-1.1609399318695068,
-0.20386727154254913,
-0.04668080434203148,
-0.32440683245658875,
-0.033031608909368515,
-0.27364489436149597,
0.5093079209327698,
0.2590232193470001,
0.390602171421051,
-0.1393618881702423,
-0.13337597250938416,
-0.2168436050415039,
-0.9603788256645203,
0.23797056078910828,
-0.5116378664970398,
-0.5397034883499146,
-0.36711639165878296,
0.37983739376068115,
-0.06934402883052826,
-0.3050021529197693,
0.38528281450271606,
-0.10951859503984451,
-0.005348995327949524,
0.17460839450359344,
-0.6166992783546448,
0.04394906014204025,
0.8610103726387024,
0.07729600369930267,
-0.7809704542160034,
0.00875182170420885,
-0.4266989529132843,
0.8404128551483154,
0.2486710399389267,
-0.3036716878414154,
0.23395821452140808,
0.4432850182056427,
0.2018725574016571,
0.005066652782261372,
-0.3719825744628906,
0.8321712017059326,
-0.36670002341270447,
-0.6505059003829956,
-0.7135438323020935,
-0.08322380483150482,
0.07811050862073898,
-0.01946132816374302,
0.48789697885513306,
0.1625075489282608,
-0.13521885871887207,
-0.5018631815910339,
-0.04234641045331955,
-0.525590717792511,
-0.8159754276275635,
0.16377507150173187,
0.17860658466815948,
-0.29313161969184875,
0.45976248383522034,
0.3968571722507477,
0.5530415177345276,
-0.045043084770441055,
0.08601231127977371,
0.401381254196167,
0.6224057078361511,
-0.3503477871417999,
-0.2087923288345337,
0.2588677704334259,
0.013058250769972801,
0.6703428030014038,
-0.15233786404132843,
0.3523487448692322,
0.2178986817598343,
0.32971861958503723,
0.5832151174545288,
-0.11000531166791916,
0.012107005342841148,
0.7842495441436768,
-0.16771191358566284,
-0.3081367611885071,
-0.894447922706604,
0.15205441415309906,
-0.18603718280792236,
-0.659309446811676,
-0.27822861075401306,
0.21024806797504425,
0.6015644669532776,
-0.19745028018951416,
0.5096714496612549,
-0.7378482818603516,
0.980530858039856,
-0.46060681343078613,
0.00642178300768137,
0.016131984069943428,
-0.4844421148300171,
0.37953734397888184,
-0.5118693113327026,
-0.4082106649875641,
-0.27570411562919617,
0.4809481203556061,
-0.538450300693512,
0.05865231901407242,
-0.4222143292427063,
-0.6262624263763428,
0.16272494196891785,
0.08325967192649841,
0.03576604276895523,
-0.5598508715629578,
0.21023625135421753,
-0.17477883398532867,
1.2473655939102173,
-0.10637322068214417,
-0.6933689117431641,
-0.21595394611358643,
-0.08907109498977661,
0.6742104887962341,
-0.42315053939819336,
0.2409404218196869,
0.772550642490387,
-0.3275967836380005,
0.3512365221977234,
0.18745216727256775,
-0.16904766857624054,
-0.07711347937583923,
-0.14671552181243896,
-0.09686258435249329,
-0.7825697064399719,
-0.09492382407188416,
-0.40096771717071533,
0.5396834015846252,
0.35977622866630554,
0.14272665977478027,
0.6092650890350342,
0.18760152161121368,
0.32275429368019104,
-0.5388445854187012,
-0.05773409456014633,
-0.23997926712036133,
0.13208076357841492,
0.12665221095085144,
-0.44548410177230835,
0.5147855281829834,
0.22175660729408264,
0.30082568526268005,
0.33606553077697754,
0.30157244205474854,
0.34836626052856445,
0.22576665878295898,
-0.11030842363834381,
-0.38519081473350525,
0.6147639155387878,
-0.029602931812405586,
-0.449678897857666,
0.553363561630249,
0.39984574913978577,
-0.5101872682571411,
-1.016376256942749,
0.21875914931297302,
-0.38197776675224304,
-0.09072157740592957,
-0.1081121489405632,
-0.3374186158180237,
-0.6985954642295837,
0.1192488893866539,
0.12668250501155853,
-0.33492910861968994,
0.2056969404220581,
0.46781694889068604,
-0.6029345393180847,
1.5126001834869385,
-0.9914788603782654,
-0.2543528079986572,
-0.055739112198352814,
-0.24137532711029053,
0.2783784866333008,
-0.8193572759628296,
0.461864709854126,
0.24084226787090302,
0.13258497416973114,
-0.3228786885738373,
0.40744391083717346,
-0.17281574010849,
1.6595990657806396,
-0.17118588089942932,
-0.1551361382007599,
-0.5188736319541931,
-0.2065580040216446,
-0.23745548725128174,
-0.07830937951803207,
-0.1734049767255783,
0.2987281382083893,
0.36083486676216125,
-0.07435385137796402,
0.27228957414627075,
0.2679100036621094,
0.7237669229507446,
-0.6141798496246338,
0.14537717401981354,
0.5081794261932373,
0.011545210145413876,
0.07198631763458252,
0.11148491501808167,
-0.15641053020954132,
-0.4409218728542328,
0.07119408249855042,
0.24453313648700714,
-0.75003582239151,
-0.4388798177242279,
0.05835740268230438,
0.7660328149795532,
-0.2708800733089447,
-0.5622776746749878,
-0.3798346221446991,
-0.19782784581184387,
0.3787926137447357,
0.2928737699985504,
0.06687876582145691,
-0.1393437385559082,
-0.5783768892288208,
-0.6115822792053223,
0.4802660644054413,
-0.8661158680915833,
0.17190249264240265,
-0.3568631708621979,
-0.345700740814209,
0.7764697670936584,
-1.0194631814956665,
-0.27064141631126404,
-0.13021942973136902,
-0.6856306195259094,
-0.5313889980316162,
0.3535090982913971,
-0.4004438519477844,
0.3264527916908264,
-0.21130169928073883,
-0.24437271058559418,
0.7275850176811218,
0.49838900566101074,
0.6677821278572083,
0.311350554227829,
0.13750697672367096,
-0.6019827723503113,
1.3154568672180176,
-0.3874278962612152,
-0.07951173931360245,
0.04149162396788597,
-0.5539284944534302,
-0.2268274575471878,
-0.46087852120399475,
0.049901433289051056,
-0.18071547150611877,
0.3972332775592804,
-0.20859889686107635,
0.4485592544078827,
0.5817482471466064,
-0.6301209330558777,
-0.4983799457550049,
0.36144885420799255,
-0.21775037050247192,
-0.3842627704143524,
0.3117187023162842,
-0.11874641478061676,
-0.22660815715789795,
0.17926067113876343,
0.24597638845443726,
-0.1440538614988327,
0.9169782996177673,
-0.02702430821955204,
-0.11561579257249832,
0.7978933453559875,
0.0756252333521843,
0.2898956537246704,
0.4252447485923767,
-0.9010002613067627,
0.42546212673187256,
-0.524660587310791,
0.11283843964338303,
0.4172433614730835,
0.07648487389087677,
-0.19572456181049347,
0.9255210757255554,
-0.2451862245798111,
0.4096817672252655,
-0.31914255023002625,
0.33905693888664246,
0.5596411228179932,
0.10276912897825241,
-0.7024083137512207,
-0.1277187168598175,
-0.21065740287303925,
-0.632434606552124,
0.7623523473739624,
-0.30595123767852783,
0.3970721662044525,
-0.13444605469703674,
0.5138465762138367,
-0.0272517167031765,
-0.01501296553760767,
0.48187577724456787,
-0.36424490809440613,
-0.3746635615825653,
-0.0426098071038723,
-0.28032156825065613,
1.0576094388961792,
0.17985151708126068,
-0.438281774520874,
0.192721426486969,
0.637057900428772,
-0.16584548354148865,
-0.2516016364097595,
0.24537818133831024,
0.1784253865480423,
-0.11618124693632126,
-0.2115955799818039,
-0.018031947314739227,
0.4877782166004181,
0.9426025152206421,
0.04652100428938866,
0.2830670177936554,
-0.049857500940561295,
-0.14403557777404785,
0.2612556219100952,
-0.19056987762451172,
-0.6483840346336365,
-0.9968246817588806,
0.2683401107788086,
0.7960386276245117,
-0.11996395885944366,
0.2188277691602707,
0.2720293402671814,
-0.07058560103178024,
0.2774171829223633,
-0.2430228292942047,
0.05248788371682167,
-0.11062551289796829,
0.03340722247958183,
-0.1483088880777359,
-0.18052512407302856,
0.9802657961845398,
0.6783573031425476,
-0.2975856363773346,
0.6302705407142639,
0.15261493623256683,
-0.3804417550563812,
-0.11374150216579437,
-0.013805783353745937,
0.3310334086418152,
-0.37214401364326477,
0.0009265798144042492,
-0.3362918496131897,
0.6453078389167786,
-0.28499484062194824,
-0.270754337310791,
-0.20493347942829132,
0.31608107686042786,
-0.17247822880744934,
0.0518442802131176,
0.4186473488807678,
-0.8098235130310059,
0.36836007237434387,
-0.7789081931114197,
0.23805470764636993,
-0.11161880195140839,
0.34759363532066345,
1.1194096803665161,
-0.13043344020843506,
-0.11812616884708405,
0.2615576386451721,
0.28994953632354736,
-0.6953823566436768,
0.21162225306034088,
-0.10962539166212082,
-0.3152253031730652,
-0.3344706892967224,
-0.348723441362381,
-0.20240087807178497,
-0.2961205244064331,
0.25985515117645264,
1.0551507472991943,
0.2274593710899353,
-0.13509371876716614,
-0.3869374096393585,
0.26985517144203186,
0.27404290437698364,
-0.3270573019981384,
0.3084695637226105,
-0.7981601357460022,
-0.5599445700645447,
-0.37451958656311035,
-0.28440073132514954,
0.09410076588392258,
-0.4843825101852417,
-0.07613920420408249,
0.37415555119514465,
-0.13148429989814758,
-0.05682528018951416,
0.1170744076371193,
0.6362863779067993,
-0.6813443303108215,
0.05960698053240776,
0.1465415209531784
]
|
214884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%20of%20New%20Jersey | Governor of New Jersey | The governor of New Jersey is the head of government of New Jersey. The office of governor is an elected position with a four-year term. There is a two consecutive term term limit, with no limitation on non-consecutive terms. The official residence of the governor is Drumthwacket, a mansion located in Princeton, New Jersey. The governor’s office is located inside of the New Jersey State House in Trenton, making New Jersey notable as the executive’s office is located in the same building as the legislature. New Jersey is also notable for being one of the few states in which the governor’s official residence is not located in the state capital.
The first governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31, 1776, to July 25, 1790. The current governor is Phil Murphy, a Democrat who assumed office on January 16, 2018.
Role
The governor is directly elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the executive functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the commander-in-chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces (when they are not federalized).
Unlike many other states that have elections for some cabinet-level positions, under the New Jersey Constitution the governor and lieutenant governor are the only officials elected on a statewide basis. Much like the president of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. More importantly, under the New Jersey constitution, the governor appoints all superior court judges and county prosecutors, although this is done with strong consideration of the preferences of the individual state senators who represent the district where vacancies arise.
The governor is also responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey attorney general and the secretary of state of New Jersey, with the approval of the Senate.
As amended in January 2002, state law allows for a maximum salary of $175,000. Phil Murphy has stated that he will accept the full salary. Jon Corzine accepted a token salary of $1 per year as governor. Previous governor Jim McGreevey received an annual salary of $157,000, a reduction of 10% of the maximum allowed, while Chris Christie, Murphy's immediate predecessor, accepted the full gubernatorial salary.
The governor has a full-time protective security detail from the Executive Protection Unit of the New Jersey State Police while in office. A former governor is entitled to a one-person security detail from the New Jersey State Police, for up to six months after leaving office.
Lieutenant governor
On Tuesday, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution that created the position of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, effective with the 2009 elections. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in case the office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as the individual would have had a major role in legislative and executive processes. As a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey, serving from November 2004 to January 2006 as governor, was the final person to wield such power.
Kim Guadagno, a former prosecutor, was sworn in as New Jersey's first lieutenant governor on January 19, 2010 under Governor Christie. Succeeding Guadagno, former assemblywoman Sheila Oliver was sworn in on January 16, 2018 under Governor Murphy.
Center on the American Governor
The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers' Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. Currently, the program features extensive archives of documents and pictures from the Byrne and Kean administrations, video interviews with many members of the respective administrations, some information on other American governors, and news updates on current governors (of all 50 states). The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, for later administrations.
Oath of Office
"I, [name of governor], elected governor of the state of New Jersey, do solemnly promise and swear that I will diligently, faithfully and to the best of my knowledge, execute the said office in conformity with the powers delegated to me; and that I will to the utmost of my skill and ability, promote the peace and prosperity and maintain the lawful rights of the said state. So help me God."
See also
Governorship of Phil Murphy
List of colonial governors of New Jersey
List of governors of New Jersey (1776-present)
References
External links
Executive Orders issued by the New Jersey Governor
|-
|-
Governor | [
-0.6643752455711365,
-0.24002742767333984,
-0.341115802526474,
0.27449530363082886,
0.3488163650035858,
-0.05640073120594025,
0.4657056927680969,
1.0938472747802734,
-0.5713106393814087,
-0.32520613074302673,
-0.49083125591278076,
0.4356359839439392,
-0.14245137572288513,
0.1964287906885147,
-0.7456701397895813,
0.8359916806221008,
0.8902179598808289,
0.4375976324081421,
-0.12149567902088165,
-0.40115442872047424,
-0.8780020475387573,
-0.026621462777256966,
0.19774654507637024,
-0.26876407861709595,
0.10978642851114273,
-0.2652604281902313,
0.11360370367765427,
0.2319924533367157,
-0.42896559834480286,
0.31466835737228394,
-0.5860610008239746,
0.11128160357475281,
-0.7194909453392029,
-0.23044508695602417,
-0.09024345874786377,
-0.6932439804077148,
0.05165889486670494,
-0.5244925618171692,
-0.6244930624961853,
-0.16279004514217377,
-0.608540952205658,
-0.11102616041898727,
0.5549071431159973,
-0.17155632376670837,
-0.4140435755252838,
-0.6072293519973755,
-0.6824078559875488,
0.4186815321445465,
-0.49586597084999084,
0.2264862209558487,
-0.6126013994216919,
0.47585225105285645,
-0.5203902721405029,
1.1162724494934082,
0.34772709012031555,
-0.2933279871940613,
-0.538476824760437,
-0.1423705369234085,
-0.133103609085083,
-0.26935502886772156,
0.21625185012817383,
0.6513413786888123,
-0.26913800835609436,
0.2739662528038025,
0.799998939037323,
0.18915848433971405,
0.4202362298965454,
0.5087966322898865,
-0.6284336447715759,
-0.39162489771842957,
-0.5286911725997925,
0.5324938297271729,
0.8590366840362549,
0.004998428281396627,
0.10227872431278229,
-0.06733465939760208,
0.21140308678150177,
0.5135293006896973,
-0.24264957010746002,
-0.5700198411941528,
-0.2848454415798187,
0.008618274703621864,
0.4026431739330292,
0.9479795694351196,
-0.12031616270542145,
-0.017215289175510406,
-0.5923482179641724,
-0.041023947298526764,
-0.1444522738456726,
0.5372043251991272,
-0.4141765832901001,
0.8833581209182739,
0.3562204837799072,
-0.1370687037706375,
-0.2536124885082245,
-0.7059082984924316,
0.2685421407222748,
-0.3356192708015442,
-0.07424456626176834,
0.05790074169635773,
0.08615829795598984,
-0.06705910712480545,
0.6971372365951538,
-0.23180493712425232,
-0.6817679405212402,
-0.2039148509502411,
-0.10536593943834305,
0.40799540281295776,
0.043503787368535995,
0.6685723662376404,
0.14039790630340576,
-0.10288232564926147,
-0.3586174249649048,
0.5239319801330566,
0.009328764863312244,
0.20623114705085754,
0.28389063477516174,
-0.8570345044136047,
-0.6307080388069153,
-0.7798951864242554,
-0.03060140274465084,
0.25763630867004395,
0.33294522762298584,
-0.09044642746448517,
0.3828578293323517,
-0.1846085637807846,
0.47823894023895264,
0.354462593793869,
0.9025816321372986,
-0.08487493544816971,
0.09642715752124786,
0.51561439037323,
-0.5483587980270386,
0.08343455195426941,
-0.03783128410577774,
-0.5429741740226746,
-0.836254894733429,
0.36036115884780884,
0.6273207068443298,
0.33249354362487793,
-1.4954555034637451,
-0.2125891149044037,
0.19705110788345337,
-0.059305448085069656,
0.241802379488945,
-0.08115829527378082,
-0.19888266921043396,
-0.3605179488658905,
-0.38836488127708435,
0.3517206013202667,
0.2903781235218048,
-0.03643326088786125,
-0.3160633146762848,
0.09123744070529938,
0.21341252326965332,
-0.04930951073765755,
0.8703349232673645,
-0.11324838548898697,
0.44867101311683655,
0.8226283192634583,
0.019017137587070465,
-0.11876986175775528,
0.42519283294677734,
0.0912093073129654,
0.5705938935279846,
0.3281034529209137,
0.201507568359375,
0.5106077790260315,
0.5157788991928101,
-0.0849435031414032,
-0.4066721200942993,
-0.10185052454471588,
-0.17697235941886902,
-0.6408467292785645,
-0.36854293942451477,
-0.012446843087673187,
0.1586674302816391,
0.07961776107549667,
0.555916428565979,
-0.6226561665534973,
-0.5941623449325562,
0.39104610681533813,
0.42185714840888977,
0.20099860429763794,
-0.4009580910205841,
-0.8645325303077698,
-0.13635216653347015,
0.5749359130859375,
0.520922839641571,
-0.5755662322044373,
0.27084285020828247,
0.08543434739112854,
0.22930914163589478,
-0.23175065219402313,
0.3628661036491394,
0.3465617895126343,
-0.6389119625091553,
0.7307651042938232,
0.13118043541908264,
-0.055461958050727844,
-0.01264934241771698,
-0.5502143502235413,
0.5871531963348389,
0.053125761449337006,
-0.06256789714097977,
0.5258535146713257,
0.7364462614059448,
-0.7905359864234924,
0.6447315216064453,
0.12888093292713165,
0.02510792389512062,
-0.4264967143535614,
0.05886147916316986,
-0.26985207200050354,
0.27404266595840454,
-0.2332768738269806,
-0.5312749743461609,
-0.5717142820358276,
0.21895548701286316,
-0.38113105297088623,
1.3313286304473877,
0.7161750793457031,
0.2117065191268921,
0.6631998419761658,
0.08019166439771652,
0.6590731143951416,
-0.9239490032196045,
-0.08399716019630432,
-0.2972414791584015,
0.5970547795295715,
-0.043350107967853546,
-0.8154633045196533,
-0.27594447135925293,
-0.4318449795246124,
-0.26485562324523926,
-0.23736344277858734,
-0.7314473986625671,
0.22057287395000458,
0.5460219979286194,
0.10785940289497375,
-0.08023854345083237,
-0.28581374883651733,
-0.945914089679718,
0.4505365788936615,
0.381561815738678,
0.4306614398956299,
-1.0525416135787964,
-0.043810516595840454,
0.02251662313938141,
-0.4215051829814911,
-0.16117365658283234,
-0.14468896389007568,
0.3444655239582062,
-0.23369471728801727,
0.5923576354980469,
-0.2524208426475525,
-0.010461986064910889,
0.568878710269928,
0.4687149226665497,
0.4709371328353882,
-0.8821460008621216,
-0.17394807934761047,
0.06712722778320312,
0.26240822672843933,
-0.23557434976100922,
-0.12041327357292175,
0.2884466350078583,
-0.15648484230041504,
0.13814660906791687,
0.2669474184513092,
0.5520422458648682,
-0.4637008309364319,
-0.0403231717646122,
-0.537752628326416,
0.19016492366790771,
0.050131991505622864,
-0.29833340644836426,
0.24118107557296753,
-0.8989540934562683,
-0.6602905988693237,
0.5292954444885254,
0.4140491783618927,
-0.3629757761955261,
-0.4235107898712158,
0.0022476662416011095,
-1.046741008758545,
1.0044221878051758,
-0.4050038456916809,
-0.18589356541633606,
-0.28866004943847656,
-0.764498770236969,
-0.17130638659000397,
0.11904251575469971,
0.389538049697876,
-0.16001231968402863,
0.429995596408844,
0.21593399345874786,
-0.11780796945095062,
-0.2650505602359772,
-0.8766911625862122,
-0.07720883935689926,
-0.444283664226532,
0.633462131023407,
-0.3500322699546814,
0.0756828561425209,
-0.5970072746276855,
-0.0369349829852581,
-0.13848230242729187,
-4.923136234283447,
0.2450871616601944,
-0.7157398462295532,
0.0179555956274271,
0.660123348236084,
0.04410065338015556,
0.49520912766456604,
0.01900077424943447,
0.6434250473976135,
-0.5335199236869812,
0.15287929773330688,
0.10675645619630814,
-0.025857528671622276,
0.9154918789863586,
0.1269175261259079,
0.49172258377075195,
0.78203946352005,
-0.6013917326927185,
0.7331919074058533,
0.8201573491096497,
-0.0698041021823883,
-0.33450934290885925,
0.17942003905773163,
-0.2615184485912323,
0.901256799697876,
0.6566898822784424,
-0.33448493480682373,
0.13319137692451477,
0.16148602962493896,
0.04000634700059891,
-0.3351076543331146,
-0.5694090127944946,
-0.03704036399722099,
-0.5363286137580872,
-0.1473579704761505,
-0.8587026596069336,
0.5182177424430847,
0.44674763083457947,
0.5019719004631042,
-1.1186238527297974,
-0.09445499628782272,
0.5943911671638489,
-0.7789269685745239,
0.47783705592155457,
0.30576229095458984,
-0.24504053592681885,
0.01731434464454651,
-0.32332104444503784,
-0.38858893513679504,
1.1742018461227417,
0.04389350488781929,
0.24816451966762543,
0.5878791213035583,
-0.32473278045654297,
-0.1601843386888504,
-0.2559283971786499,
-0.20191410183906555,
0.2265232503414154,
-0.950581431388855,
0.16074924170970917,
0.1160820871591568,
-0.8653323650360107,
-0.47444725036621094,
0.17934927344322205,
0.3205920159816742,
-0.22655707597732544,
-0.9065744280815125,
0.6323874592781067,
0.35758906602859497,
0.2529504597187042,
-0.1448696106672287,
-0.4662349820137024,
0.14124372601509094,
-0.8330691456794739,
0.30369582772254944,
-0.981934130191803,
-0.511775016784668,
-0.106978639960289,
0.5875493884086609,
-0.23200863599777222,
-0.5589367151260376,
0.23091261088848114,
-0.6884706616401672,
0.5654112100601196,
0.40318551659584045,
-0.2225273996591568,
-0.08023564517498016,
0.8588521480560303,
0.03270248696208,
-0.9063712954521179,
0.27316632866859436,
0.028384890407323837,
0.6654295921325684,
0.29403844475746155,
-0.21602295339107513,
0.39652636647224426,
0.05029136687517166,
0.30944815278053284,
-0.2139551341533661,
-0.04598294571042061,
0.957649290561676,
-0.280765175819397,
-0.263729065656662,
-0.6907954216003418,
0.17455659806728363,
0.14071518182754517,
-0.11831177026033401,
0.33865025639533997,
0.10740463435649872,
-0.40828582644462585,
-0.4662444591522217,
-0.46115487813949585,
-0.4643581509590149,
-1.02029287815094,
0.14774003624916077,
0.2700149714946747,
-0.47009357810020447,
1.1598162651062012,
0.9509445428848267,
0.08823609352111816,
0.3252481520175934,
0.6255382895469666,
0.35638463497161865,
0.09639351814985275,
-0.4064691960811615,
-0.23717574775218964,
-0.01037750393152237,
-0.07240942865610123,
0.8066946268081665,
0.1651461273431778,
0.1146870106458664,
0.6883649826049805,
0.148106649518013,
-0.00911046378314495,
0.15843315422534943,
-0.057355884462594986,
0.39352717995643616,
-0.9320851564407349,
-0.8429439663887024,
-0.523575484752655,
0.08249544352293015,
0.16448023915290833,
-0.287353515625,
-0.7102810144424438,
0.5420568585395813,
0.08439555019140244,
0.0864652469754219,
-0.13085013628005981,
-0.7351951003074646,
1.3060448169708252,
-0.3204249143600464,
-0.13208501040935516,
-0.37719354033470154,
-0.9183124899864197,
0.5322532653808594,
-0.09824808686971664,
-0.294872909784317,
-0.5662258863449097,
0.2801510691642761,
0.07186529785394669,
0.36534908413887024,
-0.2617511749267578,
-0.7271958589553833,
0.18375568091869354,
0.22733062505722046,
-0.02426726743578911,
-0.5789304375648499,
-0.11714138090610504,
-0.6176189184188843,
1.106284737586975,
-0.2657046914100647,
-0.5110377669334412,
0.11560201644897461,
-0.012546773068606853,
0.19885429739952087,
-0.35648635029792786,
0.26216912269592285,
0.39369046688079834,
-0.4889811873435974,
0.2940482497215271,
0.13991156220436096,
-0.46146970987319946,
-0.5205466747283936,
0.012842626310884953,
0.46357718110084534,
-0.7713192701339722,
0.21079082787036896,
-0.0063297078013420105,
0.15102946758270264,
0.0635266974568367,
-0.0282816831022501,
-0.10839761048555374,
-0.26825612783432007,
-0.19824950397014618,
-0.7546525597572327,
0.034799519926309586,
0.2890778183937073,
0.005949910264462233,
0.015942011028528214,
-0.37692224979400635,
0.3851151764392853,
0.38141292333602905,
0.037919819355010986,
0.2937465310096741,
-0.19296428561210632,
0.29486435651779175,
0.0016025585355237126,
0.218892440199852,
-0.07532063126564026,
0.9699608683586121,
-0.3735125958919525,
-0.24833029508590698,
0.8616979718208313,
0.20169129967689514,
-0.5932865142822266,
-0.6129748225212097,
-0.4663175642490387,
-0.7909119725227356,
0.15944810211658478,
-0.2384464144706726,
-0.31113776564598083,
-0.07937479764223099,
0.16585887968540192,
-0.3372966945171356,
-0.2076493352651596,
-0.2854410707950592,
0.6989325881004333,
-0.7077574133872986,
1.0680972337722778,
-0.888710081577301,
0.004626819398254156,
-0.3196125328540802,
-0.5538834929466248,
-0.13680186867713928,
-0.3550495505332947,
0.31111863255500793,
0.12052237242460251,
0.10744990408420563,
-0.08903026580810547,
0.5759811997413635,
0.04880976676940918,
1.1001698970794678,
-0.4588698446750641,
-0.7180430293083191,
0.11309316754341125,
0.27774059772491455,
0.517703115940094,
-0.2214328646659851,
-0.523533284664154,
0.6376723051071167,
0.20051705837249756,
-0.369992733001709,
-0.609601616859436,
-0.03747226297855377,
0.8095554709434509,
-0.24749146401882172,
-0.008732311427593231,
0.14416490495204926,
0.20101922750473022,
0.025943586602807045,
-0.02344304881989956,
-0.2404603213071823,
-0.1504344344139099,
-0.011644996702671051,
0.40244996547698975,
-1.04190993309021,
-0.48774123191833496,
0.3481769561767578,
0.349467396736145,
-0.20086070895195007,
-0.5292268991470337,
-0.48733091354370117,
-0.2006193995475769,
-0.18130436539649963,
-0.40060001611709595,
0.13209691643714905,
0.259830504655838,
-0.02773185633122921,
-0.043808527290821075,
0.14888687431812286,
-0.7689417004585266,
0.6211729049682617,
-0.25450238585472107,
0.1577323079109192,
0.557732880115509,
-1.1373913288116455,
0.378258615732193,
0.5736111998558044,
-0.3257027268409729,
0.2914568781852722,
-0.06342358142137527,
-0.7710856795310974,
-0.14826500415802002,
-0.19685359299182892,
0.08054888993501663,
0.8358092904090881,
0.44830211997032166,
0.6407622694969177,
0.359613299369812,
-0.051930807530879974,
-0.7542057037353516,
1.2974530458450317,
0.06153005734086037,
-0.3120688498020172,
-0.14945383369922638,
0.5397399067878723,
-0.40617164969444275,
-0.3064002990722656,
0.16661010682582855,
-0.38996490836143494,
0.19810537993907928,
-0.13106060028076172,
0.29185524582862854,
0.7939103841781616,
-0.8869364857673645,
-0.4223926067352295,
0.7562392354011536,
-0.461421936750412,
-0.6555613279342651,
0.1714252531528473,
-0.24572594463825226,
-0.8354108333587646,
-0.03532293811440468,
0.3034907877445221,
0.09841247648000717,
0.966422438621521,
-0.05051998049020767,
-0.460715115070343,
0.4138166308403015,
0.19815823435783386,
0.4001460671424866,
0.5408203601837158,
-1.3622424602508545,
0.24260841310024261,
-0.4362097382545471,
-0.09811685979366302,
0.5521742105484009,
0.22420179843902588,
-0.25965046882629395,
1.204119324684143,
0.6155495643615723,
0.3947288393974304,
-0.168698251247406,
0.33351367712020874,
0.17039357125759125,
0.44497981667518616,
-0.20164914429187775,
-0.07956990599632263,
-0.1442965269088745,
-0.6768373250961304,
0.827440083026886,
-0.4750708341598511,
0.034484319388866425,
-0.0706411823630333,
0.5071913003921509,
-0.30897149443626404,
0.13662944734096527,
0.5945631265640259,
0.25688275694847107,
-0.38827264308929443,
-0.575880229473114,
0.15315373241901398,
0.9082478880882263,
0.29397052526474,
-0.27990031242370605,
-0.024906743317842484,
0.9270758628845215,
0.3636345863342285,
0.021022344008088112,
-0.09767907112836838,
-0.00818661693483591,
0.10154543071985245,
-0.49115023016929626,
-0.44034838676452637,
0.2638726830482483,
0.6134547591209412,
-0.046666864305734634,
0.34402352571487427,
0.08287645131349564,
0.22171758115291595,
-0.02007320336997509,
-0.13898420333862305,
-0.673331081867218,
-1.1356779336929321,
0.11450641602277756,
0.5575810074806213,
-0.35952919721603394,
0.296745628118515,
-0.265071302652359,
0.4807811975479126,
0.49440455436706543,
-0.08016183972358704,
0.09365852922201157,
0.04568322375416756,
-0.025218039751052856,
-0.06885476410388947,
-0.018884945660829544,
1.1464109420776367,
0.4198020398616791,
-0.381281316280365,
0.5072878003120422,
0.5877337455749512,
-0.7393931746482849,
-0.17615437507629395,
-0.00915638916194439,
0.2351084053516388,
-0.21278156340122223,
-0.34611088037490845,
-0.49044865369796753,
0.12973229587078094,
0.4016760587692261,
0.1399439126253128,
-0.08894279599189758,
0.4213908314704895,
0.07431306689977646,
0.5596919059753418,
0.4692476987838745,
-0.07569278031587601,
0.06017649546265602,
-0.5413838028907776,
0.17471489310264587,
-0.27562466263771057,
0.4673810601234436,
1.2324202060699463,
0.0660797506570816,
0.14904579520225525,
0.39536017179489136,
0.15502411127090454,
-0.7684604525566101,
0.17829899489879608,
-0.7051957845687866,
-0.40301063656806946,
-0.24291466176509857,
-0.16896802186965942,
0.3570689857006073,
0.33342239260673523,
0.29562443494796753,
0.6064056754112244,
-0.07564542442560196,
-0.46560198068618774,
-0.40198835730552673,
0.0742107480764389,
0.059541042894124985,
-0.07428793609142303,
0.1121218353509903,
-0.6632148027420044,
-0.6899411082267761,
0.048934247344732285,
-0.3404780924320221,
-0.35160693526268005,
-0.44851356744766235,
-0.13945694267749786,
1.0902583599090576,
-0.499929279088974,
-0.18092599511146545,
-0.057035304605960846,
0.19453886151313782,
-0.6837095022201538,
-0.26461508870124817,
0.6969625353813171
]
|
214885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel%20Ford | Edsel Ford | Edsel Bryant Ford (November 6, 1893 – May 26, 1943) was an American business executive and philanthropist who was the son of pioneering industrialist Henry Ford and his wife, Clara Jane Bryant Ford. He was the president of Ford Motor Company from 1919 until his death in 1943.
He worked closely with his father, as sole heir to the business, but was keen to develop cars more exciting than the Model T ("Tin Lizzie"), in line with his personal tastes. Even as president, he had trouble persuading his father to allow any departure from this formula. Only a change in market conditions enabled him to develop the more fashionable Model A in 1927. Edsel also founded the Mercury division and was responsible for the Lincoln-Zephyr and Lincoln Continental. He introduced important features, such as hydraulic brakes, and greatly strengthened the company's overseas production.
Ford was a major art benefactor in Detroit and also financed Admiral Richard Byrd's polar explorations. He died of stomach cancer aged 49. Henry Ford temporarily reassumed the presidency of Ford on Edsel’s death, then Edsel’s eldest son, Henry Ford II, succeeded Henry as president of Ford in 1945.
Life and career
Edsel Ford was born in November 1893 in Detroit. He was the only child of Clara and Henry Ford, being named for Edsel Ruddiman, one of Henry Ford's closest childhood friends.
He was groomed to take over the family automobile business, and grew up tinkering on cars with his father. He became secretary of Ford in 1915, and married Eleanor Lowthian Clay (1896–1976), the niece of department store owner J. L. Hudson, on November 1, 1916. Together, they had four children: Henry Ford II (1917–1987), Benson Ford (1919–1978), Josephine Clay Ford (1923–2005), and William Clay Ford (1925–2014). They made their home at 2171 Iroquois Street, in the Indian Village neighborhood of Detroit.
Ford went to The Hotchkiss School, in Lakeville, Connecticut, and the Detroit University School. His family donated to both institutions. The school library at Hotchkiss is named the Edsel Ford Memorial Library.
The younger Ford showed more interest than his father in flashier styling for automobiles. He indulged this proclivity in part with the purchase of the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922. His affinity for sports cars was demonstrated in his personal vehicles: Edsel bought the first MG motorcar imported to the US. In 1932, he had an aluminum, boat-tailed speedster automobile custom-designed by Ford's first designer, E. T. (Bob) Gregorie and featuring Ford's brand-new V8, the first low-cost, eight-cylinder engine. This car was sold at an auction during the Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance in 1976.
After becoming the president of Ford, he advocated for the introduction of a more modern automobile to replace the Model T, but was repeatedly overruled by his father. Dwindling market share finally made the introduction of a new model inevitable: the Model A.
During the design of the Model A in 1927, Henry Ford assured mechanical quality and reliability, allowing his son to develop the body, with the help of designer József Galamb. Edsel also prevailed upon his father to allow the inclusion of four-wheel mechanical brakes and a sliding-gear transmission on this model. The resulting Model A was a commercial success, selling over four million during four years of production.
As president, Edsel Ford often disagreed with his father on major decisions and was occasionally humiliated in public by the older man. The relationship between the father and son was always close, but always fraught with unhealthy aspects. Edsel managed to introduce many lasting changes. He founded and named the Mercury division. He was responsible for the Lincoln-Zephyr and Continental. He significantly strengthened Ford Motors' overseas production, and modernized the company's cars, such as by introducing hydraulic brakes.
World War II
The Ford Motor Company played a key role in the arming of the US "Arsenal of Democracy". With Edsel leading the company, he set the goal of producing one bomber per hour at Ford's expansive Willow Run manufacturing complex, where the B-24 was produced. It was said that the stress of this job caused Edsel to become mortally ill.
Death and legacy
Edsel Ford developed metastatic stomach cancer and undulant fever. Surgery for the cough was unsuccessful due to the metastasis. Ford died in 1943 at Gaukler Point, in his lakeside home in Grosse Pointe Shores, at the age of 49. All of Edsel Ford's nonvoting stock was donated through a codicil in his will to the Ford Foundation, which he had founded with his father seven years earlier. He is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit, Michigan.
Each of Edsel Ford's children inherited sizable shares in the Ford Motor Company, and the three sons all worked in the family business. On Edsel’s death, his father briefly reassumed the presidency of Ford, then Edsel’s son, Henry Ford II, became president of the company on September 21, 1945.
Edsel Ford was one of the most significant art benefactors in Detroit history. As president of the Detroit Arts Commission, he commissioned the famous Diego Rivera Detroit Industry Murals in the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA). He was an early collector of African art and his contributions became part of the core of the original DIA African art collection. After his death, his family continued to make significant contributions.
He helped finance exploratory expeditions, including the historic flight of Admiral Richard Byrd over the North Pole in 1926. Byrd, in his Antarctic expeditions, also financed by Edsel, named the Edsel Ford Range of mountains after him. Other Antarctic homages include Ford Massif, Ford Nunataks, and Ford Peak.
Interstate 94 in the Detroit Metropolitan Area is named the Edsel Ford Freeway.
In September 1957, Ford Motor Company unveiled a new division of cars called Edsel. The Edsel division included the Citation, Corsair, Pacer, Ranger, Bermuda, Villager, and Roundup models. The Edsel division is remembered as a significant commercial failure. The cars sold moderately well in their first year, but the Edsel division was discontinued soon after the 1960 models were introduced.
Edsel and Eleanor Ford House
In 1929, the Ford family moved into Gaukler Point, their new home designed by Albert Kahn in 1929, on the shores of Lake St. Clair in Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan. The estate's gardens were designed by landscape architect Jens Jensen with his traditional long view, giving visitors a glimpse of the residence down the long meadow before revealing the entire house at drive's end.
He also designed the gardens for Edsel and Eleanor's summer estate Skylands in Seal Harbor on Mount Desert Island in Maine. Jensen designed work for their two other Michigan residences, one being Haven Hill, between 1922 and 1935. Haven Hill, now within the Highland Recreation Area near White Lake Township in southeastern Michigan, is designated as both a Michigan State Historical Landmark and State Natural Preserve. Jensen's landscape elements, with the diversity of tree, plant, and animal life, combine aesthetics, history, and nature.
Edsel Ford died at Gaukler Point in 1943. His wife Eleanor continued living there until her death in 1976. It was her wish that the property be used for "the benefit of the public." The Edsel and Eleanor Ford House is now open to the public. Located on , the house has an excellent collection of the Fords' original antiques and art, and the historical landscape grounds on the lakefront. The museum currently hosts tours, classes, lectures, and special events. The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
See also
Ford family tree
Edsel and Eleanor Ford House
References
Further reading
External links
Official Edsel & Eleanor Ford 'Gaukler Point' house museum website.
Official Edsel & Eleanor Ford 'Haven Hill' estate museum website.
Detroit Institute of Arts.
1893 births
1943 deaths
American art collectors
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
American automotive pioneers
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan)
Businesspeople from Detroit
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
Deaths from stomach cancer
Ford executives
Henry Ford family
Hotchkiss School alumni
Philanthropists from Michigan
People associated with the Detroit Institute of Arts
People from Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan
20th-century American businesspeople
Ford people
Automotive businesspeople | [
-0.28904202580451965,
0.39396294951438904,
-0.7349696159362793,
0.5001351833343506,
0.3096967935562134,
0.744767427444458,
0.23773489892482758,
0.4917202591896057,
-0.15953479707241058,
-0.34889721870422363,
0.2887931764125824,
0.14920677244663239,
-0.20189887285232544,
1.048728585243225,
-0.5531604886054993,
0.1760447472333908,
-0.32405900955200195,
0.42932799458503723,
-0.3919259011745453,
0.14207708835601807,
-0.7438874840736389,
-0.15987341105937958,
0.5555227994918823,
0.013293719850480556,
0.18718725442886353,
0.17079445719718933,
-0.17296847701072693,
-0.7343481183052063,
-0.018202172592282295,
0.45071929693222046,
-0.11222179234027863,
0.4919629693031311,
0.5032689571380615,
-0.14147081971168518,
-0.7658587694168091,
-0.2139250934123993,
-0.1888750046491623,
-0.6735743880271912,
0.06605986505746841,
0.5973593592643738,
-0.19197551906108856,
-0.05997636541724205,
0.05945369973778725,
0.13874806463718414,
-0.025075357407331467,
-0.15559148788452148,
-2.0679574012756348,
-0.04737142473459244,
-0.9252513647079468,
-0.6298844814300537,
-0.19428256154060364,
0.11655890196561813,
-0.009912518784403801,
0.47441941499710083,
0.0064607830718159676,
0.14113248884677887,
-0.4135670065879822,
-0.12040092051029205,
0.0717833936214447,
-0.26198792457580566,
0.5111071467399597,
-0.1160418912768364,
0.9916348457336426,
0.13777375221252441,
0.07477958500385284,
0.02671325020492077,
0.34248611330986023,
0.6457449197769165,
-0.18155786395072937,
0.12974856793880463,
-0.19974838197231293,
0.21595387160778046,
0.24150528013706207,
0.4364236295223236,
0.22865018248558044,
-1.0071290731430054,
0.03941139951348305,
0.09435641020536423,
0.05065024271607399,
0.2617265582084656,
0.37629932165145874,
-0.02498650923371315,
0.49636441469192505,
0.4988246560096741,
-0.1223653107881546,
-0.0447937436401844,
-1.0368883609771729,
0.2547657787799835,
-0.44431236386299133,
0.05201428383588791,
-0.87465500831604,
0.129320427775383,
-0.21657775342464447,
0.011266423389315605,
-0.26262953877449036,
-0.1743137687444687,
0.5215491652488708,
0.10464451462030411,
0.03924516215920448,
-0.19332614541053772,
0.0076785022392869,
-0.18174372613430023,
-0.058109574019908905,
0.21758022904396057,
-0.0479363277554512,
0.31378480792045593,
0.22835466265678406,
-0.48712897300720215,
0.32116055488586426,
-0.13263976573944092,
-0.3750682473182678,
-0.0015489442739635706,
0.32603690028190613,
-0.03390180692076683,
-0.4918995499610901,
0.5844510793685913,
0.17513613402843475,
-0.5283834934234619,
-0.37579575181007385,
-0.5726537704467773,
-0.21006715297698975,
0.08218389749526978,
-0.13988719880580902,
0.06346803903579712,
-0.7212124466896057,
0.30216944217681885,
-0.2936948537826538,
0.39992204308509827,
-0.09350276738405228,
0.12747687101364136,
0.6996691823005676,
0.14924244582653046,
-0.4448920488357544,
-0.4126746952533722,
-0.5146734118461609,
-0.13257457315921783,
0.1542765349149704,
0.048142023384571075,
-0.3172590732574463,
-0.05073714628815651,
-0.2158530056476593,
-0.12267152220010757,
-0.29027634859085083,
0.17774762213230133,
0.6202981472015381,
-0.20194269716739655,
0.04313907399773598,
0.522221028804779,
-0.3351150453090668,
0.12408167123794556,
0.26759156584739685,
-0.15672755241394043,
-0.3549064099788666,
-0.0641215369105339,
-0.16570791602134705,
0.8533934950828552,
0.6333132386207581,
-0.07430186867713928,
0.3970026671886444,
0.5766541361808777,
0.01617407612502575,
0.22256754338741302,
-0.3111518919467926,
-0.21531447768211365,
-0.04114904999732971,
0.012887144461274147,
0.33827802538871765,
-0.6066699028015137,
-0.6459639668464661,
-0.0286584310233593,
-0.26093268394470215,
-0.009486857801675797,
0.212716743350029,
-0.11430724710226059,
0.17731554806232452,
0.4008171558380127,
0.937610924243927,
0.06070184335112572,
0.24227704107761383,
-0.35392794013023376,
-0.669262170791626,
-0.07775439321994781,
0.47518256306648254,
-0.01929660700261593,
0.17152266204357147,
-0.1850908100605011,
-0.18504196405410767,
-0.37780478596687317,
-0.05787979066371918,
-0.8427729606628418,
-0.0881110206246376,
-1.1279006004333496,
-0.5512131452560425,
-0.3842238187789917,
0.5282976031303406,
0.06587716937065125,
-0.20945104956626892,
0.20016375184059143,
-0.07741609960794449,
0.7046935558319092,
-0.23652283847332,
-0.6181718111038208,
0.22790251672267914,
-0.6767938733100891,
-0.16973066329956055,
0.36890432238578796,
0.5049914121627808,
0.2776329517364502,
-0.02839541994035244,
0.7800671458244324,
0.4988692104816437,
-0.565874457359314,
0.3472050726413727,
0.3368408977985382,
-0.109822116792202,
-0.5191922783851624,
-0.0062744999304413795,
-0.4249429404735565,
0.07596754282712936,
0.04724724590778351,
0.4700167179107666,
0.3486592769622803,
-0.21201607584953308,
0.492610365152359,
0.3364645540714264,
0.6364278793334961,
-0.11461062729358673,
-0.6046029329299927,
-0.3887470066547394,
0.050883565098047256,
0.2583233714103699,
0.2565755248069763,
0.06290879100561142,
-0.7127991318702698,
0.26944494247436523,
0.03495992347598076,
-0.05793653056025505,
-0.1242939755320549,
-0.19865170121192932,
-0.10914048552513123,
-0.09025920182466507,
0.006155733484774828,
-0.6546535491943359,
0.2017669677734375,
0.31788370013237,
-0.594471275806427,
-0.1128971055150032,
-0.4101535677909851,
-0.23536935448646545,
-0.5914064049720764,
0.2628414034843445,
0.4322686493396759,
0.6216453909873962,
-0.19202293455600739,
0.16808830201625824,
-0.4671306014060974,
0.11574319750070572,
0.2778482139110565,
0.254993736743927,
0.09165399521589279,
0.22732459008693695,
0.30146485567092896,
0.011812936514616013,
0.443362832069397,
0.26782745122909546,
-0.48571962118148804,
-0.08648324012756348,
-0.09263025224208832,
-0.17524175345897675,
0.24118934571743011,
0.582983672618866,
-0.07943703979253769,
-0.0864555835723877,
0.4787499010562897,
0.4077495038509369,
-0.20664621889591217,
-0.06950582563877106,
0.6633153557777405,
-1.1766678094863892,
-0.8038715124130249,
0.7807358503341675,
1.080520749092102,
-0.5307700634002686,
-0.3243834376335144,
0.21299292147159576,
-0.13812263309955597,
-0.7329292297363281,
-0.5949589014053345,
-0.2803862392902374,
0.11092448979616165,
-0.004466957412660122,
0.523493766784668,
-0.8288813829421997,
0.41934871673583984,
-0.12724639475345612,
0.7050930261611938,
-0.2690860629081726,
-0.4606810212135315,
0.0739075317978859,
-0.3350791335105896,
-0.02449532225728035,
0.20375971496105194,
0.12595771253108978,
0.01743174158036709,
0.7999252676963806,
0.42850616574287415,
0.0699428990483284,
-0.3803726136684418,
-5.631464958190918,
0.30020231008529663,
-0.34590545296669006,
-0.40654024481773376,
0.6408148407936096,
0.13479351997375488,
0.15029340982437134,
0.26875948905944824,
0.5098550915718079,
-0.1038484126329422,
0.4533419609069824,
-0.08297029137611389,
-0.2524827718734741,
0.4487495422363281,
0.05638113617897034,
0.16271859407424927,
1.1393847465515137,
0.5091575980186462,
0.33589598536491394,
0.4457399547100067,
-0.12653546035289764,
-1.1070876121520996,
-0.7429438829421997,
1.040033221244812,
0.08068030327558517,
-0.6893965005874634,
-0.5429678559303284,
-0.03185402229428291,
-0.8591280579566956,
-0.23497000336647034,
0.2728921175003052,
0.2706129848957062,
-0.22516870498657227,
-0.24385933578014374,
0.1327456384897232,
-0.3367525041103363,
0.031891174614429474,
0.12027877569198608,
-0.13992129266262054,
-0.004736730363219976,
0.15475483238697052,
-0.08534500747919083,
-0.5862089395523071,
-0.06958716362714767,
0.17955169081687927,
-0.052192993462085724,
-0.4593883156776428,
0.13628172874450684,
0.02562069520354271,
0.5372641086578369,
0.3961784541606903,
0.26927366852760315,
0.2812540829181671,
0.0017916826764121652,
0.6432433128356934,
0.19171464443206787,
0.048707328736782074,
-0.009708033874630928,
-0.9537404179573059,
0.5652655363082886,
0.49468564987182617,
-0.2763647437095642,
0.29185613989830017,
0.3406468331813812,
-0.5540904402732849,
-0.7128595113754272,
0.11616592109203339,
-0.057229865342378616,
-0.565654993057251,
-0.3472815454006195,
-0.29022425413131714,
1.1485328674316406,
0.16243241727352142,
-1.290553331375122,
0.03138503432273865,
0.07470466196537018,
0.4246392548084259,
0.24436169862747192,
-0.5493150353431702,
-0.2458721548318863,
0.10779130458831787,
-0.0238050390034914,
0.274618923664093,
0.7492774724960327,
0.3771977722644806,
0.388369619846344,
-0.0733552947640419,
0.4121840298175812,
-0.24800093472003937,
-0.28321412205696106,
-0.24218320846557617,
0.24855558574199677,
0.3745221495628357,
0.292418897151947,
0.40975111722946167,
-0.48260074853897095,
-0.24562278389930725,
0.6358814239501953,
0.0041243149898946285,
-0.241269052028656,
-0.6049402952194214,
0.2532344162464142,
-0.4244619607925415,
-0.2548315227031708,
-0.018228020519018173,
-0.19555389881134033,
0.1430843621492386,
0.09267193078994751,
0.5823249816894531,
0.12089891731739044,
-0.18260793387889862,
0.2053915113210678,
-0.6462581753730774,
-0.9043996930122375,
0.4708667993545532,
-0.07023289799690247,
0.43735286593437195,
0.15612302720546722,
0.30901038646698,
0.07624413073062897,
0.21236853301525116,
0.5056081414222717,
-0.37368103861808777,
0.07989541441202164,
0.018112625926733017,
-0.27086955308914185,
0.16774043440818787,
-0.23748044669628143,
-0.3451077938079834,
-0.1012052521109581,
0.264898419380188,
0.8287457227706909,
-0.1608293354511261,
0.37179461121559143,
-0.43001142144203186,
-0.6397776007652283,
-0.3742065727710724,
-0.19893363118171692,
-0.3553788661956787,
-0.36222004890441895,
0.19549737870693207,
0.12396851181983948,
-0.14845609664916992,
-0.13793131709098816,
0.047539122402668,
0.1732354611158371,
0.04129289463162422,
-0.0016956658801063895,
-0.5210103988647461,
0.1227530911564827,
-0.6430445909500122,
-0.5285201072692871,
0.38317784667015076,
-0.23596838116645813,
-0.5525326728820801,
0.11778059601783752,
-0.057242732495069504,
-0.3386101722717285,
-0.37734243273735046,
-0.17254650592803955,
-0.11366799473762512,
0.06374987959861755,
-0.7491090297698975,
-0.382705420255661,
-0.10871938616037369,
0.46894437074661255,
-0.34002143144607544,
-0.1304178684949875,
-0.4652520418167114,
0.5776210427284241,
0.016834037378430367,
-0.5148231387138367,
-0.5187235474586487,
-0.4465073049068451,
0.5183848142623901,
0.10703718662261963,
-0.21332359313964844,
-0.28103092312812805,
0.048011913895606995,
-0.1919434815645218,
-0.06527198106050491,
0.10349754989147186,
-0.7990912199020386,
-0.24845819175243378,
0.37909358739852905,
-0.6172562837600708,
-0.3324384093284607,
-0.45166465640068054,
-0.6671842336654663,
-0.40709972381591797,
-0.26196545362472534,
-0.7233278155326843,
0.5411072969436646,
0.8121151328086853,
0.11968864500522614,
0.17392005026340485,
-0.0027858931571245193,
-0.16876478493213654,
-0.3734436631202698,
-0.36819368600845337,
-0.565617561340332,
-0.07231556624174118,
-0.07125706225633621,
-0.0616459995508194,
-0.194222554564476,
-1.0476402044296265,
-0.4531109035015106,
0.15814267098903656,
-0.2660253345966339,
0.7809411287307739,
-0.3181333541870117,
-0.47992897033691406,
-0.2175038903951645,
0.29912853240966797,
-0.08068235218524933,
0.49747923016548157,
0.8193780779838562,
0.08148514479398727,
-0.39568525552749634,
-0.26444128155708313,
-0.5233711004257202,
-0.3112016022205353,
-0.17321787774562836,
-0.4893425703048706,
-0.40691688656806946,
0.4848650395870209,
0.28564882278442383,
0.1568446159362793,
0.6118761301040649,
-0.5184465050697327,
-0.42408496141433716,
-0.3199046552181244,
-0.17615972459316254,
0.6657423377037048,
0.4225066304206848,
0.19264714419841766,
0.466400146484375,
0.48974609375,
-0.22655019164085388,
0.0446205660700798,
0.2875134348869324,
0.9982815980911255,
0.49049001932144165,
-0.4318356215953827,
-0.04500848799943924,
-0.02444576658308506,
0.34666499495506287,
0.05635596811771393,
0.04047838971018791,
0.7865830063819885,
0.22039847075939178,
-0.1924862265586853,
-0.40530264377593994,
0.39587557315826416,
0.36942771077156067,
-0.15227442979812622,
-0.3270280659198761,
0.14234024286270142,
-0.23450660705566406,
-0.034304626286029816,
-0.42101287841796875,
0.41636326909065247,
0.015216195024549961,
0.25238966941833496,
-0.06933184713125229,
0.6643674373626709,
-0.47174665331840515,
0.2165595442056656,
0.4744882583618164,
-0.9383983612060547,
0.18427571654319763,
0.11521988362073898,
-0.5226317048072815,
0.2660512626171112,
-0.5507320761680603,
0.3363257050514221,
0.2598881721496582,
-0.32289156317710876,
-0.2187371551990509,
-0.36258354783058167,
-0.7217851281166077,
-0.07732804119586945,
0.060251735150814056,
-0.21105000376701355,
-0.09857651591300964,
-0.5130116939544678,
-0.46958497166633606,
-0.4292643070220947,
-0.3791363835334778,
-0.17024795711040497,
-0.4210100769996643,
0.5798137187957764,
-0.12098024040460587,
-0.07702814787626266,
-0.623261570930481,
0.20654073357582092,
0.528657078742981,
0.6459126472473145,
-0.28018414974212646,
0.2791309356689453,
-0.09588436037302017,
0.7372931241989136,
-0.04358212277293205,
-0.0023186944890767336,
-0.10330047458410263,
0.07232825458049774,
-0.2515583336353302,
-0.406731516122818,
-0.2439533919095993,
0.3771178424358368,
0.23812848329544067,
-0.3418560028076172,
0.20362894237041473,
1.082940697669983,
-0.7278857231140137,
-0.05758805200457573,
0.4782189130783081,
-0.049751900136470795,
-0.07324368506669998,
-0.31139707565307617,
-0.4568031430244446,
0.39721253514289856,
0.02810836397111416,
-0.38244810700416565,
0.02302968129515648,
0.6506187319755554,
0.10734248161315918,
0.27859407663345337,
-0.16980008780956268,
1.1053930521011353,
0.1023779883980751,
-0.17993374168872833,
-0.2562412917613983,
0.6367055177688599,
0.18497809767723083,
-0.07227262109518051,
-0.042544569820165634,
-0.8040617108345032,
-0.06452646106481552,
0.2717273533344269,
-0.1221962571144104,
0.5051819086074829,
0.28730878233909607,
0.47616472840309143,
0.4481438398361206,
-0.0175341609865427,
-0.03307974711060524,
0.7462434768676758,
-0.030465558171272278,
0.14482539892196655,
0.21575523912906647,
-0.2733679711818695,
0.11243810504674911,
-0.27283722162246704,
0.0466817207634449,
-0.3381417989730835,
0.24525931477546692,
0.21262867748737335,
-0.4223225712776184,
-0.02437729388475418,
0.21087121963500977,
-0.2566348910331726,
1.2116321325302124,
-0.289254754781723,
0.08667130023241043,
-0.4365834593772888,
-0.06316626071929932,
-0.42744189500808716,
-0.14032794535160065,
0.26683714985847473,
0.11033120006322861,
-0.004797950387001038,
-0.14718633890151978,
1.0062439441680908,
0.6539320945739746,
0.3084723949432373,
0.598095178604126,
-0.2881888151168823,
0.42910653352737427,
0.25508007407188416,
-0.14943960309028625,
0.17402684688568115,
-0.23004479706287384,
-0.3049909472465515,
-0.1817435622215271,
0.002289780415594578,
0.22522282600402832,
0.3107677400112152,
0.18312351405620575,
-0.3374461531639099,
0.32751500606536865,
-0.16276216506958008,
-0.18064448237419128,
0.6055076718330383,
-0.09087096154689789,
-0.28736311197280884,
-0.21948513388633728,
0.5495736598968506,
0.5234307646751404,
0.11694135516881943,
-0.20245444774627686,
0.2587355673313141,
-0.26425328850746155,
0.06385119259357452,
0.20219990611076355,
0.3742799758911133,
-0.19374117255210876,
-0.09271503239870071,
-0.23858538269996643,
0.34722593426704407,
-0.3196525573730469,
0.18004336953163147,
-0.4215846359729767,
0.3677685558795929,
-0.04628618806600571,
-0.3628716766834259,
0.296525239944458,
0.11454825848340988,
-0.17629706859588623,
-0.4690351188182831,
0.2312079221010208,
0.36722368001937866,
-0.17510144412517548,
-0.4750696122646332,
-0.35253065824508667,
0.30475911498069763,
0.0004884594236500561,
-0.1428980529308319,
-0.11695458739995956,
0.7754964232444763,
-0.1895163357257843,
-0.3051236569881439,
-0.3477221429347992,
-0.16635577380657196,
-0.08857463300228119,
-0.27105513215065,
0.011076637543737888,
0.7750610113143921,
0.846044659614563,
-0.1241212710738182,
0.33710384368896484,
0.1737566590309143,
-0.13644729554653168,
-0.259107768535614,
0.7714759707450867,
0.10419348627328873,
0.0018110750243067741,
-0.2753030061721802,
0.5994644165039062,
1.0507326126098633,
-0.3555285930633545,
-0.07893987745046616,
-0.1819136142730713,
-0.0183829665184021,
0.72618567943573,
-0.168095201253891,
0.3438754081726074,
-0.2692100405693054,
0.4594845473766327,
-0.0034142336808145046
]
|
214886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Essex | USS Essex | USS Essex may refer to:
was a 32-gun sailing frigate launched in 1799 and captured in 1814
Essex Junior was a British whaler captured by Essex and put into service until recaptured in 1814
was an ironclad steamer during the American Civil War, sold in 1865
was a wooden screw steamer launched in 1876 and sold in 1930
was an commissioned in 1942, which served through World War II, the Korean War, and Apollo 7 before being decommissioned in 1969
is a commissioned in 1992 and currently in active service
See also
, a whaler that a sperm whale sank
United States Navy ship names | [
-0.20705197751522064,
-0.185435488820076,
-0.270795613527298,
0.04926495999097824,
0.13867108523845673,
0.329720675945282,
0.38396283984184265,
0.0022190273739397526,
-0.48930272459983826,
0.3542462885379791,
0.14114825427532196,
0.0019814108964055777,
-0.14977248013019562,
0.3645336627960205,
-0.19757063686847687,
0.17739056050777435,
0.5440165996551514,
0.3069153130054474,
-0.38053128123283386,
-0.48975294828414917,
-0.08008483797311783,
-0.13754454255104065,
0.6810317039489746,
-0.03080133907496929,
0.26816195249557495,
0.3797757625579834,
0.2531879246234894,
-0.3073291480541229,
-0.08457950502634048,
0.09966292232275009,
0.02837391383945942,
-0.1870378702878952,
0.2369905710220337,
0.060975514352321625,
-0.35241585969924927,
-0.11059221625328064,
-0.4243152141571045,
-0.1861172616481781,
0.1262376606464386,
-0.3576282858848572,
-0.5718860030174255,
-0.008031914941966534,
0.18598105013370514,
0.0586680993437767,
-0.23534196615219116,
0.1347288191318512,
-1.2710907459259033,
-0.1525808572769165,
0.2735315263271332,
0.17961418628692627,
-0.23330934345722198,
-0.043111227452754974,
0.02836581878364086,
0.5416040420532227,
-0.09161651134490967,
0.3923967480659485,
-0.13354702293872833,
-0.4910164177417755,
-0.12424853444099426,
-0.5032392740249634,
0.6137620806694031,
0.7221800684928894,
0.46877536177635193,
0.36683419346809387,
0.05147607624530792,
-0.023583106696605682,
0.03565240651369095,
0.22741666436195374,
-0.5321250557899475,
-0.33112770318984985,
0.3357122242450714,
0.10765837877988815,
-0.054006606340408325,
0.30013734102249146,
0.030113717541098595,
-0.16992753744125366,
-0.08384999632835388,
-0.4265272319316864,
0.3893623948097229,
0.1682983636856079,
0.6279803514480591,
-0.02258319780230522,
0.47687482833862305,
0.30508559942245483,
-0.23972633481025696,
0.5855559706687927,
-0.2024352103471756,
0.035219162702560425,
-0.7860066294670105,
0.43894773721694946,
-0.11949191242456436,
-0.07301941514015198,
0.4743799865245819,
0.9552966952323914,
-0.2983781397342682,
0.3323313593864441,
-0.23466522991657257,
0.17450226843357086,
0.2667798101902008,
-0.09700129181146622,
-0.016232868656516075,
0.6676669120788574,
0.7227121591567993,
0.1451084166765213,
-0.5415323376655579,
0.0029544916469603777,
0.2539629638195038,
0.08082244545221329,
-0.19470886886119843,
-0.08026589453220367,
0.4049902558326721,
-0.05333057790994644,
-0.17429299652576447,
0.23888711631298065,
0.12359786033630371,
0.0033728042617440224,
0.0626448467373848,
-0.6251912117004395,
-0.19944852590560913,
-0.29380369186401367,
-0.24825504422187805,
1.0858798027038574,
-0.03701174259185791,
-0.07225038856267929,
0.4653730094432831,
0.25022488832473755,
0.30395349860191345,
0.4506691098213196,
-0.4683513641357422,
0.10755947232246399,
0.13366909325122833,
0.533433735370636,
-0.611779510974884,
0.339997798204422,
-0.6386858820915222,
-0.12517540156841278,
-0.14672692120075226,
0.3103823959827423,
0.23752199113368988,
0.4256981611251831,
-1.0723588466644287,
-0.37686747312545776,
0.17070987820625305,
-0.44030940532684326,
0.2012399286031723,
-0.16103123128414154,
0.01833586022257805,
0.27467063069343567,
-0.2219342589378357,
0.16489501297473907,
0.24564506113529205,
-0.21507585048675537,
-0.15660324692726135,
-0.3161277174949646,
-0.17883166670799255,
-0.04406829923391342,
0.043778546154499054,
-0.27994972467422485,
0.2828247547149658,
0.4293837249279022,
-0.5993141531944275,
0.01806914433836937,
-0.08222612738609314,
0.03935512900352478,
0.6505150198936462,
-0.017360305413603783,
0.7032384872436523,
-0.29407498240470886,
-0.19080248475074768,
-0.8114612102508545,
-0.16657045483589172,
-0.05907284468412399,
0.6718423366546631,
-0.05907844379544258,
-0.4216172695159912,
0.07733415067195892,
0.4222210943698883,
0.3915112614631653,
0.43535006046295166,
-0.9716567993164062,
-0.34656235575675964,
0.7662519216537476,
0.2166258841753006,
-0.11926014721393585,
0.3056781589984894,
0.2792297601699829,
0.020327407866716385,
-0.049915701150894165,
-0.17712821066379547,
0.33612653613090515,
0.2848791778087616,
-0.13037170469760895,
0.05643023923039436,
-0.21976543962955475,
1.297502875328064,
0.34360605478286743,
-1.1770018339157104,
0.7375807762145996,
-0.25551900267601013,
0.2852841913700104,
0.23614375293254852,
-0.061611492186784744,
-0.1291881501674652,
-0.20536604523658752,
-0.23417623341083527,
-0.14035049080848694,
0.7830412983894348,
0.7781084179878235,
0.48614537715911865,
0.5285025238990784,
-0.1320168375968933,
-0.4839134216308594,
0.08178600668907166,
0.43880489468574524,
0.44764116406440735,
0.008923996239900589,
-0.1541002243757248,
-0.39911675453186035,
0.33329761028289795,
-0.6419103741645813,
0.4210917055606842,
-0.13165682554244995,
-0.09036801755428314,
0.5399317145347595,
0.2701374590396881,
0.6607666015625,
-0.30725985765457153,
-0.019161466509103775,
-0.30922138690948486,
-0.08711805939674377,
0.024610668420791626,
0.4309469759464264,
-0.22024089097976685,
-0.042260050773620605,
0.3480772078037262,
0.28896743059158325,
0.09154356271028519,
-0.19547288119792938,
0.7351111173629761,
0.22894960641860962,
0.3383890390396118,
0.5147931575775146,
-0.32324105501174927,
0.37724682688713074,
0.7253919839859009,
0.17202121019363403,
0.25455695390701294,
0.012742524966597557,
-0.36171582341194153,
-0.8662992119789124,
0.0002454610075801611,
-0.0833035409450531,
0.15859723091125488,
-0.47857576608657837,
0.06947428733110428,
-0.3988056182861328,
-0.187569260597229,
0.20522616803646088,
0.23195183277130127,
0.33130747079849243,
-0.4264436364173889,
0.18726812303066254,
-0.33519232273101807,
0.10681036859750748,
0.6845830082893372,
0.20045273005962372,
-0.44437822699546814,
-0.747281014919281,
0.6178082227706909,
0.17536741495132446,
0.2471228688955307,
0.3263152539730072,
0.060193270444869995,
-0.2994754910469055,
0.46538981795310974,
0.35121479630470276,
-0.44404518604278564,
0.09431198984384537,
-0.32887715101242065,
-0.5253874659538269,
0.12425899505615234,
0.46505698561668396,
-0.37044474482536316,
-0.9219879508018494,
-0.16947005689144135,
-0.6857132315635681,
-0.01262756623327732,
-0.44385090470314026,
-0.25138527154922485,
0.11052422970533371,
0.08351197838783264,
-0.5827304124832153,
-0.05920098349452019,
0.267025351524353,
-0.015334857627749443,
0.4215955138206482,
-0.44704219698905945,
-0.07069511711597443,
-0.13160178065299988,
-0.06322284787893295,
-0.8412779569625854,
0.20735733211040497,
-0.7343401312828064,
0.164130300283432,
0.3690774142742157,
-0.3031981587409973,
-0.21432550251483917,
0.13080979883670807,
-5.888188362121582,
-0.24493134021759033,
-0.5375819206237793,
-0.06933379918336868,
-0.2770112156867981,
0.009419661946594715,
-0.23941786587238312,
-0.08792620152235031,
0.11150061339139938,
-0.045925699174404144,
1.3347059488296509,
0.7626631855964661,
0.3536747992038727,
0.3792372941970825,
0.43250712752342224,
0.14542081952095032,
1.0704630613327026,
-0.2266143411397934,
0.2815746068954468,
-0.4033801555633545,
0.16495990753173828,
0.04257524386048317,
0.05254535377025604,
0.026311451569199562,
0.0948445126414299,
0.25753816962242126,
-0.01376345008611679,
0.22322149574756622,
-0.1174963116645813,
0.04020177945494652,
-0.33129915595054626,
0.34382179379463196,
0.26943540573120117,
-0.03130351006984711,
-0.0631394311785698,
-0.18351693451404572,
0.28010794520378113,
0.12485937029123306,
0.31005674600601196,
-0.3672163784503937,
0.07241690158843994,
-0.06772734969854355,
-0.35962975025177,
-0.7686426043510437,
0.09844014048576355,
-0.3391222357749939,
0.2013922482728958,
0.2966945767402649,
0.2429170161485672,
0.2132411003112793,
0.05108454450964928,
-0.03468986600637436,
0.27797606587409973,
0.20235754549503326,
0.5821734070777893,
-0.27996161580085754,
-0.6673309206962585,
-0.28158068656921387,
-0.343453049659729,
-0.036005303263664246,
0.04946118965744972,
-0.22343817353248596,
-0.09066333621740341,
-0.6323107481002808,
-0.2290961891412735,
0.3905426859855652,
0.05519091337919235,
-0.3821782171726227,
0.5817905068397522,
0.5526198148727417,
-0.15184542536735535,
0.5655282139778137,
0.10465526580810547,
-0.8082458972930908,
0.15016402304172516,
-0.2252606451511383,
0.1579858660697937,
0.42025962471961975,
-0.6609308123588562,
-0.07872825860977173,
-0.0725308209657669,
-0.15388526022434235,
-0.12331072986125946,
0.8845066428184509,
0.35894009470939636,
-0.5095233917236328,
-0.16183775663375854,
0.07297354191541672,
-0.30319371819496155,
-0.07367415726184845,
0.42271995544433594,
-0.19441890716552734,
0.10729244351387024,
0.3865996301174164,
0.6405249834060669,
-0.017698820680379868,
-0.7224087119102478,
-0.009345241822302341,
0.5462888479232788,
-0.3763774633407593,
0.6072981953620911,
0.05988936871290207,
0.30057865381240845,
-0.5685065984725952,
0.008734610863029957,
-0.7333423495292664,
-0.685242235660553,
-0.21449363231658936,
0.20591968297958374,
-0.2247864305973053,
-0.356393963098526,
-0.48339080810546875,
-0.3141021728515625,
-0.27222442626953125,
0.08414461463689804,
-0.35132643580436707,
0.619149923324585,
0.6148784160614014,
0.7726482152938843,
-0.31144747138023376,
-0.13141335546970367,
0.9064931273460388,
-0.14395321905612946,
-0.37199079990386963,
-0.7084929943084717,
-0.9462167620658875,
0.1322702169418335,
0.21010775864124298,
-0.4553280472755432,
0.1188577339053154,
0.49592021107673645,
0.24983295798301697,
-0.0787617415189743,
0.5012035965919495,
0.097321517765522,
-0.17714819312095642,
-0.15792042016983032,
-0.6806215643882751,
-0.43239590525627136,
0.055881526321172714,
-0.29676365852355957,
-0.3401501178741455,
-0.2538970112800598,
0.020757989957928658,
1.0847678184509277,
0.03569937124848366,
0.23472312092781067,
-0.2733366787433624,
-0.12221768498420715,
0.4820631742477417,
-0.5336192846298218,
-0.46271681785583496,
0.4439243674278259,
-0.039998698979616165,
0.1466127187013626,
-0.2871345281600952,
0.39218369126319885,
0.25880885124206543,
-0.6158552765846252,
0.1412745714187622,
-0.06116468086838722,
0.16222693026065826,
0.02377808466553688,
-0.50762939453125,
0.42541080713272095,
0.38150715827941895,
-0.3308822810649872,
-0.4829976260662079,
0.13792452216148376,
0.32721278071403503,
0.3359508812427521,
-0.44608595967292786,
-0.261540025472641,
0.0956299677491188,
0.33520346879959106,
0.26984086632728577,
-0.4102940857410431,
-0.35004597902297974,
-0.1359938532114029,
-0.36644747853279114,
0.10919085144996643,
-0.176169753074646,
-0.3564266264438629,
0.44182491302490234,
0.7594106197357178,
-0.03614454343914986,
-0.37364456057548523,
-0.28479230403900146,
-0.5401487350463867,
-0.04913702607154846,
0.15681777894496918,
-0.36785009503364563,
0.5767333507537842,
0.5977151989936829,
-0.6614444255828857,
0.3905344307422638,
0.221449077129364,
0.40900567173957825,
0.45308130979537964,
-0.3406189978122711,
0.5043090581893921,
0.319754958152771,
-0.4739251136779785,
0.367023229598999,
-0.22631070017814636,
-0.6218595504760742,
-0.02394227683544159,
-0.24813847243785858,
-0.14501692354679108,
0.4101451337337494,
0.23414209485054016,
-0.8286254405975342,
0.8689023852348328,
0.552558958530426,
-0.049167655408382416,
0.03959110751748085,
-0.041982971131801605,
-0.013173697516322136,
0.17317791283130646,
-0.7457044124603271,
-0.29786667227745056,
-0.17109329998493195,
-0.4847884476184845,
-0.31572651863098145,
-0.33198708295822144,
0.4678071439266205,
0.35949352383613586,
-0.44567760825157166,
0.4689942002296448,
-0.22590835392475128,
-0.2532879710197449,
-0.3446131944656372,
-0.6560875773429871,
-0.24402104318141937,
0.9606353044509888,
-0.5927061438560486,
0.4492192268371582,
-0.27686572074890137,
-0.21424570679664612,
0.40576767921447754,
0.5346829295158386,
0.8055760860443115,
-0.004542246926575899,
-0.4110936224460602,
-0.00883928406983614,
0.7652270793914795,
-0.016612067818641663,
-0.5722255706787109,
-0.47423624992370605,
0.1833719164133072,
0.0440651960670948,
-0.5083732604980469,
-0.4664517641067505,
-0.20424585044384003,
0.9316310286521912,
-0.2086949348449707,
0.28049737215042114,
-0.28227242827415466,
-0.24754031002521515,
-0.06716752797365189,
-0.38363566994667053,
0.7163006067276001,
-1.182373046875,
-0.04697614908218384,
0.3272154629230499,
0.12134608626365662,
-0.3836595416069031,
0.020421121269464493,
-0.10899973660707474,
0.2168380469083786,
-0.0505332425236702,
0.21935588121414185,
0.3317149579524994,
0.6608917713165283,
-0.35601210594177246,
0.14993666112422943,
-0.2731771767139435,
-0.2551807761192322,
0.4124530553817749,
0.6553824543952942,
-0.5216193795204163,
0.2511245906352997,
-0.49077051877975464,
-0.6229528188705444,
-0.4502503275871277,
-0.3655678331851959,
-0.07938159257173538,
-0.4819657802581787,
0.4941304624080658,
0.2173934131860733,
0.22184456884860992,
-0.2696821987628937,
-0.1636115312576294,
-0.8064422011375427,
-0.4971255958080292,
0.3132607936859131,
-0.497978538274765,
0.5607487559318542,
-0.22406166791915894,
0.18108132481575012,
-0.527011513710022,
0.5205989480018616,
-0.19366148114204407,
-0.13070981204509735,
-0.37518632411956787,
0.3609214425086975,
0.12074048072099686,
-0.04155139625072479,
-0.25723952054977417,
-0.1808006912469864,
0.24465425312519073,
-0.6970129013061523,
0.3264930844306946,
0.19986389577388763,
-0.06886469572782516,
-0.12112259864807129,
0.5561602115631104,
-0.1831146776676178,
-0.837106466293335,
-0.08353549242019653,
0.3390888571739197,
-0.011871829628944397,
-0.06592116504907608,
0.06514798104763031,
-0.05811987817287445,
0.33188751339912415,
-0.39590662717819214,
-0.31089577078819275,
-0.18595029413700104,
1.0010806322097778,
0.17978663742542267,
-0.7538354396820068,
-0.7239371538162231,
0.5193470120429993,
-0.30237746238708496,
-0.06150217354297638,
0.27026674151420593,
-0.7115979790687561,
-0.2245466560125351,
0.6923136711120605,
0.5547657608985901,
0.5670064687728882,
-0.3004840016365051,
-0.5474974513053894,
-0.002818311797454953,
0.13327758014202118,
-0.09533058851957321,
-0.5198124647140503,
0.4232475459575653,
-0.034268297255039215,
0.42148321866989136,
-0.029342956840991974,
0.21124966442584991,
-0.48747870326042175,
0.08951721340417862,
0.19719980657100677,
-0.19116060435771942,
-0.14618578553199768,
0.12288875132799149,
-0.37360554933547974,
-0.3156758248806,
0.05419446900486946,
0.40670645236968994,
-0.36123931407928467,
-0.5233515501022339,
0.16444286704063416,
0.24554163217544556,
0.30966684222221375,
-0.10267655551433563,
-0.21245786547660828,
0.021891508251428604,
-0.09267955273389816,
0.15008684992790222,
-0.5788605809211731,
-0.33036428689956665,
0.3903234601020813,
0.331656813621521,
0.23123161494731903,
0.11561258137226105,
0.21577323973178864,
-0.3331992030143738,
-0.11767356842756271,
0.15692190825939178,
-1.0753228664398193,
0.25304684042930603,
0.05419193580746651,
0.052450329065322876,
0.21381951868534088,
0.005384861957281828,
-0.041638974100351334,
0.30292072892189026,
-0.12056531012058258,
-0.4091867506504059,
0.20902644097805023,
-0.21143284440040588,
-0.43923231959342957,
0.019991260021924973,
0.6671516299247742,
0.28127822279930115,
0.21442608535289764,
-0.1635056734085083,
0.1400275081396103,
-0.014519928023219109,
0.5349805951118469,
-0.12777568399906158,
0.24965156614780426,
-0.6355690956115723,
0.01942746527493,
-0.401378870010376,
-0.06788484752178192,
0.09057649970054626,
-0.11567696183919907,
-0.6491860151290894,
-0.44424527883529663,
-0.34018343687057495,
-0.07931078225374222,
0.39295753836631775,
-0.6330881118774414,
-0.7246496677398682,
0.24449306726455688,
0.19899828732013702,
0.01655333675444126,
-0.23940959572792053,
0.1566428691148758,
-0.24939920008182526,
-0.26214227080345154,
0.03598114475607872,
-0.7444478869438171,
-0.3826124370098114,
0.24254298210144043,
0.28498637676239014,
-0.13091306388378143,
-0.08315780758857727,
0.3780899941921234,
0.031454939395189285,
-0.32539790868759155,
-0.027126934379339218,
-0.07661765068769455,
0.3898058533668518,
-0.06682008504867554,
0.11496130377054214,
-0.07941342890262604,
0.40908098220825195,
-0.14130976796150208,
0.5042650699615479,
-0.2146821767091751,
-0.06735338270664215,
-0.4855896234512329,
0.14835983514785767,
0.6444069743156433,
0.12592308223247528,
0.18215051293373108,
0.36114993691444397,
-0.049389686435461044,
0.7629216313362122,
-0.415690153837204,
0.16550293564796448,
-0.6517575979232788,
-0.01408482901751995,
-0.2325596809387207
]
|
214887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20City%20%28TV%20series%29 | Capital City (TV series) | Capital City is a television series which focused on the professional and personal lives of a group of investment bankers working in the dealing room at Shane Longman, a fictional international bank based in the City of London. The 23-episode series was produced by Euston Films, a wholly owned subsidiary of Thames Television, for the ITV network.
Thames Television spent an estimated £500,000 to run newspaper and billboard advertisements to promote the series' launch which at the time was believed to be the largest advertising spend for a programme in the history of ITV. Full-page advertisements were taken in six national newspapers including The Financial Times, The Times and The Independent. The ads promoted the Shane Longman "brand", rather than "Capital City", and featured images of cast members in character.
Thames Television stated that the press and poster ads were considered necessary to raise the profile of the series amongst members of the public who had a specialised or more professional interest, however a number of City bankers described the series as "fairly inaccurate", "confusing for the ordinary viewer", and lacking solid research. One television critic stated: "All of this would have been quite novel and exciting three years ago, but the world has turned, the market has crashed and we have all seen enough of other people's Porsches to last a lifetime... City hustlers do not look very heroic any more, just extravagantly paid."
Still, it could be argued that most of the characters in "Capital City" – perhaps with the exception of the reckless and predatory Jimmy Destry, power-hungry Lee Wolf and the duplicitous Sylvia Roux Teng – portray City bankers in a generally positive manner. The primary characters come across as likeable and – in contrast to the Gordon Gekko "greed is good" stereotype often associated with their industry – as possessing a moral and/or social conscience; in one episode, the entire dealing room threatens to go on strike in protest against handling a bond issue on behalf of a company which dumps toxic waste in poor African countries and demand that Shane Longman introduce policies which enable them to avoid dealing with clients who they regard as unethical.
Capital City is very much a product of the late 1980s, on the cusp of the digital revolution. The dealing room computers used what appeared to be a DOS operating system; mobile phones were the size of bricks; the primary methods of long-distance "instant" communication were still the land line telephone, fax and telex; and smoking – banned in England, within most public buildings, in 2007 – was still allowed in the workplace as well as inside restaurants, bars and other public places. At the same time, the series dealt with several mature storylines including alcoholism, depression, mental illness, sexual assault, drug use, homosexuality, physical assault, gambling addiction, prostitution, promiscuity, shoplifting, fraud, bribery, corruption and abortion.
Cast
The main cast (in alphabetical order as shown in the series credits) included:
William Armstrong as Max Lubin
Emily Bolton as Sylvia Roux Teng (from episode 13)
John Bowe as Leonard Ansen
Denys Hawthorne as James Farrell
Dorian Healy as Jimmy Destry (to episode 13)
Douglas Hodge as Declan McConnachie
Jason Isaacs as Chas Ewell
Joanna Kanska as Sirkka Nieminen
Richard LeParmentier as Lee Wolf
Trevyn McDowell as Michelle Hauptmann
Anna Nygh as Hannah Burgess
Joanna Phillips-Lane as Wendy Foley (to episode 14)
Rolf Saxon as Hudson J. Talbot III
Saira Todd as Hilary Rollinger (from episode 15)
Briony Glassco as Gail Martin
Recurring support and guest cast included Mark Burns as Peter Longman, grandson of the bank's founder, the eponymous Shane Longman, and 30 percent shareholder; Louise Lombard who appeared as Louise, a 17-year-old runaway who is befriended by Chas and is later assaulted by Jimmy; Faith Brook as Katherine Talbot, Hudson's mother; Charlotte Cornwell as Petra Allunson; Julia Ormond as Allison; Ben Daniels as Colin de Selincourt; and Pia Henderson, as Yolande, with whom Sirkka has a brief relationship.
Characters
Max Lubin (William Armstrong), the bank's unconventional and somewhat eccentric, pony tail-wearing Head of Swaps
Sylvia Roux Teng (Emily Bolton), replaces Wendy Foley as the bank's Chief Trader in episode 13; Sylvia's duplicitous nature is revealed when she mentions to City headhunter and personal friend, Petra Allunson, that the core members of the dealing room team – Declan McConnochie, Michelle Hauptmann, Sirkka Nieminen, Chas Ewell and their assistants – are unhappy and potentially "on the market"
Leonard Ansen (John Bowe), the Director of Banking Activities, who constantly clashes with the power-hungry Lee Wolf who regards the bank's dealers as reckless risk-takers; becomes romantically involved with Hannah Burgess after her marriage breaks down
James Farrell (Denys Hawthorne), the bank's Chief Executive Officer
Jimmy Destry (Dorian Healy), a maverick junior trader, nicknamed 'Squirt' by Declan McConnochie, who is sacked for malpractice in episode 13; Destry shares a flat with Chas Ewell but the two fall out after Destry molests Louise, a 17-year-old runaway who Chas befriends at a railway station, in episode 4
Declan McConnachie (Douglas Hodge), a senior trader on the secondary desk; becomes romantically involved with Michelle Hauptmann, who he marries in the final episode
Chas Ewell (Jason Isaacs), a junior trader on the primary desk, who questions his role in the city during a personal crisis in series one
Sirkka Nieminen (Joanna Kanska), a senior trader in the secondary desk; the character is originally from Finland (though the actress is Polish) and experiences numerous personal crises during the series including a battle with alcoholism, an abortion and a lesbian affair; she is a serial risk-taker and thrill-seeker who, during episode 11, represents herself as a high-class prostitute on at least two occasions; during the series it is revealed that Sirkka and Declan McConnochie were romantically involved at one stage in the past
Lee Wolf (Richard LeParmentier), the Director of Corporate Finance, who constantly clashes with Leonard Ansen over the role of the banks dealers, who Wolf regards as reckless risk-takers
Michelle Hauptmann (Trevyn McDowell), a 24-year-old senior trader on the primary desk; she is originally from Germany and becomes romantically involved with Declan McConnachie during series one; the two marry in the final episode at the end of series two
Hannah Burgess (Anna Nygh), responsible for overseeing the dealing room IT and computer systems; Australian-born; she becomes romantically involved with Leonard Ansen after she and her husband Ryan divorce
Wendy Foley (Joanna Phillips-Lane), initially the Chief Trader, Wendy is promoted to become the new Head of Derivatives in episode 13 and is replaced on the dealing room floor by Sylvia Roux Teng; she resigns from the bank in episode 14 to work with major shareholder Peter Longman
Hudson J. Talbot III (Rolf Saxon), a US-born attorney and the bank's capital markets originator whose mentally unwell wife Alex leaves him and their infant son in episode 1
Hilary Rollinger (Saira Todd), a 22-year-old graduate who excelled in economics and philosophy; joins Shane Longman in episode 15 to assist Michelle Hauptmann on the primary desk; during the office party celebrating the impending nuptials of Michelle and Declan, a very tipsy Hilary manages to tell Declan what a sweet and sexy guy he is, much to everyone's amusement as they look on from the table
Episode detail
Series 1 (1989)
Series 2 (1990)
Production credits
Creator: Andrew Maclear
Writers: Andrew Maclear, Matthew Bardsley, Charles Jennings, Tom Greenwood, Richard O'Keefe
Directors: Mike Vardy, Sarah Hellings, Paul Seed, Robert Walker, Clive Fleury, Diarmuid Lawrence
Associate Producer: Ron Purdie
Executive Producers: Andrew Brown, John Hambley
Producer: Irving Teitelbaum
Music: Colin Towns
Series trivia
The series was created by Andrew Maclear, who also wrote the 1989 movie Dealers; the film's dealing room set, which reportedly cost £1,000,000 to construct, was retained for use in "Capital City". The dealing room equipment was provided by Reuters Limited.
Exterior scenes were shot throughout London and landmarks such as Big Ben, the Palace of Westminster, Tower Bridge, River Thames and St Paul's Cathedral appeared as backdrops. Coincidentally, stylised forms of these icons were also featured in the on-air idents for Euston Films' parent company, Thames Television, that were shown at the start and end of each episode.
It is estimated that Euston Films spent more than US$10 million to produce the first 13 episodes (series one)
The music for the series was composed by Colin Towns and enjoyed some success in its own right.
The bank's address is shown in an Attachment of Earnings Order (Judgment Debt) served on Lee Wolf as 8 Gracewell Street, London EC2; Wolf's address is shown in the same document as 56 Chalfont Court, 238 Baker Street, London NW1. Neither address actually exists.
Shane Longman's headquarters are located near the Bank of England; in one episode Michelle Hauptmann loses her driver's licence for one year after being caught speeding in her Porsche and is shown exiting the London Underground at Bank station after catching the Tube to work.
In the final episode, Michelle and Declan are married and, in the closing scenes, are shown travelling by water taxi to the airport en route to their honeymoon in Venice; their marriage is taken to have occurred 1 September 1990 as this is the date shown on their travel documents.
Series quotes
Sylvia Roux Teng to Hilary Rollinger: "Your job involves more than being a smile and dial girl."
James Farrell to (the newly married) Declan and Michelle McConnochie: "In 30 years of banking, this is the happiest merger I've ever seen", to which Declan replies: "James, this isn't a merger. This is a takeover."
Broadcast information
"Capital City" was originally broadcast in the UK on the ITV network between 26 September 1989 and 20 December 1990. The series was also transmitted in Australia by the national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Despite its short run in the UK, the series was rebroadcast on UKTV Gold as well as a small number of PBS stations in the United States, the CBC in Canada and several Swiss, German stations and Polish TV.
Availability
The complete series of 23 episodes have been released on DVD.
References
External links
ITV television dramas
Television shows set in London
1989 British television series debuts
1990 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
Television shows produced by Thames Television
Television series by Fremantle (company)
English-language television shows
Television series by Euston Films | [
-0.004475021734833717,
-0.3528682589530945,
0.4298052191734314,
-0.0035210694186389446,
0.24650938808918,
0.07755973190069199,
0.07383975386619568,
0.2796022593975067,
-0.10369531810283661,
0.0866769403219223,
-0.6117037534713745,
0.15892735123634338,
-0.31178048253059387,
0.2882484197616577,
0.6317892074584961,
0.10908305644989014,
0.42919838428497314,
0.3743681311607361,
0.2611505091190338,
-0.39451363682746887,
-0.13593822717666626,
0.008720814250409603,
0.5987854599952698,
-0.07266995310783386,
0.4237564206123352,
-0.2852467894554138,
-0.22463323175907135,
-0.009009456261992455,
-0.3942672908306122,
-0.09309029579162598,
0.25525328516960144,
0.19235222041606903,
-0.30643150210380554,
0.15271331369876862,
0.37725070118904114,
-0.026903090998530388,
-0.3548807203769684,
0.14693517982959747,
-0.599667489528656,
-0.8667705059051514,
0.12214316427707672,
-0.1473940759897232,
0.3418276607990265,
0.5061290264129639,
-0.7042962908744812,
-0.2591398060321808,
-1.131015419960022,
-0.09885995835065842,
-0.6015017032623291,
-0.32358166575431824,
-0.24649561941623688,
0.584720253944397,
0.6874630451202393,
-0.32541435956954956,
0.27390697598457336,
0.7549694180488586,
-0.28293123841285706,
-0.2111101746559143,
0.2598000168800354,
-0.38861119747161865,
0.6508246064186096,
-0.032254889607429504,
-0.07898566126823425,
-0.058556631207466125,
0.08770545572042465,
-0.28029948472976685,
0.34390002489089966,
0.2173917442560196,
0.03713792935013771,
-0.2656615674495697,
-0.21061378717422485,
0.04373272880911827,
-0.0979604721069336,
0.12349999696016312,
-0.33139362931251526,
0.10688537359237671,
0.16613617539405823,
-0.12599653005599976,
0.04872001335024834,
0.10206510871648788,
0.14315807819366455,
0.1819121092557907,
-0.03997790440917015,
-0.08313401788473129,
0.4895820915699005,
-0.1614616960287094,
-0.3556162118911743,
-0.2366190254688263,
-0.341761976480484,
0.5034881830215454,
-0.5882103443145752,
-0.2779483199119568,
0.3485898971557617,
0.2918393909931183,
0.17205752432346344,
-0.21656939387321472,
-0.1415366381406784,
-0.20885467529296875,
0.6146047115325928,
-0.026812314987182617,
-0.37637683749198914,
-0.15529468655586243,
-0.17361198365688324,
-0.2647164463996887,
0.15028943121433258,
0.21309955418109894,
-0.4563724994659424,
-0.013108004815876484,
-0.15859141945838928,
0.36582088470458984,
-0.5187333226203918,
-0.0650949478149414,
-0.19813624024391174,
0.2310945987701416,
0.28469809889793396,
0.20180609822273254,
0.03297620639204979,
0.010125943459570408,
-0.5895078182220459,
-0.07950039952993393,
0.04932640120387077,
0.29061976075172424,
-0.2800411283969879,
0.3009975254535675,
-0.20005162060260773,
-0.4712897837162018,
-0.18356165289878845,
0.1814907342195511,
-0.1805591583251953,
-0.009103509597480297,
-0.32514896988868713,
0.42898622155189514,
-0.5563297867774963,
0.2469950169324875,
-0.14820437133312225,
-0.04065101593732834,
-0.09967977553606033,
0.06325525045394897,
0.02788502350449562,
-0.00778399221599102,
-0.36894068121910095,
0.2549854815006256,
-0.1511351764202118,
0.328441858291626,
0.3878742754459381,
-0.3125535547733307,
0.16215430200099945,
-0.20619553327560425,
0.07574787735939026,
-0.409560889005661,
-0.09571968764066696,
0.1962449997663498,
-0.11805955320596695,
-0.008617048151791096,
-0.007267124019563198,
0.8134291768074036,
0.4269982576370239,
-0.51442950963974,
0.1211150586605072,
0.1781979203224182,
0.06056920439004898,
0.3350512385368347,
-0.06971952319145203,
0.10210123658180237,
0.19890280067920685,
-0.13751088082790375,
0.31465205550193787,
-0.20847147703170776,
0.025231486186385155,
0.046511948108673096,
-0.39488449692726135,
0.3336776793003082,
0.6590713858604431,
0.006738545838743448,
-0.16023823618888855,
-0.11574479937553406,
0.35665979981422424,
0.017241086810827255,
0.1840255707502365,
0.23975256085395813,
-0.49535590410232544,
0.4217969477176666,
0.0038765270728617907,
-0.42031940817832947,
0.5272563695907593,
-0.3027487099170685,
0.46220535039901733,
0.24386847019195557,
-0.14799951016902924,
0.2779337763786316,
-0.25827518105506897,
-0.16250573098659515,
0.42692020535469055,
-0.36150652170181274,
0.3234175145626068,
-0.2169225513935089,
-0.12888187170028687,
0.7106685638427734,
-0.1891144961118698,
0.4275440275669098,
-0.0003136182785965502,
0.06564058363437653,
0.38470712304115295,
-0.3025796413421631,
-0.1719047725200653,
0.0672759860754013,
0.2666621804237366,
-0.29145121574401855,
0.0979263037443161,
0.3655383288860321,
-0.04300761967897415,
-0.23451007902622223,
0.5627533793449402,
0.05161678045988083,
0.7467905879020691,
-0.3475489914417267,
-0.5763242840766907,
0.05176473781466484,
-0.25123047828674316,
-0.391094833612442,
1.1072419881820679,
0.40595126152038574,
0.4597632586956024,
0.6440908908843994,
-0.5181818008422852,
0.150981143116951,
0.21733136475086212,
-0.06372316926717758,
0.6933063268661499,
-0.5296158194541931,
-0.23521526157855988,
0.5957236886024475,
-0.23459355533123016,
-0.9784590601921082,
0.014960008673369884,
-0.056419748812913895,
0.21235889196395874,
0.01313293818384409,
0.06633131951093674,
-0.15141279995441437,
0.1512177586555481,
-0.15279829502105713,
-0.34619128704071045,
0.0653725266456604,
0.5287778973579407,
0.0884273573756218,
0.15309672057628632,
0.19962799549102783,
-0.4707457721233368,
-0.132213294506073,
0.22470054030418396,
-0.06290517002344131,
0.10489120334386826,
0.24759267270565033,
0.3917900025844574,
0.23042315244674683,
-0.14753854274749756,
-0.24264031648635864,
0.06268570572137833,
0.09692862629890442,
-0.08243070542812347,
0.1276216059923172,
-0.13391102850437164,
-0.22356098890304565,
-0.14497192203998566,
-0.270753413438797,
-0.33450189232826233,
-0.9170637726783752,
0.5629981160163879,
-0.1460660696029663,
0.20596425235271454,
-0.1444476693868637,
-0.5349234342575073,
0.5174068808555603,
0.4224897027015686,
-0.3721826672554016,
0.08998635411262512,
0.24488253891468048,
0.4914732873439789,
-0.2562040686607361,
0.12614589929580688,
0.2901993691921234,
0.565015971660614,
-0.7667591571807861,
0.11837414652109146,
-0.694500207901001,
-0.488829642534256,
-0.3535423278808594,
-0.4452076554298401,
-0.5578485727310181,
-0.051984723657369614,
-0.5796629786491394,
-0.2595396637916565,
-0.18607401847839355,
-0.0045312936417758465,
0.026262732222676277,
0.027971051633358,
0.16423366963863373,
0.06902100890874863,
0.4721185564994812,
0.1503170132637024,
0.793546736240387,
0.04417452588677406,
-0.28784677386283875,
0.5296847224235535,
-0.2763565182685852,
-0.36455103754997253,
-0.3068578839302063,
-6.266810894012451,
0.19593243300914764,
0.024010419845581055,
0.25669384002685547,
0.37902525067329407,
-0.35694730281829834,
0.6938128471374512,
0.06885753571987152,
0.024539630860090256,
-0.4753093123435974,
-0.11903342604637146,
-0.1381993144750595,
-0.2804332375526428,
-0.19010190665721893,
0.44522222876548767,
0.23293377459049225,
0.30293259024620056,
0.010236009955406189,
0.0689510703086853,
0.36214491724967957,
-0.2908821105957031,
-0.2187417596578598,
0.21819576621055603,
-0.008320994675159454,
0.015778863802552223,
0.7740180492401123,
-0.7224551439285278,
0.046771835535764694,
-0.744429886341095,
0.13359178602695465,
-0.12927813827991486,
-0.10942527651786804,
-0.5709400177001953,
-0.406218945980072,
0.32180482149124146,
0.24243420362472534,
0.6698561906814575,
-0.04709300026297569,
0.32312560081481934,
-0.8147948980331421,
-0.2039576917886734,
0.41171500086784363,
-0.3727865219116211,
0.4453309178352356,
0.7057410478591919,
-0.1656641960144043,
-0.3015238344669342,
-0.09112813323736191,
-0.48817601799964905,
0.3795468211174011,
0.37833699584007263,
0.4380505383014679,
-0.025162795558571815,
0.200058251619339,
0.04322110116481781,
-0.15142279863357544,
-0.19016091525554657,
0.41930195689201355,
-0.16623544692993164,
0.17753981053829193,
0.11144361644983292,
-0.05993833392858505,
0.16495375335216522,
-0.3302309811115265,
0.501072108745575,
-0.3140876591205597,
-0.22556136548519135,
0.16565677523612976,
0.11330392956733704,
-0.05012108013033867,
-0.3854742646217346,
-0.4238611161708832,
0.48613253235816956,
-0.7336649298667908,
-0.10783524811267853,
-0.19350942969322205,
0.6981972455978394,
0.06288094073534012,
0.20254838466644287,
-0.2975185513496399,
-0.07286284118890762,
0.13419032096862793,
-0.2384921759366989,
-0.14853805303573608,
-0.5245018601417542,
-1.1398838758468628,
0.12051420658826828,
0.5557387471199036,
-0.46761730313301086,
-0.3944319188594818,
0.007580042816698551,
-0.12862877547740936,
0.20687448978424072,
0.6339976787567139,
0.7103391289710999,
0.46218544244766235,
-0.08221384882926941,
-0.09589756280183792,
0.14316466450691223,
-0.42139774560928345,
0.3766670227050781,
-0.5202305912971497,
-0.17628322541713715,
-0.5195407271385193,
-0.28014326095581055,
-0.2893086075782776,
0.11179850995540619,
0.648242175579071,
0.10932175070047379,
-0.15464681386947632,
0.089374840259552,
0.2562984824180603,
-0.6712712049484253,
-0.18784889578819275,
0.7058426737785339,
-0.03360273689031601,
-0.3909247815608978,
0.19603168964385986,
0.4110400676727295,
0.3126368820667267,
-0.23316776752471924,
0.41406485438346863,
0.13907544314861298,
0.30898985266685486,
-0.8873291611671448,
0.12892398238182068,
0.22572031617164612,
-0.29515311121940613,
0.22171202301979065,
-0.0928507149219513,
-0.27773621678352356,
0.04374774172902107,
-0.22945885360240936,
-0.09361812472343445,
0.05324150621891022,
-0.11331143230199814,
-0.06617509573698044,
-0.3348270356655121,
-0.006286839954555035,
0.33035150170326233,
0.41591086983680725,
-0.035334374755620956,
0.12870244681835175,
0.12728388607501984,
0.0698736235499382,
-0.2814331352710724,
-0.44455477595329285,
0.3345651626586914,
0.09654327481985092,
-0.02379676140844822,
-0.037076592445373535,
0.20723529160022736,
0.30587834119796753,
-0.894575297832489,
0.05772890895605087,
-0.17762073874473572,
0.22568385303020477,
0.0500173382461071,
0.08358340710401535,
0.08254086226224899,
0.7911449670791626,
-0.39207613468170166,
-0.7250359058380127,
0.1994551420211792,
0.41714608669281006,
0.09082882106304169,
-0.20726828277111053,
-0.48492908477783203,
-0.04887314513325691,
0.6703848242759705,
0.03289591893553734,
0.03382234647870064,
-0.5899564027786255,
-0.366851806640625,
0.19620808959007263,
0.042971499264240265,
-0.28108108043670654,
-0.3331562578678131,
0.2734313905239105,
0.39138302206993103,
0.20248261094093323,
-0.057055529206991196,
-0.02452562376856804,
0.3184073567390442,
0.6218745112419128,
0.09862447530031204,
-0.46703246235847473,
-0.146249458193779,
0.06298348307609558,
-0.07372051477432251,
0.21094928681850433,
0.23493406176567078,
0.2673943340778351,
0.2788432240486145,
-0.04312616586685181,
-0.2430872619152069,
0.22226937115192413,
0.33700495958328247,
-0.32875436544418335,
0.005155423656105995,
-0.20622438192367554,
0.2766592800617218,
-0.552012026309967,
0.08629827201366425,
0.3501339852809906,
-0.17601917684078217,
0.3655984699726105,
-0.2951742112636566,
-0.3791678547859192,
0.3771420121192932,
-0.2698289752006531,
-0.2673269808292389,
-0.8080036044120789,
0.2989504933357239,
-0.49249497056007385,
-0.477192223072052,
0.007068064995110035,
-0.5843681693077087,
-0.29702290892601013,
-0.11978239566087723,
-0.3229616582393646,
-0.38464078307151794,
0.02401839941740036,
-0.37892282009124756,
-0.21544311940670013,
0.27295807003974915,
0.687542200088501,
-0.35748380422592163,
-0.0778273195028305,
-0.13015802204608917,
-0.17305493354797363,
0.2655240595340729,
0.1837717443704605,
0.018715955317020416,
-0.1377629190683365,
0.23531940579414368,
0.07141528278589249,
-0.01107960008084774,
0.024220576509833336,
0.11965212970972061,
0.20961859822273254,
0.3466237485408783,
-0.10832243412733078,
-0.6962361335754395,
0.46927404403686523,
0.5141898989677429,
0.29504719376564026,
0.26767539978027344,
-0.03755224868655205,
-0.19004642963409424,
0.1636621057987213,
-0.3005084693431854,
0.08831954002380371,
-0.1584736853837967,
0.28926536440849304,
-1.0715839862823486,
0.8773354291915894,
-0.20861594378948212,
0.19617225229740143,
-0.289745032787323,
-0.019525296986103058,
-0.4285600483417511,
-0.24821799993515015,
-0.15047354996204376,
0.5116574168205261,
0.09041224420070648,
-0.4894745945930481,
-0.5435875058174133,
0.13405974209308624,
-0.19905196130275726,
0.21939723193645477,
0.018676213920116425,
0.31737956404685974,
0.4917309880256653,
0.1946951299905777,
-0.2382962703704834,
0.009435691870748997,
-0.5690007209777832,
-0.23712076246738434,
0.4152233600616455,
-0.4034498631954193,
0.5734383463859558,
-0.538331925868988,
-0.8652001619338989,
0.29065993428230286,
-0.6273528337478638,
0.0999542698264122,
0.2924964427947998,
-0.026658812537789345,
-0.0449141189455986,
0.29444682598114014,
-0.3465612530708313,
-0.2844279110431671,
-0.07592833042144775,
-0.29401808977127075,
-0.20369580388069153,
0.4480209946632385,
-0.07089104503393173,
0.11680427193641663,
0.34449711441993713,
-0.4700345993041992,
0.6061345934867859,
-0.36082255840301514,
-0.09056137502193451,
0.6611395478248596,
0.47805705666542053,
-0.15255144238471985,
-0.31532785296440125,
0.1282011717557907,
-0.5210312008857727,
-0.26626211404800415,
-0.2555355131626129,
0.602031409740448,
0.42530810832977295,
-0.24490965902805328,
-0.02951177768409252,
0.4521704316139221,
-0.3792911767959595,
-0.1096818596124649,
0.13590458035469055,
0.22375456988811493,
0.12942969799041748,
-0.09559448063373566,
-0.3717431128025055,
-0.06468497216701508,
0.5593196749687195,
0.0896710529923439,
-0.1654198318719864,
-0.011513260193169117,
0.45932891964912415,
0.610064685344696,
0.6318141222000122,
-0.5701603293418884,
0.26745620369911194,
-0.20249776542186737,
-0.29105478525161743,
0.10720397531986237,
0.2035662680864334,
0.4101161062717438,
0.12221948802471161,
0.025808140635490417,
-0.26988857984542847,
-0.4091522991657257,
0.11760502308607101,
-0.06490417569875717,
0.02328522317111492,
0.29637518525123596,
-0.22189147770404816,
-0.21438612043857574,
0.5088410973548889,
0.5374976992607117,
0.360694944858551,
0.12300890684127808,
0.012909498065710068,
0.1141263097524643,
-0.10383079200983047,
-0.04187588766217232,
-0.21158842742443085,
-0.16556663811206818,
-0.12078209966421127,
-0.046026598662137985,
-0.06956218183040619,
0.2787969708442688,
0.10784604400396347,
-0.4035439193248749,
0.3585568070411682,
0.33517640829086304,
-0.48442578315734863,
-0.0365242101252079,
0.13278377056121826,
0.10387880355119705,
0.46059221029281616,
-0.4766860902309418,
0.002172687789425254,
-0.009320232085883617,
0.1415364295244217,
0.23009958863258362,
0.1431351900100708,
0.09485361725091934,
0.2856427729129791,
-0.2515110969543457,
-0.2573948800563812,
-0.6258176565170288,
-0.37260329723358154,
0.01663598231971264,
-0.01607237011194229,
-0.4212438762187958,
0.20748715102672577,
-0.5628313422203064,
-0.12482623755931854,
0.2464342564344406,
-0.37069106101989746,
-0.3554094433784485,
0.32437410950660706,
-0.1581360399723053,
-0.14494843780994415,
-0.3945247232913971,
0.6241778135299683,
-0.040862493216991425,
0.33590760827064514,
0.4328005313873291,
-0.2561413049697876,
-0.08379169553518295,
0.2980949282646179,
-0.23893435299396515,
0.37300997972488403,
-0.3064187169075012,
-0.11095383763313293,
-0.676557183265686,
0.19600923359394073,
0.6135292053222656,
-0.33263111114501953,
-0.33126187324523926,
0.6692571640014648,
-0.10560307651758194,
0.6472823619842529,
0.7128584980964661,
0.5118131637573242,
0.27499786019325256,
-0.15502925217151642,
-0.06985627859830856,
0.13733097910881042,
0.1939476579427719,
0.2164335995912552,
-0.03563092276453972,
-0.12951986491680145,
-0.08958407491445541,
0.05898430198431015,
-0.498010516166687,
0.9440448880195618,
-0.5874186754226685,
-0.41826996207237244,
-0.7036023736000061,
0.40388283133506775,
-0.41353538632392883,
-0.03263482078909874,
0.380874365568161,
0.620577335357666,
0.08575015515089035,
0.20910069346427917,
0.16567224264144897,
0.03615686297416687,
0.6472671627998352,
-0.06122973561286926,
-0.3518683910369873,
0.22533798217773438,
-0.0757780447602272,
-0.17465150356292725,
-0.3180011510848999,
-0.02649054117500782,
0.3125564455986023,
-0.5024275183677673,
-0.038406748324632645,
-0.34819433093070984,
-0.42430439591407776,
0.2311738133430481,
0.09680834412574768,
-0.5373348593711853,
0.3515511751174927,
-0.07886999100446701
]
|
214888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne%20Mance | Jeanne Mance | Jeanne Mance (November 12, 1606 – June 18, 1673) was a French nurse and settler of New France. She arrived in New France two years after the Ursuline nuns came to Quebec. Among the founders of Montreal in 1642, she established its first hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, in 1645. She returned twice to France to seek financial support for the hospital. After providing most of the care directly for years, in 1657 she recruited three sisters of the Religieuses hospitalières de Saint-Joseph, and continued to direct operations of the hospital.
Origins
Jeanne Mance was born into a bourgeois family in Langres, in Haute-Marne, France. She was the daughter of Catherine Émonnot and Charles Mance, a prosecutor for the king in Langres, an important diocese in the northern Burgundy. After her mother died, Jeanne cared for eleven brothers and sisters. She went on to care for victims of the Thirty Years War and the plague.
Vocation
At age 34, while on a pilgrimage to Troyes in Champagne, Mance discovered her missionary calling. She decided to go to New France in North America, then in the first stages of colonization by the French. She was supported by Anne of Austria, the wife of King Louis XIII, and by the Jesuits. She was not interested in marriage in Nouvelle-France.
Mance was a member of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal; its goal was to convert the natives and found a hospital in Montreal similar to the one in Quebec.
Founding of Montreal and Hôtel-Dieu Hospital
Charles Lallemant recruited Jeanne Mance for the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal. Mance embarked from La Rochelle on May 9, 1641, on a crossing of the Atlantic that took three months. After wintering in Quebec, she and Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve arrived at the Island of Montreal in the spring of 1642. They founded the new city on May 17, 1642, on land granted by the Governor. That same year Mance began operating a hospital in her home.
Three years later (1645), with a donation of 6000 francs by Angélique Bullion, she opened a hospital on Rue Saint-Paul. She directed its operations for 17 years. A new stone structure was built in 1688, and others have been built since then.
Later years
In 1650, Mance visited France, returning with 22,000 French livres from Duchesse d’Aiguillon to fund the hospital (which later, was increased to 40,500 livres). On her return to Montreal, she found that the attacks of the Iroquois threatened the colony and loaned the hospital money to M. de Maisonneuve, who returned to France to organize a force of one hundred men for the colony's defense.
Mance made a second trip to France in 1657 to seek financial assistance for the hospital. At the same time, she secured three Hospital Sisters of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph from the convent of La Fleche in Anjou: Judith Moreau de Bresoles, Catherine Mace, and Marie Maillet. They had a difficult passage on the return, made worse by an outbreak of the plague on board, but all four women survived. While Mgr. de Laval tried to retain the sisters at Quebec for that hospital, they eventually reached Montreal in October 1659.
With the help of the new sisters, Mance was able to ensure the continued operations of the hospital. For the rest of her years, she lived more quietly.
She died in 1673 after a long illness and was buried in the church of the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital. While the church and her house were demolished in 1696 for redevelopment, her work was carried on by the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph. The three nuns whom she had recruited in 1659 served as hospital administrators. Two centuries later, in 1861, the hospital was moved to the foot of Mount Royal.
Legacy
A small statuette (2008) representing Jeanne Mance by André Gauthier was commissioned for the Canadian Nurses Association for a biannual award of nursing excellence.
Rue Jeanne-Mance, a north-south street in Montreal, is named after Mance.
Jeanne-Mance Park, situated on Park Avenue, opposite Mount Royal, and just south of Mount Royal Avenue, is named after Mance.
Jeanne-Mance Building, situated on Eglantine Driveway, Tunneys Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. A Federal Government of Canada Office Tower currently occupied by Health Canada.
Jeanne Mance Hall is a dormitory on the campus of University of Vermont. It is situated across the street from the student health center.
Gallery
References
Further reading
Joanna Emery, "Angel of the Colony," Beaver (Aug/Sep 2006) 86#4 pp 37–41. online
Sister Elizabeth MacPherson. Jeanne Mance: The Woman, the Legend and the Glory (Bronson Agency, Toronto, 1985)
External links
Jeanne Mance(1606-1673): Nurse : First Lay Nurse in North America
1606 births
1673 deaths
People from Langres
Settlers of Canada
Colonists of Fort Ville-Marie
People of New France
Canadian nurses
Women nurses
Société Notre-Dame de Montréal
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Canadian Servants of God
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis | [
-0.12355171144008636,
0.12447603791952133,
-0.6363732814788818,
0.19132943451404572,
0.15571005642414093,
1.16908597946167,
1.093782901763916,
-0.1797129362821579,
-0.38936248421669006,
-0.8676368594169617,
0.16266213357448578,
0.0039962055161595345,
0.3596113920211792,
0.4655226767063141,
-0.4405747056007385,
-0.2775117754936218,
0.3235161304473877,
0.22075605392456055,
0.09261386096477509,
-0.21461747586727142,
-0.4510764479637146,
-0.2386752814054489,
0.3124760687351227,
0.14841772615909576,
-0.204718217253685,
0.2589145302772522,
-0.11426722258329391,
0.1389203816652298,
0.41034021973609924,
-0.2730412483215332,
-0.1684197634458542,
0.268860399723053,
0.6294571757316589,
-0.46482548117637634,
-0.31522229313850403,
0.7119503617286682,
-0.43011370301246643,
0.22387908399105072,
-0.020651720464229584,
0.06815469264984131,
-0.4292144477367401,
0.1874484419822693,
0.18544265627861023,
0.09986387193202972,
0.13010798394680023,
0.33553028106689453,
-1.8465957641601562,
0.27490243315696716,
-0.3974551558494568,
-0.029829291626811028,
0.23450155556201935,
-0.2781231105327606,
0.6750533580780029,
0.7369846105575562,
-0.5185590386390686,
0.37948814034461975,
-0.9177464842796326,
-0.021416684612631798,
0.1863526850938797,
-0.21011623740196228,
0.624967098236084,
0.15511393547058105,
0.6199729442596436,
-0.29087525606155396,
-0.014066202566027641,
-0.16584846377372742,
0.2733880579471588,
0.19751369953155518,
0.3894595205783844,
-0.37404516339302063,
0.3479210138320923,
0.05590454861521721,
0.4140005111694336,
0.00807089451700449,
0.0005200090818107128,
-0.4644736349582672,
0.11831360310316086,
-0.22200721502304077,
0.7012653350830078,
0.20991186797618866,
-0.5050424337387085,
-0.09001974016427994,
0.6167614459991455,
0.01556937862187624,
0.12056787312030792,
0.34803056716918945,
-0.016229504719376564,
0.12473608553409576,
-0.9193019866943359,
-0.12929697334766388,
-0.760500967502594,
-0.41581663489341736,
-0.15978622436523438,
0.020720865577459335,
-0.11493945866823196,
0.6829932332038879,
0.14619971811771393,
-0.0029782988131046295,
0.3334302008152008,
-0.08441963791847229,
-0.4160272777080536,
0.037588633596897125,
0.4827081561088562,
0.4381721615791321,
-0.18732675909996033,
-0.25488582253456116,
-0.021365422755479813,
-0.1549299657344818,
-0.44136497378349304,
-0.6836883425712585,
0.3138512969017029,
0.0655725747346878,
-0.5799303650856018,
-0.04968516528606415,
-0.10730913281440735,
0.68138587474823,
0.7562652230262756,
-0.715433657169342,
-0.40119224786758423,
-0.37084704637527466,
-0.24538516998291016,
-0.1360761970281601,
0.2788412868976593,
-0.3313465714454651,
-0.5529999732971191,
0.22323577105998993,
0.45858460664749146,
0.15319040417671204,
0.1456620693206787,
0.27569952607154846,
0.2028082013130188,
0.8757787346839905,
-0.6666020154953003,
-0.5577608942985535,
-0.12209773063659668,
0.11948045343160629,
-0.260502427816391,
0.5919511914253235,
-0.1662425547838211,
-0.13134586811065674,
-0.8646063208580017,
0.312950074672699,
-0.775310218334198,
0.1775813102722168,
0.7611821889877319,
-0.07819367200136185,
0.02064228244125843,
0.1714712381362915,
-0.3206053078174591,
-0.01364880334585905,
-0.9214261770248413,
0.19119568169116974,
0.6896570324897766,
-0.31940093636512756,
-0.2776757478713989,
0.5356737375259399,
0.2482389658689499,
0.45720210671424866,
0.2882730960845947,
0.2302895188331604,
0.3089202046394348,
0.3163957893848419,
0.16251546144485474,
0.04373934119939804,
0.3125089704990387,
0.1611787974834442,
0.10607139766216278,
0.19240041077136993,
0.30937689542770386,
0.2609002888202667,
-0.2881099581718445,
-0.3061327040195465,
-0.10779300332069397,
-0.6842107176780701,
-0.5691027641296387,
0.5873983502388,
0.17824240028858185,
0.14430323243141174,
-0.21849633753299713,
-0.20953208208084106,
-0.7684287428855896,
0.5230453014373779,
0.11974475532770157,
-0.34368836879730225,
0.23892006278038025,
0.13004527986049652,
0.5051827430725098,
-0.009964890778064728,
0.22180187702178955,
0.21498146653175354,
-0.2715854346752167,
-0.3639656603336334,
0.35770082473754883,
-0.1069403663277626,
1.025274634361267,
0.2785305976867676,
-0.6412622332572937,
1.4417710304260254,
0.0905916765332222,
-0.1176825687289238,
-0.5376557111740112,
-0.05587543547153473,
0.13413968682289124,
-0.008578802458941936,
-0.6924356818199158,
0.878409206867218,
0.1857600212097168,
0.030703311786055565,
0.3380475342273712,
0.8707250952720642,
0.39420080184936523,
-0.32756295800209045,
0.3870368003845215,
0.5101000666618347,
-0.4809646010398865,
-0.38681870698928833,
-0.36770716309547424,
-0.015466109849512577,
0.797523021697998,
-0.22269344329833984,
0.0586530864238739,
-0.25537005066871643,
-0.016566213220357895,
0.4228396415710449,
0.10030807554721832,
0.3548069894313812,
-0.1333032250404358,
0.08950692415237427,
0.3886157274246216,
-0.49705377221107483,
0.046990424394607544,
0.2394072413444519,
0.37525129318237305,
-0.21044041216373444,
-0.10738451778888702,
0.24277916550636292,
0.3101721704006195,
-0.07077369838953018,
0.24225781857967377,
-0.19391879439353943,
-0.1484348177909851,
0.6349946856498718,
-0.11328204721212387,
0.03734379634261131,
0.14812445640563965,
0.17826801538467407,
-0.2068951576948166,
-0.1880781650543213,
0.5855857729911804,
-0.816888153553009,
0.3376729488372803,
0.8457847833633423,
-0.08385715633630753,
0.5357527732849121,
0.40962737798690796,
-0.7253550291061401,
0.23996008932590485,
0.09109275788068771,
0.4888245165348053,
0.19172142446041107,
0.339722603559494,
-0.1653473824262619,
-0.2900811731815338,
0.5363022685050964,
0.5050379037857056,
-0.7672606110572815,
-0.1393050104379654,
-0.3947486877441406,
0.39729776978492737,
-0.012505556456744671,
0.617882490158081,
-0.2502257525920868,
0.11896622180938721,
-0.9248437881469727,
0.7817524671554565,
0.05709689483046532,
-0.31145191192626953,
0.7432157397270203,
-0.11061125993728638,
-0.29495981335639954,
-0.08019786328077316,
0.6581951975822449,
-0.23730134963989258,
-0.06331983953714371,
0.25048813223838806,
0.032678574323654175,
0.16399753093719482,
-0.19258750975131989,
-0.2922513782978058,
-0.00473465770483017,
0.03715077042579651,
0.27582496404647827,
-0.4577891230583191,
-0.05295785516500473,
0.22788621485233307,
-0.15084050595760345,
-0.6422040462493896,
0.05212453752756119,
0.07153508067131042,
-0.05170287936925888,
-0.4735412895679474,
-0.09817365556955338,
-0.24947649240493774,
-0.06432239711284637,
0.06538177281618118,
-0.27644410729408264,
0.3203867971897125,
-0.34747862815856934,
-5.723606109619141,
-0.09390179067850113,
0.12035953253507614,
-0.04867822304368019,
-0.5241931676864624,
-0.5858360528945923,
0.653222918510437,
0.1407536119222641,
-0.05761474743485451,
0.22648628056049347,
0.5497207045555115,
0.2596713900566101,
-0.31833282113075256,
0.09061382710933685,
0.26576200127601624,
0.6746709942817688,
0.2198021113872528,
-0.29430630803108215,
0.04481103643774986,
-0.05652821436524391,
0.27970972657203674,
0.2781241834163666,
-0.4274216890335083,
0.27454325556755066,
0.15157878398895264,
-0.44168639183044434,
0.014822038821876049,
0.004122458398342133,
-1.0523645877838135,
-0.24736326932907104,
0.14512501657009125,
0.03597576543688774,
0.07269836962223053,
-0.29343944787979126,
-0.017318399623036385,
-0.20897819101810455,
0.4241536855697632,
0.6676727533340454,
-0.17330680787563324,
-0.4274097979068756,
-0.227545827627182,
0.2025255411863327,
-0.3596988916397095,
-0.02790963090956211,
-0.13144418597221375,
-0.6624114513397217,
-0.5972616672515869,
0.39691072702407837,
0.26285967230796814,
0.41434144973754883,
-0.011301303282380104,
-0.21651336550712585,
0.2349078208208084,
0.32864460349082947,
0.30014553666114807,
-0.37759432196617126,
0.21509191393852234,
0.38811200857162476,
-0.8326652646064758,
0.06241679936647415,
0.3879808187484741,
-0.5025501847267151,
0.19478178024291992,
-0.8948145508766174,
0.4142705202102661,
-0.29820194840431213,
-0.1020708903670311,
-0.03687529265880585,
-0.3858868479728699,
-0.3667900562286377,
0.4713241755962372,
0.4821206033229828,
-0.06879518181085587,
-1.396904468536377,
-0.08693522214889526,
-0.7955005764961243,
-0.6130805015563965,
0.20107416808605194,
-0.4387664794921875,
-0.2732948958873749,
0.8366489410400391,
-0.4004407227039337,
0.5621728301048279,
0.9730215668678284,
0.5607295036315918,
-0.2000730037689209,
-0.05649736523628235,
0.2428990602493286,
-1.0612499713897705,
-0.038931600749492645,
-0.37065979838371277,
0.2536678910255432,
0.05791125446557999,
0.6212655901908875,
-0.23465807735919952,
0.27658897638320923,
0.12165062129497528,
-0.3850052058696747,
0.18738898634910583,
-0.2367255985736847,
-0.026193156838417053,
0.25133928656578064,
0.008751194924116135,
-0.5343542098999023,
0.17384284734725952,
-0.16785867512226105,
-0.49086305499076843,
0.009988402016460896,
0.8580799698829651,
0.07418370991945267,
-0.3221047520637512,
0.4971241354942322,
-0.23607473075389862,
-0.3619573712348938,
0.24153396487236023,
-0.5030643343925476,
-0.22723598778247833,
0.15629614889621735,
1.131178617477417,
0.027012456208467484,
0.1789921075105667,
0.6033533811569214,
-0.1588379293680191,
-0.08942463248968124,
0.709099531173706,
-0.01722651720046997,
0.30218616127967834,
-0.035873498767614365,
-0.3828360438346863,
0.169156014919281,
-0.3071059584617615,
-0.2579227089881897,
-0.4579501152038574,
-0.3012264668941498,
0.11898721754550934,
-0.19300003349781036,
-0.5118445754051208,
-0.15302777290344238,
-0.09205161035060883,
-0.0767730101943016,
-0.4807009696960449,
0.024825843051075935,
-0.1278304010629654,
0.4660570025444031,
0.34489694237709045,
0.18713568150997162,
0.45885390043258667,
-0.22130519151687622,
-0.16690166294574738,
0.7851832509040833,
-0.38271364569664,
-0.09570276737213135,
0.5048684477806091,
0.09453175216913223,
-0.3895876705646515,
-0.4707207977771759,
0.5817074179649353,
0.08548879623413086,
-0.0382341593503952,
0.2470024973154068,
-0.06630410999059677,
-0.11061051487922668,
-0.6421228647232056,
0.12589220702648163,
-0.4348377585411072,
0.009904523380100727,
-0.0017198568675667048,
-0.28315308690071106,
-0.657879114151001,
0.36117446422576904,
0.22393077611923218,
-0.5170609354972839,
-0.554340660572052,
0.3769291341304779,
0.3655606806278229,
-0.5211743712425232,
0.013166372664272785,
0.5548624396324158,
-0.11722268164157867,
-0.23705145716667175,
0.028771312907338142,
-0.1563144028186798,
-0.37807729840278625,
-0.25626230239868164,
0.4750283360481262,
-0.005441639106720686,
-0.018007725477218628,
-0.6423705816268921,
-0.22899842262268066,
0.2235223352909088,
0.07153990119695663,
0.3332541882991791,
-0.43454509973526,
0.9644251465797424,
-0.3577740788459778,
-0.032480280846357346,
-0.2914906442165375,
0.4709929823875427,
-0.02182728983461857,
-0.1687009036540985,
-0.041575558483600616,
0.23675425350666046,
-0.2526082992553711,
0.3339185118675232,
0.24328584969043732,
-1.0668104887008667,
-0.13250213861465454,
0.11190789937973022,
-0.3166620433330536,
0.21385148167610168,
-0.16311237215995789,
0.10400975495576859,
0.4026884138584137,
0.43900007009506226,
-0.22649261355400085,
-0.2635379731655121,
0.08310120552778244,
0.32937899231910706,
-0.35211437940597534,
-0.6278380751609802,
-0.7345194220542908,
-0.5179426074028015,
-0.28085675835609436,
-0.4341697692871094,
-0.7370265126228333,
0.7926892042160034,
0.2236504703760147,
0.17723619937896729,
0.7530194520950317,
0.2933085858821869,
-0.3318650722503662,
-0.009054708294570446,
-0.29944685101509094,
-0.3320591449737549,
-0.14061133563518524,
-0.12252529710531235,
0.731235921382904,
-0.04171409830451012,
-0.2282886803150177,
-0.013441907241940498,
0.6153735518455505,
0.7441120743751526,
0.2251269519329071,
-0.40735265612602234,
-0.2468014508485794,
0.33146563172340393,
-0.1188848465681076,
-0.4488317370414734,
-0.057153455913066864,
0.05419834703207016,
-0.375780314207077,
-0.5009337067604065,
-0.27625957131385803,
-0.2339465469121933,
0.9559637308120728,
-0.013922297395765781,
-0.2874862849712372,
0.4881082773208618,
0.01959994062781334,
-0.11587539315223694,
0.23392026126384735,
-0.18757043778896332,
-0.02868194878101349,
0.2814888656139374,
-0.048540547490119934,
-0.04011146351695061,
-0.441570520401001,
-0.23871786892414093,
-0.38613054156303406,
-0.45359742641448975,
-0.01785823330283165,
-0.8381490707397461,
-0.7191476821899414,
0.2526654601097107,
-0.08010023087263107,
-0.23592273890972137,
0.17411965131759644,
-0.015063836239278316,
0.832245945930481,
-0.6898439526557922,
-0.3127560615539551,
-0.13952575623989105,
-0.14043599367141724,
0.5543219447135925,
0.2926417291164398,
-0.1769126057624817,
-0.11711897701025009,
-0.15959013998508453,
-0.17283472418785095,
0.09211321175098419,
-0.15867207944393158,
0.32291725277900696,
0.1918678730726242,
0.4966886639595032,
0.25154194235801697,
0.5934019684791565,
-0.2767394185066223,
0.4699457585811615,
0.049608033150434494,
-0.16387571394443512,
-0.6180532574653625,
0.6877647042274475,
0.46636155247688293,
-0.4700174033641815,
0.048455189913511276,
-0.128254696726799,
0.20072324573993683,
0.16545774042606354,
-0.2909710109233856,
0.5621547102928162,
0.26747873425483704,
0.012093127705156803,
0.27257031202316284,
-0.34605419635772705,
-0.20350304245948792,
0.08455903083086014,
-0.04951227083802223,
-1.0154391527175903,
-0.7964972853660583,
-0.05111659690737724,
-0.23421122133731842,
-0.27629348635673523,
0.4556869566440582,
0.0004697299445979297,
0.288362592458725,
0.8840687870979309,
-0.05965689569711685,
-0.08270518481731415,
-0.2859898507595062,
0.2171502411365509,
0.4008849561214447,
0.059642765671014786,
-0.43540123105049133,
0.3458801209926605,
-0.10188105702400208,
-0.128531813621521,
-0.26285862922668457,
0.07841397821903229,
0.2523064911365509,
0.2407670021057129,
0.4087039530277252,
0.6627773642539978,
-0.3906673789024353,
-0.22918671369552612,
0.08669677376747131,
0.25497063994407654,
0.07870838791131973,
0.24163521826267242,
0.17766490578651428,
-0.47101324796676636,
0.29726511240005493,
-0.28983259201049805,
0.34240207076072693,
-0.20502816140651703,
0.12446260452270508,
0.18563374876976013,
0.7352591156959534,
-0.29435789585113525,
-0.3167889416217804,
-0.2888825535774231,
-0.20237818360328674,
-1.12162184715271,
0.815075159072876,
0.002889850875362754,
-0.44906938076019287,
-0.5971992611885071,
-0.0718582272529602,
-0.4476039707660675,
0.2928016483783722,
0.1134151890873909,
0.41640663146972656,
0.10914294421672821,
-0.11791618913412094,
0.3924141526222229,
0.1728927344083786,
0.6133796572685242,
0.15685652196407318,
0.09343534708023071,
-0.19595929980278015,
-0.43281280994415283,
-0.5303252935409546,
-0.1721058189868927,
0.13149353861808777,
-0.06704246252775192,
0.04461541771888733,
-0.07876094430685043,
-0.1121687963604927,
0.3872658312320709,
0.03646047040820122,
-0.30977651476860046,
0.17868809401988983,
-0.4796774685382843,
0.12860682606697083,
-0.324453204870224,
-0.26230013370513916,
0.254229336977005,
0.25232768058776855,
0.554242730140686,
0.31665554642677307,
0.07006077468395233,
-0.19514524936676025,
0.27935081720352173,
0.0988563820719719,
0.01433920580893755,
0.13003112375736237,
0.7159816026687622,
-0.11029813438653946,
0.19599361717700958,
-0.40850743651390076,
0.4361446499824524,
0.3376779556274414,
-0.028625402599573135,
-0.33466753363609314,
-0.17789916694164276,
-0.04445376619696617,
0.07665083557367325,
0.4073812663555145,
0.07631370425224304,
-0.3269267976284027,
-0.4498828947544098,
-0.27208372950553894,
-0.3057469427585602,
0.19104152917861938,
-0.3745631277561188,
-0.5813524723052979,
-0.12391547113656998,
-0.3946407437324524,
-0.676529049873352,
0.36070889234542847,
0.28154462575912476,
0.3209630250930786,
0.30065545439720154,
-0.2791588604450226,
0.11557073891162872,
-0.10912897437810898,
-0.48927250504493713,
0.15155212581157684,
0.2582208216190338,
0.3889150023460388,
-0.32638442516326904,
0.3440760374069214,
-0.2343318611383438,
-0.20594726502895355,
0.285695880651474,
-1.242712140083313,
0.04822804033756256,
0.21189838647842407,
-0.5844342708587646,
0.30492091178894043,
0.3171275854110718,
-0.180360347032547,
-0.34224504232406616,
0.16009418666362762,
-1.113480806350708,
0.2051175981760025,
-0.1322767436504364,
0.2343529313802719,
-0.4344020485877991,
0.3475933372974396,
0.5836601257324219
]
|
214891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Essex%20%28CV-9%29 | USS Essex (CV-9) | USS Essex (CV/CVA/CVS-9) was an aircraft carrier and the lead ship of the 24-ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth US Navy ship to bear the name. Commissioned in December 1942, Essex participated in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations, earning the Presidential Unit Citation and 13 battle stars. Decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, she was modernized and recommissioned in the early 1950s as an attack carrier (CVA), eventually becoming an antisubmarine aircraft carrier (CVS). In her second career, she served mainly in the Atlantic, playing a role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. She also participated in the Korean War, earning four battle stars and the Navy Unit Commendation. She was the primary recovery carrier for the Apollo 7 space mission.
She was decommissioned for the last time in 1969, and sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) for scrap on 1June 1973.
Construction and Commissioning
Essex was laid down on 28April 1941, by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. After the Pearl Harbor attack her building contract (along with the same for and ) was reworked. After an accelerated construction, she was launched on 31 July 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Artemus L. Gates, the wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air. She was commissioned on 31December 1942, with Captain Donald B. Duncan commanding.
Service history
World War II
Following her accelerated builder's trials and shakedown cruise, Essex moved to the Pacific in May 1943. Departing from Pearl Harbor, she participated with Task Force 16 (TF 16) in carrier operations against Marcus Island. On 31August 1943, she was designated the flagship of TF14 and struck Wake Island on 5and6 October. On 11November, she took part in carrier operations during the Rabaul strike, alongside and . She then launched an attack with Task Group 50.3 (TG50.3) against the Gilbert Islands where she took part in her first amphibious assault during the Battle of Tarawa. After refueling at sea, she cruised as the flagship of TG50.3 to attack Kwajalein on 4 December. Her second amphibious assault delivered in company with TG50.3 was against the Marshall Islands on 29January to 2February 1944.
Essex, in TG50.3, now joined with TG58.1 and TG58.2 to constitute Task Force 58, the "Fast Carrier Task Force", launched an attack against Truk between 17and 18February 1944 during which eight Japanese ships were sunk. While en route to the Mariana Islands to sever Japanese supply lines, the carrier force was detected and subjected to a prolonged aerial attack which it repelled successfully. It then continued with the scheduled attack upon Saipan, Tinian, and Guam on 23February 1944.
After this operation, Essex proceeded to San Francisco for her single wartime overhaul. Following her overhaul, Essex became the carrier for Air Group 15, the "Fabled Fifteen," commanded by the U.S. Navy's top ace of the war, David McCampbell. She then joined carriers and in TG12.1 to strike Marcus Island on 19to 20May 1944, and Wake, on 23May 1944. She deployed with TF58 to support the occupation of the Marianas on 12June to10 August; sortied with TG38.3 to lead an attack against the Palau Islands on 6to 8September, and Mindanao on 9to 10September with enemy shipping as the main target, and remained in the area to support landings on Peleliu. On 2October, she weathered a typhoon and four days later departed with Task Force 38(TF 38) for the Ryukyus.
[[File:USS Essex (CV-9) is hit by a Kamikaze off the Philippines on 25
October 1944.jpg|left|thumb|A Japanese kamikaze aircraft explodes after crashing into Essex'''s flight deck amidships on 25November 1944]]
For the remainder of 1944, she continued her frontline action, participating in strikes against Okinawa on 1October, and Formosa from 1to 14 October, covering the Leyte landings, taking part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf 24to 25October, and continuing the search for enemy fleet units until 30October, when she returned to Ulithi, Caroline Islands, for replenishment. She resumed the offensive and delivered attacks on Manila and the northern Philippine Islands during November. On 25November, for the first time in her far-ranging operations and destruction to the enemy, Essex received damage. A kamikaze hit the port edge of her flight deck landing among planes gassed for takeoff causing extensive damage, killing 15, and wounding 44.
Following quick repairs, she operated with the task force off Leyte supporting the occupation of Mindoro 14to 16December 1944. She rode out Typhoon Cobra and made a special search for survivors afterward. With TG38.3, she participated in the Lingayen Gulf operations, launched strikes against Formosa, Sakishima, Okinawa, and Luzon. Entering the South China Sea in search of enemy surface forces, the task force pounded shipping and conducted strikes on Formosa, the China coast, Hainan, and Hong Kong. Essex withstood the onslaught of the third typhoon in four months on 20and 21January 1945 before striking again at Formosa, Miyako-jima, and Okinawa on 26and 27January.
For the remainder of the war, she operated with TF58, conducting attacks against the Tokyo area on 16and 17February. On 25February 1945, she was deployed to neutralize the enemy's air power before the landings on Iwo Jima and to cripple the aircraft manufacturing industry. She sent support missions against Iwo Jima and neighboring islands, but from 23March to 28May was employed primarily to support the conquest of Okinawa. In the closing days of the war, Essex took part in the final telling raids against the Japanese home islands on 10July to 15August 1945.
Recommission
Following the surrender of Japan, she continued defensive combat air patrols until 3 September, when she was ordered to Bremerton, Washington, for inactivation. She arrived at Puget Sound on 15 September. On 9January 1947, she was decommissioned and placed in reserve. Modernization endowed Essex with a new flight deck, and a streamlined island superstructure on 16 January 1951, when she was recommissioned, with Captain A. W. Wheelock commanding.
Korean War
After a brief cruise in Hawaiian waters, she began the first of three tours in Far Eastern waters during the Korean War. She served as flagship for Carrier Division 1 (CarDiv 1) and Task Force 77. She was the first carrier to launch F2H Banshees on combat missions; on 16September 1951, one of these planes, damaged in combat, crashed into aircraft parked on the forward flight deck causing an explosion and fire which killed seven. After repairs at Yokosuka, she returned to frontline action on 3October to launch strikes up to the Yalu River and provide close air support for U.N. troops. Her two deployments in the Korean War were from August 1951March 1952 and July 1952January 1953.
On 1December 1953, she started her final tour of the war, sailing in the East China Sea with what official U.S. Navy records describe as the "Peace Patrol".
Pacific Fleet
In the spring of 1954 she was dispatched along with the USS Boxer to the South China Sea, between Indochina and the Philippines, while the United States considered whether to use carrier aircraft to support French troops during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, a key battle in the First Indochina War. The United States eventually decided to not join the fighting.
From November 1954 – June 1955 she engaged in training exercises, operated for three months with the United States Seventh Fleet, assisted in the Tachen Islands evacuation, and engaged in air operations and fleet maneuvers off Okinawa.
In July 1955, Essex entered Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for repairs and extensive alterations. The SCB-125 modernization program included installation of an angled flight deck and an enclosed hurricane bow, as well as relocation of the aft elevator to the starboard deck edge. Modernization completed, she rejoined the Pacific Fleet in March 1956. For the next 14 months, the carrier operated off the West Coast, except for a six-month cruise with the 7th Fleet in the Far East.
Ordered to join the Atlantic Fleet for the first time in her long career, she sailed from San Diego on 21June 1957, rounded Cape Horn, and arrived at Naval Station Mayport on 1 August.
Atlantic and Mediterranean
In the fall of 1957, Essex participated as an anti-submarine carrier in the NATO Exercise Strikeback and in February 1958, deployed with the 6th Fleet until May, when she shifted to the eastern Mediterranean. Alerted to the Middle East crisis on 14July 1958, she sped to support the US landings in Beirut, Lebanon, launching reconnaissance and patrol missions until 20August. Once again, she was ordered to proceed to Asian waters and transited the Suez Canal to arrive in the Taiwan operational area, where she joined TF77 in conducting flight operations before rounding the Horn and proceeding back to Mayport.Essex joined with the 2nd Fleet and British ships in Atlantic exercises and with NATO forces in the eastern Mediterranean during the fall of 1959. In December she aided victims of a disastrous flood at Fréjus, France.
In the spring of 1960, she was converted into an ASW Support Carrier and was thereafter homeported at Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Since that time she operated as the flagship of Carrier Division 18 and Antisubmarine Carrier Group Three. She conducted rescue and salvage operations off the New Jersey coast for a downed blimp; cruised with midshipmen, and was deployed on NATO and CENTO exercises that took her through the Suez Canal into the Indian Ocean. Ports of call included Karachi and the British Crown Colony of Aden. In November she joined the French navy in Operation "Jet Stream".On 7November 1960, the Soviet research vessel was reported by TASS to have been buzzed in the Arabian Sea by a Grumman S-2F Tracker from Essex. The United States Navy denied that the aircraft was buzzing the ship, claiming it was merely establishing her identity.
Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis
In April 1961, Essex steamed out of Quonset Point on a two-week "routine training" cruise, purportedly to support the carrier qualification of a squadron of Navy pilots. Twelve A4D Skyhawks from VA-34 stationed at NAS Cecil Field, Florida flew aboard. VS-34 aircraft had been removed to make room for VA-34's aircraft. VA-34's support enlisted crew flew aboard in C1A COD aircraft. The A4D-2 were armed with 2 20mm Mk-12 cannons loaded with "service" ammo and one LAU-3a 19 shot 2.75 FFAR pod with "anti-tank" warheads mounted on the centerline ejector rack, Station 3. After several days at sea, all their identifying markings were crudely obscured with flat gray paint. They began flying two aircraft missions day only. Not generally known to Essex crew was that they had been tasked to provide air support to CIA-sponsored bombers during the ill-fated Bay of Pigs Invasion. Cuba's leader Castro knew the Essex was off the Cuban Coast but the US Navy denied that claim. The naval aviation part of the mission was aborted by President John F. Kennedy at the last moment and the Essex crew was sworn to secrecy. Returning home and while at sea VA-34's aircraft hastily repainted "national stars and bars" by all available enlisted personnel, then flew off and landed at NAS Jacksonville, Florida and under went professional repainting at the NARF Naval Aviation Rework facility. The planes then flew a few miles over to her home base at NAS Cecil Field. The entire VA-34 crew was sworn to secrecy. In 1967-8 VA-34's crew was awarded the Navy and Marine Expeditionary medal.
Later in 1961, Essex completed a "People to People" cruise to Northern Europe with ports of call in Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Greenock. During the Hamburg visit over one million visitors toured Essex. During her departure, Essex almost ran aground in the shallow Elbe River. On her return voyage to the United States she ran into a severe North Atlantic storm (January 1962) and suffered major structural damage. In early 1962, she went into dry dock in the Brooklyn Navy Yard for a major overhaul.Essex had just finished her six-month-long overhaul and was at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base for sea trials when President Kennedy placed a naval "quarantine" on Cuba in October 1962, in response to the discovered presence of Soviet missiles in that country (see Cuban Missile Crisis). (The word quarantine was used rather than blockade for reasons of international law—Kennedy reasoned that a blockade would be an act of war, and war had not been declared between the U.S. and Cuba.) Essex spent over a month in the Caribbean as one of the US Navy ships enforcing this "quarantine", returning home just before Thanksgiving.
Nautilus incident
While conducting replenishment exercises with NATO forces in November 1966, Essex collided with the submerged submarine . The submarine sustained extensive sail damage, returning to port unassisted. Aboard Essex, the hull was opened and the ship's speed indicator equipment was destroyed, but the carrier was still able to make port unassisted. Essex subsequently reported to the Boston Naval Shipyard for an extensive overhaul and hull repairs.
Tupolev Tu-16 incident
On 25 May 1968, Essex was underway in the Norwegian Sea when she was buzzed four times by a Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 heavy bomber. On the fourth pass, the plane's wing clipped the surface of the sea, and the aircraft disintegrated. The Essex launched rescue helicopters but none of the three crew on board survived.
Apollo missions Essex was scheduled to be the prime recovery carrier for the ill-fated Apollo 1 space mission. She was to pick up Apollo1 astronauts north of Puerto Rico on 7March 1967 after a 14-day spaceflight. However, the mission did not take place because on 27January 1967, the Apollo1s crew was killed by a flash fire in their spacecraft on LC-34 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Essex was the prime recovery carrier for the Apollo 7 mission. She recovered the Apollo 7 crew on 22October 1968 after a splashdown north of Puerto Rico.Essex was the main vessel on which future Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong served during the Korean War.
Decommissioning and disposal Essex was decommissioned on 30June 1969 at Boston Navy Yard. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1June 1973 and sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) for scrapping on 1June 1975. Essex'' was scrapped at Kearny, New Jersey.
Awards
Gallery
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Navy photographs of Essex (CV-9)
USS Essex Association
War Service Fuel Consumption of U.S. Naval Surface Vessels FTP 218
USS Nautilus (SSN 571) Navysite.de
Essex-class aircraft carriers
1942 ships
World War II aircraft carriers of the United States
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States
Korean War aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
Space capsule recovery ships | [
-0.46743130683898926,
-0.2302432805299759,
-0.20373457670211792,
0.12583845853805542,
0.15413692593574524,
0.47836416959762573,
0.07098017632961273,
0.20862282812595367,
-0.45478034019470215,
0.2198520451784134,
-0.09710384905338287,
0.3424716591835022,
-0.457352876663208,
-0.1754094511270523,
0.05134297162294388,
0.20532982051372528,
0.7322068810462952,
0.2643173635005951,
0.018674591556191444,
-0.5266103744506836,
-0.24892474710941315,
-0.5054835081100464,
0.3945091962814331,
-0.06318559497594833,
-0.06290250271558762,
0.04306839779019356,
0.5568994283676147,
0.2517947554588318,
0.6679167151451111,
0.10074459761381149,
0.19277936220169067,
0.5021653771400452,
0.40704646706581116,
-0.51317298412323,
-0.07727643102407455,
-0.001309577957727015,
-0.375675767660141,
0.07943643629550934,
-0.21815688908100128,
0.08509551733732224,
-0.7845410704612732,
-0.021776532754302025,
0.42379143834114075,
-0.013331757858395576,
0.007701256312429905,
0.43378421664237976,
-1.1668906211853027,
-0.16957584023475647,
0.3739239573478699,
-0.032773587852716446,
-0.27610501646995544,
0.4119013845920563,
-0.3444454073905945,
0.24182313680648804,
0.304377943277359,
0.5885381698608398,
-0.7336503863334656,
-0.16219748556613922,
-0.38413095474243164,
-0.3526708483695984,
0.14138372242450714,
0.16585269570350647,
0.972760021686554,
0.22519688308238983,
0.2275661677122116,
0.035296935588121414,
-0.38186487555503845,
0.6972598433494568,
-0.5321230888366699,
-0.18359340727329254,
0.4415324032306671,
-0.0041661630384624004,
-0.24093063175678253,
0.3620496392250061,
-0.04344586655497551,
-0.22363296151161194,
0.019124140962958336,
-0.6446566581726074,
0.3188968896865845,
0.42877089977264404,
0.31143078207969666,
0.4751047194004059,
0.7858574390411377,
0.6553078889846802,
-0.13538338243961334,
0.43098184466362,
-0.3800753653049469,
0.44660046696662903,
-0.6640300154685974,
0.5855256915092468,
-0.4540258049964905,
0.16975034773349762,
0.13343192636966705,
0.516541063785553,
0.011718975380063057,
0.1082364097237587,
-0.2570931613445282,
0.06343909353017807,
0.5030044317245483,
0.11141358315944672,
0.37777480483055115,
0.6574442982673645,
0.9011573791503906,
0.08957930654287338,
-1.085154414176941,
-0.17437608540058136,
-0.0692397877573967,
0.0019415059359744191,
-0.5556848049163818,
0.09802154451608658,
-0.7472980618476868,
-0.04308459907770157,
-0.11031340807676315,
0.1289670616388321,
-0.38974064588546753,
0.5724599361419678,
-0.11748523265123367,
-0.809251070022583,
-0.34819337725639343,
-0.35030293464660645,
0.16229727864265442,
1.1998929977416992,
-0.47332870960235596,
-0.03237676993012428,
0.2955443263053894,
0.21197716891765594,
0.32756227254867554,
0.3093811571598053,
-0.7200748920440674,
0.33681556582450867,
0.5349547266960144,
0.20770476758480072,
-0.47801434993743896,
0.6246492266654968,
-0.2675551176071167,
-0.2987269163131714,
0.03506091982126236,
0.6626447439193726,
0.6910867094993591,
0.6078371405601501,
-1.2923884391784668,
-0.2505848705768585,
-0.166734978556633,
-0.3640730082988739,
0.4720928370952606,
-0.30521953105926514,
0.05192072317004204,
0.08665512502193451,
-0.6484929919242859,
-0.30758151412010193,
0.17527948319911957,
-0.22578372061252594,
0.3339008688926697,
-0.029857592657208443,
-0.4510607123374939,
0.07211434096097946,
0.4016871452331543,
-0.048497606068849564,
0.33623984456062317,
0.495073139667511,
-0.7577311396598816,
0.20805364847183228,
0.046476811170578,
0.005220494698733091,
0.27121278643608093,
0.32580047845840454,
0.6285914778709412,
-0.4386674165725708,
0.33963462710380554,
-0.08123893290758133,
-0.3075898587703705,
-0.25156986713409424,
0.5492857098579407,
-0.11453641206026077,
-0.4238922595977783,
-0.22235476970672607,
0.39848244190216064,
0.16401363909244537,
0.5670607686042786,
-0.9561324119567871,
-0.6582619547843933,
0.6022436022758484,
0.30495917797088623,
-0.26757320761680603,
-0.1797192096710205,
-0.10865403711795807,
0.04542969539761543,
-0.047833096235990524,
-0.06825078278779984,
0.12589986622333527,
-0.00008193434769054875,
0.1590842455625534,
0.3286040425300598,
0.48967987298965454,
0.9199945330619812,
-0.027061957865953445,
-0.8474867939949036,
0.038614608347415924,
-0.0790853500366211,
0.2683160603046417,
0.6665488481521606,
-0.39334675669670105,
0.17130614817142487,
0.21583835780620575,
-0.1360403448343277,
-0.38149428367614746,
-0.14916159212589264,
0.6173436641693115,
0.3601219356060028,
0.6581335067749023,
-0.7455381751060486,
-0.7578859925270081,
0.26146677136421204,
0.6727078557014465,
-0.01655077002942562,
-0.14022721350193024,
-0.397432416677475,
-0.4211689531803131,
0.34696370363235474,
-0.6194095015525818,
0.5134766697883606,
0.05218960717320442,
-0.5107668042182922,
-0.3091013431549072,
0.3046409487724304,
0.4977474808692932,
-0.5792970061302185,
0.03415561094880104,
-0.3618161976337433,
0.2749309241771698,
0.08855719119310379,
0.5955718159675598,
-0.8634737730026245,
-0.4646542966365814,
0.2795584797859192,
0.2772294878959656,
-0.15261250734329224,
-0.3749218285083771,
0.8727761507034302,
-0.3025151491165161,
-0.08104878664016724,
0.18672384321689606,
-1.0428580045700073,
0.1512308418750763,
0.22649279236793518,
-0.4650968313217163,
0.33438730239868164,
0.023093102499842644,
0.31226012110710144,
-0.578867495059967,
0.02874140441417694,
0.29037904739379883,
0.013719252310693264,
-0.46321365237236023,
-0.44626548886299133,
0.21272903680801392,
-0.3234896659851074,
0.00504653062671423,
0.40341660380363464,
0.18266457319259644,
-0.15781262516975403,
0.5428323149681091,
0.20670977234840393,
0.35567283630371094,
0.5992212891578674,
-0.6052668690681458,
-0.031387753784656525,
0.17135074734687805,
0.35482680797576904,
-0.24526143074035645,
0.548884928226471,
-0.35114479064941406,
0.22873549163341522,
-1.0860042572021484,
-0.04070282354950905,
-0.007370620965957642,
-0.5438918471336365,
0.8283230662345886,
-0.45032697916030884,
-0.7420148849487305,
0.6640000939369202,
0.7368171811103821,
-0.19858744740486145,
-0.760292649269104,
0.0844254344701767,
-0.6286347508430481,
0.04657815769314766,
-0.7569092512130737,
-0.7004753351211548,
-0.4305477440357208,
-0.12125292420387268,
-0.5141011476516724,
-0.6811988353729248,
0.1342894285917282,
-0.010316911153495312,
0.6757801175117493,
-0.4453788995742798,
-0.11992550641298294,
0.06056085228919983,
-0.12014534324407578,
-0.6085677146911621,
0.12481920421123505,
-0.3048602044582367,
-0.096368707716465,
-0.008968030102550983,
-0.35268324613571167,
-0.2733300030231476,
0.4740676283836365,
-5.491396427154541,
0.213937446475029,
-0.1177334114909172,
0.08581643551588058,
0.3163740336894989,
0.25861838459968567,
-0.1215214654803276,
-0.19027502834796906,
0.16218076646327972,
-0.47829946875572205,
0.6347918510437012,
-0.16702008247375488,
0.048179708421230316,
0.3943162262439728,
0.4040061831474304,
0.21900972723960876,
0.9199678897857666,
-0.6555607914924622,
1.0005543231964111,
-0.09905677288770676,
0.18058602511882782,
-0.38288044929504395,
0.29001039266586304,
-0.10715759545564651,
-0.046411603689193726,
0.4508380591869354,
-0.39246028661727905,
0.0845913290977478,
-0.6694474816322327,
0.5388531684875488,
-0.21820108592510223,
-0.5636270046234131,
-0.26064518094062805,
-0.15598349273204803,
0.01611442305147648,
-0.7357999682426453,
0.8816930651664734,
0.21271999180316925,
0.10864920914173126,
-0.4513150751590729,
-0.258760005235672,
-0.015908099710941315,
-0.3185003101825714,
0.06143798306584358,
0.29744482040405273,
-0.05895914509892464,
-0.021627331152558327,
-0.15338857471942902,
0.5075715780258179,
1.0516427755355835,
0.385496586561203,
0.3946528732776642,
0.5497127771377563,
0.0357835628092289,
0.6201646327972412,
-0.17520542442798615,
-0.167069673538208,
-0.34795477986335754,
-0.8308858275413513,
0.03402649983763695,
0.28983625769615173,
0.04613320156931877,
-0.25933322310447693,
-0.6647291779518127,
0.23290537297725677,
0.10411034524440765,
-0.1442827433347702,
-0.23645825684070587,
0.6662269830703735,
-0.33301493525505066,
0.061686087399721146,
1.058626413345337,
-0.12475880980491638,
-0.9178664088249207,
0.3124665319919586,
-0.5630642175674438,
-0.2734639346599579,
-0.22298923134803772,
-0.38860923051834106,
-0.21244578063488007,
0.15883776545524597,
-0.009036759845912457,
-0.5328676700592041,
0.42625290155410767,
0.4425387680530548,
-0.4262393116950989,
-0.3655738830566406,
0.4341351389884949,
0.34135910868644714,
0.19570466876029968,
0.14811745285987854,
-0.4505278170108795,
0.48351263999938965,
0.34473568201065063,
0.7646378874778748,
-0.1817653775215149,
-0.3238257169723511,
0.690833568572998,
0.7131879329681396,
-0.43667876720428467,
0.2599182426929474,
-0.5496224761009216,
0.2528077960014343,
0.022646784782409668,
-0.2612038254737854,
-0.7155089974403381,
0.24837449193000793,
-0.28015372157096863,
0.16249172389507294,
-0.08353421092033386,
-0.3238656222820282,
-0.6073792576789856,
0.002140480326488614,
-0.6431690454483032,
0.6891669034957886,
-0.09123760461807251,
0.036675456911325455,
0.8225165009498596,
0.7403571009635925,
-0.19331102073192596,
-0.4658312201499939,
0.8045850396156311,
-0.17936310172080994,
-0.23676103353500366,
-0.16065800189971924,
-0.9628630876541138,
0.01711481437087059,
0.025062505155801773,
-0.44375303387641907,
0.06164233759045601,
0.19556115567684174,
0.5264878273010254,
0.07253273576498032,
0.39329683780670166,
-0.08971629291772842,
-0.4208139181137085,
0.01088892761617899,
-0.42029014229774475,
-0.30729442834854126,
-0.057547830045223236,
-0.5934231877326965,
0.09286016970872879,
-0.362161785364151,
0.1553504914045334,
0.8768037557601929,
-0.021234586834907532,
0.15061958134174347,
-0.1259131282567978,
0.12778352200984955,
0.2791346311569214,
0.0840238630771637,
-0.5310491919517517,
0.17852427065372467,
-0.35144898295402527,
-0.15860377252101898,
0.2543051242828369,
0.4214405417442322,
-0.1861642450094223,
-0.06376602500677109,
-0.028194013983011246,
0.15769490599632263,
0.32618001103401184,
-0.6821009516716003,
-0.4872055947780609,
0.30549106001853943,
-0.06084563955664635,
-0.23738506436347961,
-0.6101080775260925,
0.0002991176152136177,
0.171325221657753,
0.2668185532093048,
-0.7893320322036743,
-0.38609832525253296,
0.4242277443408966,
0.1095084473490715,
0.2033996731042862,
-0.7146995067596436,
-0.4780252277851105,
-0.2696118950843811,
0.2510170042514801,
-0.2272549569606781,
-0.563684344291687,
-0.15774457156658173,
0.3513714671134949,
0.5328381657600403,
-0.21458058059215546,
-0.8023850321769714,
-0.17084553837776184,
-0.5082610845565796,
0.02065969817340374,
0.20130127668380737,
-0.6398671865463257,
0.4663947522640228,
0.4120524823665619,
-0.9576330780982971,
0.5152181386947632,
0.1604684293270111,
0.413478821516037,
0.5878326296806335,
-0.45469963550567627,
-0.17746704816818237,
0.44249898195266724,
-0.7391349673271179,
0.49848902225494385,
-0.06064651533961296,
-0.5358899235725403,
0.2776974141597748,
-0.5369707942008972,
-0.013158095069229603,
0.473834365606308,
-0.1974671334028244,
-0.8875540494918823,
0.48490700125694275,
0.906059980392456,
-0.2517160177230835,
0.10076463967561722,
-0.7515215873718262,
0.23117375373840332,
0.17895236611366272,
-0.6752880215644836,
-0.26493099331855774,
-0.21253204345703125,
-0.16773134469985962,
-0.4517658054828644,
-1.026421070098877,
0.6101822853088379,
0.049869876354932785,
-0.28742149472236633,
-0.10993862897157669,
-0.2909209430217743,
0.040545109659433365,
-0.148437961935997,
-0.6091731786727905,
0.2771488428115845,
0.6528948545455933,
-0.5582787990570068,
0.08762316405773163,
-0.08921465277671814,
0.1461050659418106,
0.37136009335517883,
0.6242944598197937,
1.1973952054977417,
0.09202485531568527,
-0.18547700345516205,
0.054406680166721344,
0.511466383934021,
0.5733234882354736,
-0.6627617478370667,
-0.03796488046646118,
-0.047943830490112305,
0.04780016839504242,
-0.5042853355407715,
-0.7701737880706787,
-0.2569618821144104,
1.332019567489624,
-0.39509931206703186,
-0.05815162509679794,
-0.3591983914375305,
-0.15647749602794647,
-0.29226675629615784,
-0.27854594588279724,
0.30415281653404236,
-0.8859714269638062,
0.167331263422966,
0.2847241759300232,
-0.11153262853622437,
-0.48430880904197693,
0.363116055727005,
0.11199425160884857,
0.011713814921677113,
-0.45610955357551575,
0.4663742482662201,
0.08545958995819092,
0.5997032523155212,
-0.1671888381242752,
-0.011450900696218014,
0.26522204279899597,
-0.46559080481529236,
1.003584861755371,
0.6664814352989197,
-0.532364010810852,
0.2263142615556717,
-0.5104575157165527,
-0.22391322255134583,
-0.6115228533744812,
-0.44894465804100037,
0.015306149609386921,
-0.11304149031639099,
0.1197977364063263,
0.43885695934295654,
0.531855046749115,
0.12335838377475739,
-0.23311512172222137,
-0.9717720746994019,
-0.27163374423980713,
0.45766323804855347,
-0.24385005235671997,
0.19864597916603088,
-0.20888447761535645,
0.5926697254180908,
-0.5126128196716309,
0.4756813943386078,
-0.46934255957603455,
-0.006347024347633123,
-0.22738009691238403,
-0.06968972086906433,
0.2759045362472534,
-0.571654200553894,
-0.2838114798069,
0.035263579338788986,
-0.4204453229904175,
-0.6026884317398071,
-0.23333214223384857,
0.6823521852493286,
-0.654820442199707,
0.20484218001365662,
0.5611909031867981,
-0.46653610467910767,
-0.2954203188419342,
-0.22859372198581696,
-0.1784435510635376,
-0.16840890049934387,
0.06944812089204788,
0.07785812765359879,
-0.12378505617380142,
0.4013577997684479,
-0.5175601243972778,
-0.42580947279930115,
-0.31365031003952026,
0.8182075619697571,
0.17841748893260956,
-0.7441490888595581,
-0.13946865499019623,
0.2984296381473541,
0.046314045786857605,
0.16212186217308044,
0.2637554109096527,
-0.3410310745239258,
-0.255270391702652,
0.5169429779052734,
0.2328232079744339,
0.5140249729156494,
0.45512160658836365,
-0.5589582324028015,
0.1931513547897339,
0.016322044655680656,
0.027017049491405487,
0.1718626171350479,
0.6570355296134949,
0.047541599720716476,
0.1244131326675415,
0.3872745931148529,
0.49924352765083313,
-0.03779996559023857,
0.10714291036128998,
0.247648224234581,
0.42348095774650574,
-0.17670294642448425,
0.2512626051902771,
-0.23206797242164612,
-0.5605429410934448,
0.6144980192184448,
0.4906015694141388,
0.19979418814182281,
-0.5813049077987671,
-0.09088421612977982,
0.2103090137243271,
0.2970849275588989,
0.36116185784339905,
0.6802542209625244,
-0.38624128699302673,
0.07422757893800735,
-0.2827317416667938,
0.027609342709183693,
-0.11887368559837341,
0.5995194911956787,
0.13074226677417755,
-0.2347451150417328,
0.07734228670597076,
0.3949555456638336,
-0.3997998535633087,
0.07583862543106079,
-0.19177265465259552,
-0.8130509257316589,
0.10692384839057922,
0.6062199473381042,
-0.2819407880306244,
0.20156627893447876,
0.09192315489053726,
0.6230247020721436,
0.026046767830848694,
-0.12413742393255234,
0.022050784900784492,
0.16930536925792694,
0.0028963813092559576,
0.6247406601905823,
-0.11488480120897293,
0.3266865313053131,
0.39331910014152527,
0.3678589463233948,
-0.44962382316589355,
0.2737879455089569,
-0.0833863690495491,
0.062329426407814026,
0.031071053817868233,
0.0202957633882761,
-0.6467484831809998,
0.2120225578546524,
-0.48160287737846375,
-0.22469395399093628,
0.14456959068775177,
0.128987655043602,
-0.4635887145996094,
-0.23849926888942719,
-0.4889068603515625,
-0.08342525362968445,
0.8405892252922058,
-0.38509121537208557,
-0.5508714914321899,
-0.23820799589157104,
0.37504062056541443,
-0.24422302842140198,
-0.42819643020629883,
0.10614436864852905,
-0.13903099298477173,
-0.1490403264760971,
0.14907506108283997,
-0.561258852481842,
-0.4460349977016449,
0.27762463688850403,
0.29794153571128845,
-0.03864389285445213,
0.06557775288820267,
-0.060405053198337555,
-0.08908762782812119,
-0.09292189031839371,
0.19431686401367188,
0.43567630648612976,
0.5598281621932983,
0.03319808095693588,
0.465775728225708,
-0.18160106241703033,
0.17984025180339813,
-0.09154332429170609,
0.7936456203460693,
-0.8106494545936584,
-0.16859671473503113,
-0.45053717494010925,
0.14247673749923706,
0.3743107318878174,
-0.011988251470029354,
-0.32861146330833435,
0.5588603615760803,
-0.11704638600349426,
0.055391643196344376,
0.08963480591773987,
0.4172787070274353,
0.2753656208515167,
-0.04893164709210396,
-0.06923139840364456
]
|
214895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%2C%20Prince%20of%20Albania | Wilhelm, Prince of Albania | Prince Wilhelm of Wied (German: Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prinz zu Wied, 26 March 1876 – 18 April 1945), reigned briefly as sovereign of the Principality of Albania as Vilhelm I from 7 March to 3 September 1914, when he left for exile. His reign officially came to an end on 31 January 1925, when the country was declared an Albanian Republic.
Outside the country and in diplomatic correspondence, he was styled "sovereign prince", but in Albania, he was referred to as mbret, or king. He was also styled Skanderbeg II, in homage to Skanderbeg, the national hero.
Family and early life
William was born on 26 March 1876 in Neuwied Castle, near Koblenz, in the Prussian Rhineland, as Prince William of Wied (). Born into the mediatised house of Wied-Neuwied, he was the third son of William, 5th Prince of Wied (brother of Queen Elisabeth of Romania), and his wife Princess Marie of the Netherlands (sister of Queen Louise of Sweden). He was also second cousin of Wilhelm II, German Emperor.
Prince William served as a Prussian cavalry officer before becoming a captain in the German General Staff in 1911.
Candidate for the Albanian throne
Prince William's aunt, Queen Elisabeth of Romania, on learning that the Great Powers were looking for an aristocrat to rule over Albania, asked Take Ionescu to attempt to persuade them to appoint her nephew to the post.
Eventually the European Great Powers — Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the French Third Republic, the German Empire, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy — selected William, a member of the German princely house of Wied, and related to the Queen of the Netherlands to rule over the newly independent Albania. The announcement was made in November 1913 and the decision was accepted by Ismail Qemali, the head of the provisional government. The offer of the Albanian throne was first made to him in the spring of 1913 but he turned it down. Despite rejecting the offer, the Austrians put pressure on Prince William in an attempt to change his mind.
Western Europeans considered Albania to be a poor, lawless and backward country in 1913, and some foreign opinion was scathing. The French press referred to Wilhelm as "le Prince de Vide", meaning "the prince of emptiness"; vide being a pun on his homeland of Wied.
Prince of Albania
On 7 February 1914, William let the Great Powers know that he would accept the throne. On 21 February 1914 a delegation of Albanian notables led by Essad Pasha Toptani and Arbëreshë ones (headed by Luigi Baffa and Vincenzo Baffa Trasci), made a formal request, which he accepted thereby becoming By the grace of the powers and the will of the people the Prince (Mbret) of Albania. One month after accepting the throne on 7 March, he arrived in his provisional capital of Durrës and started to organise his government, appointing Turhan Pasha Përmeti to form the first Albanian cabinet. This first cabinet was dominated by aristocrats (prince Essad Pasha Toptani defence and foreign affairs, prince Gjergj Adhamidhi bej Frashëri finances, prince Aziz Pasha Vrioni agriculture).
His brief reign proved a turbulent one. Immediately following his arrival revolts of Muslims broke out in central Albania against his Chief Minister, Essad Pasha, and against foreign domination that was not Turkish. Greece encouraged the formation of a separatist provisional government in North Epirus. William's position was also undermined by his own officials, notably Essad Pasha himself, who actually accepted money from Italy to finance a revolt and to stage a coup against William. The plot was exposed, Pasha was arrested on 19 May 1914, tried for treason and sentenced to death. Only the intervention of the Italian government saved his life and he escaped to exile in Italy.
The outbreak of World War I presented more problems for Prince William as Austria-Hungary demanded that he send Albanian soldiers to fight alongside them. When he refused, citing the neutrality of Albania in the Treaty of London, the remuneration that he had been receiving was cut off.
Exile and death
Prince William left the country on 3 September 1914 originally heading to Venice. Despite leaving Albania he did so insisting that he remained head of state. In his proclamation he informed the people that "he deemed it necessary to absent himself temporarily."
He returned to Germany and rejoined the Imperial German Army under the pseudonym "Count of Kruja". The name derived from the city of Krujë in Albania. When the Austro-Hungarians forced the Serbian and Montenegrin armies out of Northern Albania in the early months of 1916, William's hopes of being restored were raised although ultimately they came to nothing. After the war, he still harboured ambitions that he might be restored, but the participants at the Paris Peace Conference were unlikely to restore the throne to someone who had just fought against them.
Although several of the factions competing for power in post-war Albania billed themselves as regencies for William, once central authority was definitively restored in 1924, the country was declared a republic on 31 January 1925, officially ending his reign.
With the monarchy in Albania set to be restored with President Ahmet Zogu becoming king, Prince William reaffirmed his claim to the throne announcing he still claimed the throne for himself and his heirs.
Prince William died in Predeal, near Sinaia, in Romania, leaving his son, Hereditary Prince Carol Victor, as heir to his Albanian claims. He was buried in the Lutheran church in Bucharest.
Marriage and children
On 30 November 1906 at Waldenburg, Saxony, Prince William married Princess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg (1885–1936); she was distantly related to the Orthodox Ghica family of Albanian origin. They had two children:
Princess Marie Eleonore (1909–1956) ⚭ Prince Alfred of Schönburg-Waldenburg (1905-1941), son of Prince Heinrich of Schönburg-Waldenburg and Princess Olga of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg ⚭ Ion Octavian Bunea (1899-1977)
Hereditary Prince Carol Victor (1913–1973) ⚭ Eileen de Coppet (1922-1985)
Honours
Gallery
Ancestry
In popular culture
Prince Wilhelm is portrayed in the 2008 Albanian film Time of the Comet (based on Ismail Kadare's novel "The dark year" (Viti i mbrapshtë), which takes place during his reign. He is played by the German actor Thomas Heinze.
References
External links
Wilhelm zu Wied:Memorandum on Albania
A listing of Princes of Wied since 1791 and their descendants
|-
1876 births
1945 deaths
People from Neuwied
People from the Rhine Province
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
Albanian monarchs
Protestant monarchs
House of Wied-Neuwied
Albanian nobility
German military personnel of World War I
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
German emigrants to Albania | [
-0.08888659626245499,
-0.11929307878017426,
0.043911412358284,
0.36744868755340576,
-0.6457772254943848,
-0.15977755188941956,
0.826162576675415,
-0.48846447467803955,
0.29447969794273376,
-0.6216701865196228,
-0.14744208753108978,
-0.4467471241950989,
-0.3711169362068176,
0.5066680312156677,
-0.17001593112945557,
0.16874340176582336,
0.22169272601604462,
0.6550518274307251,
-0.5930514335632324,
-0.7554190754890442,
-0.47956112027168274,
0.33531010150909424,
0.2042863965034485,
0.2889406383037567,
0.1760004311800003,
-0.16520702838897705,
0.9596266746520996,
-0.0559629425406456,
0.15089526772499084,
0.48333844542503357,
0.4225381314754486,
0.04612362012267113,
-0.6413946151733398,
-0.1774776726961136,
-0.6171876192092896,
-0.02829369530081749,
0.2616835832595825,
-0.5976598858833313,
0.06167354807257652,
-0.557045042514801,
-0.321352481842041,
0.4441094398498535,
0.37021055817604065,
0.0398586206138134,
0.010014485567808151,
-1.0716737508773804,
-0.9793253540992737,
0.2097809910774231,
0.08281389623880386,
-0.3654443621635437,
-0.2746167480945587,
-0.013536771759390831,
0.28890371322631836,
0.4964953660964966,
0.2668617069721222,
-0.4247896373271942,
-0.9001555442810059,
-0.21435055136680603,
0.14525893330574036,
0.01931109093129635,
0.7660089135169983,
0.6499210000038147,
0.18185772001743317,
0.10776679962873459,
0.40251219272613525,
-0.09435845911502838,
0.21997018158435822,
0.33326828479766846,
0.22139054536819458,
-0.560930073261261,
-0.38725805282592773,
0.47450992465019226,
-0.1508588045835495,
-0.06562139838933945,
0.8360654711723328,
-0.440830796957016,
-0.3864467144012451,
0.45932093262672424,
0.07908666878938675,
0.4529591500759125,
-0.8324651122093201,
-0.15816745162010193,
0.5639634132385254,
0.02878469042479992,
0.2690120339393616,
0.010954546742141247,
0.30402663350105286,
0.49170324206352234,
-0.4197279214859009,
0.4034477174282074,
0.189860001206398,
-0.2805619239807129,
0.5784657597541809,
-0.20214658975601196,
-0.3213344216346741,
-0.07855675369501114,
-0.10922568291425705,
0.44930750131607056,
-0.38253870606422424,
-0.284239798784256,
0.21720264852046967,
0.5840368270874023,
-0.6273174285888672,
-0.575419008731842,
-0.5442480444908142,
-0.02859663963317871,
-0.09635721892118454,
0.28701671957969666,
-0.6691181659698486,
0.21412493288516998,
-0.5126879215240479,
-0.2583310306072235,
-0.18714778125286102,
-0.12308971583843231,
-0.16035196185112,
0.350890576839447,
0.16131632030010223,
-0.6331683397293091,
-0.26498717069625854,
0.28839898109436035,
-0.04380052909255028,
0.4650936424732208,
-0.19680924713611603,
0.4183468520641327,
0.3407498002052307,
-0.11930526047945023,
0.4131987690925598,
0.2670574188232422,
-0.19720418751239777,
0.2752540707588196,
0.9224037528038025,
0.8943428993225098,
-0.20038174092769623,
0.2098921239376068,
-0.05766792967915535,
-0.348727285861969,
0.14927349984645844,
-0.11210346221923828,
-0.08273579180240631,
0.11538992077112198,
-0.49967435002326965,
0.09027577191591263,
-0.4096980094909668,
0.34846818447113037,
-0.4740401804447174,
-0.07108955830335617,
-0.251860648393631,
0.06539250165224075,
0.09751596301794052,
-0.22075991332530975,
0.008929639123380184,
-0.3320790231227875,
-0.1647154986858368,
0.14895595610141754,
-0.753019392490387,
-0.33008381724357605,
0.3523573875427246,
-0.0020571299828588963,
0.5997419357299805,
0.22506433725357056,
0.26499754190444946,
0.31298738718032837,
0.131227508187294,
0.10822885483503342,
0.4348570704460144,
-0.2675328254699707,
0.06327109783887863,
0.661267876625061,
-0.22731834650039673,
-0.5101945996284485,
-0.3963989019393921,
0.527454137802124,
-0.49703532457351685,
0.14672598242759705,
-0.25593245029449463,
0.5853918790817261,
0.27600762248039246,
-0.38434508442878723,
-0.1460348218679428,
-0.7395775318145752,
-0.40084782242774963,
-0.5189482569694519,
0.037636417895555496,
0.1219879761338234,
0.9730133414268494,
0.2907314598560333,
0.34210634231567383,
-0.22055146098136902,
0.19518642127513885,
-0.7322626113891602,
0.07226556539535522,
-1.0306764841079712,
0.6424471735954285,
-0.2699466645717621,
0.9700871109962463,
0.055006492882966995,
-0.16538067162036896,
0.15961207449436188,
0.44631683826446533,
0.3896928131580353,
0.09496501088142395,
-0.7702210545539856,
0.15672306716442108,
0.12303641438484192,
0.17879551649093628,
0.5575540065765381,
-0.10170470178127289,
-0.23785507678985596,
-0.17530740797519684,
0.13903199136257172,
0.6450840830802917,
-0.4497242271900177,
0.18555544316768646,
-0.2717626392841339,
-0.3663865327835083,
-0.22396764159202576,
-0.1770954430103302,
0.42891550064086914,
0.14703074097633362,
0.06303925812244415,
0.6363459825515747,
0.2813144624233246,
-0.4943276643753052,
0.6181092262268066,
0.32861265540122986,
0.5154746770858765,
-0.22507858276367188,
-0.04050355777144432,
-0.43846970796585083,
-0.015170800499618053,
-0.968542754650116,
-0.4800412058830261,
0.22944386303424835,
-0.3608764410018921,
0.5399055480957031,
0.08422897011041641,
-0.46737900376319885,
-0.3752276301383972,
0.1993703842163086,
-0.3525282144546509,
0.6623640656471252,
0.5304150581359863,
-0.14736425876617432,
0.3687383234500885,
0.12302608042955399,
1.1663005352020264,
-0.17961636185646057,
0.556944727897644,
-0.6561191082000732,
0.09602799266576767,
-0.13258349895477295,
-0.14456716179847717,
-0.07540351897478104,
-0.3561174273490906,
0.10606203228235245,
-0.6600777506828308,
-0.03086850605905056,
0.10576920211315155,
-0.032044872641563416,
0.5312161445617676,
0.40795567631721497,
-0.19270740449428558,
-0.10591062903404236,
0.31487786769866943,
0.3558414876461029,
0.162111297249794,
-0.24426232278347015,
-0.5755637288093567,
0.541913628578186,
0.22308269143104553,
1.0116924047470093,
-0.19283804297447205,
-0.35717979073524475,
-0.1268434077501297,
0.11804645508527756,
-0.4707658588886261,
-0.3671371638774872,
0.08453626185655594,
-0.4676545262336731,
-1.030031681060791,
0.290523886680603,
0.5945342779159546,
0.09996763616800308,
-0.18410155177116394,
-0.6093254685401917,
0.1709037572145462,
0.5685697793960571,
-0.35005703568458557,
0.2869918644428253,
0.25667545199394226,
0.1011667549610138,
0.5405231714248657,
-0.09401785582304001,
-0.09485628455877304,
-0.5905874967575073,
0.7230453491210938,
-0.09385737031698227,
0.1755271553993225,
0.5762647390365601,
-0.09863338619470596,
-0.8396937251091003,
-0.019042668864130974,
-0.5868417024612427,
-0.23924143612384796,
0.7788628339767456,
-0.20166359841823578,
-0.12053225189447403,
-0.23091517388820648,
-5.674619674682617,
-0.11755521595478058,
0.1178995668888092,
-0.09034611284732819,
-0.21365271508693695,
0.3660159111022949,
0.03509397432208061,
-0.33867254853248596,
0.15741346776485443,
-0.22111408412456512,
0.5621657967567444,
0.19599057734012604,
0.2332766354084015,
0.4170950949192047,
0.7917615175247192,
0.17266932129859924,
0.7659986019134521,
-0.06957494467496872,
0.3203025758266449,
0.06859342008829117,
0.012679501436650753,
0.22565560042858124,
0.17674796283245087,
0.3281729519367218,
0.7943679690361023,
0.06871658563613892,
-0.05870882421731949,
-0.11965696513652802,
-0.6173508167266846,
-0.6511780619621277,
-0.10763964056968689,
-0.46798986196517944,
0.6854110360145569,
0.43974003195762634,
-0.10446605086326599,
-0.4614711105823517,
0.49377259612083435,
0.44318947196006775,
-0.08024744689464569,
-0.0306235421448946,
-0.2612638473510742,
0.2507387399673462,
-0.6530320048332214,
-0.17948965728282928,
-0.26365604996681213,
-0.3388054370880127,
-0.3252026438713074,
0.5020567774772644,
-0.4915960431098938,
0.6943044066429138,
-0.02384406328201294,
-0.19934852421283722,
0.05216982215642929,
-0.6035394072532654,
0.04632995277643204,
0.584723174571991,
-0.5674111247062683,
0.6505072712898254,
-1.0405482053756714,
0.4149298369884491,
0.054960038512945175,
-0.07101806253194809,
0.29709020256996155,
0.05791531875729561,
0.111229807138443,
0.19835039973258972,
-0.352936327457428,
0.1077158972620964,
0.0301455557346344,
0.015385577455163002,
-0.2881927788257599,
0.23404957354068756,
0.12595778703689575,
-0.7084640264511108,
0.5633365511894226,
-0.9313027858734131,
-0.2757738530635834,
-0.3408351540565491,
-0.2039819359779358,
-0.2383662462234497,
-0.32164719700813293,
-0.38742658495903015,
-0.1975177377462387,
0.8278932571411133,
0.5332232713699341,
0.10658472776412964,
0.3326494097709656,
-0.6234440803527832,
0.07611382752656937,
-0.0903531163930893,
0.3512386083602905,
-0.8913010954856873,
-0.2838529348373413,
0.1667799949645996,
-0.21273677051067352,
0.5396804809570312,
-0.7384910583496094,
0.11861618608236313,
0.1261657476425171,
0.2369782030582428,
0.3570803701877594,
0.07395059615373611,
0.21173088252544403,
-0.23004265129566193,
0.3809688687324524,
0.37795940041542053,
0.08039522171020508,
-0.32908153533935547,
1.008286714553833,
-0.10440751910209656,
0.21369874477386475,
0.3490125834941864,
-0.7660414576530457,
-0.7040539383888245,
0.45708778500556946,
-0.8602448105812073,
0.03390791267156601,
0.22919835150241852,
0.24800701439380646,
-0.1937556117773056,
-0.11894300580024719,
-0.2930148243904114,
0.1329154521226883,
0.03126470744609833,
-0.4692366123199463,
0.5402856469154358,
0.12684768438339233,
-0.01038062572479248,
-0.07986205071210861,
0.054233863949775696,
0.14911599457263947,
0.3521438539028168,
-0.05939047783613205,
0.01543257012963295,
0.27938321232795715,
-0.3100912570953369,
-0.4543110430240631,
-0.8375565409660339,
-0.07313834875822067,
-0.04878795146942139,
-0.9297133684158325,
-0.11404790729284286,
-0.3778251111507416,
0.28214189410209656,
0.42211809754371643,
0.22095368802547455,
-0.04807407781481743,
-0.29107755422592163,
-0.7938385605812073,
0.40590134263038635,
0.26814019680023193,
0.021614955738186836,
0.9397573471069336,
-0.04989880695939064,
-0.8625110387802124,
0.6491809487342834,
0.3390458822250366,
0.3449167311191559,
-0.14950016140937805,
-0.0009189523407258093,
-0.5130670070648193,
-0.4639831483364105,
-0.7886994481086731,
0.11867807060480118,
0.3246203362941742,
0.20106375217437744,
-1.0540720224380493,
-0.11745696514844894,
-0.38396748900413513,
0.49557772278785706,
0.39980393648147583,
-0.8487401008605957,
-0.2877506613731384,
-0.17475280165672302,
-0.36594700813293457,
-0.1475571244955063,
-0.31421777606010437,
0.43464452028274536,
-0.2380702644586563,
-0.08717577159404755,
0.2392108291387558,
0.5570220351219177,
-0.5397965908050537,
0.4381377398967743,
-0.06329918652772903,
0.11813585460186005,
-0.12984195351600647,
-0.12026490271091461,
-0.24021349847316742,
0.5330862998962402,
0.3688417971134186,
0.07037842273712158,
-0.19699740409851074,
-0.13551463186740875,
-0.30817151069641113,
-0.3569609522819519,
0.4154634475708008,
-0.047859374433755875,
0.34309670329093933,
0.08079581707715988,
0.16557350754737854,
0.007099124137312174,
-0.06278274953365326,
-0.3301191031932831,
-0.46183672547340393,
-0.21114581823349,
0.19515931606292725,
0.01132110133767128,
0.012869616970419884,
0.5046721696853638,
-0.4509037137031555,
-1.1532533168792725,
0.1070963516831398,
0.6515321731567383,
-0.24625390768051147,
0.4399762451648712,
0.22509752213954926,
-0.6908048987388611,
0.210931196808815,
-0.9439042210578918,
-0.45949438214302063,
0.07877486944198608,
-0.3779695928096771,
-0.23037785291671753,
-0.27354320883750916,
-0.4469962418079376,
0.46882256865501404,
-0.42040178179740906,
0.1625698208808899,
-0.4726870656013489,
0.23533809185028076,
0.21053071320056915,
-0.17951998114585876,
0.5384650230407715,
-0.5260213613510132,
0.028028396889567375,
0.4524965286254883,
-0.18033288419246674,
0.17803490161895752,
0.1394098401069641,
0.7976692914962769,
1.0355111360549927,
0.10406573861837387,
-0.23239915072917938,
0.31692174077033997,
-0.059460949152708054,
0.016543010249733925,
-0.35122519731521606,
0.12323340773582458,
0.22232389450073242,
-0.10006985068321228,
0.1804162859916687,
-0.7738416790962219,
-0.7662956118583679,
0.7582589983940125,
-0.060608651489019394,
0.12755849957466125,
0.26396092772483826,
0.17642490565776825,
0.19057078659534454,
-0.599995493888855,
0.6897553205490112,
0.3017440438270569,
0.5431175827980042,
0.1284450739622116,
0.05025254189968109,
0.23983469605445862,
-0.06945374608039856,
-0.3941015601158142,
0.0337098054587841,
-0.6116000413894653,
-0.523952305316925,
0.11913172155618668,
-0.40408942103385925,
-0.3251318037509918,
0.2569429874420166,
0.016573479399085045,
0.06081099435687065,
-0.16622401773929596,
0.37324652075767517,
-0.6241748929023743,
-0.7461154460906982,
0.27176567912101746,
-0.27753496170043945,
-0.1898380070924759,
-0.7503015398979187,
-0.7358269095420837,
-0.027391858398914337,
-0.4564928114414215,
0.06527626514434814,
-0.12217914313077927,
-0.5920000076293945,
-0.28123196959495544,
0.27218812704086304,
0.05027693137526512,
0.574329674243927,
-0.08264034986495972,
0.24266266822814941,
-0.30585071444511414,
0.19866442680358887,
-0.4502100348472595,
0.3078186810016632,
0.5873227119445801,
0.20435822010040283,
-0.3297576904296875,
0.23652243614196777,
-0.04448587819933891,
-0.33568504452705383,
-0.0454619899392128,
-0.13503539562225342,
0.6916619539260864,
0.14548756182193756,
0.09992942959070206,
0.2376042753458023,
-1.0797549486160278,
-0.054033707827329636,
0.7306410670280457,
0.19461582601070404,
-0.3157966434955597,
0.022823549807071686,
-0.1057831421494484,
-0.18760806322097778,
0.2524298429489136,
0.3750112056732178,
-0.3789069950580597,
0.3156035244464874,
-0.11339481920003891,
0.3111083507537842,
0.4936349093914032,
-0.057455431669950485,
0.27041465044021606,
0.17729716002941132,
-0.8239426612854004,
0.5573525428771973,
-0.019991958513855934,
0.0019208891317248344,
0.46321725845336914,
-0.373360812664032,
-0.1520116627216339,
0.551750659942627,
0.4313935339450836,
0.43253016471862793,
-0.23287349939346313,
0.025685451924800873,
0.30217307806015015,
-0.11481674015522003,
-0.5822815895080566,
0.33257004618644714,
0.47045543789863586,
0.16113807260990143,
0.6050902009010315,
0.07705393433570862,
0.3098752796649933,
-0.4178062081336975,
-0.2362634688615799,
0.2927936911582947,
0.4636961817741394,
-0.1734604686498642,
-0.3698868453502655,
0.1248660683631897,
0.15291091799736023,
-0.5737845301628113,
0.7015387415885925,
-0.04251546785235405,
0.3467976450920105,
0.1033383309841156,
0.33838286995887756,
-0.38922497630119324,
0.4485257565975189,
-0.3003298044204712,
0.9372327923774719,
-0.4382972717285156,
-0.28620678186416626,
0.0740826353430748,
-0.0074060093611478806,
0.07715097814798355,
0.4466046392917633,
0.08884023874998093,
0.11001762002706528,
0.0781761035323143,
-0.33095940947532654,
0.3797035217285156,
0.04546516388654709,
-0.9239027500152588,
-0.4005046486854553,
0.0015680032083764672,
0.3317601680755615,
-0.35639679431915283,
-0.09797006845474243,
-0.2050340175628662,
0.1534665822982788,
-0.4383014738559723,
-0.20436061918735504,
-0.18053904175758362,
-0.3257918059825897,
-0.4424203932285309,
-0.18297900259494781,
0.6270718574523926,
0.22480373084545135,
-0.38639941811561584,
-0.005665401928126812,
0.3428858816623688,
0.2741834819316864,
-0.37286871671676636,
0.03793429955840111,
0.27182623744010925,
-0.09084157645702362,
-0.10838613659143448,
-0.45796751976013184,
0.25508734583854675,
-0.12441906332969666,
0.37585869431495667,
0.14394213259220123,
0.5358830094337463,
0.15642815828323364,
0.1573043316602707,
0.43585073947906494,
-0.2773880064487457,
-0.5729456543922424,
-0.0969340056180954,
-0.2413843423128128,
-0.6806463003158569,
-0.06657730787992477,
0.06934326887130737,
0.0808747187256813,
0.20703686773777008,
0.022677291184663773,
0.7059292197227478,
-0.540385901927948,
0.4864826202392578,
-0.6291835308074951,
0.07341000437736511,
-0.30040356516838074,
-0.3922218382358551,
-0.5542498826980591,
0.3324507474899292,
0.033973969519138336,
0.3982639014720917,
0.05842158943414688,
-0.4614500403404236,
0.3719351291656494,
-0.13770301640033722,
0.6275971531867981,
0.8416454792022705,
0.22587883472442627,
0.26428791880607605,
-0.5449506640434265,
-0.08480612188577652,
-0.33930444717407227,
-0.0007974703912623227,
0.7628978490829468,
0.28003206849098206,
0.5757013559341431,
-0.7028707265853882,
0.49426814913749695,
-0.44345569610595703,
-0.2126779854297638,
-0.5612385272979736,
0.3776416480541229,
-0.08157950639724731
]
|
214901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette%20Escadrille | Lafayette Escadrille | The La Fayette Escadrille () was the name of the French Air Force unit escadrille N 124 during the First World War (1914–1918). This escadrille of the Aéronautique Militaire was composed largely of American volunteer pilots flying fighters. It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolutionary War. In September 1917, the escadrille was transferred to the US Army under the designation 103rd Aero Squadron. In 1921, The French Air Force recreated a N124 unit who claimed lineage from the war-time La Fayette escadrille and is now part of the escadron 2/4 La Fayette.
History
Dr. Edmund L. Gros, a founder of the American Hospital of Paris and organizer of the American Ambulance Field Service, and Norman Prince, a Harvard-educated lawyer and an American expatriate already flying for France, led the attempts to persuade the French government of the value of a volunteer American air unit fighting for France. The aim was to have their efforts recognized by the American public and thus, it was hoped, the resulting publicity would rouse interest in abandoning neutrality and joining the fight. Authorized by the French Air Department on March 21, 1916, the Escadrille de Chasse Nieuport 124 (Escadrille Américaine) was deployed on April 20 in Luxeuil-les-Bains, France, near Switzerland's border. Despite the unit's weak notorious status in the United States, the Escadrille proved useful for the French and Americans, taking into consideration that before the First World War, aircraft were not considered combat units. Initially, there were seven Americans pilots: Victor E. Chapman, Elliot C. Cowdin, Weston (Bert) Hall, James R. McConnell, Norman Prince, Kiffin Rockwell, and William Thaw. The full roster included 38 pilots.
The unit's aircraft, mechanics, and uniforms were French, as was the commander, Captain Georges Thénault. Five French pilots were also on the roster, serving at various times in command positions. Raoul Lufbery, a French-born American citizen, became the squadron's first, and ultimately their highest scoring flying ace, with 16 confirmed victories.
Two unofficial members of the Escadrille Américaine, lion cubs named Whiskey and Soda, provided countless moments of relief from battle stress to fliers.
A German objection filed with the U.S. government, over the actions of a supposed neutral nation, led to the name change to La Fayette Escadrille in December 1916, as the original name implied that the U.S. was allied to France rather than neutral.
The Escadrille was disbanded on 18 February 1918. The American personnel transferred to the United States Army Air Service as the 103d Aero Squadron, while the French formed the Escadrille SPA.124 Jeanne d'Arc. A total of 224 Americans served in the unit. Of those, 51 died in combat, while another 11 died of other causes. Fifteen became prisoners of war. Eleven pilots became aces.
Not all American pilots were in the Lafayette Escadrille; over 200 fought for France as part of the La Fayette Flying Corps. On 3 April 1918, eleven American pilots from the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force were assigned to Escadrille N.471, an air defense squadron stationed near Paris. American flyers served with this French unit until 18 July 1918, and it is sometimes referred to as the Second Escadrille Américaine.
Later, the Escadron de Chasse 2/4 La Fayette retook the unit designation of "La Fayette", this time however in the French Air Force.
Combat
The first major action seen by the squadron was 13 May 1916 at the Battle of Verdun and five days later, Kiffin Rockwell recorded the unit's first aerial victory. On 23 June, the Escadrille suffered its first fatality when Victor Chapman was shot down over Douaumont. The unit was posted to the front until September 1916, when the unit was moved back to Luxeuil-les-Bains in 7 Army area. On 23 September, Rockwell was killed when his Nieuport was downed by the gunner in a German Albatros observation plane and in October, Norman Prince was fatally injured after crashing on final approach to his airfield. The squadron, flying Nieuport, later Spad, scouts, suffered heavy losses, but it received replacements until a total of 38 American pilots eventually served with the squadron. So many Americans volunteered to fly for France that they were eventually farmed out to other French squadrons. As a group, the Americans who flew in the war for France's air service, the Aéronautique militaire, are collectively known as the La Fayette Flying Corps. Altogether, 265 American volunteers served in the corps.
On 8 February 1918, the squadron was disbanded, and 12 of its American members inducted into the U.S. Air Service as members of the 103rd Aero Squadron. For a brief period, it retained its French aircraft and mechanics. Most of its veteran members were set to work training newly arrived American pilots. The 103rd was credited with a further 45 kills before the Armistice went into effect on 11 November. The French Escadrille SPA.124, also known as the Jeanne d'Arc Escadrille, continued Lafayette Escadrille's traditions in the Service Aéronautique.
Rif War
In the mid-1920s, France recruited some 16 former American fliers (nine officers and seven warrant officers) with World War I combat experience for service in the French Army of Africa, aiming to forestall American public and diplomatic support for the Rif tribes rebelling against Spanish and French colonial rule. Charles Sweeny proposed to reconstitute the Lafayette Escadrille. However, Paul Ayres Rockwell, a brother of fallen Escadrille Américaine's pilot Kiffin Rockwell, wrote that "the attempt to call the unit the Lafayette Escadrille had been abandoned almost before we left Paris, as there was not one former pilot of the famous World War squadron in our group." The pilots were inducted into the French Foreign Legion in July 1925, where they formed the Escadrille de la Guarde Chérifienne in the Sultan's Guard Escadrille of the French Air Force. The rogue American squadron carried out the bombardment of Chefchaouen on September 17, 1925 against warnings from the US Department of State. Public protests in the United States led to the Chérifienne Escadrille dissolution in 1925.
Casualties
Nine pilots died in the Lafayette Escadrille while others perished after leaving the unit. More sustained non-fatal injuries. The planes flown were flimsy, and not as safe as those of later years. Engines and other parts failed, and machine-guns often jammed when they were needed. One man asked to be moved back to his infantry unit, where "he could be safe." The first pilot to be killed in action was Victor Chapman. Edmond Genet became the first American casualty of World War I following the U.S. entry into the war. Other Americans had died previous to the U.S. declaration of war, but since Genet had been active in the Escadrille since before the U.S. entry into the war, his death only a few days after the U.S. declaration of war made him the first official U.S. casualty.
Members
After the Great War, membership in the Escadrille Lafayette was claimed by over 4,000 people, "including a dozen well-known Hollywood personalities and several high government officials.Also, from the beginning there was a great deal of confusion between American pilots who were members of the Lafayette Escadrille, a designated all-American aviation squadron of the French Service Aeronautique; and the Lafayette Flying Corps, an unofficial paper organization highlighting in its roster published during the war the names of approximately 231 American volunteer aviators who flew with more than 90 French operational escadrilles.The Lafayette Flying Core Member Roster , New England Aviation Museum Already existing confusion was exacerbated after a screening of the film Flyboys in 2006.
Five French officers and 38 American pilots, also known as "The Valiant 38", were members of the Lafayette Escadrille.‘My burial is of no import’: The American pilots who fought for France in WWI , The Washington Post, May 29, 2017.
French officers
Col. Philippe Fequant
Lieut-Col. Antonin Brocard
Capt. Georges Thenault
Lt. Alfred de Laage de Meux
Lt. Charles Nungesser
Lt. Antoine Arnoux de Maison-Rouge
Lt. Louis Verdier-Fauvety
American pilots
A † symbol indicates that the individual was killed in action, including those who subsequently entered the Air Service, or died of wounds received.
1Lt. Stuart Emmet Edgar
1Lt. Frank Luke Jr. †
Horace Clyde Balsley
Stephen Sohier Bigelow
Ray Claflin Bridgman
Andrew Courtney Campbell Jr.†
Victor Emmanuel Chapman†
Elliott Christopher Cowdin II
Charles Heave Dolan
James Ralph Doolittle†
John Armstrong Drexel
William Edward Dugan Jr.
Christopher William Ford
Edmond Charles Clinton Genet†
James Norman Hall
Bert Hall
Willis Bradley Haviland
Thomas Moses Hewitt Jr.
Dudley Lawrence Hill
Edward Foote Hinkle
Ronald Wood Hoskier†
Charles Chouteau Johnson
Henry Sweet Jones
Walter Lovell
Raoul Lufbery†
James Rogers McConnell†
Douglas MacMonagle †
Kenneth Archibald Marr
Didier Masson
Edwin C. "Ted" Parsons
Paul Pavelka†
David M. Peterson
Frederick Henry Prince Jr.
Norman Prince†
Kiffin Yates Rockwell†
Robert Lockerbie Rockwell
Laurence Dana Rumsey Jr.
Robert Soubiran
William Thaw
Harold Buckley Willis
Citations
The Group La Fayette totalized eight citations at the orders of Air Army, bearing the right to wear the Fourragere with ribbon colors of the Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France), as well as the Fourragere with ribbon colors of the Médaille Militaire.
Summary
At the decommission of the unit on January 1, 1918, the following registry noted:
267 Americans volunteered in French aviation;
255 received their pilot brevet;
108 served at the front;
66 were killed, out of which 51 killed in action;
19 were wounded;
15 were made prisoners of war;
199 victories were known to be officially recognized.
Honorary members
Amelia Earhart on June 6, 1932, a couple of days after becoming the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic, was made an honorary member of the Escadrille La Fayette.
World War II
La Fayette Escadrille became the third flight unit (Escadrille) of the Groupe de Chasse 2/5 La Fayette.
Tributes
La Fayette Escadrille Memorial Cemetery, Villeneuve-l'Étang Imperial Estate, in Marnes-la-Coquette, Hauts-de-Seine, outside of Paris, France, the final work of French architect Alexandre Marcel, 1928. The memorial commemorates the birthplace of American combat aviation, and serves as a symbol of the Franco-American comradeship during World War I. This site honors the American volunteer pilots who flew with French squadrons during the Great War, and is the final resting place for some of America's first combat aviators and their French officers. Dedicated in 1928, the memorial cemetery consists of an ornate central arch, half the size of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, with a French inscription on the facade, and an English translation on the rear. The central arch is flanked by wings on either side that include open hallways terminating in end pavilions. A reflecting pool runs the length of the structure. Behind the memorial is a semi-circular terrace that forms the roof of the crypt below. Stained-glass windows in the crypt depict the major battles of the Western Front. In the memorial crypt are 68 sarcophagi, one for each of the aviators of the Lafayette Flying Corps who lost their lives during World War I. Forty-nine of these aviators are entombed in the crypt along with two of their French commanding officers. The remainder rest in other locations, or their remains were never recovered. By the early 21st century, decades of delayed maintenance to the memorial had led to structural damage, water intrusion and corrosion that required large-scale repair. Understanding its significance in the history of American military aviation, the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), through an agreement with the Lafayette Escadrille Memorial Foundation and the French government that included financial support, led restoration efforts in 2015 and 2016, in time for the 100th anniversary of the formation of the squadron. In January 2017, ABMC officially assumed ownership and responsibility for the Lafayette Escadrille Memorial Cemetery, making it the 9th commemorative World War I cemetery administered by this federal agency.
Memorial to the American Volunteers. On 4 July 1923, the President of the French Council of State, Raymond Poincaré, dedicated a monument in the Place des États-Unis, Paris, to the Americans who had volunteered to fight in World War I in the service of France.
A statue by the sculptor Gutzon Borglum titled Aviator (1919) was erected on the grounds of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville in the memory of James R. McConnell, who was killed during the war.
Two other memorials are dedicated to McConnell and located in Carthage, North Carolina. The first is a granite column flanked by two cannon, the other is a granite stone inscribed in French at the community house.
Norman Prince tomb, Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
There is a plaque in the memory of Kiffen Yates Rockwell in Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, the college Rockwell attended before the war.
Fictional accounts
The story of the Lafayette Escadrille has been depicted in three feature films:
The Legion of the Condemned (1928), a William A. Wellman film;
Lafayette Escadrille (1958), a Wellman film starring Tab Hunter, and
Flyboys (2006), directed by Tony Bill and starring James Franco.
The Lafayette Escadrille also appears in "Attack of the Hawkmen", an episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles in which Indy is temporarily assigned to the group as an aerial reconnaissance photographer.
The exploits of the Lafayette Escadrille are also captured in several works of historical fiction including: Falcons of France by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall (1929) and To the Last Man by Jeffrey Shaara .
See also
Moroccan Division
Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion RMLE – Active in WWI and WWII
Escadron de Chasse 2/4 La Fayette
Escadron de Chasse 1/4 Gascogne
Eagle SquadronsAmerican volunteers in the RAF during World War II
Kościuszko SquadronAmerican volunteers fighting for Poland in the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921)
Flying TigersAmerican volunteers who fought for the ROC in the Sino-Japanese War
Patrouille de France
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Azzou, El-Mostafa. "L'Escadrille Lafayette: Des aviateurs Americains dans la Guerre du Rif (1921–1926) ". Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains, Volume 53, Issue 209, January 2003, pp. 57–63.
Bowen, Ezra. Knights of the Air. New York: Time Life Books Aviation Series, 1980. .
Brown, Walt, Jr. An American for Lafayette: The Diaries of E.C.C. Genet, Lafayette Escadrille. Charlottesville Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1981. .
"Lafayette Escadrille." firstworldwar.com, 2009. Encyclopedia Software, 1 March 2011.
Flammer, Philip M. The Vivid Air: The Lafayette Escadrille (University of Georgia Press, 1981).
Flood, Charles Bracelen. First to Fly: The Story of the Lafayette Escadrille, the American Heroes who Flew for France in World War I (Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 2015).
Hall, Bert. En L'air. New York: The New Library, Inc, 1918.
Hall, Bert. One Man's War: The Story of the Lafayette Escadrille. London: J. Hamilton, 1929.
Hennessy, Juliette A. "Men and planes of World War I and a history of the Lafayette Escadrille" Air Power History 61.2 (2014): 14–27.
Hynes, Samuel. The Unsubstantial Air: American Fliers in the First World War (2014).
Mason, Herbert Molloy. The Lafayette Escadrille. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1995.
McConnell, James R. "Flying For France: Further Experiences Of An Aviator In The American Escadrille In France". The World's Work: A History of Our TimeXXXIII, March 1917, pp. 497–509. Retrieved: 4 August 2009.
McConnell, James. "Flying For France: With The American Escadrille At Verdun". The World's Work: A History of Our Time XXXIII, November 1916, pp. 41–53. Retrieved: 4 August 2009.
Miller, Roger G. Like a Thunderbolt: The Lafayette Escadrille and the Advent of American Pursuit in World War I. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2007.
Morse, Edwin W. America in the War: The Vanguard of American Volunteers in the Fighting Lines and in Humanitarian Service, August, 1914–April, 1917. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1919.
Murphy, T. B. Kiffin Rockwell, the Lafayette Escadrille and the Birth of the United States Air Force (McFarland, 2016).
Nasuti, Guy. "Motivations of the Lafayette Escadrille Pilots." militaryhistoryonline.com, 2006. Article Software, 1 March 2011.
Nordhoff, Charles and James Norman Hall. The Lafayette Flying Corps. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920.
Parsons, Edwin C. I Flew with the Lafayette Escadrille. Indianapolis, Indiana: E. C. Seale and Company, Inc., 1930 first edition, reprint 1953.
Shaara, Jeff. To the Last Man: A Novel of the First World War. New York: The Random House Publishing Group, 2004. .
Thenault, Georges. The Story of the LaFayette Escadrille – Told By its Commander Captain Georges Thenault (Translated by Walter Duranty, with An Introduction By Andre Tardieu; High Commissioner of Franco–American Affairs). Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1921.
Veil Charles H, "Adventure's A Wench" – The Autobiography of Charles Herbert Veil as told to Howard Marsh, Grosset & Dunlap Publishers, New York, 1934
Wilson, Thomas. Kickapoo. Thomaston, Maine: Dan River Press, 2006. .
External links
Lafayette Escadrille, New England Air Museum Online Exhibit Lafayette Escadrille, American Aviators of World War I Escadrille La Fayette N 124/Spa 124, Les escadrilles françaises de la guerre 1914–1918''
The Lafayette Escadrille Memorial
French Air and Space Force squadrons
Military history of France
Aviation in World War I
French expatriate units and formations
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
Military units and formations established in 1916 | [
-0.22158285975456238,
0.3603312075138092,
-0.4666513502597809,
0.0058823926374316216,
-0.2280782163143158,
0.09042417258024216,
0.2487340122461319,
-0.403514564037323,
-0.31837227940559387,
-0.7344648838043213,
-0.4514513909816742,
0.14180931448936462,
-0.4563690721988678,
0.377251535654068,
-0.16771908104419708,
0.35154202580451965,
0.24462661147117615,
0.28664445877075195,
0.1261730194091797,
-1.0183563232421875,
-0.10705462098121643,
-0.04794643819332123,
0.0914589986205101,
-0.05631059408187866,
0.3592093288898468,
0.2494806945323944,
0.4541969299316406,
0.9390121698379517,
0.9785837531089783,
0.35187864303588867,
0.14669740200042725,
0.12779520452022552,
0.41213440895080566,
-0.3874150216579437,
-0.6671106815338135,
0.09655042737722397,
-0.0830068439245224,
-0.3518376648426056,
0.29864898324012756,
-0.8681830167770386,
0.3185259997844696,
-0.3836912512779236,
0.23670551180839539,
-0.3773213326931,
-0.10105764865875244,
-0.48762139678001404,
-1.3347669839859009,
0.4858678877353668,
-0.17627820372581482,
-0.32461419701576233,
-0.07992792874574661,
0.4176654517650604,
0.2967066466808319,
0.2810137867927551,
0.09898685663938522,
0.72639000415802,
-0.8979354500770569,
-0.10301786661148071,
-0.10031571984291077,
-0.4259505271911621,
0.2910594940185547,
0.5593371987342834,
0.797150194644928,
0.09067170321941376,
0.1967066079378128,
0.21216322481632233,
-0.1448943316936493,
0.044642362743616104,
0.03296678513288498,
-0.29837220907211304,
0.3061147928237915,
-0.30524665117263794,
-0.015188243240118027,
0.14533941447734833,
-0.39875006675720215,
-0.11870884150266647,
0.1317588835954666,
0.02118637040257454,
-0.01225174032151699,
0.3401026129722595,
-0.18679466843605042,
-0.22926321625709534,
0.7943318486213684,
-0.120698481798172,
-0.35806238651275635,
1.0189608335494995,
-1.1047836542129517,
-0.02740214765071869,
-0.6008650660514832,
0.11143277585506439,
-0.39393553137779236,
-0.6012527942657471,
0.7497938275337219,
0.16855037212371826,
-0.3579111099243164,
0.3613916039466858,
0.48231586813926697,
0.07810933142900467,
-0.049943145364522934,
-0.02494814246892929,
0.21572761237621307,
0.5801113247871399,
0.40054428577423096,
0.09829965233802795,
-0.8931906223297119,
0.16598673164844513,
-0.2939317524433136,
-0.6074432134628296,
-0.9542707204818726,
-0.0537235289812088,
-0.7711111903190613,
-0.38667136430740356,
-0.7280295491218567,
-0.17309486865997314,
0.17607168853282928,
0.1390192061662674,
0.5927286744117737,
-0.32388946413993835,
0.4495171010494232,
0.26941195130348206,
-0.5033240914344788,
0.7661353945732117,
0.020987477153539658,
0.08761021494865417,
0.03284812718629837,
0.38491252064704895,
0.6911651492118835,
0.15586169064044952,
-0.3474361002445221,
0.3480134606361389,
0.7257360219955444,
0.5252388119697571,
-0.5281227827072144,
0.2695903778076172,
-0.1805374026298523,
-0.5384828448295593,
0.1505594402551651,
0.42530253529548645,
-0.28280821442604065,
0.5660495162010193,
-0.8421748876571655,
-0.5204351544380188,
-0.31779080629348755,
-0.2576342225074768,
0.16718000173568726,
-0.022308049723505974,
0.3323316276073456,
0.2092456966638565,
0.021087341010570526,
-0.8777139186859131,
0.10321209579706192,
-0.40945374965667725,
-0.022254208102822304,
0.3309013545513153,
0.2259196639060974,
0.1597655862569809,
-0.28261101245880127,
-0.20271572470664978,
0.7837163209915161,
-0.0675063356757164,
-0.0035552261397242546,
0.2992333769798279,
0.09656026214361191,
0.17883986234664917,
0.08108358830213547,
-0.0367177352309227,
-0.4092886447906494,
0.18964901566505432,
0.028926828876137733,
-0.5038012862205505,
-0.5401651263237,
-0.32770228385925293,
0.17813624441623688,
-0.29313206672668457,
0.2275068610906601,
0.6428397297859192,
1.01131010055542,
-0.09635968506336212,
0.4134689271450043,
0.1456717848777771,
-0.5630897879600525,
0.10833734273910522,
0.49349817633628845,
-0.11592326313257217,
0.550503671169281,
0.5167229771614075,
0.1306365430355072,
-0.29155686497688293,
0.4495687186717987,
0.23124678432941437,
-0.6747891306877136,
-0.29446446895599365,
0.24662283062934875,
-0.9288381934165955,
1.2593209743499756,
0.023657018318772316,
-0.371798574924469,
0.6389995813369751,
0.1602334827184677,
0.2644047737121582,
0.057354215532541275,
0.2635933756828308,
0.4343678057193756,
0.13338084518909454,
-0.12309417873620987,
0.10076478868722916,
-0.058644767850637436,
0.2949504256248474,
-0.3260945975780487,
0.9995211362838745,
0.5618565082550049,
-0.10440988093614578,
0.171987846493721,
-0.05495782941579819,
-0.011895749717950821,
0.093478262424469,
-0.7633588314056396,
-0.04201826825737953,
0.16726365685462952,
0.2445969134569168,
-0.03421790897846222,
-0.6340081691741943,
-0.16494621336460114,
0.2909087538719177,
-0.1359708309173584,
-0.09995362162590027,
0.4768531620502472,
0.22112324833869934,
-0.28526684641838074,
-0.9276992678642273,
0.13791151344776154,
-0.0648389384150505,
-0.5435755848884583,
-0.6077609658241272,
-0.04558206722140312,
0.5328811407089233,
-0.15706953406333923,
-0.4901592433452606,
0.35634174942970276,
-0.2640152871608734,
0.10822391510009766,
0.16663330793380737,
-0.3001026213169098,
0.18341892957687378,
0.06552945822477341,
0.30993029475212097,
-0.34390369057655334,
0.19452835619449615,
0.5190269351005554,
-0.47783955931663513,
-0.5422363877296448,
0.5547810196876526,
-0.1586505025625229,
-0.7255218625068665,
-0.22685441374778748,
-0.34650519490242004,
0.4765435457229614,
-0.09077546745538712,
0.21094922721385956,
0.06920955330133438,
-0.23854054510593414,
-0.19335632026195526,
0.22310030460357666,
0.8065251708030701,
0.332707017660141,
-0.6182298064231873,
-0.6876895427703857,
0.10357105731964111,
0.6518126726150513,
0.479916512966156,
-0.12501879036426544,
0.12890313565731049,
0.1802225410938263,
-0.3224791884422302,
0.059005822986364365,
0.1726689487695694,
-0.9498707056045532,
1.29137122631073,
-0.6431026458740234,
-0.3734719157218933,
-0.15232835710048676,
0.5349851250648499,
0.841772735118866,
-0.5251241326332092,
0.1822229027748108,
-0.02399960160255432,
0.3675004541873932,
-0.14672976732254028,
0.08114589750766754,
-0.3254890441894531,
-0.20471996068954468,
-0.19471687078475952,
-0.7521139979362488,
0.2752043604850769,
-0.23218126595020294,
-0.28463244438171387,
-0.18418684601783752,
0.1978391408920288,
0.12478119879961014,
0.058236267417669296,
-0.8689377903938293,
0.5151897072792053,
-0.14131581783294678,
-0.04622035101056099,
0.4051412045955658,
0.1273258477449417,
-0.05511097237467766,
0.358402281999588,
-5.54005765914917,
-0.11769646406173706,
0.22789627313613892,
0.19951973855495453,
-0.8542830348014832,
0.31996312737464905,
-0.14997683465480804,
-0.16253691911697388,
-0.2716653347015381,
-0.270815908908844,
0.026431448757648468,
-0.16325043141841888,
0.19522325694561005,
-0.08162085711956024,
-0.2627735435962677,
0.43351876735687256,
0.7662643194198608,
-0.37906694412231445,
0.30463501811027527,
0.2644987404346466,
-0.017023976892232895,
0.12668615579605103,
0.4129391312599182,
0.38173386454582214,
0.10575945675373077,
-0.5442023873329163,
0.16174843907356262,
-0.16445891559123993,
-0.9890202879905701,
-0.14680886268615723,
0.2577008903026581,
0.3085672855377197,
0.4716860353946686,
-0.21885843575000763,
0.0555177666246891,
-0.599368691444397,
0.7949853539466858,
-0.12618379294872284,
-0.134304940700531,
-0.06854701787233353,
-0.08531646430492401,
0.2991327941417694,
-0.2597784399986267,
-0.22677896916866302,
0.1086573377251625,
-0.25544771552085876,
-0.4939393997192383,
0.2571326196193695,
-0.24871450662612915,
0.6915100812911987,
0.29526469111442566,
-0.4302537441253662,
0.21558833122253418,
-0.1596887707710266,
0.3071165382862091,
-0.14105550944805145,
0.1456097662448883,
-0.1241161897778511,
-0.05472996085882187,
0.527370810508728,
0.5548803806304932,
-0.097643181681633,
-0.04193953797221184,
-0.8614943027496338,
0.44244083762168884,
0.04661685600876808,
-0.21247871220111847,
0.38675251603126526,
0.22015567123889923,
0.15364274382591248,
0.05394628271460533,
1.1232705116271973,
-0.22638465464115143,
-0.8186979293823242,
0.17584295570850372,
-0.48429739475250244,
-0.23668834567070007,
0.04825533553957939,
-0.3117894232273102,
0.3344022333621979,
0.31235384941101074,
-0.6233442425727844,
-0.19072625041007996,
-0.41733020544052124,
0.3112892806529999,
-0.06010538712143898,
-0.19426020979881287,
0.24831920862197876,
-0.08691549301147461,
0.6482765674591064,
0.5610459446907043,
0.039108432829380035,
0.6373260617256165,
0.4449019432067871,
-0.05352194979786873,
0.20638711750507355,
0.11795634776353836,
0.2245780974626541,
0.08885714411735535,
0.2067551165819168,
0.1362232267856598,
-0.11644808202981949,
0.5181542634963989,
-0.19264629483222961,
-0.5158951282501221,
0.035483673214912415,
0.23639848828315735,
-0.24438290297985077,
0.8432808518409729,
0.23795023560523987,
-0.16034241020679474,
-0.7467277646064758,
-0.5304571986198425,
0.05420773848891258,
0.3741375803947449,
-0.6208357214927673,
0.3610347807407379,
0.28370025753974915,
0.29398229718208313,
-0.40102913975715637,
-0.23353222012519836,
0.4500279128551483,
-0.8847765922546387,
-0.23955051600933075,
0.2881195843219757,
-0.14957588911056519,
-0.07659287005662918,
-0.02014460600912571,
0.02053779736161232,
-0.1465057134628296,
-0.002829301869496703,
0.43448376655578613,
-0.12238305062055588,
0.33253222703933716,
0.10330598056316376,
-0.384174644947052,
-0.44340112805366516,
-0.3631230592727661,
0.31131839752197266,
-0.42414313554763794,
-0.1921413242816925,
0.012041441164910793,
0.06229283660650253,
0.1942404955625534,
0.7440474629402161,
0.1911928355693817,
0.6784868836402893,
-0.7844544649124146,
-0.11595409363508224,
0.5096674561500549,
0.3192724287509918,
0.1604265421628952,
0.6733355522155762,
0.18783870339393616,
-0.6364161372184753,
0.07710053026676178,
0.3237752318382263,
0.09683304280042648,
-0.019248735159635544,
-0.4639372229576111,
0.1549331247806549,
-0.3832198679447174,
-1.0685213804244995,
-0.3508548140525818,
0.612928569316864,
-0.12610316276550293,
0.14255854487419128,
-0.9266082644462585,
-0.3552872836589813,
0.1649726927280426,
-0.3046238124370575,
-0.7787886261940002,
-0.5836174488067627,
0.4537051320075989,
-0.0934380367398262,
-0.07882952690124512,
-0.22978591918945312,
-0.29556557536125183,
-0.12975266575813293,
-0.3402149975299835,
-0.10898140072822571,
0.4308205544948578,
-0.002901708008721471,
0.33254435658454895,
0.4600782096385956,
-0.42930689454078674,
-0.369994193315506,
0.16999322175979614,
-0.1997801959514618,
-0.1932777762413025,
-0.03734635189175606,
0.014161660335958004,
-0.07899784296751022,
0.22892239689826965,
-0.6032798886299133,
-0.28904351592063904,
-0.5595569014549255,
0.1950874775648117,
-0.19906418025493622,
-0.6077381372451782,
-0.15683041512966156,
-0.030883917585015297,
0.007665474899113178,
0.39205968379974365,
-0.14550597965717316,
-0.21400496363639832,
0.4731128513813019,
-0.09905440360307693,
-0.6645282506942749,
0.0746004581451416,
-0.4685058295726776,
-0.9476550221443176,
0.2544895112514496,
0.2852824926376343,
-0.31586164236068726,
0.5519930720329285,
-0.09378128498792648,
0.31824028491973877,
-0.8718394041061401,
-0.476532518863678,
-0.22667892277240753,
-0.5240728855133057,
-0.14907306432724,
-0.12230827659368515,
-0.9619063138961792,
0.6424453854560852,
0.5173230171203613,
-0.3728204071521759,
0.4504336714744568,
0.041484300047159195,
-0.6176114678382874,
0.13572649657726288,
-0.13834145665168762,
-0.64835125207901,
-0.4688884913921356,
-0.539228618144989,
0.23938897252082825,
-0.1326059252023697,
0.21035295724868774,
0.09897995740175247,
0.03349051624536514,
1.043504238128662,
0.08687222748994827,
-0.3983868956565857,
-0.24183717370033264,
-0.06233883649110794,
0.6601760387420654,
-0.5558467507362366,
0.228471040725708,
0.2882348597049713,
-0.32137057185173035,
-0.4439451992511749,
-0.48503735661506653,
0.3884046673774719,
0.9483911395072937,
-0.003423616522923112,
-0.938894510269165,
0.04831552505493164,
0.2694520652294159,
0.7111086845397949,
-0.07071506232023239,
0.8937314748764038,
-0.6459966897964478,
-0.24304251372814178,
-0.04261403903365135,
0.3460148274898529,
-0.1919371783733368,
-0.2865983545780182,
-0.2120324671268463,
-0.5791070461273193,
0.40148672461509705,
-0.010924582369625568,
-0.51787930727005,
0.6819065809249878,
0.5352798700332642,
-0.17263787984848022,
-0.031070154160261154,
0.1444888561964035,
0.9072404503822327,
0.20265474915504456,
-0.8977599143981934,
0.11285196244716644,
0.36486297845840454,
0.43284085392951965,
-0.03619354963302612,
-0.7228138446807861,
-0.3203168213367462,
0.36006975173950195,
-0.38321712613105774,
0.6992114186286926,
0.005794677883386612,
0.19952179491519928,
-0.11017885059118271,
0.11500746756792068,
0.45219770073890686,
-0.04713210090994835,
-0.3720061779022217,
-0.09585869312286377,
0.1063290610909462,
0.6260582208633423,
-0.5482804775238037,
0.16778996586799622,
0.2430644929409027,
-0.40930309891700745,
-0.17957139015197754,
0.47523826360702515,
0.7443271279335022,
-0.56317138671875,
0.019629430025815964,
-0.1848941147327423,
0.3839664161205292,
-0.8426254987716675,
-0.3524630069732666,
0.31848031282424927,
-0.9430009722709656,
0.3856908082962036,
0.18370655179023743,
-0.56201171875,
-0.13843078911304474,
0.1428830772638321,
0.029346046969294548,
0.4686766266822815,
-0.1123027577996254,
0.18719172477722168,
-0.22369998693466187,
0.8636902570724487,
-0.458195298910141,
-0.3011919856071472,
0.07283525168895721,
0.011206715367734432,
0.3931007385253906,
-0.038241803646087646,
-0.8359312415122986,
0.7398766875267029,
-0.6169618368148804,
0.3829343616962433,
0.022724157199263573,
-0.4143099784851074,
-0.09634542465209961,
0.6328906416893005,
0.48306095600128174,
0.1579648107290268,
-0.138107031583786,
-0.4943108558654785,
0.35895588994026184,
0.19706393778324127,
0.17211376130580902,
-0.026519136503338814,
1.0425971746444702,
0.18572890758514404,
0.043938085436820984,
0.6428474187850952,
0.0500095896422863,
-0.08576046675443649,
-0.28082746267318726,
-0.1992659717798233,
-0.17139089107513428,
-0.1356167197227478,
-0.14939400553703308,
0.28498604893684387,
-0.45052963495254517,
-0.3577827513217926,
0.5138564109802246,
-0.2897683084011078,
-0.9749116897583008,
0.36526042222976685,
0.029601527377963066,
-0.03570461645722389,
0.1199251115322113,
0.17543412744998932,
0.025429263710975647,
-0.30268698930740356,
-0.1346685290336609,
0.06612919270992279,
-0.15392522513866425,
-0.25335273146629333,
0.30991142988204956,
0.5848860144615173,
-0.20485064387321472,
-0.03281651809811592,
0.4262791574001312,
0.21022503077983856,
-0.3503127992153168,
-0.37564268708229065,
0.09797795116901398,
-0.06941426545381546,
-0.3250522017478943,
0.17623789608478546,
0.23123660683631897,
-0.40948963165283203,
0.36815497279167175,
-0.8645148873329163,
-0.26641541719436646,
-0.3863016963005066,
-0.27645185589790344,
0.15722322463989258,
-0.09707971662282944,
0.8240299224853516,
0.8051568865776062,
-0.5331242680549622,
-0.12845279276371002,
-0.3628968894481659,
-0.4093039035797119,
-0.1756846159696579,
0.8388660550117493,
0.06878039240837097,
-0.21510446071624756,
-0.020044460892677307,
-0.32222849130630493,
0.3711681067943573,
0.3730374872684479,
0.1460825651884079,
-0.15506285429000854,
0.548051118850708,
0.056090712547302246,
-0.5636120438575745,
0.7162066102027893,
-0.47485843300819397,
-0.3443164825439453,
-0.9791184663772583,
0.15786860883235931,
-0.285115510225296,
0.5725579857826233,
0.031176771968603134,
0.0348244234919548,
-0.5195901989936829,
-0.1684994250535965,
-0.03042437694966793,
0.5177639126777649,
0.8598618507385254,
0.5945744514465332,
-0.010996286757290363,
-0.5734871625900269,
-0.05253739282488823,
-0.7418675422668457,
-0.5534781813621521,
0.6400229930877686,
0.5655835270881653,
0.2097545564174652,
0.3188054859638214,
0.39202985167503357,
-0.1873583346605301,
0.7529526352882385,
0.05112234503030777,
0.09957223385572433,
0.2451743483543396,
0.29621249437332153,
0.5368732810020447,
-0.3999365270137787,
0.12035900354385376,
-0.06904950737953186,
0.07779842615127563,
0.8731931447982788,
-1.028624176979065,
0.476090669631958,
0.04573383554816246,
0.09116078913211823,
-0.2195117175579071,
-0.15824353694915771,
0.13114674389362335
]
|
214903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Catholic%20Churches | Eastern Catholic Churches | The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are twenty-three Eastern Christian sui iuris (autonomous) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Pope in Rome. Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the Latin Church, they are all in full communion with it and with each other.
The majority of the Eastern Catholic Churches are groups that, at different points in the past, used to belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, and the historic Church of the East, but are now in communion with the Bishop of Rome. The five liturgical traditions of the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, including the Alexandrian Rite, the Armenian Rite, the Byzantine Rite, the East Syriac Rite, and the West Syriac Rite, are shared with other Eastern Christian churches. Consequently, the Catholic Church consists of six liturgical rites, including the aforementioned five liturgical traditions of the Eastern Catholic Churches along with the Latin liturgical rites of the Latin Church.
The Eastern Catholic Churches are governed in accordance with the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, although each church also has its own canons and laws on top of this, and the preservation of their own traditions is explicitly encouraged. The total membership of the various churches accounts for about 18 million, according to the Annuario Pontificio (the annual directory of the Catholic Church), thus making up about 1.5 percent of the Catholic Church, with the rest of its more than 1.3 billion members belonging to the Latin Church.
The Maronite Church has historically been treated as never having fully schismed with the Holy See despite a dispute over Christological doctrine that concluded in 1154, while most of the other churches unified from the 16th century onwards. However, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Syro Malabar Church and the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church also claim perpetual communion. The largest six churches based on membership are the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC; Byzantine Rite), the Syro-Malabar Church (East Syriac Rite), the Maronite Church (West Syriac Rite), the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Byzantine Rite), the Chaldean Catholic Church (East Syriac Rite), and the Armenian Catholic Church (Armenian Rite). These six churches account for about 85% of the membership of the Eastern Catholic Churches.
Full communion constitutes mutual sacramental sharing between the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Latin Church, including Eucharistic intercommunion. Although some theological issues divide the Eastern Catholic Churches from other Eastern Christian ones, they do admit members of the latter to the Eucharist and the other sacraments, as governed by Eastern Catholic canon law. Notably, many of the Eastern Catholic Churches regularly allow the ordination of married men to the priesthood (although not to the episcopacy), a different approach to clerical celibacy than the Latin Church takes.
Terminology
Although Eastern Catholics are in full communion with the Pope and members of the worldwide Catholic Church, they are not members of the Latin Church, which uses the Latin liturgical rites, among which the Roman Rite is the most widespread. The Eastern Catholic churches are instead distinct particular churches sui iuris, although they maintain full and equal, mutual sacramental exchange with members of the Latin Church.
Rite or church
There are different meanings of the word rite. Apart from its reference to the liturgical patrimony of a particular church, the word has been and is still sometimes, even if rarely, officially used of the particular church itself. Thus the term Latin rite can refer either to the Latin Church or to one or more of the Western liturgical rites, which include the majority Roman Rite but also the Ambrosian Rite, the Mozarabic Rite, and others.
In the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO), the terms autonomous Church and rite are thus defined:
When speaking of Eastern Catholic Churches, the Latin Church's 1983 Code of Canon Law (1983CIC) uses the terms "ritual Church" or "ritual Church " (canons 111 and 112), and also speaks of "a subject of an Eastern rite" (canon 1015 §2), "Ordinaries of another rite" (canon 450 §1), "the faithful of a specific rite" (canon 476), etc. The Second Vatican Council spoke of Eastern Catholic Churches as "particular Churches or rites".
In 1999, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops stated: "We have been accustomed to speaking of the Latin (Roman or Western) Rite or the Eastern Rites to designate these different Churches. However, the Church's contemporary legislation as contained in the Code of Canon Law and the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches makes it clear that we ought to speak, not of rites, but of Churches. Canon 112 of the Code of Canon Law uses the phrase 'autonomous ritual Churches' to designate the various Churches." And a writer in a periodical of January 2006 declared: "The Eastern Churches are still mistakenly called 'Eastern-rite' Churches, a reference to their various liturgical histories. They are most properly called Eastern Churches, or Eastern Catholic Churches." However, the term "rite" continues to be used. The forbids a Latin bishop to ordain, without permission of the Holy See, a subject of his who is "of an Eastern rite" (not "who uses an Eastern rite", the faculty for which is sometimes granted to Latin clergy).
Uniate
The term Uniat or Uniate, has been applied to Eastern Catholic churches and individual members who were previously part of Eastern or Oriental Orthodox churches. The term is sometimes considered derogatory, though it was used by some Latin and Eastern Catholics prior to the Second Vatican Council. Official Catholic documents no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones.
History
Background
Eastern Catholic Churches have their origins in the Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Eastern Europe and South India. However, since the 19th century, diaspora has spread to Western Europe, the Americas and Oceania in part because of persecution, where eparchies have been established to serve adherents alongside those of Latin Church dioceses. Latin Catholics in the Middle East, on the other hand, are traditionally cared for by the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem.
Communion between Christian churches has been broken over matters of faith, whereby each side accused the other of heresy or departure from the true faith (orthodoxy). Communion has been broken also because of disagreement about questions of authority or the legitimacy of the election of a particular bishop. In these latter cases each side accused the other of schism, but not of heresy.
The following ecumenical councils are major breaches of communion:
Council of Ephesus (AD 431)
In 431 the churches that accepted the teaching of the Council of Ephesus (which condemned the views of Nestorius) classified as heretics those who rejected the council's statements. The Church of the East, which was mainly under the Sassanid Empire, never accepted the council's views. It later experienced a period of great expansion in Asia before collapsing after the Mongol invasion of the Middle East in the 14th century.
Monuments of their presence still exist in China. Now they are relatively few in number and have divided into three churches: the Chaldean Catholic Church—an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with Rome—and two Assyrian churches which are not in communion with either Rome or each other. The Chaldean Catholic Church is the largest of the three. The groups of Assyrians who did not reunify with Rome remained and are known as the Assyrian Church of the East, which experienced an internal schism in 1968 which led to the creation of the Ancient Church of the East.
The Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara churches are the two Eastern Catholic descendants of the Church of the East in the Indian subcontinent.
Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)
In 451 those who accepted the Council of Chalcedon similarly classified those who rejected it as Monophysite heretics. The Churches that refused to accept the Council considered instead that it was they who were orthodox; they reject the description Monophysite (meaning only-nature) preferring instead Miaphysite (meaning one-nature). The difference in terms may appear subtle, but it is theologically very important. "Monophysite" implies a single divine nature alone with no real human nature—a heretical belief according to Chalcedonian Christianity—whereas "Miaphysite" can be understood to mean one nature as God, existing in the person of Jesus who is both human and divine—an idea more easily reconciled to Chalcedonian doctrine. They are often called, in English, Oriental Orthodox Churches, to distinguish them from the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
This distinction, by which the words oriental and eastern that in themselves have exactly the same meaning but are used as labels to describe two different realities, is impossible to translate in most other languages, and is not universally accepted even in English. These churches are also referred to as pre-Chalcedonian or now more rarely as non-Chalcedonian or anti-Chalcedonian. In languages other than English other means are used to distinguish the two families of Churches. Some reserve the term "Orthodox" for those that are here called "Eastern Orthodox" Churches, but members of what are called "Oriental Orthodox" Churches consider this illicit.
East–West Schism (1054)
The East–West Schism came about in the context of cultural differences between the Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West, and of rivalry between the Churches in Rome—which claimed a primacy not merely of honour but also of authority—and in Constantinople, which claimed parity with Rome. The rivalry and lack of comprehension gave rise to controversies, some of which appear already in the acts of the Quinisext Council of 692. At the Council of Florence (1431–1445), these controversies about Western theological elaborations and usages were identified as, chiefly, the insertion of "Filioque" into the Nicene Creed, the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, purgatory, and the authority of the pope.
The schism is conventionally dated as occurring at 1054, when the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, and the Papal Legate, Humbert of Silva Candida, issued mutual excommunications. (In 1965 these excommunications were revoked by both Rome and Constantinople.) In spite of that event, for many years both Churches continued to maintain friendly relations and seemed to be unaware of any formal or final rupture.
However, estrangement continued to grow. In 1190, Eastern Orthodox theologian Theodore Balsamon, who was patriarch of Antioch, wrote that "no Latin should be given Communion unless he first declares that he will abstain from the doctrines and customs that separate him from us".
Later in 1204, Constantinople was sacked by the Catholic armies of the Fourth Crusade, whereas two decades previously the Massacre of the Latins (i.e. Catholics) had occurred in Constantinople in 1182. Thus, by the 12th–13th centuries, the two sides had become openly hostile, each considering that the other no longer belonged to the Church that was orthodox and catholic. Over time, it became customary to refer to the Eastern side as the Orthodox Church and the Western as the Catholic Church, without either side thereby renouncing its claim to be the truly orthodox or the truly catholic Church.
Attempts at restoring communion
Parties within many non-Latin churches repeatedly sought to organize efforts to restore communion. In 1438, the Council of Florence convened, which featured a strong dialogue focused on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches. Several eastern churches associated themselves with Rome, forming Eastern Catholic churches. The See of Rome accepted them without requiring that they adopt the customs of the Latin Church, so that they all have their own "liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each Church's own way of living the faith".
Emergence of Eastern Catholic churches
Most Eastern Catholic churches arose when a group within an ancient church in disagreement with the See of Rome returned to full communion with that see. The following Churches have been in communion with the Bishop of Rome for a large part of their history:
The Maronite Church, which has no counterpart in Byzantine, nor Oriental, Orthodoxy. The Maronite Church has historical connections to the Monothelite controversy in the 7th century. It re-affirmed unity with the Holy See in 1181 during the Crusades.
The Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, which, unlike the Maronite Church, uses the same liturgical rite as the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The former Melkite Church considered itself in dual communion with Rome and Constantinople until an exclusively Orthodox body was formed in the 18th century, leaving a remainder unified exclusively with Rome as the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.
The Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolic Church had included a long-standing minority that accepted Roman primacy until the Armenian Catholic Church was officially established in the 18th century.
The canon law shared by all Eastern Catholic churches, , was codified in 1990. The dicastery that works with the Eastern Catholic churches is the Congregation for the Oriental Churches which, by law, includes as members all Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major archbishops.
Orientalium dignitas
On 30 November 1894 Pope Leo XIII issued the apostolic constitution Orientalium dignitas in which he stated:
Adrian Fortescue wrote that Leo XIII "begins by explaining again that the ancient Eastern rites are a witness to the Apostolicity of the Catholic Church, that their diversity, consistent with unity of the faith, is itself a witness to the unity of the Church, that they add to her dignity and honour. He says that the Catholic Church does not possess one rite only, but that she embraces all the ancient rites of Christendom; her unity consists not in a mechanical uniformity of all her parts, but on the contrary, in their variety, according in one principle and vivified by it."
Leo XIII declared still in force Pope Benedict XIV's encyclical Demandatam, addressed to the Patriarch and the Bishops of the Melkite Catholic Church, in which Benedict XIV forbade Latin Church clergy to induce Melkite Catholics to transfer to the Roman Rite, and he broadened this prohibition to cover all Eastern Catholics, declaring: "Any Latin rite missionary, whether of the secular or religious clergy, who induces with his advice or assistance any Eastern rite faithful to transfer to the Latin rite, will be deposed and excluded from his benefice in addition to the ipso facto suspension a divinis and other punishments that he will incur as imposed in the aforesaid Constitution Demandatam."
Second Vatican Council
There had been confusion on the part of Western clergy about the legitimate presence of Eastern Catholic Churches in countries seen as belonging to the West, despite firm and repeated papal confirmation of these Churches' universal character. The Second Vatican Council brought the reform impulse to visible fruition. Several documents, from both during and after the Second Vatican Council, have led to significant reform and development within Eastern Catholic Churches.
Orientalium Ecclesiarum
The Second Vatican Council directed, in Orientalium Ecclesiarum, that the traditions of Eastern Catholic Churches should be maintained. It declared that "it is the mind of the Catholic Church that each individual Church or Rite should retain its traditions whole and entire and likewise that it should adapt its way of life to the different needs of time and place" (n. 2), and that they should all "preserve their legitimate liturgical rite and their established way of life, and ... these may not be altered except to obtain for themselves an organic improvement" (n. 6; cf. n. 22).
It confirmed and approved the ancient discipline of the sacraments existing in the Eastern churches, and the ritual practices connected with their celebration and administration, and declared its ardent desire that this should be re-established, if circumstances warranted (n. 12). It applied this in particular to administration of sacrament of Confirmation by priests (n. 13). It expressed the wish that, where the permanent diaconate (ordination as deacons of men who are not intended afterwards to become priests) had fallen into disuse, it should be restored (n. 17).
Paragraphs 7–11 are devoted to the powers of the patriarchs and major archbishops of the Eastern Churches, whose rights and privileges, it says, should be re-established in accordance with the ancient tradition of each of the Churches and the decrees of the ecumenical councils, adapted somewhat to modern conditions. Where there is need, new patriarchates should be established either by an ecumenical council or by the Bishop of Rome.
Lumen gentium
The Second Vatican Council's Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Lumen gentium, deals with Eastern Catholic Churches in paragraph 23, stating:
Unitatis redintegratio
The 1964 decree Unitatis redintegratio deals with Eastern Catholic Churches in paragraphs 14–17.
Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
The First Vatican Council discussed the need for a common code for the Eastern Churches, but no concrete action was taken. Only after the benefits of the Latin Church's 1917 Code of Canon Law were appreciated was a serious effort made to codify Eastern Catholic Churches canon laws. This came to fruition with the promulgation of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, which took effect in 1991. It is a framework document that contains canons that are a consequence of the common patrimony of the Churches of the East: each individual Church also has its own canons, its own particular law, layered on top of this code.
Joint International Commission
In 1993 the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church submitted the document Uniatism, method of union of the past, and the present search for full communion, also known as the Balamand declaration, "to the authorities of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches for approval and application,"
which stated that initiatives that "led to the union of certain communities with the See of Rome and brought with them, as a consequence, the breaking of communion with their Mother Churches of the East ... took place not without the interference of extra-ecclesial interests".
Likewise the commission acknowledged that "certain civil authorities [who] made attempts" to force Eastern Catholics to return to the Orthodox Church used "unacceptable means". The missionary outlook and proselytism that accompanied the Unia was judged incompatible with the rediscovery by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches of each other as Sister Churches. Thus the commission concluded that the "missionary apostolate, ... which has been called 'uniatism', can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed or as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking."
At the same time, the commission stated:
that Eastern Catholic Churches, being part of the Catholic Communion, have the right to exist and to act in response to the spiritual needs of their faithful;
that Oriental Catholic Churches, which desired to re-establish full communion with the See of Rome and have remained faithful to it, have the rights and obligations connected with this communion.
Liturgical prescriptions
The 1996 Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches brought together, in one place, the developments that took place in previous texts, and is "an expository expansion based upon the canons, with constant emphasis upon the preservation of Eastern liturgical traditions and a return to those usages whenever possible—certainly in preference to the usages of the Latin Church, however much some principles and norms of the conciliar constitution on the Roman rite, "in the very nature of things, affect other rites as well." The Instruction states:
Past interventions by the Holy See, the Instruction said, were in some ways defective and needed revision, but often served also as a safeguard against aggressive initiatives.
Organisation
Papal supreme authority
Under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, the Pope has supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary authority in the whole Catholic Church, which he can always freely exercise, including the Eastern Catholic churches.
Eastern patriarchs and major archbishops
The Catholic patriarchs and major archbishops derive their titles from the sees of Alexandria (Coptic), Antioch (Syriac, Melkite, Maronite), Babylon (Chaldean), Cilicia (Armenian), Kyiv-Halych (Ukrainian), Ernakulam-Angamaly (Syro-Malabar), Trivandrum (Syro-Malankara), and Făgăraş-Alba Iulia (Romanian). The Eastern Catholic churches are governed in accordance with Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.
Within their proper churches there is no difference between patriarchs and major archbishops. However, differences exist in the order of precedence (i.e. patriarchs take precedence over major archbishops) and in the mode of accession: The election of a major archbishop has to be confirmed by the pope before he may take office. No papal confirmation is needed for newly elected patriarchs before they take office. They are just required to request as soon as possible that the pope grant them full ecclesiastical communion.
Variants of organizational structure
There are significant differences between various Eastern Catholic churches, regarding their present organizational structure. Major Eastern Catholic churches, that are headed by their patriarchs, major archbishops or metropolitans, have fully developed structure and functioning internal autonomy based on the existence of ecclesiastical provinces. On the other hand, minor Eastern Catholic churches often have only one or two hierarchs (in the form of eparchs, apostolic exarchs, or apostolic visitors) and only the most basic forms of internal organization if any, like the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church or the Russian Greek Catholic Church. Individual eparchies of some Eastern Catholic churches may be suffragan to Latin-rite metropolitans. For example, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci is suffragan to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb. Also, some minor Eastern Catholic churches have Latin prelates. For example, the Macedonian Greek Catholic Church is organized as a single Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje, whose present ordinary is the Roman Catholic bishop of Skopje. The organization of the Albanian Greek Catholic Church is unique in that it consists of an "Apostolic Administration".
Juridical status
Although every diocese in the Catholic Church is considered a particular church, the word is not applied in the same sense as to the 24 particular churches: the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches.
Canonically, each Eastern Catholic Church is or autonomous with respect to other Catholic churches, whether Latin or Eastern, though all accept the spiritual and juridical supreme authority of the pope. Thus a Maronite Catholic is normally directly subject only to a Maronite bishop. However, if members of a particular church are so few that no hierarchy of their own has been established, their spiritual care is entrusted to a bishop of another ritual church. For instance, members of the Latin Church in Eritrea are under the care of the Eastern rite Eritrean Catholic Church, whereas the other way around may be the case in other parts of the world.
Theologically, all the particular churches can be viewed as "sister churches". According to the Second Vatican Council these Eastern Catholic churches, along with the larger Latin Church, share "equal dignity, so that none of them is superior to the others as regards rite, and they enjoy the same rights and are under the same obligations, also in respect of preaching the Gospel to the whole world (cf. ) under the guidance of the Roman Pontiff."
The Eastern Catholic churches are in full communion with the whole Catholic Church. While they accept the canonical authority of the Holy See of Rome, they retain their distinctive liturgical rites, laws, customs and traditional devotions, and have their own theological emphases. Terminology may vary: for instance, diocese and eparchy, vicar general and protosyncellus, confirmation and chrismation are respectively Western and Eastern terms for the same realities. The mysteries (sacraments) of baptism and chrismation are generally administered, according to the ancient tradition of the church, one immediately after the other. Infants who are baptized and chrismated are also given the Eucharist.
The Eastern Catholic churches are represented in the Holy See and the Roman Curia through the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, which is "made up of a Cardinal Prefect (who directs and represents it with the help of a Secretary) and 27 cardinals, one archbishop and 4 bishops, designated by the pope (for a five-year period). Members by right are the Patriarchs and the Major Archbishops of the Oriental Churches and the President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Unity among Christians."
Totalling about 16 million members, the greatest numbers of Eastern Catholics may be found in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia), Eastern Africa and the Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria) and India.
Bi-ritual faculties
While "clerics and members of institutes of consecrated life are bound to observe their own rite faithfully", priests are occasionally given permission to celebrate the liturgy of a rite other than the priest's own rite, by what is known as a grant of "biritual faculties". The reason for this permission is usually the service of Catholics who have no priest of their own rite. Thus priests of the Syro-Malabar Church working as missionaries in areas of India in which there are no structures of their own Church, are authorized to use the Roman Rite in those areas, and Latin-Rite priests are, after due preparation, given permission to use an Eastern rite for the service of members of an Eastern Catholic Church living in a country in which there are no priests of their own particular Church. Popes are permitted to celebrate a Mass or Divine Liturgy of any rite in testament to the Catholic Church's universal nature. John Paul II celebrated the Divine Liturgy in Ukraine during his pontificate.
For a just cause, and with the permission of the local bishop, priests of different autonomous ritual Churches may concelebrate; however, the rite of the principal celebrant is used whilst each priest wears the vestments of his own rite. No indult of bi-ritualism is required for this.
Biritual faculties may concern not only clergy but also religious, enabling them to become members of an institute of an autonomous Church other than their own.
The laity is typically encouraged to foster an appreciation of their own rite, and is invited to observe that rite unless there is good reason, e.g. Latin-Rite Catholics living in an exclusively Ethiopian Rite country. This does not forbid occasional or even, for a just cause, habitual participation in the liturgy of a different autonomous Church, Western or Eastern. The obligation of assisting at the Eucharist or, for members of some Eastern Churches, at Vespers, is satisfied wherever the liturgy is celebrated in a Catholic rite.
Clerical celibacy
Eastern and Western Christian churches have different traditions concerning clerical celibacy and the resulting controversies have played a role in the relationship between the two groups in some Western countries.
In general, Eastern Catholic Churches have always allowed ordination of married men as priests and deacons. Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the largest Eastern Catholic Church, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly knit hereditary caste.
Most Eastern Churches distinguish between "monastic" and "non-monastic" clergy. Monastics do not necessarily live in monasteries, but have spent at least part of their period of training in such a context. Their monastic vows include a vow of celibate chastity.
Bishops are normally selected from the monastic clergy, and in most Eastern Catholic Churches a large percentage of priests and deacons also are celibate, while a large portion of the parish priests are married, having taken a wife when they were still laymen. If someone preparing for the diaconate or priesthood wishes to marry, this must happen before ordination.
In territories where Eastern traditions prevail, married clergy caused little controversy, but aroused opposition inside traditionally Latin Church territories to which Eastern Catholics migrated; this was particularly so in the United States. In response to requests from the Latin bishops of those countries, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith set out rules in an 1890 letter to François-Marie-Benjamin Richard, archbishop of Paris, which the Congregation applied on 1 May 1897 to the United States, stating that only celibates or widowed priests coming without their children should be permitted in the United States.
This celibacy mandate for Eastern Catholic priests in the United States was restated with special reference to Ruthenians by the 1 March 1929 decree Cum data fuerit, which was renewed for a further ten years in 1939. Dissatisfaction by many Ruthenian Catholics in the United States gave rise to the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese. The mandate, which applied in some other countries also, was removed by a decree of June 2014.
While most Eastern Catholic Churches admit married men to ordination as priests (although not allowing priests to marry after ordination), some have adopted mandatory clerical celibacy, as in the Latin Church. These include the India-based Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, and the Coptic Catholic Church.
In 2014, Pope Francis approved new norms for married clergy within Eastern Catholic Churches through canon 758 § 3. The new norms abrogated previous norms and now allow those Eastern Catholic Churches with married clergy to ordain married men inside traditionally Latin territories and to grant faculties inside traditionally Latin territories to married Eastern Catholic clergy previously ordained elsewhere. This latter change will allow married Eastern Catholic priests to follow their faithful to whatever country they may immigrate to, addressing an issue which has arisen with the exodus of so many Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East in recent decades.
List of Eastern Catholic churches
The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio gives the following list of Eastern Catholic churches with the principal episcopal see of each and the countries (or larger political areas) where they have ecclesiastical jurisdiction, to which are here added the date of union or foundation in parenthesis and the membership in brackets. The total membership for all Eastern Catholic churches is at least 16,336,000 people. Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) gives the same list, except that it does not place the liturgical traditions in the alphabetical order in which they are given by both the Annuario Pontificio and canon 28, and, as noted below, it treats the Apostolic Exarchate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in the Czech Republic, which for the Holy See is part of the Ruthenian Catholic Church, as if it were a separate autonomous church.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Eastern Catholic Churches
Jurisdiction and bishop numbers from GCatholic (current as of July 9, 2019)
Membership numbers from (2017)
|-
! class="unsortable"|
! Name
! Recognition
! Rite
! Seat
! Polity
! Jurisdictions
! Bishops
! Members
|-
|
|Coptic Catholic Church
|1741
| rowspan=3 | Alexandrian
|Cathedral of Our Lady, Cairo, Egypt
|Patriarchate || || ||
|-
|
|Eritrean Catholic Church
|2015
|Kidane Mehret cathedral, Asmara, Eritrea
|Metropolitanate || || ||
|-
|
|Ethiopian Catholic Church
|1846
|Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|Metropolitanate || || ||
|-
|
|Armenian Catholic Church
|1742
|Armenian
|Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory, Beirut, Lebanon
|Patriarchate || || ||
|-
|
|Albanian Greek Catholic Church
|1628
| rowspan=14 | Byzantine
|Pro-Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Louis, Vlorë, Albania
|Apostolic administration (southern Albania)|| || ||
|-
|
|Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
|1596
|none
|Apostolic Visitation|| || ||
|-
|
|Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
|1861
|Cathedral of the Dormition, Sofia, Bulgaria
|Eparchy (Sofia)|| || ||
|-
|
|Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
|1611
|several
|no unified structure|| || ||
|-
|
|Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
|1911
|several
|no unified structure|| || ||
|-
|
|Hungarian Greek Catholic Church
|1912
|Cathedral of Hajdúdorog, Debrecen, Hungary
|Metropolitanate (Hajdúdorog)|| || ||
|-
|
|Italo-Albanian Catholic Church
|1784
|several
|no unified structure|| || ||
|-
|
|Macedonian Greek Catholic Church
|2001
|Cathedral of the Assumption, Strumica, North Macedonia
|Eparchy (Strumica-Skopje)|| ||||
|-
|
|Melkite Greek Catholic Church
|1726
|Cathedral of the Dormition, Damascus, Syria
|Patriarchate || || ||
|-
|
|Romanian Greek Catholic Church
|1697
|Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Blaj, Romania
|Major archiepiscopate (Făgăraș and Alba Iulia)|| || ||
|-
|
|Russian Greek Catholic Church
|1905
|none
|none|| ||||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inosmi.ru/politic/20170613/239567109.html |title=Русские католики ищут признания папы |author=Фрэнсис Рокка |lang=ru |website=ИноСМИ |date=2017-06-13 |quote=Оригинал публикации: Russian Catholics Seek Pope's Nod. Статья была опубликована в газете The Wall Street Journal 2017-06-07. Перевод: портал «ИноСМИ» |access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>
|-
|
|Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
|1646
|Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist, Pittsburgh, United States
|Metropolitanate|| || ||
|-
|
|Slovak Greek Catholic Church
|1646
|Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist, Prešov, Slovakia
|Metropolitanate (Prešov)|| || ||
|-
|
|Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
|1595
|Cathedral of the Resurrection, Kyiv, Ukraine
|Major archiepiscopate (Kyiv–Galicia)|| || ||
|-
|
|Chaldean Catholic Church
|1552
| rowspan=2 | East Syriac
|Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows, Baghdad, Iraq
|Patriarchate || || ||
|-
|
|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
|1923
|Cathedral of Our Lady, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
|Major archiepiscopate || || ||
|-
|
|Maronite Church
| data-sort-value="0325" | 4th c.| rowspan=3 | West Syriac
|Church of Bkerké, Bkerké, Lebanon
|Patriarchate || || ||
|-
|
|Syriac Catholic Church
|1781
|Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul, Damascus, Syria
|Patriarchate || || ||
|-
|
|Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
|1930
|Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom, Kerala, India
|Major archiepiscopate || || ||
|-
|
|Other
|
|various|several|Ordinariates || ||||
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|}
Membership
Eastern Catholic churches make up a small percentage of the membership in the Catholic Church when compared to the Latin Church, which has over 1.2 billion members. The 2017 statistics collected by the Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA) show that the four largest Eastern Catholic Churches are the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church with 4.5 million members (roughly 25% of all Eastern Catholics), the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church with 4.3 million members (24%), the Maronite Church with 3.5 million members (20%), and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church with 1.6 million members (9%).
Other
The list shows that an individual autonomous, particular church may have distinct jurisdictions (local particular churches) in several countries.
The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church is organized in an exceptional way because of a constituent metropolia: the Ruthenian Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, United States. The latter is also, unofficially, referred to as the Byzantine Catholic Church in America. Canon law treats it as if it held the rank of an autonomous () metropolitan particular church because of the circumstances surrounding its 1969 establishment as an ecclesiastical province. At that time, conditions in the Rusyn homeland, known as Carpatho-Rus, were such that the Greek Catholic Church had been forcibly suppressed by the Soviet authorities. When Communist rule ended, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo (founded in 1771) re-emerged. As of the early 21st century, it has some 320,000 adherents, greater than the number in the Pittsburgh metropolia. In addition, an apostolic exarchate established in 1996 for Catholics of Byzantine rite in the Czech Republic is classed as another part of the Ruthenian Catholic Church.
On the website, the Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic is mentioned in a list of Eastern churches, of which all the rest are autonomous particular churches. This is a mistake, since recognition within the Catholic Church of the autonomous status of a particular church can only be granted by the Holy See. It classifies this church as one of the constituent local particular churches of the autonomous () Ruthenian Catholic Church.
Persecution
Eastern Europe
A study by Methodios Stadnik states: "The Georgian Byzantine Catholic Exarch, Fr. Shio , and two Georgian Catholic priests of the Latin Church were executed by the Soviet authorities in 1937 after having been held in captivity in Solovki prison and the northern gulags from 1923." Christopher Zugger writes, in The Forgotten: "By 1936, the Byzantine Catholic Church of Georgia had two communities, served by a bishop and four priests, with 8,000 believers", and he identifies the bishop as Shio Batmalashvili. mentions, on the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union website, that "the Catholic administrator for Georgia Shio Batmalashvili" was one of those executed as "anti-Soviet elements" in 1937.
Zugger calls Batmalashvili a bishop; Stadnik is ambiguous, calling him an exarch but giving him the title of Father; Ovsiyenko merely refers to him as "the Catholic administrator" without specifying whether he was a bishop or a priest and whether he was in charge of a Latin or a Byzantine jurisdiction.
If Batmalashvili was an exarch, and not instead a bishop connected with the Latin diocese of Tiraspol, which had its seat at Saratov on the Volga River, to which Georgian Catholics even of Byzantine rite belonged this would mean that a Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholic Church existed, even if only as a local particular Church. However, since the establishment of a new hierarchical jurisdiction must be published in Acta Apostolicae Sedis, and no mention of the setting up of such a jurisdiction for Byzantine Georgian Catholics exists in that official gazette of the Holy See, the claim appears to be unfounded.
The 1930s editions of Annuario Pontificio do not mention Batmalashvili. If indeed he was a bishop, he may then have been one of those secretly ordained for the service of the Church in the Soviet Union by French Jesuit Bishop Michel d'Herbigny, who was president of the Pontifical Commission for Russia from 1925 to 1934. In the circumstances of that time, the Holy See would have been incapable of setting up a new Byzantine exarchate within the Soviet Union, since Greek Catholics in the Soviet Union were being forced to join the Russian Orthodox Church.
Batmalashvili's name is not among those given in as the four "underground" apostolic administrators (only one of whom appears to have been a bishop) for the four sections into which the diocese of Tiraspol was divided after the resignation in 1930 of its already exiled last bishop, Josef Alois Kessler. This source gives Father Stefan Demurow as apostolic administrator of "Tbilisi and Georgia" and says he was executed in 1938. Other sources associate Demurow with Azerbaijan and say that, rather than being executed, he died in a Siberian Gulag.
Until 1994, the United States annual publication Catholic Almanac listed "Georgian" among the Greek Catholic churches. Until corrected in 1995, it appears to have been making a mistake similar to that made on the equally unofficial site about the Czech Greek Catholics.
There was a short-lived Greek Catholic movement among the ethnic Estonians in the Orthodox Church in Estonia during the interwar period of the 20th century, consisting of two to three parishes, not raised to the level of a local particular church with its own head. This group was liquidated by the Soviet regime and is now extinct.
Muslim world
Muslim persecution of Christians dates back to the founding of Islam, and continues to this day. Countries in which Christians have suffered acute discrimination, persecution and often death include: Somalia, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Pakistan, Iran, Yemen, Palestinian Territories, Egypt, Turkey, Qatar, Uzbekistan, Jordan, Oman, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Eritrea, United Arab Emirates, Kosovo, and Chechnya.
United States
While not subject to the kind of physical dangers or persecution from government authorities encountered in Eastern Europe or the Middle East, adherents of Eastern Catholic Churches in United States, most of whom were relatively new immigrants from Eastern Europe, encountered difficulties due to hostility from the Latin Church clergy who dominated the Catholic hierarchy in United States who found them alien. In particular, immigration of Eastern Rite priests who were married, common in their churches but extremely rare in Latin churches, was forbidden or severely limited and some Latin Church bishops actively interfered with the pastoral work of those who did arrive. Some bishops sought to forbid all non-Latin Catholic priests from coming to United States at all. Many Eastern Catholic immigrants to United States were thus either assimilated into the Latin Church or joined the Eastern Orthodox Church. One former Eastern Catholic priest, Alexis Toth, is well known for having abandoned Catholicism after a difficult experience with John Ireland, the Latin bishop of Saint Paul, and joining the Orthodox Church, in which he has been canonized as a saint for having led as many as 20,000 disaffected former Eastern Catholics to the Orthodox Church.
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
Faris, John D., & Jobe Abbass, OFM Conv., eds. A Practical Commentary to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'', 2 vols. Montréal: Librairie Wilson & Lafleur, 2019.
External links
Eastern Catholic Church statistics 2015
Common Declaration of Pope Benedict XVI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, 2006
Example of Eastern Catholic Chant in English
Religious organizations based in Vatican City | [
0.0009721000678837299,
0.14989060163497925,
0.08706919103860855,
-0.393015593290329,
0.21718205511569977,
0.8485521674156189,
0.38085392117500305,
0.9385364651679993,
-0.5585069060325623,
-0.10823942720890045,
-0.5674517154693604,
0.28375786542892456,
-0.03248050436377525,
-0.08712948858737946,
0.1571587175130844,
0.24347901344299316,
0.7930088043212891,
0.6942112445831299,
-0.12813200056552887,
-0.27720218896865845,
-0.3101934492588043,
-0.1702238768339157,
0.25010183453559875,
0.38662412762641907,
-0.1252841353416443,
-0.09778467565774918,
0.1953989416360855,
-0.4188757538795471,
-0.03419534116983414,
-0.3932605981826782,
0.3701293468475342,
1.1784372329711914,
-0.2779010236263275,
-0.3966313898563385,
-0.06724255532026291,
-0.16613276302814484,
0.2847404479980469,
-0.27626392245292664,
-0.44720399379730225,
-0.40249717235565186,
0.11562193930149078,
-0.4409617483615875,
0.45324310660362244,
0.4433597922325134,
-0.05217999592423439,
-0.25158026814460754,
-0.5581300258636475,
0.2879926562309265,
-0.5439639687538147,
0.31612566113471985,
-0.2979639768600464,
-0.23779040575027466,
0.07209133356809616,
0.10104342550039291,
-0.29576942324638367,
0.35087087750434875,
-1.4575227499008179,
0.059660471975803375,
0.490559846162796,
-0.5155690908432007,
-0.30321842432022095,
0.26526764035224915,
0.49093350768089294,
-0.1962960809469223,
0.02453751675784588,
-0.04266916587948799,
-0.48633238673210144,
0.33285248279571533,
-0.5181418657302856,
-0.0879325270652771,
-0.18659161031246185,
-0.36975088715553284,
-0.46861305832862854,
-0.11095419526100159,
-0.08675117045640945,
-0.9778439998626709,
-0.24911163747310638,
0.07270839810371399,
0.2818731367588043,
-0.0878797322511673,
-0.12348074465990067,
0.5657724142074585,
0.5419663190841675,
0.18389621376991272,
0.20575544238090515,
0.037304334342479706,
0.08379362523555756,
-0.09098915755748749,
0.05202490836381912,
0.17258374392986298,
-0.1699712723493576,
0.2214597463607788,
0.7217727303504944,
0.14572098851203918,
-0.4368608593940735,
-0.34370332956314087,
0.3815596401691437,
-0.023596208542585373,
-0.1751827448606491,
0.19235743582248688,
-0.37600570917129517,
0.7507702112197876,
-0.21609683334827423,
-0.27718091011047363,
-0.2170727252960205,
-0.1126391813158989,
-0.36836379766464233,
0.13537168502807617,
-0.019180020317435265,
0.39168956875801086,
-1.1850558519363403,
-0.04311473295092583,
-0.13748799264431,
0.05927250534296036,
-0.23755256831645966,
-0.385010302066803,
-0.04706861823797226,
-0.8158661127090454,
-0.6051487326622009,
-0.276829332113266,
-0.22937750816345215,
0.3650827407836914,
0.11332680284976959,
-0.010325108654797077,
-0.1541864573955536,
0.12385939806699753,
0.7255202531814575,
0.6762635707855225,
-0.6718389391899109,
-0.1236860379576683,
-0.08782003819942474,
0.594712495803833,
-0.23129849135875702,
0.15497229993343353,
0.03540043532848358,
-0.4494359791278839,
-0.08989422023296356,
0.19508300721645355,
0.7322281002998352,
0.4929436445236206,
-0.9019542336463928,
-0.528658926486969,
-0.21798504889011383,
-0.5013151168823242,
0.21080948412418365,
-0.5639287233352661,
-0.19992123544216156,
-0.12253507971763611,
-0.3007464110851288,
-0.14638593792915344,
-0.022420402616262436,
-0.13722431659698486,
-0.56890469789505,
-0.2217557281255722,
-0.2271844744682312,
-0.032531820237636566,
0.9824549555778503,
-0.26906079053878784,
0.16710112988948822,
-0.09879230707883835,
0.039010971784591675,
-0.37769457697868347,
-0.03388920798897743,
-0.4669334590435028,
0.1530206799507141,
0.04923682287335396,
0.1909763365983963,
0.34908950328826904,
-0.07351117581129074,
0.20520228147506714,
-0.5104129910469055,
0.033867839723825455,
0.2631815969944,
-0.36404016613960266,
-0.45969367027282715,
-0.36241498589515686,
0.7253069281578064,
0.6688929200172424,
0.2902732789516449,
-0.3280389904975891,
-0.714873194694519,
0.5765141248703003,
-0.28671208024024963,
0.10891078412532806,
-0.392269104719162,
0.6682003736495972,
-0.5294982194900513,
0.3715866506099701,
0.03694741427898407,
-0.18921442329883575,
-0.02742450125515461,
-0.5800176858901978,
-0.33046603202819824,
0.023311244323849678,
0.8746229410171509,
-0.6312903761863708,
-0.3727664649486542,
0.5131022930145264,
-0.04504960775375366,
0.21577197313308716,
-0.16007769107818604,
-0.18995261192321777,
0.14516110718250275,
0.5114383697509766,
-0.8703057765960693,
0.492164671421051,
0.12294012308120728,
0.3120529055595398,
1.0189199447631836,
0.44898736476898193,
-0.1705029457807541,
-0.004889741539955139,
0.6988166570663452,
0.17938368022441864,
-0.03777364641427994,
0.04548513516783714,
-0.7074559330940247,
0.18940645456314087,
-0.020615121349692345,
-0.3107352554798126,
0.8561477065086365,
-0.33415618538856506,
-0.00787047203630209,
0.5721486806869507,
-0.935643196105957,
0.06023431569337845,
0.16316963732242584,
0.4518500864505768,
0.20158489048480988,
-0.03678937628865242,
0.6914070248603821,
0.09878353774547577,
0.1895848512649536,
0.006149816792458296,
-0.4811083972454071,
-0.20036101341247559,
0.24206852912902832,
0.03414810821413994,
0.3972248136997223,
0.07257572561502457,
0.298022598028183,
-0.023056257516145706,
-0.5689980983734131,
-0.021869564428925514,
0.15314143896102905,
-0.11644870042800903,
-0.1358117014169693,
0.03702101483941078,
-0.22188258171081543,
0.45083844661712646,
0.002780511975288391,
-0.0862395241856575,
0.35394108295440674,
-0.18698930740356445,
0.5791110992431641,
0.04015287384390831,
0.7266902327537537,
0.2555547058582306,
0.007631153799593449,
-0.03981371968984604,
0.12312089651823044,
-0.5503833293914795,
0.19207115471363068,
0.08129873871803284,
0.48191291093826294,
-0.24670886993408203,
0.15336383879184723,
-0.22803151607513428,
0.4703610837459564,
-0.003707087831571698,
0.11345771700143814,
0.27899253368377686,
-0.8091063499450684,
0.27341872453689575,
-0.1431308388710022,
-0.5752206444740295,
-0.6785721778869629,
0.5091400742530823,
-0.2600760757923126,
-0.36706387996673584,
-0.7756208181381226,
-0.05804028362035751,
-0.3030605614185333,
0.008487393148243427,
-0.44558465480804443,
-0.22145263850688934,
-0.1757909506559372,
-1.0530674457550049,
-0.3510565757751465,
-0.13014407455921173,
-0.17972852289676666,
0.05506112799048424,
0.2288164496421814,
-0.2959265410900116,
0.13214944303035736,
0.1228489950299263,
0.09826193749904633,
0.0969054326415062,
-0.1614210456609726,
-0.6900242567062378,
-0.49412667751312256,
0.17330880463123322,
0.5695617198944092,
0.35264894366264343,
-0.03838939592242241,
0.44540804624557495,
-0.29107293486595154,
-0.11280055344104767,
-5.70983362197876,
-0.09520575404167175,
-0.7078887820243835,
0.03073689341545105,
-0.11489532887935638,
0.21489402651786804,
0.5084435939788818,
-0.5005900859832764,
0.2032073736190796,
-0.47051045298576355,
-0.06670771539211273,
0.28531578183174133,
-0.3235645592212677,
0.5919907689094543,
0.2933257520198822,
0.7615605592727661,
-0.06872370094060898,
-0.1761002391576767,
0.3310686945915222,
0.11592210829257965,
-0.09574561566114426,
0.051555901765823364,
0.32802993059158325,
0.8870416879653931,
0.45647183060646057,
0.3656010329723358,
-0.40059348940849304,
0.504050612449646,
-0.18544158339500427,
0.016598545014858246,
-0.02329941652715206,
-0.1725076586008072,
-0.1082969456911087,
-0.31024301052093506,
-0.055621638894081116,
0.35308176279067993,
0.5715708136558533,
-0.12785446643829346,
0.7706761360168457,
-0.36577993631362915,
-0.32184651494026184,
-0.09041249006986618,
0.2186424881219864,
0.27640822529792786,
-0.2548401653766632,
-0.5571112632751465,
-0.6949503421783447,
-0.03240962326526642,
-0.5849758982658386,
1.1440505981445312,
-0.5400364995002747,
0.04039613902568817,
0.5274217128753662,
0.5804029703140259,
0.6036557555198669,
-0.1690727025270462,
0.5045297145843506,
0.21693365275859833,
0.4190225601196289,
0.24623054265975952,
0.2681232690811157,
-0.19061227142810822,
-0.5401914119720459,
-0.23052135109901428,
0.005413669627159834,
0.21836908161640167,
-1.193987250328064,
0.1654118150472641,
0.2772608697414398,
0.2263256311416626,
-0.6552102565765381,
-0.26765674352645874,
-0.2649751305580139,
-0.8695505857467651,
-0.08970803022384644,
-0.48265692591667175,
-0.21788278222084045,
0.21952304244041443,
-0.03490022197365761,
0.4124065637588501,
-0.11609754711389542,
0.07031333446502686,
-0.17273437976837158,
0.24720942974090576,
-0.08616441488265991,
0.0893837958574295,
0.18158768117427826,
0.14461354911327362,
-0.2561691403388977,
-0.4159089922904968,
0.5082829594612122,
-0.6708292961120605,
0.5245322585105896,
-0.004016797058284283,
0.18403641879558563,
0.4810260236263275,
0.21537019312381744,
0.6674781441688538,
0.8370750546455383,
-0.3225536346435547,
0.4867750406265259,
-0.06886830180883408,
-0.009442026726901531,
0.22169014811515808,
-0.16524836421012878,
-0.3890509307384491,
0.24453163146972656,
0.5220259428024292,
0.7657648921012878,
-0.17782533168792725,
0.11849331110715866,
-0.16460098326206207,
-0.10569792985916138,
-0.7977166771888733,
0.16329115629196167,
0.10703576356172562,
-0.41973230242729187,
0.028760069981217384,
0.09017468243837357,
0.489805668592453,
0.4309195876121521,
-0.11021559685468674,
-0.20608538389205933,
0.7932512164115906,
-0.3684679865837097,
0.17734913527965546,
-0.2450389564037323,
0.24170130491256714,
-0.20897510647773743,
-0.1505177915096283,
0.22639286518096924,
-0.12221936136484146,
0.218976691365242,
-0.11243076622486115,
0.21508155763149261,
0.46197307109832764,
0.44897887110710144,
-0.67889404296875,
-0.18714401125907898,
-0.1250533014535904,
-0.22759155929088593,
-0.3295494019985199,
-0.6492342948913574,
0.8516506552696228,
0.2927069365978241,
0.2610984742641449,
-0.5222522616386414,
0.05719086155295372,
-0.5639027953147888,
0.6072016358375549,
0.24223321676254272,
-0.16661499440670013,
0.5466610193252563,
0.8919405937194824,
-0.37762534618377686,
0.13504433631896973,
0.45336678624153137,
0.4899989068508148,
-0.5736875534057617,
0.028802361339330673,
0.28216859698295593,
-0.44251692295074463,
-0.5891407132148743,
0.005913513712584972,
0.3950764238834381,
-0.3049263656139374,
-0.22001537680625916,
-0.5496108531951904,
-0.7585647106170654,
0.5703642964363098,
0.4170639216899872,
0.22736382484436035,
-0.36142998933792114,
-0.3839479088783264,
0.3421638309955597,
-0.026661308482289314,
0.13215886056423187,
0.5276009440422058,
-0.21364963054656982,
-0.02383953146636486,
0.31887415051460266,
-0.7306560277938843,
-0.23023226857185364,
0.08853025734424591,
0.19531674683094025,
0.24501067399978638,
-0.3175766170024872,
-0.43795621395111084,
0.1066475510597229,
0.08581124246120453,
0.22223366796970367,
0.010441688820719719,
-0.36508068442344666,
-0.07447674870491028,
-0.11685249209403992,
-0.5455812215805054,
0.10567154735326767,
-0.2829960584640503,
-0.022719606757164,
-0.34772029519081116,
0.27732861042022705,
-0.28447964787483215,
-0.3130010664463043,
0.4526469111442566,
0.1800260692834854,
-0.1512170433998108,
1.0840866565704346,
-0.480476438999176,
-0.28689345717430115,
0.15883463621139526,
0.12543895840644836,
-0.4836081266403198,
-0.15364041924476624,
0.965958833694458,
-0.5598217844963074,
0.3324548304080963,
-0.3439788818359375,
-0.25253820419311523,
-0.9041877388954163,
-0.13997939229011536,
-0.11232821643352509,
0.02195560932159424,
0.25780391693115234,
0.056697677820920944,
-0.07491102814674377,
0.8548932075500488,
0.5272828936576843,
-0.5371398329734802,
-0.2747936546802521,
0.3159284293651581,
0.34195125102996826,
-0.12358605116605759,
-0.32133832573890686,
-0.4495231807231903,
-0.31125056743621826,
0.13176175951957703,
-0.019293518736958504,
0.055486466735601425,
-0.4356762170791626,
0.210200697183609,
-0.27894115447998047,
0.8412867784500122,
-0.12476106733083725,
-0.5085669159889221,
0.15595883131027222,
0.41365954279899597,
-0.22731390595436096,
-0.5331845283508301,
-0.1511228233575821,
0.48045387864112854,
0.20878273248672485,
0.17591096460819244,
0.06687172502279282,
-0.6755038499832153,
-0.07180895656347275,
0.002582722110673785,
-0.5002946853637695,
-0.0959799662232399,
-0.18859322369098663,
-0.18518275022506714,
0.1486763209104538,
-1.417952299118042,
0.049887534230947495,
0.10213928669691086,
0.167164608836174,
-0.42305874824523926,
-0.10966227948665619,
0.020713936537504196,
0.13634459674358368,
-0.19086311757564545,
0.10321658849716187,
-0.46120747923851013,
0.8658495545387268,
-0.13289526104927063,
-0.6209756135940552,
0.06250328570604324,
-0.29997506737709045,
-0.14521513879299164,
0.023740414530038834,
0.3243648409843445,
-0.7884399890899658,
-0.1287848949432373,
-0.1439158320426941,
0.05794227495789528,
0.08409875631332397,
-0.6611468195915222,
-0.4080642759799957,
0.37518760561943054,
-0.4065365195274353,
-0.16847167909145355,
-0.5872030854225159,
-0.6192412376403809,
0.2340943068265915,
0.5161966681480408,
-0.269022136926651,
0.14863434433937073,
0.22236396372318268,
0.17769819498062134,
0.007131480611860752,
-0.1825723499059677,
-0.28623339533805847,
0.8488474488258362,
0.6136853694915771,
-0.6375551223754883,
-0.11609861254692078,
0.26199856400489807,
0.14746728539466858,
0.1446591466665268,
-0.21725188195705414,
0.05055861175060272,
0.4748052656650543,
0.061275873333215714,
0.41743242740631104,
0.5478692054748535,
-0.22838588058948517,
0.4189721345901489,
0.43104472756385803,
-0.5916475653648376,
0.12130363285541534,
0.49956244230270386,
0.4403150677680969,
0.6849796175956726,
-0.26376470923423767,
-0.12235364317893982,
-0.04433232545852661,
0.2764310836791992,
-0.6331900954246521,
0.0828411728143692,
0.24940532445907593,
0.3447709381580353,
0.46385133266448975,
0.03989965841174126,
-0.38268858194351196,
0.2633448541164398,
-0.6429039239883423,
-0.9670102596282959,
0.10525654256343842,
-0.6282296180725098,
-0.3310433328151703,
1.26991605758667,
0.6730071902275085,
0.5559853315353394,
-0.6373684406280518,
0.11993952840566635,
-0.6528303623199463,
0.3804953396320343,
-0.31152328848838806,
-0.11230771243572235,
-0.04870951175689697,
0.16591712832450867,
0.16942374408245087,
0.0018064961768686771,
0.5031350255012512,
0.31762948632240295,
0.122350312769413,
0.10762408375740051,
0.21689379215240479,
0.10319619625806808,
0.08114095777273178,
-0.39889299869537354,
-0.3123931288719177,
0.4680236577987671,
0.6346803903579712,
0.01785140112042427,
0.4387038052082062,
0.21764497458934784,
-0.032472096383571625,
-0.8945392966270447,
-0.593005895614624,
-0.13592016696929932,
-0.29891180992126465,
0.1623181849718094,
-0.20467151701450348,
0.14921168982982635,
0.2225135713815689,
0.3286658525466919,
0.1346132755279541,
0.6979777812957764,
0.17979544401168823,
0.5087563395500183,
-0.5398133993148804,
-0.12436481565237045,
0.15751834213733673,
-0.46969547867774963,
0.1602979302406311,
0.3241218626499176,
0.26840120553970337,
0.3503507971763611,
-0.48234689235687256,
0.37624067068099976,
-0.24112842977046967,
-0.5445558428764343,
0.6771302819252014,
-0.2580988109111786,
-0.0474531464278698,
0.0059822844341397285,
-0.09033288806676865,
0.9709851741790771,
0.2189243882894516,
0.499850869178772,
-0.07659773528575897,
-0.030753502622246742,
0.3239787518978119,
-0.020814912393689156,
-0.3014284372329712,
0.04923657327890396,
0.04814787581562996,
-0.7415993213653564,
-0.7569848895072937,
-0.10460839420557022,
0.055035125464200974,
-0.15989311039447784,
0.1418539434671402,
-0.13672439754009247,
0.16930116713047028,
0.1987549364566803,
0.4441737234592438,
-0.23590579628944397,
0.1665591150522232,
-0.18318140506744385,
0.16382504999637604,
-0.4584027826786041,
-0.04251982644200325,
0.709538996219635,
0.4139280915260315,
-0.19255821406841278,
0.3458617925643921,
0.34578588604927063,
-0.7789246439933777,
0.6847385764122009,
-0.00029035366605967283,
-0.1556757688522339,
-0.46668541431427,
0.5401578545570374,
-0.1899123638868332,
-0.015768922865390778,
0.3051542341709137,
-0.00702347606420517,
0.43910425901412964,
-0.21162889897823334,
0.1428758203983307,
-0.15609489381313324,
-0.20220211148262024,
0.2928464710712433,
0.1431056559085846,
-0.3208267390727997,
-0.41610419750213623,
-0.4553804099559784,
-0.8711225390434265,
0.5385764241218567,
0.220795676112175,
-0.4864117205142975,
0.2369641363620758,
-0.13162946701049805,
-0.1944207102060318,
-0.44902145862579346,
0.9414268732070923,
0.03194376081228256,
0.5563510656356812,
0.34103888273239136
]
|
214907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20republic | Islamic republic | An Islamic republic can be considered a sovereign state in the form of a republic that is officially ruled by Islamic laws, contrasted to Islamic monarchy. As a name or title, three current states are Islamic republics: Iran, Mauritania and Pakistan. The term is, however, vague. Despite sharing the "Islamic republic" name, the countries differ greatly in their governments and laws, and of the three only Iran is a religious theocratic state. Additionally, Pakistan was the first to adopt the name in 1956, despite the fact Islam was not the state religion at the time. It can therefore be considered a symbolic term.
As a term, it has come to mean several different things, some contradictory to others. To some Muslim religious leaders in the regions who advocate it, an Islamic republic is a state under a particular Islamic form of government. They see it as a compromise between a purely Islamic caliphate and a secular, nationalist republic. In their conception of the Islamic republic, the penal code of the state is required to be compatible with some or all laws of Sharia and the state may not be a monarchy as many Middle Eastern states are presently. Despite this, there are republics with Islam as a state religion and that are (at least partly) ruled by Islamic laws, but do not carry the "Islamic republic" name - examples include Iraq, Yemen, Algeria and Maldives.
Iran officially uses it as a title in all governance names referring to the country (e.g. the Islamic Republic of Iran Army or the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) as opposed to its equivalents in Pakistan which are called the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. Unlike the others, Iran also uses the IRI acronym of the Islamic Republic of Iran as part of official acronyms.
List of current Islamic republics
Iran
Two months after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the new government held the Iranian Islamic Republic referendum on 10 and 11 Farvardin (30 and 31 March) to change the Pahlavi dynasty into an Islamic republic. On 12 Farvardin (1 April), it was announced that 98.2% of the Iranian voters wanted to establish the Islamic republic.
Before the referendum, some political groups suggested various names for the ideology of the Iranian revolution such as the Republic (without Islam) or the Democratic Republic. Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, asked people to vote for the name Islamic Republic, "not a word more and not a word less".
According to the constitution, the Islamic Republic of Iran is a system based on the following beliefs:
Commentary
According to a commentary on the constitution, just as the establishment of Islamic republic system is based on the beliefs of people, namely governing of right, justice and Quran. However, its continuation lasted with the same principles and there is an important role for the beliefs of Iranian people. Furthermore, those beliefs are of complete and determinate roles in all affairs. They are considered as guidelines for governors and statesmen. There is an important role for beliefs such as the principle of unity of God and believing in it. In spite of that, there are other principles are to the submission in front of Allah and His order. Therefore, legislation is limited to Allah and laws so far as correspond to divine legislation are valid. Belief in divine revelation and prophecy are essential to Islamic worldview and there are two kinds of justice. The first kind is legislative (Tashri'i) and the other kind is creative (Takivini). Creative justice is based on justice and equality. Legislative justice is respected to making divine law in Islamic society. Besides, the basis of Shia school is in terms of imamate or leadership.
According to the principle of imamate in Shia, it is indispensable to obey of the prophet of Allah and of those possessed of authority. Shia clergy believes that the conception of the term "those possessed of authority" denoted on innocent Shia imams. When the Imam is absent, the valy faghih is in charge of leadership of society. In other words, religious leaders undertake the responsibility of the imamate. There is more emphasizing on the dignity (karamat) and the high value of humans which is along with freedom and responsibility. The principle of dignity is a necessary condition of the Islamic republic in terms of existence, but there are many meanings for the term dignity. Sometimes it refers to generosity, nobleness and honor, but Islam considers it two sorts of dignity for human beings, namely essential or innate dignity and acquired dignity. According to innate dignity, human being possessed of the right of living among other creatures. The principle is also mentioned by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. On the basis of acquired dignity, the human is able to pass the degrees of perfection with the aid of actuality of his potentialities and talents.
Opinions
For the first time, Ruhollah Khomeini referred to the terms of Islamic republic for the Iranian people. He believes that the Iranian people want an Islamic state which is a republic. Responding to a journalist's question on the ambiguity of the term Islamic republic, Khomeini stated that the term republic has the same sense as other uses and Islamic republic has considered both Islamic ideology and the choice of people.
Mauritania
The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a country in the Maghreb region of western North Africa.
Pakistan
Pakistan was the first country to adopt the adjective Islamic to modify its republican status under its otherwise secular constitution in 1956. Despite this definition, the country did not have a state religion until 1973, when a new constitution, more democratic and less secular, was adopted. Pakistan only uses the Islamic name on its passports, visas and coins. Although Islamic Republic is specifically mentioned in the constitution of 1973, all government documents are prepared under the name of the Government of Pakistan. The Constitution of Pakistan, Part IX, Article 227 states: "All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah,in this Part referred to as the Injunctions of Islam, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such Injunctions".
Former
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria used an Islamic republic government system from 1996 to 2000.
Comoros
Between 1978 and 2001, the Comoros was the Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros.
East Turkestan
The Turkic Uyghur- and Kirghiz-controlled Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan was declared in 1933 as an independent Islamic republic by Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki and Muhammad Amin Bughra. However, the Chinese Muslim 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army defeated their armies and destroyed the republic during the Battles of Kashgar, Yangi Hissar and Yarkand. The Chinese Muslim Generals Ma Fuyuan and Ma Zhancang declared the destruction of the rebel forces and the return of the area to the control of the Republic of China in 1934, followed by the executions of the Turkic Muslim Emirs Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. The Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying then entered the Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar and lectured the Turkic Muslims on being loyal to the Nationalist Government.
Afghanistan
Afghanistan was an Islamic republic from 1990 to 1996, and from 2001 to 2021. The 1990 constitution was imposed by the Mohammad Najibullah government and eliminated communism.
The constitution formed in 2004 was very similar to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan, created when Afghanistan was a constitutional Islamic monarchy. It consisted of three branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The National Assembly was the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers, the House of the People and the House of Elders. The Islamic prefix to Republic was considered symbolic as it was a name supported by pro-Mujahideen delegates during the assembly of forming the constitution.
From 1996 to the re-establishment of the Islamic republic in 2001, Afghanistan was ruled by the Taliban, a militant group based in Kandahar, who governed Afghanistan as an Islamic theocracy officially known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. In 2021, the Taliban initiated a month-long insurgency to effectively end the Islamic republic and ultimately, re-establish the Islamic Emirate in August 2021.
The Gambia
In December 2015, the then-president Yahya Jammeh declared The Gambia to be an Islamic republic. Jammeh said that the move was designed to distance the West African state from its colonial past, that no dress code would be imposed and that citizens of other faiths would be allowed to practice freely. However, he later ordered all female government employees to wear headscarves before rescinding the decision shortly after. The announcement of an Islamic republic has been criticized as unconstitutional by at least one opposition group. After the removal of Jammeh in 2017, his successor Adama Barrow said the Gambia would no longer be an Islamic republic.
See also
Application of sharia by country
Christian republic
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
Halachic state
Islamic state
Islamism
Islamic religious police
Political aspects of Islam
References
External links
Islam and Politics from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Constitution of Iran as an unofficial English translation hosted at University of Bern, Switzerland (with good summaries)
1956 introductions
Political terminology in Pakistan
Republic | [
0.104985311627388,
0.1944095641374588,
-0.3586852252483368,
-0.1836242824792862,
0.0635911226272583,
-0.14987435936927795,
0.4386079013347626,
0.2933466136455536,
-0.6381911039352417,
-0.07941875606775284,
-1.016946792602539,
-0.04232030734419823,
-0.8266859650611877,
0.41622498631477356,
-0.35501593351364136,
0.4126969575881958,
0.2823946475982666,
0.6546410322189331,
0.020372575148940086,
0.1863701194524765,
-0.19849316775798798,
0.3940068483352661,
0.1905859112739563,
-0.18205609917640686,
0.3381516933441162,
-0.6352171897888184,
0.901365339756012,
0.02946222759783268,
-0.5001257061958313,
0.011799819767475128,
-0.061240144073963165,
0.11239173263311386,
-0.3114372193813324,
0.0012085156049579382,
0.28254827857017517,
-0.06992343068122864,
0.12669174373149872,
0.23238152265548706,
-0.4187868535518646,
-0.7382488250732422,
-0.1065172627568245,
-0.41336092352867126,
0.3194247782230377,
0.4282795786857605,
-0.25267165899276733,
-1.0830860137939453,
-0.7083417773246765,
0.8651177883148193,
-0.5124061703681946,
-0.21200641989707947,
-0.1996275931596756,
0.05310365930199623,
0.2362223118543625,
0.048478059470653534,
0.7100372910499573,
0.33193862438201904,
-0.7815890312194824,
-0.3096967041492462,
-0.016936060041189194,
-0.20671410858631134,
0.7308968901634216,
0.34310466051101685,
0.06586277484893799,
0.0998450294137001,
0.17256660759449005,
0.06155113875865936,
-0.08999917656183243,
-0.05846172943711281,
-0.3468903601169586,
0.16134053468704224,
-0.4908565580844879,
-0.4764617383480072,
-0.05160773918032646,
-0.30734455585479736,
-0.4453074336051941,
-0.7840458154678345,
0.11759544909000397,
-0.015366212464869022,
-0.03663518279790878,
-0.06003788486123085,
0.17819055914878845,
0.3363058269023895,
0.22379910945892334,
0.29273056983947754,
-0.11312073469161987,
-0.26500916481018066,
-0.5599478483200073,
-0.20509934425354004,
-0.19774214923381805,
0.27512985467910767,
-0.23502084612846375,
0.5957604646682739,
0.27505460381507874,
0.042288027703762054,
-0.5272815823554993,
-0.09286981076002121,
-0.33588114380836487,
0.1506539136171341,
-0.39261293411254883,
0.4172739088535309,
0.21241548657417297,
0.6722791790962219,
0.18946723639965057,
-0.10795775055885315,
-0.14062850177288055,
-0.06221369653940201,
-0.2569833993911743,
-0.016239222139120102,
-0.28192219138145447,
0.08750986307859421,
-0.3709317743778229,
0.5071807503700256,
0.10308323055505753,
-0.18004417419433594,
-0.3716955780982971,
-0.08071695268154144,
-0.3317119777202606,
-0.4403497874736786,
0.06935875117778778,
-0.016099980100989342,
-0.05671125650405884,
0.4624556005001068,
0.08223271369934082,
0.14880028367042542,
0.3223278224468231,
-0.2961373031139374,
0.19413906335830688,
0.39160022139549255,
-0.8330018520355225,
0.4642014503479004,
0.6526134610176086,
0.6609433889389038,
-0.6745313405990601,
0.207450732588768,
-0.24611248075962067,
-0.13103727996349335,
0.6415407657623291,
-0.24160213768482208,
1.2947872877120972,
0.5115978121757507,
-0.7493354678153992,
-0.4011266529560089,
-0.4494549632072449,
0.06849431246519089,
-0.09828656166791916,
-0.6411830186843872,
0.3383009135723114,
0.1300918310880661,
-0.40080341696739197,
-0.7058390974998474,
-0.3944961428642273,
-0.30727362632751465,
-0.47634971141815186,
0.32253265380859375,
-0.009457124397158623,
0.031571947038173676,
0.5200701951980591,
-0.0985623151063919,
0.2543887495994568,
0.2833769619464874,
-0.05146161839365959,
0.289564311504364,
0.19259877502918243,
-0.36990487575531006,
-0.04505542665719986,
-0.23198539018630981,
0.3933715522289276,
0.6958370208740234,
0.48790431022644043,
-0.01613953709602356,
-0.7194198369979858,
0.2848743498325348,
0.39154359698295593,
-0.11450070142745972,
0.02065672166645527,
-0.39697110652923584,
0.4766165316104889,
-0.08677707612514496,
0.45981109142303467,
0.10650019347667694,
-0.5830729007720947,
0.05604218691587448,
-0.038418080657720566,
0.8302397727966309,
-0.03642481565475464,
-0.13543440401554108,
-0.12268438935279846,
-0.15786872804164886,
-0.00769771309569478,
-0.3080355226993561,
-0.05929647386074066,
-0.05168363079428673,
-0.02217782847583294,
-0.46640878915786743,
0.3603645861148834,
0.023444686084985733,
-0.4388209879398346,
1.2218010425567627,
-0.3633931577205658,
0.7254045605659485,
0.21244482696056366,
-0.33828070759773254,
0.17927385866641998,
-0.09982743114233017,
-0.31060168147087097,
0.518751323223114,
0.40923872590065,
0.5576470494270325,
0.34885573387145996,
0.002555458340793848,
0.7744350433349609,
-0.6338844299316406,
0.21054993569850922,
-0.234568253159523,
-0.02598872222006321,
-0.14421507716178894,
-0.49180328845977783,
0.4677335023880005,
-0.38890358805656433,
0.21679536998271942,
1.2105385065078735,
-0.4880101978778839,
-0.0013808109797537327,
0.9943345785140991,
-0.01550311129540205,
0.16827082633972168,
0.09885533899068832,
0.5757215023040771,
0.15146908164024353,
-0.08005965501070023,
0.19874796271324158,
-0.32161760330200195,
0.5987491011619568,
-0.1283959001302719,
-0.4639396071434021,
-0.11695104837417603,
-0.264428973197937,
-0.28785523772239685,
0.409363716840744,
-0.2535937428474426,
-0.0627959817647934,
0.010694179683923721,
0.06745609641075134,
-0.20023521780967712,
0.05003004148602486,
-0.43551746010780334,
-0.82704097032547,
0.2688789665699005,
-0.16621311008930206,
0.14032778143882751,
0.020094260573387146,
-0.13953596353530884,
0.6899770498275757,
-0.5644953846931458,
-0.056690946221351624,
0.13025647401809692,
-0.42106980085372925,
0.5159116983413696,
0.2534554600715637,
-0.1918368637561798,
-0.7559593319892883,
-0.13583436608314514,
0.03338613361120224,
-0.01489456370472908,
-0.3886971175670624,
-0.19037844240665436,
-0.2845847010612488,
-0.010980624705553055,
0.013135128654539585,
0.72797691822052,
0.651088535785675,
-0.03895135596394539,
-0.5778759717941284,
-0.11789629608392715,
-0.1419718712568283,
-0.12719804048538208,
0.11977531760931015,
0.015855899080634117,
-0.42183971405029297,
-0.1371656209230423,
-0.10722742974758148,
0.4263620376586914,
0.39290744066238403,
-0.9204322695732117,
-0.4584462344646454,
-0.5627756714820862,
0.33253809809684753,
-0.4935127794742584,
-0.3719838261604309,
0.0509144626557827,
-0.6223474740982056,
0.13994082808494568,
-0.18687544763088226,
-0.03813295438885689,
0.10003242641687393,
0.2982708215713501,
-0.12874707579612732,
-0.06799174845218658,
0.14722995460033417,
-0.3914088308811188,
-0.4446869194507599,
0.5026970505714417,
-0.2934006154537201,
-0.0955219715833664,
0.21773914992809296,
0.490742564201355,
-0.5922021865844727,
0.22276753187179565,
-5.841471195220947,
0.0021299533545970917,
-0.06816720962524414,
-0.30452948808670044,
0.11375048756599426,
-0.10677318274974823,
0.85417640209198,
-0.3818206787109375,
-0.21309281885623932,
-0.3243304193019867,
-0.27582278847694397,
-0.14933595061302185,
0.17647607624530792,
0.6155288815498352,
0.4887307584285736,
0.41252630949020386,
0.27460119128227234,
0.0395716167986393,
0.06993701308965683,
0.38540297746658325,
-0.0763026624917984,
-0.24554318189620972,
0.09706515073776245,
0.564537763595581,
0.378277450799942,
-0.16302450001239777,
0.1281854659318924,
-0.2835371792316437,
-0.3681817054748535,
-0.11695007234811783,
-0.05949488282203674,
-0.46796855330467224,
-0.07018258422613144,
-0.5240252614021301,
0.4123364984989166,
-0.020927341654896736,
0.6668118834495544,
0.20181860029697418,
0.24335436522960663,
-0.20399899780750275,
-0.3096705973148346,
0.21363043785095215,
0.22622305154800415,
0.21862517297267914,
0.23405821621418,
-0.08962054550647736,
-0.466819167137146,
0.032103363424539566,
-1.0692577362060547,
0.5880348682403564,
-0.15305495262145996,
0.17441928386688232,
0.43148118257522583,
0.07292605191469193,
0.007729543372988701,
0.31471529603004456,
0.3291759490966797,
-0.3432597517967224,
-0.2977662682533264,
0.21972009539604187,
0.17868134379386902,
-0.18880005180835724,
0.1471087634563446,
-0.3051875829696655,
0.315745085477829,
-0.1264685094356537,
-0.9120966196060181,
-0.7357630133628845,
0.894557535648346,
0.3843120336532593,
-0.5662322640419006,
-0.45909056067466736,
-0.2130144089460373,
-0.664186418056488,
0.07019704580307007,
-0.5152207016944885,
-0.21835742890834808,
-0.04332377761602402,
0.2313542366027832,
0.4521152377128601,
-0.2437441200017929,
0.16140735149383545,
-0.3498784303665161,
0.27635470032691956,
0.00924557726830244,
-0.19545604288578033,
0.2633431553840637,
0.39806249737739563,
-0.13591565191745758,
0.018394311890006065,
0.9564205408096313,
-0.5908659100532532,
0.6878982782363892,
-0.2928650379180908,
0.6473851203918457,
0.6697611212730408,
-0.08962499350309372,
-0.2880793511867523,
0.6272825598716736,
-0.46441930532455444,
0.08069567382335663,
-0.5518720746040344,
0.1483885794878006,
-0.25391703844070435,
0.266531378030777,
0.4369605481624603,
-0.3112472593784332,
0.33624064922332764,
0.5406609773635864,
-0.5214421153068542,
-0.2614471912384033,
0.03854360058903694,
-0.092879518866539,
-0.37049567699432373,
0.446390300989151,
-0.3247588574886322,
0.03880782052874565,
0.5499424934387207,
-0.19768209755420685,
0.31411129236221313,
0.016065990552306175,
0.2563987076282501,
-0.2737806737422943,
0.267781138420105,
-0.3604508638381958,
-0.11256900429725647,
-0.02573072537779808,
0.08033906668424606,
0.5174417495727539,
-0.32961931824684143,
0.8460828065872192,
-0.1881503462791443,
-0.09222674369812012,
-0.028630992397665977,
0.280647873878479,
0.05321940779685974,
0.30162984132766724,
-0.28159457445144653,
-0.5215156674385071,
-0.7235317826271057,
-0.06030024215579033,
-0.34338614344596863,
0.2256542444229126,
0.023334063589572906,
0.3290235698223114,
-0.00585046224296093,
0.2043091356754303,
0.4891662895679474,
0.024729469791054726,
0.2456497997045517,
-0.11183559149503708,
0.07548543065786362,
0.3964378833770752,
-0.4355173408985138,
-0.6597467064857483,
0.06701559573411942,
1.1745494604110718,
0.3652591407299042,
-0.19487212598323822,
-0.3846866488456726,
0.17128290235996246,
-0.8164904117584229,
-0.773158848285675,
0.15618203580379486,
0.23585131764411926,
0.19541892409324646,
-0.4137396216392517,
0.5166622400283813,
0.2212468534708023,
0.5783629417419434,
0.07090314477682114,
-0.35416167974472046,
-0.4915890097618103,
-0.30467140674591064,
0.37449759244918823,
-0.159475639462471,
0.21996524930000305,
0.029272496700286865,
-0.06629413366317749,
-0.18386110663414001,
-0.33227595686912537,
-0.610407829284668,
-0.0408392995595932,
0.33294928073883057,
0.20481650531291962,
0.16734367609024048,
-0.13915078341960907,
-0.040942009538412094,
-0.47307121753692627,
-0.5371018052101135,
0.796345055103302,
0.30840253829956055,
0.23042725026607513,
-0.26361626386642456,
0.25177374482154846,
-0.4076124131679535,
-0.04491882398724556,
0.6543339490890503,
0.024017764255404472,
-0.31498879194259644,
0.3476686477661133,
-0.027548260986804962,
-0.6438822150230408,
0.5095964670181274,
-0.2542262077331543,
-0.28844261169433594,
0.515167236328125,
-0.3191365897655487,
0.043504077941179276,
-0.03207140415906906,
-0.5501705408096313,
-0.6312971115112305,
0.06971989572048187,
0.7155832052230835,
-0.574169933795929,
0.06098277121782303,
-0.11812146008014679,
-0.03710512816905975,
-0.44759854674339294,
-0.07117002457380295,
0.40895119309425354,
-0.4011000692844391,
0.16405637562274933,
0.17172987759113312,
-0.25727930665016174,
0.541369616985321,
0.05027667060494423,
-0.38735735416412354,
0.07556774467229843,
0.33037662506103516,
0.27368414402008057,
-0.056265946477651596,
0.4593063294887543,
-0.1714259833097458,
-0.6429833173751831,
-0.6108643412590027,
-0.12251655012369156,
0.051701486110687256,
-0.7979834079742432,
0.2765420973300934,
-0.09790638089179993,
0.8233067989349365,
0.1106090173125267,
-0.8790208697319031,
-0.3215106725692749,
0.32649946212768555,
0.012233400717377663,
0.09572326391935349,
-0.04648781195282936,
0.3556795120239258,
0.19526442885398865,
0.5173981189727783,
-0.5807596445083618,
-0.30031833052635193,
0.14867527782917023,
0.027119213715195656,
0.00891653262078762,
0.12464427947998047,
0.1801375299692154,
0.12556394934654236,
0.2059922069311142,
-0.5675088167190552,
-0.53151935338974,
-0.2879538834095001,
0.153476282954216,
-0.4978213608264923,
-0.6529638767242432,
-0.46068549156188965,
0.4041270613670349,
-0.26192420721054077,
-0.5092017650604248,
-0.3915541470050812,
0.5066596865653992,
0.4170626997947693,
0.37558069825172424,
0.2404143065214157,
0.04574785754084587,
-0.10852024704217911,
-0.04462728276848793,
0.5771128535270691,
-0.5186960101127625,
-0.2188647985458374,
-0.3927665650844574,
-0.7112443447113037,
0.5053934454917908,
-1.064950704574585,
0.2690962255001068,
0.18039338290691376,
-0.7876652479171753,
-0.5586431622505188,
-0.16600866615772247,
-0.369850218296051,
-0.05420675501227379,
0.6994853615760803,
-0.2990751564502716,
0.4407709240913391,
0.329948365688324,
0.1680707037448883,
0.2462395876646042,
-0.09557101130485535,
-0.06450989842414856,
0.010259813629090786,
-0.12716874480247498,
-0.056179266422986984,
0.27045005559921265,
-0.24710705876350403,
-0.15009674429893494,
-0.20693553984165192,
0.4389358460903168,
-0.11118598282337189,
-0.1634824126958847,
0.06188291311264038,
0.896530270576477,
0.2929264008998871,
-0.32237735390663147,
0.44361254572868347,
0.6054857969284058,
-0.8033332228660583,
0.28107160329818726,
0.6421827077865601,
0.5124337673187256,
0.014376194216310978,
-0.31608617305755615,
0.10012456774711609,
0.4390726089477539,
0.2083241194486618,
0.2519242763519287,
-0.2813665568828583,
0.2979663014411926,
0.13674969971179962,
0.7562156915664673,
0.06960655748844147,
-0.23905490338802338,
-0.21130600571632385,
-0.2291635125875473,
-0.4410274922847748,
-0.009012019261717796,
-0.25297239422798157,
-0.4931703209877014,
0.5429858565330505,
0.6114035248756409,
0.03196793422102928,
-0.27789369225502014,
0.07290997356176376,
-0.009082648903131485,
0.053005948662757874,
0.02395680733025074,
0.5831009745597839,
-0.0001696436374913901,
0.11993918567895889,
0.4742250442504883,
-0.05213867127895355,
0.12866747379302979,
-0.06271564960479736,
0.4583773910999298,
-0.45674917101860046,
0.3069184720516205,
-0.03487514704465866,
0.21296310424804688,
-0.2313074916601181,
-0.27871158719062805,
0.49612849950790405,
0.6187776923179626,
0.44286489486694336,
0.4628307521343231,
0.5749659538269043,
0.18075183033943176,
-0.2283371388912201,
-0.1963598132133484,
-0.0031301486305892467,
0.12523406744003296,
0.054940495640039444,
-0.10522549599409103,
0.698254406452179,
0.1292724609375,
0.044585488736629486,
-0.08063403517007828,
0.35172712802886963,
-0.0276710893958807,
-0.38291051983833313,
0.4931959807872772,
-0.4121294617652893,
0.33221596479415894,
-0.8593034744262695,
0.006134939379990101,
0.5086686015129089,
-0.03465883433818817,
-0.01229054108262062,
-0.555449366569519,
0.5640928149223328,
-0.548940122127533,
-0.21016459167003632,
0.3108506202697754,
-0.2789206802845001,
0.13759437203407288,
0.013360543176531792,
-0.4519147276878357,
0.8961306810379028,
0.43708834052085876,
-0.5730589628219604,
0.318403422832489,
0.5619357228279114,
-0.2638077437877655,
0.26413771510124207,
-0.3969123661518097,
-0.081746906042099,
-0.11518917232751846,
-0.30516692996025085,
-0.8161672949790955,
0.31115761399269104,
0.15426388382911682,
0.09117668122053146,
0.45670831203460693,
0.07634923607110977,
-0.2730218172073364,
0.4637097120285034,
0.4565787613391876,
-0.5784385204315186,
0.5262438654899597,
-0.9030336737632751,
0.26676392555236816,
-0.4809134006500244,
-0.13428175449371338,
0.6182631254196167,
0.11001795530319214,
-0.3665071427822113,
0.48555871844291687,
0.5521391034126282,
-0.3404618501663208,
0.2502581775188446,
-0.15758176147937775,
-0.6265993714332581,
-0.07612890750169754,
0.21087487041950226,
-0.7841939330101013,
0.28473055362701416,
0.40636569261550903,
0.30789637565612793,
-0.24445168673992157,
-0.18732291460037231,
-0.09461678564548492,
-0.06499629467725754,
0.42781123518943787,
-0.35945162177085876,
0.06228635087609291,
-0.28543931245803833,
-0.601290225982666,
0.3074549436569214,
-0.2366313487291336,
0.33691808581352234,
0.45051440596580505,
-0.2455405592918396,
0.40042445063591003,
-0.1561945080757141,
-0.10139652341604233,
-0.2294144630432129,
0.23334962129592896,
-0.8113656044006348,
-0.10345681011676788,
0.3701460361480713
]
|
214909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essad%20Pasha%20Toptani | Essad Pasha Toptani | Essad Pasha Toptani or Esad Pasha Toptani (; 1863/4 or 1875 – 13 June 1920), mainly known as Essad Pasha, was an Ottoman army officer who served as the Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament. He was a prominent politician in early 20th-century Albania. Toptani cooperated with the Balkan League after the Balkan Wars and established a state in central Albania, based in Durrës, called the Republic of Central Albania.
Biography
Early life
Essad Pasha was born in 1863 in Tirana, Ottoman Empire (modern Republic of Albania), the son of Ali Bey Toptani and Vasfije Alizoti. He was a member of the Toptani family, a prominent landowning noble family who founded the current city of Tirana. During Ottoman rule, Toptani served as a kaymakam and had command of the gendarmerie in Tirana. In 1908, having served as gendarmerie commander in Janina, he joined the Young Turks (CUP) and became a member of the Ottoman parliament as the deputy for Durrës. In the aftermath of the 31 March Incident, on 27 April 1909 four CUP members went to inform sultan Abdul Hamid II of his dethronement, with Toptani being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you". As a result, the focus of the sultan's rage was toward Toptani whom Abdul Hamid II felt had betrayed him. The sultan referred to him as a "wicked man", given that the extended Toptani family had benefited from royal patronage in gaining privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government.
First Balkan War
In 1912 during the Albanian revolt and aftermath of the Ottoman parliamentary elections, parliamentarians Toptani and Syrja Vlora represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the Young Turks. Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands. Amidst the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Essad Pasha Toptani obliged himself to organize the uprising in Central Albania and Mirdita. On 30 January 1913, Hasan Riza Pasha, commander of Shkodër, was ambushed and killed by unknown people disguised as women, thought to be Osman Bali and Mehmet Kavaja, two Albanian officers of Essad Pasha. Riza Pasha wanted to keep up the defense of the besieged city, and after his death Essad Pasha continued his resistance until April 1913. He turned the fortress of Shkodër over to Montenegro, only in April 1913 after a prolonged war and great heroism of Albanian and Turkish soldiers. Essad Pasha was allowed in return to leave the town with his army and all their weaponry to become involved in the struggle over power in central Albania.
In July 1913 he was persuaded by the Vlora family to accept a position of minister of the interior in the provisional government, but on 16 October 1913, to frustrate Ismail Qemali, Toptani who depicted Qemali as a Greek agent, set up a rival government of his own in Durrës, called the Republic of Central Albania. Officially Serbia simultaneously helped a number of other small tribal chiefs who resisted Ismail Qemali's government, directing them towards cooperation with Essad Pasha.
Peasant Revolt
He reluctantly stepped down when forced to do so by the Great Powers on 1 February 1914, being given as a consolation prize the right to lead the Albanian delegation that travelled to Neuwied on the Rhine, in Germany, to offer the Albanian throne to Prince Wilhem zu Wied. Back in Albania, relations between the Prince and the scheming Toptani, now minister of war and minister of the interior soon soured. Essad Pasha led a faction of his own in the Peasant Revolt in Albania against Prince Wilhem. He was the only person in Albania to have a self-contained army of his own, and strove to grab as much of the country as he could. On 9 January, his men tried to take Elbasan, but they were repulsed by the governor of the town, Aqif Pasha Elbasani.
On 19 May 1914, when Toptani refused to lay down his weapons, armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer Johan Sluys surrounded and shelled his house in Durrës, forcing him to surrender. He was arrested for conspiracy, though after consultations with Prince zu Wied, he was not court-martialled but sent to Bari in southern Italy and banned from returning to Albania.
Exile and the Treaty of Niš
From exile in Rome, he maintained close links with the Serbian and Montenegrin governments. After the outbreak of the First World War, Toptani travelled to Niš, Kingdom of Serbia, where he and Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić signed the secret Treaty of Serbian-Albanian Alliance on 17 September 1914. With Italian and Serbian financial backing he established armed forces, Toptani invaded Dibër on 20 September, and by 3 October 1914 he had taken Durrës without a fight. Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ordered that his followers be aided with money and arms.
His power base in central Albania was weakened in November 1914 by an uprising of Muslim rebels who turned against him, but he managed, with Italian support, to hold on to the town of Durrës. When Serbian forces invaded Albania in mid-June 1915 , swiftly occupying Pogradec, Elbasan, Tirana and Kavaja, Toptani was put in place as ruler of central Albania from Durrës. Though his rule was not stable because of the First World War. In the end of 1914, Essad secretly agreed with the Greek government to support the annexation of the southern provinces, known to Greeks as Northern Epirus, to the Kingdom of Greece. He soon declared war on Austria-Hungary to show support for the Entente, and profited from the situation enormously by taxing all the Allied supplies sent to the Serbs. When Austro-Hungarian forces swept through much of central and northern Albania in the spring of 1916, Toptani fled to Salonika from there went to France, to represent Albania at the Paris Peace Conference.
For the next two years, Essad Pasha remained in Paris, attempting to organize recognition for Albania from the Great Powers and reject the secret pact of London, which planned the division of Albania. During this time Tirana and much of central Albania was controlled by his Field Commander, Osman Bali and his most trusted adviser Ramazan Biba, member of a prominent Tirana family.
Death
On 13 June 1920, Avni Rustemi assassinated Essad Pasha in Paris when he left the Hotel Continental. Essad Pasha was buried in the Serbian Military Cemetery in Paris, after staying for a long time unburied in the mortuary.
Legacy
Awards in his lifetime
For his service in the Greco-Turkish War (1897) the High Porte awarded him with the Order of Osmanieh of 2nd Class and afterwards he was ranked Miralay. Furthermore, for his contribution in the Macedonian front as an ally of the Entente, he was awarded with the title Officier of the Legion of Honour and with the Croix de Guerre. He was awarded Order of the White Eagle.
Historical
Essad Pasha had a reputation as an unscrupulous opportunist, Edith Durham viewed Essad Pasha as "a strange relic of the middle ages ... one with the handsome swashbucklers who sold themselves and their services to the rival monarchs, princelings and dukes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and cheerfully transferred themselves to the enemy if he offered better pay – men in whom the sense of nationality was not developed at all, and whose sense of honour was, to put it mildly, deficient."
Perception
Toptani is remembered among Albanians as one of the most negative historical figures and the symbol of treason.
In 2014, the Serbian Minister of Labor, Aleksandar Vulin paid homage at his grave, for his contributions to Serbia.
Films
Two shots in Paris (:sq:Dy krisma në Paris) is a drama by Sheri Mita, Pëllumb Kulla with the subject of Essad Pasha Toptani murder in Paris and trial of Avni Rustemi
Notes
References
External links
Essad Pasha Toptani, Memorandum on Albania, 1919
Maison royale d'Albanie, site officiel
Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel
Bibliography
Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, ().
Patrice Najbor, la dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002
Biodata on Essad Pasha by O.S. Pearson, who authored Albania and King Zog (), 2005.
1863 births
1920 deaths
People from Tirana
Albanian people murdered abroad
Albanian military personnel
Albanian Muslims
19th-century Albanian people
Assassinated Albanian politicians
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People murdered in France
Prime Ministers of Albania
Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Essad
Politicians from Tirana
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Albanian Pashas | [
-0.3452461361885071,
0.04673721268773079,
-0.8937220573425293,
0.2646294832229614,
-0.5290988087654114,
0.49224576354026794,
0.24900580942630768,
-0.2455514818429947,
-0.2753106355667114,
-0.2304568737745285,
-0.26861605048179626,
0.02614022232592106,
-1.1776432991027832,
-0.395422101020813,
-0.5426347255706787,
0.2752441465854645,
0.2360624074935913,
0.3366408944129944,
-0.6407690644264221,
-0.2951967418193817,
0.05254993215203285,
0.49913084506988525,
0.10438204556703568,
-0.19243793189525604,
-0.6022706627845764,
0.10359038412570953,
0.11721201986074448,
0.05312833935022354,
0.10317319631576538,
0.23128706216812134,
-0.08862978219985962,
0.3312011659145355,
-0.1950971484184265,
-0.2873052656650543,
-0.6600732207298279,
0.014287487603724003,
0.3485300838947296,
-0.10017039626836777,
0.10992349684238434,
-0.003208798822015524,
-0.48058241605758667,
0.4506674110889435,
-0.01099488791078329,
0.1563214510679245,
0.2567240595817566,
-1.3992964029312134,
-0.5214751362800598,
0.3238607347011566,
-0.4971664547920227,
0.2543378174304962,
-0.26111647486686707,
0.19430328905582428,
0.3511146605014801,
0.5430616140365601,
0.1992858648300171,
0.054110076278448105,
-0.5879318714141846,
0.04273610562086105,
0.04160767421126366,
-0.1461925506591797,
0.17003126442432404,
0.5647513270378113,
0.42099377512931824,
-0.8562103509902954,
0.681716799736023,
0.13219934701919556,
-0.12902429699897766,
0.419932097196579,
0.2752358913421631,
0.08071830123662949,
-0.4303232729434967,
0.5560852289199829,
-0.048428427428007126,
0.25794389843940735,
0.70626300573349,
-0.18418484926223755,
0.09525685012340546,
0.5366908311843872,
0.18147103488445282,
0.45560672879219055,
0.07868914306163788,
-0.27201247215270996,
0.6668546795845032,
0.6188894510269165,
-0.30073514580726624,
-0.009839722886681557,
-0.4734441936016083,
0.36706316471099854,
-0.29511159658432007,
-0.1119568720459938,
0.44435277581214905,
-0.8360293507575989,
0.7602631449699402,
-0.05796746909618378,
-0.7006131410598755,
0.2396407425403595,
-0.3518470227718353,
0.4062190055847168,
-0.6347665786743164,
-0.28427010774612427,
0.034649770706892014,
0.5493423938751221,
0.03784237429499626,
-0.5790835022926331,
-0.28384920954704285,
0.30428004264831543,
-0.4160364270210266,
0.24486474692821503,
-0.180354505777359,
-0.061755627393722534,
-0.49313682317733765,
0.1165912002325058,
-0.37790319323539734,
0.07223208248615265,
0.13738569617271423,
0.34682703018188477,
-0.1599462777376175,
-0.4273875951766968,
-0.6834197044372559,
-0.5647842288017273,
-0.553133487701416,
0.566495418548584,
-0.062121715396642685,
0.25468194484710693,
0.4029555916786194,
-0.2095089852809906,
0.4143811762332916,
0.4072146415710449,
0.4277907907962799,
1.098091721534729,
1.1183899641036987,
0.5355027914047241,
-0.35470277070999146,
0.04262400045990944,
-0.2879032790660858,
0.01375990267843008,
0.3816702961921692,
0.16178476810455322,
0.3304828107357025,
0.47702839970588684,
-0.7906042337417603,
0.3798810541629791,
-0.01025081705302,
-0.22320179641246796,
-0.008241282775998116,
-0.041503507643938065,
-0.05336323752999306,
0.09413011372089386,
-0.48910269141197205,
-0.22837945818901062,
0.1867874413728714,
-0.7462851405143738,
0.3272823393344879,
-0.10665859282016754,
-0.1331310123205185,
0.408663809299469,
-0.028451645746827126,
-0.19034145772457123,
0.17141027748584747,
-0.10135892778635025,
0.5783565044403076,
-0.49837014079093933,
0.4974299669265747,
0.1677233874797821,
0.40151503682136536,
0.016820454970002174,
0.11693620681762695,
-0.2336384505033493,
0.31165361404418945,
0.2781028151512146,
-0.11530992388725281,
-0.21534483134746552,
-0.3964827358722687,
-0.2029007375240326,
-0.20460815727710724,
0.6554573774337769,
0.48369958996772766,
0.3915342092514038,
0.09672639518976212,
-0.9058631658554077,
-0.7428832054138184,
-0.45354586839675903,
-0.059812795370817184,
-0.18324707448482513,
0.9480777978897095,
0.3742341697216034,
0.7026976346969604,
-0.45057690143585205,
0.33728721737861633,
-0.7407588362693787,
-0.3674981892108917,
-1.0619655847549438,
0.7862544655799866,
-0.7257501482963562,
1.3571290969848633,
0.15392300486564636,
-0.14027151465415955,
0.176224946975708,
0.2099836766719818,
0.5697199702262878,
-0.16615499556064606,
-0.5133894681930542,
0.6423059701919556,
-0.16313351690769196,
0.16677498817443848,
0.5904363989830017,
-0.11993294954299927,
0.1918029636144638,
-0.17401984333992004,
0.49278420209884644,
0.5973435044288635,
-0.38046348094940186,
-0.3175010085105896,
-0.17020347714424133,
-0.16498598456382751,
-0.7601860165596008,
-0.40349239110946655,
0.42698052525520325,
0.4328226149082184,
0.09042812883853912,
0.5562627911567688,
-0.6497290730476379,
-0.14241579174995422,
0.4637620747089386,
0.34943217039108276,
0.15400071442127228,
0.0760423094034195,
0.050952278077602386,
0.13941313326358795,
-0.30200013518333435,
-0.42932257056236267,
-0.06946732103824615,
0.7935806512832642,
-0.38488054275512695,
0.1626209169626236,
0.027350042015314102,
-0.37812286615371704,
-0.4782458245754242,
0.6063567399978638,
-0.4014553427696228,
0.03448829427361488,
1.148423671722412,
-0.32463541626930237,
-0.4320504367351532,
0.4667065739631653,
0.7851958870887756,
-0.8376078605651855,
0.48980072140693665,
-0.1531476229429245,
-0.08996381610631943,
-0.3191528022289276,
-0.051439497619867325,
0.23873867094516754,
-0.9274088740348816,
-0.16424643993377686,
-0.3946667015552521,
0.6446503400802612,
0.03722292557358742,
0.1712527573108673,
-0.11755527555942535,
-0.13753831386566162,
0.21573182940483093,
0.15139614045619965,
0.39492350816726685,
0.30398300290107727,
0.04704728722572327,
-0.40015411376953125,
-0.4406895041465759,
0.039742566645145416,
-0.21525807678699493,
1.302594542503357,
0.01480255089700222,
-0.0015410276828333735,
0.25045403838157654,
0.01900395005941391,
-0.45920178294181824,
-0.179688960313797,
0.38508132100105286,
-0.7150513529777527,
-1.0138962268829346,
0.6696177124977112,
0.6501705646514893,
0.136069655418396,
0.5579702854156494,
-0.6684926748275757,
0.01978161372244358,
0.09010231494903564,
-0.02342744916677475,
0.3128248453140259,
-0.10075263679027557,
0.5481393933296204,
0.6374519467353821,
-0.24496808648109436,
-0.4673005938529968,
-0.08815799653530121,
0.17111283540725708,
-0.5773506164550781,
0.13487903773784637,
0.3574065864086151,
-0.2557668685913086,
-0.4951469302177429,
-0.24910354614257812,
-0.4627158045768738,
0.01923355460166931,
0.5253322124481201,
0.07264237105846405,
-0.21458008885383606,
-0.04150952771306038,
-5.315054416656494,
0.4278292655944824,
-0.4056568741798401,
-0.34725630283355713,
0.03967137262225151,
-0.17550133168697357,
0.4795791506767273,
-0.4104328751564026,
0.09252645820379257,
-0.05143668130040169,
-0.1261696070432663,
0.4454016387462616,
0.46644049882888794,
0.5638698935508728,
0.8630434274673462,
0.6693423390388489,
0.8679884672164917,
0.12076923251152039,
0.48041534423828125,
0.4016904830932617,
0.48810169100761414,
-0.1486874669790268,
0.05553701892495155,
0.5688735246658325,
0.89128577709198,
0.3610280454158783,
-0.11856494098901749,
0.4733494520187378,
-0.48025253415107727,
-0.527259349822998,
0.07607835531234741,
-0.15253248810768127,
0.2886369526386261,
0.07893382012844086,
0.13051745295524597,
-0.8251858353614807,
0.6900409460067749,
0.968019425868988,
-0.43407708406448364,
0.018989412114024162,
-0.1293063759803772,
0.17214584350585938,
-0.17852792143821716,
-0.0032755639404058456,
0.31667396426200867,
0.0413353368639946,
-0.11760187149047852,
-0.4334087669849396,
-0.3234521150588989,
0.42429712414741516,
0.15780477225780487,
0.04633559659123421,
-0.28080910444259644,
-0.2557494640350342,
0.09649273753166199,
0.46270525455474854,
-0.12456201016902924,
0.012635170482099056,
-0.5053417682647705,
0.8304429650306702,
0.38368692994117737,
-0.6763233542442322,
0.21512798964977264,
-0.744696855545044,
0.2169237583875656,
0.31041058897972107,
0.12998805940151215,
-0.11843887716531754,
-0.4351588785648346,
0.5927579402923584,
-0.11167164891958237,
0.41888341307640076,
-0.04918729513883591,
-0.9733341932296753,
0.17122818529605865,
-0.5959315299987793,
-0.18486031889915466,
-0.11628712713718414,
-0.3448319137096405,
-0.21250683069229126,
-0.4330487549304962,
-0.4543297588825226,
0.013717102818191051,
0.9631177186965942,
0.5208035111427307,
0.29995372891426086,
-0.3271825313568115,
-0.06809122115373611,
-0.24691633880138397,
0.19249314069747925,
0.5192345380783081,
-1.3663161993026733,
-0.01601414941251278,
0.6971293687820435,
0.3524797260761261,
0.6262540221214294,
-0.4973069131374359,
0.2636421024799347,
0.2780044674873352,
-0.2083461582660675,
-0.340139240026474,
0.09870348125696182,
0.023102333769202232,
0.3006868064403534,
0.3941327929496765,
0.363527774810791,
-0.3621622622013092,
-0.3597252666950226,
0.6913812756538391,
-0.1704990565776825,
-0.015237651765346527,
0.057528603821992874,
-0.9151944518089294,
-0.318248987197876,
0.31553182005882263,
-0.7164210677146912,
0.03656509518623352,
0.3855799436569214,
0.1452043056488037,
0.3804801404476166,
-0.33781561255455017,
-0.010958152823150158,
0.051473718136548996,
-0.1508805751800537,
-1.0257803201675415,
-0.04373576492071152,
-0.30295369029045105,
-0.22058598697185516,
0.24930274486541748,
-0.03440769016742706,
0.30180624127388,
0.45758166909217834,
-0.16169440746307373,
0.17229518294334412,
0.24714280664920807,
-0.6350691914558411,
-0.596817672252655,
-0.46004965901374817,
0.24382419884204865,
-0.26693472266197205,
-0.5991644263267517,
-0.3514809012413025,
-0.0647776797413826,
0.1474812924861908,
0.8066389560699463,
0.23893272876739502,
0.24953995645046234,
-0.04535050317645073,
-1.1043908596038818,
0.545432448387146,
-0.09807401895523071,
-0.0864507183432579,
0.3012888431549072,
-0.3629423975944519,
-0.13074207305908203,
0.13127847015857697,
-0.20272034406661987,
0.3811052739620209,
-0.3359646797180176,
-0.06044771894812584,
0.3403482437133789,
-1.2763980627059937,
-1.4819751977920532,
-0.025945192202925682,
0.4319768249988556,
0.15754185616970062,
-0.8106822371482849,
-0.13310746848583221,
-0.5498604774475098,
0.5999221205711365,
-0.009960471652448177,
-0.9465300440788269,
-0.18447352945804596,
0.35939791798591614,
-0.1421208530664444,
-0.7174171209335327,
0.15834607183933258,
0.5490303635597229,
-0.7313790917396545,
-0.046005673706531525,
-0.25703904032707214,
0.4019148647785187,
-0.32742878794670105,
0.1497212052345276,
0.7371560335159302,
-0.08153600990772247,
-0.5676818490028381,
0.020200088620185852,
-0.10640456527471542,
-0.320810467004776,
0.09502696990966797,
-0.1062551811337471,
-0.07412698864936829,
-0.12195119261741638,
-0.08397924900054932,
-0.6877164244651794,
0.15634118020534515,
-0.033827509731054306,
-0.1817389279603958,
-0.6730988025665283,
-0.10954229533672333,
-0.3389023244380951,
0.4172525107860565,
0.2017974555492401,
-0.6111235022544861,
-0.3497092127799988,
0.07098887115716934,
0.07268624752759933,
-0.28744009137153625,
0.556029736995697,
-0.3126441538333893,
-1.361778736114502,
0.33877670764923096,
0.7120630145072937,
-0.1518692821264267,
0.2262936234474182,
0.49711349606513977,
0.20767910778522491,
-0.1653197854757309,
-0.9922488331794739,
-0.4436354637145996,
-0.28390637040138245,
-0.1354801505804062,
-0.1423620730638504,
-0.028190739452838898,
-0.09455941617488861,
0.9476934671401978,
-0.192644402384758,
0.30814269185066223,
-0.13393232226371765,
-0.35416799783706665,
0.2754734754562378,
0.15199635922908783,
-0.20098376274108887,
-0.5779426097869873,
-0.3186681866645813,
0.15434035658836365,
-0.16279804706573486,
0.07151822000741959,
0.119408018887043,
0.19529131054878235,
0.8629991412162781,
0.4734152853488922,
-0.41252461075782776,
0.14175254106521606,
0.7427961230278015,
0.19041036069393158,
-0.539665937423706,
0.057447776198387146,
0.03649092838168144,
0.4708506762981415,
0.4416814148426056,
-0.8809235692024231,
-0.5047550797462463,
0.639344334602356,
-0.4199136197566986,
-0.14066530764102936,
0.3019210994243622,
-0.04799318686127663,
0.6822359561920166,
-0.026277033612132072,
0.5348043441772461,
0.054889701306819916,
0.21351179480552673,
0.1863003373146057,
0.019891485571861267,
0.047839488834142685,
-0.4034046232700348,
0.17570491135120392,
-0.5150083899497986,
-0.5620356202125549,
-1.196463704109192,
-0.07335720211267471,
0.1664365977048874,
-0.012124467641115189,
-0.5814154148101807,
0.12432913482189178,
-0.19515198469161987,
0.2895723879337311,
0.49481409788131714,
-1.164523959159851,
-0.8267082571983337,
0.5430249571800232,
0.2093232274055481,
-0.3592256009578705,
-0.9955281615257263,
0.11743621528148651,
0.02702377736568451,
-0.7059208154678345,
0.07674333453178406,
-0.42955172061920166,
-0.4023389518260956,
-0.45004287362098694,
0.10187633335590363,
-0.2796514332294464,
0.22423326969146729,
-0.29978474974632263,
0.16615574061870575,
-0.097953200340271,
-0.28909555077552795,
-0.4028046727180481,
0.3552107810974121,
0.4894375503063202,
0.5415326952934265,
-0.16611729562282562,
0.23976531624794006,
-0.10315009206533432,
-0.812859058380127,
-0.2088111937046051,
-0.19255782663822174,
0.12148551642894745,
0.09740407019853592,
0.7806452512741089,
0.6567441821098328,
-0.6657021641731262,
-0.2740474343299866,
1.1292270421981812,
-0.14934802055358887,
-0.41387683153152466,
0.023333081975579262,
0.5417539477348328,
-0.08033215254545212,
0.1491481065750122,
0.07969467341899872,
-0.26742005348205566,
0.633507490158081,
0.15656252205371857,
0.15732131898403168,
0.010536659508943558,
0.40874654054641724,
0.15346570312976837,
0.34391894936561584,
-0.22381287813186646,
0.4996951222419739,
-0.18626819550991058,
-0.07867791503667831,
-0.027501054108142853,
-0.4796369969844818,
0.48390907049179077,
0.47470909357070923,
0.2991468608379364,
0.8754996657371521,
-0.20378375053405762,
-0.013084151782095432,
-0.036091916263103485,
0.371072918176651,
-0.012365060858428478,
0.423427015542984,
0.4141984283924103,
-0.26365751028060913,
0.007894418202340603,
0.3135237991809845,
-0.045666277408599854,
-0.8957895040512085,
-0.5138468742370605,
0.743087887763977,
0.271710604429245,
0.06970352679491043,
-0.23202216625213623,
0.6557080745697021,
0.1095062866806984,
-0.2370375394821167,
0.4085697531700134,
-0.0633818730711937,
-0.40963101387023926,
0.02759809046983719,
0.02273186668753624,
-0.7358126640319824,
0.5993130207061768,
0.2633233666419983,
0.46560341119766235,
-0.46652913093566895,
-0.3887310326099396,
-0.13165117800235748,
0.06906237453222275,
-0.20764032006263733,
0.9998998045921326,
0.43411120772361755,
0.408736914396286,
-0.07198764383792877,
0.2169419378042221,
0.07333270460367203,
0.2564381957054138,
-0.8248263001441956,
0.5796334147453308,
0.32155361771583557,
0.08890064060688019,
-0.10158713907003403,
-0.25634464621543884,
-0.35956987738609314,
-0.31258830428123474,
-0.727192223072052,
-0.2548043429851532,
0.37362954020500183,
-0.34024426341056824,
0.05082188919186592,
-0.3493199348449707,
0.7668375372886658,
0.6922482848167419,
-0.14958103001117706,
-0.08388126641511917,
-0.055826377123594284,
0.15577054023742676,
-0.11306288093328476,
-0.14897175133228302,
0.5799816846847534,
-0.38566485047340393,
0.020696435123682022,
-0.8722501397132874,
0.4662209451198578,
0.1877540647983551,
0.7061730027198792,
-0.0737011656165123,
0.36033058166503906,
-0.08548346161842346,
0.2666572034358978,
0.36683282256126404,
-0.48583996295928955,
-0.11613047868013382,
0.10629992932081223,
0.20578603446483612,
-0.6733682155609131,
-0.13737963140010834,
-0.3079829812049866,
0.22889851033687592,
0.2391461730003357,
0.2616051733493805,
0.16203881800174713,
-0.486284464597702,
0.3425596356391907,
-0.38073089718818665,
-0.10335123538970947,
-0.10562217980623245,
-0.8722659945487976,
-0.2787914574146271,
0.5815933346748352,
0.1684734970331192,
0.08976635336875916,
0.137581005692482,
-0.7071117758750916,
0.47743505239486694,
-0.11003732681274414,
-0.007253493182361126,
0.3884637653827667,
0.2906753420829773,
0.18460528552532196,
-0.7815142273902893,
-0.29596731066703796,
-0.29363173246383667,
0.21327410638332367,
0.43632400035858154,
-0.4865456819534302,
0.4340572655200958,
-0.8076229691505432,
0.33136916160583496,
-0.6321982145309448,
-0.010378435254096985,
-0.40610238909721375,
0.6704500913619995,
-0.5122124552726746
]
|
214910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otidae | Otidae | Otidae is a clade that includes the superorders Otidimorphae (bustards, turacos, and cuckoos) and Strisores (nightbirds, swifts, and hummingbirds). It was identified in 2014 by genome analysis. Before it was thought that Cypselomorphae was closely related to birds such as pigeons, flamingos, tropicbirds, and the kagu in the possibly polyphyletic taxon Metaves. They occupy a basal branch of the clade Passerea.
References
Neognathae | [
0.11410622298717499,
-0.10304022580385208,
-0.8991149663925171,
-0.004639521241188049,
-0.11401589959859848,
0.9092090725898743,
0.7571707367897034,
0.22312021255493164,
-0.2747064530849457,
-0.5036188364028931,
0.06372548639774323,
0.18924133479595184,
-0.6361414194107056,
-0.11437013745307922,
-0.31180062890052795,
0.6482971906661987,
0.4109959900379181,
0.2812577188014984,
-0.28035303950309753,
-0.510818600654602,
-0.28715378046035767,
-0.5980148911476135,
0.06070367619395256,
-0.6203100681304932,
0.18232403695583344,
0.25436800718307495,
-0.21954944729804993,
0.5133907794952393,
0.6574847102165222,
-0.18205097317695618,
-0.159381702542305,
1.0482271909713745,
0.13286295533180237,
0.15007513761520386,
-0.06223181262612343,
-0.28571778535842896,
-0.42052221298217773,
-1.0244593620300293,
-0.2025448977947235,
-0.4916844367980957,
0.3998016119003296,
-0.44280490279197693,
0.07692081481218338,
0.11307816207408905,
-0.564368724822998,
-0.25287148356437683,
-1.559137225151062,
0.28944188356399536,
-0.6057732105255127,
0.26832467317581177,
0.0026010163128376007,
0.3272247016429901,
0.15742366015911102,
0.6345173120498657,
0.20232711732387543,
0.5193166136741638,
-1.1061971187591553,
0.001563789090141654,
0.21971018612384796,
-0.4145267605781555,
-0.10787666589021683,
-0.13476407527923584,
-0.19936387240886688,
-0.0314132459461689,
0.17721526324748993,
0.3257453739643097,
0.44063857197761536,
0.2650856375694275,
-0.7778413891792297,
0.219044029712677,
-0.2643834054470062,
-0.6038931012153625,
0.052184250205755234,
0.32646071910858154,
-0.642410933971405,
-0.6929566860198975,
-0.2844241261482239,
0.2599484920501709,
0.8178634643554688,
-0.1186976432800293,
0.5365448594093323,
0.6239349842071533,
0.41694366931915283,
-0.14854472875595093,
0.386445015668869,
-0.40000101923942566,
-0.530712366104126,
0.033942531794309616,
-0.4817568361759186,
0.19750460982322693,
-0.0571918711066246,
-0.24855497479438782,
0.20777402818202972,
0.3983164131641388,
-0.20457418262958527,
0.012611400336027145,
-0.5621059536933899,
-0.09437429904937744,
0.17240947484970093,
-0.1649945229291916,
-0.48836949467658997,
0.12907519936561584,
0.5317797660827637,
-0.11373841017484665,
-0.7928434610366821,
-0.45684075355529785,
-0.2863403558731079,
-0.7777923941612244,
-0.44749516248703003,
0.22753891348838806,
-0.9285036325454712,
-0.30535271763801575,
0.1695379912853241,
0.017863044515252113,
0.19360226392745972,
0.5545478463172913,
-0.1313994824886322,
-0.6401439905166626,
-0.07159650325775146,
-0.40180787444114685,
0.29722997546195984,
0.6418639421463013,
0.023221252486109734,
0.5528245568275452,
-0.23652364313602448,
0.35449039936065674,
0.20168237388134003,
0.1883077621459961,
-0.552433431148529,
-0.09397626668214798,
0.3123689591884613,
0.9486340284347534,
-0.24664707481861115,
0.4364362061023712,
0.3556728959083557,
-0.06135339289903641,
-0.32712361216545105,
0.1408000886440277,
0.778233528137207,
0.7611770629882812,
-0.8543941974639893,
-0.27191489934921265,
-0.3463113307952881,
-0.05621984228491783,
0.29904577136039734,
0.14690522849559784,
-0.21006274223327637,
-0.0684359073638916,
-0.6008301973342896,
-0.5029730200767517,
-0.288533478975296,
-0.4919564425945282,
-0.1851963996887207,
0.0311086717993021,
-0.3798677623271942,
-0.3112013638019562,
0.7740918397903442,
-0.188825324177742,
0.7843716144561768,
0.14738716185092926,
-0.3715990483760834,
-0.47360971570014954,
-0.5293902158737183,
0.10556379705667496,
0.1406482756137848,
-0.2910575270652771,
0.4104885458946228,
0.7157343626022339,
-0.21032127737998962,
0.8034300804138184,
-0.12416582554578781,
-0.4743759334087372,
0.7350311875343323,
0.652868926525116,
0.11385205388069153,
-0.6802816987037659,
0.22449330985546112,
0.05442087724804878,
0.8336759209632874,
0.07490468770265579,
-0.6274462342262268,
-0.028683152049779892,
0.1187552958726883,
0.009345797821879387,
0.12389945238828659,
0.18325085937976837,
0.06337389349937439,
0.10656961053609848,
-0.022671455517411232,
-0.46452564001083374,
-0.13193896412849426,
0.11827364563941956,
0.3263716995716095,
0.22302956879138947,
0.4691719710826874,
0.1735025942325592,
-0.1317351907491684,
0.19431692361831665,
0.5068246126174927,
0.02020612731575966,
-0.028766024857759476,
0.031757619231939316,
0.1335948407649994,
-0.01613527536392212,
-0.41478121280670166,
0.6510279178619385,
-0.6371065378189087,
0.11140996217727661,
-0.12467842549085617,
-0.06963294744491577,
-0.3746952414512634,
-0.2014010101556778,
0.24780899286270142,
-0.0009211246506310999,
0.24031327664852142,
-0.450602263212204,
-0.30718255043029785,
0.3605559170246124,
-0.19453445076942444,
-0.701431155204773,
0.6654335856437683,
-0.6491832137107849,
0.2953891456127167,
0.08900203555822372,
0.14894139766693115,
0.6817119121551514,
0.966245174407959,
-0.1171698197722435,
0.6330227255821228,
-0.19841986894607544,
-0.358745276927948,
-0.2596404254436493,
0.3233494758605957,
0.09575145691633224,
0.2685384154319763,
-0.2024926394224167,
-0.08573777973651886,
-0.9579323530197144,
0.22997687757015228,
-0.5824344158172607,
-0.03632812201976776,
-0.1603948026895523,
-0.16655200719833374,
0.4604153335094452,
0.8915178179740906,
-0.5830410122871399,
0.26227232813835144,
0.36269161105155945,
-0.7207468152046204,
0.6166591644287109,
-0.09582442790269852,
0.3499816954135895,
0.44422775506973267,
-0.9128807783126831,
-0.3248484134674072,
0.11774960905313492,
0.8218334913253784,
0.48060014843940735,
0.13611485064029694,
-0.023560618981719017,
-0.673573911190033,
0.3255924582481384,
0.2249016910791397,
-0.38774871826171875,
-0.45019295811653137,
-0.7775075435638428,
0.02359122596681118,
-0.051726244390010834,
0.8490994572639465,
-0.04236937686800957,
0.8711578845977783,
-0.17748603224754333,
-0.3859286308288574,
0.08287110924720764,
-0.7327851057052612,
-0.6864311695098877,
-0.1476854681968689,
0.06579373776912689,
-0.5504401326179504,
-0.4066270887851715,
-0.33008384704589844,
0.4188726842403412,
-0.18006564676761627,
-0.332758367061615,
-0.0005933255888521671,
-0.04740690067410469,
0.5904945731163025,
-0.617624819278717,
-0.021195225417613983,
-0.7169639468193054,
0.05030395835638046,
0.23196221888065338,
-0.42117708921432495,
0.152662992477417,
-0.6799861192703247,
0.04791126772761345,
-0.3619389533996582,
0.7456619143486023,
-0.03431360051035881,
-0.7467906475067139,
-0.6135421395301819,
0.18968887627124786,
0.07971548289060593,
0.08940394222736359,
0.33226099610328674,
-0.14807172119617462,
0.665972888469696,
0.3491736352443695,
-5.499558448791504,
0.21353942155838013,
0.2538391947746277,
0.28205740451812744,
0.07176423817873001,
0.7792603969573975,
0.5636274814605713,
-0.09557769447565079,
0.3589935302734375,
-0.035942044109106064,
0.24288985133171082,
0.3119044899940491,
-0.03101232275366783,
0.28528690338134766,
0.2065993994474411,
-0.06956052035093307,
-0.5632646679878235,
0.18369051814079285,
0.21000929176807404,
-0.2375166267156601,
0.19706137478351593,
-0.026617541909217834,
-0.030469834804534912,
0.5177914500236511,
-0.2430972009897232,
-0.2500891387462616,
0.2907291352748871,
-0.35996708273887634,
-0.052309799939394,
-0.09652941673994064,
-0.4166283905506134,
-0.511834979057312,
-0.2820137143135071,
0.22183758020401,
-0.41619113087654114,
-0.060521628707647324,
0.9496030211448669,
0.4328634440898895,
-0.20678414404392242,
-0.021458890289068222,
-0.33500710129737854,
0.22356271743774414,
0.47198474407196045,
-0.4609781503677368,
0.23109304904937744,
0.29686620831489563,
-0.23221547901630402,
-0.30882373452186584,
0.21114590764045715,
0.6491171717643738,
-0.2068052589893341,
0.1350404918193817,
0.3455020487308502,
0.7247672080993652,
0.9410157799720764,
-0.18661747872829437,
0.4366033971309662,
0.06861859560012817,
0.5652318000793457,
0.5049781799316406,
0.544657826423645,
-0.3585377633571625,
-0.324675053358078,
-0.7736377716064453,
0.08698277175426483,
0.11648698896169662,
-0.7874869108200073,
0.5273449420928955,
0.7629438042640686,
-0.288151353597641,
-0.4416508078575134,
0.016641713678836823,
-0.18794125318527222,
-0.7932446599006653,
0.6026946902275085,
-0.25021329522132874,
0.14870700240135193,
-0.2578156590461731,
-0.4676337242126465,
0.303070992231369,
0.05458042770624161,
-0.5918291211128235,
-0.07697942107915878,
-0.11160143464803696,
-0.19653381407260895,
-0.559169590473175,
-0.5915236473083496,
0.12469054758548737,
-0.21067453920841217,
0.3968835175037384,
0.43705877661705017,
0.07064692676067352,
0.07596608996391296,
0.36765483021736145,
1.1150875091552734,
1.1084476709365845,
-0.29525941610336304,
-0.024552660062909126,
0.9111509919166565,
0.04442206397652626,
0.37932088971138,
-0.3202357888221741,
-0.006112376227974892,
0.3437502384185791,
0.08902785927057266,
-0.6122034192085266,
0.4744553565979004,
0.15517829358577728,
0.8155710101127625,
-0.0774490162730217,
0.5163602232933044,
-0.4332524538040161,
-0.12639102339744568,
-0.41631197929382324,
0.10215941071510315,
-0.48930853605270386,
0.5024539828300476,
0.5713245272636414,
0.5306355953216553,
0.18296368420124054,
-0.08205045014619827,
0.1641211211681366,
-0.4347700774669647,
0.3064722418785095,
-0.2443220168352127,
-0.32425516843795776,
-0.23525077104568481,
0.12806624174118042,
-0.6523561477661133,
-0.7185130715370178,
0.16277843713760376,
-0.08842204511165619,
0.08740516752004623,
0.16198548674583435,
0.3051709234714508,
-0.12094998359680176,
-0.3074866533279419,
0.4474249482154846,
-0.038804247975349426,
-0.14934445917606354,
-0.1258121281862259,
-0.4723997116088867,
-0.2500598728656769,
-0.08277833461761475,
0.21425865590572357,
0.5260701775550842,
-0.39121565222740173,
-0.7257144451141357,
0.0475454181432724,
0.9693668484687805,
0.5358570218086243,
-0.4833144545555115,
0.5288800001144409,
-0.30420348048210144,
0.03223555162549019,
0.1447051614522934,
0.4569103419780731,
0.09595344215631485,
0.05661969631910324,
-0.45287203788757324,
-0.33112549781799316,
-0.22627705335617065,
-0.38762667775154114,
0.055487096309661865,
0.3927319645881653,
-0.25575491786003113,
-0.6966368556022644,
-0.7037192583084106,
-0.2063407450914383,
0.07044879347085953,
-0.07055352628231049,
-0.029672672972083092,
-0.1730145364999771,
-0.18165737390518188,
0.1983635574579239,
-0.4563058018684387,
-0.03592286631464958,
0.6547998785972595,
-0.7298070788383484,
0.060471951961517334,
-0.0051595596596598625,
0.09402996301651001,
-0.09091272205114365,
-0.17521199584007263,
0.031390588730573654,
-0.27999332547187805,
0.5501079559326172,
-0.5137946605682373,
-0.5806667804718018,
-0.09919402748346329,
-0.0036944670137017965,
0.4153536558151245,
0.3061383068561554,
0.17994098365306854,
-0.2527952790260315,
0.12111275643110275,
-0.06672482937574387,
0.32146209478378296,
-0.48696282505989075,
-0.6981730461120605,
-0.3714877665042877,
-0.03648264706134796,
-0.08358833193778992,
-0.13725632429122925,
0.059910036623477936,
-0.45862245559692383,
0.7611962556838989,
-0.4067155420780182,
0.14906030893325806,
0.06379033625125885,
-0.330956369638443,
-0.5341672301292419,
-0.7788580656051636,
0.6170141696929932,
0.2505269944667816,
0.22430641949176788,
0.2080346643924713,
-0.27042949199676514,
-0.2345273345708847,
-0.2914772629737854,
0.08327525109052658,
0.239347904920578,
0.036233846098184586,
-0.3563220202922821,
-0.6917083263397217,
0.3560405373573303,
-0.11959449201822281,
-0.35641828179359436,
0.410200834274292,
-0.5471966862678528,
-0.49301430583000183,
-0.38123399019241333,
-0.13835500180721283,
0.2776999771595001,
-0.5209647417068481,
-0.3932782709598541,
0.23195123672485352,
-0.3167646825313568,
0.2467290759086609,
0.41318413615226746,
0.6352981925010681,
0.891636312007904,
0.5373636484146118,
-0.048666104674339294,
-0.3124896287918091,
-0.17823366820812225,
0.2263520359992981,
-0.3270736634731293,
-0.7764257192611694,
0.07557781785726547,
0.701448380947113,
-0.18904440104961395,
-0.7786699533462524,
0.49103695154190063,
0.8530908226966858,
-0.314953088760376,
0.3345637321472168,
-0.06536296010017395,
-0.3734683096408844,
0.182461217045784,
0.014801153913140297,
-0.25213414430618286,
-0.6745831966400146,
-0.5402751564979553,
-0.3829883635044098,
-0.0861174687743187,
-1.037596583366394,
0.3148947060108185,
0.2516576945781708,
-0.3515293598175049,
0.3800211250782013,
0.2842339277267456,
-0.0705023929476738,
0.0817858874797821,
0.47064095735549927,
0.4358174800872803,
0.5919371247291565,
-0.4307065010070801,
0.047762226313352585,
0.11901183426380157,
-0.18479704856872559,
0.026314763352274895,
0.321952760219574,
-0.3799018859863281,
-0.2203991413116455,
-0.31990450620651245,
-0.4140207767486572,
-0.1414973884820938,
0.13051222264766693,
-0.21850040555000305,
-0.22633282840251923,
-0.009937160648405552,
-0.41962024569511414,
0.3536583185195923,
0.5115829110145569,
-0.46050870418548584,
0.34997114539146423,
0.5265020132064819,
-0.1756734400987625,
0.5063530206680298,
-1.0375066995620728,
0.3866720497608185,
0.23673276603221893,
-0.5322585701942444,
0.106857530772686,
-0.3695552349090576,
-0.10890860855579376,
0.08819745481014252,
-0.13778041303157806,
0.12123961746692657,
0.3306748867034912,
-0.5513263940811157,
0.27610474824905396,
0.7111101150512695,
-0.049868207424879074,
0.46368739008903503,
0.07591672986745834,
-0.678294837474823,
0.684830367565155,
0.4137541651725769,
0.5210059881210327,
-0.050381679087877274,
-0.07373939454555511,
0.3815491199493408,
-0.2484990507364273,
-0.2444457709789276,
-0.5904650092124939,
0.2321082502603531,
0.441281795501709,
0.40485870838165283,
0.9766188263893127,
0.1052250787615776,
-0.2013058364391327,
-0.07632236182689667,
-0.4166993200778961,
-0.5135520100593567,
-0.19876158237457275,
-0.5407111048698425,
-0.15099333226680756,
1.179442048072815,
1.4313899278640747,
0.14787375926971436,
-0.035851821303367615,
0.1458306759595871,
-0.1741197556257248,
0.0773642286658287,
-0.19624996185302734,
0.16911455988883972,
-0.19067659974098206,
0.03783809393644333,
-0.2526845335960388,
0.18186742067337036,
0.4846910238265991,
-0.4564310312271118,
0.7036057114601135,
0.15046097338199615,
-0.055096786469221115,
-0.2023874670267105,
0.3433592617511749,
0.19114521145820618,
0.1689988225698471,
0.2631896138191223,
-0.2456222027540207,
0.23285125195980072,
-0.7102917432785034,
-0.0339822955429554,
-0.34906870126724243,
-0.28391531109809875,
-0.295636922121048,
0.17286475002765656,
0.5014556646347046,
0.043294936418533325,
0.027469810098409653,
0.3122161328792572,
0.10477139055728912,
0.3815731704235077,
0.052775125950574875,
0.2835777997970581,
0.41994667053222656,
-0.24410554766654968,
-0.6359207630157471,
-0.616278886795044,
0.4642866551876068,
-0.6308168768882751,
0.6880620121955872,
-0.27853965759277344,
0.07228992879390717,
0.06100275367498398,
0.12038089334964752,
0.5322275161743164,
-0.23531833291053772,
-0.6123145222663879,
0.12085642665624619,
0.4458549916744232,
-0.10871363431215286,
-0.42734619975090027,
0.18125547468662262,
0.6630107760429382,
0.14802655577659607,
0.3382055163383484,
0.6139736175537109,
0.2575971782207489,
-0.3615904152393341,
-0.5969493985176086,
0.09076909720897675,
0.3129258155822754,
-0.3467904031276703,
-0.2858336567878723,
-0.8899365067481995,
0.07375355809926987,
1.0378795862197876,
0.5136262774467468,
-0.0681481584906578,
0.1562991738319397,
0.23111362755298615,
-0.18194560706615448,
1.056111454963684,
-0.5192736387252808,
0.11890722811222076,
-0.1256571114063263,
-0.050718456506729126,
-0.42574918270111084,
0.17282788455486298,
0.325938880443573,
-0.19814185798168182,
-0.17201447486877441,
0.11184362322092056,
-0.3065207898616791,
-0.6694285273551941,
0.8343237042427063,
-0.1598736196756363,
0.342766135931015,
-0.39302998781204224,
-0.16466599702835083,
-0.48891910910606384,
-0.5886041522026062,
0.2295149862766266,
0.6561726927757263,
0.30868029594421387,
-0.20401181280612946,
0.2302665412425995,
0.07128821313381195,
0.10805670917034149,
0.1733836680650711,
-0.24744296073913574,
0.050069279968738556,
-0.4399169981479645,
-0.7969914078712463,
-0.8011302351951599,
0.28053200244903564,
0.23010344803333282,
-0.10978228598833084,
0.253539115190506,
0.20320351421833038,
-0.5274035930633545,
0.1660468727350235,
0.4180848300457001,
-0.11006545275449753,
0.05044156312942505,
0.3280669152736664
]
|
214912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Cleans%20Up | Uncle Cleans Up | Uncle Cleans Up (1965) is a children's story written by J. P. Martin as part of his Uncle series.
Plot summary
In this story, Goodman the Cat joins Uncle's supporters. He is rescued from down-trodden and hungry service at Wizard Blenkinsop's and throws himself wholeheartedly into battle against Uncle's enemies, though never quite ridding himself of a propensity to steal fish and postage stamps. His fish-stealing gets him into trouble at Professor Gandleweaver's Fish-Frying Academy, and Uncle is forced to make a dignified exit as the crowd gathered to watch Gandleweaver's frying exhibition turns ugly:
The crowd began to hiss, and, as Uncle didn't want a row, he decided to withdraw and take action later. The moment he and his party got out of the crowd, they were forgotten. The Professor had started frying a conger eel in an enormous pan, and this is one of star turns; and nobody thinks about anything else when he does it.
The incident is seized on by the Badfort Crowd and written up in the usual lying and distorted way in The Badfort News, one of the many provocations offered by the newspaper that eventually lead Uncle to take action against it. Visiting its offices, he finds a young badger literally chained to the printing-press, whom he rescues before visiting well-deserved punishment on Beaver Hateman by kicking him far and high into Gaby's Marsh, where "the crabs are" and "the barking conger eels". As before, Uncle Cleans Up ends in Uncle's capture by the Badfort Crowd before he escapes, this time with the help of his loyal friend the Old Monkey, and a great battle is fought in which the Badfort Crowd are completely defeated—until next time. The last that is seen of Beaver Hateman is this:
Even for Uncle it was a great kick-up. Beaver Hateman was holding a huge lighted cigar in his hand, and the wind made it glow so that everyone could see in the sky what looked like a slowly soaring red light.
He comes down in Gaby's Marsh again, and vows in an insolent letter delivered to Uncle as the book closes that he will take a revenge "so fearful that anyone who speaks of it will develop lockjaw".
Reprint
A hardcover edition of the collected Uncle stories was published in June 2008, from The New York Review Children's Collection (). www.nyrb.com
References
1965 British novels
1965 children's books
British children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Books about elephants | [
-0.19826672971248627,
0.5579725503921509,
0.3985510468482971,
-0.34566086530685425,
0.061787188053131104,
0.04131137952208519,
0.24158643186092377,
-0.13486120104789734,
-0.6911493539810181,
-0.3752521276473999,
-0.00661374069750309,
0.1739097535610199,
-0.132226824760437,
0.0900535136461258,
-0.3160894513130188,
0.12783630192279816,
0.2846599519252777,
0.7374117970466614,
-0.7387096881866455,
-0.3713566064834595,
0.018366677686572075,
-0.44403260946273804,
0.22411611676216125,
0.12611931562423706,
0.07420534640550613,
0.3526425063610077,
0.41597309708595276,
0.04022417590022087,
-0.32497429847717285,
-0.07111893594264984,
-0.029244618490338326,
-0.16439272463321686,
0.7139012217521667,
-1.0068305730819702,
-0.47958841919898987,
-0.26764899492263794,
-0.6118791699409485,
-0.13353262841701508,
-0.31742608547210693,
-0.5673070549964905,
0.4690810441970825,
0.1235002651810646,
0.21110346913337708,
0.4617134928703308,
-0.4490225613117218,
-0.4223422110080719,
-1.1887001991271973,
-0.09366554766893387,
-0.7837035059928894,
-0.2971607446670532,
0.31838259100914,
0.6780595779418945,
0.46239444613456726,
-0.18888767063617706,
-0.32579541206359863,
0.90488600730896,
-0.3846602737903595,
0.32809409499168396,
-0.061329226940870285,
-0.3944358229637146,
0.4285166263580322,
-0.006150454748421907,
0.28836822509765625,
0.5247623920440674,
-0.03032868728041649,
0.3032582700252533,
-0.33282965421676636,
0.5866597890853882,
0.37340977787971497,
0.28318777680397034,
0.16659700870513916,
-0.5909175276756287,
-0.3135984539985657,
0.39788419008255005,
-0.03385324403643608,
-0.07711856067180634,
0.2409733086824417,
-0.5278526544570923,
0.23980209231376648,
0.3484860062599182,
-0.4742724299430847,
-0.49599775671958923,
0.603752851486206,
0.36683008074760437,
0.3875123858451843,
0.17544804513454437,
-0.22354745864868164,
0.5386978387832642,
-0.3151051998138428,
0.40422117710113525,
0.14128321409225464,
-0.20194658637046814,
-0.06093356013298035,
0.4456278085708618,
0.17382265627384186,
-0.7631884217262268,
-0.49357539415359497,
-0.16605086624622345,
-0.11904168874025345,
-0.2311147302389145,
0.17998147010803223,
0.5617949962615967,
0.34202441573143005,
0.5027365684509277,
-0.5524207353591919,
-0.5101209282875061,
0.405315637588501,
-0.6886549592018127,
0.6525745987892151,
-0.08573444932699203,
-0.256600946187973,
0.5187409520149231,
-0.34037888050079346,
-0.15946897864341736,
0.1032305508852005,
0.3469260632991791,
-0.0981687605381012,
-0.571190357208252,
-0.9802274107933044,
-0.34098324179649353,
-0.2472543716430664,
0.4428365230560303,
0.8495604991912842,
0.4839989244937897,
-0.10788863152265549,
0.028377940878272057,
0.16095393896102905,
0.7678461074829102,
-0.24781179428100586,
-0.004294067621231079,
0.4852839410305023,
0.4229397177696228,
0.16453830897808075,
-0.16392084956169128,
-0.16380424797534943,
0.2413840889930725,
0.2362383008003235,
0.6754670739173889,
-0.2629386782646179,
-0.27269843220710754,
-0.30897969007492065,
0.446943461894989,
-0.3146120607852936,
-0.2552630305290222,
-0.43810388445854187,
-0.5555765628814697,
-0.2906802296638489,
-0.13608069717884064,
-0.1105484813451767,
-0.2548808753490448,
0.23532167077064514,
0.26951438188552856,
-0.33487337827682495,
-0.34917497634887695,
-0.2743583917617798,
0.767164409160614,
0.04878726229071617,
0.03248605504631996,
0.5648043751716614,
0.15846070647239685,
-0.004165832418948412,
0.7170184254646301,
-0.28412556648254395,
-0.2667551636695862,
-0.08403507620096207,
-0.5479492545127869,
0.23078139126300812,
-0.1943519413471222,
0.06056234613060951,
-0.04846011847257614,
-0.6383408308029175,
0.6086674332618713,
0.39190012216567993,
-0.6282675266265869,
0.7861860394477844,
0.15665385127067566,
1.1813422441482544,
0.4041418433189392,
0.6070578694343567,
-0.20857664942741394,
-0.41401419043540955,
-0.24566178023815155,
-0.15350359678268433,
-0.3227883577346802,
0.8321773409843445,
0.5138682126998901,
0.18056362867355347,
0.22443291544914246,
0.11474307626485825,
0.08130574971437454,
-0.7910428047180176,
-1.1072261333465576,
0.3712477385997772,
0.06441867351531982,
0.6702948212623596,
0.3886463940143585,
-0.30816003680229187,
0.8898148536682129,
0.06567150354385376,
0.3758934736251831,
-0.33075422048568726,
0.4668932855129242,
0.5045660138130188,
0.10203248262405396,
-0.7569176554679871,
-0.1906566172838211,
-0.5509393215179443,
0.22658172249794006,
0.0323454812169075,
0.7661884427070618,
0.23971767723560333,
-0.23005078732967377,
0.4302859306335449,
0.16864730417728424,
-0.5364224314689636,
-0.013701379299163818,
-0.14079295098781586,
0.02571539394557476,
-0.017500218003988266,
-0.4012196660041809,
0.4891359806060791,
0.03872356563806534,
-0.34518611431121826,
0.7756515741348267,
-0.028182927519083023,
0.6073246002197266,
0.3292190432548523,
-0.20008692145347595,
0.2816505432128906,
-0.5164527893066406,
-0.2465221881866455,
0.43134039640426636,
-0.017912346869707108,
-0.22584140300750732,
-0.3341146409511566,
-0.26058229804039,
0.3485513925552368,
-0.6095228791236877,
0.3916694223880768,
0.4331735074520111,
0.1429547220468521,
-0.18914470076560974,
0.13241375982761383,
0.22276216745376587,
0.49106550216674805,
-0.2577108144760132,
-0.25479522347450256,
0.7039498090744019,
-0.16806913912296295,
0.08803212642669678,
0.5123301148414612,
0.7557317018508911,
0.6019623875617981,
0.1760144829750061,
-0.00869705155491829,
0.009566240012645721,
-0.6568237543106079,
0.13254545629024506,
0.2576994299888611,
0.8146942853927612,
0.0973254144191742,
0.20721958577632904,
-0.1896602213382721,
-0.16882942616939545,
0.5554413199424744,
-0.660187840461731,
-0.7544484734535217,
-0.8046490550041199,
0.39225250482559204,
0.14525309205055237,
0.00848743598908186,
0.18835222721099854,
-0.7966782450675964,
0.2591710388660431,
0.4558534622192383,
-0.8543222546577454,
0.5703144669532776,
0.34149301052093506,
-0.49990367889404297,
-1.2618317604064941,
0.09544827789068222,
1.5890686511993408,
0.15615518391132355,
-0.7403979897499084,
-0.3237290680408478,
-0.1563834697008133,
0.44125956296920776,
-0.8502640724182129,
-0.34433284401893616,
0.2729938328266144,
0.30971038341522217,
0.4728701710700989,
-0.0029742023907601833,
-0.18620356917381287,
-0.049302488565444946,
0.7436283826828003,
0.24404889345169067,
-0.35240063071250916,
-0.12905706465244293,
-0.08921859413385391,
-0.025447310879826546,
-0.2409328669309616,
-0.2041161060333252,
0.05998140200972557,
0.24373629689216614,
-0.38076096773147583,
-0.12873528897762299,
-0.428137868642807,
-5.609458923339844,
-0.3178761601448059,
-0.05219333618879318,
0.3023824691772461,
0.19495339691638947,
0.03534388542175293,
0.7878627777099609,
-0.28212520480155945,
0.03131192550063133,
0.29363492131233215,
-0.4999261796474457,
-0.10884813964366913,
0.3990965187549591,
0.3936079740524292,
0.3405073583126068,
-0.1277603805065155,
0.39756718277931213,
0.08512888848781586,
-0.033725813031196594,
-0.09157810360193253,
0.0913720652461052,
0.12214039266109467,
-0.22085677087306976,
0.21710661053657532,
0.33327245712280273,
1.198058843612671,
0.15764842927455902,
0.08230371028184891,
-1.051941156387329,
0.17849154770374298,
-0.018345903605222702,
-0.19506177306175232,
0.1743060052394867,
-0.28112953901290894,
-0.8332574367523193,
-0.4116609990596771,
0.27756866812705994,
0.5515835285186768,
0.3781086504459381,
0.16488780081272125,
-0.19391627609729767,
-0.29354941844940186,
-0.13960310816764832,
-0.849715530872345,
0.010158058255910873,
-0.32488977909088135,
-0.9811973571777344,
-0.9119206666946411,
-0.0013007665984332561,
0.5138863325119019,
0.14486724138259888,
0.24422861635684967,
0.32629111409187317,
0.46045804023742676,
-0.26908472180366516,
-0.7632654905319214,
0.17765508592128754,
0.8713045716285706,
-0.056840769946575165,
-0.5430774092674255,
0.5029137134552002,
0.05490214005112648,
0.3859935998916626,
-0.7688098549842834,
0.24454951286315918,
-0.10874459147453308,
0.06978500634431839,
-0.6945754289627075,
-0.05608232319355011,
0.6015259027481079,
-0.27618032693862915,
-0.1781836301088333,
0.42459118366241455,
-1.197519302368164,
-0.2418471723794937,
-0.47177931666374207,
-0.43105804920196533,
-0.28447794914245605,
-0.09716299176216125,
-0.11124733835458755,
0.35345983505249023,
-0.7518850564956665,
-0.47078052163124084,
0.4282817542552948,
-0.40822046995162964,
-1.2092722654342651,
-0.2855914831161499,
-0.02631819061934948,
-0.45533353090286255,
0.11725489050149918,
0.5429875254631042,
0.2923241853713989,
-0.043138064444065094,
0.22155943512916565,
0.6186996698379517,
0.5962135791778564,
-0.30270469188690186,
0.27206701040267944,
0.44194260239601135,
-0.14292143285274506,
-0.46842560172080994,
-0.2932074964046478,
0.3304365873336792,
-0.23119845986366272,
0.6502199769020081,
-0.8137726187705994,
0.2593672275543213,
0.15280714631080627,
0.6202335357666016,
0.05398758128285408,
-0.3922829329967499,
-0.7489645481109619,
-0.6287760138511658,
-0.338981956243515,
0.21535055339336395,
0.05159010365605354,
0.586173951625824,
-0.17946429550647736,
-0.21476545929908752,
0.4012954831123352,
0.3600274324417114,
0.15074557065963745,
-0.3155500292778015,
-0.4204214811325073,
-0.22885777056217194,
-0.46185189485549927,
0.5366038680076599,
-0.11597523093223572,
0.41978856921195984,
0.37248116731643677,
0.3034076392650604,
-0.32790592312812805,
0.40655821561813354,
-0.5231569409370422,
-0.0069902813993394375,
-0.15474477410316467,
-0.16555346548557281,
-0.5294950008392334,
-0.5621305108070374,
0.29804229736328125,
-0.2975235879421234,
-0.2287517637014389,
-0.4214920401573181,
0.25773635506629944,
0.28708499670028687,
0.17935414612293243,
0.18303942680358887,
-0.2623440623283386,
-0.12347733974456787,
0.30097532272338867,
-0.3708830177783966,
-0.3047230839729309,
0.6315074563026428,
0.08687173575162888,
-0.29946228861808777,
-0.19801568984985352,
-0.23877069354057312,
0.36512690782546997,
-0.6635615825653076,
-0.08828961849212646,
-0.19195856153964996,
-0.739456057548523,
-0.9367215633392334,
0.18191461265087128,
-0.25356629490852356,
0.06874527782201767,
-0.02840384654700756,
-0.9319326281547546,
-0.10237493366003036,
0.6399598717689514,
0.32313334941864014,
0.6099358201026917,
-0.2381853610277176,
-0.026935309171676636,
0.3758179247379303,
0.3985401690006256,
0.3113497495651245,
0.3943290710449219,
0.5921083092689514,
-0.11306960135698318,
0.023879043757915497,
-0.08413704484701157,
-0.1572100967168808,
0.1896909475326538,
0.3193439245223999,
-0.13444280624389648,
-0.34318315982818604,
-0.3067622780799866,
-0.4476180374622345,
0.1628955602645874,
0.3506741523742676,
0.2773602306842804,
0.9577702283859253,
0.5903317332267761,
-0.43410053849220276,
-0.4034205973148346,
-0.16282060742378235,
0.23181870579719543,
-0.050387904047966,
-0.29622533917427063,
-0.014711549505591393,
0.38870835304260254,
-0.5497323870658875,
0.05219005420804024,
-0.3053400218486786,
-1.47304105758667,
0.22935684025287628,
0.2440875619649887,
-0.7615329027175903,
0.43620747327804565,
0.27994412183761597,
-0.2730565369129181,
-0.028326524421572685,
0.2279634326696396,
-0.1955491602420807,
0.0602150484919548,
0.10560017824172974,
-0.4150911271572113,
0.385267972946167,
-0.645027756690979,
-0.370047390460968,
-0.2982112467288971,
-0.6136419177055359,
0.08995118737220764,
-0.46487903594970703,
-0.14832589030265808,
0.22234539687633514,
-0.4154740869998932,
-0.3318702280521393,
-0.940452516078949,
0.5465277433395386,
0.3315258324146271,
0.3090347945690155,
0.5408198833465576,
-0.10507657378911972,
0.21275261044502258,
0.32067397236824036,
0.11704370379447937,
0.33083564043045044,
0.5783863663673401,
0.3853084444999695,
0.8559443950653076,
0.46912479400634766,
-0.07807718962430954,
0.6228680610656738,
0.5396938323974609,
0.13491223752498627,
-0.45267337560653687,
-0.5339112281799316,
0.45482364296913147,
0.4797009229660034,
-0.2768370807170868,
-0.15456388890743256,
-0.14187580347061157,
0.530419111251831,
-0.8967987298965454,
-0.42115798592567444,
-0.2020035684108734,
-0.10500413924455643,
0.24220141768455505,
-0.14086240530014038,
0.8343892097473145,
-0.3994118869304657,
0.29851916432380676,
0.35733112692832947,
0.5361266136169434,
-0.24133001267910004,
-0.2425171583890915,
0.09472496062517166,
-0.5292732119560242,
-0.37944111227989197,
0.03456561267375946,
0.13091635704040527,
0.3849916458129883,
0.7579454779624939,
-0.0525939054787159,
-0.5503643751144409,
-0.491809219121933,
0.3246857225894928,
-0.2689923644065857,
-0.2295660823583603,
0.13515529036521912,
-0.6305199861526489,
-0.21434222161769867,
-0.4740191102027893,
-0.18440723419189453,
-0.4791787266731262,
0.013012952171266079,
-0.3892808258533478,
0.15187832713127136,
-0.6309679746627808,
0.6966009140014648,
-0.15084019303321838,
-0.24942120909690857,
0.29894858598709106,
0.36840471625328064,
0.08440019190311432,
-0.03137098625302315,
-0.5800411105155945,
-0.5353461503982544,
-0.17411859333515167,
0.6642836332321167,
-0.16542883217334747,
0.049079060554504395,
0.516812264919281,
0.3464626669883728,
0.12331023067235947,
0.35169145464897156,
-0.36568617820739746,
0.2711034417152405,
0.39106523990631104,
-0.5904430747032166,
0.009911447763442993,
0.6757422685623169,
-0.7024554014205933,
-0.1392858922481537,
0.4051988422870636,
-0.680333137512207,
0.262825071811676,
-0.08937682211399078,
0.28756681084632874,
0.019115455448627472,
0.007764394860714674,
-0.024990888312458992,
-0.7015947699546814,
0.44112324714660645,
-0.6979864239692688,
0.23654042184352875,
0.18307563662528992,
-0.13793978095054626,
0.044759612530469894,
0.8209858536720276,
-0.6698499321937561,
-0.2571839392185211,
0.3215513229370117,
-0.17127136886119843,
-0.07646272331476212,
-0.360300749540329,
0.21358482539653778,
0.41359901428222656,
0.05199796333909035,
0.11069268733263016,
0.027642469853162766,
0.23822999000549316,
-0.11375339329242706,
-0.005091338884085417,
-0.10034815967082977,
-0.4206327199935913,
0.3496173918247223,
0.4639561176300049,
-0.6187154054641724,
0.5290841460227966,
-0.05036943033337593,
-1.0125622749328613,
0.19408267736434937,
-0.1603616625070572,
0.3067867159843445,
-0.10490608215332031,
0.16434121131896973,
0.16156479716300964,
-0.36174577474594116,
-0.048062145709991455,
-0.3523843288421631,
0.21655142307281494,
0.14773651957511902,
-0.06698460876941681,
0.45466306805610657,
-0.23892684280872345,
-0.38467833399772644,
0.7746235132217407,
0.09858738631010056,
-0.006025361828505993,
0.12723951041698456,
0.3050439953804016,
0.33405178785324097,
0.4112900197505951,
-0.032210130244493484,
0.44125211238861084,
-0.20193599164485931,
0.5636518001556396,
0.0318111926317215,
0.09990508109331131,
-0.937228798866272,
-0.11179511994123459,
0.11863793432712555,
0.6418953537940979,
-0.28700631856918335,
0.1433294266462326,
0.016027338802814484,
-0.44529345631599426,
0.20100073516368866,
-0.9072245955467224,
-0.6737789511680603,
0.3579182028770447,
-0.018847571685910225,
-0.3991539180278778,
-0.4391515851020813,
0.8227342963218689,
0.22976753115653992,
-0.17730887234210968,
0.008372599259018898,
0.07413367182016373,
0.11795135587453842,
0.4176764488220215,
-0.3762781322002411,
0.3490517735481262,
-0.27274495363235474,
-0.14029131829738617,
-0.23976017534732819,
0.3066156506538391,
-0.2505992650985718,
0.1646828055381775,
-0.021996645256876945,
-0.17816966772079468,
-0.1306730955839157,
-0.9025009274482727,
-0.13192112743854523,
-0.5476142764091492,
0.28121429681777954,
0.11111418902873993,
-0.030849555507302284,
0.3307575285434723,
0.23068976402282715,
0.2830336093902588,
0.18958859145641327,
-0.1130317896604538,
-0.08120763301849365,
-0.05445929244160652,
-0.5259448289871216,
0.4335980713367462,
-0.20838524401187897,
0.23893648386001587,
-0.6187738180160522,
0.02546905353665352,
0.19194145500659943,
0.6129962205886841,
0.47748857736587524,
0.368142694234848,
0.6622839570045471,
-0.3917563855648041,
0.006021174136549234,
-0.7201710939407349,
0.1245730072259903,
-0.1555367410182953,
-0.15910594165325165,
0.2898716330528259,
-0.1656894087791443,
-0.07107292115688324,
-0.39060333371162415,
0.5121522545814514,
0.028215503320097923,
0.4534784257411957,
-0.23825380206108093,
0.08387543261051178,
0.06260564178228378,
-0.22778400778770447,
-0.3284970223903656,
-0.03215253725647926,
0.47932374477386475,
0.28272682428359985
]
|
214917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20de%20la%20Motte%20Fouqu%C3%A9 | Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué | Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte, Baron Fouqué (); (12 February 1777 – 23 January 1843) was a German writer of the Romantic style.
Biography
He was born at Brandenburg an der Havel, of a family of French Huguenot origin, as evidenced in his family name. His grandfather, Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué, had been one of Frederick the Great's generals and his father was a Prussian officer. Although not originally intended for a military career, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué ultimately gave up his university studies at Halle to join the army, and he took part in the Rhine campaign of 1794. The rest of his life was devoted mainly to literary pursuits. He was introduced to August Wilhelm Schlegel, who deeply influenced him as a poet ("mich gelehret Maß und Regel | Meister August Wilhelm Schlegel") and who published Fouqué's first book, Dramatische Spiele von Pellegrin, in 1804.
Marriage
Fouqué's first marriage was unhappy and soon ended in divorce. His second wife, Caroline Philippine von Briest (1773–1831), enjoyed some reputation as a novelist in her day. After her death Fouqué married a third time. Some consolation for the ebbing tide of popular favour was afforded him by the munificence of Frederick William IV of Prussia, who granted him a pension which allowed him to spend his later years in comfort. He died in Berlin in 1843.
For Fouqué's life see Lebensgeschichte des Baron Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué (only to the year 1813), Aufgezeichnet durch ihn selbst (Halle, 1840), and also the introduction to Koch's selections in the Deutsche Nationalliteratur.
Literary work
Romantic roots
After Dramatische Spiele von Pellegrin, his second work, Romanzen vom Tal Ronceval (1805), showed more plainly his allegiance to the romantic leaders, and in the Historie vom edlen Ritter Galmy (1806) he versified a 16th-century romance of medieval chivalry.
Sigurd der Schlangentödter, ein Heldenspiel in sechs Abentheuren (1808), was the first modern German dramatization of the Nibelung legend combining Icelandic sources such as the Volsunga Saga and the Middle High German Nibelungenlied. The play and its two sequels Sigurds Rache (1809) and Aslaugas Ritter (1810) were published together under the title Der Held des Nordens in 1810 ["The Hero of the North"]. The trilogy brought Fouqué to the attention of the public, and had a considerable influence on subsequent versions of the story, such as Friedrich Hebbel's Nibelungen and Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen.
These early writings indicate the lines which Fouqué's subsequent literary activity followed; his interests were divided between medieval chivalry on the one hand and northern mythology on the other. In 1813, the year of the rising against Napoleon, he again fought with the Prussian army, and the new patriotism awakened in the German people left its mark upon his writings.
Popular works
Between 1810 and 1815, Fouqué's popularity was at its height; the many romances and novels, plays and epics which he produced with extraordinary rapidity, appealed greatly to the mood of the hour. Undine appeared around 1811, the only work by which Fouqué's memory still lives today. A more comprehensive idea of his talent may, however, be obtained from the two romances Der Zauberring (1813) and Die Fahrten Thiodolfs des Isländers (1815).
Later years
From 1820 onwards the quality of Fouqué's work deteriorated, partly owing to the fatal formal ease with which he wrote, and he failed to keep pace with the changes in German taste by clinging to the paraphernalia of romanticism. His rivals applied a sobriquet of "Don Quixote of Romanticism" to him.
Translations
Most of Fouqué's works have been translated. Menella Bute Smedley, for instance, translated his ballad, "The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains." The English versions of Aslauga's Knight (by Thomas Carlyle), Sintram and his Companions and Undine have been frequently republished.
Influence
Fouqué's play Der Sängerkrieg auf der Wartburg (The Song Contest on the Wartburg) is likely one of the sources for Wagner's Tannhäuser. Goethe was not impressed by it, remarking to Eckermann: "We both agreed that all his life this poet had engaged in old Germanic studies, however without being able to develop this into a culture of his own making."
Robert Louis Stevenson admired Fouqué's story "The Bottle Imp" and wrote his own version (The Bottle Imp) with a Hawaiian setting. John Henry Newman and Charlotte Mary Yonge both praised Sintram and his Companions. William Morris also became an admirer of Sintram and his Companions, and it influenced
Morris' own fiction. Sintram and his Companions and Undine are referred to in Little Women by Louisa May Alcott; the character Jo mentions wanting them for Christmas in the first chapter of the book and finally receives them in chapter 22. Aslauga's Knight as well as Sintram and his Companions and Undine are referred to in Jo's Boys, the final book in Alcott's Little Women series, where the story of Aslauga's Knight mirrors the character Dan and his affection for gentle Bess. Undine is the basis, along with Hans Anderson's Little Mermaid, for Dvořák's opera Rusalka.
References
Bibliography
Ausgewählte Werke, edited by himself, in 12 vols. (Berlin, 1841)
A selection, edited by M. Koch, in Kürschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur, vol. 146, part ii. (Stuttgart, 1893)
Undine, Sintram, etc., in innumerable reprints. *Bibliography in Karl Goedeke's Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung (2nd ed., vi. pp. 115 ff., Dresden, 1898).
Undine, trans. Paul Turner. German Romantic Stories. Ed. Frank G. Ryder. New York: Continuum, 1998. (The German Library, vol. 35). 15–90.
Fouqué und einige seiner Zeitgenossen, Arno Schmidt (Bläschke 1958; 2nd Revised Edition 1960), also in the Bargfelder Edition, Volume III/1 (1993)
External links
Book description of The Magic Ring (1825) (Der Zauberring, 1813) at Valancourt Books
1777 births
1843 deaths
Barons of Germany
German fantasy writers
People from Brandenburg an der Havel
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Romanticism
German-language poets
Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
German male poets | [
-0.610978901386261,
0.4414905309677124,
-0.35334399342536926,
-0.003258543089032173,
0.029497243463993073,
0.84263676404953,
0.9830380082130432,
0.11097411811351776,
-0.3921923339366913,
-1.0843567848205566,
-0.2099684625864029,
0.14197048544883728,
0.10549520701169968,
0.3258094787597656,
0.12636318802833557,
0.33885902166366577,
0.007737188600003719,
-0.27710774540901184,
-0.4896954596042633,
-0.34389951825141907,
-0.34840115904808044,
-0.3617743253707886,
0.21165136992931366,
-0.0005066185840405524,
-0.031582530587911606,
-0.3572313189506531,
0.5763222575187683,
0.062198057770729065,
0.46506819128990173,
-0.051015738397836685,
0.05249406397342682,
0.9433571100234985,
-0.008828532882034779,
-0.34327036142349243,
-1.0785819292068481,
0.1078495979309082,
-0.4538244307041168,
-0.18261389434337616,
0.39755868911743164,
0.09883967787027359,
-0.09406343102455139,
0.30091652274131775,
0.44013237953186035,
-0.4254652261734009,
-0.018545228987932205,
-0.5617572069168091,
-2.0166633129119873,
0.5015585422515869,
-0.8660747408866882,
-0.7020812630653381,
0.5811857581138611,
0.28752654790878296,
1.0618503093719482,
0.6773427724838257,
-0.4151467978954315,
0.5493173003196716,
-1.1541014909744263,
-0.37798377871513367,
0.32258933782577515,
-0.21127371490001678,
0.2660503387451172,
0.20355147123336792,
0.48173439502716064,
0.5223110914230347,
0.3495287299156189,
0.43800821900367737,
-0.32237452268600464,
0.019836686551570892,
-0.11011061072349548,
-0.020711373537778854,
-0.11058808863162994,
0.328112930059433,
0.5309060215950012,
0.15345722436904907,
0.3336884081363678,
-0.18718048930168152,
-0.31766408681869507,
0.2971338927745819,
0.0942617803812027,
0.15298496186733246,
-0.30345600843429565,
-0.03598214313387871,
1.225871205329895,
0.18927989900112152,
-0.08783252537250519,
0.4883196949958801,
0.12939053773880005,
0.19035054743289948,
-0.44557222723960876,
-0.5177880525588989,
-0.7454410195350647,
-0.40076595544815063,
-0.20252734422683716,
-0.05727686360478401,
0.6467248797416687,
0.4462292790412903,
-0.2508053183555603,
0.6873877048492432,
-0.5679104924201965,
0.4682645797729492,
0.14718034863471985,
0.22965587675571442,
0.06417570263147354,
0.06811884790658951,
-0.5812225341796875,
-0.11300961673259735,
-0.493997722864151,
-0.30738773941993713,
0.20510762929916382,
-0.09564671665430069,
-0.7683875560760498,
0.3023773729801178,
-0.518025815486908,
-0.04451964050531387,
-0.3364734947681427,
0.290571928024292,
0.23554232716560364,
-1.0703102350234985,
-0.47528260946273804,
-0.2926560342311859,
-0.0973891019821167,
0.08965149521827698,
0.11000712960958481,
-0.07947445660829544,
-0.5760841369628906,
-0.09653297811746597,
-0.13115635514259338,
0.07617276906967163,
0.1385093778371811,
0.549796998500824,
0.6800105571746826,
1.3371648788452148,
-0.28669941425323486,
-0.6393144726753235,
-0.5052656531333923,
-0.2863124907016754,
0.4200155436992645,
0.16189654171466827,
-0.3342170715332031,
0.2107904851436615,
-0.6187006831169128,
-0.22030416131019592,
-1.1229857206344604,
-0.03667730465531349,
0.010465232655405998,
-0.3426636755466461,
0.2649275064468384,
-0.40981438755989075,
0.19225051999092102,
-0.3857347071170807,
-0.7078666687011719,
-0.1818021684885025,
0.05601877346634865,
0.05448693782091141,
-0.4303032457828522,
0.5205111503601074,
0.7004866600036621,
0.6760473251342773,
0.5526905059814453,
0.22450955212116241,
0.1557689607143402,
0.009348113089799881,
-0.20740391314029694,
0.1655847728252411,
0.6164474487304688,
-0.6717414855957031,
0.26833927631378174,
0.08858414739370346,
-0.3798398971557617,
0.07933016866445541,
-0.3466036021709442,
-0.10338996350765228,
0.24618108570575714,
-0.3654717206954956,
0.3473277986049652,
0.8120869994163513,
0.12498173862695694,
0.06051275134086609,
0.37048155069351196,
0.14061881601810455,
-1.0106487274169922,
0.6045653820037842,
0.1484120637178421,
-0.5250080823898315,
0.5628095269203186,
0.1270035058259964,
0.6122785806655884,
-0.07521702349185944,
0.360128790140152,
-0.36427730321884155,
-0.8609601855278015,
-0.4990244507789612,
0.4955092668533325,
-0.03261750191450119,
1.224500298500061,
0.8394259214401245,
-0.4728580117225647,
0.9805212020874023,
-0.05735728144645691,
0.44328317046165466,
-0.2649838924407959,
-0.33297762274742126,
0.02660602331161499,
0.2816707491874695,
0.14148376882076263,
0.7088454365730286,
-0.25416961312294006,
-0.034055016934871674,
-0.15814119577407837,
0.4132545590400696,
0.8093798160552979,
-0.4612446427345276,
0.2659200131893158,
0.23638346791267395,
-0.26985326409339905,
-0.587840735912323,
-0.27856338024139404,
-0.05606162175536156,
-0.1360207498073578,
-0.3002268970012665,
0.10689673572778702,
-0.2581958472728729,
0.14654166996479034,
1.3043320178985596,
0.08441896736621857,
0.8179428577423096,
0.15095122158527374,
0.28062883019447327,
0.07691788673400879,
-0.9135035276412964,
-0.6909223198890686,
0.3855736255645752,
0.21532946825027466,
-0.43518373370170593,
0.41854241490364075,
0.08323793113231659,
-0.15555807948112488,
-0.19469252228736877,
0.16260451078414917,
-0.45527341961860657,
0.46051064133644104,
0.48406583070755005,
-0.32950103282928467,
0.13229264318943024,
0.5353922247886658,
0.9557828903198242,
-0.2314431369304657,
0.05162426829338074,
-0.08108077943325043,
-0.3268204927444458,
0.28863152861595154,
0.8021290898323059,
-0.17344316840171814,
0.050475429743528366,
-0.2536906898021698,
-0.47627174854278564,
0.5312064290046692,
0.3208666443824768,
0.011232636868953705,
0.034216854721307755,
-0.020225010812282562,
-0.1847960650920868,
-0.01343454048037529,
0.28151342272758484,
0.177532359957695,
-0.20971965789794922,
0.29149356484413147,
-0.47743096947669983,
0.3471107482910156,
0.2305673360824585,
0.3129408359527588,
-0.3068496286869049,
-0.1844940483570099,
-0.34969285130500793,
0.269509881734848,
-0.6729985475540161,
-0.5167402625083923,
0.3223932087421417,
-0.396318256855011,
-0.19876334071159363,
-0.23954235017299652,
1.1516194343566895,
-0.0897253006696701,
-0.016155734658241272,
0.21841664612293243,
-0.0704822689294815,
0.3567409813404083,
0.004014603793621063,
0.05899238586425781,
0.2929970920085907,
-0.17630960047245026,
0.30398640036582947,
-0.8803024888038635,
-0.30914169549942017,
-0.2646814286708832,
0.1912841796875,
-0.7986186146736145,
-0.7020677924156189,
-0.18613985180854797,
-0.10484851151704788,
-0.6693375706672668,
0.09692329913377762,
0.4161384403705597,
0.28475528955459595,
0.6143433451652527,
0.06406448036432266,
-0.09940113127231598,
0.4229547381401062,
-5.267838478088379,
-0.1740812510251999,
0.2565346658229828,
-0.014745274558663368,
-0.366934597492218,
0.1271609216928482,
0.4918938875198364,
0.05974975973367691,
-0.5151211619377136,
-0.4702623188495636,
0.36351004242897034,
-0.2750571370124817,
0.05041470751166344,
0.5323279500007629,
0.5059008002281189,
0.4653298556804657,
0.009377874433994293,
0.09470474720001221,
0.09629954397678375,
0.15254172682762146,
-0.006509161554276943,
0.3510056734085083,
0.13439401984214783,
0.17299465835094452,
0.763661801815033,
0.1389377862215042,
-0.025620169937610626,
0.22711463272571564,
-1.238402247428894,
-0.3484497368335724,
0.2686349153518677,
0.6272591948509216,
0.20332877337932587,
0.008047300390899181,
0.5698766708374023,
-0.5314696431159973,
0.23979094624519348,
0.6987559199333191,
-0.16905058920383453,
0.5155540704727173,
-0.10533527284860611,
0.3492245078086853,
-0.4277617037296295,
0.5404213070869446,
-0.33658015727996826,
-0.10537150502204895,
-0.6883934736251831,
0.6615004539489746,
-0.37323883175849915,
0.5627018213272095,
0.19117006659507751,
-0.6163249015808105,
0.1657731682062149,
0.1317966729402542,
0.23655149340629578,
0.4546341896057129,
0.16078273952007294,
-0.12331823259592056,
-0.7975873947143555,
0.03254101052880287,
0.27053776383399963,
-0.35700854659080505,
0.2921096682548523,
-0.5235292315483093,
0.32413360476493835,
-0.49677231907844543,
0.24154187738895416,
-0.2765097916126251,
0.01780722104012966,
-0.45704570412635803,
-0.05193440243601799,
0.6865622401237488,
0.15351954102516174,
-0.964861273765564,
-0.3593229353427887,
-0.4295383393764496,
-0.6391234993934631,
-0.33114877343177795,
-0.4651925265789032,
-0.07785263657569885,
0.085477814078331,
-0.6263558268547058,
-0.44401469826698303,
0.8625754714012146,
0.7543628215789795,
0.039570100605487823,
-0.33946800231933594,
0.20570603013038635,
-0.6868390440940857,
-0.3372572660446167,
-0.20760546624660492,
-0.26374125480651855,
0.06218336150050163,
0.2252969592809677,
-0.10556327551603317,
0.4066655933856964,
-0.3817618787288666,
-0.3740394115447998,
0.18877337872982025,
0.016108324751257896,
-0.48054102063179016,
0.12462636828422546,
0.08256647735834122,
0.23058104515075684,
0.6617799401283264,
-0.1769043505191803,
0.16958607733249664,
0.0018362265545874834,
0.7236174941062927,
0.5442960262298584,
0.3422611355781555,
0.5362363457679749,
-0.40037670731544495,
-0.1570044755935669,
0.2480878233909607,
-0.456548810005188,
0.09890453517436981,
0.25623607635498047,
0.18495289981365204,
0.2147546112537384,
-0.295856237411499,
0.49159350991249084,
-0.06753066927194595,
-0.5955464839935303,
0.35386142134666443,
-0.06476868689060211,
0.1342311054468155,
-0.6141058206558228,
-0.11462143808603287,
-0.022398144006729126,
-0.020695969462394714,
0.251287043094635,
-0.2607021927833557,
-0.059981003403663635,
-0.007091527339071035,
-0.6944459080696106,
-0.5925946831703186,
-0.7592589259147644,
0.10883834213018417,
-0.4163077771663666,
0.1349969208240509,
-0.13424862921237946,
-0.38950732350349426,
0.2522538900375366,
0.3511367440223694,
-0.20755454897880554,
0.3265504539012909,
0.10322690010070801,
-0.34466639161109924,
0.7291480898857117,
-0.2718070447444916,
0.09848877042531967,
0.7901066541671753,
-0.340065062046051,
-0.567764401435852,
0.09229319542646408,
-0.4976814389228821,
0.657565712928772,
0.11059723049402237,
-0.04555646702647209,
-0.12237252295017242,
-0.20119163393974304,
-0.7918170690536499,
-0.0054367054253816605,
-0.07276840507984161,
0.1518383026123047,
-0.5573175549507141,
-0.3283737599849701,
-0.49709460139274597,
0.7025372385978699,
-0.1650361865758896,
-0.328595906496048,
-0.5810065865516663,
-0.15314561128616333,
-0.07449962198734283,
-0.25916847586631775,
0.12212026119232178,
0.423427015542984,
0.2441835105419159,
-0.16426901519298553,
-0.22538022696971893,
-0.42513298988342285,
-0.2656829059123993,
0.4192695915699005,
0.5870456695556641,
0.13874827325344086,
-0.19634941220283508,
-0.13436417281627655,
-0.5946064591407776,
0.057471100240945816,
0.36841943860054016,
-0.06972247362136841,
0.24639470875263214,
0.5436227917671204,
0.16754150390625,
-0.4991703927516937,
0.18566083908081055,
0.05131201818585396,
-0.0553874745965004,
-0.548323929309845,
0.1388738602399826,
0.4451431334018707,
-0.09778621792793274,
0.1436060518026352,
-0.1561841070652008,
-1.053422451019287,
0.04194750264286995,
-0.37232351303100586,
-0.3182266652584076,
0.9912065863609314,
-0.5471830368041992,
-0.8716019988059998,
0.2737540900707245,
0.744883120059967,
-0.43318814039230347,
0.043834567070007324,
0.41533875465393066,
-0.2620481848716736,
-0.43946951627731323,
-0.3374810516834259,
-0.1510518491268158,
-0.427072137594223,
-0.6374033689498901,
-0.371785044670105,
-0.46612006425857544,
-0.12375936657190323,
0.28345048427581787,
-0.07307415455579758,
0.7261858582496643,
0.015261499211192131,
0.018227504566311836,
-0.1304464191198349,
0.15973928570747375,
-0.06933899223804474,
-0.4088577926158905,
-0.1855926215648651,
0.6173276305198669,
0.04720904678106308,
-0.11663180589675903,
-0.18243688344955444,
0.820190966129303,
1.0403485298156738,
0.503947377204895,
-0.29340070486068726,
-0.13584697246551514,
-0.2409571260213852,
0.5371282696723938,
-0.19151942431926727,
-0.42376720905303955,
0.1585998684167862,
-0.031181547790765762,
-0.3785904049873352,
-1.1122195720672607,
-0.4498961567878723,
0.9106484055519104,
-0.18039190769195557,
-0.3967429995536804,
0.8150252103805542,
0.13926976919174194,
0.3168415427207947,
-0.1339121311903,
0.359967440366745,
0.32163840532302856,
-0.08849889785051346,
0.2539117634296417,
0.29447561502456665,
-0.0803220197558403,
0.10985703766345978,
0.027333393692970276,
-0.2895708680152893,
-0.43732190132141113,
-0.9199303388595581,
-0.6525721549987793,
0.6162022948265076,
-0.3442821502685547,
0.3999628722667694,
0.3238345682621002,
-0.37687253952026367,
0.5262652039527893,
-0.33370980620384216,
-0.47117340564727783,
0.0579548254609108,
-0.06858091801404953,
-0.5060644149780273,
-0.33094674348831177,
-0.35800787806510925,
-0.48672962188720703,
0.3818603754043579,
-0.6181244850158691,
0.4425535798072815,
-0.5913815498352051,
0.12069757282733917,
0.3151049315929413,
0.5025355815887451,
0.5148425698280334,
0.2978566884994507,
-0.44673827290534973,
0.5032826662063599,
-0.056113969534635544,
-0.13736681640148163,
-0.34208276867866516,
0.6294261813163757,
0.7164557576179504,
-0.6249456405639648,
1.0840591192245483,
0.1964942067861557,
-0.20570139586925507,
-0.0858282670378685,
-0.20780174434185028,
0.0748622864484787,
0.3815942406654358,
-0.051218338310718536,
-0.09282077103853226,
0.19415278732776642,
-0.35125982761383057,
-0.16304752230644226,
0.4232722222805023,
-0.16307313740253448,
-0.298991322517395,
0.27715420722961426,
0.3453037142753601,
-0.15523391962051392,
0.7836304306983948,
-0.805317759513855,
0.04209047555923462,
0.48334935307502747,
-0.2709898352622986,
-0.19068677723407745,
-0.43816766142845154,
-0.05452672019600868,
0.21124424040317535,
0.09187252074480057,
-0.8691249489784241,
0.5417970418930054,
-0.09275063127279282,
-0.16159985959529877,
-0.11636011302471161,
-0.02547086589038372,
-0.31018656492233276,
-0.09985943883657455,
0.25916725397109985,
0.9264867305755615,
-0.20147471129894257,
0.3346918225288391,
0.020744364708662033,
-0.2770211100578308,
-0.3043072521686554,
0.5696004033088684,
0.11254085600376129,
-0.44978100061416626,
0.8229615092277527,
0.4054774343967438,
0.2973732054233551,
-0.6079636812210083,
0.14777149260044098,
0.25897225737571716,
0.4070516526699066,
-0.2526302933692932,
-0.21968531608581543,
0.15098507702350616,
0.15921905636787415,
-0.4087894856929779,
0.5721713304519653,
-0.36524465680122375,
-0.03232135251164436,
0.27339059114456177,
0.07203885912895203,
-0.29222163558006287,
-0.11268261075019836,
0.05573693662881851,
0.18280303478240967,
-0.26831841468811035,
0.24866126477718353,
0.7381981015205383,
0.3968355655670166,
-0.23581209778785706,
0.5775313973426819,
0.13191886246204376,
0.07724439352750778,
0.1683044284582138,
-0.8160118460655212,
0.06608818471431732,
0.30292531847953796,
0.26047733426094055,
0.5199576020240784,
-0.06993008404970169,
-0.13286222517490387,
-0.014413163997232914,
0.31339558959007263,
-0.5142679214477539,
0.4481329321861267,
-0.7181640863418579,
-0.21689946949481964,
-0.0001277448609471321,
-0.8549697399139404,
0.35552892088890076,
-0.5683801770210266,
1.3560155630111694,
-0.39900362491607666,
-1.005994439125061,
-0.3634028434753418,
0.021066170185804367,
-0.06235663220286369,
-0.40130487084388733,
-0.1040799468755722,
0.5369696021080017,
-0.33809545636177063,
0.20657549798488617,
-1.2400736808776855,
0.5639622807502747,
0.013513641431927681,
-0.07676061987876892,
-0.5325666069984436,
0.9908267855644226,
-0.7379804253578186,
-0.4034000039100647,
0.45935484766960144,
-0.13471929728984833,
0.05803295224905014,
-0.3278079628944397,
0.495094358921051,
0.036478299647569656,
0.30598360300064087,
-0.1680646389722824,
-0.4502696692943573,
-0.0564696229994297,
-0.0005869225133210421,
0.24598947167396545,
0.06209319829940796,
0.5937519669532776,
-0.33484184741973877,
0.0803074836730957,
-0.5531399846076965,
0.02907286025583744,
-0.5381266474723816,
-0.46742355823516846,
0.6244298219680786,
0.7954833507537842,
-0.037222906947135925,
-0.20714864134788513,
0.7430700063705444,
-0.49955007433891296,
0.15004388988018036,
-0.03795131668448448,
-1.052929401397705,
0.02017410285770893,
-0.5662680864334106,
0.05131705850362778,
0.30747637152671814,
0.18009838461875916,
0.45591089129447937,
-0.04685693979263306,
0.2911098897457123,
-0.7308761477470398,
0.24940454959869385,
0.01979944296181202,
-0.16530552506446838,
-0.8024975657463074,
0.8538998961448669,
-0.016690559685230255
]
|
214919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockjaw | Lockjaw | Lockjaw can refer to:
Medical conditions and diseases
Trismus, a pathological condition in which the mouth is held shut by sustained spasm of the masseter (jaw) muscle, often observed in cases of tetanus
Tetanus, an infectious disease of the central nervous system
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction or TMD, often erroneously called TMJ
Music
Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, American jazz saxophonist
Lockjaw (band), an English punk band from the 1970s
Lockjaw (album), a 1995 album by Dance Hall Crashers
Lockjaw (EP), a 2013 EP by Flume and Chet Faker
"Lockjaw" (song), a 2016 song by American hip hop artist French Montana and Kodak Black
"Lockjaw", a track from the album Take Me to Your Leader by American rapper Trunks
"Lockjaw", a track from the album Mack Daddy by Sir Mix-a-Lot
Other uses
Lockjaw (comics), a character from Marvel Comics' Inhumans
Locust Valley Lockjaw, an upper-class American accent | [
0.5908504128456116,
0.4734741449356079,
-0.658527672290802,
-0.3069886565208435,
-0.02759181708097458,
0.20720921456813812,
1.1316359043121338,
0.43711361289024353,
-0.3014889657497406,
-0.1735011637210846,
-0.4430360496044159,
0.28891992568969727,
-0.5483706593513489,
0.2884775996208191,
-0.22438588738441467,
0.44094860553741455,
0.5935003757476807,
-0.1538924127817154,
-0.02964579500257969,
0.2812538743019104,
0.04559828341007233,
-0.22928141057491302,
0.4901669919490814,
0.06856366246938705,
0.34814929962158203,
0.15625011920928955,
-0.6427602767944336,
-0.014333563856780529,
-0.30187681317329407,
0.13842321932315826,
0.22662000358104706,
0.5130118727684021,
0.33042439818382263,
-0.3076685667037964,
-0.13225924968719482,
0.34552761912345886,
-0.6570820212364197,
-0.1529386192560196,
-0.0733659565448761,
-0.5322355628013611,
-0.018395325168967247,
-0.07544723898172379,
0.48130446672439575,
-0.32547417283058167,
-0.6788778305053711,
0.004843643866479397,
-1.728493571281433,
0.3872602581977844,
-0.6576111912727356,
-0.08329737931489944,
0.17764456570148468,
0.7522261142730713,
-0.019407032057642937,
0.15793876349925995,
-0.15451876819133759,
-0.5763540267944336,
-0.4798448383808136,
-0.4837888777256012,
0.3620375990867615,
-0.6446895599365234,
0.7103449702262878,
-0.18541336059570312,
-0.2933630049228668,
0.08827555179595947,
-0.030718130990862846,
0.35772642493247986,
-0.334881454706192,
0.3402017652988434,
-0.6908345818519592,
0.15075160562992096,
-0.03934070095419884,
0.12818543612957,
0.17259271442890167,
-0.366428017616272,
-0.3480882942676544,
-0.057631056755781174,
-0.06200346723198891,
-0.06555632501840591,
0.40334540605545044,
0.33766090869903564,
0.0025389096699655056,
0.599830687046051,
0.6825159192085266,
0.5556856989860535,
0.09377189725637436,
-0.14632613956928253,
-0.4615262448787689,
1.0531338453292847,
-0.624183714389801,
-0.2489575892686844,
0.1928580403327942,
0.01567201130092144,
0.33225172758102417,
0.12166094779968262,
-0.3937360942363739,
0.2826039493083954,
0.4876701533794403,
0.0004508320998866111,
0.028611622750759125,
0.08312354236841202,
0.31353655457496643,
-0.5886504650115967,
0.5199936032295227,
0.035288624465465546,
0.06766577064990997,
0.037544406950473785,
-0.15185849368572235,
0.026913169771432877,
0.011389478109776974,
0.03730597347021103,
-0.13991540670394897,
0.15691234171390533,
0.09877344965934753,
-0.4318961203098297,
-0.12427596002817154,
-0.3533775806427002,
-0.16955117881298065,
0.10636325180530548,
-0.1783330738544464,
-0.3459694981575012,
-0.18516381084918976,
-0.5225105285644531,
-0.27763041853904724,
0.22989852726459503,
-0.1410287618637085,
0.1293487548828125,
-0.3884355425834656,
0.2310791015625,
-0.2605360448360443,
0.24209415912628174,
0.2112133502960205,
0.8636767864227295,
0.15256807208061218,
0.14021050930023193,
-0.2117122858762741,
0.2792642414569855,
0.3194127678871155,
-0.2808346450328827,
0.3927175998687744,
0.2138855904340744,
-0.5726366639137268,
-0.4497635066509247,
-0.8186643719673157,
-0.03851799666881561,
0.014202622696757317,
-0.5004742741584778,
-0.32431724667549133,
0.7878138422966003,
0.32549554109573364,
0.0830710381269455,
-0.4823243021965027,
-0.19900287687778473,
-0.5596247911453247,
-0.32228559255599976,
-0.01856510527431965,
-0.4844384491443634,
-0.15067727863788605,
-0.8101195096969604,
0.5060077905654907,
-0.34856173396110535,
-0.3393741846084595,
0.7117027640342712,
-0.567195475101471,
0.1329801082611084,
0.24652329087257385,
-0.5608866214752197,
0.1311342567205429,
0.10729975998401642,
-0.800482988357544,
0.3185737133026123,
-0.027404434978961945,
0.7380295991897583,
0.32167527079582214,
-0.022215865552425385,
-0.24715371429920197,
0.3532910943031311,
0.5167815685272217,
0.31819769740104675,
0.5606412887573242,
0.4171421229839325,
-0.7085751295089722,
0.1467035710811615,
0.26290252804756165,
0.044136956334114075,
0.24941937625408173,
-0.2282790094614029,
0.22762103378772736,
-0.29137948155403137,
-0.16123832762241364,
-0.43523409962654114,
-0.70950847864151,
-0.06295637786388397,
0.4321459233760834,
0.24543067812919617,
1.3813925981521606,
-0.20485688745975494,
-0.3227364420890808,
1.0763535499572754,
0.13244858384132385,
0.5122396945953369,
0.4854065775871277,
-0.2082253396511078,
0.4181506633758545,
-0.2955082952976227,
-0.5781146287918091,
0.37751591205596924,
0.4891963005065918,
0.05978232994675636,
-0.09880814701318741,
-0.040157467126846313,
0.4163699448108673,
-0.7710126638412476,
-0.06624118983745575,
-0.5742985010147095,
0.2125747799873352,
-0.030586807057261467,
-0.2981471121311188,
-0.08274275064468384,
-0.35715892910957336,
-0.5544071793556213,
0.4309466481208801,
-0.45383235812187195,
-0.43959155678749084,
0.36591824889183044,
-0.020063742995262146,
0.8154023289680481,
-0.15180538594722748,
-0.05162221938371658,
0.6444230079650879,
-0.8897548913955688,
0.062323592603206635,
0.11254773288965225,
-0.19563888013362885,
-0.08416562527418137,
0.11511200666427612,
0.39830121397972107,
0.30029165744781494,
-0.29973655939102173,
-0.07229522615671158,
-0.5791859030723572,
-0.10979189723730087,
0.06112318113446236,
-0.42487281560897827,
0.050364553928375244,
0.6749923825263977,
-0.5437842011451721,
0.1073203757405281,
0.44744065403938293,
-0.5081355571746826,
0.4671294093132019,
0.3230338394641876,
0.881129264831543,
0.2007121443748474,
0.13094434142112732,
0.39119604229927063,
0.11951518803834915,
0.2907752990722656,
0.16599787771701813,
-0.05876633897423744,
-0.3002755343914032,
-0.22683221101760864,
-0.12297087162733078,
0.34985223412513733,
-0.40635624527931213,
-0.407898873090744,
-0.31858181953430176,
0.0557461753487587,
-0.18834955990314484,
0.46014827489852905,
-0.08798560500144958,
0.25144848227500916,
0.31057170033454895,
-0.40342065691947937,
0.26773935556411743,
-0.5280656814575195,
-0.46556565165519714,
0.5463475584983826,
-0.22590984404087067,
-0.2103108912706375,
-0.2855193614959717,
-0.6148055791854858,
0.17338547110557556,
-0.21728691458702087,
-0.8743340373039246,
0.2767567038536072,
-0.25967249274253845,
-0.2685707211494446,
-0.20391200482845306,
-0.11446341127157211,
-0.39622029662132263,
-0.6639150381088257,
0.03302164375782013,
-0.13991011679172516,
0.2137538641691208,
0.2582985460758209,
-0.016340456902980804,
0.18882660567760468,
0.22151336073875427,
0.15473033487796783,
-0.3389744758605957,
-0.1888212412595749,
0.35441845655441284,
-0.10763897746801376,
0.2058049738407135,
0.314621239900589,
0.016601253300905228,
-0.1726454496383667,
-0.18276748061180115,
-5.8807268142700195,
0.5133107304573059,
0.0839560404419899,
-0.24986468255519867,
0.38965627551078796,
0.48196491599082947,
0.688231348991394,
0.16175249218940735,
-0.41391441226005554,
-0.10012855380773544,
-0.09646106511354446,
0.5681031942367554,
-0.015891801565885544,
0.16447284817695618,
-0.14746153354644775,
-0.017242761328816414,
-0.37873175740242004,
-0.22866398096084595,
-0.3924136161804199,
0.22205747663974762,
0.30560562014579773,
0.5841118693351746,
0.059264346957206726,
0.3981325328350067,
-0.17329299449920654,
0.05466841161251068,
-0.07687472552061081,
0.3934190571308136,
-0.2131115049123764,
0.0075194742530584335,
-0.3175421357154846,
-0.09936804324388504,
-0.0640166699886322,
-0.33294329047203064,
-0.14194150269031525,
0.22953814268112183,
0.46609747409820557,
-0.05129750445485115,
0.5608426928520203,
0.09172305464744568,
-0.1977693736553192,
0.36031803488731384,
0.21364173293113708,
-0.4102599024772644,
0.46321091055870056,
0.05259130150079727,
0.1937597692012787,
-0.3591931164264679,
-0.33920037746429443,
0.5454026460647583,
-0.1570996344089508,
-0.7707498669624329,
0.11442404985427856,
0.5461687445640564,
0.7903308868408203,
-0.06663314253091812,
0.17394427955150604,
-0.02747279591858387,
0.09294626116752625,
0.2158161699771881,
-0.07059593498706818,
-0.5202898383140564,
-0.4507983326911926,
-0.8214081525802612,
0.24096520245075226,
-0.304515540599823,
-0.39613544940948486,
0.09730467200279236,
0.8077609539031982,
0.5119635462760925,
0.23031136393547058,
0.0357041172683239,
0.3018074631690979,
-0.7550488710403442,
0.1031409427523613,
-0.17917360365390778,
-0.4602908492088318,
-0.11212476342916489,
-0.09088711440563202,
0.19685430824756622,
-0.4078781008720398,
0.4803992807865143,
-0.6246808767318726,
-0.08240439742803574,
-0.010820010676980019,
-0.6047243475914001,
-0.13126470148563385,
0.31738683581352234,
-0.3965759873390198,
0.004620089195668697,
0.479605495929718,
0.15178346633911133,
-0.33927974104881287,
0.1228356584906578,
0.11712146550416946,
0.4843519926071167,
-0.37473806738853455,
0.5591181516647339,
0.30069324374198914,
-0.11269315332174301,
0.39138302206993103,
-0.472171425819397,
0.6204588413238525,
-0.48177531361579895,
0.27992746233940125,
-0.42957860231399536,
-0.32281020283699036,
0.3823055326938629,
0.4552685022354126,
0.0015985851641744375,
-0.41083547472953796,
0.30570676922798157,
-0.18943844735622406,
-0.13151034712791443,
0.27485957741737366,
-0.24762360751628876,
-0.27087676525115967,
0.5373340249061584,
0.17533253133296967,
-0.26027441024780273,
0.17370861768722534,
1.01539146900177,
-0.634769082069397,
0.036609068512916565,
0.08145714551210403,
-0.15989477932453156,
0.17699506878852844,
0.2350638061761856,
0.07612032443284988,
-0.33492228388786316,
-0.09319553524255753,
0.017049230635166168,
0.3515833914279938,
0.5323094129562378,
0.18828453123569489,
-0.43170565366744995,
-0.6286100149154663,
-0.11495774239301682,
-0.5297632813453674,
-0.5932822227478027,
0.2143416553735733,
-0.5131481289863586,
0.08893664181232452,
-0.12800517678260803,
0.4200994372367859,
0.3457354009151459,
-0.03173762559890747,
-0.25308138132095337,
-0.21403205394744873,
0.578478991985321,
0.028974590823054314,
-0.3481283485889435,
-0.14941269159317017,
-0.5681489706039429,
0.03891810029745102,
0.405478298664093,
0.16056588292121887,
0.39058783650398254,
0.4704468548297882,
-0.46768680214881897,
0.17534171044826508,
-0.0218970887362957,
-0.9829644560813904,
-0.09740704298019409,
-0.13791775703430176,
-0.14544570446014404,
-0.44443678855895996,
-0.7477153539657593,
-0.29547902941703796,
0.10237101465463638,
-0.44101133942604065,
-0.0027833895292133093,
-0.14825673401355743,
-0.05890830233693123,
0.2509090304374695,
0.12852992117404938,
-0.02139204367995262,
-0.02091531828045845,
0.09250349551439285,
0.6235190629959106,
0.14296358823776245,
-0.19796222448349,
0.21317902207374573,
0.5299009084701538,
0.48941367864608765,
0.041606705635786057,
0.2166081815958023,
0.08511432260274887,
-0.0710589587688446,
-0.258670449256897,
-0.003517769742757082,
-0.08630049973726273,
0.49343007802963257,
0.13507725298404694,
0.15459221601486206,
0.29309341311454773,
-0.2647247314453125,
0.47170040011405945,
-0.260373592376709,
-0.16426566243171692,
0.5674893260002136,
0.15016399323940277,
0.10594655573368073,
-0.146040141582489,
0.8318260908126831,
-0.1811590939760208,
0.5917929410934448,
-0.664710521697998,
-0.642621636390686,
0.2879606783390045,
-0.1169283464550972,
-0.2914113998413086,
-0.02855244278907776,
0.5756983160972595,
-0.28514763712882996,
-0.5031795501708984,
0.24837882816791534,
-0.669427216053009,
-0.43519455194473267,
-0.057740963995456696,
0.0024052285589277744,
-0.0759313702583313,
-0.16051675379276276,
0.38857394456863403,
-0.721375048160553,
-0.11792057752609253,
-0.17891287803649902,
-0.08576858043670654,
1.0329450368881226,
0.11126915365457535,
-0.39115846157073975,
-0.12799471616744995,
0.2503660023212433,
0.14015348255634308,
-0.5644928812980652,
-0.3690052628517151,
0.13306431472301483,
-0.19888201355934143,
0.07090816646814346,
0.13034842908382416,
0.829007625579834,
0.5378230214118958,
0.2990095913410187,
-0.05923675000667572,
-0.17931966483592987,
0.506397008895874,
0.28937390446662903,
-0.13943713903427124,
-0.2683710753917694,
0.1310703158378601,
0.6146548986434937,
0.22496278584003448,
-0.6117406487464905,
-0.0525318905711174,
0.5070301294326782,
-0.28719836473464966,
0.03886013850569725,
-0.8072023391723633,
0.0020866584964096546,
0.38790595531463623,
0.01807425543665886,
0.026301603764295578,
-0.07371721416711807,
-0.1130613386631012,
0.011161135509610176,
0.1534804105758667,
-0.5670338273048401,
0.032954081892967224,
0.45643046498298645,
-0.6874608397483826,
0.3665163516998291,
0.0811142772436142,
0.5936881899833679,
0.24453546106815338,
0.25617292523384094,
0.25145113468170166,
-0.325838565826416,
-0.6618573069572449,
0.10099624842405319,
0.38614770770072937,
0.4219093918800354,
-0.21322204172611237,
-0.39667943120002747,
-0.7984651327133179,
0.5750765204429626,
-0.5333805680274963,
0.32366281747817993,
-0.4046109616756439,
-0.012568582780659199,
-0.4017273783683777,
-0.5409655570983887,
-0.012621182017028332,
0.23937202990055084,
0.30158716440200806,
-0.3722195327281952,
0.10135205090045929,
-0.17650263011455536,
0.40460580587387085,
-0.12349620461463928,
-0.03797458857297897,
-0.9978699088096619,
0.17209085822105408,
0.26236000657081604,
-0.6119965314865112,
0.4341146945953369,
0.21436169743537903,
-0.11126929521560669,
-0.6972727179527283,
0.31718283891677856,
0.1257641613483429,
-0.2169073224067688,
-0.1125280037522316,
0.07223980128765106,
0.5786382555961609,
0.37634560465812683,
0.19827383756637573,
0.45752227306365967,
-0.16108590364456177,
0.07430852949619293,
0.4391598701477051,
0.5915399193763733,
-0.132477268576622,
0.31996801495552063,
-0.3497175872325897,
0.42950791120529175,
0.2452804297208786,
0.13531646132469177,
-0.09515416622161865,
0.46916499733924866,
0.6377191543579102,
0.7542678117752075,
-0.14923158288002014,
0.3108944892883301,
0.056529346853494644,
-0.14074267446994781,
-0.05375741422176361,
-0.10455590486526489,
-0.16599082946777344,
-0.4685092568397522,
0.5404772758483887,
0.24428404867649078,
0.19877250492572784,
-0.03824751824140549,
0.11165168136358261,
-0.15239080786705017,
-0.06228620931506157,
0.12163002789020538,
0.22381843626499176,
-0.17038965225219727,
-0.27597305178642273,
-0.051209911704063416,
-0.5733833909034729,
-0.004839550703763962,
-0.29944223165512085,
0.6807523965835571,
-0.273536741733551,
0.6320323944091797,
-0.5112206935882568,
-0.29703179001808167,
-0.2287212759256363,
-0.3665609359741211,
0.2816258370876312,
0.5858765840530396,
-0.034744128584861755,
-0.01437536533921957,
-0.006843558978289366,
-0.01227717474102974,
-0.3954436779022217,
-0.03361410275101662,
0.03688271343708038,
0.21220992505550385,
0.047187209129333496,
-0.15924274921417236,
0.18948528170585632,
0.458578884601593,
-0.34512078762054443,
0.47309261560440063,
0.8840242624282837,
0.04792804270982742,
0.08932261168956757,
-0.03964326158165932,
-0.48494890332221985,
-0.5183910131454468,
-0.48812296986579895,
0.6616010069847107,
0.35543519258499146,
-0.35894548892974854,
0.050312887877225876,
-0.3450472354888916,
0.10726979374885559,
-0.14888139069080353,
-0.1483525186777115,
-0.017682017758488655,
-0.08726408332586288,
0.5804299116134644,
-0.5344732403755188,
-0.2213621437549591,
0.8398240804672241,
-0.1757049858570099,
0.050014834851026535,
0.5045458078384399,
0.13578593730926514,
0.12655790150165558,
-0.3106335699558258,
-1.0152709484100342,
0.4739898443222046,
-0.34917840361595154,
0.3257541060447693,
-0.7212985157966614,
0.50611412525177,
0.5653103590011597,
0.22419558465480804,
-0.22953957319259644,
0.6772267818450928,
0.06672625243663788,
-0.04825495928525925,
0.5542646646499634,
-0.4046922028064728,
-0.07905805110931396,
-1.1144111156463623,
0.11929061263799667,
-0.21304507553577423,
0.2254166156053543,
0.3598460853099823,
-0.29335638880729675,
-0.10757427662611008,
0.573126494884491,
-0.5428497791290283,
-0.8137775659561157,
0.4637550115585327,
-0.48081400990486145,
-0.22146759927272797,
0.018000368028879166,
-0.12080540508031845,
-0.18209992349147797,
-0.5416494607925415,
0.29074278473854065,
0.4024609327316284,
-0.019918479025363922,
-0.2873572111129761,
0.5634748339653015,
-0.029839206486940384,
-0.3960229158401489,
-0.19547821581363678,
-0.11081869155168533,
-0.19569475948810577,
-0.40870070457458496,
-0.5386914610862732,
-0.11864513158798218,
-0.21526183187961578,
0.3625028133392334,
-0.5674972534179688,
0.08402063697576523,
0.25508803129196167,
0.3129825294017792,
-0.07159246504306793,
-0.06105091795325279,
-0.35236766934394836,
-0.4240221381187439,
-0.4372902512550354
]
|
214920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrie | Estrie | The Estrie () is an administrative region of Quebec that replaced the Eastern Townships. Estrie, a French neologism, was coined as a derivative of est, "east". Originally settled by anglophones, today it is about 90 per cent francophone. Anglophones are concentrated in Lennoxville, home of the region's only English-speaking university, Bishop's University. The Eastern Townships School Board runs 20 elementary schools, three high schools, and a learning centre.
Economy
While the economy of the area is mainly based on agriculture, forestry, and mining, tourist attractions include four Sépaq parks: Yamaska, Mont-Orford, Frontenac, and Mont-Mégantic, ski resorts at Mont Brome and Mont Orford, and agritourism.
Subdivisions
Regional County Municipalities
Equivalent Territory
Demographics
<noinclude>
School Districts
Francophone:
Commission scolaire des Hauts-Cantons (Coaticook, East Angus and Lac-Mégantic).
Commission scolaire de la Région-de-Sherbrooke
Commission scolaire des Sommets
Anglophone:
Eastern Townships School Board
Major communities
Bromont
Coaticook
Cookshire-Eaton
Cowansville
Farnham
Granby
Lac-BromeLac-Mégantic
Magog
Shefford
Sherbrooke
Val-des-Sources
Waterloo
Windsor
References
External links
Estrie (05), Government of Quebec
Tourism Eastern Townships
Estrieplus.com, Web Portal
CRÉ | [
-0.5123012661933899,
0.078153096139431,
0.1679774820804596,
0.0241650752723217,
-0.08050046116113663,
0.5726433396339417,
-0.18358935415744781,
0.275492787361145,
-0.30907487869262695,
-0.9715562462806702,
-0.4013148546218872,
0.28558024764060974,
0.06140279769897461,
0.029465284198522568,
-0.41025176644325256,
1.121005892753601,
-0.5964803099632263,
-0.10460539162158966,
-0.04928228631615639,
-0.39396771788597107,
-0.3134002387523651,
-0.4249771535396576,
-0.07874423265457153,
0.2705276906490326,
0.43122589588165283,
-0.12063251435756683,
0.4107891023159027,
0.38222452998161316,
0.44489988684654236,
0.2297975867986679,
-0.2958827614784241,
0.3196175694465637,
-0.39355990290641785,
-0.4370320439338684,
-0.2565036714076996,
-0.13772708177566528,
-0.29112836718559265,
-0.14431507885456085,
-0.390647828578949,
-0.33317655324935913,
0.0476171150803566,
-0.21932214498519897,
0.2039799988269806,
-0.07232893258333206,
0.4667302966117859,
-0.14124470949172974,
-1.645846962928772,
0.1962614506483078,
-0.15707941353321075,
0.16859902441501617,
-0.406566858291626,
0.5271384716033936,
0.0062903449870646,
0.35299840569496155,
-0.11302527785301208,
-0.10100406408309937,
-0.6720522046089172,
-0.13588480651378632,
0.5037721395492554,
-0.12649254500865936,
0.24807193875312805,
0.7862337827682495,
-0.16758966445922852,
0.48091572523117065,
-0.21492265164852142,
0.5606915950775146,
-0.4747154712677002,
0.15215922892093658,
-0.2447374314069748,
-0.28162360191345215,
0.16620859503746033,
-0.05079113319516182,
0.05347577482461929,
0.37505659461021423,
-0.06391392648220062,
0.2148555964231491,
-0.2589247226715088,
-0.39117953181266785,
0.4231559932231903,
0.7773287296295166,
-0.24342766404151917,
0.05209658294916153,
0.3333504796028137,
-0.2615029215812683,
0.3696311414241791,
0.8603193163871765,
-0.6860632300376892,
0.2506695091724396,
-0.2814672887325287,
0.1493985503911972,
-0.5223793387413025,
-0.33958899974823,
0.3663226366043091,
-0.19657965004444122,
0.22233642637729645,
-0.16031818091869354,
0.7031989097595215,
0.1550237089395523,
0.07375453412532806,
0.348696768283844,
-0.601018488407135,
0.3558027744293213,
0.5000821948051453,
0.03437188267707825,
-0.5101975798606873,
-0.33859872817993164,
-0.15479983389377594,
-0.11168017983436584,
0.06456292420625687,
-0.6906144022941589,
-0.42043638229370117,
0.1230684369802475,
-0.1459687054157257,
0.21397480368614197,
0.5995169878005981,
-0.14667639136314392,
0.29764118790626526,
0.34857162833213806,
0.277446985244751,
-0.34178757667541504,
0.15912878513336182,
-0.04911094903945923,
0.348672091960907,
-0.22782018780708313,
-0.36872753500938416,
0.037436917424201965,
0.129044309258461,
-0.49582579731941223,
-0.4616129994392395,
0.2107822597026825,
0.11443302035331726,
0.6869208812713623,
-0.17903698980808258,
0.2262645959854126,
0.09343872964382172,
-0.09900457412004471,
0.10424327850341797,
0.28901079297065735,
0.6026418805122375,
0.2845322787761688,
-1.0360169410705566,
0.1833258420228958,
-1.1788042783737183,
-0.1456466168165207,
-0.4478594660758972,
-0.5863671898841858,
-0.15775007009506226,
-0.4656161367893219,
0.2624572813510895,
-0.12402630597352982,
0.24037961661815643,
0.1661432981491089,
-0.1277374029159546,
-0.39955517649650574,
-0.5233583450317383,
-0.1731206178665161,
0.505995512008667,
0.33416974544525146,
0.5768937468528748,
0.21038000285625458,
-0.08302652835845947,
0.4702543020248413,
0.4365723133087158,
-0.27387529611587524,
0.8874504566192627,
-0.4868675768375397,
-0.06926922500133514,
-0.14547377824783325,
0.3644030690193176,
0.7397803664207458,
-0.785600483417511,
-0.3955345153808594,
0.7121745347976685,
-0.3937609791755676,
-0.8479825854301453,
0.3049420714378357,
0.4346064031124115,
0.439945250749588,
0.26210489869117737,
-0.5332045555114746,
-0.49015310406684875,
0.156019389629364,
0.6970224380493164,
-0.3040652573108673,
0.07333467155694962,
-0.04325803369283676,
0.5415997505187988,
-0.21545438468456268,
0.010588830336928368,
0.6846292018890381,
-0.25028836727142334,
-0.5932976603507996,
0.41209858655929565,
-0.8560457229614258,
0.9906320571899414,
0.0493200421333313,
-0.1466938704252243,
1.2302663326263428,
-0.40973278880119324,
0.2945038378238678,
-0.8326606154441833,
0.10570254921913147,
0.649492621421814,
0.23379309475421906,
-0.11161526292562485,
1.3541207313537598,
-0.7094568014144897,
0.14765788614749908,
0.1485467404127121,
0.44105443358421326,
-0.044326379895210266,
-0.6741528511047363,
0.8787627816200256,
0.23848742246627808,
0.15251459181308746,
-0.39115673303604126,
-0.08875346183776855,
-0.1927472949028015,
0.1811653971672058,
-0.32933831214904785,
0.24887222051620483,
0.09511469304561615,
0.047024425119161606,
0.1758645474910736,
-0.25126808881759644,
-0.2713468372821808,
0.9120091199874878,
0.6487285494804382,
0.427661657333374,
-0.29169660806655884,
-0.08245394378900528,
0.2287188321352005,
0.18428826332092285,
-0.35801824927330017,
-0.11801706254482269,
-0.0293504036962986,
0.2655060887336731,
-0.04966963827610016,
-0.307341605424881,
-0.11472270637750626,
-0.04335268959403038,
0.1619926542043686,
-0.14654849469661713,
0.022369610145688057,
0.47958725690841675,
0.2233942449092865,
-0.2071164846420288,
0.47838714718818665,
0.17589057981967926,
-0.25883880257606506,
-0.1364186555147171,
0.09349974244832993,
0.176683247089386,
0.145118847489357,
0.4051262140274048,
0.14618133008480072,
0.6781018972396851,
0.3860670030117035,
0.3794150948524475,
-0.04436017945408821,
-0.3594280779361725,
-0.5647425651550293,
-0.295781672000885,
-0.011859055608510971,
0.05216062441468239,
-0.21506701409816742,
-0.12723514437675476,
-0.21690674126148224,
0.3515467345714569,
0.4762791097164154,
-0.18626216053962708,
0.202445849776268,
-0.05895674601197243,
-1.2995911836624146,
0.12028250098228455,
0.17853908240795135,
-0.024971358478069305,
0.26251909136772156,
-0.36201635003089905,
0.13427753746509552,
-0.08808884024620056,
0.4909629821777344,
-0.008983656764030457,
-0.5552193522453308,
0.3444226086139679,
0.044473689049482346,
0.5655043125152588,
-0.6827549338340759,
-0.2128656804561615,
0.21013979613780975,
-0.2578611671924591,
-0.40783241391181946,
-0.4727993607521057,
-0.005624369718134403,
0.24809205532073975,
-0.4919498562812805,
-0.49773287773132324,
-0.37035444378852844,
0.6566038131713867,
-0.6571507453918457,
-0.4790235459804535,
-0.15417371690273285,
0.22713957726955414,
-0.07122394442558289,
-0.2211916744709015,
-0.15370802581310272,
-0.042057931423187256,
0.4725114405155182,
-5.588744640350342,
0.04860702157020569,
-0.08815544098615646,
0.06349670886993408,
-0.07356954365968704,
0.01101151667535305,
0.5303670763969421,
-0.32537055015563965,
-0.3556588888168335,
-0.1195993423461914,
-0.12993495166301727,
-0.02142990007996559,
0.023537354543805122,
0.25276920199394226,
0.2786269187927246,
0.12292037904262543,
0.125319242477417,
0.10986939072608948,
0.21765749156475067,
-0.11243743449449539,
0.003388327779248357,
0.08209574222564697,
0.06477611511945724,
0.07705235481262207,
0.4818507134914398,
-0.03373675048351288,
0.06389367580413818,
0.2322550266981125,
-0.7489429712295532,
-0.7416560053825378,
0.09435467422008514,
0.17592015862464905,
0.158092200756073,
-0.006351555231958628,
0.10508203506469727,
-0.6283066272735596,
0.5068073868751526,
1.009744644165039,
0.5396520495414734,
-0.4845070242881775,
-0.2867109775543213,
0.812956690788269,
-0.20552466809749603,
-0.015016152523458004,
-0.1986505687236786,
-0.5849118828773499,
-0.2791789174079895,
0.017464442178606987,
-0.21418556571006775,
0.7908614873886108,
0.2027716487646103,
-0.07605327665805817,
0.3163771331310272,
0.3483295440673828,
0.15509389340877533,
-0.6147744059562683,
0.3345297574996948,
-0.5482824444770813,
-0.6762812733650208,
0.5419600009918213,
1.0013405084609985,
-0.22720585763454437,
-0.2468646615743637,
-0.8082640767097473,
0.11637112498283386,
-0.3696466088294983,
-0.5914665460586548,
0.27937546372413635,
0.6808599233627319,
0.4272310435771942,
0.025719812139868736,
0.39043697714805603,
-0.4671127498149872,
-0.728165328502655,
-0.3816351890563965,
-0.03432786837220192,
-0.6331203579902649,
0.011552834883332253,
0.11612794548273087,
-0.05725330486893654,
0.07046368718147278,
-0.05320145562291145,
0.36874282360076904,
0.9525333642959595,
-0.2012915462255478,
-0.09585083276033401,
-0.697600781917572,
0.32654938101768494,
-0.0428752563893795,
-0.10851655155420303,
0.2401612251996994,
-0.23030145466327667,
0.7784452438354492,
-0.18330273032188416,
-0.18067632615566254,
-0.49019694328308105,
0.7237854599952698,
-0.7431188821792603,
-0.369966596364975,
-0.8697261810302734,
0.48657527565956116,
-0.011357772164046764,
0.28881123661994934,
0.3196183741092682,
-0.22493386268615723,
-0.36997807025909424,
-0.040475595742464066,
0.30352261662483215,
0.6600112318992615,
0.14924803376197815,
-0.1343623846769333,
0.41077712178230286,
-0.5169472098350525,
-0.2798280417919159,
0.41124051809310913,
-0.3179473578929901,
-0.5070436000823975,
-0.26027026772499084,
0.5445485711097717,
0.1559603065252304,
0.02935241162776947,
0.014887707307934761,
-0.12420216202735901,
0.5705985426902771,
0.2823604345321655,
-0.40366578102111816,
0.25414809584617615,
0.3285955786705017,
-0.4535602629184723,
0.717164158821106,
0.1352224051952362,
0.06616728752851486,
0.19149908423423767,
-0.6048639416694641,
0.25280335545539856,
-0.44271957874298096,
0.37239548563957214,
-0.12656378746032715,
-0.20800375938415527,
-0.3347232937812805,
0.34829002618789673,
-0.0810912698507309,
-0.07847179472446442,
0.7484166026115417,
0.5001372694969177,
0.21432621777057648,
0.047913189977407455,
-0.026919957250356674,
-0.14822342991828918,
0.5367559790611267,
-0.13892075419425964,
-0.1283641755580902,
0.4958331882953644,
0.11259699612855911,
0.12068261951208115,
0.08445928990840912,
0.1490449458360672,
0.05670513957738876,
0.3589276373386383,
-0.3772295415401459,
0.2660212218761444,
-0.22483734786510468,
-1.071435809135437,
0.2550652027130127,
0.17208631336688995,
-0.7318661212921143,
-0.3423035442829132,
-0.6759360432624817,
-0.1488422006368637,
0.42387908697128296,
0.16710127890110016,
-0.608121931552887,
-0.28681913018226624,
-0.3518117368221283,
0.0879192054271698,
-0.45652347803115845,
-0.10802867263555527,
-0.011879796162247658,
0.08461830019950867,
-0.18796223402023315,
0.24490131437778473,
-0.47602808475494385,
-0.20489570498466492,
0.6283741593360901,
0.4150751531124115,
-0.23645353317260742,
-0.2991553843021393,
0.18421655893325806,
0.2967096269130707,
-0.11954085528850555,
0.12033790349960327,
-0.37462347745895386,
-0.106612928211689,
0.6351563930511475,
-0.19143912196159363,
-0.07870055735111237,
0.30901798605918884,
-0.09324400126934052,
-0.3763335347175598,
-0.2754088342189789,
0.16559843719005585,
0.45182594656944275,
-0.006276918575167656,
0.7430170178413391,
0.28670215606689453,
-0.21024981141090393,
0.45300400257110596,
-0.22451405227184296,
-0.9606654047966003,
0.1548190861940384,
-0.33544522523880005,
-0.5156031847000122,
0.5517192482948303,
0.5621160268783569,
-0.40872201323509216,
-0.3186323940753937,
0.21052706241607666,
-0.1104520857334137,
-0.2181963473558426,
-0.586025595664978,
-0.5093030333518982,
-0.05264682695269585,
-0.17287911474704742,
-0.2484557181596756,
-0.38606932759284973,
0.36359506845474243,
0.7938596606254578,
-0.27611231803894043,
0.5860801339149475,
0.2786107361316681,
0.2552166283130646,
0.04096601530909538,
-0.01543102040886879,
-0.5553397536277771,
-0.4106161296367645,
0.036588698625564575,
-0.08241963386535645,
0.11808425188064575,
0.1576419323682785,
0.3672120273113251,
0.6993337273597717,
0.736618161201477,
0.3879817724227905,
-0.5248906016349792,
0.15794123709201813,
-0.45080846548080444,
0.44265317916870117,
-0.9481561779975891,
-0.5442048907279968,
0.4528175890445709,
-0.20682759582996368,
-0.5834159851074219,
-0.5147019624710083,
-0.11091095209121704,
0.5095500349998474,
0.2202308624982834,
-0.2444363236427307,
0.4352944493293762,
0.18502633273601532,
0.590264081954956,
-0.03477654606103897,
-0.4542187452316284,
0.10416875779628754,
0.2641647458076477,
0.10912206768989563,
0.0048504178412258625,
-0.36164960265159607,
0.3289041221141815,
0.37304165959358215,
-0.5649512410163879,
0.24981756508350372,
-0.25806736946105957,
0.05381953716278076,
0.5661425590515137,
0.4865398705005646,
-0.46444299817085266,
0.5470982193946838,
-0.1773429960012436,
0.45355263352394104,
-0.8600547313690186,
-0.1629553735256195,
-0.10015041381120682,
0.2969679832458496,
-0.09903445094823837,
0.6158837080001831,
-0.2829081118106842,
0.06612574309110641,
0.04499860480427742,
-0.5403028130531311,
0.33205193281173706,
0.2961156666278839,
-0.11234240978956223,
-0.10939282178878784,
-0.26976460218429565,
-0.24595153331756592,
0.42565780878067017,
-0.1367371827363968,
0.42243924736976624,
0.5213372707366943,
0.13665249943733215,
-1.175408959388733,
0.7309523224830627,
0.08857133984565735,
-0.641712486743927,
0.27436017990112305,
0.0222722589969635,
0.1164804995059967,
0.2838381826877594,
-0.04270634055137634,
0.289636492729187,
0.6551882028579712,
0.22803272306919098,
0.23607061803340912,
0.7919710278511047,
0.20072707533836365,
0.09326723217964172,
-0.1626536250114441,
-0.8879997730255127,
0.10399714857339859,
0.306609183549881,
-0.5015560388565063,
0.4653289020061493,
-0.06144311651587486,
0.3965679407119751,
-0.0343976654112339,
0.8836789727210999,
-0.016380399465560913,
-0.26236024498939514,
-0.19088871777057648,
0.019105959683656693,
0.21640925109386444,
0.5800299644470215,
-0.6063259243965149,
0.027475649490952492,
-0.6323230266571045,
-0.32406967878341675,
0.06442385166883469,
-0.40018606185913086,
0.1175498217344284,
0.4624543786048889,
0.6677358150482178,
0.5271689891815186,
0.03751838579773903,
-0.18166583776474,
-0.026431545615196228,
0.2435307651758194,
0.16473183035850525,
-0.02727143093943596,
0.2867411971092224,
-0.6693239808082581,
0.31295815110206604,
-0.3665267825126648,
0.008530836552381516,
-0.3515240550041199,
-0.28902921080589294,
0.5669435858726501,
0.18013420701026917,
-0.49895814061164856,
0.09599465876817703,
-0.30060529708862305,
-0.5997698307037354,
-0.29203179478645325,
0.48569706082344055,
0.028488555923104286,
-0.34178590774536133,
-0.04531626030802727,
0.6608757376670837,
-0.7520269751548767,
-0.19665271043777466,
-0.2656038999557495,
-0.1283220797777176,
-0.12096527218818665,
0.12472734600305557,
-0.6948301792144775,
-0.11842294037342072,
0.27560749650001526,
-0.18478834629058838,
0.6143378615379333,
-0.34105831384658813,
0.21452635526657104,
0.09493210911750793,
-0.11387618631124496,
0.21284258365631104,
-0.3776719272136688,
0.3376069664955139,
-0.36564603447914124,
0.14417994022369385,
0.0773869976401329,
0.020030632615089417,
0.5932820439338684,
0.2430458962917328,
-0.7642994523048401,
0.5033780336380005,
-0.2529272437095642,
-0.6381858587265015,
0.022468913346529007,
-0.5239145159721375,
0.42656993865966797,
0.41070765256881714,
-0.05474283918738365,
0.3059096932411194,
0.6428197026252747,
-0.1388700306415558,
-0.2170535773038864,
0.0649987980723381,
0.342937707901001,
0.3198576867580414,
0.07264842838048935,
-0.5344172120094299,
0.12680268287658691,
0.19825217127799988,
0.029085973277688026,
-0.22614605724811554,
0.1130886822938919,
-0.019160056486725807,
-0.07837263494729996,
0.21936723589897156,
0.02764393948018551,
-0.10364241153001785,
-0.22246162593364716,
0.15207718312740326,
-0.2637949287891388,
0.25093215703964233,
-0.00255733635276556,
-0.21288509666919708,
-0.8214503526687622,
-0.1981765180826187,
0.002471041399985552,
0.08965443074703217,
0.8590234518051147,
0.44886666536331177,
0.0974869355559349,
-0.9414278268814087,
0.2507466673851013,
-0.2576371133327484,
-0.13189002871513367,
-0.13867026567459106,
0.27091044187545776,
-0.26499930024147034,
-0.1153806522488594,
-0.1433701366186142,
-0.22040843963623047,
-0.45296430587768555,
0.2355155497789383,
-2.162371873855591,
0.295143187046051,
-0.45490291714668274,
-0.3133924603462219,
-0.6240522265434265,
0.058436356484889984,
-0.16397497057914734,
-0.08785518258810043,
0.1336604654788971,
0.08424384146928787,
-0.0000973035566858016,
-1.0051323175430298,
0.6318289041519165,
-0.7700536847114563,
0.3471706807613373,
0.5439661741256714
]
|
214923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg | Svedberg | A Svedberg unit or svedberg (symbol S, sometimes Sv) is a non-SI metric unit for sedimentation coefficients. The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle's size indirectly based on its sedimentation rate under acceleration (i.e. how fast a particle of given size and shape settles to the bottom of a solution). The svedberg is a measure of time, defined as exactly 10−13 seconds (100 fs).
For biological macromolecules and cell organelles like ribosomes, the sedimentation rate is typically measured as the rate of travel in a centrifuge tube subjected to high g-force.
The svedberg (S) is distinct from the SI unit sievert or the non-SI unit sverdrup, which also use the symbol Sv.
Naming
The unit is named after the Swedish chemist Theodor Svedberg (1884–1971), winner of the 1926 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on disperse systems, colloids and his invention of the ultracentrifuge.
Factors
The Svedberg coefficient is a nonlinear function. A particle's mass, density, and shape will determine its S value. The S value depends on the frictional forces retarding its movement, which, in turn, are related to the average cross-sectional area of the particle.
The sedimentation coefficient is the ratio of the speed of a substance in a centrifuge to its acceleration in comparable units. A substance with a sedimentation coefficient of 26S () will travel at 26 micrometers per second () under the influence of an acceleration of a million gravities (107 m/s2). Centrifugal acceleration is given as rω; where r is the radial distance from the rotation axis and ω is the angular velocity in radians per second.
Bigger particles tend to sediment faster and so have higher Svedberg values.
Svedberg units are not directly additive since they represent a rate of sedimentation, not weight.
Use
In centrifugation of small biochemical species, a convention has developed in which sedimentation coefficients are expressed in the Svedberg units.
The svedberg is the most important measure used to distinguish ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of two complex subunits, each including rRNA and protein components. In prokaryotes (including bacteria), the subunits are named 30S and 50S for their "size" in Svedberg units. These subunits are made up of three forms of rRNA: 16S, 23S, and 5S.
For bacterial ribosomes, ultracentrifugation yields intact ribosomes (70S) as well as separated ribosomal subunits, the large subunit (50S) and the small subunit (30S). Within cells, ribosomes normally exist as a mixture of joined and separate subunits. The largest particles (whole ribosomes) sediment near the bottom of the tube, whereas the smaller particles (separated 50S and 30S subunits) appear in upper fractions.
See also
Sedimentation coefficient
References
External links
Svedberg unit - nobelprize.org
Units of time
Non-SI metric units | [
-0.33154070377349854,
-0.06206695735454559,
0.6061393022537231,
0.26997002959251404,
-0.599035382270813,
0.10813730955123901,
0.17175139486789703,
-0.23076403141021729,
-0.5551981925964355,
0.02200400084257126,
-0.18731102347373962,
-0.016998138278722763,
0.1400689035654068,
0.6503909826278687,
0.38642793893814087,
0.7169610261917114,
0.07525524497032166,
0.2577711045742035,
-0.40127620100975037,
-0.14446502923965454,
-0.0170329287648201,
-0.05597309768199921,
0.9566700458526611,
-0.22658772766590118,
0.03621574863791466,
-0.25164559483528137,
0.3928532302379608,
0.0914590135216713,
-0.031128449365496635,
0.19468292593955994,
-0.39622607827186584,
0.674347996711731,
-0.05109803378582001,
0.17191118001937866,
-0.15873347222805023,
0.007464221213012934,
-0.47640490531921387,
0.04917603358626366,
-0.3213205337524414,
-0.35583987832069397,
0.09920533001422882,
-0.3778778314590454,
-0.2489052563905716,
0.24182569980621338,
-0.6847724914550781,
-0.8345418572425842,
-0.9470095634460449,
0.3402407169342041,
-0.6692782044410706,
0.27524226903915405,
-0.7112312912940979,
0.4675188958644867,
-0.11812146008014679,
0.4456484913825989,
-0.08118065446615219,
0.2670227289199829,
-0.5508003234863281,
-0.19269682466983795,
0.40305566787719727,
0.03455895185470581,
0.49011555314064026,
-0.2718501091003418,
-0.4496443271636963,
-0.08065380156040192,
0.12313632667064667,
0.370564728975296,
-0.42376652359962463,
0.04155091196298599,
-0.3058112561702728,
-0.3072303533554077,
-0.21903100609779358,
0.006393372546881437,
-0.02177533134818077,
0.3316516578197479,
-0.18395282328128815,
-0.06608380377292633,
0.018497295677661896,
0.10158958286046982,
-0.12662273645401,
-0.15728525817394257,
-0.33020317554473877,
0.08085175603628159,
0.15451423823833466,
-0.2283688634634018,
0.18695548176765442,
0.2147153615951538,
-0.3877393901348114,
0.07878777384757996,
-0.3085445463657379,
0.3300931751728058,
0.4441903829574585,
-0.3595345914363861,
0.8844301104545593,
-0.30175819993019104,
0.5511729121208191,
0.27119895815849304,
-0.14115889370441437,
0.059898458421230316,
0.4110865294933319,
0.4266650676727295,
-0.2789453864097595,
0.20382535457611084,
0.21332184970378876,
0.2971916198730469,
-0.14735086262226105,
-0.44818222522735596,
-0.3477964699268341,
-0.03761105611920357,
-0.4085361957550049,
-0.4292300045490265,
-0.7119002938270569,
0.1428464651107788,
0.045051105320453644,
-0.1479625105857849,
0.42742642760276794,
-0.050016339868307114,
-0.028217436745762825,
-0.5909644365310669,
-0.30103909969329834,
0.10882002860307693,
-0.21522319316864014,
0.3193505108356476,
0.08761485666036606,
-0.3331184983253479,
-0.0879547968506813,
0.14978595077991486,
0.5623102784156799,
0.9711130857467651,
-1.2454006671905518,
0.15671126544475555,
-0.18378600478172302,
0.49614763259887695,
0.32386136054992676,
0.7785957455635071,
-0.2884712815284729,
-0.5733328461647034,
-0.10169154405593872,
0.017946939915418625,
-0.41107383370399475,
-0.08385304361581802,
-0.7160871028900146,
-0.4770053029060364,
-0.5194600820541382,
-0.34975913166999817,
0.39499038457870483,
-0.35680896043777466,
-0.02195749245584011,
-0.7567247152328491,
-0.32122039794921875,
-0.07139667868614197,
0.5270904302597046,
0.10478201508522034,
-0.08549682050943375,
-0.14503197371959686,
-0.18585556745529175,
0.18069526553153992,
0.18369603157043457,
0.35543978214263916,
0.12591557204723358,
0.2570168972015381,
-0.05778733268380165,
0.08332881331443787,
-0.4444485008716583,
0.0070672594010829926,
0.5673372745513916,
-0.7926002740859985,
0.27707284688949585,
0.3250814974308014,
0.07062747329473495,
0.2559225261211395,
0.16353517770767212,
-0.36669182777404785,
0.6323794722557068,
0.31398850679397583,
0.02986854687333107,
-0.08708122372627258,
-0.1888367086648941,
0.12488795071840286,
0.581844687461853,
0.030505316331982613,
-0.48676276206970215,
-0.177587628364563,
-0.10202368348836899,
0.03913407400250435,
-0.07410234957933426,
0.02673228457570076,
0.47976773977279663,
0.11341079324483871,
0.3590072989463806,
-0.18226876854896545,
-0.4724176824092865,
-0.6075488328933716,
0.10893870145082474,
-0.16235332190990448,
1.0561378002166748,
0.18620076775550842,
-0.3540230691432953,
0.18069785833358765,
-0.31695660948753357,
0.4549097716808319,
-0.508954644203186,
-0.24066226184368134,
0.3098195791244507,
-0.1541423350572586,
-0.42138442397117615,
0.695012629032135,
0.39613640308380127,
-0.320952445268631,
-0.016548380255699158,
-0.15902021527290344,
0.18830272555351257,
-0.8209280371665955,
0.6703341603279114,
-0.5646789073944092,
0.13802160322666168,
-0.012264464050531387,
-0.6005197763442993,
0.19704817235469818,
-0.05276717618107796,
0.08128080517053604,
0.6241301894187927,
-0.36409762501716614,
-0.17542843520641327,
0.3028581440448761,
-0.4153672754764557,
0.09313753247261047,
0.44729605317115784,
0.36934056878089905,
0.6731590628623962,
-0.6141471266746521,
0.03532886877655983,
-0.25801369547843933,
0.7265878319740295,
0.00028961547650396824,
-0.24131493270397186,
-0.14102692902088165,
0.27908048033714294,
0.25146257877349854,
0.360007107257843,
-0.1555119752883911,
0.22907128930091858,
0.7544348239898682,
-0.4258168637752533,
0.1836724579334259,
0.25110167264938354,
0.4366573393344879,
0.26463818550109863,
-0.3855098783969879,
-0.33633852005004883,
0.013477010652422905,
0.46551966667175293,
0.27230265736579895,
-0.07317953556776047,
-0.5118874907493591,
-0.24410663545131683,
0.09513955563306808,
0.4005987048149109,
-0.0939985066652298,
0.296735018491745,
-0.005437828600406647,
-0.5680845975875854,
-0.09211869537830353,
-0.019195664674043655,
-0.41085347533226013,
0.08343222737312317,
-0.2605150043964386,
-0.552207887172699,
-0.4038620591163635,
0.6907911896705627,
0.4033333957195282,
0.18852275609970093,
0.08661907911300659,
-0.5601158142089844,
0.3970477283000946,
-0.5617997050285339,
-0.7188382148742676,
0.8710291981697083,
-0.11591937392950058,
-0.6674959659576416,
-0.4915997385978699,
-0.2137221395969391,
0.6817969083786011,
0.40319934487342834,
-0.18387643992900848,
0.06272387504577637,
-0.5924555063247681,
-0.29748716950416565,
0.6110011339187622,
0.4191038906574249,
-0.9029959440231323,
-0.30457860231399536,
0.10047965496778488,
-0.020158326253294945,
0.22975870966911316,
0.0391218438744545,
0.5910727977752686,
0.05412092059850693,
-0.7023466229438782,
0.9146203994750977,
-0.18981269001960754,
-1.0372730493545532,
-0.4350128769874573,
-0.25643932819366455,
-0.02955448254942894,
-0.5530177354812622,
0.1667783111333847,
-0.6095055341720581,
0.3537224233150482,
-5.824621677398682,
-0.0744495764374733,
-0.37932443618774414,
0.06902746856212616,
0.33678722381591797,
0.5402891039848328,
0.5250216126441956,
0.1663065403699875,
-0.08684225380420685,
-0.38185733556747437,
-0.16559472680091858,
-0.19208645820617676,
0.044853683561086655,
0.7079817652702332,
0.3742426335811615,
0.15714791417121887,
0.7485450506210327,
0.2319107949733734,
-0.06957286596298218,
0.12243382632732391,
0.20911571383476257,
0.04717807099223137,
-0.3326501250267029,
0.25053346157073975,
0.0651838406920433,
0.7928665280342102,
-0.05088410899043083,
0.6398698687553406,
-0.516585648059845,
-0.30204853415489197,
0.06589683145284653,
-0.6990522146224976,
-0.14508453011512756,
-0.30366069078445435,
-0.026940643787384033,
0.32443708181381226,
0.31614989042282104,
0.6152864098548889,
0.3851587772369385,
-0.43431201577186584,
0.00962999276816845,
0.3280349373817444,
0.035475265234708786,
-0.4957713186740875,
0.24450917541980743,
0.024478798732161522,
-0.3094518780708313,
0.21371033787727356,
-0.30452799797058105,
0.7090904116630554,
-0.08538983017206192,
-0.14831726253032684,
0.4174322783946991,
-0.10864682495594025,
-0.48566219210624695,
-0.16852864623069763,
0.6542240977287292,
0.14894118905067444,
-0.6859250664710999,
0.36638298630714417,
0.3859104812145233,
-0.09889606386423111,
0.010136762633919716,
-0.38278728723526,
-0.7560911774635315,
-0.0942937508225441,
-0.6878174543380737,
0.10155529528856277,
0.1212066113948822,
-0.11700088530778885,
0.14052025973796844,
0.588653028011322,
0.03767438977956772,
-0.4094683527946472,
-0.11468571424484253,
-0.6156277656555176,
0.1876033991575241,
-0.14100348949432373,
-0.22109884023666382,
0.5024541616439819,
-0.5786445140838623,
-0.44226792454719543,
-0.5447002053260803,
0.5183108448982239,
0.005186029244214296,
-0.19155184924602509,
0.0323469415307045,
-0.34473928809165955,
-0.10233764350414276,
-0.179672509431839,
0.16509133577346802,
-0.3716293275356293,
0.641748309135437,
0.19977203011512756,
-0.13492724299430847,
0.5208359956741333,
-0.06385287642478943,
-0.42918044328689575,
0.7374612092971802,
-0.3007010221481323,
1.1822900772094727,
-0.20750652253627777,
0.018941517919301987,
-0.22802551090717316,
-0.4941679537296295,
0.08632373064756393,
-0.5261901617050171,
0.3436361253261566,
0.41966402530670166,
-0.12709912657737732,
0.32137539982795715,
0.2633650302886963,
-0.30597975850105286,
-0.1213948130607605,
0.6685717105865479,
0.18136973679065704,
-0.6384531855583191,
0.2891544997692108,
0.6039564609527588,
-0.035118892788887024,
0.2720637321472168,
0.15715213119983673,
0.3965700566768646,
-0.6933513283729553,
-0.2868952453136444,
-0.13874609768390656,
0.3954760730266571,
0.24164029955863953,
-0.19927187263965607,
0.26494887471199036,
0.25506818294525146,
0.6533745527267456,
0.11966340988874435,
-0.144817054271698,
0.4408271908760071,
-0.2266782969236374,
0.09297000616788864,
0.22023481130599976,
-0.24267621338367462,
-0.7189583778381348,
0.5438864827156067,
-0.1640288233757019,
0.13867071270942688,
-0.166787788271904,
0.23027464747428894,
0.23673757910728455,
-0.2461581826210022,
-0.11379355937242508,
-0.14521820843219757,
0.3944237530231476,
-0.3246470093727112,
-0.023987330496311188,
0.18819935619831085,
-0.6100530624389648,
0.10900847613811493,
-0.3264849781990051,
-0.013208371587097645,
-0.032684024423360825,
0.2548970580101013,
-0.43002691864967346,
0.24939164519309998,
-0.22934044897556305,
-0.8502352833747864,
-0.2570003867149353,
-0.562036395072937,
0.07549324631690979,
-0.7111920714378357,
0.04797394201159477,
0.2977631092071533,
0.6914650201797485,
0.040806181728839874,
-0.057807233184576035,
-0.6077834367752075,
-0.445133239030838,
0.01907357946038246,
-0.025578822940587997,
-0.38189464807510376,
0.08446568250656128,
-0.003855055198073387,
-0.19025346636772156,
-0.0989420935511589,
0.5345960855484009,
-0.26850712299346924,
1.0944346189498901,
0.5752053260803223,
-0.11746121197938919,
-0.403042733669281,
0.6074923276901245,
-0.4525764286518097,
0.022513356059789658,
0.1524171680212021,
-0.0364273302257061,
0.1921955794095993,
0.049677420407533646,
0.06604001671075821,
-0.17687855660915375,
0.07356113940477371,
0.4748470187187195,
-0.22480547428131104,
0.08558941632509232,
0.4738198220729828,
0.42669495940208435,
-0.1742268055677414,
0.37539732456207275,
0.1597437709569931,
-0.6011545062065125,
-0.24241362512111664,
-0.20190636813640594,
-0.6215912103652954,
0.06468866765499115,
-0.41563013195991516,
-0.43132346868515015,
-0.7942194938659668,
0.2378787100315094,
-0.2949576675891876,
0.2031305581331253,
0.5370229482650757,
-0.34862375259399414,
0.0029011426959186792,
-0.048522453755140305,
-0.24793380498886108,
0.1834232211112976,
-0.10937180370092392,
-0.11285647749900818,
-0.2701273262500763,
-0.10279705375432968,
-0.03123452141880989,
-0.2439844310283661,
0.1718047559261322,
0.1716555655002594,
0.3063408434391022,
-0.4467163383960724,
0.18255671858787537,
-0.2000570446252823,
0.1007714495062828,
-0.030373113229870796,
-0.31398507952690125,
0.18465842306613922,
-0.37177467346191406,
0.5565669536590576,
0.24553172290325165,
0.7737854719161987,
0.21739931404590607,
-0.49244681000709534,
0.13723181188106537,
0.04565201327204704,
0.45331934094429016,
-0.600252628326416,
-0.18594692647457123,
0.5907369256019592,
0.01867063157260418,
-0.4873615503311157,
-0.5262458324432373,
-0.02868732437491417,
1.4007091522216797,
-0.2654828727245331,
0.7982640266418457,
-1.0741703510284424,
0.8487418293952942,
0.12348492443561554,
-0.1379857361316681,
0.1340663582086563,
-0.11405866593122482,
0.5247278809547424,
0.02822575904428959,
-0.04374135285615921,
-0.4443032741546631,
0.08671509474515915,
0.6056676506996155,
-0.22761210799217224,
-0.21134613454341888,
-0.20831741392612457,
0.15711741149425507,
0.4325687885284424,
-0.2670876085758209,
0.1314045935869217,
-0.07415889948606491,
-0.2945617437362671,
0.07694700360298157,
-0.08941320329904556,
-1.0485804080963135,
0.05519668385386467,
0.3964711129665375,
0.13025318086147308,
-0.4476935565471649,
0.3203772008419037,
0.04842320829629898,
0.432334303855896,
-0.36506205797195435,
0.39712586998939514,
-0.48887693881988525,
-0.01886589080095291,
-0.807793140411377,
0.7538092136383057,
-0.16390198469161987,
0.087222158908844,
-0.09091320633888245,
0.6956820487976074,
-0.11584534496068954,
-0.01055489294230938,
-0.6971410512924194,
0.2714073657989502,
-0.30736592411994934,
-0.6356319189071655,
0.3074365556240082,
-0.08116146177053452,
-0.03698258846998215,
-0.04210374504327774,
0.12516354024410248,
-0.44419968128204346,
0.2736484408378601,
0.07149562984704971,
-0.3403209149837494,
0.5564162135124207,
-0.21429747343063354,
-0.5207278728485107,
0.24992689490318298,
-0.010583959519863129,
0.16159632802009583,
0.31551605463027954,
0.15758223831653595,
0.27553269267082214,
0.27811139822006226,
-0.06129824370145798,
-0.5624798536300659,
0.6757105588912964,
-0.313057541847229,
-0.3273198902606964,
-0.23460334539413452,
0.2961551547050476,
0.42801037430763245,
-0.10326293855905533,
-0.5544453263282776,
0.7627092003822327,
-0.25905942916870117,
-0.046299781650304794,
0.1188977062702179,
-0.37314292788505554,
0.03973696380853653,
0.6351363062858582,
-0.07653198391199112,
0.7583073377609253,
0.000020953530111000873,
-0.05776362866163254,
0.02153761126101017,
0.30607137084007263,
-0.2850066125392914,
-0.41229626536369324,
0.0496734157204628,
-0.20242257416248322,
0.2058268040418625,
-0.2994416058063507,
0.30698731541633606,
-0.24300147593021393,
-0.3972043991088867,
-0.14933715760707855,
0.10228443145751953,
-0.5317580699920654,
-0.45443347096443176,
0.2738531529903412,
0.22169774770736694,
0.5026304721832275,
-0.22655752301216125,
-0.15350846946239471,
-0.3063957393169403,
-0.46366316080093384,
0.103674978017807,
-0.49670514464378357,
0.17575857043266296,
-0.025886135175824165,
0.8760820031166077,
0.6206817626953125,
-0.5974934101104736,
0.2778731882572174,
-0.06378204375505447,
0.0411553829908371,
0.35230734944343567,
0.5660771727561951,
0.07368876039981842,
-0.17045064270496368,
-0.118976891040802,
0.8445045948028564,
0.16606606543064117,
-0.6847866773605347,
-0.42339757084846497,
-0.7665024399757385,
0.6661954522132874,
0.18808726966381073,
0.4346908926963806,
0.09541716426610947,
0.9414135813713074,
-0.6152933239936829,
-0.3921177387237549,
0.10685019195079803,
-0.5251522660255432,
0.21627673506736755,
-0.19223356246948242,
0.7319092750549316,
0.47183138132095337,
-0.20559662580490112,
-0.2118731141090393,
-0.16714832186698914,
-0.030520271509885788,
0.6088176965713501,
-0.6518210768699646,
0.6291282176971436,
0.15502476692199707,
0.4094374477863312,
0.2810399532318115,
0.5670762062072754,
0.9449034333229065,
-0.23829086124897003,
-0.3402581214904785,
0.32678717374801636,
-0.03433850407600403,
-0.07299276441335678,
0.19302479922771454,
-0.5727427005767822,
-0.22822631895542145,
-0.14918473362922668,
0.12694646418094635,
0.18983861804008484,
0.001563475700095296,
0.38270246982574463,
0.23376360535621643,
-0.08790487796068192,
0.10804056376218796,
-0.06285091489553452,
-0.1130603700876236,
-0.3027075231075287,
-0.5021094679832458,
0.26976415514945984,
-0.8381580114364624,
1.1429626941680908,
-0.17831853032112122,
0.3958578407764435,
0.00925335194915533,
-0.09345196187496185,
0.14535453915596008,
-0.7018515467643738,
0.30701953172683716,
-0.2356177717447281,
-0.3721132278442383,
-0.1427917331457138,
-0.3454700708389282,
0.6116394996643066,
0.24185141921043396,
-0.006505002733319998,
-0.6104792952537537,
0.1597946435213089,
0.5279491543769836,
-0.2298751026391983,
0.19977742433547974,
-0.15782679617404938,
-0.13149432837963104,
-0.3450036942958832,
-0.28131139278411865,
-0.21908430755138397,
0.012128304690122604,
0.2933209538459778
]
|
214925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed%20position | Closed position | In partner dancing, closed position is a category of positions in which partners hold each other while facing at least approximately toward each other.
Closed positions employ either body contact or body support, that is, holding each other is not limited to handhold. If the partners are comfortable with each other and the dance style allows it, body contact increases the connection between the partners. Some dances, such as Balboa and Collegiate Shag are only done in body contact.
Routine
The most commonly used kind of closed position comes from the waltz, and is very commonly used in ballroom dance. The leader's right hand is on the follower's back (or, rarely, on the left upper arm near the shoulder); its exact placement on the back ranges from the waist to the left shoulder blade. The follower's left hand is on the leader's right shoulder, or the upper arm near the shoulder. The other two hands are clasped together at or near chest or shoulder height.
Unlike the ballroom style, in social fast turning (or Viennese-style tempos) waltz, the follower's left hand usually is completely around the leader's right shoulder in a firm mutually supporting close or contact embrace. Each partner alternately but smoothly assists in the half turn with body leads while continuously right turning in line of direction in a "V" position. A similar close embrace position but with both hands around each other can be seen in smooth turning polka and other folk dances.
Similar dances
Some specific varieties of this kind of closed position are used in specific categories of ballroom dance. For instance, in the American tradition and the older European traditions, the joined hands are usually held lower than the shoulder, with the elbows low and often sharply bent. In the international standard ballroom dances the joined hands are held at or just above shoulder height, with the arms outstretched and the elbows bent at obtuse angles. In the latter style the leader's right hand stays on the left side of the follower's back and (except in the tango) is placed on the shoulder blade, while the follower's left hand is placed on the leader's right upper arm (or, in the tango, underneath the upper arm).
Many other kinds of closed positions are used in folk dance. In closed shoulder-waist position the leader holds the follower's waist with both hands, while the follower places both hands on the leader's shoulders. In Scandinavian folk dance (e.g. the polska, pols, and hambo) there are variations on shoulder-waist position in which the leader's left hand is on the follower's shoulder, upper arm, or elbow, and in the latter case the follower's right arm is outstretched with the hand just above the leader's sharply bent elbow.
The lavolta, one of the more famous Renaissance dances, used a distinctive kind of closed position in which the follower faced to one side from the leader and put the near hand on top of the leader's shoulder, while the leader used both hands to hold the follower under the busk.
See also
Slow dance
Open position
Close embrace
Frame
Connection
Ballroom dance for a list of partner dances, including non-ballroom styles.
Partner dance technique | [
-0.39959046244621277,
-0.12777532637119293,
0.4305833578109741,
-0.19716781377792358,
-0.31962350010871887,
0.18463698029518127,
0.5507197976112366,
0.1370667815208435,
-0.5973156094551086,
-0.35500696301460266,
-0.23601077497005463,
-0.12011457979679108,
-0.21850617229938507,
0.030467573553323746,
0.01865197718143463,
0.6461822986602783,
0.4939746856689453,
0.004272749647498131,
0.35985231399536133,
-0.149764284491539,
-0.01535055972635746,
-0.24880284070968628,
-0.18096089363098145,
-0.36337029933929443,
0.011693768203258514,
-0.45821425318717957,
-0.0022761395666748285,
0.08819052577018738,
-0.015088452026247978,
-0.02495109848678112,
-0.2122071534395218,
0.5412007570266724,
0.24885493516921997,
0.040072910487651825,
0.22627811133861542,
-0.31359708309173584,
0.29242148995399475,
-0.13672024011611938,
0.049960244446992874,
-0.21883568167686462,
-0.11620325595140457,
-0.21863815188407898,
0.8711957335472107,
0.27899205684661865,
0.2767621576786041,
-0.27600228786468506,
-1.444625973701477,
0.017254343256354332,
0.29163652658462524,
-0.20014074444770813,
-0.6598383188247681,
0.35589271783828735,
0.4628652334213257,
0.6524859666824341,
-0.04871905967593193,
-0.07009243220090866,
-0.2195059359073639,
0.39025914669036865,
0.03824019432067871,
-0.6330969333648682,
0.10574471205472946,
0.3688790798187256,
0.32381710410118103,
0.20561887323856354,
0.3333698809146881,
0.30253866314888,
-0.04190404713153839,
-0.33826813101768494,
-0.2999829053878784,
-0.4359816014766693,
-0.6045681238174438,
0.10950052738189697,
-0.2668236196041107,
-0.024191372096538544,
-0.28683117032051086,
0.23056405782699585,
0.09815162420272827,
-0.14529860019683838,
0.40912771224975586,
-0.007050428073853254,
0.024237962439656258,
0.10916092246770859,
-0.012155300937592983,
0.5446642637252808,
0.644466757774353,
0.04747697338461876,
-0.6196890473365784,
0.05521409213542938,
0.021418973803520203,
0.6537237167358398,
-0.30984315276145935,
0.3232935965061188,
0.38385501503944397,
-0.04803621396422386,
-0.3722786009311676,
0.2005040943622589,
0.6394692659378052,
0.13585928082466125,
0.5986682772636414,
-0.16395246982574463,
-0.03415192291140556,
-0.557015061378479,
0.3296287953853607,
-0.058857884258031845,
-0.2492809295654297,
-0.8833831548690796,
-0.5549189448356628,
-0.49345165491104126,
0.23058220744132996,
0.2931469976902008,
-1.15890634059906,
0.0792476236820221,
0.13942816853523254,
-0.047481052577495575,
-0.3668288290500641,
0.7846664190292358,
-0.0705365389585495,
0.03809071704745293,
0.07141131162643433,
0.21932001411914825,
0.1350008100271225,
0.40857359766960144,
0.0589139461517334,
0.5195382833480835,
0.08536329120397568,
0.43139001727104187,
0.3179970383644104,
0.40939486026763916,
-0.7588998675346375,
0.18862538039684296,
-0.06913430243730545,
0.047656215727329254,
0.3682771921157837,
0.2912828028202057,
-0.3100726902484894,
-0.006515094079077244,
1.0092475414276123,
-0.17104323208332062,
0.33673179149627686,
0.21786385774612427,
-0.3889067471027374,
-0.08157608658075333,
-0.49693191051483154,
-0.20031136274337769,
0.572694718837738,
0.19660624861717224,
0.28928515315055847,
-0.1903076469898224,
-0.47823914885520935,
0.2578960955142975,
0.039548665285110474,
0.13044211268424988,
0.10449551790952682,
-0.1697998046875,
-0.7758842706680298,
0.33314093947410583,
0.3467169404029846,
-0.5161586403846741,
0.6748368740081787,
-0.059544406831264496,
0.10421209037303925,
0.18672102689743042,
-0.5797508955001831,
0.4390406012535095,
0.647387683391571,
-0.4715527296066284,
-0.3239862620830536,
-0.055336546152830124,
-0.5229477882385254,
0.8479395508766174,
-0.041583869606256485,
0.7065191864967346,
0.1339103877544403,
-0.6014571785926819,
-0.25186559557914734,
0.13027191162109375,
-0.3314160704612732,
0.36042287945747375,
0.714591920375824,
-0.32718586921691895,
-0.5914605855941772,
0.061701759696006775,
0.9627844095230103,
-0.3073877692222595,
-0.08434116840362549,
0.185728058218956,
0.3153703212738037,
-0.09763392806053162,
0.09046614170074463,
0.09401491284370422,
-0.42336344718933105,
-0.679686963558197,
-0.15312421321868896,
-0.22335459291934967,
0.8914715647697449,
-0.21879246830940247,
-0.5375651121139526,
0.6691282987594604,
-0.28006505966186523,
0.4689542353153229,
-0.11001484841108322,
0.09660574793815613,
0.2142043113708496,
0.6361414790153503,
0.10962812602519989,
0.4690423011779785,
0.04080963507294655,
0.26790985465049744,
0.6519182920455933,
0.35951822996139526,
-0.1856193095445633,
-0.6821972727775574,
-0.3122985064983368,
0.4249958395957947,
0.10399229824542999,
0.16035926342010498,
-0.2703011929988861,
0.09234749525785446,
0.20516762137413025,
0.11100549250841141,
1.1062871217727661,
0.0644109919667244,
-0.13385452330112457,
0.12848812341690063,
-0.3005514144897461,
0.6586169004440308,
0.00946823414415121,
0.4781896770000458,
-0.1753835678100586,
-0.10561136156320572,
0.27850717306137085,
0.4874992370605469,
0.22810886800289154,
-0.43345168232917786,
-0.34146031737327576,
0.04641306772828102,
0.3492482602596283,
-0.6597375273704529,
0.156052827835083,
-0.6979376673698425,
-0.23881840705871582,
0.052568040788173676,
0.1072934940457344,
0.38727831840515137,
0.07504579424858093,
-0.456047922372818,
0.13331446051597595,
0.6889634728431702,
-0.413375586271286,
0.1499309092760086,
-0.2218223214149475,
0.2998545169830322,
-0.03875967860221863,
-0.4911605417728424,
0.07585140317678452,
0.12908370792865753,
-0.2739707827568054,
0.02514258399605751,
-0.18326972424983978,
-0.09391641616821289,
0.4610118269920349,
0.26134738326072693,
0.2623801827430725,
-0.04767215624451637,
-0.4614224433898926,
-0.1975017637014389,
-0.15688729286193848,
-0.1674269288778305,
0.4995258152484894,
0.49778592586517334,
0.0652465894818306,
-0.35533714294433594,
-0.26294654607772827,
-0.35223713517189026,
-0.5580453872680664,
-0.5471063256263733,
-0.03817814961075783,
0.020870761945843697,
-0.40743768215179443,
-0.26530691981315613,
0.5332752466201782,
-0.2049308717250824,
0.11799312382936478,
-0.7095514535903931,
-0.1822354644536972,
-0.2521880865097046,
-0.07054553180932999,
0.5041628479957581,
-0.26443997025489807,
-0.16444630920886993,
0.1735992729663849,
0.29572591185569763,
-0.13134224712848663,
-0.15080082416534424,
0.20580041408538818,
0.9566628336906433,
-0.6222802400588989,
0.2904165983200073,
0.6721616983413696,
0.2596554756164551,
-0.321355938911438,
0.00798630341887474,
0.4351705312728882,
-0.43251848220825195,
-0.12411869317293167,
-0.6209734678268433,
-0.3916897773742676,
0.003652626881375909,
-5.695685863494873,
-0.26955026388168335,
-0.28711938858032227,
0.06625769287347794,
-0.317626953125,
-0.1297890841960907,
0.6913838982582092,
0.09608778357505798,
-0.2387067973613739,
0.07878448814153671,
0.30962327122688293,
-0.14285515248775482,
-0.24502520263195038,
0.5587495565414429,
0.5595679879188538,
0.8477616906166077,
0.6619856357574463,
-0.24643781781196594,
0.3532118499279022,
0.01019267551600933,
-0.552021861076355,
0.5072850584983826,
0.13170970976352692,
-0.4476768970489502,
0.22738276422023773,
0.5565006732940674,
-0.454115092754364,
-0.18288390338420868,
-0.6224939227104187,
-0.2615143954753876,
-0.17249684035778046,
0.3877169191837311,
-0.73725825548172,
0.18187935650348663,
0.01868206262588501,
0.12562939524650574,
0.30000314116477966,
-0.24176616966724396,
0.23903189599514008,
0.4175449013710022,
0.1398978978395462,
1.0364220142364502,
-0.07159726321697235,
0.8598474860191345,
0.6996538043022156,
-0.22312559187412262,
-0.5578488111495972,
-0.24373942613601685,
-0.4398956596851349,
0.22942782938480377,
-0.08899329602718353,
-0.031371455639600754,
0.6437954902648926,
-0.28612929582595825,
0.7338986396789551,
-0.008847696706652641,
0.3225330412387848,
0.14534080028533936,
0.4601806104183197,
0.4223150312900543,
-0.13608911633491516,
-0.8266185522079468,
0.08528179675340652,
-1.0156869888305664,
0.3053327202796936,
-0.39463260769844055,
-0.4089302718639374,
-0.19789260625839233,
0.4299270510673523,
0.6410489082336426,
0.2748480439186096,
0.11698080599308014,
0.3655942380428314,
-0.5729220509529114,
0.11551864445209503,
-0.7435910105705261,
0.2990497946739197,
-0.43317174911499023,
0.6831254959106445,
-0.1684347689151764,
0.023227106779813766,
0.5780056118965149,
-0.06130990386009216,
0.4809405207633972,
0.3354942202568054,
-0.9639385342597961,
0.08652129769325256,
0.12048101425170898,
0.2659969627857208,
0.14898993074893951,
0.33694887161254883,
-0.08429031819105148,
0.23834533989429474,
0.060388967394828796,
-0.29248714447021484,
0.5832518339157104,
-0.009308096021413803,
-0.41270971298217773,
-0.1727048009634018,
-0.6634585857391357,
0.2216891646385193,
-0.4032100439071655,
-0.26259610056877136,
0.07904966920614243,
0.434094101190567,
0.24857988953590393,
-0.10835660248994827,
0.46208786964416504,
0.607480525970459,
0.14296211302280426,
0.04464198276400566,
0.26921775937080383,
-0.15032055974006653,
-0.3126648962497711,
-0.021046869456768036,
-0.3375803828239441,
-0.5665155053138733,
0.26083117723464966,
-0.012745878659188747,
0.08178737759590149,
-0.19505675137043,
0.01728133112192154,
0.18333062529563904,
0.17227709293365479,
-0.12761610746383667,
-0.4086154103279114,
-0.4276656210422516,
-0.39269933104515076,
-0.3368116319179535,
0.4065653681755066,
0.5269567370414734,
0.6242545247077942,
0.351151704788208,
-0.25800973176956177,
0.2612457275390625,
-0.2072579264640808,
0.4005230665206909,
0.25928229093551636,
0.11787527799606323,
-0.29312536120414734,
-0.2330472767353058,
-0.03914070501923561,
-0.7956221699714661,
0.15864971280097961,
0.2537410855293274,
0.1178794801235199,
0.10092494636774063,
-0.14799734950065613,
-0.4587825834751129,
0.9854093790054321,
-0.036528330296278,
-0.6912762522697449,
0.017575249075889587,
-0.3164808452129364,
0.783288300037384,
-0.7000400424003601,
-0.21955019235610962,
0.09794270247220993,
0.07786498218774796,
-0.5664981603622437,
0.23359757661819458,
-0.03333979845046997,
-1.258084774017334,
-0.0932481661438942,
0.1795579493045807,
-0.7447529435157776,
-0.69700688123703,
-0.5354712605476379,
-0.2939493656158447,
0.297617644071579,
0.18304020166397095,
-1.15250563621521,
-0.05144858360290527,
-0.33123981952667236,
0.016492625698447227,
-0.02557194046676159,
0.09731242060661316,
0.21874657273292542,
-0.19820690155029297,
-0.4440719187259674,
0.2599644660949707,
-0.3391776382923126,
-0.7379671931266785,
0.3259035348892212,
0.28770911693573,
-0.2941966652870178,
-0.3112163543701172,
-0.4541061222553253,
0.40378355979919434,
-0.17193052172660828,
0.2236432582139969,
0.023318402469158173,
0.73665851354599,
-0.21340078115463257,
-0.03821251168847084,
-0.11311815679073334,
0.19670890271663666,
0.035023197531700134,
-0.7233995795249939,
-0.3435819745063782,
-0.020717483013868332,
0.8229162693023682,
-1.087451457977295,
0.7219529747962952,
1.0017837285995483,
0.015039663761854172,
0.9135040640830994,
0.4739900827407837,
-0.26583483815193176,
-0.05540568381547928,
-0.4233081638813019,
-0.5213477611541748,
-0.337718665599823,
-0.14215312898159027,
-0.6318323612213135,
0.09570275992155075,
-0.16603343188762665,
-0.7393730282783508,
-0.1052168756723404,
0.026154663413763046,
0.5948320031166077,
-0.5863229632377625,
-1.0015722513198853,
-0.10220763832330704,
-0.33390408754348755,
-0.3531818091869354,
0.13915187120437622,
0.2647724151611328,
0.5044175982475281,
-0.24851864576339722,
-0.34870290756225586,
-0.5036192536354065,
0.2509894073009491,
-0.5722343921661377,
-0.33155688643455505,
-0.17776232957839966,
-0.4429372251033783,
-0.17298108339309692,
0.2670823037624359,
-0.13313356041908264,
0.39256608486175537,
0.8306496739387512,
0.1690361499786377,
-0.9824313521385193,
0.037140924483537674,
-0.3440578281879425,
0.353564977645874,
-1.3291847705841064,
-0.5212588906288147,
0.12369471043348312,
0.7917393445968628,
-0.6628738045692444,
-0.46989625692367554,
-0.4973575174808502,
0.35330310463905334,
0.6524285674095154,
-0.056836798787117004,
0.2312794327735901,
0.08923621475696564,
0.8803976774215698,
0.09508755058050156,
-0.447458416223526,
-0.517139732837677,
-0.06671836972236633,
-0.2547183036804199,
0.47192350029945374,
0.01723087765276432,
-0.4655792713165283,
-0.14903676509857178,
-0.4359276294708252,
0.3724505305290222,
-0.2673141360282898,
0.3067680597305298,
-0.5165846347808838,
0.5266000628471375,
0.2038913071155548,
-0.35063302516937256,
-0.34215810894966125,
-0.3783292770385742,
-0.05559483543038368,
-0.3451753556728363,
0.06213609501719475,
0.18718603253364563,
-0.18310177326202393,
0.41372665762901306,
-0.19964586198329926,
-0.07259517908096313,
-0.26815998554229736,
-0.4088362455368042,
-0.20289459824562073,
-0.7433314919471741,
0.05636508762836456,
-0.37728604674339294,
0.5114777088165283,
-0.14947591722011566,
0.0017944161081686616,
0.2862192392349243,
0.04283884912729263,
0.02865889109671116,
-0.11133072525262833,
-0.4930891692638397,
1.0429353713989258,
0.12839259207248688,
-0.139967679977417,
0.5602898001670837,
0.03435926511883736,
0.12417177110910416,
-1.2487483024597168,
0.4309830665588379,
0.28289130330085754,
0.045810550451278687,
-0.239825040102005,
0.18805095553398132,
0.3738321363925934,
-0.04862389340996742,
-0.10520470887422562,
0.45689645409584045,
0.16497419774532318,
0.0023873650934547186,
0.1832445114850998,
0.13659945130348206,
-0.6567130088806152,
0.8525024056434631,
0.15377458930015564,
-0.03159226477146149,
-0.2348717302083969,
0.02830982394516468,
0.4027957320213318,
0.30245283246040344,
0.086147241294384,
0.10980675369501114,
0.09455761313438416,
0.14695332944393158,
-0.03909909352660179,
-0.023680739104747772,
0.07447629421949387,
0.2005748450756073,
-0.3561832904815674,
-0.3071315884590149,
0.17997604608535767,
0.24282386898994446,
0.3665279448032379,
-0.015671664848923683,
0.12998633086681366,
-0.3900946080684662,
-0.1269139051437378,
0.49073466658592224,
-0.08385850489139557,
-0.1895550638437271,
-0.06100620701909065,
0.5168231725692749,
0.110150545835495,
0.12824782729148865,
-0.04202596843242645,
0.013867168687283993,
0.4274413287639618,
1.2838068008422852,
-0.3201606869697571,
-0.23396404087543488,
0.022731896489858627,
0.3185180723667145,
-0.4648274779319763,
0.28388968110084534,
-0.1536974012851715,
-0.5971495509147644,
-0.48365893959999084,
0.17422489821910858,
-0.8355767726898193,
0.14024807512760162,
0.012748602777719498,
-0.43176737427711487,
0.5740368366241455,
0.02490347996354103,
0.3863673210144043,
0.017742641270160675,
-0.0800953060388565,
0.3421657383441925,
0.3312340974807739,
0.25228142738342285,
0.5096814036369324,
-0.04338694363832474,
-0.3679540157318115,
-0.21408849954605103,
-0.45665475726127625,
-0.08793909102678299,
-0.06167467311024666,
0.10657698661088943,
0.3296714425086975,
-0.055798254907131195,
0.5287359356880188,
0.1933012455701828,
0.24306203424930573,
1.0070427656173706,
-0.06130366772413254,
-0.38182303309440613,
-0.01032334379851818,
0.1839642971754074,
0.9764991998672485,
0.6010715365409851,
0.17347419261932373,
-0.09668921679258347,
0.2905295789241791,
0.12983794510364532,
0.5610814094543457,
-0.2937977910041809,
0.31602704524993896,
-0.9652127027511597,
-0.1873398721218109,
-0.19373105466365814,
0.15731264650821686,
0.03719552606344223,
-0.12465988099575043,
0.10195355117321014,
0.0612303763628006,
-0.016453858464956284,
0.4002475440502167,
0.48665744066238403,
-0.5191267728805542,
0.28234830498695374,
-0.3548854887485504,
-0.2961861789226532,
-0.29852983355522156,
0.09351996332406998,
-0.12362217903137207,
-0.5865120887756348,
0.04912463575601578,
0.0813075378537178,
-0.15472084283828735,
-0.3406374454498291,
0.7337611317634583,
-0.09015316516160965,
-0.1732761412858963,
-0.5891907811164856,
-0.0263553224503994,
-0.3439498245716095,
-0.25092843174934387,
-0.07837271690368652,
1.095036506652832,
0.7089585065841675,
-0.954962432384491,
-0.18315479159355164,
-0.06320493668317795,
-0.4295845627784729,
-0.04760808125138283,
-0.17676904797554016,
-0.015927011147141457,
-0.7995444536209106,
-0.7288623452186584,
-0.3514462411403656,
-0.11006346344947815,
0.3604046404361725,
-0.6636831760406494,
0.533061683177948,
-0.32146355509757996,
-0.3445174992084503,
0.019781213253736496,
0.14155042171478271,
-1.1232026815414429,
-0.21614840626716614,
0.4577893316745758
]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.